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What is Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is a painkiller primarily used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The FDA approved it in 2004. But it was subsequently withdrawn from the US market in 2007 due to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, Etoricoxib is now approved across 60 countries, including India, for treating arthritis, chronic back pain, and other acute pain (e.g., dental pain).
Etoricoxib is a selective cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX-2) inhibitor that reduces the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins affect our physiological processes, such as inflammation and blood flow. Thus, Etoricoxib breaks the pain pathway.
Etoricoxib is marketed as a newer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), similar to Ibuprofen to manage musculoskeletal pain.
What are the uses of Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is used for long-term treatment (taken for 3-months and more) and short-term treatment (taken for 1 to 3 weeks). It is used to manage pain in the following ways:
• In conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, Etoricoxib is prescribed to reduce pain and swelling in the joints and muscles for long-term treatment. Its clinical trials have shown a comparatively better safety profile and tolerance than Ibuprofen.
• Etoricoxib is also used for treating pain following dental surgery in the short term.
What are the side effects of Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib came under the regulators’ lens due to various clinical trials reporting a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, the evidence was not conclusive. It could not prove that Etoricoxib caused a higher risk of blood clotting or hypertension-related adverse effects when compared to other NSAIDs like Diclofenac and Ibuprofen.
Etoricoxib’s common side effects are:
• Stomach pain.
• Constipation.
• Swelling of the legs.
• Irregular heartbeat and rhythm.
• Increased blood pressure.
• Mouth ulcers.
Less commonly noted side effects can be shortness of breath, heartburn, and inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach and intestine.
About Yashoda Hospitals
1. Can you take naproxen with Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib and naproxen are selective COX-2 inhibitors that follow identical mechanisms of action. Therefore, do not take naproxen with Etoricoxib. A comparative study demonstrated that Etoricoxib resulted in better pain management and lesser side effects than naproxen. Don't take Etoricoxib or naproxen unless a registered medical practitioner prescribes it.
2. Is Etoricoxib safe in pregnancy?
Pregnant women, women planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding mothers are discouraged from taking Etoricoxib. While human studies have been inconclusive, animal studies have shown that COX-2 inhibitors like Etoricoxib show reproductive toxicity. Nursing animals were proven to secrete the drug in breast milk, which would affect prostaglandin production in infants. Therefore, consult your doctor if you are already taking Etoricoxib and planning to become pregnant.
3. How to take Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is available as tablets with concentrations of 30mg, 60mg, 90mg, and 120mg. Etoricoxib intramuscular injections are available in 90mg concentration. It is generally prescribed as a once-daily dose and can be taken on an empty stomach or after meals. However, it provides much quicker relief from pain and swelling when taken on an empty stomach.
4. Can Etoricoxib cause high blood pressure?
Increased blood pressure is a common side effect associated with Etoricoxib. A study conducted on Australian patients concluded that Etoricoxib should not be prescribed to patients with blood pressure levels above 140/90 mm of Hg. Compared with other NSAIDs like Diclofenac and Celecoxib, Etoricoxib was associated with a significantly higher risk of increased blood pressure.
5. Can I take Etoricoxib with Paracetamol?
Etoricoxib can be taken with paracetamol, as Etoricoxib is anti-inflammatory and paracetamol reduces fever. Together, they prevent the release of chemicals in the brain that cause pain and fever. This combination should be sold only when a registered medical practitioner prescribes it, as side effects like stomach problems and feet and hand swelling are possible.
6. Is Etoricoxib safe for kidneys?
The NSAIDs are extensively studied across various populations for their effects on renal function. The studies have shown COX-2 inhibitors are relatively safer than COX-1 inhibitors. Etoricoxib being a COX-2 inhibitor, is relatively safe for kidneys. A comparative study between naproxen, Ibuprofen (both selective COX-2 inhibitors), and Etoricoxib demonstrated that less than 2% of the 4700 study participants presented symptoms of kidney disorders.
7. Is Etoricoxib stronger than Ibuprofen?
Various European clinical studies have shown that Etoricoxib is as effective as Ibuprofen in providing relief from pain and inflammation. The side effects seen across the users were also similar across various clinical settings. Etoricoxib is generally preferred over Ibuprofen for long-term consumption due to its lesser tendency to cause stomach irritation than common painkillers like Ibuprofen. Usually, Ibuprofen is a choice of drug for injuries like bruises wherein pain is acute but requires medication for a few days to a week. Etoricoxib is a choice of drug for chronic pain like osteoarthritis wherein the prescription must be taken for weeks to months.
8. How long does it take for Etoricoxib to work?
The peak plasma concentration of Etoricoxib is seen within one hour of taking the tablet or after injection. It takes Etoricoxib at least one hour to bring in pain and swelling relief. Its half-life is 20-hours, and it is eliminated through urine. Thus, only one dose per day is recommended.
9. When is the best time to take Etoricoxib?
Since Etoricoxib is a food-neutral drug, you can take it before or after food. Studies have shown that Etoricoxib, when taken on an empty stomach has a faster pain-relieving effect. The pain-relieving effect of Etoricoxib lasts for at least a day with a single tablet. Post-marketing studies have recommended consuming the tablet during breakfast, usually supplemented with an antacid for best pain and swelling relief with minimum side effects. However, your physician might suggest a different time based on your medical condition.
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
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Wednesday, May 24, 2017
Welcome Summer 17' Students
Enjoy posting and commenting! Please keep comments to your classmates posts above this one.
1. Theories of Punishment
2. Avoidance
By: Ramanpreet Kaur
Discussing Avoidance and Escape
Avoidance was discussed in the book and the slides provided for the “Psychology of learning” class. Being a part of the class, I found it interesting to write about avoidance and the topics that go alongside it. Escape and avoidance are two synonymous and linked terms that are promptly shown in our powerpoints by Professor Berg, as well as our very own “Learning and Behavior” textbook, which so greatly illustrates these two phenomenons.
One slide in the powerpoint had “Escape” as the title. Escape was discussed by the following: “Escape from rain by running indoors when it starts” is a scenario where one would benefit from escaping the situation. It would come into play since we are prone to run away from anything that has the potential to cause us harm or illness. In this case, the probability of individuals falling ill would be high because our body temperature would decrease unnaturally due to heavy rainfall. The end result would be a flu or a cold.
Falling ill is something that no one likes. We invariably are led to avoid certain things that cause illness. The same can be said to avoid heavy rainfall and downpour since our bodies are not used to getting sticky from the water, and then being forced to go home and take a long shower as a result. Furthermore, the itchiness and the uncleanliness that comes with that kind of water is annoying in itself. Hence, our motivation to take a leave from such situations (like rain).
Continuing forward our discussion of avoidance, I would like to compare how the scenario of avoidance is contrasted with the discussion of “Escape.” In the very same powerpoint, it states that avoidance would be the following: “Avoid the rain completely by getting inside before the storm starts.” I thought this was a wonderful point to make as when we don’t want to deal with a certain stimuli, we would just completely rule it out, and do anything it takes to avoid it. This is the same case and the same scenario. I found the topic of avoidance and escape to be extremely significant so much that I decided to write a post about it. It definitely makes for an interesting discussion. Hope to see some comments on this so we can learn from one another.
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The Problem Explained
Each year, the fashion industry produces and sells between 80 and 150 billion garments globally. At the same time nearly 92 million tonnes of textile waste is created. 87% of textile waste is incinerated or ends up in landfills where it takes 200-plus years to degrade. As it decomposes, it leaches toxic chemicals and dyes into the groundwater and our soil. It is also responsible for 10% of global CO2 emissions each year. The production of textiles is expected to rise by 63% by 2030.
Generate new value from Textile Waste
Every second a truck full of textile waste goes to landfill.
BioFashiontech’s mission is to give textile waste another chance at a useful life and lower the carbon footprint of the fashion industry. We process textile waste using our low energy technology and transform them into a new sustainable materials enabling the transition from a linear, petro-based economy to a circular one.
Hence we are solving two environmental problems with one solution.
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Skip to main content
A systematic review of population health interventions and Scheduled Tribes in India
Peer Review reports
Despite India's recent economic growth, health and human development indicators of Scheduled Tribes (ST) or Adivasi (India's indigenous populations) lag behind national averages [1, 2].(See Table 1) While there has been some improvement for STs, the gaps remain wide and for some indicators have even been increasing (Table 1). These disparities persist despite the Indian government's pursuit of affirmative action since independence and their investments in Tribal development programs [3]. There has been considerable debate on reservations of government seats, public jobs, and education institutions,[4] but the role of population health interventions in improving the situation for STs has received relatively little attention.
Table 1 Selected health indicators in India for total population and STs, 1992-2006
Population health interventions include policies or programs - either within or outside of the health sector - that address the underlying causes of ill health embedded in behaviours, contexts and systems of social stratification that increase risk and vulnerability. Population health intervention research encompasses "attempts to capture the value and differential effect of these interventions, the processes by which they bring about change and the contexts within which they work best."[[5], p.I-8] We systematically searched and assessed peer-reviewed literature of population health interventions research involving STs in order to inform policy and to identify important research gaps. The aim of this review was to identify the public health interventions or components of these interventions that are effective in improving population health outcomes (reducing morbidity or mortality rates and reducing risks of ill health) among ST populations in India.
Scheduled Tribes across India
According to India's most recent census in 2001, there are 84.3 million STs, which is 8.2% of the population [6]. The distributions of ST populations varies widely across India's states and territories. (Figure 1) In Mizoram and Lakshadweep, STs represent close to 95% of the population whereas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu STs represent only 1% of the population. Among the total ST population in India, the highest proportions are found in Madhya Pradesh (14.5%), Maharashtra (10.2%), and Orissa (9.7%). There are around 700 different tribes living across India, predominantly in remote areas: forests, hills, and rough terrain in plateau areas [3]. There is great heterogeneity across different tribal groups, including a sub-category of particularly vulnerable STs known as "primitive" tribes (due to the derogatory nature of this term, these groups are being renamed by the Government of India as 'particularly vulnerable tribal groups') [3].
Figure 1
Map of State wise Tribal Population percentage in India, 2001. Source: Government of India, 2001.
The health of Scheduled Tribes
ST populations continue to carry high burdens of 'diseases of the poor', namely undernutrition and infectious diseases. High levels of chronic undernutrition have been observed among child and adult populations [7]. Micronutrient malnutrition is also a major problem among STs, including anaemia and iodine deficiency disorders [810]. Malaria persists, particularly among tribal populations living in forested areas and the prevalence has been found to be rising in some areas [11, 12]. Prevalence of tuberculosis varies across tribal populations. A number of studies have found that the prevalence and patterns of TB does not differ significantly from non ST communities, but that TB control programs for STs require special attention due to difficult terrain and limited drug supplies in many tribal areas [1316]. Geographical isolation and limited interactions with other communities has limited exposure of HIV/AIDS among ST communities and among some tribal groups prevalence rates remain low;[17] however in some areas, STs are emerging as a high-risk group for HIV/AIDS as they migrate driven by displacement or for employment opportunities [18].
STs face a number of risks of ill-health including high rates of poverty, illiteracy, harsh living environments, high rates of smoking and alcohol use, and poor access to health care [2, 3, 1923]. ST communities have also faced high levels of discrimination, displacement and alienation from their land and livelihoods [3]. In the case of previously enslaved tribal groups, there is evidence suggesting high levels of resignation among STs and limited capacity to take advantage of benefits available to them, reducing their opportunities for good health [24, 25]. While historically gender relations among STs were more egalitarian compared to other social groups, anti-female patterns of discrimination have been increasing among some tribal communities as their lives become integrated in mainstream culture and social practices, generally through the conversion to Hinduism [26, 27].
Research and Scheduled Tribes
In other contexts, indigenous populations have been harmed through inappropriate research methods and practices [2830]. ST communities are also vulnerable to this, due to their high levels of impoverishment, exposure to discrimination, diverging worldviews from other social groups, and lack of voice to express their own priorities and views. What matters is not only to pursue research to improve the health of indigenous populations, but how this knowledge is gathered. Research should be undertaken in a manner that is culturally sensitive and considers the needs, priorities, and 'ways of knowing' of ST populations. To integrate these aspects, there is a need for some level of participation of the ST community, which may include: developing the research question, input in the study design and interpretation of study findings, and developing recommendations for policy. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the considerations that researchers have taken with respect to the nature and level of the participation of the ST community in the intervention and research process as well as the ethical components that have been adopted to ensure the protection of the participants.
The search was restricted to peer-reviewed articles published in English and French languages during the period of 1990 to 2009. The search was undertaken by the first author during the month of October 2009. Since the health of STs are both a public health issue and a development issue, we searched databases in both the health and social science: PubMed, EconLit, and Social Sciences Index and Abstract. The grey literature was not included for several reasons. First, given India's size and diversity (including languages), it would be extremely difficult to systematically identify and review the literature in a timely manner. Second, as the focus of the review is on intervention research, which requires rigorous methods, the quality of much of the available grey literature would likely be inadequate. Third, in our experience, local nongovernmental organizations have among the greatest expertise in working with ST populations, but they tend not to systematically document their knowledge. Tapping into this evidence base will take innovative approaches (e.g. collaboration of NGOs, ST communities, and academics in writing projects, which was done as part of Paniya Sadas, a forum held on marginalised STs in South India) that were beyond the scope of this review.
Four inclusion criteria were to be met for articles to be included in our review. These were: (a) evaluations or intervention studies of a population health intervention, including surveillance systems, health promotion or prevention programs, and treatment programs, (b) undertaken with an ST population or in a tribal area (where the majority of the population have ST affiliations) in India, (c) with a population health outcome(s), which included morbidity or mortality, and risks of ill health and (d) involving primary data collection. Studies that addressed genetic disorders or evaluated a drug or plant for therapeutic properties were excluded. The review of articles proceeded in four steps. First, we conducted our searches using the following abstract key words: (a) Trib*, (b), India (c) health, HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, smok*. Since population health interventions can be defined using a variety of terms, we did not include a term for intervention. We searched the literature for articles that included Trib* (population) and India (setting) and one health outcome, leaving the search for intervention studies in the following step. Second, titles and abstract were screened to meet inclusion criteria, including whether the study assessed a public health intervention. Third, guided by Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), potential articles were further scrutinised for quality. Any study with a major flaw in design or methodology (the intervention failed to meet either the CASP screening questions or 2 or more of the detailed questions) was excluded. Fourth, the references of the selected articles were reviewed to identify other articles not found in our search. The first author reviewed and prepared critical appraisal summaries for the papers, then, the second author reviewed these summaries, followed by a discussion and synthesis of the findings by both authors.
Information was collected on the description of the study, including the intervention, objectives of the study, region of study, study design, methods and study population (including the specific tribal groups). We further abstracted information on ethical considerations of the study and the nature of ST participation in the research process. Finally, information on the main findings and conclusions were retained.
The initial search retrieved 397 potential articles (Figure 2). Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 377 studies were deemed ineligible as they were either not empirical studies that collected primary data or did not assess a public health intervention. This led to 20 potential studies of which the full papers were obtained and reviewed. Nine papers were further excluded due to either poor quality of studies or because there was duplication of interventions by the same authors (we retained the paper which demonstrated the strongest implications for how to build effective public health interventions for ST populations). Our additional search of references from papers retained for our review did not identify any further articles. Therefore, we had a total of 11 papers eligible for the review. Before discussing the findings, we first provide a description of the studies and the extent that ethical considerations and ST participation were integrated in the studies.
Figure 2
Search strategy diagram.
Description of studies
Table 2 presents a description of the studies, which have been published between 1995 (no publications were identified between 1990 and 1994) and 2009. Nine interventions addressed two diseases: the surveillance, prevention, and control of malaria,[3136] and the control and treatment of TB [3739]. One study examined an anaemia prevention program [40] and another presented a maternal mortality surveillance system [41]. The studies were conducted predominantly in either tribal states or states with significant proportions of tribes; only 1 study was conducted in a Southern state (Tamil Nadu), where the proportion of tribes is lower. Four studies worked with ST populations exclusively. Studies were undertaken with the Gond tribe, the Savara tribe, the Nicolese, and two studies included multiple tribal groups. The majority of studies, however, did not specify the tribal groups and only one study noted the inclusion of a minority of non-STs within their population sample.
Table 2 Description of studies included in the review
No experimental designs were identified; the majority of studies were quasi-experimental, one of the quasi-experimental studies include a qualitative component [35]. Participatory research approaches were not used and gender analysis was not incorporated into any of the studies. No study included a theoretical input to guide their study. Outcomes assessed by the studies included measures related to the uptake of the intervention (e.g. use of bed nets) and health outcomes (e.g. prevalence of malaria).
Ethics and ST participation in studies
Eight studies did not make any statement regarding ethics. One study cited that they had obtained ethical approval from a scientific research centre [31]. Informed consent was collected in three studies, [31, 35, 38] although only one study provided details on how informed consent was collected [35]. We identified no study that had specific statements regarding the participation of ST populations in the research process. In two studies, the authors described community meetings that were held prior to the implementation of the intervention to explain the purpose of the ITN program and how to use the ITNs [33, 35] In another study community meetings were held to explain the program and to request cooperation from the population [38]. Two studies integrated ST participation as part of the intervention (described below), but none of the studies stated any involvement of STs in developing the research question, providing input on the study design, assisting in interpreting the findings or developing policy recommendations.
Low-cost, rapid results, and easily administered
Several authors stressed the need to provide interventions that are relatively low-cost, demonstrate rapid results, and easily administered. In prevention efforts, three studies examining insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) found that ITNs could be easily distributed, were widely accepted and used by the community, and provided a mass protective effect against malaria [32, 33, 35] However, challenges arose when participants were required to retreat the nets at their own costs.
Regarding diagnostics, one study proposed that the rapid immune-chromatic test, which was demonstrated to be sensitive (91%) and specific (80%), was particularly effective for ST communities living in forested areas because this test is easier and faster to perform than microscopy [31]. The test does not require laboratory or technical equipment, a simple diagnostic facility can be set up and can be performed by unskilled personnel. Moreover, the test provides immediate results (as opposed to delays generally associated with medical laboratories), therefore, a physician can quickly communicate to their patients the results and begin appropriate treatment.
Of the two surveillance studies, one examined a prospective maternal mortality surveillance system that used key informants, in contrast to retrospective systems used in most low-income settings and relying upon secondary data sources. The surveillance system, which covers three districts and a total population of 228, 186, was found to produce reliable data at a relatively low cost (386 USD per month) [41]. A second surveillance system used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate dynamic maps of hot spots for malaria in tribal areas at the district and village levels, with the purpose of developing rapid response for malaria control [36]. Using the GIS approach, map-generated figures can be easily and quickly updated and information can be done through electronic formats - computer facilities are located at the district level. Furthermore, once it is set up, the system can be easily converted to monitor other diseases, such as dengue. No cost estimates of this intervention were provided.
Multi-pronged approaches
In order to increase the effectiveness of interventions suggestions were made for multi-pronged approaches. Two studies found that the widespread acceptance of long lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) was often not due to an understanding of the link between their use and malaria prevention but for other reasons, such as limiting the nuisance of mosquito bites [33, 35] The authors suggest that the distribution of LLINs is insufficient without adequate transfer of knowledge of malaria and how it is spread, and recommend an educational component to coincide with the introduction of LLINs programs. Another study found that girls aged 14 to 18 years who participated in a program that combined iron-supplementation with a life-skills training program (that included the importance of consuming iron for their health) found a significant improvement in their haemoglobin levels [40]. This study, however, did not separately examine the effects of the iron-supplementation and the training program. Therefore, it cannot be determined the effect, if any, of the training program on reducing haemoglobin levels of participants. One study demonstrated the improvement in nutritional status of STs with TB following the beginning of their treatment [39]. Given that malnutrition predisposes individuals to TB, addressing both malnutrition and TB will be more effective that addressing either factor in isolation.
ST participation
Integrating ST participation into public health interventions was proposed in several studies. One study trained literate ST youth volunteers in detecting cases of pulmonary TB in their communities [37]. The training occurred over a relatively short time and engaged 61 male unemployed ST youths who diagnosed TB patients as effectively as skilled para-medical workers from the same area (misdiagnosis was 2%). Another study trained village volunteers in a tribal area (although we could not determine if these volunteers had ST affiliations) to distribute chloroquine to malaria patients and to fill out a 'fever treatment sheet' upon each deliver [34]. Volunteers were selected by the villages (or heads of villages) and were generally male and either small farmers or agricultural labourers. About 10% of the volunteers were replaced due to loss of interest or poor performance, but the majority continued, enjoying the 'social recognition' of delivering the treatments. Over a period of 3 years, the volunteers treated 88,575 fever cases, and malaria mortality and morbidity was reduced significantly more in villages with the program compared to control villages. These results need to be interpreted with caution, however due to potential selection bias; the authors controlled for prevalence of malaria in the villages, but other factors that may impact outcomes of their intervention (e.g. poverty levels, literacy rates, use of bednets) were not addressed. Community-involvement in an ITN program was also found to increase the likelihood of the retreatment of the nets therefore preserving their protective effect from malaria [32].
Despite the large disparities in health between ST and non ST populations in India, we identified only a small number of articles that examined interventions to improve the health of STs. Furthermore, the studies in this review included only disease-specific interventions; we did not identify any article that assessed a comprehensive health intervention for STs. Finally, assessing public health interventions requires rigorous methods and the majority of studies were either descriptive or had a weak study design, even after rejecting those that were more seriously limited. Implementing stronger quasi-experimental designs that address major biases, such as selection bias, would have provided stronger evidence [42]. However, experimental and quasi-experimental designs may not be feasible or appropriate to assess some interventions, notably complex interventions with multiple interacting components [43]. Researchers need to consider various 'trade-offs' that may arise in the pursuit of the best choice of design, given the type of intervention, the populations, the context, and the availability of resources [43, 44]. But regardless of study design, there are steps researchers can take to ensure their approach is rigorous and the study is of good quality [45]. In our review, we found the evidence collected to be limited in its quantity, scope, and methodological rigour, and thus should be interpreted with caution. Reviews of the effectiveness of public health interventions in other contexts with indigenous populations have similarly found an 'underdeveloped' evidence base in terms of both the number of available studies and the rigour of the studies [4648].
The evidence compiled in this review revealed three issues that promote effective public health interventions with STs. First, there is a need to develop and implement interventions that are low-cost, give rapid results and can be easily administered. This addresses the challenge of delivering effective interventions to ST communities who predominantly live in remote areas, where there is limited access to health care, few laboratory facilities, inadequate surveillance, poor vital registrations, and few skilled workers to implement highly technical tasks. Innovative technologies, such as rapid diagnosis tests that do not require laboratories and GIS, offer new opportunities. But by moving one step further and connecting innovative technologies with ST culture and harnessing STs' capacity to use these technologies, could increase opportunities for STs to develop new skills and increase their control over interventions.
Second, even though the study included interventions that addressed a specific disease or a single health need, a multi-pronged approach was advanced by several authors based largely on limitations to the intervention design identified by their studies. ST populations face multiple risks of ill health and are exposed to a number of diseases. Combining two or more activities in a single intervention will likely improve health outcomes. This has been demonstrated among other indigenous groups and vulnerable populations in low-income countries [49]. Given the high levels of health need there is a need for a public health (as opposed to a medical or disease approach) to improve the health of STs and reduce the disparities in health that exist between STs and other social groups. For policy-makers considering new intervention designs, the challenge is to retain the 'quick-wins' of low-cost and easy administration, but always with an eye to adding more elements to a program to make it more comprehensive and capable of responding to health determinants residing in the contexts of STs' cultural, geographic and economic environments.
Third, the involvement of ST populations in the intervention was advocated to help address the isolation of many ST communities, the cultural specificities of STs, the limited resources available and to promote community control. Involving ST populations may improve current programs that have demonstrated poor performance. For example, an increase in the prevalence of TB between 1986 and 2002 was observed in Car Nicobar (the administrative headquarters for the Nicobar district in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands), despite the implementation of a national TB program [38]. The authors argue that this increase may be attributed to the lack of a district level TB control program which contributed to insufficient TB control in the area. A district level program as part of the national one could allow for ST participation in its design, improving its community acceptance by, and cultural appropriateness for, the local population. The participation of indigenous populations in public health interventions has been found to be an effective strategy in other contexts [47].
Future Research
The paucity of good quality evidence on population health interventions for ST populations suggests ways in which the present level of knowledge can be improved. Given the marginalisation and cultural oppression of many ST populations, however, there is also a need to undertake research that is culturally and ethically appropriate. We propose two avenues to pursue this goal. First, the highest ethical standards should be followed. This includes ensuring that individuals and communities are truly informed and consent to the research being undertaken. One approach that has been used with ST populations is the development of an ethical code of research conduct, and collecting community consent prior to individual consent [50]. The development of ethical guidelines undertaking research with ST populations could help to promote national standards. The development of ethical guidelines and tools at the local level could further help to address the needs of specific tribal communities and can be developed in partnership with these communities. Second, indigenous researchers have advocated for a need for new approaches to research that integrate indigenous views and perspectives and promote self-determination, mobilisation and transformation of these communities [28]. One way to pursue these goals is through participatory research, which is rooted in the philosophy that those who are most affected by health and development issues should be active participants in the research process and subsequent policy action [5053]. Participatory research combines local knowledge, expertise and experiences with scientific methods and theories, and can be used with a range of study designs and methods including randomized controlled trials [52]. The benefits of participatory approaches for intervention research can extend beyond the research project by increasing the capacity of communities to address their own health needs and redress imbalances in power within the community, which may ultimately contribute to reducing social disparities in health [53]. Researchers can also pursue innovative approaches that include developing partnerships with NGOs who have established programs with ST populations in order to document their existent (but largely undocumented) knowledge and other collaborations (e.g. evaluating ST programs implemented by NGOs). Another approach is to develop solid theoretical foundations for public health interventions and health outcomes for STs, which will help to refine hypothesis generating and improve the accuracy of the interpretation of findings [54, 55]. These theoretical frameworks can be developed specifically for ST populations, integrating indigenous 'ways of knowing'. Finally, given the need for the implementation of 'low cost interventions', cost effectiveness studies can provide valuable information for decision-making in selecting the most appropriate intervention strategies.
While there is a growing body of knowledge on the health needs of STs, there is a paucity of data on how we can address these needs. This suggests that future research priority be given to quality public health intervention studies that assess a broad range of interventions and outcomes. Key programs to evaluate include: (1) interventions specific for ST populations, both disease-specific interventions and comprehensive tribal health programs, such as the Tribal Health Initiative in South India,[56] (2) tribal development programs that fall outside of the health sector, but address key determinants of health,[57] and (3) population level interventions to identify how these interventions may better address the needs of STs. In the latter case, these interventions should include not only local or national level programs, but also those that address global factors that may impact ST communities, such as climate change, financialization of economic markets and global trade [58, 59]. Research should account for heterogeneity that exists across tribal groups (e.g. comparative analyses) and within tribal groups (e.g. gender analysis). Finally, due to the great diversity across India, studies should be undertaken in different contexts (e.g. urban, rural, forested land, etc) across states and territories.
Policy implications
As India's economy continues to grow and the health of the population improves, there is a need for greater attention and resources to be allotted to those populations who have not benefitted from the country's economic growth and who continue to face high levels of health needs. Despite pursuing affirmative action for more than fifty years, there are persistent gaps in health and well-being between STs and non STs. This suggests the need to devise and implement new policies. Given the large gaps in knowledge on how to improve the health of STs, resources should be targeted to developing a critical mass of researchers in this domain, including training of researchers with ST affiliations.
The findings of this review identified three effective strategies for improving health outcomes among ST populations in India: low-cost, rapid results, and easily administered programs, multi-pronged approaches, and including ST participation in the intervention. The evidence base, however, is insufficient. There is a need for a better understanding of how to improve their health by pursuing public health intervention research appropriate for ST populations.
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Pre-publication history
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We are grateful to KR Nayar and Nikki Clelland, whose comments helped to strengthen this paper. KM is supported by a Canadian Institutes for Health Research global health postdoctoral fellowship [grant number: 174429]. RL holds a Canada Research Chair in Globalization/Health Equity.
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Correspondence to KS Mohindra.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KM conceived the study, undertook the review, and wrote the manuscript. RL guided the study and contributed to the interpretation of the findings and drafting of the manuscript. Both authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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Mohindra, K., Labonté, R. A systematic review of population health interventions and Scheduled Tribes in India. BMC Public Health 10, 438 (2010).
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• Malaria
• Public Health Intervention
• Tribal Group
• Rapid Result
• Schedule Tribe
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Central Australia
The Central Australia region is the geographical centre of Australia.
Desert land covers 600,000 square kilometres and 40% of the NT.
The Central Australia region contributes an estimated 18% ($2.9 billion) to the NT gross state product.
Alice Springs, the second largest town in the NT, with a population of roughly 28,000, services a total regional population of 41,000.
Alice Springs is the major economic, business and service hub for the region, and also services parts of South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland.
The economy is sustained by mining, tourism and primary industries and is underpinned by government funding for regional service delivery and defence.
A large percentage of the Central Australia region’s population live in outlying communities including the Yulara township, which provides accommodation and services for the tourism industry at Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park.
Yulara's population of just over 1,000 people is increased by visitor numbers to around 300,000 each year.
Other major remote centres in the Central Australia region include Ntaria, Yuendumu and Papunya, with the rest of the population widely spread across the region in smaller communities, outstations, pastoral properties and mining operations.
These residents depend on Alice Springs for supplies and essential services.
Last updated: 24 September 2021
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Towards Industry 4.0: Big Data and Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)
What to do with a cancelled lecture session? Publish a blog about it, of course. This excerpt is about Big Data and the Industrial Internet of Things.
What is Big Data?
Big data can be described as all forms of structured and unstructured information that are generated by people, systems and processes in a given environment. Data is generally termed BIG on the basis of its volume, variety and velocity. In an industrial context, Big Data refers to all sorts of data that are generated from the design stage of a product; through to the products’ useful life and to its end-of-life. Engineering big data is usually obtained from an interconnection of cyber-physical devices such as machines or sensors, networks such as the cloud, analytical applications and user-interfaces that facilitate real-time condition monitoring. Such interconnection is what we now refer to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0).
Why are we interested in Big Data and IIoT ?
A synergy of Big Data and IoT holds vast potentials for high levels of adaptability and quick turn-arounds in production and manufacturing systems – otherwise known as smart manufacturing. It creates value by increasing system efficiency and reducing operational costs since such systems could be effectively monitored remotely – through forward and backward control feeds. This facilitates additional business intelligence and tends to reduce human errors, particularly in high-precision or risk-averse industries such as aerospace, health care and the energy sectors. However, the ability to automatically analyse huge amounts of data in real-time and make predictions that would trigger corrective action; almost immediately, still presents a unique challenge.
How can Industry harness Big Data and IIoT?
There are several ways of enhancing operations through the use of data-driven technology such as IoT. Two key areas out of several others were selected and summarised here.
Safety and Occupational Health: Safety is a top priority in most industrial environment. A good percentage of falls and trips in production environment could be attributed to a combination of factors ranging from clogged gangways, carelessly kept tools, lack of illumination and tiredness among others. Gangways and shop floors may benefit from embedded instruments that track or flag slipperiness, obstructions and keep a log of previous near-falls. An innovative consideration might be creation of digitally enabled gangways or smart mats; but, these have to be designed for purpose depending on the ergonomic demands of a task. A wearable IoT device could provide a solution, particularly in situations where workers are more vulnerable to the risks of accidents, fatigue and deadly contagious illnesses.
As several factories and logistic organisations recently shut down operations due to the sudden outbreak of infection, Big Data from IoT devices could help to keep workers safer; in the event of need for continued operations for the sake of essential products. This may impact the manufacturing and distribution of essential consumables that are in high demand. For instance, an integrated wearable, embedded with micro-electronic microphone, lumbar motion monitors and temperature instruments could be designed to flag down bio-data with signs of unusual cough patterns, musculoskeletal injuries and unusual high body temperatures. Potential occupational health hazards might be minimized by the use of such digitalised technology as data could be streamed to specialist cloud stations where they could be further analysed for proper medical intervention, if needed.
Condition Monitoring, Reliability and Risk: Rotating machineries, including mills, pumps and compressors account for almost 40% of repair and maintenance activities in industrial environments. Unprecedented downtimes due to system failures are undesirable because they cost time and money; therefore, it makes sense to have an idea about when a process or system might fail for corrective plans to be initiated in good time. In a recent project, we looked at a milling operation where a huge amount of data was being generated by a milling machine. The data contained useful information that could potentially tell us about the quality of the milling process – in real time and quickly trigger corrective adjustments, if required. This was a good step in the direction of digitalising engineering operations as it indicated that it is possible to change a product’s desired shape or quality; with less disruption to the overall process and at less cost. However, understanding and utilizing such data for process digitalisation is not very simple. Using techniques from engineering data analytics and machine learning, we were able to accurately identify patterns in the data for decision making. In the project, milling data consisting of information such as; the vibration of the mill, the sound produced by the mill, the current, speed, depth and wear of the mill insert were analysed and trained using machine learning; for predicting the status of the milling process. Pattern recognition is a crucial step for process digitalisation. In this case, it enabled us to understand what was going on in the system and future predictions about the state; whether nominal or failed, of the milling process and the part. Thus, when new data is presented to our model, it can automatically tell us if the milling is going to fail or be successful. A cross-validation of the results showed that the approach provided a good interpretation and prediction of the milling process.
In summary, Big Data and IIoT could mean different things from industry to industry and from sector to sector – depending on the nature of available data and the parameters of interest. However, the key element of Industry 4.0 is the ability of systems to automatically make meaning out of the data it receives from various processes in real-time, and swiftly make data–driven decisions. Industrial assets could be effectively monitored, controlled and digitalised with a proper network of interconnected equipment, people and processes. There is good evidence that it enhances human safety, reduces cost and saves time.
This article was written by Ikenna A. Okaro (PhD), a Mechanical Engineer whose current research focuses on the use of data-driven techniques to digitalize process control, risk management and the reliability of emerging technologies.
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condicio etymology
Latin word condicio comes from Latin dico, Latin con-
Detailed word origin of condicio
Dictionary entryLanguageDefinition
con- Latin (lat) Used in compounds to indicate a being or bringing together of several objects. Used in compounds to indicate the completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signification of the simple word.
condico Latin (lat) (legal) I give notice that something should be returned, demand back.. I proclaim, announce, publish.. I talk something over together, agree to/upon, concert, promise; fix, appoint.
condicio Latin (lat) (metonymy) A paramour, lover.. (metonymy) A spouse, bride.. A condition, term, demand.. A love affair, amour.. A marriage, match.. A nature, mode, character, disposition, manner, condition.. An agreement, contract, covenant, stipulation, pact, proposition.. An external position, situation, rank, place, circumstances, condition.
Words with the same origin as condicio
Descendants of dico
dictator dictus dixit edicto
Descendants of con-
comes comitia commune communis competere coniunx constat constitutum consuetudo consul contentus continuo coram curia
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Nutrition For Goals
Hey everyone! In my last nutrition article, I covered the fundamentals of nutrition. Having this basic knowledge is a crucial part of any fitness journey, as nutrition is the most important thing for any goal! In this article, I will be talking all about nutrition for goals. This will help you take the fundamentals of nutrition and apply them in ways that are specific to your goal. The 4 main different types of goals and their basic principles are outlined below:
Fat Loss – Must be in a caloric deficit (consuming fewer calories than your body burns), emphasis on protein intake, as well as weight training (weight training will be covered in another article)
Bodyweight Maintenance – Maintenance Calories (equal amount of calories consumed to calories burned), average levels of macronutrients relative to your lifestyle
Fat Loss & Muscle Gain – Must be in a caloric deficit, have an emphasis on protein intake and a large focus on weight training
Muscle Gain – Caloric surplus (size of surplus depends on goal), good amount of protein, emphasis on weight training
Fat Loss:
Fat loss is when you’re trying to lose body fat but maintain as much muscle as possible, don’t get this confused with weight loss. Weight loss refers to an overall drop in body weight, this includes fat and lean body mass (lean body mass being muscle as well as other things such as water). We want to avoid losing muscle because… why would anyone want to lose muscle right! So how do we accomplish this goal? There are 3 main pillars to fat loss, these include:
1. Caloric Deficit
2. Focus on Protein Consumption
3. Amounts of Fats & Carbs
Caloric Deficit:
In order to lose weight, it is required to be in a caloric deficit, you need to be consuming fewer calories than your body burns. Simply put, this will force your body to find alternate energy sources to burn, with the primary source of this energy typically coming from fat.
It is important to know that there are 4 areas in which your body burns/uses calories. The order of which mechanism typically burns the most calories descends from the top:
1. The first is your BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), this refers to the calories your body burns just to keep itself running.
2. The second is NEAT (Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis), these are calories your body burns throughout your daily activities.
3. The fourth is called TEF (Thermal Effect of Food), this refers to the calories your body burns to digest and use the food you eat.
4. The third is EA (Exercise Activity), these are calories you burn by “planned” exercise such as weight training
If you are trying to burn more calories without taking them out of your diet, consider trying to move more by going on walks, as an example. This would fit into either NEAT or EA. Where this fits into isn’t really a big deal, however.
We know that we need to be in a caloric deficit, and how we actually use and therefore burn the calories we consume. Now the question is, how do we achieve this caloric deficit? There are 2 main ways in which a caloric deficit can be achieved, either through your nutrition (reducing calories consumed) or exercise (increasing exercise).
If your caloric deficit reaches a point where going lower isn’t optimal and or sustainable, consider increasing your exercise to ensure your nutrition is still manageable.
All in all, you need to tip the “calorie balance scale” towards the caloric deficit side, this will allow for weight loss. The keyword is weight, that could mean muscle as well, which is what we are trying to limit. Protein consumption is a major part in retaining this muscle, that is what will be explained next.
If you are wondering how to calculate your caloric deficit, I have linked a video done by the reputable Jordan Syatt. Click here to check it out!
Protein Consumption:
Protein consumption is huge for retaining muscle in a caloric deficit, it has a direct impact on muscle repair through a process called muscle protein synthesis. The biggest thing with weight loss is the caloric deficit, however, when it comes to nutrition, you need both a caloric deficit and adequate protein intake to focus the weight loss towards fat loss.
As your muscle fibres break down, they require the amino acids in protein to repair them. Adequate protein intake will ensure your muscles will have enough of these amino acids to complete this function. This is especially important while in a caloric deficit as your body is already running on a lower energy intake. Because of this, you don’t want your body to be taking amino acids and using them for other things such as energy. Taking in adequate protein will ensure your muscles have enough protein to help maintain muscle mass.
As far as how much protein you should be taking in goes, it is quite simple. Stick to 1 gram per pound of bodyweight. If you want to go a bit higher while staying in a caloric deficit, it won’t hurt and can have some benefits as far as creating a caloric deficit goes. This is within a reasonable amount, of course. I wouldn’t suggest going around consuming 4 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight.
If you have a relatively high amount of body fat, you may want to go with the following approach: 1.8 to 2.4 grams of protein per kilogram of lean body mass. Lean body mass is your total bodyweight minus your fat weight. The reason for this equation in this circumstance is because protein is far more metabolically active and protein demanding than fat. So if you have a fair amount of fat, basing protein intake of lean body mass makes much more sense.
You can eat higher protein if you would like. Once again, I wouldn’t suggest anything too crazy though, as there isn’t really a need for it.
Consumption of Fats & Carbs:
The main thing with any caloric deficit is to make sure total daily calories and protein are accounted for. This will ensure you are eating the proper amount of calories to induce weight loss, and taking in enough protein to retain as much muscle as possible, thus influencing fat loss. However, we are missing 2 of the 3 macronutrients, fats and carbs.
When total daily calories and protein are accounted for, fats and carbohydrates can be moved around as you prefer, it isn’t shown to have an effect on fat loss. This is more so to focus on sustainability, and what makes you feel/perform the best. One guideline, however, is to make sure fat is above 15% of your total daily calories. Going lower than this can be less optimal in regards to things like hormones.
Layne Norton does a great job of explaining fat loss in detail within a series on his Youtube channel, I actually gained some of my knowledge for this article from his series. You can check that out here.
Body Recomposition:
This is most often a goal for those who have excess amounts of fat and relatively low amounts of muscle, and are looking to lose fat and gain muscle. That is what body recomposition is, losing fat and gaining muscle. This will be easier to accomplish with a higher fat to muscle ratio and or not a lot of weight training experience. There really isn’t much of a difference between the steps taken for the goal of fat loss and body recomposition, it is more about your starting point.
So… that basically covers that! Haha!
Muscle Gain:
If you are a relatively lean person or skinny in general and are not looking to lose more body fat but to put on muscle, a muscle gain approach is likely what you are looking for! The goal with this is to put on as much muscle as possible while limiting the amount of fat you gain. This is also great for those who are “skinny fat”, as they can get bigger by putting on muscle and limiting fat gain which in turn will help them to get leaner/reduce body fat percentage in the process. When they achieve a bodyweight that they are happy with, they can then decide if they would like to get leaner or not. Putting on muscle while limiting the addition of body fat can be achieved easier as a whole if you are new to weight training and or do not have a whole lot of muscle to begin with. If you have some years of training under your belt and already have a considerable amount of muscle, this can be harder to do. However, it can still be done!
There are 3 main things to consider when it comes to the goal of muscle gain alone, these are:
1. Caloric Surplus
2. Sufficient Protein Intake
3. Consumption of Fats & Carbs
Caloric Surplus:
As we know, a caloric surplus is not required for muscle gain, however, when you aren’t looking for fat loss, a caloric surplus makes sense. Especially if you are someone who has trouble putting on muscle.
There are 2 ways to achieve this, one of which includes a relatively small caloric surplus, another with a larger surplus. The smaller surplus will yield slower muscle gain, however, it will allow you to put on mostly muscle instead of fat. A larger caloric surplus will allow for quicker muscle gain, however, with that will come more fat. Both of these are being talked about assuming protein intake is sufficient.
If you are relatively lean, want to limit fat gain and are okay with slower progress, consider implementing a smaller surplus. If you already have a fair amount of body fat and want to limit anymore, yet you still want to gain muscle, also consider a smaller surplus.
If you are relatively lean, want to gain muscle at a quicker pace and do not mind putting on some body fat, consider implementing a larger surplus. If you have a fair amount of fat, are looking to gain muscle and don’t care about the amount of fat you have; (not advisable, however, sometimes this is the situation if you need to bulk up quickly for specific circumstances such as a position in football), then also consider a larger surplus.
Sufficient Protein Intake:
Lot’s of people hear muscle gain and think protein, protein, protein! Well, don’t get too carried away as you actually require less protein to gain muscle while in a caloric surplus than if you are in a caloric deficit. This makes sense as your body should be supplied with ample amounts of carbohydrates and fats for fuel and other functions. Thus, the majority of protein is likely going to be used for its main function of building muscle.
How much protein should you be taking in to gain muscle while in a caloric surplus? A good guideline would be around 0.8-1.0 gram/pound of body weight. You can go lower to 0.6-0.8 grams/pound of bodyweight, however, if you weight train fairly often, done consistently and are relatively active, I wouldn’t suggest this when trying to gain muscle.
Consumption of Fats & Carbs:
Similar to being in a caloric deficit, the consumption of fats and carbs isn’t a huge deal so long as you are hitting your calorie and protein goals. As I said before, you should be eating what is easiest for you to sustain and what allows you to perform your best. Some people may like higher carbs because they feel more energized from it for performance. Others may not notice too much of a difference between higher carbs or higher fat. However, they may find it difficult to take in enough calories, thus they may opt for the more calorically dense macro, which is fat.
Bodyweight Maintenance:
This may be for those who are already at their desired goal and are simply looking to maintain a healthy lifestyle. There isn’t too much to think about here, you want to be eating at maintenance calories (equal calories consumed to calories burned). You want to be at a balance of protein (consuming enough protein to maintain muscle mass) and you want to be eating carbs and fats in amounts that fit into your total daily calories in a healthy ratio that you prefer.
Your maintenance calories will depend on your activity level and other things relative to you. It is very simple, however, you need to be eating the same amount of calories that you burn to be at maintenance calories. As far as protein goes, 0.35 grams/pound of body weight or 0.8 grams/kilogram of body weight is roughly where you want to be for good overall health. You may want to consider increasing these protein numbers a bit if you are quite active. More specifically with weight training. Other signs to increase protein intake include but are not limited to, noticing your recovery slowing (assuming other factors such as sleep and nutrition are in check) and or noticing yourself losing muscle mass.
Wrapping Up:
I hope the information within this article has been able to benefit you! As always, if you have any questions or comments please do not hesitate to leave them below and I will be sure to reply!
I would like to clarify that these are my recommendations and suggestions, they are not guaranteed to work specifically for you. They are solid suggestions, however, in the end, you need to be monitoring yourself and making changes accordingly. I would also like to note, if you have any conditions or believe you shouldn’t be following these suggestions for circumstances you may have, consult with a doctor.
Until Next Time,
Kohl Johnson
Support is much appreciated if you benefited from this:
Kohl Johnson
6 Responses
1. These are all great suggestions. And as you say, everybody’s body is different and reacts differently to the same regimen. The biggest thing I have a hard time with is getting in enough protein. I guess I should really consider starting with protein shakes to help supplement. What is the main reason for the importance of protein?
• I’m glad you found the article helpful! Yes, different people will respond to routines differently, there are lot’s of variables such as training experience, fat to muscle ratio, etc. Protein intake can be tough, especially because it is quite satiating. Protein is mainly responsible for muscle repair and growth because of it’s amino acids. I would suggest getting your nutrition down pat before starting with protein shakes. If you are still having a tough time with getting in enough quality protein, then a good protein power isn’t a bad idea to help hit your protein targets as it is quite convenient.
2. Thanks for the great instructions. I am looking forward to loosing a little bit of stomach fat.
There is quite a lot to focus on when wanting only to lose fat but no muscles. I’ll have to go over this article again and again to remember all tips and recommendations.
I guess it will not be too easy for me due to sitting in my chair all day, working and not willing to do exercise. Is there still a chance to reduce my tummy fat within a reasonable time, just some 3-4 kilos?
• Hi Stefan, glad you found the article helpful! Please note that you can’t spot reduce fat, in other words you cannot reduce fat in a specific area of your body. With a caloric deficit you will lose body fat as a whole, some spots may stay for longer. If that happens to be your stomach for you, just stay the course and be patient, it will eventually lean out. The sitting in a chair all day will make it somewhat harder, however the caloric deficit is what matters the most. Exercise will help in general, however if you want to retain your muscle weight training plays a big part in that. Be ready for my next article on training for different goals. With consistency and patience you can lose the 3-4 kilograms if you do it properly, however I really do suggest exercise to help with things overall, more specifically weight training to retain muscle.
3. I’m just starting to get myself on a healthier lifestyle and thinking about training so this article has been great with all your explanations of the different terms in relation to nutrition and achieving my goals. For me, I’d like to do some muscle gain, and a smaller Caloric Surplus would be the way I want to go – take things nice and slow!
• Hi Fiona, good to hear your working on a healthy lifestyle, that is awesome! I’m glad my article could help, it sounds like you have a good plan for yourself! You can check out my Fundamentals of Nutrition article if you would like for some more information to help you get started.
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What is Dementia? A guide on what the person with dementia is going through and how to support
As dementia is such a broad range of topic, we will cover this in a 2 part article. In this article, we will talk about what exactly Dementia is, what the affected person is going through and how we can best support them.
What is dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term to describe issues with memory, speech, critical thinking skills that can interfere with daily living caused by abnormal brain changes.
As it is a progressive disease, the affected person starts to experience personality/behavior changes, difficulty in remembering things, communication issues and the ability to take care of themselves.
Although Alzheimer’s and dementia are commonly used interchangeably, Alzheimer’s is actually a common form of dementia that falls under the category of dementia.
What is the person going through with dementia?
An affected person knows that something is off and as more incidents of forgetfulness and uncertainty of the future causes them to feel anxious. “Where am I?”, “Am I causing stress to my family?”, “What is waiting for me in the future” are all common internal dialogue that a person with dementia is constantly asking themselves.
As things that a person used to enjoy becomes harder due to cognitive decline, they often fall into a depressive state. Depression takes motivation away which in turn causes a vicious cycle that makes the person inactive, become socially isolated and unable to enjoy their hobbies like before.
Confusion often leads the person in an iriitated state that can cause them to lash out by yelling, cussing and getting aggressive. Even a person who have never been physically aggressive can develop this behavior.
Tips on supporting a person with dementia
Compassion and empathy – Compassion and empathy goes a long way, especially for caregivers and family who takes care of a person with dementia. Try to put yourself in their shoes and imagine if you became confused about your whereabouts, what time it is and even doubting who you are. How would you like to be treated? Responding with affection, reassurance and support will give the person comfort and your relationship with them will be much easier.
Speak clearly and break down questions as simple as possible. Try to speak slowly using simple words and sentences with positive attitude. If they have a hard time hearing, instead of raising your voice, lower the pitch of your voice. If they are not able to comprehend your question, rephrase your question using other simple words. Be patient in waiting for a reply. A person with dementia often have a hard time formulating words to respond so try to listen with your complete presence. If they are struggling for a response, you can make suggestions and offer visual cues such as drawing on a piece of paper to guide them.
Dementia care may be challenging but with the right attitude and educating yourself about dementia can drastically improve the care you provide.
At Holly Services, we have been helping clients with dementia in Southern California since 2004. Our experienced caregivers provide personalized support that can keep seniors with dementia safe and sound in the comfort of their own home. Feel free to contact us with any questions about our specialized dementia care today.
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New High-Tech Lab at Fred Hutch Creates 3D Maps of Proteins to Aid Therapeutics and Vaccine Research
A new lab has launched at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to facilitate the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technique, which uses extreme temperatures and an electron microscope to create 3D maps of proteins.
The detailed images produced by cryo-EM bring the complex movement and structure of molecules to life in high resolution, allowing researchers to better understand their function. This groundbreaking method could ultimately lead to new therapeutics and vaccines targeting illnesses from autoimmune diseases to cancer and infectious diseases.
Fred Hutch plans to continue building up the facility and staff to expand the field, with the goal of eventually moving on from looking at a single protein or virus to bigger structures like cells.
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7 Common Challenges In Plants
Sometimes, killing a plant accidentally is inevitable. It’s true, we’re just being honest. Most plant owners have been in that situation. Especially if you’re new in gardening, it’s almost impossible for you to avoid it. So if ever you’ve had your own murder (of a plant of course!) and feel ashamed, don’t hesitate to try again.
With practice and correct instruction on how to take care of a plant, you shall avoid being in the same crime. Here are the 7 common challenges in plants you might face. Read on and see how you can deal with it.
This is one of the most common challenges that a gardener and a plant can have. Over-watering and Under-watering your plants can cause its slow death. Caring for our plant is shown through correct watering.
Over-watering can drown your plants while Under-watering them will leave their roots dry and thirsty. You’ll see signs if your plants are over or under watered.
Over-watering: The soil does not dry. The roots and leaves turn yellow.
Under-watering: Drooping stem and leaves.
This depends on the type of plant you are cultivating. Some plants need more water while others don’t need much. To know if you have given it enough water, use your fingers to check the soil of the plant.
Feel the moisture level of the soil to properly assess the wetness level of your plant.
This is the same with over-watering. You should follow the water direction for different plants. Slowly water your plant until you see the soil is evenly wet. Again, use your fingers to check the moisture level of your plant’s soil.
Light is important but too much or little of it can harm your beloved plants. Light from the window is not enough to cater to your plant’s need for light. Light exposure does not always mean direct exposure to it. Sometimes, it is the feeling of warmth your plants get.
Little light: The color of the leaves turns green and soon begin to droop.
Too much light: The leaves burn and there are brown spots. The color of the leaves starts to turn yellow.
Little light: Move to a brighter spot where your plant can have more light and warm.
Too much light: Move your plant away from direct sunlight, such as the window pane.
The light that is needed will depend on your plant. So you better take note of that.
This works in a similar manner with watering. You need to know the amount of sunlight needed by your chosen plant. You can experiment on this, just make sure that you always check your plants so they don’t die.
You can also relate these problems with the first 2 problems that were mentioned above. Over or under fertilizing your plants can cause their slow death. You probably know that fertilizers are plants’ source of nutrition. It’s their food supplement. Plant’s do eat too if you’re not aware of that.
Excess nutrients can harm your plant’s roots. Think of it as a child getting obese because of too much food. While under-fertilizing your plant can happen if you were not able to feed your plant for 6 months. It’s like malnourished kiddo.
Over-fertilized: The leaves are burnt because of the fertilizer.
Under-fertilized: The growth of your plants is slow and does not show new shoots and flowers.
Over-fertilized: Decrease the fertilizer’s concentration and lessen the frequency of doses.
Under-fertilized: Give your plant low doses of fertilizer.
Your plants grow and eventually, they can run out of space to spread to. Usually, this happens once yearly. For other plants, it can occur once every two years. You shall see roots popping out of the soil as a clear sign for this problem.
No plant growth and roots pop out of the soil.
Re-pot! Check out guides on how to re-pot your plant if you don’t know how to.
Moving your plants from places to places too much can cause problems. They like to have a rooted style of life. So moving them around too much only adds stress to them.
So before permanently planting them in your garden, it is best much as possible, find a spot that will be theirs for the rest of their plant life.
Yellowing leaves with slow growth.
Avoid moving them too much.
This is very common, not just with plants but also with humans. Diseases are problems that can occur from time to time. It’s just a matter of how you face it properly and immediately to stop it. Constantly checking for your plant’s health is significant for their healthy growth. Recognizing problems early can reduce the chances of diseases spreading on your plant.
Irregular growth of a plant (noticeable pests and insects are seen)
You can call for professional help if you don’t know what to do. You can check out for some DIY steps to tend to your plants’ health here.
Grooming is needed by plants as well as people do. A loose stem, dropping leaves, and fall flowers are just normal things with plants. However, you have to keep them tidy to avoid pests and insects from pestering them.
Stunted growth of plants
Remove dead leaves, branches, and flowers. Clean up so they won’t pile up.
Properly label your plants so you will know the right amount of sunlight, water, and fertilizer to use on them. Buy organic plant markers, today.
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I am writing a non-magical fantasy story set in a low-tech world that is primarily composed of city-states with limited regional authority. I am trying to work out what kinds of seemingly realistic accommodations could/would be in place for disabled people. Culturally, I am trying to craft a world whose prejudices are very distinct from Earthly ones: no sexuality, gender-related, disability-related, or “race”-related discrimination exists. I am not trying to be “realistic” in terms of portraying the accommodations that the real past or the real present offers; I am trying to be realistic in a very optimistic, yet low-tech way, when it comes to accommodations. Do you have any advice for me?
– Kiera
Hi Kiera,
A lot of the time when people think about accessibility, they think about adaptive equipment such as wheelchairs and prosthetics. While adaptive equipment matters, it is important to keep in mind that the structure of the society plays a big role in shaping people’s accessibility needs. For example, cities with lots of stairs, but few ramps or elevators, create a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs. In contrast, there isn’t a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs in a city where all of the buildings have ramps and elevators. This is why it is helpful to start with broader aspects of social structure, such as architecture and social norms, when designing an accessible society.
I recommend researching accessible architecture. Many aspects of accessible architecture can be achieved at lower technology levels, like using ramps instead of stairs and using curves instead of sharp corners. On the smaller scale, things like using round tables and diverse seating options are also very achievable. Keep in mind that different people have different accessibility needs, so it helps to avoid uniformity and instead provide multiple options.
It’s also worth thinking about how ancient technology could be used by a society that cared more about accessibility. For example, while electric elevators are a relatively recent invention, humans have been using crane technology since ancient times. A society that wanted to could adapt this crane technology into something like an elevator.
The social structure of the society also has a big impact on accessibility. It is important to avoid situations where there is only one way to participate in something. Instead, create social situations where either the behavior of the group adjusts to meet individual needs or where there is a range of ways for people to participate. For example, having quiet spaces at large community celebrations provides space for those people who are overwhelmed by crowds. Another important behavior is open communication where people set expectations and ask about accessibility needs while events are being planned.
When it comes to adaptive equipment, devices like wheelchairs and prosthetics have been around in some form for a long time. A little research into this history should provide a reasonable starting point for deciding what form these items will take in your setting. Keep in mind that a society that cares more about accessibility will put more effort into developing adaptive equipment, so it makes sense to err on the side of optimism and make sure that the accessibility needs of the characters are being met.
Best wishes,
Fay from Writing Alchemy
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The World 9/11 Made
In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: not the globalization of terrorism but the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age.
This week marks the 20th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. On that day, 19 terrorists took control of four civilian aircraft, flew two into the towers of New York’s World Trade Center, struck the Pentagon with a third, and crashed the fourth in a Pennsylvania field after passengers physically prevented the terrorists from reaching their target, often thought to be the White House or another US government building in Washington, DC.
All the hijackers were from the Middle East, 15 from Saudi Arabia alone. All were trained in Afghanistan, and four at US flight schools, as part of an operation planned, organized, and carried out by al-Qaeda (the “base”), the terrorist group headed by Osama bin Laden. By the day’s end, 2,977 innocent men, women, and children had been killed, and more than 6,000 injured. Most were American, although citizens of more than a hundred other countries also lost their lives as well.
Many at the time feared that 9/11 had ushered in an era defined by global terrorism. And, to be sure, other al-Qaeda attacks followed, including the train bombings in Madrid in March 2004 and the attack on London’s transit system in July 2005. Moreover, terrorists claiming allegiance to the Islamic State (ISIS) killed 32 people at Brussels Airport in March 2016, and staged a series of smaller attacks (often using vehicles to mow down pedestrians). But neither the US nor any of its allies has experienced another attack on the scale of 9/11 – or one even close to it. It is therefore necessary to ask: Beyond the immediate costs, what difference did 9/11 make? How did history change, if at all, as a result?
There are many explanations for why terrorists have not succeeded in executing additional major attacks. With the US invasion of Afghanistan, al-Qaeda lost its sanctuary. Almost every government around the world has introduced new screening procedures that make it more difficult for would-be terrorists to gain access to airports and airplanes. Countries have dramatically increased their intelligence, police, and military capabilities devoted to minimizing risks and countering threats. Countries have also increased their cooperation with one another; counterterrorism is a rare domain where governments that often disagree are willing and able to work together to a considerable degree.
There is also now broad agreement on what constitutes terrorism – the use of armed force by individuals and groups against civilians for political purposes – and a degree of support for the principle that governments should not distinguish between terrorists and those who give them sanctuary and support. Mostly gone are the days when individuals and groups who killed on behalf of their cause were romanticized as freedom fighters.
This is not to say that terrorism has not continued to claim tens of thousands of lives each and every year, which it most surely has. But almost all the attacks have taken place in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia as part of ongoing conflicts (mostly in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Yemen) as opposed to an isolated 9/11-style attack against one of the major powers. Terrorism is increasingly localized and decentralized. It is also resilient: capturing or killing the head of a terrorist organization does not necessarily spell its end. Al-Qaeda, for example, survived the killing of bin Laden by US special operations forces in Pakistan nearly a decade after the 9/11 attack.
It thus comes as no surprise that terrorism continues, with no end in sight. Nor can the possibility of a new 9/11 be ruled out, even though the US government has recently stated that the “most urgent terrorism threat” the country faces is domestic. As the Provisional Irish Republican Army put it after its failed effort to assassinate British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984, “Today we were unlucky, but remember we only have to be lucky once. You will have to be lucky always.” The danger is that the day will come when terrorists gain access to nuclear material or figure out how to manufacture and deliver a biological or chemical weapon, in which case terrorism could come to define the age. For now, though, it has not.
Nonetheless, 9/11 marked a historical turning point, with a profound impact on US foreign policy in the two decades since. Although the attacks did not usher in an era of global terrorism, they did usher in the so-called Global War on Terrorism, which profoundly affected what the US did in the world, how the world came to regard the US, and how many Americans came to see their country’s foreign policy.
The saga begins in Afghanistan. Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the US gave the Taliban, then in control of Afghanistan’s government, a choice: either hand over the al-Qaeda leaders who were living in their country and responsible for planning the 9/11 attack, or put their rule at risk. When the Taliban refused to hand over the al-Qaeda leaders, US intelligence and military personnel collaborated with a loose confederation of Afghan tribes known as the Northern Alliance in overthrowing the Taliban. The US helped assemble a successor government that took control of most of the country.
That control, though, was never complete or unchallenged. Many individuals loyal to the Taliban and al-Qaeda escaped to neighboring Pakistan, where they gradually rebuilt their strength and resumed military operations against the government that had replaced them. The US for its part did not do enough to build an Afghan military, reduce corruption, or deny the Taliban a sanctuary in Pakistan. Instead, it increased its own presence and military operations in Afghanistan, essentially becoming a partner of the government in its civil war.
At its peak, the US effort in Afghanistan involved more than 100,000 of its soldiers. Over two decades, US operations cost more than $2 trillion, and more than 2,300 Americans, as well as tens of thousands of Afghans, lost their lives. The effort was at once both too much and not enough. While the US presence robbed the Afghan government of much of its legitimacy and generated opposition in the US, the Taliban proved to have more staying power than the US, which by 2020 had lost its will to continue a fight that promised only an open-ended stalemate.
The Global War on Terrorism also led the US to launch a war in Iraq. It is an open question whether President George W. Bush would have initiated the war had it not been for 9/11. Certainly, the attacks increased his inclination to signal to the world that the US was not, as President Richard Nixon put it during the Vietnam War, a “pitiful helpless giant.” It made some in the administration (particularly Vice President Dick Cheney) unwilling to take the risk that terrorists might gain control of weapons of mass destruction, which Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was widely thought (incorrectly, it turned out) to possess. Still others wanted to spread democracy to Iraq, and from there to the entire Middle East, on the assumption that this was not just possible, but also that it would make the region far less likely to produce terrorists and support terrorism.
The war in Iraq, launched in March 2003, did not go as intended or predicted by the Bush administration and the many in Congress (including then-Senator Joe Biden) and around the country who supported it. The US was unprepared for much of what was to come. Initial military victories ousted the government but soon gave way to widespread violent turmoil and civil war. Decisions to disband the Iraqi military and exclude from government jobs many of the Iraqis who had been associated with the previous regime exacerbated an already chaotic situation. More fundamentally, Iraq, like Afghanistan, demonstrated the limits of what military force could accomplish at a reasonable cost and in a reasonable timespan.
In the end, the US was forced to increase its military presence to nearly 170,000 troops to sustain the embattled successor government in Baghdad. A degree of stability was achieved, but at an enormous cost. The US spent at least as much there as in Afghanistan, but at a much higher human cost: more than 4,000 American soldiers killed, many times that number wounded, and soaring suicide rates among US troops (both in Iraq and Afghanistan). And this total excludes private contractors and Iraqi casualties, for which estimates vary widely but which certainly total several hundred thousand.
The war in Iraq also weakened the US in other ways. There was never any evidence that Iraq was involved in the 9/11 attacks, and America’s reputation suffered further when its stated rationale for launching a war without UN support – to eliminate Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction – turned out to have no basis in reality. Images of US soldiers mistreating Iraqi prisoners further tarnished the country’s reputation. Moreover, an Iraq at war with itself meant that Iran emerged as the most powerful country in the region (or one of two if Israel is included). Since the war, Iran has increased its sway over Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon.
Iraq and Afghanistan also proved to be major strategic distractions. While the US was heavily involved in the Middle East and South Asia, regions that lacked any great-power presence or economic dynamism, the geopolitical balance moved against the US in both Europe and East Asia thanks to the emergence of a more aggressive Russia and a more capable and assertive China. The Global War on Terrorism did not and could not provide a compass for how US foreign policy should approach renewed great-power rivalry.
The wars fought in the wake of 9/11 also had significant domestic consequences for the US. They shook the confidence of a country that had emerged from the Cold War with a historically unprecedented preponderance of power and shattered the national unity that came to the surface in the immediate aftermath of the attacks. Moreover, their costs and failures stimulated opposition to a continuing, large US global role, giving rise to a new tendency toward isolationism. Likewise, the push for war, together with the 2007-09 global financial crisis and its economic fallout, powerfully undermined Americans’ faith in elites, stimulating the rise of populist sentiment that, among other things, helped pave the way for the presidency of Donald Trump. Today’s US is more divided than ever at home and increasingly disinclined to carry out the sort of active foreign policy that has been its hallmark since World War II’s end, and which has, on balance, greatly benefited Americans and many others.
In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: less the globalization of terrorism than the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age. Little stays local for long, whether terrorists born in the Middle East and trained in Afghanistan, or the effects of the global financial crisis that had its origins in American financial mismanagement. We are all living with a pandemic virus that has killed millions since emerging in central China in December 2019. The fires, droughts, floods, storms, and heat ravaging much of the world are the consequence of climate change, itself the cumulative effect of human activity that has concentrated unsustainable amounts of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The era triggered by events in Afghanistan has now come full circle, marking its 20th anniversary with events in Afghanistan. Twenty years ago, the Taliban were quickly ousted from power; in recent weeks they have regained power just as quickly. It is too soon to know whether the Taliban will revert to their old ways, becoming once again enablers of terrorism, and whether terrorists everywhere will get a boost from their victory over the US and its allies. What we do know, however, is that terrorism will remain a feature of our world. It will not define the future, but it will remain a visible aspect of the globalization that already has.
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Alarm over deaths of bees from rapidly spreading viral disease
An article in The Guardian reports on a viral disease that causes honey bees to suffer severe trembling, flightlessness and death within a week is spreading exponentially in Britain.
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) was only recorded in Lincolnshire in 2007. A decade later, it was found in 39 of 47 English counties and six of eight Welsh counties, according to data collected from visits to more than 24,000 beekeepers.
As well as struggling to fly, the afflicted bees develop shiny, hairless abdomens. Piles of dead individuals are found outside hives with whole colonies frequently wiped out by the disease.
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Essay Example on the Sedition Act
Date: 2021-04-09 17:29:09
3 pages (610 words)
Back to categories
University of Richmond
Type of paper:
As the 18th century approached its end, during the Adams administration, America was still a young democracy and at the time federalist had majority rule over Congress. However despite this, the Democratic-Republicans opposing parties which were led by Jefferson were developing due to the dissent they had with the federalist polices (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 2). This dissent by opposing party brought into question if the ruling party was capable of protecting its citizens, those who opposed them inclusive, but still allow them the freedom to oppose them. For a democracy to be able to grow there had to be those who opposed the ones in rule so as to keep them in order. However, too much dissent was seen as a security threat to the nation and arguments were brought up so as to see means of controlling such opposition. Due to this in 1997 The Sedition Act was introduce as a debate to Congress (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 3).
Due to this strong opposition, which was even more hastened when pandemonium broke loose on February 15, 1798, in the House of Representatives when, Roger Griswold scuffled with Matthew Lyon congress argued on how to minimize such dissent (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 5). The federalist argued that dissent needed to be controlled because domestic and foreign nations, France to be exact were trying to cause a separation between the American citizen and the government through introductions factions who undermined their rule (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 8). Hence John Adams proposed The Sedition act in preparation for an anticipated war with France. The Sedition Act would limit freedom of speech and writing scandalous or malicious things concerning the government this would help in controlling dissent among the opposition and citizens. Furthermore, they said the Sedition Act would help in improving of security especially in this time of looming war with France.
However, not all people agreed to the Sedition Act saying that it was unconstitutional. Those who opposed said it was a complete violation of ones first amendment rights, according to Mr. S. Smith one should be able to speak the truth even if its damaging to anyone in power or authority (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 9). Mr. Nicholas also went on to argue that both the House of Representatives and congress had no authority to pass such a bill since it was prohibited by the Constitution saying that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.(Edsitement, 2010, pg. 10). In fact the majority argued that the bill should not be passed due to its nature in prohibiting democracy (Carroll, 1920).
I would side with the opposing side, freedom of speech and press is a very necessary right and no one should be allowed to take that away. If one is blasphemous and abuses freedom of expression or press then that should be dealt by through a court of law but not through prohibiting everyones rights. The opposing side against the Sedition Act, Constitutionally wise is correct in that the constitution also states that everyone has a right to freedom of speech and press, which is a first amendment right that should not be taken away from you in any way (Martin, 1999). If this Act were passed to date I believe American would not have grown to be such a democratic country like it is today.
Works Cited
Carroll, Thomas F. "Freedom of Speech and of the Press in the Federalist Period; The Sedition Act." Michigan Law Review 18.7 (1920): 615-651.
Martin, James P. "When repression is democratic and constitutional: the federalist theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798." The University of Chicago Law Review (1999): 117-182.
"The Sedition Act: Certain Crimes Against The United States | Edsitement". N.p., 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017, (Pg. 4 - 25).
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Nnnfinding book value of total assets
For example, if the asset value per share is higher than the market price for a share then the. Annaly capital management book value per share nly. How should a mutual fund investor interpret net asset value. Understand the difference between book value per common share and net asset value, and learn how these evaluations are used by investors and market analysts. Bvta book value of total assets finance acronymfinder. If the value of a plant asset suddenly falls so severely that its future cash flows are estimated to be less than its current book value, the asset is deemed to be impaired and an impairment loss is. How can we calculate market value of equity and book value of. Asset value does not take into account the share price. Asset turnover measures how quickly a company turns over its asset through sales. In short, when there are outstanding liabilities and have capital on one side of bala. Book value is a key measure that investors use to gauge a stocks valuation. Market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. The first equation deducts accumulated depreciation from the total assets to get the book value amount.
If you look up any balance sheet you will find that it is divided in 3 sections. If this was helpful please press the accept button. The book value of a company is the total value of the companys assets, minus the companys. The net property, plant, and equipment is the total book value of all of these assets. Overview book value per share is a well known measure for a company. Creating the net book value fixed asset report page 1 of 11 creating the net book value fixed asset report because of the way the data is kept, and that the system allows you. What is the difference between book value per common share. Investors often use the asset value of a company when determining if the companys shares are overvalued or undervalued. What is the book value of klingons total assets today. Altman explains that the ratio shows how much the firms assets can decline in value measured by market value of equity before the liabilities exceed the assets and the firm becomes. Net book value the difference between the depreciable basis and total depreciation is the remaining balance or nbv net book value a detailed depreciation can be run every month for the internal book schedule to get an accurate picture of the present value of your assets. One approach determines asset value by calculating what those assets are worth to their owners.
Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible. To define net book value, it can be rightly stated that it is the value at which the assets of a company are carried on its balance sheet. The book value calculation in practice is even simpler. To make this easier, convert total book value to book value per share. Because the return of owning an asset comes in the future, you use discounted. Book value of an asset is the value at which the asset is carried on a balance sheet and calculated by taking the cost of an asset minus the accumulated depreciation. The asset turnover ratio measures the ability of a company to use its. The net book value of a noncurrent asset is the net amount reported on the balance sheet for a longterm asset.
The price to book ratio or pb is calculated as market capitalization divided by its book value. Net book value is calculated as the original cost of an asset, minus any accumulated depreciation, accumulated depletion, accumulated amortization, and accumulated impairment. This is the price at which investors buy fund units from a fund company or sell it back to the fund house. Book value of total assets how is book value of total. Therefore, teslas asset turnover for the quarter that ended in dec. There are various equations for calculating book value. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by. To illustrate net book value, lets assume that several years ago a company purchased equipment to be used in its business. The sum of current and longterm assets owned by a person, company, or other entity. Users are able to filter and tailor this report as desired for their specific use.
Total assets are the mix of working capital and non working capital fix assets and these both are essential. If they have no bv then they are not appearing on your balance sheet or the depreciation on. As history has shown many of us who live in canada, depreciating values for housing are not necessarily the most accurate representation for real estate. Book value is an assets original cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment charges that have been subsequently incurred. Book value can also be thought of as the net asset value of a company calculated as total assets minus intangible assets patents, goodwill.
The only way, whether there is a gain, loss, or none upon the sale, for the total assets to not change, is if the fixed assets in question had zero book value which means the fa was fully depreciated on the books. Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value. Asset value is an important component of a companys total value, and it can be computed in a number of ways. Stockopedia explains market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. In accounting, book value is the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance. Click the property book folder to display the total asset visibility report displayed on the right. Theoretically, book value represents the total amount a company is worth if all its assets are sold and all the liabilities are paid back. Ycharts book value of equity is the equivalent of total assets less total liabilities and preferred equity. It is simply the amount that the companys assets net of depreciation, depletion and amortization and total liabilities. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt, and returns to assets richard j. The final amount of all gross investments, cash and equivalents, receivables, and other assets as they are presented on the balance sheet. The net book value can be defined in simple words as the net value of an asset. Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities. The true market value of a property if it were offered for sale at a particular time to a buyer with sufficient information about the property to make an informed decision.
Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value nbv amount in fixed assets for microsoft dynamics gp. Fundamental analysts may use a companys asset value to determine whether it is. Book value of assets is defined as the value of an asset in the books of records of a company or institution or an individual at any given instance. This is calculated by dividing the net value of all the securities in the portfolio by the number of shares outstanding. It can be useful to compare the market price of shares to the book value. Consider a retailing firm with a net profit margin of 3. When impaired, the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value. The book value of a stock book value of total assets total liabilities. Book value also carrying value is an accounting term used to account for the effect of depreciation on an asset.
Nelcast total assets and asset turnover ratio financial graphs. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Depreciation implies allocating the cost of a tangible fixed or longterm asset over its useful life. Accounting policy on goodwill and intangible assets goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth fiscal quarter and, when specific circumstances dictate, between annual tests. It is calculated by dividing the total value of all the assets in a portfolio, minus all its liabilities. The difference between the market value mv and the book value bv. The value today is the discounted value of the sum of the dividend or service flow plus the future price of the asset. Contrast with book value, which is the original purchase price, plus capital expenditures, minus depreciation. The book value of an asset is the value of that asset on the books the accounting books and the balance sheet of the company. Net asset value nav represents a funds per unit market value. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt. Book value of total assets how is book value of total assets abbreviated.
Market value is the worth of a company based on the total. The value of an asset is the most you would pay to own that asset. Sweeney is sullivandean professor of finance in the school of business at georgetown university. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by small restaurant firms michael c. Lubar professor of finance at the university of wisconsinmilwaukee. The companys balance sheet is where youll find total asset value, and for accounting purposes, the cost of acquiring the asset is the starting. I am presuming that by total assets you are referring to the balance sheet presentation. For companies, it is calculated as the original cost of the asset less accumulated depreciation and impairment costs. Its important to note that the book value is not necessarily the same as the fair market value the amount the asset could be sold for on the open market. In the uk, book value is also known as net asset value. Book value refers to the value of an asset based on the current numbers in the balance sheet, or to the total value of a company according to its financial reports.
According to this measurement principle, the economic. Depreciation makes a part of the cost of asset chargeable as an expense in profit and loss account of the accounting periods in which the asset has helped in earning revenue. Net book value is the amount at which an organization records an asset in its accounting records. While small assets are simply held on the books at cost, larger assets like buildings and.
A loss recognized on an impaired asset equal to the difference between its book value and its current fair value. Can we make a conversion from book value to market value for. Total assets is the sum of all assets, current and fixed. Fixed asset depreciation detail report net book value report. The net market value of a companys assets divided by the number of outstanding shares of that companys stock. Your businesss net asset value is calculated by subtracting liabilities and intangible assets from total assets. Total assets per most recent financial statements 1450000. The asset turnover is calculated as total sales divided by ending total assets. It shows the current position of the asset base after liabilities are taken into account. Bvps is the net assets of a company after you deduct all of the liabilities. Assets definition of assets by the free dictionary.
The net asset value nav is the calculation that determines the value of a share in a fund of multiple securities, such as a mutual fund, hedge fund, or exchangetraded fund etf. In depth view into annaly capital management book value per share including historical data from 1997, charts, stats and industry comps. It is calculated as revenue divided by total assets. Book value involves the historical cost of assets held on the balance sheet and is primarily an accounting metric, which includes provisions such as depreciation. Book value is the total value of a business assets found on its balance sheet, and represents the value of all assets if liquidated. Book value is defined as total assets minus liabilities, preferred.
For assets, the value is based on the original cost of the asset less any depreciation, amortization or impairment costs made against the asset. Book value of assets definition, formula calculation. Why is it sometimes neccessary to writeoff fixed assets with no book value. Teslas total assets for the quarter that ended in dec. The book values of assets are routinely compared to market values as part of various financial analyses.
663 1458 752 1003 1558 100 43 426 671 1045 746 599 1587 355 1050 745 785 1152 344 1228 1532 303 920 104 25 1211 83 87 500 1059 930 10 115 834 132 34 783 202 272 1499 123 1411 530 1269
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Do you have now, or have you ever had a child who engaged in challenging behavior?
If so, you may have been given or asked to participate in the creation of a behavior plan.
IDEA states that a behavior plan is based on a functional behavioral assessment.
A functional behavioral assessment is considered an evaluation that, through data collection and observations hypothesizes the function of behavior. Once you have a data-driven hypothesis, a behavior plan (if necessary) would be created, which should include strategies and interventions that address the behaviors and their functions.
There is a function behind all behavior.
Take a second to think about your own behavior. Do you bite your nails, do you play on Facebook for a few minutes instead of finishing that report? I could go on and on, but you probably get where I am going.
When we think about our students or children, understanding the function of their behavior may help us respond in a way that creates change and not more or different challenging behaviors.
Interesting Functions Of Behavior;
There are four types of function in regards to behavior;
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• Sensory/Automatic
• Escape
• Attention
• Tangible
Let’s take a more in-depth look into each behavior and some examples of each.
This function is sometimes referred to as self-stimulatory. The behaviors are not dependent on anything other than the behavior itself. The behavior itself is reinforcing to the person.
Some examples of Sensory behaviors would be: repetitive body motions such as, but not limited to- hand flapping, leg shaking, spit play, chewing on fingers, nail-biting and could also include some self-injurious behaviors.
Behaviors with an escape function are meant to do just that, escape from whatever has been presented to the person immediately before the behaviors. To stop or avoid something is what is reinforcing.
Some examples of Escape/Avoidance behaviors would be: Aggression, spitting, (to get people to leave them alone), running away, crying, whining, masturbation and self-injurious behavior.
Think about it like this – there’s a child in the classroom who was given an assignment and does not immediately start it. Instead, he throws his pencil and gets up to roam the room. This is an example of escape behavior that has been reinforced.
Behaviors with an attention function are those that are done to elicit attention.
Attention can be positive or negative. Sometimes, attention is so reinforcing that it can be negative (ex. behavioral correction) or positive (ex. praise). Any attention that maintains the behavior is reinforcing.
Some examples of Attention behaviors would be: calling out in class, nose picking, aggression, elopement, and unsafe climbing.
Think about it like this – a child is climbing on a bookshelf in a classroom. Every single time the teacher walks over, tells him to get down and then physically pulls him down, the child goes back to the activity they should have been doing. This is an example of attention-seeking behavior that has been reinforced.
Behaviors with a tangible function are to obtain an object or item. This function is pretty straightforward that a person engages in a behavior to get something.
Some examples of Tangible behaviors would be: yelling, screaming, and aggression.
Think about it like this – You’re in a store with your child at checkout. There are rows of candy bars. Your child starts screaming for one. You give it to them to stop the screaming. This is an example of tangible behavior that was reinforced.
These examples of behaviors are not an end-all list, but instead just collection of some behaviors you may encounter. Each person and their behavior is unique and must be treated as such.
FBA’s (Functional Behavioral Assessment) and BIP’s (Behavior Intervention Plan) should be individualized to the person they are about.
As a teacher and a special education tutor, I am constantly aware of my actions and how they may be affecting children around me. As you develop a greater knowledge in this area, you will help your child develop in a way that truly maximizes their potential (and decreases your stress level substantially)!
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
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Difference between revisions of "Free structure"
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[[Category:Theoretical foundations]]
=== Introduction ===
This article attempts to give a relatively informal understanding of "free" structures from algebra/category theory, with pointers to some of the formal material for those who desire it. The later sections make use of some notions from [[category theory]], so some familiarity with its basics will be useful.
=== Algebra ===
==== What sort of structures are we talking about? ====
The distinction between free structures and other, non-free structures, originates in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra abstract algebra], so that provides a good place to start. Some common structures considered in algebra are:
* '''[[Monoid]]s'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>M</math>
*** An identity <math>e \in M</math>
*** A binary operation <math>* : M \times M \to M</math>
** And satisfying the equations
*** <math> x * (y * z) = (x * y) * z </math>
*** <math> e * x = x = x * e </math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics) Groups]'''
** consisting of
*** A monoid <math>(M, e, *)</math>
*** An additional unary operation <math>\,^{-1} : M \to M</math>
** satisfying
*** <math> x * x^{-1} = e = x^{-1} * x</math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics) Rings]'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>R</math>
*** A unary operation <math>- : R \to R</math>
*** Two binary operations <math> +, * : R \times R \to R</math>
*** Distinguished elements <math>0, 1 \in R</math>
** such that
*** <math>(R, 0, +, -)</math> is a group
*** <math>(R, 1, *)</math> is a monoid
*** <math> x + y = y + x </math>
*** <math> (x + y)*z = x*z + y*z </math>
*** <math> x * (y + z) = x*y + x*z </math>
==== Free algebraic structures ====
Now, given such a description, we can talk about the free structure over a particular set <math>S</math> (or, possibly over some other underlying structure; but we'll stick with sets now). What this means is that given <math>S</math>, we want to find some set <math>M</math>, together with appropriate operations to make <math>M</math> the structure in question, along with the following two criteria:
* There is an embedding <math>i : S \to M</math>
* The structure generated is as 'simple' as possible.
** <math>M</math> should contain only elements that are required to exist by <math>i</math> and the operations of the structure.
So, in the case of a free monoid (from here on out, we'll assume that the structure in question is a monoid, since it's simplest), the equation <math>x * y = y * x</math> should not hold unless <math>x = y</math>, <math>x = e</math> or <math>y = e</math>. Further <math>i x \in M</math>, for all <math>x</math>, and <math>e \in M</math>, and <math>\forall x, y \in M.\,\, x * y \in M</math> (and these should all be distinct, except as required by the monoid laws), but there should be no 'extra' elements of <math>M</math> in addition to those.
M = [S]
e = []
* = (++)
i : S -> [S]
-- etc.
=== The category connection ===
==== Free structure functors ====
One possible objection to the above description (even a more formal version thereof) is that the characterization of "simple" is somewhat vague. [[Category theory]] gives a somewhat better solution. Generally, structures-over-a-set will form a category, with arrows being structure-preserving homomorphisms. "Simplest" (in the sense we want) structures in that category will then either be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_and_terminal_objects initial or terminal], [1] and thus, freeness can be defined in terms of such universal constructions.
In its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_object full categorical generality], freeness isn't necessarily categorized by underlying set structure, either. Instead, one looks at "forgetful" functors [2] from the category of structures to some other category. For our free monoids above, it'd be:
* <math>U : Mon \to Set</math>
The functor taking monoids <math>(M, e, *)</math> to their underlying set <math>M</math>. Then, the relevant universal property is given by finding an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunction adjoint functor]:
* <math>F : Set \to Mon</math>, <math> F</math> ⊣ <math>U </math>
==== Algebraic constructions in a category ====
Category theory also provides a way to extend specifications of algebraic structures to more general categories, which can allow us to extend the above informal understanding to new contexts. For instance, one can talk about monoid objects in an arbitrary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoidal_category monoidal category]. Such categories have a tensor product <math>\otimes</math> of objects, with a unit object <math>I</math> (both of which satisfy various laws).
A monoid object in a monoidal category is then:
* An object <math>M</math>
* A unit 'element' <math>e : I \to M</math>
* A multiplication <math>m : M \otimes M \to M</math>
such that:
* <math>m \circ (id_{M} \otimes e) = u_l</math>
* <math>m \circ (e \otimes id_M) = u_r</math>
* <math> m \circ (id_M \otimes m) = m \circ (m \otimes id_M) \circ \alpha</math>
* <math>u_l : M \otimes I \to M</math> and <math>u_r : I \otimes M \to M</math> are the identity isomorphisms for the monoidal category, and
* <math> \alpha : M \otimes (M \otimes M) \to (M \otimes M) \otimes M </math> is part of the associativity isomorphism of the category.
==== Monads ====
One example of a class of monoid objects happens to be [[monad (sans metaphors)|monads]]. Given a base category <math>C</math>, we have the monoidal category <math>C^C</math>:
* Objects are endofunctors <math>F : C \to C</math>
* Morphisms are [[Category theory/Natural transformation|natural transformations]] [3] between the functors
* The tensor product is composition: <math>F \otimes G = F \circ G</math>
* The identity object is the identity functor, <math>I</math>, taking objects and morphisms to themselves
* An endofunctor <math>M : C \to C</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\eta : I \to M</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\mu : M \circ M \to M</math>
==== Free Monads ====
But, what about our intuitive understanding of free monoids above? We wanted to promote an underlying set, but we have switched from sets to functors. So, presumably, a free monad is generated by an underlying (endo)functor, <math>F : C \to C</math>. We then expect there to be a natural transformation <math>i : F \to M</math>, 'injecting' the functor into the monad.
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Return a
Return a >>= f = f a
-- join (Return fa) = fa
inj fa = Roll $ fmap Return fa
This should bear some resemblance to free monoids over lists. <code>Return</code> is analogous to <code>[]</code>, and <code>Roll</code> is analogous to <code>(:)</code>. Lists let us create arbitrary length strings of elements from some set, while <code>Free f</code> lets us create structures involving <code>f</code> composed with itself an arbitrary number of times (recall, functor composition was the tensor product of our category). <code>Return</code> gives our type a way to handle the 0-ary composition of <code>f</code> (as <code>[]</code> is the 0-length string), while <code>Roll</code> is the way to extend the nesting level by one (just as <code>(:)</code> lets us create (n+1)-length strings out of n-length ones). Finally, both injections are built in a similar way:
inj_list x = (:) x []
inj_free fx = Roll (fmap Return fx)
=== Further reading ===
For those looking for an introduction to the necessary category theory used above, Steve Awodey's [http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2009/Awodey.pdf Category Theory] is a popular, freely available reference.
=== Notes ===
==== Universal constructions ====
data T = C1 A B C | C2 D E T
we consider the following:
* A functor <math>F : Hask \to Hask</math>, <math>F X = A \times B \times C + D \times E \times X</math>
* F-algebras which are:
** An object <math>A \in Hask</math>
** An action <math>a : FA \to A</math>
* Algebra homomorphisms <math>(A, a) \to (B, b)</math>
** These are given by <math>h : A \to B</math> such that <math> b \circ Fh = h \circ a</math>
The datatype <code>T</code> is then given by an initial F-algebra. This works out nicely because the unique algebra homomorphism whose existence is guaranteed by initiality is the [[fold]] or 'catamorphism' for the datatype.
Intuitively, though, the fact that <code>T</code> is an F-algebra means that it is in some sense closed under forming terms of shape F---suppose we took the simpler signature <code>FX = 1 + X</code> of the natural numbers; then both Z = inl () and Sx = inr x can be incorporated into Nat. However, there are potentially many algebras; for instance, the naturals modulo some finite number, and successor modulo that number are an algebra for the natural signature.
However, initiality constrains what Nat can be. Consider, for instance, the above modular sets 2 and 3. There can be no homomorphism <math>h : 2 \to 3</math>:
* <math>h0=0 \,\, ;\, h1=0</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 1</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=1</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S1 = 2\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=2</math>
** <math>S(h0) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S0) = h1 = 2 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0 \neq 0 </math>
** <math> 0 = Z \neq hZ = h0</math>
This is caused by these algebras identifying elements in incompatible ways (2 makes SSZ = Z, but 3 doesn't, and 3 makes SSSZ = Z, but 2 doesn't). So, the values of an initial algebra must be compatible with any such identification scheme, and this is accomplished by identifying ''none'' of the terms in the initial algebra (so that h is free to send each term to an appropriate value in the target, according to the identifications there). A similar phenomenon occurs in the main section of this article, except that the structures in question have additional equational laws that terms must satisfy, so the initial structure ''is'' allowed to identify those, ''but no more'' than those.
==== Forgetful functors ====
* <math>U : Str \to Set</math>, where <math>Str</math> is any category of algebraic structures, and U simply forgets about all of the n-ary operations and equational laws, and takes structures to their underlying sets, and homomorphisms to functions over those sets.
* <math>U : Grp \to Mon</math>, which takes a group and forgets about the inverse operation to give a monoid. This functor would then be related to "free groups over a monoid".
==== Natural transformations ====
trans :: forall a. F a -> G a
Revision as of 14:19, 6 February 2021
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Japanese Idioms: A List of Expressions Based on Body Parts
Post date: Tuesday, April 20, 2021
When learning a language one of the most difficult, yet most interesting aspects is mastering the idioms and expressions that come with the language. From literal meanings that are seemingly completely at odds with metaphorical meanings to confusing colloquialisms, learning idioms can be an uphill battle. However, becoming aware of these expressions and being able to use them is a rewarding and motivating experience. Below we cover the most popular idioms related to body parts.
You may also be interested in "Japanese Verbal & Nonverbal Communication for Business" and if you are interested in learning Japanese using your phone, our article "Best Japanese Learning Apps - from beginners to advanced levels" would help you.
Head Expressions (頭)
Atama ga agaranai (頭が上がらない)
Atama ga agaranai, or “the head can’t rise,” is an expression used to indicate a relationship where the speaker feels they are unable to be equal with the other person. They feel they are always outclassed or outperformed, whether this be in authority, strength, or results.
Atama ga katai (頭がかたい)
This expression is used to describe a person who is inflexible, refusing to change their mind and stubborn about a situation. With a literal meaning of “hard-headed,” it is read atama ga katai.
Face Expressions (顔)
Awaseru kao ga nai (合わせる顔がない)
Awaseru kao ga nai, or “there is no matching face,” is an expression used to convey a sense of shame. It refers to a situation in which one feels too embarrassed or ashamed to meet someone.
Ôkina kao wo suru (大きな顔をする)
“To put on a big face” is similar to the English expression “to act big,” meaning to act important. It is read ôkina kao wo suru.
Kaoiro wo ukagau (顔色をうかがう)
The expression kaoiro wo ukagau has a similar literal and metaphorical meaning. The literal meaning is “to examine someone’s complexion/face” while the metaphorical meaning is “to gauge someone’s feelings.” Considering one aspect of understanding feelings is done through facial expressions, the link between the meanings is very clear.
Kao ga kiku (顔が利く)
When describing someone with a lot of influence and popularity you might use the term kao ga kiku. This expression literally means “to have a good or effective face” and is used to describe influential people.
Kao ga tsubureru (顔が潰れる)
Read as kao ga tsubureru, with a literal meaning of “the face is squashed,” this expression has a similar meaning to the English expression “to lose face”. When one’s integrity or credibility is injured, this expression could be used.
Kao ni doro wo nuru (顔に泥を塗る)
The expression “to put mud on one’s face” describes a situation where the speaker has brought disgrace or shame upon themselves. It is read kao ni doro wo nuru.
Kao ga hiroi (顔が広い)
Kao ga hiroi, or “to have a wide face” is a common expression referring to people who are well-connected or have a wide range of acquaintances. It could be compared to the English expression of being “widely known”.
Eye Expressions (目)
Shiroi me de miru (白い目で見る)
The expression shiroi me de miru, or “to look with white eyes,” is often used to describe looking coldly or frowning directly at someone in a malicious way.
Me ga kiku (目が利く)
This expression is almost identical to the English equivalent “to have an eye for something,” meaning to be good at understanding or distinguishing value in something. The Japanese version, read me ga kiku, literally means “to have an effective eye.”
Me ga koeru (目が肥える)
This expression is similar to the previous one, but differs in that the “good eye” comes from experience of seeing “good things” (such as art, cuisine, and the like) previously. Read me ga koeru, the literal meaning is that the “eye grows fat.”
Me ni irete mo itakunai (目に入れても痛くない)
Read me ni irete mo itakunai, this expression has the literal meaning of “it doesn’t hurt even if you put it in my eye.” This may be confusing as the metaphorical meaning is that something or someone is so cute or irresistible you don’t know what to do. It would be used to describe someone or something you love very much.
Me wo sara no yo ni suru (目を皿のようにする)
To be wide-eyed in surprise, confusion, or even looking for something, we can use the expression me wo sara no yo ni suru. This has the literal meaning “to make your eyes look like plates.”
Nose Expressions (鼻)
Hana de ashirau (鼻であしらう)
The phrase hana de ashirau is used to describe treating someone with contempt or snubbing someone. It has the literal meaning “to respond with the nose” and could be considered similar to the English expression “to turn up one’s nose”.
Hana ni kakeru (鼻にかける)
Hana ni kakeru has the literal meaning “to put on the nose” and is often used to describe someone who is overly prideful or boasting.
Ear Expressions (耳)
Mimi ga itai (耳が痛い)
“The ears hurt” is an expression used to describe a remark that is painfully true. It is read mimi ga itai and is used to refer to a comment that has hit home and is quite hurtful.
Mimi ni tako ga dekiru (耳にたこができる)
The phrase mimi ni tako ga dekiru has a literal meaning of “getting calluses on the ears.” It refers to a situation where one has heard the same thing too many times and is weary of hearing it so often.
Mimi wo soroeru (耳をそろえる)
If you have to collect enough money to pay off a debt, it can also be referred to as “collecting one’s ears.” This is read as mimi wo soroeru.
Mouth Expressions (口)
Kuchi ga karui (口が軽い)
This expression, “light-mouthed,” read as kuchi ga karui, describes someone who is talkative without thinking. They are unable to keep a secret and often say things they shouldn’t have said.
Kuchi ga katai (口がかたい)
This expression is the direct opposite of the previous one, both in meaning and word usage. To describe someone as “hard-mouthed” or kuchi ga katai, says they are able to keep a secret and are good at keeping their mouth shut when need be.
Kuchi ga omoi (口が重い)
Kuchi ga omoi, or “heavy-mouthed” differs from the above expression in that it describes someone who is incommunicative and taciturn, or someone who uses few words.
Kuchi kara saki ni umareru (口から先に生まれる)
“To be born from the mouth” describes a person who is very chatty and enjoys talking. They like to converse with anyone and everyone. The expression is read kuchi kara saki ni umareru.
Kuchiguruma ni noru (口車に乗る)
The expression kuchiguruma ni noru means “to get on or to follow someone’s smooth talk.” The metaphorical meaning is very close to this and describes being taken in or deceived by someone with honeyed words or glib talk.
Kuchi wo hasamu (口をはさむ)
To interrupt someone while they are speaking calls for the expression kuchi wo hasamu, or “to pinch one’s mouth.”
Neck and Throat Expressions (首・のど)
Kubi wo tsukkomu (首をつっこむ)
The expression kubi wo tsukkomu has a literal meaning of “to stick out one’s neck,” but metaphorically correlates to a different body part expression in English. While in English one might say “to poke your nose into someone’s business” to convey prying or interfering, Japanese uses “to stick/push your neck out.”
Kubi wo nagaku suru (首を長くする)
Kubi wo nagaku suru, or to elongate one’s neck, refers to a situation that the speaker is looking forward to or excited about. If you imagine stretching your neck closer to something you want to see, you can understand the logic behind this expression.
Nodo kara te ga deru (喉から手が出る)
If you desperately want something, you could use the expression nodo kara te ga deru, or “the hand comes out from the throat.” While this may sound strange, the origin story is based around a time of famine and starvation, where people wanted to eat so desperately that eating utensils were ignored.
Chest and Abdomen Expressions (胸・腹)
Hara ga kuroi (腹が黒い)
Hara ga kuroi literally means “the stomach is black.” It refers to scheming and having “evil thoughts,” similar to how one might refer to a “black heart” in English.
Hara no mushi ga osamaranai (腹の虫が治まらない)
This expression could be used to describe a situation in which you could not contain your anger. Such out-of-control anger is described as hara no mushi ga osamaranai, or “the insect in my stomach won’t settle.”
Mune ni kizamu(胸に刻む)
Mune ni kizamu, or “to carve into one’s chest,” has an easily understood meaning of something or someone that you will never forget; they are etched into your memory.
Mune wo nadeorosu (胸をなで下ろす)
When you are feeling relieved after an anxious or stressful situation, you may want to use mune wo nadeorosu. Literally, this means “to stroke down the chest.” This is another easily understood expression. Stroking an animal to comfort it comes as second nature, so the metaphorical idea of stroking your heart (chest) to relieve anxiety is quite logical.
Mune wo haru (胸を張る)
The expression mune wo haru, or “to spread one’s chest,” is similar in both literal and symbolic meaning to its English equivalent. This expression means to be very proud, or in some cases overly proud.
Shoulders and Arms Expressions (肩・腕)
Kata no ni ga oriru (肩の荷が下りる)
The English expression “to take a weight off one’s mind,” meaning to be relieved of a burden or responsibility, is very similar to its Japanese equivalent, varying only in body part. The Japanese version, kata no ni ga oriru, means “take down the weight of one’s shoulders” and is a clear equivalent to the English expression.
Katami ga semai (肩身が狭い)
Katami ga semai, or “the shoulders are narrow,” has the metaphorical meaning of feeling ashamed or embarrassed. It is often used in a situation where the speaker feels inferior to others.
Kata wo otosu (肩を落とす)
The expression “to drop one’s shoulders” is read as kata wo otosu. The meaning is to feel discouraged and down. It may refer to feeling discouraged about a certain project or just a general feeling.
Kata wo motsu (肩を持つ)
In English, we often use the expression “to have someone’s back,” meaning to support or be reliable for someone. In Japanese, the expression “to have someone’s shoulders,” read kata wo motsu, has the same meaning.
Ude wo migaku (腕を磨く)
If you are trying to improve your skills and abilities, you might find yourself using the expression ude wo migaku. This translates literally as “to polish one’s arm,” but more metaphorically means to polish your skills and work on improving yourself.
Hands and Fingers (手・指)
Kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku (かゆいところに手が届く)
Here we have the expression kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku, with the literal meaning “to reach the itchy area.” The more metaphorical meaning is to be focused on fine details. A person who is able to pay attention to all details and make sure even small tasks are completed correctly may be described with this expression.
Ushiro yubi wo sasareru (後ろ指を指される)
Ushiro yubi wo sasareru, or “to have fingers pointed at one’s back,” is an expression referring to a situation in which others are talking about you behind your back. This is usually a negative thing involving criticism or accusations.
Te no hira wo kaesu (手のひらを返す)
To flip-flop or do an about-face is often described with the expression te no hira wo kaesu. This has the literal meaning of “to turn over the palm of one’s hand,” a representation of turning over your decisions or opinions.
Te wo nuku (手を抜く)
The phrase te wo nuku has the literal meaning of “to pull out one’s hand.” It is used in a similar way to the English expression “cutting corners,” meaning to skip aspects of work that should be done or to relax on the job.
Te wo yaku (手を焼く)
“To burn one’s hands,” read as te wo yaku, describes a difficult situation. It may be a situation you can’t cope with, are unsure what to do, or feel it is out of your control.
Yubi wo kuwaeru (指をくわえる)
When in a situation where you are envious of someone or something but unable to do anything about it, you may want to use the expression “to hold your fingers in your mouth” or yubi wo kuwaeru.
Lower Back and Buttocks Expressions (腰・尻)
Koshi ga hikui (腰が低い)
This expression, read koshi ga hikui, means “to have a low/short back.” However, its idiomatic meaning is used to describe a person who is humble and modest.
Koshi wo sueru (腰を据える)
“Lower the waist,” or koshi wo sueru, refers to a situation in which you might have to take things calmly and move forward slowly but surely. It conveys a sense of being settled and calm.
Koshi wo nukasu (腰をぬかす)
This expression, read koshi wo nukasu, can seem confusing at first but soon makes clear sense. The literal meaning is “to pull out or dislocate one’s back,” but the metaphorical meaning is “to be very surprised.” The etymology relates to being so surprised that you lose strength and can’t stand up, similar to how you might feel with a dislocated back.
Shiri ni hi ga tsuku (尻に火がつく)
Shiri ni hi ga tsuku is an expression that literally means “the buttocks catch fire.” It is used in a situation where the situation is imminent and the speaker is pressed by urgent matters. They are so pressed for time that they might be running around like their pants are on fire, hence the expression.
Feet Expressions (足)
Ashi ga omoi (足が重い)
“To be heavy-footed” refers to a feeling of not wanting to go, but needing to go. It describes a sense of reluctance. The expression is read ashi ga omoi.
Ashi ga bo ni naru (足が棒になる)
Ashi ga bo ni naru, or “the legs have become rods,” describes a feeling when one’s legs have become stiff and tired. This is usually after standing or walking for a long time.
Ashimoto wo miru (足元を見る)
The expression ashimoto wo miru has the meaning “to look underfoot.” However, the more metaphorical meaning is to “take advantage of someone’s weaknesses” in an unfair way.
Other Expressions
Ago de tsukau (あごで使う)
“To use with one’s chin” is an expression used to describe treating someone in an arrogant fashion or pushing someone around. It is read ago de tsukau.
Ha ga tatanai (歯が立たない)
Ha ga tatanai has the literal meaning of “teeth can’t stand” but is used metaphorically to refer to a situation in which one is completely unable to compete or make progress at all. It describes a problem or opponent that is insurmountable.
Hone wo oru (骨を折る)
The expression “to break one’s bones” describes a person’s strong efforts to deal with a situation. It could be likened to the English expression “bone-breaking labor,” although it has a less intense feeling. It is read hone wo oru.
Heso wo mageru (へそを曲げる)
Heso wo mageru, or “to bend the belly button,” is often used in a similar way to the English expression “to get bent out of shape”. It describes creating a bad mood or ruining someone’s mood.
Great Materials for Self-Study Japanese
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Best Answer
They don't like each other and there is little contact between them. Sometimes Neo-Nazis insult and mock the Jews, in particular by denying the Holocaust.
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2008-04-23 17:13:26
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Q: What is the relationship between the Jews and Nazis today?
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Related questions
When did the war between Jewish and Nazis began?
This question is odd. It is formulated in a way that suggests there was an actual war between 'the Jews' and the Nazis. There was the Holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered about 6 million harmless and defenceless Jews. That began in late 1941/early 1942. The idea that there was an actual war between Jews and Nazis is false.
How did the conflict between the Jews and the Nazis begin and why?
There was no conflict, no war between the Jews and the Germans. If anything, many Jews were inclined to be pro-German. There was a completely unprovoked onslaught by the Nazis against the Jews, mainly because the Nazis regarded Jews as Communists - and Nazism saw the eradication of Communism at its key 'mission'.
Do the Nazis still dislike Jews today?
Neo-Nazis are anti-semitic. It is one of their core beliefs.
Who won the war between the Nazis and the Jews?
There was no war between the Nazis and the Jews. The Nazis committed mass murder against unarmed Jewish civilians in the Holocaust. Please see the related question.
What year did Nazis stop marriage between Jews and non-Jews?
1935 (September)
Why did the Nazis outlaw marriage between Jews and other Germans?
The Nazis believed that Jews were an inferior race and they didn't want their own race to be 'contaminated'.
What does the Nazis do to the Jews in the Holocaust?
Nazis killed Jews in the Holocaust.
How are Nazis and Jews alike?
Nazis and Jews are not alike in any way. Those people who say or believe that Nazis and Jews are alike are not only wrong, they are intolerant and bigoted. Nazis, the followers of Adolph Hitler, discriminated against Jews, and murdered or tortured many Jews in the Holocaust. Ask any Holocaust survivor, and they will tell you how the Nazis harmed the Jews. They will also tell you that Jews are not Nazis, and are not like the Nazis in any way.
How were the Nazis threatened by the Jews?
The Jews were not a 'threat' to either the Nazis or to Germany.
How did Nazis transport the Jews?
Nazis transported the Jews by train mostly.
What did the Jews have to give to the Nazis when they first arrived?
Nazis arrived after Jews.
What did the Nazis stop the Jews from doing?
The Nazis murdered two-thirds of Europe's Jews. So, to finish the sentence: The Nazis stopped the Jews from LIVING.
How can you connect Nazi treatment of the Jews with bullying today?
The Nazis' treatment of the Jews included 'bullying' in the sense of persecution or active and persistent harassment, but overall, what the Nazis did to the Jews in areas under their control was vastly worse than bullying.
What did the Nazis do to the Jews in gas chambers?
The Nazis put the Jews to death in the gas chambers.
How many Jews fled to the US during the Nazi period?
Between 1933 and 1941 the U.S. accepted about 250,000 refugees from Germany and Austria and a small number fleeing the Nazis from other countries. The majority of these were Jews (as defined by the Nazis), but some of the refugees were political opponents of the Nazis and were not Jews.
Why were Jews afraid of Nazis?
Because the Nazis blamed the world's problems on the Jews and so their goal was to kill all of the Jews.
What ways did the Nazis stripped the Jews of there dignity?
The Nazis made them legal stateless people. this way Nazis can kill Jews at their own will.
Why were Adolf Hitler and the Nazis jealous of the Jews?
Hitler and the Nazis hated the Jews; there was no jealousy involved.
Why did the Nazis treat the jews the way they did in the Holocaust?
Nazis hate Jews and they hate what there religious beliefs
What Did the Nazis do to the Jews during hitlers era?
The Nazis and Hitler committed genocide on the European Jews.
How did the Nazis know who were the Jews?
The main sources for the Nazis were: the Jews themselves, parish records and informants.
What did the Nazis want to do to the mentally ill?
The Nazis did what they did to the Jews
How did the Nazis treat Jews businesses and owners?
The Nazis manipulated the Jews and took control. The Jews were under the Nazis commands. The Nazis forced Jewish business owner for no charge, close all there business, ran them out , and couldnt process doing business and selling goods to the Jews.
When did the Nazis move the Jews into the ghettos?
The Nazis started to move Jews into ghettos in Poland in November 1939.
Did the Nazis kill Jews on trains?
indirectly, Jews died on trains because of the conditions that the Nazis sujected them to.
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Condor Legion
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Imagine going to the zoo. Getting to see all sorts of unique animals. But has anyone wondered if the zoo is helping animals or is it the opposite? People had despised zoos for animal captivity and complained that zoos should be illegal. Why is that? Other’s imagine animals in a cramped cage as they are treated poorly, but that is not the case. Zoos had existed for a while and they have been helping animals ever since. Zoos should not be illegal because it keeps all animals safe and well fed
• The Conservation Of Wildlife Animals
925 Words | 4 Pages
California condors. Goodall starts the story with a humorous description about the condors; she describes the redness of condors ' bare head and their strong wings. She continued by informs the readers about the decline of California condors and how it raised a controversial between the biologists and the “protectionist” regarding the issue of captive breeding. As the possibility of condors surviving in the wild decreases, the argument finally comes to an end when the “last wild Condors [are] taken
• Essay about Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile
1231 Words | 5 Pages
Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Can an individual influence foreign policy? Based upon the eight years that Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State it is clear that an individual can (Starr 466). It has become apparent through recently released classified documents that Kissinger played a large role in allowing the brutal Pinochet dictatorship over Chile to take place and allowed massive human rights violations to continually occur during the Pinochet regime. What is continually
• The Importance Of Zoos In The Conservation Of Animals
828 Words | 4 Pages
“Zoos and aquariums are some of the best places for you and your family to get connected to nature and become engaged in conservation action” (“Society”). Zoos are essential in growing public awareness of nature. Recently, zoos have faced controversies from animal activists. Many believe animals are restrained of their rights. Furthermore, individuals believe it is wrong to display animals for entertainment which is unethical and unnecessary. However, such perception is only one of many aspects.
• Paraguay's Archive Of Terror Analysis
732 Words | 3 Pages
The article “Paraguay’s Archive of Terror: International Cooperation and Operation Condor” by Katie Zoglin centers around the way in which the Southern Cone countries, with a specific focus on Paraguay, dealt with political opponents. The article was written in the period of winter-spring in 2001. This is significant because the article is also from the American Law Review at Miami University in a period just after the 9/11 attacks. This could affect some of the ideas about military governments and
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"url": "https://www.bartleby.com/topics/condor-legion"
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Vladimir Tretchikoff
Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays
• Messages About Morality and Politics Conveyed in Priestley's An Inspector Calls
1216 Words | 5 Pages
A morality play is a medieval play designed to teach the audience right from wrong. JB Priestley uses An Inspector call to convey a moral message, which is that you should not judge people on their class i.e. lower working class/higher class. He also expands the views of socialism within the message; this is all made very clear by the use of dramatic devices. Although it is a morality play it is not in the traditional format. Priestley makes it very clear in what he wants the audience to think is
• Vladimir Lenin : An Influential Philosopher And Controversial Political Figures Of The 20th Century
1414 Words | 6 Pages
Windle Hutchinson Mrs. Rausch English 10 20 April 2015 Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin was a very persuasive person, he was very good at getting crowds and people on his side. He is considered one of the most influential and controversial political figures of the 20th century. Lenin was one of the leaders for the Bolshevik Revelation. Later in 1917 he became the head leader of the USSR, the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He was born on April 10th of 1870. School was very important
• George Orwell 's Animal Farm
1449 Words | 6 Pages
What is freedom, is it a necessity, do we need it or do we just crave it? Freedom is defined in the dictionary as the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint. Freedom is a concept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their “dictator” Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. Their problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and
• The Potential Of Foreign Corporations ( Mncs )
1520 Words | 7 Pages
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the onset of the “third wave” of democracy, spreading across former communist regimes, foreign direct investment (FDI) has skyrocketed to unprecedented levels. It seems now as if though engaging in foreign direct investment outweighs establishing trade relations (dependent on the formal and informal trade barriers and economies of scale). Many countries have benefited drastically to the increased investment into their economies and their labour population
• Was War Communism the Main Reason Why the Bolsheviks Were Able to Remain in Power Between 1918-1924?
670 Words | 3 Pages
Was war communism the main reason why the Bolsheviks were able to remain in power between 1918-1924? There were many reasons why the Bolsheviks were able to remain in power. Lenin and Trotsky teamwork and leadership gave them a great advantage because they really knew how to control their team. The red army was incredibly stronger than the whites. The red army knew what they were fighting for whereas the whites really didn’t have any idea of what their ambition was. The Bolsheviks also had the
• Russia And Russi Russian Intervention
1616 Words | 7 Pages
of a crucial regional partner, Russia would often make economic offers to entice the Ukrainian government to retain its current relations with the former. During Ukraine’s negotiations with E.U. on a trade association agreement, Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian friendly Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych met to negotiate on Russia’s offer of to purchase
• Russia 's Intervention During The Ukrainian Crisis
1673 Words | 7 Pages
With the current civil war in Ukraine unfolding and Russian involvement being well known, the average person would consider this a very simple situation of Russia flexing its might. While there is some truth for Russian involvement being exactly that, the reasoning for Russia’s foreign policy is a much more complex situation that cannot be summarized into one definitive reason. In fact, there are a variety of factors that could be categorized into three groups known as the three levels of analysis
• The Russian Revolution 's Influence On Joseph Stalin
1436 Words | 6 Pages
living in Russia to increase military equipment and supplied. These brutal acts of oppression forced him to make concessions after each incident, and from here Russia recognized the need for a parliamentary system, and a constitution. Soon thereafter, Vladimir Lenin rose to prominence as the most powerful figure in Russia. Lenin had lived in self-imposed exile in Europe since 1900
• Why The Government Goes Corrupt
785 Words | 4 Pages
by the people. As stated, there is strength in numbers, you cannot stop the mass of individuals with one sole purpose. The people rebel and fight back, demanding the end of the violence. The lower class people of Russia living under the rule of Vladimir Lenin started to feel that they were being treated unfairly with the rich, upper class possessing more political power than them. They believed that every man and woman deserves the same amount of voice and impact in the government. When Lenin heard
• Economic Systems: Capitalism, Communism and Socialism
814 Words | 3 Pages
Economic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communism
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"url": "https://www.bartleby.com/topics/vladimir-tretchikoff"
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WHAT IS BASEPLATE WAX (or Modelling Wax)?
A dental wax containing mostly wax, resin and different types of additives ; used chiefly to establish the initial arch form in making trial plates for the arrangement of artificial denture teeth, and for the construction of complete dentures.
Properties: Baseplate wax is composed mainly of paraffin and microcrystalline wax as well as resin and coloring matter that mixed together then casted into rectangles sheets. The sheets are red or pink, typically cut into 3 inches wide and 6 inches long (7.62 cm X 15.24 cm) for the North American Market and 8.41 cm wide X 17.15 cm long (3 5/16 X 6 ¾ inches)for the European market . Baseplate wax is relatively hard and slightly brittle at room temperature but becomes soft and pliable when heated. Baseplate waxes vary in their consistency and strength, as well as colour and price.
At the present time there are three classifications for base plate waxes:
Class 1 Soft
Class 2 Hard
Class 3 Extra Hard
The harder varieties are suitable for use in warm climates but tend to crack and flake at low temperatures. The softer series are suitable for use at low temperatures but may flow excessively at very high temperatures.Base plate Waxes are the relevant products for use in the dental laboratory.
Each manufacturer decides which categories their waxes conform to. This process ensures that they can supply waxes that meet the relevant industry standard, while maintaining different ranges in performance. Baseplate Wax Class 1 and 2 are the only relevant products for use in the dental laboratory.
The desirable properties of baseplate wax could be defined as follows:
1. High strength and rigidity at mouth temperature.
2. Broad softening range above mouth temperature.
3. Easily pliable in its softened state, without flaking, cracking or tearing.
4. Low thermal contraction.
5. Easily carved at room temperature without flaking or chipping.
7. No residue on boiling out.
Baseplate wax is a durable (usually pink) substance used mainly to fabricate occlusion rims for dental construction into which denture teeth are arranged (IE. holding artificial teeth to baseplates) before laboratory processing and during fabrication of the denture. Baseplate wax must be capable of holding porcelain or acrylic teeth in position both at normal room temperature and at mouth temperature.
Among its many functions, we find inlay patterning, boxing of impression, casting, establishing the arch form, establishing the level of occlusal plane, recording the maxillary mandibular relation, corrective impression, and bite registration. All this for the initial modeling of, and later the fitting of trial dentures (try-ins) before the finished product is perfected.
Carmel Industries
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8911134600639343,
"url": "https://www.carmelindustries.com/learn-baseplate-wax/"
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CodeBreakers Video Library
This is a course of short animated videos to help you understand jargon related to literacy.
This selection of short, animated videos will help you to understand:
How to label letters of the alphabet, tricky sequencing, letter reversals, alternate labelling
What is the difference between a letter name or sound
What is a consonant or vowel
What is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb
What is a syllable
The difference between a syllable and sound
What is a blend
What is a digraph
What is a prefix or suffix
Paste and present tense
Word morphology
What is a homophone
We’ll keep adding to the content, please pop by and visit again soon if you can’t see the video you’re looking for.
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<urn:uuid:64fddac4-b74f-4599-9fbb-15fbe7993c72>
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"fasttext_score": 0.9999052286148071,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8336261510848999,
"url": "https://www.dyslexia-codebreakers.co.uk/product/codebreakers-video-library/"
}
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Eastchurch CofE Primary School
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Wednesday 24th February 2021
Wednesday 24/02/21
Activity 6- The hen
What other characters are in the story? Are they all people? What would you do if you found a self playing harp or hen that laid golden eggs? Can you make your own hen? You can draw one, paint one or use materials. Take a look at this paper plate hen. You can use it for ideas.
Activity 7 – making a beanstalk
Can you build a model of a beanstalk? What materials make it able to stand and be stable?
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.019594967365264893,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8745643496513367,
"url": "https://www.eastchurch.kent.sch.uk/wednesday-24th-february-2021-1/"
}
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Economics - Monopoly
Can someone give the numerical example to show that a monopolist's marginal revenue can be upward sloping over part of its range: The price on the demands curve is the producer's average revenue.
Thanks if u cn help.
Anonymous User
Anonymous User
Asked Jan 22, 2012
Unlike a competitive market, a monopoly's marginal revenue that it gets from selling an additional unit will always be less than the price the unit is sold for.
Answered Jan 22, 2012
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<urn:uuid:d073e99b-7247-46f8-9095-002fcf2a295e>
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"edu_int_score": 3,
"edu_score": 2.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04663580656051636,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9122379422187805,
"url": "https://www.ehelp.com/questions/10446439/economics---monopoly"
}
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