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- 让我们谈谈 transformer 的碳足迹。
- So let's talk about the carbon footprint of transformers.

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也许您看过这样的头条新闻
Maybe you've seen headlines such as this one

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训练单个 AI 模型排放的碳含量
that training a single AI model can emit as much carbon

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相当于五辆汽车生命周期的总排放量。
as five cars in their lifetimes.

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那么什么时候是真的，而且总是真的吗？
So when is this true and is it always true?

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其实呢，这实际上取决于几个因素。
Well, it actually depends on several things.

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最重要的一点，这取决于
Most importantly, it depends

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您所使用的能源类型。
on the type of energy you're using.

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如果您使用的是可再生能源，例如
If you're using renewable energy such as

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太阳能、风能、水力发电，那么
solar, wind, hydroelectricity, you're really

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根本不会排放任何碳，非常非常少。
not emitting any carbon at all, very, very little.

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如果您使用的是煤炭等不可再生能源
If you're using non-renewable energy sources such as coal

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那么它们的碳足迹要高得多
then their carbon footprint is a lot higher

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因为本质上您正在排放大量的温室气体。
'cuz essentially you are emitting a lot of greenhouse gases.

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另一个因素是训练时间。
Another aspect is training time.

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所以您训练的时间越长，消耗的能量就越多
So the longer you train, the more energy you use

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您使用的能源越多，您排放的碳就越多，对吗？
the more energy you use, the more carbon you emit, right?

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所以所有这些因素一起进行考虑
So this really adds up

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特别是如果您正在训练大型模型
especially if you're training large models for

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且持续了数小时、数天或数周的时间。
for hours and days and weeks.

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您使用的硬件也很重要
The hardware you use also matters

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例如某些 GPU 效率更高
because some GPUs, for example, are more efficient

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相比较别的硬件来说，其利用效率使用得当。
than others and utilizing efficiency use properly.

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一直能够百分百地被使用
So using them a hundred percent all the time

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可以真正减少您的能源消耗。
can really reduce the energy consumption that you have.

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进一步减少您的碳足迹。
And then once again, reduce your carbon footprint.

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还有其他因素比如 IO
There's also other aspects such as IO

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比如数据，等等。
such as data, et cetera, et cetera.

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但这三点是您应该关注的主要因素。
But these are the main three that you should focus on.

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所以当我谈论能源和碳强度时
So when I talk about energy sources and carbon intensity

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那个的真实意义是什么？
what does that really mean?

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所以如果您看屏幕顶部
So if you look at the top of the screen

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您可以看到印度孟买的云计算实例
you have a carbon footprint

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所产生的碳足迹
of a cloud computing instance in Mumbai, India

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每千瓦时排放 920 克二氧化碳。
which emits 920 grams of CO2 per kilowatt hour.

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这差不多有一公斤
This is almost one kilogram

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每千瓦时电力使用的二氧化碳排放量。
of CO2 per kilowatt hour of electricity used.

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如果您把它与加拿大蒙特利尔，
If you compare that with Canada, Montreal

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也就是我现在所在的位置相比，每千克小时排放 20 克二氧化碳。
where I am right now, 20 grams of CO2 per kilo hour.

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所以它们有着非常大的区别。
So that's a really, really big difference.

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碳排放量几乎增加了 40 倍
Almost more than 40 times more carbon emitted

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在孟买对蒙特利尔。
in Mumbai versus Montreal.

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所以这真的都需要考虑进去。
And so this can really, really add up.

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例如，如果您要训练一个模型数周
If you're training a model for weeks, for example

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您乘以 40
you're multiplying times 40

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您排放的碳。
the carbon that you're emitting.

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因此选择合适的实例
So choosing the right instance

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选择低碳计算实例
choosing a low carbon compute instance

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这真的是您能做的最有影响力的事情。
is really the most impactful thing that you can do.

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这就是它真正可以产生影响的地方
And this is where it can really add up

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如果您正在一个碳密集的地区
if you're training in a very intensive

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进行非常密集的训练
in a very carbon intensive region

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其他要考虑的因素，例如
other elements to consider, for example

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使用预训练模型
using pre-trained models

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这就是回收的机器学习等价物。
that's the machine learning equivalent of recycling.

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当您有可用的预训练模型时
When you have pre-trained models available using them

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您根本没有排放任何碳，对吧？
you're not emitting any carbon at all, right?

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因为您没有在训练任何东西。
You're not retraining anything.

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因此先看看当前已经有了哪些工具
So that's also doing your homework

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能够帮助您处理所需要进行的任务。
and kind of looking around what already exists.

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微调而不是从头开始训练。
Fine tuning instead of training from scratch.

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所以再一次
So once again

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如果您找到几乎是您需要的模型
if you find a model that is almost what you need

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但对最后几层的调整不是很精细
but not quite fine tuning the last couple of layers

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通过调整来达到目的
making it really fit your purpose instead

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而不是从头通过训练 transformer
of training a large transformer

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这样的话会大大提高您的效率
from scratch can really help,

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从较小的实验开始
starting with smaller experiments

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并边调试边工作。
and debugging as you go.

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这意味着，例如，培训
So that means, for example, training

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弄清楚数据编码
figuring out data encoding, figuring out, you know

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确保没有小错误
making sure that there's no small bugs, that you'll

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您会意识到，经过 16 个小时的训练
you'll realize, you know, 16 hours into training

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从小事做起，真正确保
starting small and really making sure

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您在做什么，您的代码是什么，这样才是稳妥的。
that what you're doing, what your code is, is stable.

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最后做一个文献综述
And then finally doing a literature review to

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选择超参数范围，然后跟随
choose hyper parameter ranges and then following

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使用随机搜索而不是网格搜索。
up with a random search instead of a grid search.

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所以随机搜索超参数
So random searches for hyper parameters

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在寻找最佳配置作为网格搜索时
combinations have actually shown to be as efficient

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组合实际上被证明是有效的。
in finding the optimal configuration as grid search.

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但显然您并没有尝试所有可能的组合
But obviously you're not trying all possible combinations

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您只是在尝试其中的一部分。
you're only trying a subset of them.

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所以这也很有帮助。
So this can really help as well.

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所以现在如果我们回去
So now if we go back

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2019 年 Strubell 等人的原始论文
to the original paper by Strubell et all in 2019

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关于那五辆车的论文中。
the infamous five cars in their lifetimes paper.

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如果您只是考虑
If you just look

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一个 2 亿周边 transformer 的因素
at a transformer of 200 million perimeter transformer

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它的碳足迹约为 200 磅二氧化碳
it is carbon footprint is around 200 pounds of CO2

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这很多
which is significant

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但它离五辆汽车还差得很远，对吧？
but it's nowhere near five cars, right?

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这甚至不是跨大西洋航班。
It's not even a transatlantic flight.

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它真正到达这一量级的方式是当您在做
How it really adds up is when you're doing

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神经架构搜索的时候
neural architecture search

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当您进行超参数调整时，以及
when you're doing hyper parameter tuning, and

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在尝试所有可能的组合的时候
this is trying all possible combinations

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等等，等等。
et cetera, et cetera.

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这是就像
And this is where

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就像 600,000 磅的二氧化碳来自哪里一样。
like the 600,000 pounds of CO2 came from.

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所以这真的是需要把所有因素考虑进来才可以。
So this is really where things add up.

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所以，但如果您正认真地做事
So, but if you're doing things mindfully and conscientiously

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那么您的碳足迹就不会那么大，
then your carbon footprint wont be as big as,

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正如本文所暗示的，一些工具可以用来计算
as the paper implied, some tools to figure

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出您排放的 CO2 量。
out how much CO2 exactly you're emitting.

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有一个基于网络的工具叫做 machine
There's a web-based tool called machine

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学习提交计算器，它可以让您
learning submissions calculator, which allows you

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手动输入，例如，您使用的硬件
to manually input, for example, which hardware you used

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您用了多少小时
how many hours you used it for

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它位于本地或云端。
where it was located locally or in the cloud.

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然后它会给您一个估计
And then it's gonna give you an estimate

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您排放了多少二氧化碳。
of how much CO2 you emitted.

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另一个以编程方式执行此操作的工具，
Another tool that does this programmatically,

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称为代号碳。
is called code carbon.

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您可以 PIP 安装它，您可以去 GitHub
So you can PIP install it, you can, you can go to the GitHub

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它与您的代码并行运行。
and essentially it runs in parallel to your code.

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所以基本上您调用它
So essentially you call it

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然后交给它做所有的训练。
and then you do all your training.

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最后它会给您一个估计
And then at the end it's gonna give you an estimate

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包含排放量估算值的 CSV 文件。
a CSV file with an estimate of your emissions.

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它会给您一些比较。
And it's gonna give you some comparisons.

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它有一个可视化用户界面，您可以在其中真正看到
It's got a visual UI where you can really look

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这与开车或看电视相比如何。
at how this compares to driving a car or watching TV.

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所以它可以给您一个想法
So it can give you an idea

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您的排放范围也是如此。
of the scope of your emissions as well.

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实际上，code carbon 已经集成到 auto
And actually, code carbon is already integrated into auto

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和 LP 中，希望人们能够
and LP and hopefully people will be using it

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开箱即用，轻松跟踪所有训练和部署 transformer
out of the box and easily tracking their emissions all

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的碳排放。
through training and deploying transformers.

