Replication Data for: Uncovering high-level corruption: Cross-national objective corruption risk indicators using public procurement data
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|> You are a research archivist expert in dataset metadata. Answer the question truthfully.  <|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> Here is the Description of a dataset. Description:'Measuring high-level corruption is subject to extensive scholarly and policy interest with moderate progress in the last decade. We develop two objective proxy measures of high-level corruption in public procurement: single bidding in competitive markets and a composite score of tendering 'red flags'. Using official government data of 2.8 million contracts in 28 European countries in 2009-2014, we directly operationalize a common definition of corruption: unjustified restriction of access to public contracts to favour a selected bidder. Corruption indicators are calculated at the contract level, but produce aggregate indices consistent with well-established country-level indicators, and also validated by micro-level tests. Further data is published at http://digiwhist.eu/resources/data/' . Please return only a json list of at most 3 Keywords corresponding to the Description:.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> {"Answer" : ["Corruption","European Union","Methodology"]} <|eot_id|>
 Here is the Description of a dataset. Description:'Measuring high-level corruption is subject to extensive scholarly and policy interest with moderate progress in the last decade. We develop two objective proxy measures of high-level corruption in public procurement: single bidding in competitive markets and a composite score of tendering 'red flags'. Using official government data of 2.8 million contracts in 28 European countries in 2009-2014, we directly operationalize a common definition of corruption: unjustified restriction of access to public contracts to favour a selected bidder. Corruption indicators are calculated at the contract level, but produce aggregate indices consistent with well-established country-level indicators, and also validated by micro-level tests. Further data is published at http://digiwhist.eu/resources/data/' . Please return only a json list of at most 3 Keywords corresponding to the Description:.
Measuring high-level corruption is subject to extensive scholarly and policy interest with moderate progress in the last decade. We develop two objective proxy measures of high-level corruption in public procurement: single bidding in competitive markets and a composite score of tendering 'red flags'. Using official government data of 2.8 million contracts in 28 European countries in 2009-2014, we directly operationalize a common definition of corruption: unjustified restriction of access to public contracts to favour a selected bidder. Corruption indicators are calculated at the contract level, but produce aggregate indices consistent with well-established country-level indicators, and also validated by micro-level tests. Further data is published at http://digiwhist.eu/resources/data/
Corruption; European Union; Methodology