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I like how there are so many flaps for good air ... | Fit perfectly. I like how there are so many flaps for good air circulation. | amazon_reviews | 151 |
how many pages is rosette wolczak's file | Rosette Wolczak the files of more than 20,000 persons arrested between 1942 and the end of the war by the police. Rosette's file number is "CH.AEG Justice et police. Ef/2-041-No4928" and contains 30 pages. In 2007, following an inventory work of Jewish children deported during World War II, a memorial was inaugurated in Rosette's school in Paris in the 3rd arrondissement. Michel Beretti received funds from the "Foundation for the memory of the Shoah victims" to adapt Rosette's story for the theater in 2012. His work is archived under the tag ""4928 project"", a reference to the number of Rosette's administrative file | paq | 394 |
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE LA MAURICIE NATIONAL PARK SCENIC ROAD | The "La Mauricie" National Park's scenic road is the first of its kind in Canada. It was built into an underdeveloped territory, where no other transportation facility existed. The 14 million dollar road covers 62.5 kilometres; the design and construction started in 1971 and was completed by 1980. The scenic road links the developed sectors of the park. This paper is a summary of the different steps in the design and construction of the road. Because Parks Canada's main goal is the protection of surrounding territory, many design and location criteria were added to current standards. These preservation criteria bring additional constraints for the execution. The methods of construction and some elements of design were modified so that the project could be both economical and practical. (Author/TRRL) | s2orc_title_abstract | 198 |
Primary Investigation on Spider Community in Konglin of Qufu of Shandong | The spiders were sampled by net-covering and trapping methods,the spiders in Konglin of Qufu of Shandong Province were investigated.In result,there were 1 562 sample spiders were collected totally and they belong to 42 species,35 genera,15 families,2 suborder.Among them,there were 7 species of spiders newly recorded in Shandong Province. | s2orc_title_abstract | 73 |
SOS BY ETHERNET : DUBLIN IS IMPLEMENTING AN AUSTRALIAN HI-TECH MOTORWAY SOS PHONE SYSTEM | A new SOS phone system has been installed on the Southern Cross sector of the M50 ring road in Dublin, Ireland. The phone system was developed by Clearsonics, an Australian firm. It deploys innovative voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) call management technology activated from hands-free roadside phones | s2orc_title_abstract | 127 |
Initial impression everything is laid out great. Cannot speak to durability new though | Initial impression everything is laid out great. Cannot speak to durability new though. Price exceptional, $50 less than the local gun club. Looked at many before picking for husband as a gift (after he already said he would pick his own) and he is happy with it...which is a win here. Like that it has so many different compartments to separate gear rather than just junking it into a big pile in one slot. | amazon_reviews | 57 |
Is there a phobia for being scared of food with human faces on them. | I remember my mom shown me this video for a birthday my cousin had and it was about these eggs with human faces screaming because they realised they were going to be used to make a cake.
I couldn't eat properly for two years straight because of that.
Anywho does a phobia like that exist? If not it should. | reddit_title_body | 528 |
The Effects of Sarbanes‐Oxley on Auditing and Internal Control Strength | We provide a theoretical investigation of the effects of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 on auditing intensity and internal control strength. We propose a model of strategic auditing in which the auditor can use resources for both internal control tests and substantive tests, while the manager can choose the strength of internal controls and the amount of fraud. We find that control tests are a valuable tool for the auditor when control strength is informative about the likelihood of fraud. We find that Sarbanes‐Oxley has the desired effect of inducing stronger internal control systems and less fraud, but does not necessarily induce higher levels of control testing. Our model suggests that audit risk increases as a result of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act. | s2orc_title_abstract | 215 |
When did it cease being important that a woman should be a virgin untill marriage? | Throughout history we've seen how important it was for a woman to be *unspoiled* untill she married and found a husband. At what point in history did it stop being important that the woman should be a virgin? | reddit_title_body | 153 |
On general periodic time-varying bilinear processes | We study in this note the class of bilinear processes with periodic time-varying coefficients. We give necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring the existence of strict and second order stationary solutions (in periodic sense) and for the existence of higher order moments. The given conditions can be applied to periodic ARMA or periodic GARCH models. The central limit theorem and the law of iterated logarithm (LIL) for higher order sample moments are showed. | s2orc_title_abstract | 233 |
We report on the generation of mid- and far-infrared radiation using periodically poled materials. In particular, cw mode-locked fs optical parametric oscillators based on (PPLN) periodically poled LiNbO/sub 3/:MgO with strongly reduced photorefractivity and optical rectification in PPLN for the generation of tunable narrowband THz radiation will be discussed. | We demonstrate a promising technique for generating narrow-band terahertz electromagnetic radiation. Femtosecond optical pulses are propagated through a periodically poled lithium-niobate crystal, where the domain length is matched to the walk-off length between the optical and THz pulses. The bandwidth of the THz wave forms is 0.11 at 1.7 THz. Optical rectification gives rise to a THz wave form which corresponds to the domain structure of the periodically poled lithium niobate. | s2orc_abstract_citation | 18 |
when was the clavius crater on the moon created | Clavius (crater) as a prominent notch in the terminator about 1–2 days after the Moon reaches first quarter. The crater is one of the older formations on the lunar surface and was likely formed during the Nectarian period about 4 billion years ago. Despite its age, however, the crater is relatively well-preserved. It has a relatively low outer wall in comparison to its size, and it is heavily worn and pock-marked by craterlets. The rim does not significantly overlook the surrounding terrain, making this a "walled depression". The inner surface of the rim is hilly, notched, and varies in width, with the | paq | 49 |
Cirroc Lofton and Aron Eisenberg (Jake and Nog) have a podcast where they talk about DS9? | It's called The 7th rule and it's fairly interesting. I've only listened to the first few, but they talk about DS9 and discovery with some guests like jg hertzler and Armin shimerman. the episodes aren't all on YouTube, so you'll have to find them on iTunes or iHeartRadio, but they provide some good banter about DS9 and disco. Might be worth a listen if you like some behind the scenes talk. | reddit_title_body | 444 |
I'm new to sashiko. When you guys are doing single rows, do you prefer to knot off each row, or do multiple rows at a time with the same thread? | Just trying to figure out the most practical way to go about this in my endeavor to learn sashiko.
Also do your approach/preferences change when it comes to cross stitches? | reddit_title_body | 438 |
The region of russia known as Russia's freezer and sleeping land is? | What region is known as russia's freezer? | wikianswers | 38 |
Horribly written and deleted it from my library post haste | Must have been written by an 9-year old. Horribly written and deleted it from my library post haste. (No offense to 9-year olds) | amazon_reviews | 338 |
Metamaterials: A Leading Edge of Science and Technology | This review paper is based on the brief history, classification and utilities of metamaterial in various fields. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. Further we discussed the different structure approaches of metamaterials and their advantages. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research. | s2orc_title_abstract | 286 |
A Cytological Investigation of the Different Species of Sansevieria with the AID of the Improved Technique | The genus Sansevieria (family Dracaenaceae) in Zimbabwe. | s2orc_citation_titles | 69 |
who did peer de silva get permission to communicate with | Peer de Silva obtained permission from the embassy to communicate with Chang Myon, and they established rapport. In early 1960 an election was held, in which Chang most probably bested the corrupt Rhee regime, but for the "fraud and deceit" practices by his aides. Student protests were mounted. The police fired on a protesting crowd in Seoul killing over a hundred, wounding thousands. The populace erupted in anger. In the Blue House (Kyŏngmudae) the ruling party gathered; their police and army had abandoned the streets to protesting crowds. While the US ambassador waited for instructions from Washington, de Silva telephoned the Blue House | paq | 343 |
what are the names of the characters in shantaram | Shantaram (novel) Prabhakar Kisan Khare was a real-life individual, as are the members of Khare family from the book (Kisan, Rukhma, Kishor and Parvati Khare) whose names appear on government issued identity cards. The family resides in the Navy Nagar slum where the lead character Shantaram also lived. The Khare family disputes many of Roberts' claims, although they acknowledge close association with Gregory Roberts in the 1980s. Prabhakar died in an accident in 1988 in circumstances matching the event in the book. In March 2006, the "Mumbai Mirror" reported they may have discovered the inspiration for the big smile of the character | paq | 124 |
Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Metastasis to the Pancreas: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature | Introduction ::: Uterine leiomyosarcoma is an aggressive malignant tumor that often leads to metastatic dissemination, generally in the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. Despite the fact that pancreatic neoplasms spread easily, the pancreas is not a usual target organ from other neoplasms. | s2orc_title_abstract | 120 |
Cisco Spark Room - Peer Chat | Any of you use Cisco Spark? I'm looking to create a group of people that can collaborate and bounce ideas off each other. I haven't contributed much to this Reddit but I'd find using a spark room would make it easier. I'm recruiting people that might want to build a relationship and chat around areas on improving their business, recruiting advice, growing teams, management, etc.
I'd love to connect with some like minded individuals running MSP groups of $1m+/MRR.
Let me know if anyone is interested. If you are PM me your email address to send the room link to. | reddit_title_body | 184 |
what award did bryan cranston win for his role in cosby | Bryan Cranston series was met with widespread critical acclaim, winning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in each of the show's first three seasons and being nominated in 2012 and 2013 for seasons four and five (winning again in 2014 for the second half of season 5). Cranston and Bill Cosby are the only actors to have won the award three consecutive times. Cranston was also a producer for the fourth and fifth seasons of the series, and directed three episodes of the show during its run. In 2011, Cranston had supporting roles in three | paq | 126 |
and especially like the USB input | Compact, all necessary connections for me, and especially like the USB input. Plug in a bunch of mp3's with the USB and it's all good. Very high volume without distortion. I did have to return the first one, that transaction went well. Second unit is working great. | amazon_reviews | 59 |
Adaptive mode tuning for vibrational gyroscopes | We present an adaptive controller for tuning the natural frequency of the drive axis of a vibrational gyroscope. This is an attractive alternative to a phase-locked loop, since it introduces feedback, which can reduce the effects of imprecise fabrication. We also operate the gyroscope at a fixed frequency, chosen by the designer, which can simplify signal processing. | s2orc_title_abstract | 76 |
Applications of Self-assembly Technology in MEMS | Self-assembly (SA) phenomenon was first observed in micro bio-chemical field where micro cells organize themselves in a specified form spontaneously. Since then it has been widely used in dif- ferent fields to generate new functional materials, devices and structures. As a "bottom-up" scheme, this approach can be potentially used to fabricate new devices and structures other than conventional tech- nologies in MEMS and NEMS area. This paper describes the technological evolution of SA technology and reviews typical SA methods by means of surface tension, capillary force, magnetic force, electro- static force and stress, etc. The promising application in MEMS in the future is also discussed. | s2orc_title_abstract | 300 |
who did joey lawrence play on blossom | Joey Lawrence the release of "Summer Rental". Lawrence provided the voice of Oliver, the protagonist in the 1988 Disney film "Oliver & Company". From 1991-95, Lawrence co-starred in the hit TV series "Blossom", playing "Joey Russo". Lawrence has also starred in the series "Brotherly Love" (which featured his real life brothers, Matthew and Andrew Lawrence) and "Run of the House", and has guest starred on such programs as "American Dreams" and "". One of Lawrence's film credits is "" (2000). In 2006, Lawrence appeared on ABC's "Dancing with the Stars". Paired with professional dancer Edyta Śliwińska, he placed third in the competition. | paq | 488 |
Some lifter told me "protein increases hydration," no idea what he meant. | He said the words "protein increases hydration." He was talking about how he would finish his protein drink after taking a shot of 151 because it will increase his hydration (met him at a party). I said "you mean, 'requires increased hydration?'" and he just said "no, increases hydration" back to me. He was either 100% wrong about protein metabolization or he was talking about something completely different. Either way I dropped it.
I was thinking about how your body requires more water to metabolize protein (vs fat/carbs). Otherwise, I have no idea what he was talking about.
Guy seemed pretty legit too, about 5'10", said he was 200-210 lbs, and claimed his powerlifting combined weight was 1300lbs. I'd believe it, he definitely looked like he was doing something right.
Anybody wanna tell me what he was talking about? | reddit_title_body | 11 |
But if your just wearing it a few times it will be fine. | Started to rip at the seams after wearing after a few weeks. But if your just wearing it a few times it will be fine. | amazon_reviews | 379 |
Fun for even the pickiest kitty | This was bought as a gift and reported to be fun and very much appreciated by the picky cat that received it. | amazon_reviews | 117 |
Simultaneous enhancement of B-mode axial and lateral resolution using axial deconvolution | Enhancement of image resolution in ultrasound images is key to help clinicians end early indicators of pathological lesions. Image resolution enhancement relies on deconvolving the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system out of the raw ultrasound image prior to envelope detection and other postprocessing steps. Unfortunately, in most cases the PSF is spatially variant, complicating its estimation and subsequent use in deconvolution. The current work is driven by the realization that the PSF can be decomposed into spatially invariant and variant components, namely the electric and geometric responses of the transducer element(s). Since the electric response acts along the axial direction, depth-independent axial deconvolution can be performed along the entire image. Moreover, since axial deconvolution effectively shapes the frequency response of the transducer, lateral resolution can also be enhanced. Using simulated and experimental data from two single element transducers (of 20, 35 MHz nominal... | s2orc_title_abstract | 318 |
Recommended for anyone who's ever wondered about the role of ... | This book is a thoughtful exploration of women in Orthodox Judaism. As someone from an egalitarian background, I appreciated the fresh look at traditional Jewish practices and learning more about their origins. Recommended for anyone who's ever wondered about the role of women in Orthodox Judaism and wants to go beyond their own assumptions. | amazon_reviews | 109 |
BAIRNSDALE - Place - Index to the AMA archive | BAIRNSDALE - Place - Index to the AMA archive - NAME is a biographical, bibliographical and archival database of SUBJECT with links to related articles and images. ADD MORE DESCRIPTION AS REQUIRED | s2orc_title_abstract | 177 |
What is the mineral gruop for antimony? | What is the mineral group of antimony? | wikianswers | 13 |
What is a bisons predator? | What are bison's predators? | wikianswers | 23 |
Worked great for my peaches | Okay, this thing is awkward to use, at first. As it is very long once put together. I used it for collecting peaches off my peach tree, and I found that my peaches did not bruise, and were caught in the basket. Occasionally I got a peach that got a scratch on it from the prongs, but that just meant I had to each that peach right away. Overall, I'm very happy with the products. | amazon_reviews | 46 |
This product exceeded my expectations. It was as advertised ... | This product exceeded my expectations. It was as advertised, and then some. A lot of toy for the price. No complaints here. | amazon_reviews | 291 |
Regulated Phosphorylation of the Gal4p Inhibitor Gal80p of Kluyveromyces lactis Revealed by Mutational Analysis | GAL4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates the lactose-galactose regulon of Kluyveromyces lactis and creates a new phenotype: glucose repression of the regulon. | s2orc_citation_titles | 14 |
Has anyone heard anything new about the new EU servers? | I recall reading from somewhere, that today the new servers would be ready for the EU people of ArcheAge. Does anyone have any more info? | reddit_title_body | 66 |
This was a good story in which the sexual tension was drawn out ... | This was a good story in which the sexual tension was drawn out nicely, with a bit of drama added in the conflicts between Vanessa and Mike, and Nathan and Jeremy. The only bone I have to pick is that the final sex scene is too short and could have been much raunchier; perhaps including an anal or a facial. | amazon_reviews | 32 |
Onboard Vision System for Bus Lane Monitoring | Improving the mobility is one of the most important challenges the cities face. The coexistence of public and private vehicles sometimes force the city governments to designate reserved lanes for bus use only. However, not all the private drivers respect these reserved spaces and they use them. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a surveillance mechanism. This work presents a visual system devoted to perform automatic surveillance of a bus lane. This system proposal consists of a heuristic combination of filtered images of the road for the bus lane change detection. We show how to refine the strategy for reducing false positives as well as improving its computational performance. The resulting system is able to run in real time on an Intel Atom platform without the use of any programming optimization technique. | s2orc_title_abstract | 262 |
GOP Tax Bill and SALT (State and Local Taxes) | The SALT deduction has been around since the Federal income tax. There is no shortage of coverage of this issue from all angles:
Some say]( that SALT deduction gives States the benefit of the doubt that taxes levied on their citizens are justifiable; perhaps states like California have different tax/spending needs than states like Wyoming. [Others say the the SALT deduction is a subsidy for states who charge their citizens a high tax; perhaps it is not fair that the the government of Illinois can charge high taxes and Illinoisans can write this off of their federal income where the people of Texas, with low state taxes, can't.
Is there a unique angle on this that is not being covered in the Media? | reddit_title_body | 244 |
Some thoughts after years of being a construction inspector | 1) That old houses were built better than new ones is the biggest myth ever and I hate when I hear people saying this kind of thing. I've been in 100s of houses during remodeling(and 100s if not 1000s of new houses) and it's pretty crazy how much better houses are built today than 50-100 years ago. The biggest change is how much better structurally houses are today, with LVL headers, thicker foundation walls, larger floor joists, hold downs embedded into concrete, joist hangers, etc the houses are just better structurally in every way imaginable. And then there are the safety features from hard wired smoke detectors, Arc fault protected circuits, tempered glass locations, fireblocking in walls, stair steepness, etc that are just completely missing from old houses that make modern houses much safer. Then there is energy inefficiency...
2) I hear from outsiders that builders/contractors will be as cheap as possible, cut corners, can't be trusted, etc. I find this to be mostly untrue. Most builders want to have a quality reputation and want to build a quality product especially if they are a larger company that does a lot of business. There are still builders/subs out there that try to get away with things that aren't code compliant but that's what I'm there for, to keep them in check. I have a good relationship with most builders and many will even point out things their framer/electrician/etc did wrong before I find it during their inspection which makes the process better for everyone.
3) You wouldn't believe how many times I've heard "we've been doing it this way for 30 years". When I first started this job straight out of college it was intimidating to fight with a contractor who was twice my age and had decades in the industry telling me that I was wrong for failing his inspection and that I didn't know what I was talking about and to use common sense. Construction practices and codes are constantly changing and it takes time for the industry to catch up and there is usually a lot of resistance every time we adopt the new code edition.
4) tragedy stories make me realize how important my job is. I was inspecting one house being remodeled after a fire and the builder pointed out that the bedroom we were in was where 2 kids had died in the fire and that type of thing always effects me hard. Knowing that a child could die if I miss something makes me take pride in my work. I was shown the white snake concert fire footage at a code seminar at that also hit me very hard. | reddit_title_body | 72 |
Alsophila javanica | Alsophila javanica, synonym Cyathea javanica, is a species of tree fern native to western Java and Sumatra, in Indonesia. It grows in rain forest and on riverbanks at an altitude of 250–1500 m.
Description
The trunk of Alsophila javanica is erect and up to about 10 m tall. Fronds may be bi- or tripinnate and 2–3 m in length. The stipe is spiny and bears scattered scales throughout. These scales are dark and have fragile edges. A. javanica has round sori which are borne near the midvein of fertile pinnules. They are protected by firm, flat indusia that are saucer-like in appearance.
Taxonomy
Alsophila javanica appears to be most closely related to Alsophila doctersii. Large and Braggins (2004) note that A. doctersii may in fact be of hybrid origin between A. javanica and a member of the Alsophila latebrosa complex.
When Carl Blume described A. javanica (as Cyathea javanica), he also named one variety, rigida. Large and Braggins (2004) note that although variety rigida is apparently part of the A. javanica complex, the name has also occasionally been associated with Alsophila polycarpa.
References
javanica
Flora of Sumatra
Flora of Java
Ferns of Asia
Plants described in 1828 | wikipedia | 17 |
What supports are you leaning towards in S4? | I know relic shield is getting nerfed pretty hard today so that will likely change opinions a little. So far I'm liking: Leona, Taric, Thresh. AP casters seemed to spike on release day but then fall off (in high Silver - gold anyways). I've also seen Janna play pick way back up despite all the freaking out. Who do you like for S4 support? | reddit_title_body | 31 |
Cleaning gear s3 under running water? | Does anyone clean their s3 under running water? I have the frontier model, if that makes a difference. If so, does it cause any problems? If not, how do you clean your watch? | reddit_title_body | 359 |
Had to put zipties on both ends to hold the ... | Had to put zipties on both ends to hold the sockets on the bar. It's delicate. Prolly won't last long in the diesel world. | amazon_reviews | 19 |
when was the capitulary of quierzy established | Capitulary of Quierzy The Capitulary of Quierzy (pronounced Kiersy), was a capitulary of the emperor Charles II, comprising a series of measures for safeguarding the administration of his realm during his second Italian expedition, as well as directions for his son Louis the Stammerer, who was entrusted with the government during his father's absence. It has traditionally been seen as the basis on which the major vassals of the kingdom of France such as the Counts of Flanders, were enabled to become more independent. It was promulgated on 14 June 877 at Quierzy-sur-Oise in France ("département" of Aisne), the site | paq | 434 |
Thigh length shorts look really dumb. | On both men and women, I just think it looks horrible. It looks like you just forgot your pants at home and are just wearing underwear, and it's overall just too much bare leg for any public place except for the beach. I hate seeing entire bare legs barely being covered by anything.
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Now I don't mind knee length shorts, below the knee, or just slightly above the knee.
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But stuff like this]( [this]( or [this...they need to go away ASAP. Way too short. No one wants to see that much bare leg.
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It's overall more acceptable for women to wear shorts that length, but there are men who like to try to break the norm and go for those lengths as well...regardless, it looks terrible on everyone. | reddit_title_body | 453 |
who played nick swift in cloud 9 | Mike Manning (actor) Michael Christopher Manning (born April 12, 1987) is an American actor, producer, television personality and activist. Manning first gained fame as a cast member on the MTV series "" Since then he has starred in a number of films and television programs, such as the 2014 Disney Channel original movie "Cloud 9", in which he played Nick Swift, Hawaii Five-0 and Love Is All You Need? and produced the documentary "Kidnapped for Christ". Michael Christopher Manning is from Thornton, Colorado. His parents are Michael Sr. and Susan Manning. He is the oldest of three children; he has | paq | 307 |
Milligrams to tables spoon? | How many milligrams in a table spoon? | wikianswers | 43 |
Ubisoft made the bots too hard to kill | I cannot kill them for the life of me. I got wrecked by an Aramusha bot today in brawls. I think the bots were just fine before this season. They are not meant to be tough to kill. They parry everything, they CGB everything, and they ruin this game for me.
I am not a good player. These bots may be good for pros like Spliced, Havok, Seraph of Hope, and Sypher PK, but not for casual players like me. | reddit_title_body | 244 |
what is the name of the manufacturer of basketball kits for the bbl | won the 2014 BBL Playoffs. The Newcastle Eagles, London Lions, Glasgow Rocks , and Bristol Flyers have all signalled their intentions of playing at a European level in the near future. As of the 2016/17 BBL season Italian sportswear manufacturer Kappa was the kit supplier for all the 12 teams. During his time as BBL Chairman, Paul Blake outlined a goal for the League to expand to 16 teams with an overall vision to have between 15 and 18 teams playing out of venues with 2,000-plus spectator capacity by 2019. Primary venues used in the British Basketball League: Bold indicates | paq | 445 |
Question about Neverwinter server and Latency issues | Hey. So I've been playing this game for few days now. I have noticed that latency spikes occur very often and I find myself rubberbanding around from time to time. Is it only me or high ping/latency is an issue for you, guys, too? ALSO, I read somewhere that Arc and Steam Neverwinters are on two different servers/worlds? Is that true or bullshit? :D | reddit_title_body | 198 |
Infrared spectra of soluble polytoluidines | IR spectra of soluble poly-o-toluidine (POT) and poly-m-toluidine (PMT) have been studied. Preliminary assignment of their IR spectra is given by comparing their spectra in HCl and I2, doped states and in subsequently NH3 dedoped state with that in intrinsic state. | s2orc_title_abstract | 15 |
Does anyone else feel like theres something seriously wrong with them. And they don't just get seizures, but its something else causing their epilepsy? | Please tell me that I'm not the only one who feels like this. All my doctors have told me I have epilepsy, but none have really seemed to care about where its coming from. I got diagnosed when I was 17. No one else in my family has had seizures. I have become obsessed with figuring out the actual cause of my seizures, if there is one. I have this internal feeling that theres some other medical condition thats causing my seizures. Kind of like my seizures are a symptom of another medical illness (i dont know if this is a good example or if it makes sense.. but like for example if your poop is a weird color it doesnt mean you have weirdcolorpoop disorder but its a sign that you have liver problems for example) thats how I feel about my seizures.. its coming from somewhere and doctors dont know so they name it epilepsy instead of finding the root of the problem. I know it's probably anxiety thats making me obsess, but I just can't seem to get rid of that internal feeling that its something more. Does anyone else feel like this? | reddit_title_body | 74 |
very nicely made pants | very nicely made pants, I ordered short and got petite, the difference made the inseam a bit smaller but I can wear them. Nice looking. | amazon_reviews | 253 |
The copper is easily dented, so it wasn't difficult to engrave | Purchased these as a gift for a friend, then forgot to give it in the gift bag. Self gift! Installed them in my garden after handwriting (hand etching) the plant names on the copper plate. The copper is easily dented, so it wasn't difficult to engrave. I like the patina that the labels took on after being in the garden for a short time. Almost wish that I had purchased larger markers for my larger plants (trees, vines, etc), but the size is perfect for small plants or potted plants. Very nice product. | amazon_reviews | 147 |
Anything better than the sennheisers momentum true wireless? | They’re on sale for $205 figured ld get these. Had the mw07 master and dynamics but the volume sucked it was a big disappointment... are there any better earbuds for sound quality and a good amount of volume l can choose instead of the sennheisers momentum true wireless? Let me know!!
Thank you | reddit_title_body | 401 |
Starcraft Updater keep crashing. | Hello, slight bit of technical problem here. I try to update my Starcraft, but the updater only goes a bit further in the update each time I open it, then it disappears and updates no further. Does anybody have an idea how I can fix this? | reddit_title_body | 40 |
Runs large for a mini | Very cute! However, I ordered the medium mini size and it was huge on my larger minis. My 14hh paso fino is now using it. | amazon_reviews | 265 |
Modeling and verification of comprehensive errors of real-time wear-depth detecting for spherical plain bearing tester | Thermal Error Compensation of the Wear-Depth Real-Time Detecting of Self-Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearings | s2orc_citation_titles | 6 |
Do you need OneTouch Ultra test strips? I have hundreds and hundreds and am not using them right now. | I'm in Brooklyn and can ship anywhere in the US. You can use these strips with a One Touch Ultra 2, a One Touch Ultra Smart, a One Touch Ping, a One Touch Ultra, a One Touch Ultra Link, or a One Touch Ultra Mini.
Merry Christmas, Chag Chanukah Sameach, Happy Kwanza, Happy New Years! | reddit_title_body | 377 |
Does NOT fit my Chevy | I'm giving this one star based on the fact that the product does not fit the vehicle (Chevy) that it claims to fit. The adapter is not wide enough to accommodate the arm of the wiper on the car. A shame given that I ordered these in preparation of needing them, and the old pair lasted longer than expected so I can't return them. Very unhappy.
The wiper seems nice though. | amazon_reviews | 365 |
when was the catholic mission in mpala destroyed | designs promoted by the missionaries. Citations Sources Mpala Mpala is the location of an early Catholic mission in the Belgian Congo. A military station was established at Mpala on the shores of Lake Tanganyika in May 1883. It was transferred to the White Fathers missionaries in 1885. At one time it was hoped that it would form the nucleus of a Christian kingdom in the heart of Africa. However, after a military expedition had to be sent to protect the mission from destruction by local warlords in 1892, civil control returned to the Belgian colonial authorities. The first seminary in | paq | 100 |
... purchased this perch in the past and my cockatiel loved it. Unfortunately | I purchased this perch in the past and my cockatiel loved it. Unfortunately, I misplaced the cord/adapter that connects it into the outlet and buying that one piece from the manufacturer cost almost the same as a whole new piece. I currently use this for my parakeet and cockatiel and both utilize it all winter- we do not have heat in my Arizona house and this does the trick. | amazon_reviews | 332 |
INTERPRETING EXPERIENCE: History, Philosophy, and Science in the American Constitutional Debates | Political scientists are predisposed to view the American constitution as the product of pragmatic politics. In part, this interpretation has been inspired by the founders themselves, who frequentl... | s2orc_title_abstract | 55 |
What's with the 4 star reviews?! | So thankfully it doesn't happen very often, but I just don't get why someone would leave a 4 star review, with no reasoning? I've had a couple now where they say they love it, exactly as pictured, yet only 4 stars?
Would it be a bad move to reach out and ask what more could I have done to ensure a 5 star experience or is it just not worth it?
I feel like I couldn't do more, I triple quality check everything, they're exactly as pictured, I ship early, and it arrives gift wrapped both for protection (my products are delicate) and for that extra little something for the unboxing experience.
I guess you can't please everyone. | reddit_title_body | 504 |
Novel environment protection PVC cable sheath material | The invention relates to a novel environmental protection PVC cable sheathing material, and the main components are PVC resin powder, diisononyl phthalate, vegetable oil, light calcium carbonate superfine powder and appropriate amount of stabilizer, flame retardant, lubricant, coloring agent and the like. The cable sheathing material prepared by the invention does not contain toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, di-octyl phthalate (DOP) and the like, thereby being in line with the requirements of environmental protection; furthermore, the product has excellent heat resistance, aging resistance and volatility resistance, as well as great insulation, migration resistance and cold resistance. | s2orc_title_abstract | 150 |
how many agencies are involved in eif programme | Enhanced Integrated Framework as the broader Trade for Development and Aid for Trade spheres. Several bodies on the global and the national levels form the institutional framework of EIF program. The EIF Steering Committee is the highest level body of the EIF and responsible for setting the overall policy direction of the programme, reviewing its effectiveness and ensuring transparency. It is composed of representatives from each of the participating LDCs, the donor countries and agencies, the six core agencies, the EIF Executive Secretariat and the EIF Trust Fund Manager ex officio. The Steering Committee meets at least twice a year. The EIF Board | paq | 23 |
who does risque call to get help from x force | Risque (comics) heart. Seeing X-Force in her motel room, Risque flees to Wacky World itself. Once again underestimating the lengths X-Force would go for her capture, she is blindsided by the mutant Caliban. She escapes from Caliban on the monorail and hides with two willing young male collaborators, who enjoy the intrigue Risque brings. Caliban finally catches up with her in a maintenance tunnel but he collapses. This was due to numerous biological tampering done to him over the years. Risque initially desires to flee before calling for 9-1-1, but her conscience forces her to stay behind and tend to the injured | paq | 336 |
Factors Affecting the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Jua Kali Sector In Nakuru Town, Kenya | Factors Affecting the Performance of Small and Micro Enterprises in Limuru Town Market of Kiambu County, Kenya | s2orc_citation_titles | 40 |
How did Eamon de Valera become leader of the Irish Free State despite having led the Anti-Treaty faction in the Irish Civil War? | Irish history has always fascinated me and I have studied it up to degree level however of all the various episodes in modern Irish history I always find the Irish Civil war, its causes and aftermath, the most perplexing.
Most perplexing of all I find Eamon de Valera's leadership of the Irish Free State in the aftermath of the war. How is it that the leader of the loosing faction in the civil war could have attained the leadership of a state which he had been completely opposed to the existence of?
How did he maintain any political and moral credibility after having personally contributed, in no small way, to the outbreak of the civil war, how was it that senior members of the Pro-Treaty faction failed to sideline him, and how did he personally justify his change of stance towards the Free State and the partition of Ireland?
Any insight regarding this topic or any recommendations for reading on this question would be most appreciated. | reddit_title_body | 225 |
The Supreme court will uphold a law concerning a given group as long as the law is reasonably related to a legitimate government interest what is the name of this standard? | What US Supreme Court standard requires a law to be related to a legitimate government interest? | wikianswers | 67 |
Would rather a hat that had pins, very uncomfortable ... | Would rather a hat that had pins, very uncomfortable and weird looking when strapping it under your chin. Also, elastic piece broke half-way through the night, wouldn't recommend | amazon_reviews | 46 |
Intruder detectors: myths of our time | This article looks at the popular myths surrounding intruder detectors and false alarms. What the user should be looking for in a detector to reduce the number of false alarms and what points should be taken into consideration when choosing an alarm. | s2orc_title_abstract | 46 |
Vote for objective start is a problem. Here's why. | Deliver the Bomb:
\- you have to vote for bomb delivery, but not for the launcher defense. It's not smart by its own, don't see reasons to explain
Repair the Shelter:
\- vote for a process of collecting modules which are locating at discovered area or nearby (recent subreddit topics proved this statement); if people will slack with vote or won't do it at start - as a result they will start to explore, openining bigger and bigger map area, making search more difficult, more time consuming and less fun if we could say that.
​
All above and in general:
\- I bet whole vote system was designed to avoid trolls. For hundreds of hours I suffered from smth like this couple times but pls keep reading. It was always 4m missions with 1-2 players being afk or farming while objective defense was initiated. Recently we lost at Deliver the Bomb, 'cause 2 guys were afk and the remaining player thought we will carry this and started objective. Couldn't place traps in time or even upgrade walls. Maybe he forgot it's 4m; idk.
​
This "feature", nobody asked for, is a problem, because very very very often I'm doing all on myself, i.e. building defenses, gathering bluglo and even then people don't vote. They don't vote one time, on 2-nd I asked "please vote" (in my last game) and two guys didn't vote although they weren't afk. I destroyed everything I've built and left. I keep playing Public games 'cause my friends aren't interested in StW and I hope to have some funny conversations and positive experience in general. But we have what we have.
If you're lazy af - not a problem I can carry you. But if you wasting my time and refuse to simply vote after 2 times, I'm sorry but for whatever reasons - you're an asshole. | reddit_title_body | 462 |
Kikkerland sparklz wind up | Sparklz is the least exciting of the Kikkerland lineup. After six uses, his sparks grew less and less. I anticipate the friction and flint will soon wear out and we will be left with a toy that wobbles and nothing else. I own two other Kikkerland windups and they are far superior. i would not buy Sparklz again. | amazon_reviews | 10 |
How to make My Harbinger not ugly | Hey guys, so I checked this video out by Rocket Science Hitbox visualizations and any other Ocatne hitbox car. So, I'm trying to make Harbinger my new main, but I physically can't if it's so ugly. How do I make it look cool? | reddit_title_body | 569 |
who is making dreamfall chapters book 1 | Dreamfall Chapters RTG revealed a new level from the alpha version, showing Zoë Castillo in Storytime at the very start of the game. Work on the beta version began in May 2014, and the first "book" (prologue, two chapters, and an interlude) was feature complete by mid-June. After returning to an episodic video game format in June 2014, Red Thread Games released Book One, "Reborn", as the first episode of "Chapters" on 21 October 2014. On 26 August 2014, RTG announced a musical competition among Kickstarter backers and other fans, who were asked to submit soundtrack pieces to be included in the | paq | 156 |
Got this for my wife and she loves it, ... | Got this for my wife and she loves it, only complaint is now she wants the figure with the hammer! | amazon_reviews | 181 |
BACKGROUND: Cytlogical examinations of serous effusions have been well accepted and a positive diagnosis often considered as definitive diagnosis. It helps for staging and prognosis of the patients for malignancy. Diagnostic problem arise to differentiate between reactive cells and malignant cells by conventional smear (CS) method. Cell block (CB) method provides better architecture, morphological features between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells and thereby increases the efficacy of cytodiagnosis. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To perform exfoliative cytology of ascitic fluid along with CB preparation and compare the diagnostic efficacy of CS methods verses CB method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 48 samples were subjected to routine smear examination and cell block preparation. These samples are obtained from patients attending N.R.S. Medical College with clinical suspicion of malignancy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Using a combination of the cell block and smear techniques yielded 24% more malignant cases in ascitic fluid. By cell block technique morphological and architectural pattern were better appreciated and increased sensitivity of cytodiagnosis. |
INTRODUCTION:
Cytological examination of serous fluid is one of the commonly performed and well accepted examinations. A positive diagnosis is often considered as definitive diagnosis. The first line of investigation of a suspected neoplastic lesion is often the cytological examination of fluid tapped from pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity. It is important not only in diagnosis but also staging and prognosis of the patients for malignancy. 1 Accurately diagnosing cells as being either malignant or benign reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions is a common diagnostic problem in conventional cytological smears (CS). The lower sensitivity of cytodiagnosis of effusions is mainly attributable to bland morphological details of cells, overcrowding or overlapping of cells, cell loss, and changes due to different laboratory processing methods. 2 Cell block (CB) method provides better architecture, morphological features between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells and thereby increases the efficacy of cytodiagnosis. 3 The present study was undertaken to assess the utility of cell-block preparation method in increasing the sensitivity towards cytodiagnosis of malignant effusions and compare the diagnostic efficacy of conventional cytological methods for effusion versus cell-block techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
From February 2012 to July 2013, a total of 48 peritoneal effusion fluids were collected with clinical suspicion of malignancy in the Department of Pathology, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata after taking proper informed consent from the patients. Ten milliliters of fresh ascetic fluid sample was received and divided into two equal parts. One part subjected to conventional smear and staining and the remaining fluid was subjected to cellblock technique.
Conventional Smear Technique:
For conventional smear 5 ml of fluid was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes and a minimum of two thin smears were prepared from the sediment. One smear was air dried and stained with Leishman-Giemsa stain and the other smear was immediately fixed in 95% alcohol and stained with Papanicolaou stain.
Cell Block Technique: Remaining 5ml of fluid was processed for cellblock method. The fluid was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was decanted and the excess fluid was removed by inverting on the filter paper. To this sediment 2-3drops of plasma and 2-3 drops of thrombin was added and mixed well. Then this mixture of fluid was allowed to clot for 30 seconds. After that the clot was dislodged from the test tube and fixed in 1:1 mixture of alcohol formalin for one hour. Further the clot was transferred with the help of a pointed spatula on the top of lens paper inside the tissue cassette and then processed for paraffin embedding. Paraffin embedded 4-6µ thick sections were routinely stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Special stain like Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) was performed wherever necessary. After studying all the available clinical data and various investigation reports, based on morphology the smears were categorized as benign, suspicious for malignant and malignant lesions.
The following morphological criteria such as cellularity, arrangement of cells (Acini, papillae and cell balls), cytoplasmic and nuclear details were used for giving the cytological diagnosis. Comparative evaluation of conventional smear versus cellblock technique was done and tabulation of cytomorphological characters was studied to identify the malignancy and most probable primary site.
The cellular material in conventional smear is considered to be mild when there are 5-50 nucleated cells per high power field, moderate when there are 50-200 cells per high power field and marked when there are >200 cells per high power field. The cellular material in the cellblock is mild when there are 5-200 nucleated cells per high power field, moderate when 200-1000 cells per high power field and marked when there are >1000 cells per high power field.
RESULTS:
Comparative evaluation of conventional smear versus cellblock technique was done. The data was tabulated and statistical analysis performed to see sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value to asses our study. Out of 48 ascitic fluids a mild male preponderance with male to female ratio 1.5:1 was noted. The maximum number of samples was in the age group of 51-60 years (25%). In males the maximum number of samples was in the age group of 51-60 years. In female the maximum number of samples was in the age group of 41-50years and 51-60years. Least number of samples was in the age group of 11-20 years. (Table 1). In case of ascitic fluids, in cellblock method 68% cases show marked cellularity while in conventional smear only 36% cases show marked cellularity. Singly scattered cells are more common in conventional smears and cell clusters, papillae are more common in cellblock.
Out of the 48 ascitic fluid samples cytological diagnosis of benign effusions was rendered in (76%) cases and suspicious for malignancy in (16%) cases where as in cellblock malignant effusions were diagnosed in (32%) cases. There was no diagnosis of suspicious for malignancy in cellblock. (Table 1). In ascitic fluid, out of 48 cases difference in diagnosis were noted in 12 cases. Among them 4 cases were diagnosed as benign effusion on conventional smear. Other 8 cases were diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy. By cellblock method additional 12 malignant cases were diagnosed. There is 24% more diagnostic yield for malignancy. Total number of 17 ascitic fluid samples was diagnosed as malignant effusions by cell block method. Out of 17 cases of ascitic fluid primary was identified in 11 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of our study is 100% and 76% respectively. The positive predictive value is 41% and negative predictive value is 100%. Accuracy rate is 80%. Kappa value is 0.475 which indicates moderate agreement.
DISCUSSION:
Cytological examination of serous fluids has increasingly gained acceptance in clinical practice to such an extent that a positive diagnosis often is considered the definitive test and obviates exploratory surgery. 4 Reactive mesothelial cells, abundance of inflammatory cells and paucity of representative cells contribute to considerable difficulties in making conclusive diagnosis on conventional smears. 5 In this study an attempt was made to prepare and analyze both smears and cellblock from the same specimen. Due consideration was given to age, sex, site of effusion and clinical and radiological findings to arrive at final diagnosis and also to identify primary malignant lesion. In the present study we evaluated conventional smears and cellblocks preparation for cellularity, architectural pattern, predominant cells, volume of obscuring background and the preservation of morphology. Here mild cellularity was observed in 40% samples and 24% samples show marked cellularity with conventional smear preparation where as in cell block method marked cellularity was observed in 52% samples. Chi-Square test for linear trend revealed statistically significant value indicating that the cellular yield was more with the cellblock method as compared to conventional smear method ( Table 1).
The cellblock concentrated the cellular material into a small area which was useful in screening the material in lesser time. Similar findings were noted in studies by Thapar et al, 2 Dekker et al, 4 Krogerus et al, 6 Yang et al. 7 Samples also show architectural patterns such as sheets, glands, papillae etc. In conventional smear 60% cases show single scattered cells whereas only 27% cases show single scattered cells in cellblock method. Here also Chi-Square test for linear trend revealed statistically significant value. Pseudoacinar or acinar structures and nucleoli were better appreciated in our study when compared to conventional smears. The reactive or atypical mesothelial cell which stimulate malignancy in smears were identified as reactive or mesothelial cells by cellblock method. Similar findings were noticed in Dekker and Bupp study. 4 In a study by Dekker et al, 4 the rate of recovery of tumor cells by cellblock preparation was double that obtained by smear alone. By using cellblock method tumours were subsequently demonstrated in 38% of the patient who had negative or atypical cytological reports. Thaper et al, 2 showed a diagnostic yield of 20% by cellblock preparations. The present study yielded 24% more malignant cases in ascitic fluid. In a study done by Khan et al, 8 additional findings were diagnostic in 16% of malignant cases. Khan et al,8 in another study titled as '' Usefulness of cellblock verses smears in malignant effusion cases '' reported that the recovery rate for malignant lesions by cellblock preparation was 20% greater than that obtained for specimen examined in smear only.
In ascitic fluid, out of 48 cases difference in diagnosis was noted in 12 cases. Among them 4 cases were diagnosed as benign effusion on conventional smear. Other 8 cases were diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy. By cellblock method additional 12 malignant cases were diagnosed. There is 24% more diagnostic yield for malignancy. The degenerating mesothelial cells appear like signet ring cells, with large vacuoles replacing the nucleus to periphery and thus can be misleading. Similar findings were also observed in studies by Dekker et al. 4, Takayagi et al, 9 Chapman et al, 10 and Vellios et al. 11 When conventional smears were compared with cellblock preparation for morphological preservation, the cellblock sections showed clearly recognizable cells with minimal shrinkage and aberrations. The cytomorphologic features were well maintained with minimal shrinkage and aberration. The findings were similar to the findings in the studies by Thaper et al, 2 Dekker et al. 4 Nathan et al, 3 and Takagi et al. 9 Studies by Takagi et al, 9 Vellios et al 11 The Disadvantages of the Cellblock Preparation are: Delay in diagnosis when compared to conventional smears. Loss of cellular materials and cytological details during processing. The techniques received not much attention, probably due to lack of standardized cost effective methods that achieve better diagnostic results.
The Limitations of the Present Study are:
Inadequate sample in some cases resulting in inadequate cell block. Total no of cases are low, observation could have been more representative and more statistically significant if number of cases were more. Immunohistochemistry could not done, which could have been more informative.
CONCLUSION:
Cytological examination of serous fluid is one of the commonly performed examinations. It is important not only in diagnosis but also staging and prognosis. The diagnostic performance of cytological study of fluid may be attributable to the fact that cell population present in sediment is representative of larger surface area than that obtained by needle biopsy. Cell block technique is simple, inexpensive and does not require any special training or instrument. Morphological features were better identified by cell block method when compared to conventional smear method. Multiple sections can be obtained if required for special stain or IHC study. It bridges the gap between cytology and histology. Therefore, a combined approach of conventional smears and cell block technique helps to get an additional diagnostic yield for malignancy in suspected pleural effusion and ascetic fluid samples.
and Sears et al12 have suggested a clear preference for cellblock sections in cytological examination of effusions. Takagi et al9 concluded that the results of Papanicolaou method can be improved with increased volume of fluid to be centrifuged. Vellios et al 11 stated that Papanicolaou stain offers excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic details and errors may be avoided by proper attention to technical details. Out of 17 cases of ascitic fluid primary was identified in 11 cases which included 8 cases of ovarian tumor and 3 cases from carcinoma of GIT.The advantages of the Cellblock Preparation are: Recognition of histologic patterns of diseases that sometimes cannot be identified reliably in smears. Possible processing of the multiple sections of the same material for routine staining, special staining and immunologic procedure, Less cellular dispersion, which permits easier microscopic observation than do the conventional smears, Less difficulty in spite of background showing excess blood on microscopic observation, Lower cost than the biopsies. Possibilities of storing slides for retrospective studies. Storage of the conventional smear is a practical problem.
Fig. 1 :
1Photomicrograph showing clusters and papillae of malignant cells in conventional smear (Leishman stain, 40x). Fig. 2: Photomicrograph showing malignant cell clusters o in cellblock (H & E, 40x).
Cytopathlogic diagnosis of serous fluids. V B Shidham, B Atkinson, WB Saunders. ElsevierShidham V B, Atkinson B F. Cytopathlogic diagnosis of serous fluids. Elsevier, WB Saunders, 2006; 1-55.
Critical analysis of cellblock versus smear examination in effusions. M Thapar, R K Mishra, A Sharma, V Goyal, Journal of cytology. 262Thapar M, Mishra RK, Sharma A, Goyal V. Critical analysis of cellblock versus smear examination in effusions. Journal of cytology 2009; 26(2): 60-64.
Cellblock cytology-Improved preparation and its efficacy in diagnostic cytology. N A Nathan, E Narayan, M M Smith, M J Horn, Am J Clin Pathol. 114Nathan NA, Narayan E, Smith MM, Horn MJ. Cellblock cytology-Improved preparation and its efficacy in diagnostic cytology. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114: 599-606.
Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cellblocks versus smears. A Dekker, P A Bupp, Am J Clin Pathol. 706Dekker A, Bupp PA. Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cellblocks versus smears. Am J Clin Pathol 1978; 70(6):855-60.
comparison of smears and cellblocks in the fine needle aspiration diagnosis of recurrent gynecological malignancies. E M Wojcik, S M Selvagi, Acta Cytol. 356Wojcik EM, Selvagi SM, comparison of smears and cellblocks in the fine needle aspiration diagnosis of recurrent gynecological malignancies. Acta Cytol 1991; 35 (6):773-6.
A simple method for the preparation of paraffin embedded cellblocks from fine needle aspirates, effusions and brushings. L A Krogerus, L C Anderson, Acta Cytol. 324Krogerus L A, Anderson L C. A simple method for the preparation of paraffin embedded cellblocks from fine needle aspirates, effusions and brushings. Acta Cytol 1998; 32 (4): 585-7.
Compact cellblocks use for body fluid, fine needle aspirations and endometrial brush biopsies. G C Yang, L S Wan, J Papellas, J Waisman, Acta Cytol. 48Yang GC, Wan L S, Papellas J, Waisman J. Compact cellblocks use for body fluid, fine needle aspirations and endometrial brush biopsies. Acta Cytol 1998; 48: 703-6.
Usefulness of cellblocks versus smears in malignant effusion cases. N Khan, K R Sherwani, N Afroz, S Kapoor, Journal of cytology. 233Khan N, Sherwani KR, Afroz N, Kapoor S. Usefulness of cellblocks versus smears in malignant effusion cases. Journal of cytology 2006; 23(3): 129-132.
Studies on tumor cells in serous effusion. F Takagi, Am J Clin Pathol. 24Takagi F. Studies on tumor cells in serous effusion. Am J Clin Pathol 1954; 24: 663-75.
The examination of serous fluids by cellblock technique. Chapman Cb, E J Whalen, New Engl. J. Med. 2377CB and Chapman Whalen EJ. The examination of serous fluids by cellblock technique. New Engl. J. Med 1947; 237(7):215-20.
The examination of body fluids for tumor cells. F Velios, J Griffin, Am J Clin Pathol. 24Velios F, Griffin J. The examination of body fluids for tumor cells Am J Clin Pathol 1954; 24: 676- 681.
The cytological diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in pleural and pericardial effusions. D Sears, S I Hajdu, Acta Cytol. 312Sears D, Hajdu SI. The cytological diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in pleural and pericardial effusions. Acta Cytol 1987; 31(2):85-97.
| s2orc_abstract_body | 1 |
Any Scanners/Trackers Still Working? | A group of friends and I are heading down to Coronado tonight and scanners/trackers would really help :) | reddit_title_body | 186 |
What do I do with my mail when I'm switching apartments? | I have a 9 day gap between moving out of my current apartment and moving into my new one (thanks rental companies). I know I can set up mail forwarding from my old address, but what do I do with the 9 days where I don't have an address? | reddit_title_body | 109 |
The philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka | One of the world's most influential logicians, Jaakko Hintikka is a leading figure on the international philosophical scene. Here, he responds to his critics. The 27 critical and descriptive essays in this book, written by important scholars from a variety of fields, challenge Hintikka's innovations in philosophy, logic, and linguistics. His replies, and the essays themselves, all previously unpublished, form a lively, provocative exchange of ideas. Also included is an intellectual autobiography and a complete bibliography of Hintikka's writings. | s2orc_title_abstract | 167 |
Do zebras have short tails or long tails? | Why will a zebra have a tail? | wikianswers | 92 |
Supplemental http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/suppl/2011/08/09/25.15.1583.DC1.html References http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/25/15/1583.full.html#related-urls Article cited in: http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/25/15/1583.full.html#ref-list-1Remote distal enhancers may be located tens or thousands of kilobases away from their promoters. How they control gene expression is still poorly understood. Here, we analyze the influence of a remote enhancer on the balance between repression (Polycomb-PcG) and activation (Trithorax-TrxG) of a developmentally regulated gene associated with a CpG island. We reveal its essential, nonredundant role in clearing the PcG complex and H3K27me3 from the CpG island. In the absence of the enhancer, the H3K27me3 demethylase (JMJD3) is not recruited to the CpG island. We propose a new role of long-range regulatory elements in removing repressive PcG complexes. |
It is still not fully understood how genes are switched on or off during differentiation and development. However, the role of remote regulatory elements in this process is thought to be critical (Bulger and Groudine 2011). One important epigenetic mechanism regulating many genes involves the opposing effects of the Polycomb (PcG, repressive) and Trithorax group (TrxG, activating) proteins, which play critical roles in stem cell biology, development, and cancer (Simon and Kingston 2009). The promoters of most PcG/TrxG target genes are associated with CpG islands that remain unmethylated in all cell types (Mendenhall et al. 2010; MD Lynch, AJ Smith, M De Gobbi, M Flenley, JR Hughes, D Vernimmen, H Ayyub, JA Sharpe, JA Sloane-Stanley, L Sutherland, et al., in prep.). During lineage commitment and differentiation, PcG complexes are cleared from silenced genes and replaced by TrxG complexes as these genes are switched on. Specific histone methyltransferases in these complexes create characteristic chromatin signatures when PcG (H3K27me3) or TrxG (H3K4me3) complexes are bound to chromatin. Bivalent chromatin patterns (H3K27me3 and H3K4me3) may be seen prior to commitment, and these two chromatin marks are then resolved during differentiation (Sawarkar and Paro 2010;Surface et al. 2010). Bivalent domains may also arise de novo during differentiation (Roh et al. 2006;Mohn et al. 2008). The recruitment and removal of PcG and TrxG complexes are a dynamic process. However, the potential of remote cis-acting elements to influence the balance between repression and activation throughout development and differentiation has not been explored. To address these issues, we characterized changes in the recruitment of transcription factors (TFs), cofactors, chromatin-associated proteins (including PcG and TrxG), and associated chromatin modifications to the human a-globin CpG island in the presence or absence of a distant enhancer.
A major problem in analyzing these aspects of gene regulation arises when perturbation of the gene in question (e.g., a key TF) leads to a perturbation of cell fate. In this case, the cellular phenotype alters as regulation of the gene under investigation is altered. To circumvent this, such experiments are often done in cell lines whose fate is fixed. To analyze human a-globin expression in primary cells, we developed an experimental model in which the human a-globin cluster (117 kb) replaces the mouse a-globin cluster (87 kb; humanized model) ( Fig. 1; Wallace et al. 2007). Since a-globin is an end product of a gene regulatory network, perturbing this gene has no effect on cell fate. Expression of the human a-globin genes is controlled by remote upstream regulatory elements (MCSR1-4), of which MCS-R2 (also known as HS-40) (Fig. 1), located 60 kb upstream of the a-globin promoters, is the major enhancer element (Higgs et al. 2008). In the humanized system in which MCS-R2 has been deleted by homologous recombination, the erythroid progenitors in adult mice differentiate normally, and thus, in terms of the trans-acting environment, the normal and mutant cells are directly comparable (Vernimmen et al. 2009). Any differences are solely due to the presence or absence of MCS-R2 in cis to the promoter.
Here we show that, in erythroid cells, the remote tissue-specific enhancer (MCS-R2) plays an essential, nonredundant role in clearing the PcG complex and its associated modification (H3K27me3) from the CpG island, when the a-globin genes become fully activated. Furthermore, in the absence of the enhancer, the CpG island does not recruit the H3K27 demethylase JMJD3. This demonstrates that in addition to the recruitment of TFs, cofactors, and the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter, long-range regulatory elements also play a critical role in removing repressive PcG complexes.
Results and Discussion
Using the humanized mouse, we previously showed that the removal of MCS-R2 dramatically reduces the formation of chromosomal looping, which normally occurs between the upstream regulatory elements and the promoter in erythroid cells. In the absence of MCS-R2, the human a-globin genes are expressed at <2% of normal, in erythroid cells (Vernimmen et al. 2009). Here, we first determined the effect of MCS-R2 on recruitment of key, cell type-specific, and ubiquitously expressed TFs known to bind the a-globin promoter in Ter119 + mature erythroblasts (Vernimmen et al. 2007). In the absence of MCS-R2, TFs (e.g., Sp-XKLF and NFY) and cofactors, such as histone acetyl transferases (PCAF, GCN5, CBP, and p300), are not recruited efficiently (Supplemental Table 1). These findings are reflected by suboptimal histone acetylation (Supplemental Table 1). Of interest, there is a progressive decrease in TF occupancy at key cis elements (MCS-R1/HS-48, MCS-R3/HS-33, and MCS-R4/HS-10) along the chromosome, with the a-globin promoter being the most affected (Supplemental Fig. 1; Supplemental Table 1). Furthermore, in the absence of MCS-R2, ubiquitination of H2B (H2Bub, associated with activation) does not occur efficiently at the a-globin gene (Fig. 2, left panel). Ubiquitination of H2B is thought to be required for subsequent methylation of H3K79 by Dot1 (Shilatifard 2008), and without MCS-R2, H3K79 is not efficiently methylated ( Fig. 2; Supplemental Fig. 2). As previously described (Vernimmen et al. 2007), without MCS-R2, occupancies of the PIC components (TBP, TFIIE, and TFIIB) were all low with an even more dramatic effect on PolII ( Fig. 2; Supplemental Fig. 1) compared with the normal chromosome. These findings confirm that in the humanized mouse cells (as in primary human and mouse cells), a key role of the upstream element (MCS-R2) is to facilitate recruitment and/or stabilization of the PIC at the a-globin promoter, late during erythropoiesis.
We then evaluated the role of MCS-R2 on the deposition of methyl groups to the Lys 4 residue of histone H3. As in human primary erythroblasts ), the upstream elements are marked by mono-and dimethyl H3K4 in fully active humanized erythroid cells (Supplemental Fig. 3). In contrast, the chromatin associated with the a-globin promoter and the body of the gene is modified by H3K4me3 (Fig. 2, right panel; Supplemental Fig. 3). These findings are also consistent with the chromatin features of enhancers and promoters, as established in genome-wide analyses (Heintzman et al. 2007). In the absence of MCS-R2, the mono-and dimethylation of H3K4 seem to occur normally (Supplemental Fig. 3, left panel). Moreover and more unexpectedly, despite the absence of detectable H2Bub and H3K79me3 and the associated transcription (expression of only ;2% of normal), the overall level of H3K4me3 at the a-globin gene was ;50% of that seen in the fully active, highly transcribed gene (considering the amount of H3K4me3 detected on the endogenous control) ( Fig. 2; Supplemental Fig. 3). Note that, in the absence of MCS-R2, the distribution of mono-, di-, and trimethyl H3K4 becomes skewed more to the promoter than the body of the gene. This might be partially due to higher levels of H3 occupancy at the promoter in the DMCS-R2 compared with normal (Supplemental Fig. 4). Of interest, in the absence of the enhancer, H3K36me3 (a marker of transcriptional elongation) is also detectable (Supplemental Fig. 5).
The H3K4me3 modification is imposed by the human TrxG proteins, which include several complexes (hSet1 and MLL1-5) (Shilatifard 2008). It has recently been shown that H3K4 methylation at CpG islands may be mediated via the hSet1 complex, which contains a CpG island-binding protein (CGBP, or Cfp1). CGBP is thought to bind unmethylated CpG-rich sequences irrespective of transcription, thereby recruiting hSet1 (Thomson et al. 2010). This implies that chromatin at unmethylated CpG islands might be modified by H3K4me3 as a default state.
Here we found that in human nonerythroid cells, CGBP/ Cfp1 is not detectable at the associated CpG island (as judged by two different antibodies) (Supplemental Fig. 6). Similarly, when the a genes are severely down-regulated in the humanized mouse MCS-R2 mutant, CGBP/Cfp1 is present at very low levels ( Fig. 2; Supplemental Fig. 7). Thus, CGBP/Cfp1 is only readily detected in association with high levels of a-globin expression. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the relatively high levels of H3K4me3 seen in the DMCS-R2 mutant (when the a genes are expressed at relatively low levels) reflect a default state mediated by CGBP/Cfp1. In contrast, it suggests Figure 1. Generation of humanized mice as a model to study the human a-globin locus and organization of the human a-globin cluster. A region of conserved synteny in mouse chromosome 11 was replaced by the orthologous human region (Wallace et al. 2007). In this study, heterozygous mice were used to avoid lethality using the MCS-R2 deletion (DMCS-R2) but also to keep the other allele (mouse) as an endogenous positive control. The globin genes are shown as labeled red boxes. The positions of previously described, DNaseI-hypersensitive sites are shown as arrows. The widely expressed gene NPRL3 (also known as the À14 gene in human or the Prox gene in mouse) transcribed from the opposite strand to that of the a-globin is shown as an orange box. Short vertical lines (black) indicate amplicons used in ChIP experiments. Gray boxes refer to previously defined multispecies conserved elements (MCS) and light-green boxes indicate CpG islands.
that H3K4me3 might be a sensitive mark of basal transcription. Interestingly, it was previously suggested that CpG islands marked by H3K27me3 may exclude binding of CGBP (Thomson et al. 2010). We showed previously that a functionally repressive PcG complex is bound at the CpG islands associated with the human a-globin promoters in human nonerythroid cells, in which the a genes are transcriptionally silent (Garrick et al. 2008). Here, we show that CGBP is indeed excluded from CpG islands bound by PcG by comparing human nonexpressing (PcGbound) versus expressing (PcG-unbound) cells (Supplemental Fig. 6). We therefore next determined whether the lack of CGBP recruitment in the DMCS-R2 mutant is associated with persistent PcG binding.
PcG complex is normally bound to both the adult (a) and embryonic (z) globin CpG islands in human embryonic Figure 2. H3K4me3 is not associated with H2Bub, H3K79me3, Pol II, and CGBP. Real-time PCR analysis of immunoprecipitated chromatin using the antibodies indicated in ÀMCS-R2 (left) and +MCS-R2 (right) humanized erythroid cells (Ter119-positive cells purified by automagnetic-activated cell sorting). The Y-axis represents enrichment over the input DNA, normalized to a control sequence in the mouse GAPDH gene. The X-axis represents the positions of the TaqMan probes used. The coding sequence is represented by the three exons (Promoter/ Ex1, Ex2, Ex3) of the human a-globin genes as shown in Figure 1. (Mouse Ex1 and Mouse Ex2) Control sequences at the mouse a-globin gene; (CpG Act) additional control sequence at the CpG island of the mouse b-actin gene. The amplicons highlighted in red represent deleted regions in the humanized mice, for which no PCR signal is observed. Error bars correspond to 61 SD from at least two independent ChIPs. The CGBP antibody used here was purchased from Abcam.
Long-range control of epigenetic regulation stem cells and pluripotent progenitors, in which expression of the a genes is detectable at extremely low levels (De Gobbi et al. 2011). Polycomb remains bound to the silenced embryonic (z) gene in mature erythroid cells. In contrast, PcG is cleared from the adjacent a-globin CpG island as this gene becomes expressed at high levels in mature erythroid cells (Garrick et al. 2008;De Gobbi et al. 2011). This pattern is fully recapitulated in the humanized mouse system (Fig. 3, right panel; Supplemental Fig. 8). Moreover, we show here that as the PRC2-associated chromatin modification (H3K27me3) is erased, the histone H3K27 demethylase JMJD3 is recruited (Fig. 3, right panel; Supplemental Fig. 8). We next studied humanized mice in which MCS-R2 had been deleted to determine whether the upstream enhancer normally plays a role in clearing the PcG complex from the a-globin CpG island during erythropoiesis. As before, in the absence of MCS-R2, the silenced z gene remains bound by PcG throughout differentiation. However, in the absence of MCS-R2, PRC2 is no longer cleared from the a-globin CpG island, and JMJD3 is no longer recruited (Fig. 3, left panel; Supplemental Fig. 8). We showed previously that PcG repression of the a-globin gene may be mediated (at least in part) by HDAC1, which is normally cleared with PcG complex during erythropoiesis (Garrick et al. 2008). Here, in the absence of MCS-R2, HDAC1 remains bound to the a-globin genes (Fig. 3). These contrasting observations on two adjacent CpG islands show that MCS-R2 exerts a specific effect on PcG clearance from the a-globin (but not the z-globin) gene during adult erythropoiesis.
There is increasing evidence that CpG islands, such as those associated with the a-globin promoter, constitute at least one element that can mediate recruitment of PcG and TrxG complexes to mammalian promoters (Mendenhall et al. 2010 et al., in prep.). As previously noted, PcGbinding sites are dynamic, are nucleosomedepleted, and have a rapid histone turnover (the residency time of PcG is in the order of a few minutes) (Ficz et al. 2005). PcG binding is therefore thought to be dynamic and sensitive to the antagonistic action of TrxG proteins together with positive and negative input from other TFs and cofactors. However, it is not known whether the eviction of PcG silencing complex from its targets, seen during development and differentiation, depends on the presence of distal regulatory elements or only on (co)factors acting at proximal cis elements. In this study, we used a mouse experimental model to analyze the CpG island associated with the human a-globin promoter in two states: without and with its interacting distant enhancer, both in terminally differentiated erythroid cells. We also compared the recruitment of CGBP in nonexpressing versus expressing human cells. In nonerythroid cells, the unmethylated, nuclease-insensitive CpG island associated with the a-globin gene is bound by PcG and is transcriptionally silenced (referred to as the ''silent state'') ( Fig. 4A). In erythroid cells without MCS-R2 (referred to as ''basal state''), and in contrast to nonerythroid cells (Garrick et al. 2008), the promoter becomes accessible to some TFs and is associated with some active chromatin modifications (e.g., H3K4me3) with relatively low levels of transcription (;2% of normal) (Fig. 4B). Nevertheless, the PcG complex with its associated modification (H3K27me3) is still prominent at the a-globin CpG island. We also demonstrate here that PcG and CGBP binding are mutually exclusive (cf. Figs. 2 and 3). In erythroid cells with MCS-R2 (referred to as ''active state''), PcG complexes are completely removed from the CpG island (Fig. 4C). Furthermore, the histone H3K27 demethylase JMJD3, which may remove H3K27me3 and thereby facilitate transcription, is also recruited at high levels. Recruitment of the SAGA complex (e.g., PCAF and GCN5) becomes prominent and the downstream effects (e.g., deposition of H2Bub and H3K79 methylation) are established. At this stage, high levels of transcription are associated with binding of CGBP. We thus show that the recruitment of the demethylase JMJD3 and full clearance of the PcG-repressive complex (including PRC2 and HDAC1) at the a-globin CpG island depend on one or more activities mediated by the remote regulatory element and are associated In nonerythroid cells, the CpG island is entirely silenced by PcG and HDAC1, associated with the repressive histone mark H3K27me3. The promoter ''P'' is not sensitive to DNaseI, and transcription does not occur. (B) In erythroid cells lacking the enhancer, the gene remains repressed by PcG and marked by H3K27me3. At this basal level of expression, the promoter becomes accessible to some TFs and chromatin-modifying enzymes and is marked by moderate levels of H3K4me3, which reflect very low levels of transcription. (C) In the presence of the enhancer, PcG is evicted and the H3K27me3 histone mark is erased by recruitment of demethylase JMJD3. Acetylation (H3ac and H4ac), H3K79me3, and H2Bub increases with spreading of HAT and Bre (SAGA) along the coding sequence ''C.'' At this activated stage, the remaining TFs, including Pol II, are now fully recruited, and a high rate of transcription occurs. The CpG island at this stage is also bound by CGBP.
with the transition between basal and fully activated transcription.
These findings demonstrate for the first time that the pattern of PcG binding at a CpG island may be affected by cis-acting elements located far away from the associated promoter. In contrast, the chromatin modification associated with TrxG activity (H3K4me3) appears to be more dependent on local changes at the CpG island that occur in the context of basal transcription. Future studies will address how long-range enhancers exert these effects. It is possible that transcriptional activation per se competes with the competitive binding of PcG complexes and is responsible for the clearance of these complexes (MD Lynch, AJ Smith, M De Gobbi, M Flenley, JR Hughes, D Vernimmen, H Ayyub, JA Sharpe, JA Sloane-Stanley, L Sutherland, et al., in prep.). The second is that upstream elements also deliver new proteins (e.g., JMJD3) or modify proteins (e.g., histones) that facilitate the removal of PcG. In the past, detailed analysis of the globin genes has established many of the general principles underlying mammalian gene regulation, and it therefore seems probable that this new role of distal regulatory elements in removing PcG from their target promoters will be of considerable general importance.
Materials and methods
Primary cells
Ter119-positive mature primary mouse erythroid cells (humanized) were obtained by automagnetic-activated cell sorting, as previously described (Vernimmen et al. 2007(Vernimmen et al. , 2009Wallace et al. 2007). Primary human erythroblasts were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from blood donors and expanded in a two-phase system as previously described ). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines were derived from healthy subjects.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP)
ChIP was performed as previously described (Vernimmen et al. 2007). For histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin was first cross-linked with EGS (Pearce, Thermo Scientific, product no. 21565) in PBS at a final concentration of 2 mM for 60 min at room temperature. Formaldehyde was then added at a final concentration of 1% for 15 min at room temperature, and samples were sonicated for 20 min at 4°C to fragment genomic DNA (Bioruptor; Diagenode). The antibodies used were Pol II (H-224), JMJD3 (N-24), GCN5 (H-75), PCAF (H-369), p300 (C-20), CBP (A-22) (purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology); H3K79me1 (ab2886), H3K79me2 (ab3594), H3K79me3 (ab2621), H3K27ac (ab4729), H3 (ab1791), CGBP (ab56035), H3K4me3 (ab8085), and Suz12 (ab12073) (purchased from abcam); DOT1L (A300-954A) (purchased from Bethyl Laboratory, Inc.); HDAC1 (06-720), H3ac (06-599), H4ac (06-866), H3K9ac (07-352), H3K14ac (07-353), H3K27me3 (07-449), H3K4me1 (07-436), H3K4me2 (07-030), H3K4me3 (05-745R), H4 (07-108), H2A (06-13923), H2B (06-1790), JMJD3 (07-1533), and JMJD3 (07-1534) (purchased from Millipore); H2Bub (MM-0029) (purchased from Medimabs); and Ezh2 (PAB0649) (purchased from Abnova). Real-time PCR using primers and probes (59FAM-39TAMRA) for murine and human a-globin locus were described previously (Anguita et al. 2004;De Gobbi et al. 2007).
Figure 3 .
3Removal of Polycomb repressor complexes is dependent on MCS-R2 and associated with recruitment of JMJD3. Graphs are displayed as in Figure 2. Additional amplicons flanking the embryonic z-globin gene (142, 147, and 149) have been used in these experiments to highlight the two independent PcG domains observed in the mutant human allele DMCS-R2 (shown in the left panel). The shaded area represents the adult a-globin CpG island, from which PcG is normally cleared in the Normal allele in erythroid cells (shown in the right panel). (Left) In the absence of MCS-R2, PcG is not cleared from the a-globin genes and thus remains present at both domains. M Gata6 represents a positive control for PcG binding. The JMJD3 antibody used recognizes the N-terminal region of the protein (Millipore).
; MD Lynch, AJ Smith, M De Gobbi, M Flenley, JR Hughes, D Vernimmen, H Ayyub, JA Sharpe, JA Sloane-Stanley, L Sutherland,
Figure 4 .
4Long-range control of epigenetic regulation. (A)
[ Keywords :
Keywordspolycomb; enhancer; chromatin; CpG islands] 3 Corresponding author. E-mail [email protected]. Article is online at http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gad.16985411. Freely available online through the Genes & Development Open Access option.
GENES & DEVELOPMENT 25:1583-1588 Ó 2011 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 0890-9369/11; www.genesdev.org
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on November 10, 2012 -Published by genesdev.cshlp.org Downloaded from
GENES & DEVELOPMENT Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on November 10, 2012 -Published by genesdev.cshlp.org Downloaded from
AcknowledgmentsWe are very grateful to Dave Skalnik for CGBP antibody. Many thanks to Jane Mellor, Tom Milne, Nick Proudfoot, Roger Patient, Maggie Walmsley, and Richard Gibbons for critically reading the manuscript. Furthermore, we thank Sue Butler and Christina Rode for technical assistance. This work was funded by the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Program.
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| s2orc_abstract_body | 56 |
Cultural Responses to a Late Holocene Climatic Oscillation in the Mariana Islands, Micronesia: Lessons from the Past | Archaeological data from south-central Guam are presented to show that technological and social adaptations enabled the ancestral Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia, to remain mobile farmer-fishers despite a major climatic oscillation, from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, c. 800-1350 C.E.) to the Little Ice Age (LIA, c. 1350-1900 C.E.). For several centuries people responded appropriately to increased aridity and harvest shortfalls during the LIA but tolerance limits for stresses to their cultural system were exceeded during violent clashes with Spanish colonizers in the late 17th century. | s2orc_title_abstract | 242 |
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Speed-sensorless torque control of induction machine based on carrier signal injection and smooth-air-gap induction machine model | A speed-estimation technique for induction machines, based on carrier signal injection and the standard two-axis smooth-air-gap induction machine model, is presented. The proposed speed-estimation technique can work over a wide range of operating points, including fundamental dc excitation. The stability of the algorithm is analyzed using a two-time-scale approach. Based on the estimated rotor speed, a torque controller is designed. Experimental results are presented confirming the validity of this approach. A method to reduce torque ripple generated by the injected carrier signals is also introduced | s2orc_title_abstract | 209 |
The Growth of GaN Films by Migration-Enhanced Epitaxy | Gallium Nitride epitaxial films were grown by migration enhanced epitaxy directly on sapphire (0001) without using any pre-growth substrate nitridation or low temperature buffer layers. In comparison with the material grown directly on sapphire by conventional molecular beam epitaxy, a significant improvement in the surface morphology and layer properties, measured by reflection high energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, room temperature photoluminescence and the Hall effect, was observed for material grown by migration enhanced epitaxy. | s2orc_title_abstract | 73 |
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how much of the mutant population was affected by hub | Hub (comics) the resulting electro-magnetic damage. Inside of the gang, she became close friends with Hack and the two of them began to doubt if Unus' exclusive, clique-like strategy was the best way. When a mentally ill Scarlet Witch removed the mutant gene from over 90% of the mutant population, Hub was one of the many who lost her powers. However, Quicksilver—as an act of penance for his part in the worldwide depowering—stole some Terrigen crystals from the Inhumans in an attempt to repower some mutants. He started his mass efforts in Genosha and effectively restored the abilities of many on the | paq | 235 |
My 9 month old granddaughter loved her Baby Stella | My 9 month old granddaughter loved her Baby Stella. She was pretty busy with all the Christmas, but when things calmed down, she hugged her babydoll and kept taking off the binkie and giving it back to her!! I feel I made a good choice. | amazon_reviews | 187 |
Revisiting the JDL model for information exploitation | The original Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) model was developed in the early 90's, with revisits in 1998, and 2004. Today, with new technologies of big data, cloud computing, and machine analytics, there is an ever increasing need for integration of people and machines. The original JDL model focused on the data fusion (correlation, filtering, and association) issues, while today there is an increasing emphasis on an integrated approach to information exploitation over sensors, users, and missions using enterprise architectures, interoperability standards, and intelligence to the edge. Given these recent changes to computation and distributed access, we examine ways for extending the JDL model from 1998 to support exploitation functions and information management for situation awareness, massive data analytics for contextual awareness, and domain-specific needs for mission awareness. | s2orc_title_abstract | 310 |
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