Impressionism: Art and Modernity | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
In 1874, a group of artists called the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc. organized an exhibition in Paris that launched the ...
later avant-garde art
Its many facets and varied participants make the Impressionist movement difficult to define. Indeed, its life seems as fleeting as the light effects it sought to capture. Even so, Impressionism was a movement of enduring consequence, as its embrace of modernity made it the springboard for <anchor>later avant-garde art</anchor> in Europe.
Post-Impressionism | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
Post-Impressionism \| Essay \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

[Homepage](/ "Homepage")

Jump to content [tickets](https://engage.metmuseum.org/admission/?promocode=55916) [Member](https://engage.metmuseum.org/members/membership/?promocode=56373) \| [Make a donation](https://engage.metmuseum.org/donate?promocode=56351)

Search

- Visit



- [Plan Your Visit](https://www.metmuseum.org/plan-your-visit)
- [Buy Tickets](https://engage.metmuseum.org/admission)
- [Become a Member](https://engage.metmuseum.org/members/membership/?promocode=56373)
- [Free Tours](https://www.metmuseum.org/tours)
- [Museum Map](https://maps.metmuseum.org/)
- [Food and Drink](https://www.metmuseum.org/plan-your-visit/dining)
- [Accessibility](/learn/accessibility)
- [Group Visits](https://www.metmuseum.org/plan-your-visit/group-visits)

- Exhibitions and Events



- [Exhibitions](/exhibitions)
- [Events](https://www.metmuseum.org/events)
- [Free Tours](https://www.metmuseum.org/tours)
- [Performances](https://www.metmuseum.org/events?type=performances%2CperformanceArt%2Cmusic%2Cdance)

- Art



- [The Met Collection](https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection)
- [Curatorial Areas](/about-the-met/collection-areas)
- [Conservation and Scientific Research](/about-the-met/conservation-and-scientific-research)

- Learn with Us



- [Learning Resources](/learn/learning-resources)
- [Publications](https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications)
- [Timeline of Art History](https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/)
- [Workshops and Activities](/learn/workshops-and-activities)
- [Articles, videos, and podcasts](/perspectives)

- Research



- [Libraries and Research Centers](/art/libraries-and-research-centers)

- [Shop](/shop)
- Search
- Go


#### [Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History](/toah) [Essays](/toah/essays)

# Post-Impressionism

[![Road in Etten](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/459193/1510704/main-image)](/art/collection/search/459193)

#### [Road in Etten](/art/collection/search/459193)

Vincent van Gogh


[![Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/436532/1671316/main-image)](/art/collection/search/436532)

#### [Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat (obverse: The Potato Peeler)](/art/collection/search/436532)

Vincent van Gogh


[![Study for ](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/437658/802352/main-image)](/art/collection/search/437658)

#### [Study for "A Sunday on La Grande Jatte"](/art/collection/search/437658)

Georges Seurat


[![The Potato Peeler (reverse: Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/438722/796048/main-image)](/art/collection/search/438722)

#### [The Potato Peeler (reverse: Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat)](/art/collection/search/438722)

Vincent van Gogh


[![Circus Sideshow (Parade de cirque)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/437654/1652949/main-image)](/art/collection/search/437654)

#### [Circus Sideshow (Parade de cirque)](/art/collection/search/437654)

Georges Seurat


[![Ia Orana Maria (Hail Mary)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/438821/795924/main-image)](/art/collection/search/438821)

#### [Ia Orana Maria (Hail Mary)](/art/collection/search/438821)

Paul Gauguin


[![Delightful Land](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/337852/775983/main-image)](/art/collection/search/337852)

#### [Delightful Land](/art/collection/search/337852)

Paul Gauguin


[![Moulin Rouge: La Goulue](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/333990/741412/main-image)](/art/collection/search/333990)

#### [Moulin Rouge: La Goulue](/art/collection/search/333990)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec


[![Peasant Woman Cooking by a Fireplace](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/436531/796298/main-image)](/art/collection/search/436531)

#### [Peasant Woman Cooking by a Fireplace](/art/collection/search/436531)

Vincent van Gogh


[![At the Moulin Rouge: La Goulue and Her Sister](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/334065/1337592/main-image)](/art/collection/search/334065)

#### [At the Moulin Rouge: La Goulue and Her Sister](/art/collection/search/334065)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec


[![The Artist's Portfolio, Pont Aven](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/340784/741264/restricted)](/art/collection/search/340784)

#### [The Artist's Portfolio, Pont Aven](/art/collection/search/340784)

Paul Gauguin


[![Corridor in the Asylum](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/336327/1517058/main-image)](/art/collection/search/336327)

#### [Corridor in the Asylum](/art/collection/search/336327)

Vincent van Gogh


[![Still Life with Teapot and Fruit](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/437999/795927/main-image)](/art/collection/search/437999)

#### [Still Life with Teapot and Fruit](/art/collection/search/437999)

Paul Gauguin


[![Two Tahitian Women](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/436446/795965/main-image)](/art/collection/search/436446)

#### [Two Tahitian Women](/art/collection/search/436446)

Paul Gauguin


[![L'Arlésienne: Madame Joseph-Michel Ginoux (Marie Julien, 1848–1911)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/436529/795979/main-image)](/art/collection/search/436529)

#### [L'Arlésienne: Madame Joseph-Michel Ginoux (Marie Julien, 1848–1911)](/art/collection/search/436529)

Vincent van Gogh


[![La Berceuse (Woman Rocking a Cradle; Augustine-Alix Pellicot Roulin, 1851–1930)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/437984/1964024/main-image)](/art/collection/search/437984)

#### [La Berceuse (Woman Rocking a Cradle; Augustine-Alix Pellicot Roulin, 1851–1930)](/art/collection/search/437984)

Vincent van Gogh


[![Tahitian Faces (Frontal View and Profiles)](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/337172/739964/main-image)](/art/collection/search/337172)

#### [Tahitian Faces (Frontal View and Profiles)](/art/collection/search/337172)

Paul Gauguin


[![First Steps, after Millet](https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/436526/794544/main-image)](/art/collection/search/436526)

#### [First Steps, after Millet](/art/collection/search/436526)

Vincent van Gogh


**James Voorhies**

Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2004

Breaking free of the naturalism of [Impressionism](/toah/hd/imml/hd_imml.htm) in the late 1880s, a group of young painters sought independent artistic styles for expressing emotions rather than simply optical impressions, concentrating on themes of deeper symbolism. Through the use of simplified colors and definitive forms, their art was characterized by a renewed aesthetic sense as well as abstract tendencies. Among the nascent generation of artists responding to Impressionism, [Paul Gauguin](/toah/hd/gaug/hd_gaug.htm) (1848–1903), [Georges Seurat](/toah/hd/seni/hd_seni.htm) (1859–1891), [Vincent van Gogh](/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm) (1853–1890), and the eldest of the group, [Paul Cézanne](/toah/hd/pcez/hd_pcez.htm) (1839–1906), followed diverse stylistic paths in search of authentic intellectual and artistic achievements. These artists, often working independently, are today called Post-Impressionists. Although they did not view themselves as part of a collective movement at the time, Roger Fry (1866–1934), critic and artist, broadly categorized them as “Post-Impressionists,” a term that he coined in his seminal exhibition _Manet and the Post-Impressionists_ installed at the Grafton Galleries in London in 1910.

In the 1880s, [Georges Seurat](/toah/hd/seni/hd_seni.htm) was at the forefront of the challenges to Impressionism with his unique analyses based on then-current notions of optical and color theories. Seurat believed that by placing tiny dabs of pure colors adjacent to one another, a viewer’s eye compensated for the visual disparity between the two by “mixing” the primaries to model a composite hue. The _Study for “A Sunday on La Grande Jatte”_ ( [51.112.6](/toah/works-of-art/51.112.6)) embodies Seurat’s experimental style, which was dubbed Neo-Impressionism. This painting, the last sketch for the final picture that debuted in 1886 at the eighth and final Impressionist exhibition (today in the Art Institute of Chicago), depicts a landscape scene peopled with figures at leisure, a familiar subject of the Impressionists. But Seurat’s updated style invigorates the otherwise conventional subject with a virtuoso application of color and pigment. In _Circus Sideshow_ ( [61.101.17](/toah/works-of-art/61.101.17)), he uses this technique to paint a rare nighttime scene illuminated by artificial light. The young circle of Neo-Impressionists around Seurat included Paul Signac (1863–1935), Maximilien Luce (1858–1941), and Henri-Edmond Cross (1856–1910).

The art of Paul Gauguin developed out of similar Impressionist foundations, but he too dispensed with Impressionistic handling of pigment and imagery in exchange for an approach characterized by solid patches of color and clearly defined forms, which he used to depict exotic themes and images of private and religious symbolism. Gauguin’s peripatetic disposition took him to Brittany, Provence, Martinique, and Panama, finally settling him in remote Polynesia, at first [Tahiti](/toah/hd/tahi/hd_tahi.htm) then the Marquesas Islands. Hoping to escape the aggravations of the industrialized European world and constantly searching for an untouched land of simplicity and beauty, Gauguin looked toward remote destinations where he could live easily and paint the purity of the country and its inhabitants. In Tahiti, he made some of the most insightful and expressive pictures of his career. _Ia Orana Maria (Hail Mary)_ ( [51.112.2](/toah/works-of-art/51.112.2)) resonates with striking imagery and Polynesian iconography, used unconventionally with several well-known Christian themes, including the Adoration of the Magi and the Annunciation. He described this picture in a letter to a dealer friend in Paris: “An angel with yellow wings points out Mary and Jesus, both Tahitians, to two Tahitian women, nudes wrapped in pareus, a sort of cotton cloth printed with flowers that can be draped as one likes from the waist” (letter to Daniel de Monfreid, March 11, 1892).

In _Two Tahitian Women_ ( [49.58.1](/toah/works-of-art/49.58.1)) and _Still Life with Teapot and Fruit_ ( [1997.391.2](/toah/works-of-art/1997.391.2)), Gauguin employed simplified colors and solid forms as he built flat objects that lack traditional notions of perspective, particularly apparent in the still-life arrangement atop a white tablecloth pushed directly into the foreground of the picture plane.

Striving toward comparable emotional intensities as Gauguin, and even working briefly with him in Arles in the south of France in 1888, [Vincent van Gogh](/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm) searched with equal determination for a personal expression in his art. Van Gogh’s early pictures are coarsely rendered images of Dutch peasant life depicted with rugged brushstrokes and dark, earthy tones. _Peasant Woman Cooking by a Fireplace_ ( [1984.393](/toah/works-of-art/1984.393)) shows his fascination with the working class, portrayed here in a crude style of thickly applied dark pigments. Similarly, the _Road in Etten_ ( [1975.1.774](/toah/works-of-art/1975.1.774)) takes the theme outdoors, with laborers working in the Dutch landscape. _Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat_ ( [67.187.70a](/toah/works-of-art/67.187.70a)) is reminiscent of the rapidly applied divisionist strokes of the Neo-Impressionists, particularly Signac, with whom Van Gogh became friends in Paris, while the image on its reverse, _The Potato Peeler_ ( [67.187.70b](/toah/works-of-art/67.187.70b)), recalls his dark style of the early 1880s. This unique object encapsulates the artist’s stylistic experimentations.

Working in Arles, Van Gogh completed a series of paintings that exemplify the artistic independence and proto-Expressionist technique that he developed by the late 1880s, which would later strongly influence [Henri Matisse](/toah/hd/mati/hd_mati.htm) (1869–1954) and his circle of [Fauvist painters](/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm), as well as the German Expressionists. _L’Arlésienne_ ( [51.112.3](/toah/works-of-art/51.112.3)) and _La Berceuse_ ( [1996.435](/toah/works-of-art/1996.435)) feature Van Gogh’s style of rapidly applied, thick, bright colors with dark, definitive outlines. After his voluntary commitment to an asylum in Saint-Rémy in 1889, he painted several pictures with extraordinarily poignant undertones, agitated lines, brilliant colors, and distorted perspective, which include, among others, _Corridor in the Asylum_ ( [48.190.2](/toah/works-of-art/48.190.2)). Paying homage to Jean-François Millet, whom Van Gogh had long admired as evident in his very early pictures of peasants, he celebrates the Barbizon artist’s legacy with _First Steps, after Millet_ ( [64.165.2](/toah/works-of-art/64.165.2)).

Through their radically independent styles and dedication to pursuing unique means of artistic expression, the Post-Impressionists dramatically influenced generations of artists, including [the Nabis](/toah/hd/dcpt/hd_dcpt.htm), especially Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, the German Expressionists, the [Fauves](/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm), [Pablo Picasso](/toah/hd/pica/hd_pica.htm), Georges Braque (1882–1963), and American modernists such as Marsden Hartley and John Marin.

* * *

#### Citation

Voorhies, James. “Post-Impressionism.” In _Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History_. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd\_poim.htm (October 2004)

#### Further Reading

_Signac, 1863–1935_. Exhibition catalogue by Marina Ferretti-Bocquillon et al. . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. [See on MetPublications](http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Signac_1863_1935)

Rewald, John. _Studies in Post-Impressionism_. New York: Abrams, 1986.

#### Additional Essays by James Voorhies

- Voorhies, James. “ [Europe and the Age of Exploration](/toah/hd/expl/hd_expl.htm).” (October 2002)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Pablo Picasso (1881–1973)](/toah/hd/pica/hd_pica.htm).” (October 2004)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) and the Spanish Enlightenment](/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm).” (October 2003)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)](/toah/hd/pcez/hd_pcez.htm).” (October 2004)

- Voorhies, James. “ [School of Paris](/toah/hd/scpa/hd_scpa.htm).” (October 2004)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in Naples](/toah/hd/npls/hd_npls.htm).” (October 2003)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Elizabethan England](/toah/hd/liza/hd_liza.htm).” (October 2002)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) and His Circle](/toah/hd/stgl/hd_stgl.htm).” (October 2004)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Fontainebleau](/toah/hd/font/hd_font.htm).” (October 2002)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Domestic Art in Renaissance Italy](/toah/hd/dome/hd_dome.htm).” (October 2002)

- Voorhies, James. “ [Surrealism](/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm).” (October 2004)


### Related Essays

- [Georges Seurat (1859–1891) and Neo-Impressionism](/toah/hd/seni/hd_seni.htm)
- [Impressionism: Art and Modernity](/toah/hd/imml/hd_imml.htm)
- [Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)](/toah/hd/pcez/hd_pcez.htm)
- [Paul Gauguin (1848–1903)](/toah/hd/gaug/hd_gaug.htm)
- [Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)](/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm)
- [Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) and His Circle](/toah/hd/stgl/hd_stgl.htm)
- [American Impressionism](/toah/hd/aimp/hd_aimp.htm)
- [Art Nouveau](/toah/hd/artn/hd_artn.htm)
- [Cubism](/toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm)
- [Early Modernists and Indian Traditions](/toah/hd/emit/hd_emit.htm)
- [Eugène Atget (1857–1927)](/toah/hd/atgt/hd_atgt.htm)
- [Fauvism](/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm)
- [Geometric Abstraction](/toah/hd/geab/hd_geab.htm)
- [Henri Matisse (1869–1954)](/toah/hd/mati/hd_mati.htm)
- [International Pictorialism](/toah/hd/ipic/hd_ipic.htm)
- [Japonisme](/toah/hd/jpon/hd_jpon.htm)
- [Lithography in the Nineteenth Century](/toah/hd/lith/hd_lith.htm)
- [The Lure of Montmartre, 1880–1900](/toah/hd/mont/hd_mont.htm)
- [The Nabis and Decorative Painting](/toah/hd/dcpt/hd_dcpt.htm)
- [Nineteenth-Century French Realism](/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm)
- [Pablo Picasso (1881–1973)](/toah/hd/pica/hd_pica.htm)
- [The Print in the Nineteenth Century](/toah/hd/prnt2/hd_prnt2.htm)
- [Symbolism](/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm)
- [Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916)](/toah/hd/umbo/hd_umbo.htm)
- [Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)](/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm)

### List of Rulers

- [List of Rulers of Europe](/toah/hd/euru/hd_euru.htm)

### Chronology

- [Central Europe and Low Countries, 1800–1900 A.D.](/toah/ht/10/euwc.html)
- [France, 1800–1900 A.D.](/toah/ht/10/euwf.html)

### Keywords

- [19th Century A.D.](/toah/keywords/19th-century-a-d)
- [20th Century A.D.](/toah/keywords/20th-century-a-d)
- [American Impressionism](/toah/keywords/american-impressionism)
- [Barbizon School](/toah/keywords/barbizon-school)
- [Charcoal](/toah/keywords/charcoal)
- [Europe](/toah/keywords/europe)
- [Fauvism](/toah/keywords/fauvism)
- [Fireplace](/toah/keywords/fireplace)
- [France](/toah/keywords/france)
- [French Literature / Poetry](/toah/keywords/french-literature-poetry)
- [Games](/toah/keywords/games)
- [Gouache](/toah/keywords/gouache)
- [Graphite](/toah/keywords/graphite)
- [Headwear](/toah/keywords/headwear)
- [Impressionism](/toah/keywords/impressionism)
- [Interior](/toah/keywords/interior)
- [Landscape](/toah/keywords/landscape)
- [Leather](/toah/keywords/leather)
- [Les Nabis](/toah/keywords/les-nabis)
- [London](/toah/keywords/london)
- [Low Countries](/toah/keywords/low-countries)
- [Modern and Contemporary Art](/toah/keywords/modern-and-contemporary-art)
- [Music](/toah/keywords/music)
- [Neo-Impressionism](/toah/keywords/neo-impressionism)
- [Oil on Canvas](/toah/keywords/oil-on-canvas)
- [Painting](/toah/keywords/painting)
- [Paris](/toah/keywords/paris)
- [Pointillism](/toah/keywords/pointillism)
- [Portrait](/toah/keywords/portrait)
- [Post-Impressionism](/toah/keywords/post-impressionism)
- [Religious Art](/toah/keywords/religious-art)
- [Self-Portrait](/toah/keywords/self-portrait)
- [Still Life](/toah/keywords/still-life)
- [Trade](/toah/keywords/trade)
- [Watercolor](/toah/keywords/watercolor)

### Artist or Maker

- [Atget, Eugène](/toah/artist/eugene-atget)
- [Bonnard, Pierre](/toah/artist/pierre-bonnard)
- [Braque, Georges](/toah/artist/georges-braque)
- [Cézanne, Paul](/toah/artist/paul-cezanne)
- [Cross, Henri-Edmond](/toah/artist/henri-edmond-cross)
- [Gauguin, Paul](/toah/artist/paul-gauguin)
- [Hartley, Marsden](/toah/artist/marsden-hartley)
- [Manet, Édouard](/toah/artist/edouard-manet)
- [Marin, John](/toah/artist/john-marin)
- [Matisse, Henri](/toah/artist/henri-matisse)
- [Millet, Jean-François](/toah/artist/jean-francois-millet)
- [Picasso, Pablo](/toah/artist/pablo-picasso)
- [Seurat, Georges](/toah/artist/georges-seurat)
- [Signac, Paul](/toah/artist/paul-signac)
- [Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de](/toah/artist/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec)
- [Van Gogh, Vincent](/toah/artist/vincent-van-gogh)
- [Vuillard, Édouard](/toah/artist/edouard-vuillard)

- [Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History](/toah/)

- [About](/toah/about/)
- [Rights & Permissions](/toah/rights-and-permissions/)
- [Artists / Makers](/toah/artists-makers/)
- [Keywords](/toah/keywords/)

[Homepage](/ "Homepage")

- [The Met Fifth Avenue](/visit/met-fifth-avenue)



- 1000 Fifth Avenue
- New York, NY 10028
- Phone: 212-535-7710

- [The Met Cloisters](/visit/met-cloisters)



- 99 Margaret Corbin Drive
- Fort Tryon Park
- New York, NY 10040
- Phone: 212-923-3700

- [About The Met](/about-the-met)
- [Mission and History](/about-the-met/history)
- [Collection Areas](/about-the-met/collection-areas)
- [Conservation Departments](/about-the-met/conservation-and-scientific-research)
- [Accessibility](https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/accessibility)
- [Press](/press)

- [Support](/join-and-give/support)
- [Membership](https://engage.metmuseum.org/members/membership/?promocode=56373)
- [Host an Event](/join-and-give/host-an-event)
- [Travel with The Met](/join-and-give/travel-with-the-met)
- [Corporate Support](/join-and-give/corporate-support)

- [Career Opportunities](https://metmuseum.wd5.myworkdayjobs.com/en-US/metmuseumcareers)
- [Volunteers](/join-and-give/volunteer)
- [Fellowships](/about-the-met/fellowships)
- [Internships](/about-the-met/internships)

Follow us

- [external: http://www.facebook.com/metmuseum](http://www.facebook.com/metmuseum "external: http://www.facebook.com/metmuseum")
- [external: https://twitter.com/metmuseum](https://twitter.com/metmuseum "external: https://twitter.com/metmuseum")
- [external: https://pinterest.com/metmuseum/](https://pinterest.com/metmuseum/ "external: https://pinterest.com/metmuseum/")
- [external: https://www.instagram.com/metmuseum/](https://www.instagram.com/metmuseum/ "external: https://www.instagram.com/metmuseum/")
- [external: https://www.youtube.com/user/metmuseum](https://www.youtube.com/user/metmuseum "external: https://www.youtube.com/user/metmuseum")

Join our newsletter


Sign Up


- [Accessibility](/learn/accessibility)
- [Site Index](/information/site-index)
- [Terms and Conditions](https://www.metmuseum.org/policies/terms-and-conditions)
- [Privacy Policy](https://www.metmuseum.org/policies/privacy-policy)
- [Contact Information](/about-the-met/contact)

© 2000–2024 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.