Economic globalization - Wikipedia
Impact · According to the · Poverty has been reduced as evidenced by a 5.4 percent annual growth in income for the poorest fifth of the population of Malaysia.
wealth
While within-country income inequality has increased throughout the globalization period, globally inequality has lessened as developing countries have experienced much more rapid growth.[37] Economic inequality varies between societies, historical periods, economic structures or economic systems, ongoing or past wars, between genders, and between differences in individuals' abilities to create <anchor>wealth</anchor>.[38] Among the various numerical indices "Index (economics)") for measuring economic inequality, the Gini coefficient is most often-cited.
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1History](#History)
- [2Global amount](#Global_amount)
- [3Philosophical analysis](#Philosophical_analysis)
- [4Economic analysis](#Economic_analysis)
- [5Versus social class](#Versus_social_class)
- [6Distribution](#Distribution)
- [7See also](#See_also)
- [8References](#References)
- [9Further reading](#Further_reading)

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# Wealth

68 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1 "ثراء – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99rv%C9%99t "Sərvət – Azerbaijani")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2i-h%C3%B9 "Châi-hù – Minnan")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Богатство – Bulgarian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riquesa "Riquesa – Catalan")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85 "Пуянлăх – Chuvash")
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- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichtum "Reichtum – German")
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- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberastasun "Aberastasun – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA "ثروت – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richesse "Richesse – French")
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- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8 "धन – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogatstvo "Bogatstvo – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richeso "Richeso – Ido")
- [বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী](https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE "রিকুয়েজা – Bishnupriya")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesejahteraan "Kesejahteraan – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricchezza "Ricchezza – Italian")
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- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF "ಸಿರಿ – Kannada")
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- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divitiae "Divitiae – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%C4%81t%C4%ABba "Bagātība – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtas "Turtas – Lithuanian")
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- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Богатство – Russian")
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- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasuria "Pasuria – Albanian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricchizza "Ricchizza – Sicilian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth "Wealth – Simple English")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taajirsan "Taajirsan – Somali")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Богатство – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogatstvo "Bogatstvo – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varallisuus "Varallisuus – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rm%C3%B6genhet "Förmögenhet – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman "Yaman – Tagalog")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6 "సంపద – Telugu")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87 "ความมั่งคั่ง – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servet "Servet – Turkish")
- [Tyap](https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwa "Zwa – Tyap")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Багатство – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA "دولت – Urdu")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A0u "Giàu – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C "财富 – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C "財富 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C "财富 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Abundance of financial assets or possessions

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see [Wealth (disambiguation)](/wiki/Wealth_(disambiguation) "Wealth (disambiguation)"), [Wealthy (disambiguation)](/wiki/Wealthy_(disambiguation) "Wealthy (disambiguation)"), [Affluence (disambiguation)](/wiki/Affluence_(disambiguation) "Affluence (disambiguation)"), and [Affluent (disambiguation)](/wiki/Affluent_(disambiguation) "Affluent (disambiguation)").

**Wealth** is the abundance of [valuable](/wiki/Value_(economics) "Value (economics)") [financial assets](/wiki/Financial_asset "Financial asset") or [physical possessions](/wiki/Property "Property") which can be converted into a form that can be used for [transactions](/wiki/Financial_transaction "Financial transaction"). This includes the core meaning as held in the originating [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") word _weal_, which is from an [Indo-European](/wiki/Indo-European_languages "Indo-European languages") word stem.[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics"), and clearly so for [growth economics](/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth") and [development economics](/wiki/Development_economics "Development economics"), yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent. A person possessing a substantial net worth is known as _wealthy_. **Net worth** is defined as the current value of one's assets less liabilities (excluding the principal in trust accounts).[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

At the most general level, economists may define wealth as "the total of anything of value" that captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various people in different contexts.[\[3\]](#cite_note-goulet-3) Defining wealth can be a [normative](/wiki/Normative "Normative") process with various [ethical](/wiki/Ethical "Ethical") implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](#cite_note-Heilbroner-5) A [community](/wiki/Community "Community"), region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources to the benefit of the common good is known as wealthy.

The [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") definition of _[inclusive wealth](/wiki/Inclusive_wealth "Inclusive wealth")_ is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural, human, and physical assets.[\[6\]](#cite_note-wealth-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-Inclusive_Wealth_Report_-_IHDP-7) Natural capital includes land, forests, [energy resources](/wiki/Energy_resources "Energy resources"), and minerals. Human capital is the population's education and skills. Physical (or "manufactured") capital includes such things as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure.

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

[![[icon]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)

This section **needs expansion**. You can help by [adding to it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=). _(January 2019)_

Around 35,000 years ago _[Homo sapiens](/wiki/Homo_sapiens "Homo sapiens")_ groups began to adopt a more settled lifestyle, as evidenced by cave drawings, burial sites, and decorative objects.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)
Around this time, humans began [trading](/wiki/Trading "Trading") burial-site tools and developed trade networks,[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)
resulting in a [hunter-gatherer](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer "Hunter-gatherer") lifestyle.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)
Those who had gathered abundant burial-site tools, weapons, baskets, and food, were considered part of the wealthy.[\[11\]](#cite_note-Beinhocker_Eric_D._2007-11)\[ _[need quotation to verify](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")_\]

[Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith "Adam Smith"), in his seminal work _[The Wealth of Nations](/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations "The Wealth of Nations")_, described wealth as "the annual produce of the land and labor of the society". This "produce" is, at its simplest, a good or service which satisfies human needs, and wants of [utility](/wiki/Utility "Utility").

In popular usage, wealth can be described as an abundance of items of economic [value](/wiki/Value_(economics) "Value (economics)"), or the state of controlling or possessing such items, usually in the form of [money](/wiki/Money "Money"), [real estate](/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate") and personal [property](/wiki/Property_(ownership_right) "Property (ownership right)"). A person considered wealthy, affluent, or rich is someone who has accumulated substantial wealth relative to others in their society or reference group.

In economics, [net worth](/wiki/Wealth_(economics) "Wealth (economics)") refers to the value of [assets](/wiki/Assets "Assets") owned minus the value of [liabilities](/wiki/Liability_(accounting) "Liability (accounting)") owed at a point in time.[\[12\]](#cite_note-12) Wealth can be categorized into three principal categories: [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property "Personal property"), including homes or automobiles; monetary savings, such as the accumulation of past [income](/wiki/Income "Income"); and the [capital](/wiki/Capital_(economics) "Capital (economics)") wealth of income producing assets, including [real estate](/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate"), [stocks](/wiki/Stock "Stock"), [bonds](/wiki/Bond_(finance) "Bond (finance)"), and [businesses](/wiki/Business "Business"). All these delineations make wealth an especially important part of [social stratification](/wiki/Social_stratification "Social stratification"). Wealth provides some people "safety nets" of protection against unforeseen declines in their living standard in the event of emergency and can be transformed into home ownership, business ownership, or college education by its expenditure.

Wealth has been defined as a collection of things limited in supply, transferable, and useful in satisfying human desires.[\[13\]](#cite_note-Graeme_O'Geran-13) Scarcity is a fundamental factor for wealth. When a desirable or valuable commodity (transferable good or skill) is abundantly available to everyone, the owner of the commodity will possess no potential for wealth. When a valuable or desirable commodity is in scarce supply, the owner of the commodity will possess great potential for wealth.

'Wealth' refers to some _accumulation_ of resources (net asset value), whether abundant or not. 'Richness' refers to an _abundance_ of such resources (income or flow). A wealthy person, group, or nation thus has more accumulated resources (capital) than a poor one. The opposite of wealth is destitution. The opposite of richness is [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty").

The term implies a [social contract](/wiki/Social_contract "Social contract") on establishing and maintaining [ownership](/wiki/Ownership "Ownership") in relation to such items which can be invoked with little or no effort and expense on the part of the owner. The concept of wealth is relative and not only varies between societies, but varies between different sections or regions in the same society. A personal [net worth](/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth") of US$10,000 in most parts of the United States would certainly not place a person among the wealthiest citizens of that locale. Such an amount would constitute an extraordinary amount of wealth in impoverished [developing countries](/wiki/Developing_country "Developing country").

Concepts of wealth also vary across time. Modern labor-saving inventions and the development of the [sciences](/wiki/Sciences "Sciences") have vastly improved the [standard of living](/wiki/Standard_of_living "Standard of living") in modern societies for even the poorest of people. This comparative wealth across time is also applicable to the future; given this trend of human advancement, it is possible that the standard of living that the wealthiest enjoy today will be considered impoverished by [future generations](/wiki/Future_generations "Future generations").

[Industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization "Industrialization") emphasized the role of technology. Many jobs were automated. Machines replaced some workers while other workers became more specialized. [Labour specialization](/wiki/Labour_specialization "Labour specialization") became critical to economic success. [Physical capital](/wiki/Physical_capital "Physical capital"), as it came to be known, consisting of both the [natural capital](/wiki/Natural_capital "Natural capital") and the [infrastructural capital](/wiki/Infrastructural_capital "Infrastructural capital"), became the focus of the _analysis of wealth_.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

[Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith "Adam Smith") saw wealth creation as the combination of materials, labour, land, and technology.[\[14\]](#cite_note-gutenberg1-14) The theories of [David Ricardo](/wiki/David_Ricardo "David Ricardo"), [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke "John Locke"), [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill "John Stuart Mill"), in the 18th century and 19th century built on these views of wealth that we now call [classical economics](/wiki/Classical_economics "Classical economics").

[Marxian economics](/wiki/Marxian_economics "Marxian economics") ( _see [labor theory of value](/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value "Labor theory of value")_) distinguishes in the _[Grundrisse](/wiki/Grundrisse "Grundrisse")_ between material wealth and human wealth, defining human wealth as "wealth in human relations"; land and labour were the source of all material wealth. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta links wealth/poverty to rationality. Having a leading position in the development of rational sciences, in new technologies and in economic production leads to wealth, while the opposite can be correlated with [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty").[\[15\]](#cite_note-Silvio_Vietta_2013-15)[\[16\]](#cite_note-Silvio_Vietta_2012-16)

## Global amount

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Global amount")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png/220px-Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png)](/wiki/File:Countries_by_total_wealth_(trillions_USD),_Credit_Suisse.png) Countries by [total wealth](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth "List of countries by total wealth") (trillions USD), Credit Suisse[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/220px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg)](/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg) World regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018

The wealth of households worldwide amounts to US$280 [trillion](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1592 "Orders of magnitude (numbers)") (2017). According to the eighth edition of the Global Wealth Report, in the year to mid-2017, total global wealth rose at a rate of 6.4%, the fastest pace since 2012 and reached US$280 trillion, a gain of US$16.7 trillion. This reflected widespread gains in equity markets matched by similar rises in non-financial assets, which moved above the pre-crisis year 2007's level for the first time this year. Wealth growth also outpaced population growth, so that global mean wealth per adult grew by 4.9% and reached a new record high of US$56,540 per adult. [Tim Harford](/wiki/Tim_Harford "Tim Harford") has asserted that a small child has greater wealth than the 2 billion poorest people in the world combined, since a small child has no debt.[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)

According to the 2021 global wealth report by [McKinsey & Company](/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company "McKinsey & Company"), the worldwide total net worth is currently at US$514 trillion in 2020, with China being the wealthiest nation with net worth of US$120 trillion.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](#cite_note-20) Another report, by [Credit Suisse](/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse") in 2021, suggests the total wealth of the US exceeded that of China, US$126.3 trillion to US$74.9 trillion.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)

## Philosophical analysis

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Philosophical analysis")\]

In Western civilization, wealth is connected with a quantitative type of thought, invented in the ancient Greek "revolution of rationality", involving for instance the quantitative analysis of nature, the rationalization of warfare, and measurement in economics.[\[15\]](#cite_note-Silvio_Vietta_2013-15)[\[16\]](#cite_note-Silvio_Vietta_2012-16) The invention of coined money and banking was particularly important. Aristotle describes the basic function of money as a universal instrument of quantitative measurement – "for it measures all things \[...\]" – making things alike and comparable due to a social "agreement" of acceptance.[\[22\]](#cite_note-22) In that way, money also enables a new type of economic society and the definition of wealth in measurable quantities, such as gold and money. Modern philosophers like Nietzsche criticized the fixation on measurable wealth: "Unsere 'Reichen' – das sind die Ärmsten! Der eigentliche Zweck alles Reichtums ist vergessen!" ("Our 'rich people' – those are the poorest! The real purpose of all wealth has been forgotten!")[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)

## Economic analysis

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Economic analysis")\]

"Savings" redirects here. For the concept of non-expenditure of income per unit of time, see [Saving](/wiki/Saving "Saving"). For savings as a business objective, see [Procurement § Performance](/wiki/Procurement#Performance "Procurement").

In [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics"), wealth (in a commonly applied [accounting](/wiki/Accounting "Accounting") sense, sometimes **savings**) is the [net worth](/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth") of a person, household, or [nation](/wiki/National_saving "National saving") – that is, the value of all [assets](/wiki/Asset "Asset") owned net of all [liabilities](/wiki/Liability_(accounting) "Liability (accounting)") owed at a point in time. For national wealth as measured in the [national accounts](/wiki/National_accounts "National accounts"), the net liabilities are those owed to the rest of the world.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) The term may also be used more broadly as referring to the productive capacity of a society or as a contrast to [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty").[\[25\]](#cite_note-25) Analytical emphasis may be on its determinants or [distribution](/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth "Distribution of wealth").[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

Economic terminology distinguishes between wealth and income. Wealth or savings is a _[stock](/wiki/Stock_and_flow "Stock and flow")_ variable – that is, it is measurable _at a date_ in time, for example the value of an orchard on December 31 minus debt owed on the orchard. For a given amount of wealth, say at the beginning of the year, [income](/wiki/Income#Economic_definitions "Income") from that wealth, as measurable _over_ say a year is a _[flow](/wiki/Stock_and_flow "Stock and flow")_ variable. What marks the income as a flow is its measurement per unit of time, such as the value of apples yielded from the orchard per year.

In [macroeconomic](/wiki/Macroeconomic "Macroeconomic") theory the ' [wealth effect](/wiki/Wealth_effect "Wealth effect")' may refer to the increase in aggregate consumption from an increase in [national wealth](/wiki/National_wealth "National wealth"). One feature of its effect on economic behavior is the [wealth elasticity of demand](/wiki/Wealth_elasticity_of_demand "Wealth elasticity of demand"), which is the percentage change in the amount of [consumption](/wiki/Consumption_(economics) "Consumption (economics)") goods demanded for each one-percent change in wealth.

There are several historical developmental economics points of view on the basis of wealth, such as from _[Principles of Political Economy](/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy "Principles of Political Economy")_ by [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill "John Stuart Mill"), _[The Wealth of Nations](/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations "The Wealth of Nations")_ by [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith "Adam Smith"), [_Capital_](/wiki/Das_Kapital "Das Kapital") by [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx"), etc.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27) Over the history, some of the key underlying factors in wealth creation and the measurement of the wealth include the scalable innovation and application of human knowledge in the form of institutional structure and political/ideological "superstructure", the scarce resources (both natural and man-made), and the saving of monetary assets.

Wealth may be measured in [nominal or real values](/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics) "Real versus nominal value (economics)") – that is, in money value as of a given date or adjusted to net out price changes. The assets include those that are tangible ( [land](/wiki/Land_(economics) "Land (economics)") and [capital](/wiki/Capital_(economics) "Capital (economics)")) and _financial_ (money, bonds, etc.). Measurable wealth typically excludes intangible or nonmarketable assets such as [human capital](/wiki/Human_capital "Human capital") and [social capital](/wiki/Social_capital "Social capital"). In economics, 'wealth' corresponds to the accounting term ' [net worth](/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth")', but is measured differently. Accounting measures net worth in terms of the historical cost of assets while economics measures wealth in terms of current values. But analysis may adapt typical accounting conventions for economic purposes in social accounting (such as in [national accounts](/wiki/National_accounts "National accounts")). An example of the latter is [generational accounting](/wiki/Generational_accounting "Generational accounting") of [social security](/wiki/Social_security "Social security") systems to include the [present value](/wiki/Present_value "Present value") projected future outlays considered to be liabilities.[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) Macroeconomic questions include whether the issuance of government bonds affects [investment](/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics) "Investment (macroeconomics)") and [consumption](/wiki/National_Income_and_Product_Accounts#Accounting_for_national_product:_the_right_side_of_the_report "National Income and Product Accounts") through the [wealth effect](/wiki/Wealth_effect "Wealth effect").[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)

[Environmental assets](/wiki/Environmental_assets "Environmental assets") are not usually counted in measuring wealth, in part due to the difficulty of valuation for a [non-market good](/wiki/Public_good_(economics) "Public good (economics)"). Environmental or [green accounting](/wiki/Green_accounting "Green accounting") is a method of [social accounting](/wiki/National_accounts "National accounts") for formulating and deriving such measures on the argument that an educated valuation is superior to a value of zero (as the implied valuation of environmental assets).[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

## Versus social class

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Versus social class")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg/140px-Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_(Property).svg)

Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png/294px-Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png)](/wiki/File:Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png)

Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017

[Social class](/wiki/Social_class "Social class") is not identical to wealth, but the two concepts are related (particularly in [Marxist theory](/wiki/Marxist_philosophy "Marxist philosophy")),[\[31\]](#cite_note-:0-31) leading to the concept of [socioeconomic status](/wiki/Socioeconomic_status "Socioeconomic status"). Wealth at the individual or household level refers to value of everything a person or family owns, including [personal property](/wiki/Personal_property "Personal property") and [financial assets](/wiki/Financial_asset "Financial asset").[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)

In both Marxist and Weberian theory, class is divided into [upper](/wiki/Upper_class "Upper class"), [middle](/wiki/Middle_class "Middle class"), and [lower](/wiki/Lower_social_class "Lower social class"), with each further subdivided (e.g., [upper middle class](/wiki/Upper_middle_class "Upper middle class")).[\[31\]](#cite_note-:0-31)

The upper class are schooled to maintain their wealth and pass it to future generations.[\[33\]](#cite_note-Sherraden,_Michael_1991-33)

The middle class views wealth as something for emergencies and it is seen as more of a cushion. This class comprises people that were raised with families that typically owned their own home, planned ahead and stressed the importance of education and achievement. They earn a significant income and consume many things, typically limiting their savings and investments to retirement [pensions](/wiki/Pension "Pension") and home ownership.[\[33\]](#cite_note-Sherraden,_Michael_1991-33)
Below the middle class, the [working class](/wiki/Working_class "Working class") and [poor](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty") have the least amount of wealth, with circumstances discouraging accumulation of assets.[\[33\]](#cite_note-Sherraden,_Michael_1991-33)

## Distribution

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Distribution")\]

Main article: [Distribution of wealth](/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth "Distribution of wealth")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/218px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png)](/wiki/File:2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg)

Though the 10th percentile of American households have zero net worth, the 90th percentile has $1.6 million of household wealth.[\[34\]](#cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-34)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/218px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png)](/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg)

Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.[\[35\]](#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-35)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/218px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png)](/wiki/File:2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg)

Median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.[\[36\]](#cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-36)

Although precise data are not available, the total [household wealth](/wiki/Household_wealth "Household wealth") in the world, excluding the value of [human capital](/wiki/Human_capital "Human capital"), has been estimated at $418.3 [trillion](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012 "Orders of magnitude (numbers)") (US$418.3×1012) at the end of the year 2020.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37)
For 2018, the World Bank estimated the value of the world's produced capital, natural capital, and human capital to be $1,152 trillion.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38) According to the [Kuznets curve](/wiki/Kuznets_curve "Kuznets curve"), inequality of wealth and income increases during the early phases of economic development, stabilizes and then becomes more equitable.

As of 2008[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit), about 90% of global wealth is distributed in North America, Europe, and "rich [Asia-Pacific](/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific")" countries,[\[39\]](#cite_note-39) and in 2008, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 40% of world wealth, a number which falls to 32% when adjusted for [purchasing power parity](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity "Purchasing power parity").[\[40\]](#cite_note-40) According to Richard H Ropers, the [concentration of wealth in the United States](/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States "Wealth inequality in the United States") is "inequitably distributed".[\[41\]](#cite_note-41)

In 2013, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 46% of world wealth[\[42\]](#cite_note-42) and around $18.5 [trillion](/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012 "Orders of magnitude (numbers)") was estimated to be stored in [tax havens](/wiki/Tax_haven "Tax haven") worldwide.[\[43\]](#cite_note-43)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)

Wikiquote has quotations related to _**[Wealth](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wealth "q:Special:Search/Wealth")**_.

- [Gross National Happiness](/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness "Gross National Happiness")
- [Happiness economics](/wiki/Happiness_economics "Happiness economics")
- [Productivity-improving technologies](/wiki/Productivity-improving_technologies "Productivity-improving technologies")
- [Quality of life](/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life")
- [Working time](/wiki/Working_time "Working time")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**["weal"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/weal). _[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language")_ (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**["The Millionaire Next Door"](http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/first/s/stanley-millionaire.html). _movies2.nytimes.com_. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-goulet_3-0)**Denis "Authentic Development: Is it Sustainable?", pp. 189–205 in _Building Sustainable Societies_, [Dennis Pirages](/wiki/Dennis_Pirages "Dennis Pirages"), ed., M.E. Sharpe, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1563247385](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563247385 "Special:BookSources/978-1563247385"). (1996)
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Kronman, Anthony T. (March 1980). "Wealth Maximization as a Normative Principle". _[The Journal of Legal Studies](/wiki/The_Journal_of_Legal_Studies "The Journal of Legal Studies")_. **9** (2): 227–242. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/467637](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F467637). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [153759163](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153759163).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-Heilbroner_5-0)**[Robert L. Heilbroner](/wiki/Robert_L._Heilbroner "Robert L. Heilbroner"), 1987 [2008](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics"). _[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics")_, v. 4, pp. 880–883. Brief preview [link](http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=wealth+%22New+palgrave%22+heilbroner+%22Wealth+is+a+fundamental+concept%22&edition=current&button_search=GO) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120601152245/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=wealth+%22New+palgrave%22+heilbroner+%22Wealth+is+a+fundamental+concept%22&edition=current&button_search=GO) June 1, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
06. **[^](#cite_ref-wealth_6-0)**["Free exchange: The real wealth of nations"](http://www.economist.com/node/21557732). _[The Economist](/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")_. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-Inclusive_Wealth_Report_-_IHDP_7-0)**["Inclusive Wealth Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120630055324/http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/article/iwr/). _Ihdp.unu.edu_. [IHDP](/wiki/IHDP "IHDP"). July 9, 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/article/iwr) on June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Beinhocker, Eric D. (2006). [_The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics_](https://books.google.com/books?id=eUoolrxSFy0C). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. p. 7. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781578517770](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578517770 "Special:BookSources/9781578517770"). Retrieved April 4, 2023. \[...\] around 35,000 years ago \[...\] we begin to see the first evidence of a more settled lifestyle, with burial sites, cave drawings, and decorative objects.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Beinhocker, Eric D. (2006). [_The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics_](https://books.google.com/books?id=eUoolrxSFy0C). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. p. 7. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781578517770](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578517770 "Special:BookSources/9781578517770"). Retrieved April 4, 2023. During this period, archeologists also begin to see evidence of trading _between_ groups of early humans; the evidence included burial-site tools made from nonlocal materials, seashell jewelry found with noncoastal tribes, and patterns of movement suggesting trading routes.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Beinhocker, Eric D. (2006). [_The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics_](https://books.google.com/books?id=eUoolrxSFy0C). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. p. 7. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781578517770](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578517770 "Special:BookSources/9781578517770"). Retrieved April 4, 2023. With permanent settlements, a variety of tools, and the creation of trading networks, our ancestors achieved a level of cultural and economic sophistication that anthropologists refer to as a _hunter-gatherer lifestyle_.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-Beinhocker_Eric_D._2007_11-0)**Beinhocker, Eric D. (2007). _The Origin of Wealth: The Radical Remaking of Economics and What it Means for Business and Society_. Harvard Business Review Press; 1st edition.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["WWE Superstars net worth and salary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827043330/http://topnewsage.com/wwe-superstars-net-worth-and-salary/). Archived from [the original](http://topnewsage.com/wwe-superstars-net-worth-and-salary/) on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-Graeme_O'Geran_13-0)**"How Wealth is Created". _World Book Encyclopedia_. Vol. 15. The Grolier Society. 1949. p. 5357.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-gutenberg1_14-0)**Smith, Adam. _[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3300) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801054156/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3300) August 1, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")_
15. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Silvio_Vietta_2013_15-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Silvio_Vietta_2013_15-1)Vietta, Silvio (2013). _A Theory of Global Civilization: Rationality and the Irrational as the Driving Forces of History_. Kindle Ebooks.
16. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Silvio_Vietta_2012_16-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Silvio_Vietta_2012_16-1)Vietta, Silvio (2012). _Rationalität. Eine Weltgeschichte. Europäische Kulturgeschichte und Globalisierung_. Fink.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**["Global Wealth Report."](https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190711010352/https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html) July 11, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (October 18, 2018). Credit Suisse Research Institute. _Credit-Suisse.com_. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**["Global wealth surges as China overtakes US to grab top spot: McKinsey report"](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/global-wealth-surges-as-china-overtakes-us-to-grab-top-spot-mckinsey-report). _[The Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")_. November 15, 2021.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**["Global Wealth Surges as China Overtakes U.S. to Grab Top Spot"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-15/global-wealth-surges-as-china-overtakes-u-s-to-grab-top-spot). _[Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")_. November 14, 2021.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**["China overtakes US as world's richest nation as global wealth surges"](https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/china-overtakes-us-as-richest-country-global-wealth-mckinsey-report-1877299-2021-11-16). _[India Today](/wiki/India_Today "India Today")_. November 16, 2021.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**["Research Institute: Global wealth report 2021"](https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-report-2021-en.pdf)(PDF). Credit Suisse. June 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Aristotle. _Nicomachean Ethics_. p. 1133a.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**Nietzsche. _Werke in drei Bänden. III_. p. 419.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**• [Paul A. Samuelson](/wiki/Paul_A._Samuelson "Paul A. Samuelson") and [William D. Nordhaus](/wiki/William_Nordhaus "William Nordhaus"), 2004, 18th ed. _[Economics](/wiki/Economics_(textbook) "Economics (textbook)")_, "Glossary of Terms."

       • Nancy D. Ruggles, 1987. "social accounting" _[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics")_, v. 4, pp. 377–382, \[380\].
25. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**• [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith "Adam Smith"), 1776\. _[The Wealth of Nations](/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations "The Wealth of Nations")_.

       • [David S. Landes](/wiki/David_S._Landes "David S. Landes"), 1998\. _[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations](/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations "The Wealth and Poverty of Nations")_. [Review.](http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj18n2/cj18n2-9.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121011215810/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj18n2/cj18n2-9.pdf) October 11, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")

       • [Partha Dasgupta](/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta "Partha Dasgupta"), 1993\. _An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution_. [Description](http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198288350) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120800/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198288350) September 29, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") and [review.](http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199406163302421) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181215175140/https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199406163302421) December 15, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**• [John Bates Clark](/wiki/John_Bates_Clark "John Bates Clark"), 1902\. _The Distribution of Wealth_ [Analytical Table of Contents.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ihivl3D7TOcC&dq=Clark++Distribution+&pg=RA1-PR13)

       • E.N. Wolff, 2002. "Wealth Distribution" _[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences](/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences "International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences")_, pp. 16394–16401. [Abstract.](https://web.archive.org/web/20090324090839/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-3SK&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000138&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000138&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=12&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9ba159b05baa21f44e844a5aba77e6f1)

       • Robert L. Heilbroner, 1987. \[ [2008](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics")\]). _[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics")_, v. 4, pp. 880–883. Brief preview [link](http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=wealth+%22New+palgrave%22+heilbroner+%22Wealth+is+a+fundamental+concept%22&edition=current&button_search=GO) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120601152245/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=wealth+%22New+palgrave%22+heilbroner+%22Wealth+is+a+fundamental+concept%22&edition=current&button_search=GO) June 1, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**[Charles Tuttle](/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Tuttle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Charles A. Tuttle (page does not exist)"), The Wealth Concept. A Study in Economic Theory, Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Apr., 1891, Vol. 1 (Apr., 1891), pp. 615–634, Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of
    Political and Social Science, [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [1008953](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1008953)
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**• Jagadeesh Gokhale, 2008. "Generational accounting." _[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics](/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics")_, 2nd Edition. [Abstract](http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000203&q=generational%20accounting&topicid=&result_number=1) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111002085641/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000203&q=generational%20accounting&topicid=&result_number=1) October 2, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") and [uncorrected proof.](https://web.archive.org/web/20070613041057/http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/gokhale-generational_accounting.pdf)

       • Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1992, _Generational Accounting_. [Free Press](/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher) "Free Press (publisher)").
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**[Robert J. Barro](/wiki/Robert_J._Barro "Robert J. Barro"), 1974\. "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?", _[Journal of Political Economy](/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy "Journal of Political Economy")_, 8(6), pp. [1095–1111.](http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Barro,_Bonds_Net_Wealth.pdf#page=2) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103443/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Barro,_Bonds_Net_Wealth.pdf#page=2) June 6, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**• Sjak Smulders, 2008. "green national accounting" _The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics_, 2nd Edition. [Abstract.](http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000196&edition=current&q=environment&topicid=&result_number=5) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120511222001/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000196&edition=current&q=environment&topicid=&result_number=5) May 11, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")

       • [United States National Research Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council"), 1994\. _Assigning Economic Value to Natural Resources_, [National Academy Press](/wiki/National_Academy_Press "National Academy Press"). Chapter-preview [links.](http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4844&page=R1) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110607035233/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4844&page=R1) June 7, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
31. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_31-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_31-1)Grant, J. Andrew (2001). ["class, definition of"](https://books.google.com/books?id=a29qBofx8Y8C&pg=PA161). In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). _Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries A–F_. Taylor & Francis. p. 161. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0415243506](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415243506 "Special:BookSources/978-0415243506").
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**Team, The Investopedia. ["Wealth Definition"](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wealth.asp). _Investopedia_. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
33. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Sherraden,_Michael_1991_33-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Sherraden,_Michael_1991_33-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Sherraden,_Michael_1991_33-2)Sherraden, Michael. _Assets and the Poor: A New American Welfare Policy_. Armonk: [M. E. Sharpe](/wiki/M._E._Sharpe "M. E. Sharpe"), Inc., 1991.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-WealthPercentile_2021_34-0)**Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). ["The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"](https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 2 (Table 1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
35. **[^](#cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_35-0)**Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). ["The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"](https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-WealthMaritalStatus_2021_36-0)**Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). ["The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"](https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf)(PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**["The Global Wealth Report"](https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html). Credit Suisse.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**[_The Changing Wealth of Nations, 2021_](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36400). World Bank Group. October 27, 2021. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1596/978-1-4648-1590-4](https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1590-4). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"): [10986/36400](https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F36400). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4648-1590-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1590-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1590-4"). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [244394817](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244394817).
39. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**James B. Davies, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks, and Edward N. Wolff. (2008). [The World Distribution of Household Wealth, p8](http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-03/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091016112537/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-03/) October 16, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). UNU-WIDER.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**James B. Davies, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks, and Edward N. Wolff. (2008). [_The World Distribution of Household Wealth_](http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-03/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091016112537/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-03/) October 16, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). UNU-WIDER.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**Ropers, Richard H, Ph.D. _Persistent Poverty: The American Dream Turned Nightmare_. New York: Insight Books, 1991.
42. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**[" _Global Wealth Report_ 2013"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150214155424/https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83). Archived from [the original](https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83) on February 14, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
43. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**["Tax on the 'private' billions now stashed away in havens enough to end extreme world poverty twice over"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151223000311/https://www.oxfam.org/en/eu/pressroom/pressrelease/2013-05-22/tax-havens-private-billions-could-end-extreme-poverty-twice-over). _Oxfam International_. May 22, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.oxfam.org/en/eu/pressroom/pressrelease/2013-05-22/tax-havens-private-billions-could-end-extreme-poverty-twice-over) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2014.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Alfani, Guido (2023). _As Gods Among Men: A History of the Rich in the West_. Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-691-22712-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22712-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22712-2").
- Lee, Dwight R. (2008). ["Wealth and Poverty"](https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n326.xml). In [Hamowy, Ronald](/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy "Ronald Hamowy") (ed.). [_The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism_](https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC). Thousand Oaks, CA: [Sage](/wiki/SAGE_Publishing "SAGE Publishing"); [Cato Institute](/wiki/Cato_Institute "Cato Institute"). pp. 537–539. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.4135/9781412965811.n326](https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n326). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1412965804](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804 "Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"). [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier) "LCCN (identifier)") [2008009151](https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [750831024](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024).
- Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; [Steinberger, Julia K.](/wiki/Julia_Steinberger "Julia Steinberger") (2020). ["Scientists' warning on affluence"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220). _[Nature Communications](/wiki/Nature_Communications "Nature Communications")_. **11** (3107): 3107. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2020NatCo..11.3107W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3107W). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16941-y). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [7305220](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [32561753](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561753).

- [v](/wiki/Template:Capitalism "Template:Capitalism")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism "Template talk:Capitalism")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism "Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism")

[Capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism "Capitalism")

Aspects and [perspectives](/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought "Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought")

General

- [Anarchy of production](/wiki/Anarchy_of_production "Anarchy of production")
- [Business cycle](/wiki/Business_cycle "Business cycle")
- [Centralization](/wiki/Centralisation "Centralisation")
- [Competition](/wiki/Competition_(economics) "Competition (economics)")
- [Depression](/wiki/Economic_depression "Economic depression")
- [Deregulation](/wiki/Deregulation "Deregulation")
- [Economic bubble](/wiki/Economic_bubble "Economic bubble")
- [Economic development](/wiki/Economic_development "Economic development")
- [Economic liberalism](/wiki/Economic_liberalism "Economic liberalism")
- [Economic planning](/wiki/Economic_planning "Economic planning")
- [Entrepreneurship](/wiki/Entrepreneurship "Entrepreneurship")
- [Ecopreneurship](/wiki/Ecopreneurship "Ecopreneurship")
- [Externality](/wiki/Externality "Externality")
- [Financial crisis](/wiki/Financial_crisis "Financial crisis")
- [Financial Revolution](/wiki/Financial_Revolution "Financial Revolution")
- [Globalization](/wiki/Globalization "Globalization")
- [History of capitalist theory](/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory "History of capitalist theory")
- [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution")
- [Invention](/wiki/Invention "Invention")
- [Market economy](/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism "Market economy")
- [Market failure](/wiki/Market_failure "Market failure")
- [Merchantilism](/wiki/Merchantilism "Merchantilism")
- [Meritocracy](/wiki/Meritocracy "Meritocracy")
- [Multinational corporation](/wiki/Multinational_corporation "Multinational corporation")
- [Nationalization](/wiki/Nationalization "Nationalization")
- [Oligopoly](/wiki/Oligopoly "Oligopoly")
- [Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought](/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought "Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought")
- [Privatization](/wiki/Privatization "Privatization")
- [Profit](/wiki/Profit_(economics) "Profit (economics)")
- [Property rights](/wiki/Property_rights_(economics) "Property rights (economics)")
- [Recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession")
- [Regulation](/wiki/Regulation "Regulation")
- [Wage labour](/wiki/Wage_labour "Wage labour")
- Wealth

Ideology

[Anglo-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model "Anglo-Saxon model")
[Authoritarian](/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism "Authoritarian capitalism")
[Conservative](/wiki/Conservative "Conservative")
[Corporate](/wiki/Corporate_capitalism "Corporate capitalism")
[Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_capitalism "Democratic capitalism")
[Dirigist](/wiki/Dirigisme "Dirigisme")
[Free-market](/wiki/Free_market#General_principles "Free market")
[Humanistic](/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism "Humanistic capitalism")
_[Laissez-faire](/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism "Laissez-faire capitalism")_
[Liberal](/wiki/Economic_liberalism "Economic liberalism")
[Libertarian](/wiki/Right-libertarianism "Right-libertarianism")
[Market](/wiki/Market_capitalism "Market capitalism")
[Mercantilist](/wiki/Mercantilism "Mercantilism")
[Mixed](/wiki/Mixed_capitalism "Mixed capitalism")
[Monopoly](/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism "State monopoly capitalism")
[National](/wiki/National_capitalism "National capitalism")
[Neo](/wiki/Neo-capitalism "Neo-capitalism")
[Neoliberal](/wiki/Neoliberalism "Neoliberalism")
[Nordic](/wiki/Nordic_capitalism "Nordic capitalism")
[Private](/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism "Anarcho-capitalism")
[Raw](/wiki/Raw_capitalism "Raw capitalism")
[Regulated market](/wiki/Regulated_market "Regulated market")
[Regulatory](/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism "Regulatory capitalism")
[Rhine](/wiki/Rhine_capitalism "Rhine capitalism")
[Social](/wiki/Social_capitalism "Social capitalism")
[State](/wiki/State_capitalism "State capitalism")
[State-sponsored](/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism "State-sponsored capitalism")
[Welfare](/wiki/Welfare_capitalism "Welfare capitalism")

[Cultural aspects](/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism "Culture of capitalism")

[Advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising")
[American Dream](/wiki/American_Dream "American Dream")
[Consumerism](/wiki/Consumerism "Consumerism")
[Decentralization](/wiki/Decentralization "Decentralization")
[Economic freedom](/wiki/Economic_freedom "Economic freedom")
[Economic mobility](/wiki/Economic_mobility "Economic mobility")
[Individualism](/wiki/Individualism "Individualism")
[Liberalism](/wiki/Liberalism "Liberalism")
[Liberty](/wiki/Liberty "Liberty")
Mainstream
[Philanthropy](/wiki/Philanthropy "Philanthropy")
[Private foundation](/wiki/Private_foundation "Private foundation")
[Private property](/wiki/Private_property "Private property")
[Rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics "Rule of law")
[Social alienation](/wiki/Social_alienation "Social alienation")
[Spontaneous order](/wiki/Spontaneous_order "Spontaneous order")

Social aspects

[Corporatism](/wiki/Corporatism "Corporatism")
[Economic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality "Economic inequality")
[Employment](/wiki/Employment "Employment")
[Freedom of association](/wiki/Freedom_of_association "Freedom of association")
[Labour market flexibility](/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility "Labour market flexibility")
[Labour supply](/wiki/Labour_supply "Labour supply")
[Productivity](/wiki/Productivity "Productivity")
[Prosperity](/wiki/Prosperity "Prosperity")
[Syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate "Syndicate")
[Social venture capital](/wiki/Social_venture_capital "Social venture capital")
[Unemployment](/wiki/Unemployment "Unemployment")

[Criticism](/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism "Criticism of capitalism")

[Anti-capitalism](/wiki/Anti-capitalism "Anti-capitalism")
[Capitalist propaganda](/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda "Capitalist propaganda")
[Critique of political economy](/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy "Critique of political economy")
[Critique of work](/wiki/Critique_of_work "Critique of work")
[Market fundamentalism](/wiki/Market_fundamentalism "Market fundamentalism")
[Marxism](/wiki/Marxism "Marxism")
[Wage slavery](/wiki/Wage_slavery "Wage slavery")

Antithesis

[Anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism "Anarchism")
[Anarcho-communism](/wiki/Anarcho-communism "Anarcho-communism")
[Anarcho-primitivism](/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism "Anarcho-primitivism")
[Anarcho-syndicalism](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism "Anarcho-syndicalism")
[Collectivist anarchism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism "Collectivist anarchism")
[Communalism](/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin) "Communalism (Bookchin)")
[Communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism")
[Economic democracy](/wiki/Economic_democracy "Economic democracy")
[Eco-socialism](/wiki/Eco-socialism "Eco-socialism")
[Free-market socialism](/wiki/Free-market_socialism "Free-market socialism")
[Green anarchism](/wiki/Green_anarchism "Green anarchism")
[Individualist anarchism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism "Individualist anarchism")
[Libertarian socialism](/wiki/Libertarian_socialism "Libertarian socialism")
[Market anarchism](/wiki/Market_anarchism "Market anarchism")
[Market socialism](/wiki/Market_socialism "Market socialism")
[Mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory) "Mutualism (economic theory)")
[Post-capitalism](/wiki/Post-capitalism "Post-capitalism")
[Post-scarcity economy](/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy "Post-scarcity economy")
[Sharing economy](/wiki/Sharing_economy "Sharing economy")
[Social anarchism](/wiki/Social_anarchism "Social anarchism")
[Socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism")
[Syndicalism](/wiki/Syndicalism "Syndicalism")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Wealth "Template:Wealth")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth "Template talk:Wealth")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth "Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth")

Extreme wealth

Concepts

- [Capital accumulation](/wiki/Capital_accumulation "Capital accumulation")
  - [Overaccumulation](/wiki/Overaccumulation "Overaccumulation")
- [Economic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality "Economic inequality")
  - [Wealth distribution](/wiki/Wealth_distribution "Wealth distribution")
  - [Income distribution](/wiki/Income_distribution "Income distribution")
  - [Consumption distribution](/wiki/Consumption_distribution "Consumption distribution")
  - [History of economic inequality](/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality "History of economic inequality")
- [International inequality](/wiki/International_inequality "International inequality")
- [Elite](/wiki/Elite "Elite")
- [Oligarchy](/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy")
- [Overclass](/wiki/Overclass "Overclass")
- [Plutocracy](/wiki/Plutocracy "Plutocracy")
- [Plutonomy](/wiki/Plutonomy "Plutonomy")
  - [Primitive accumulation of capital](/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital "Primitive accumulation of capital")
- [Upper class](/wiki/Upper_class "Upper class")
  - [_Nouveau riche_(new money)](/wiki/Nouveau_riche "Nouveau riche")
  - [_Vieux riche_(old money)](/wiki/Old_money "Old money")
- [Luxury goods](/wiki/Luxury_goods "Luxury goods")
  - [Veblen goods](/wiki/Veblen_good "Veblen good")
    - [Conspicuous consumption](/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption "Conspicuous consumption")
    - [Conspicuous leisure](/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure "Conspicuous leisure")

People

- [Billionaire](/wiki/Billionaire "Billionaire")
- [Captain of industry](/wiki/Captain_of_industry "Captain of industry")
- [High-net-worth individual](/wiki/High-net-worth_individual "High-net-worth individual")
  - [UHNWI](/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual "Ultra high-net-worth individual")
- [Magnate](/wiki/Magnate "Magnate")
  - [Business](/wiki/Business_magnate "Business magnate")
- [Millionaire](/wiki/Millionaire "Millionaire")
- [Oligarch](/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy")
  - [Business](/wiki/Business_oligarch "Business oligarch")
  - [Russian](/wiki/Russian_oligarchs "Russian oligarchs")
  - [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs "Ukrainian oligarchs")
- [Robber baron](/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist) "Robber baron (industrialist)")

Wealth

- [Concentration](/wiki/Wealth_concentration "Wealth concentration")
- [Distribution](/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth "Distribution of wealth")
- [Dynastic](/wiki/Dynastic_wealth "Dynastic wealth")
- [Effect](/wiki/Wealth_effect "Wealth effect")
- [Geography](/wiki/Geography_and_wealth "Geography and wealth")
- [Inherited](/wiki/Inheritance "Inheritance")
- [Management](/wiki/Wealth_management "Wealth management")
- [National](/wiki/National_wealth "National wealth")
- [Paper](/wiki/Paper_wealth "Paper wealth")
- [Religion](/wiki/Wealth_and_religion "Wealth and religion")
- [Tax](/wiki/Wealth_tax "Wealth tax")

Lists

[People](/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth "Lists of people by net worth")

- [_Forbes_ list of billionaires](/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires "The World's Billionaires")
- [List of centibillionaires](/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires "List of centibillionaires")
- [Female billionaires](/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires "List of female billionaires")
- [Richest royals](/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth "List of royalty by net worth")
- [Wealthiest Americans](/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history "List of richest Americans in history")
- [Wealthiest families](/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families "List of wealthiest families")

[Organizations](/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations "List of wealthiest organizations")

- [Largest companies by revenue](/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue "List of largest companies by revenue")
- [Largest corporate profits and losses](/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses "List of largest corporate profits and losses")
- [Largest corporations by market capitalization](/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization "List of public corporations by market capitalization")
- [Largest financial services companies by revenue](/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue "List of largest financial services companies by revenue")
- [Largest manufacturing companies by revenue](/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue "List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue")
- [Largest software companies by revenue](/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies "List of the largest software companies")
- [Largest technology companies by revenue](/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue")
- [Charities](/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations "List of wealthiest charitable foundations")
  - [Philanthropists](/wiki/List_of_philanthropists "List of philanthropists")
- Universities
  - [Endowment size](/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size "Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size")
  - [Number of billionaire alumni](/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni")

Other

- [Cities by number of billionaires](/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires "List of cities by number of billionaires")
- [Countries by number of billionaires](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires "List of countries by the number of billionaires")
- [Countries by total wealth](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth "List of countries by total wealth")
- [Countries by wealth inequality](/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality "List of sovereign states by wealth inequality")
- [Wealth inequality in the United States](/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States "Wealth inequality in the United States")
- [Income inequality in the United States](/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States "Income inequality in the United States")
- [Most expensive items](/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category "Lists of most expensive items by category")
  - [by category](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things "Category:Lists of most expensive things")
- [Wealthiest animals](/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals "List of wealthiest animals")

Related

- [Diseases of affluence](/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence "Diseases of affluence")
  - [Affluenza](/wiki/Affluenza "Affluenza")
  - [Acquired situational narcissism](/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism "Narcissism")
- _[Argumentum ad crumenam](/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam "Argumentum ad crumenam")_
- [Prosperity theology](/wiki/Prosperity_theology "Prosperity theology")

[Philanthropy](/wiki/Philanthropy "Philanthropy")

- [Gospel of Wealth](/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth "The Gospel of Wealth")
- [The Giving Pledge](/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge "The Giving Pledge")
- [Philanthrocapitalism](/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism "Philanthrocapitalism")
- [Venture philanthropy](/wiki/Venture_philanthropy "Venture philanthropy")

Sayings

- [The rich get richer and the poor get poorer](/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer "The rich get richer and the poor get poorer")
- [Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor](/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor "Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor")
- [Too big to fail](/wiki/Too_big_to_fail "Too big to fail")

Media

- _[Das Kapital](/wiki/Das_Kapital "Das Kapital")_
- [_Plutus_](/wiki/Plutus_(play) "Plutus (play)")
  - [Greek god of wealth](/wiki/Plutus "Plutus")
- [_Superclass_](/wiki/Superclass_(book) "Superclass (book)")
  - [List](/wiki/The_Superclass_List "The Superclass List")
- _[The Theory of the Leisure Class](/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class "The Theory of the Leisure Class")_
- [_Wealth_](/wiki/Wealth_(film) "Wealth (film)")
- _[The Wealth of Nations](/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations "The Wealth of Nations")_

- [Category](/wiki/Category:Wealth "Category:Wealth")
  - [by country](/wiki/Category:Wealth_by_country "Category:Wealth by country")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control")[![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200535#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049185-7)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85145828)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977007d)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977007d)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118947&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Spain](http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526042)
- [Israel](http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553648605171)

Other

- [Historical Dictionary of Switzerland](https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017471)
- [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642346)

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