18 Effective Time Management Strategies & Techniques - Upwork
18 time management strategies for work · 1. Start your day with a plan · 2. Prioritize the most important tasks · 3. Divide larger projects into ...
Pareto Principle
Are the things that you’re doing in a given moment productive? The 80/20 rule, also called the <anchor>Pareto Principle</anchor>, says that 80% of the results come from 20% of the work. This principle is found throughout many different areas of life and certainly applies to time management. That means that you can work smarter and get more done by identifying the 20% of the things leading to the majority of your results. Then amplify those tasks that are providing the greatest value for your time.
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1History](#History)
- [2Mathematical explanation](#Mathematical_explanation)Toggle Mathematical explanation subsection  - [2.1Gini coefficient and Hoover index](#Gini_coefficient_and_Hoover_index)
- [3Analysis](#Analysis)
- [4Applications](#Applications)Toggle Applications subsection  - [4.1Economics](#Economics)
  - [4.2Computing](#Computing)
  - [4.3Occupational health and safety](#Occupational_health_and_safety)
  - [4.4Engineering and quality control](#Engineering_and_quality_control)
  - [4.5Health and social outcomes](#Health_and_social_outcomes)
- [5See also](#See_also)
- [6References](#References)
- [7Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [8External links](#External_links)

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# Pareto principle

51 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto-beginsel "Pareto-beginsel – Afrikaans")
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- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_qanunu "Pareto qanunu – Azerbaijani")
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- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8 "ပရေးတိုး စည်းမျဉ်း – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto-principe "Pareto-principe – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87 "パレートの法則 – Japanese")
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- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiul_Pareto "Principiul Pareto – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE "Закон Парето – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle "Pareto principle – Simple English")
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- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paretovo_na%C4%8Delo "Paretovo načelo – Slovenian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareton_periaate "Pareton periaate – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paretoprincipen "Paretoprincipen – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88 "பரேட்டோ கொள்கை – Tamil")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_ilkesi "Pareto ilkesi – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE "Принцип Парето – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88 "مبدا پریٹو – Urdu")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Statistical principle about ratio of effects to causes

For the optimal allocation of resources, see [Pareto efficiency](/wiki/Pareto_efficiency "Pareto efficiency").

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**This article has multiple issues.** Please help **[improve it](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pareto_principle "Special:EditPage/Pareto principle")** or discuss these issues on the **[talk page](/wiki/Talk:Pareto_principle "Talk:Pareto principle")**. _( [Learn how and when to remove these messages](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

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This article **possibly contains [original research](/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")**. Please [improve it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit) by [verifying](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") the claims made and adding [inline citations](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources"). Statements consisting only of original research should be removed._(August 2022)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

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This article **focuses too much on specific examples**. Please help [improve this article](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit) by adding [sources that evaluate within a broader context](/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader "Wikipedia:Writing better articles")._(August 2022)_

_([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pareto_principle.png/220px-Pareto_principle.png)](/wiki/File:Pareto_principle.png) The Pareto principle may apply to fundraising, i.e. 20% of the donors contributing towards 80% of the total.

The **Pareto principle** (also known as the **80/20 rule**, the **law of the vital few** and the **principle of factor sparsity**[\[1\]](#cite_note-NYT-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2)) states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").[\[1\]](#cite_note-NYT-1)

In 1941, [management consultant](/wiki/Management_consultant "Management consultant") [Joseph M. Juran](/wiki/Joseph_M._Juran "Joseph M. Juran") developed the concept in the context of quality control and improvement after reading the works of Italian [sociologist](/wiki/Sociologist "Sociologist") and [economist](/wiki/Economist "Economist") [Vilfredo Pareto](/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto "Vilfredo Pareto"), who wrote in 1906 about the 80/20 connection while teaching at the [University of Lausanne](/wiki/University_of_Lausanne "University of Lausanne").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) In his first work, _Cours d'économie politique_, Pareto showed that approximately 80% of the land in the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") was owned by 20% of the population. The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to the [Pareto efficiency](/wiki/Pareto_efficiency "Pareto efficiency").

Mathematically, the 80/20 rule is roughly described by a [power law](/wiki/Power_law "Power law") distribution (also known as a [Pareto distribution](/wiki/Pareto_distribution "Pareto distribution")) for a particular set of parameters. Many natural phenomena are distributed according to power law statistics.[\[4\]](#cite_note-auto1-4) It is an [adage](/wiki/Adage "Adage") of [business management](/wiki/Business_management "Business management") that "80% of sales come from 20% of [clients](/wiki/Client_(business) "Client (business)")."[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

In 1941, Joseph M. Juran, a Romanian-born American engineer, came across the work of Italian polymath [Vilfredo Pareto](/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto "Vilfredo Pareto"). Pareto noted that approximately 80% of Italy's land was owned by 20% of the population.[\[6\]](#cite_note-auto-6)[\[4\]](#cite_note-auto1-4) Juran applied the observation that 80% of an issue is caused by 20% of the causes to quality issues. Later during his career, Juran preferred to describe this as "the vital few and the useful many" to highlight that the contribution of the remaining 80% should not be discarded entirely.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

## Mathematical explanation

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Mathematical explanation")\]

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This section **possibly contains [original research](/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")**. Please [improve it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit) by [verifying](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") the claims made and adding [inline citations](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources"). Statements consisting only of original research should be removed._(May 2020)__([Learn how and when to remove this message](/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))_

The demonstration of the Pareto principle is explained by a large proportion of process variation being associated with a small proportion of process variables.[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2) This is a special case of the wider phenomenon of [Pareto distributions](/wiki/Pareto_distribution "Pareto distribution"). If the [Pareto index](/wiki/Pareto_index "Pareto index") **α**, which is one of the parameters characterizing a Pareto distribution, is chosen as **α** = log45 ≈ 1.16, then one has 80% of effects coming from 20% of causes.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

The term 80/20 is only a shorthand for the general principle at work. In individual cases, the distribution could be nearer to 90/10 or 70/30. There is also no need for the two numbers to add up to the number 100, as they are measures of different things. The Pareto principle is an illustration of a " [power law](/wiki/Power_law "Power law")" relationship, which also occurs in phenomena such as [bush fires](/wiki/Bush_fire "Bush fire") and earthquakes.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) Because it is self-similar over a wide range of magnitudes, it produces outcomes completely different from [Normal or Gaussian distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") phenomena. This fact explains the frequent breakdowns of sophisticated financial instruments, which are modeled on the assumption that a Gaussian relationship is appropriate to something like stock price movements.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

### Gini coefficient and Hoover index

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Gini coefficient and Hoover index")\]

Using the " _A_: _B_" notation (for example, 0.8:0.2) and with _A_ \+ _B_ = 1, [inequality measures](/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics "Income inequality metrics") like the [Gini index](/wiki/Gini_index "Gini index") (G) _and_ the [Hoover index](/wiki/Hoover_index "Hoover index") (H) can be computed. In this case both are the same:

H=G=\|2A−1\|=\|1−2B\|{\\displaystyle H=G=\|2A-1\|=\|1-2B\|\\,}![{\displaystyle H=G=|2A-1|=|1-2B|\,}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5427aafabd188a627d2b7bb111c82645564a7ee1)A:B=(1+H2):(1−H2){\\displaystyle A:B=\\left({\\frac {1+H}{2}}\\right):\\left({\\frac {1-H}{2}}\\right)}![{\displaystyle A:B=\left({\frac {1+H}{2}}\right):\left({\frac {1-H}{2}}\right)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/562c9724bd797aff986f6a20bdcc3c05d15bb35e)

## Analysis

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Analysis")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pareto_analysis.svg/220px-Pareto_analysis.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Pareto_analysis.svg) A Pareto analysis in a diagram showing which cause should be addressed first

Pareto analysis is a formal technique useful where many possible courses of action are competing for attention. In essence, the problem-solver estimates the benefit delivered by each action, then selects a number of the most effective actions that deliver a total benefit reasonably close to the maximal possible one.

Pareto analysis is a creative way of looking at causes of problems because it helps stimulate thinking and organize thoughts. However, it can be limited by its exclusion of possibly important problems which may be small initially, but will grow with time. It should be combined with other analytical tools such as [failure mode and effects analysis](/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis "Failure mode and effects analysis") and [fault tree analysis](/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis "Fault tree analysis") for example.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

This technique helps to identify the top portion of causes that need to be addressed to resolve the majority of problems. Once the predominant causes are identified, then tools like the [Ishikawa diagram](/wiki/Ishikawa_diagram "Ishikawa diagram") or Fish-bone Analysis can be used to identify the root causes of the problems. While it is common to refer to pareto as "80/20" rule, under the assumption that, in all situations, 20% of causes determine 80% of problems, this ratio is merely a convenient rule of thumb and is not, nor should it be considered, an immutable law of nature.

The application of the Pareto analysis in risk management allows management to focus on those risks that have the most impact on the project.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)

Steps to identify the important causes using 80/20 rule:[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

1. Form a frequency of occurrences as a percentage
2. Arrange the rows in decreasing order of importance of the causes (i.e., the most important cause first)
3. Add a cumulative percentage column to the table, then plot the information
4. Plot (#1) a curve with causes on _x_\- and cumulative percentage on _y_-axis
5. Plot (#2) a bar graph with causes on _x_\- and percent frequency on _y_-axis
6. Draw a horizontal dotted line at 80% from the _y_-axis to intersect the curve. Then draw a vertical dotted line from the point of intersection to the _x_-axis. The vertical dotted line separates the important causes (on the left) and trivial causes (on the right)
7. Explicitly review the chart to ensure that causes for at least 80% of the problems are captured

## Applications

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Applications")\]

### Economics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Economics")\]

Pareto's observation was in connection with [population and wealth](/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership "Concentration of land ownership"). Pareto noticed that approximately 80% of Italy's land was owned by 20% of the population.[\[6\]](#cite_note-auto-6) He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

A chart that demonstrated the effect appeared in the 1992 [United Nations Development Program](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme") Report, which showed that the richest 20% of the world's population receives 82.7% of the world's income.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) However, among nations, the [Gini index](/wiki/Gini_index "Gini index") shows that wealth distributions vary substantially around this norm.[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

Distribution of world GDP, 1989[\[15\]](#cite_note-1992_Human_Development_Report,_Chapter_3-15)Quintile of population
Income
Richest 20%
82.70%
Second 20%
11.75%
Third 20%
2.30%
Fourth 20%
1.85%
Poorest 20%
1.40%

The principle also holds within the tails of the distribution. The physicist Victor Yakovenko of the [University of Maryland, College Park](/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park") and AC Silva analyzed income data from the US Internal Revenue Service from 1983 to 2001 and found that the [income distribution](/wiki/Income_distribution "Income distribution") of the richest 1–3% of the population also follows Pareto's principle.[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)

In _Talent: How to Identify Entrepreneurs_, economist [Tyler Cowen](/wiki/Tyler_Cowen "Tyler Cowen") and entrepreneur [Daniel Gross](/wiki/Daniel_Gross_(entrepreneur) "Daniel Gross (entrepreneur)") suggest that the Pareto Principle can be applied to the role of the 20% most talented individuals in generating the majority of [economic growth](/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth").[\[17\]](#cite_note-17) According to the _New York Times_ in 1988, many [video rental shops](/wiki/Video_rental_shop "Video rental shop") reported that 80% of revenue came from 20% of videotapes (although rarely rented classics such as _[Gone with the Wind](/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film) "Gone with the Wind (film)")_ must be stocked to appear to have a good selection).[\[18\]](#cite_note-kleinfield19880501-18)

### Computing

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Computing")\]

In [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science") the Pareto principle can be applied to [optimization](/wiki/Optimization_(computer_science) "Optimization (computer science)") efforts.[\[19\]](#cite_note-optimization-19) For example, [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") noted that by fixing the top 20% of the most-reported bugs, 80% of the related errors and crashes in a given system would be eliminated.[\[20\]](#cite_note-20) Lowell Arthur expressed that "20% of the code has 80% of the errors. Find them, fix them!"[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) It was also discovered that, in general, 80% of a piece of software can be written in 20% of the total allocated time. Conversely, the hardest 20% of the code takes 80% of the time. This factor is usually a part of [COCOMO](/wiki/COCOMO "COCOMO") estimating for software coding.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

### Occupational health and safety

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Occupational health and safety")\]

[Occupational health and safety](/wiki/Occupational_health_and_safety "Occupational health and safety") professionals use the Pareto principle to underline the importance of hazard prioritization. Assuming 20% of the hazards account for 80% of the injuries, and by categorizing hazards, safety professionals can target those 20% of the hazards that cause 80% of the injuries or accidents. Alternatively, if hazards are addressed in random order, a safety professional is more likely to fix one of the 80% of hazards that account only for some fraction of the remaining 20% of injuries.[\[22\]](#cite_note-22)

Aside from ensuring efficient accident prevention practices, the Pareto principle also ensures hazards are addressed in an economical order, because the technique ensures the utilized resources are best used to prevent the most accidents.[\[23\]](#cite_note-USCG001-23)

### Engineering and quality control

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Engineering and quality control")\]

The Pareto principle is the basis for the [Pareto chart](/wiki/Pareto_chart "Pareto chart"), one of the key tools used in [total quality control](/wiki/Total_quality_management "Total quality management") and [Six Sigma](/wiki/Six_Sigma "Six Sigma") techniques. The Pareto principle serves as a baseline for [ABC-analysis](/wiki/Time_management#CITEREFLakein1973 "Time management") and XYZ-analysis, widely used in [logistics](/wiki/Logistics "Logistics") and procurement for the purpose of optimizing stock of goods, as well as costs of keeping and replenishing that stock.[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) In engineering control theory, such as for electromechanical energy converters, the 80/20 principle applies to optimization efforts.[\[19\]](#cite_note-optimization-19)

The remarkable success of statistically based searches for root causes is based upon a combination of an empirical principle and mathematical logic. The empirical principle is usually known as the Pareto principle.[\[25\]](#cite_note-Juran-25) With regard to variation causality, this principle states that there is a non-random distribution of the slopes of the numerous (theoretically infinite) terms in the general equation.

All of the terms are independent of each other by definition. Interdependent factors appear as multiplication terms. The Pareto principle states that the effect of the dominant term is very much greater than the second-largest effect term, which in turn is very much greater than the third, and so on.[\[26\]](#cite_note-Shainin-26) There is no explanation for this phenomenon; that is why we refer to it as an empirical principle.

The mathematical logic is known as the square-root-of-the-sum-of-the-squares axiom. This states that the variation caused by the steepest slope must be squared, and then the result added to the square of the variation caused by the second-steepest slope, and so on. The total observed variation is then the square root of the total sum of the variation caused by individual slopes squared. This derives from the probability density function for multiple variables or the multivariate distribution (we are treating each term as an independent variable).

The combination of the Pareto principle and the square-root-of-the-sum-of-the-squares axiom means that the strongest term in the general equation totally dominates the observed variation of effect. Thus, the strongest term will dominate the data collected for hypothesis testing.

In the systems science discipline, [Joshua M. Epstein](/wiki/Joshua_M._Epstein "Joshua M. Epstein") and [Robert Axtell](/wiki/Robert_Axtell "Robert Axtell") created an [agent-based simulation](/wiki/Agent-based_social_simulation "Agent-based social simulation") model called [Sugarscape](/wiki/Sugarscape "Sugarscape"), from a [decentralized modeling](/wiki/Decentralised_system "Decentralised system") approach, based on individual behavior rules defined for each agent in the economy. Wealth distribution and Pareto's 80/20 principle emerged in their results, which suggests the principle is a collective consequence of these individual rules.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)

### Health and social outcomes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Health and social outcomes")\]

In 2009, the [Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality](/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality") said 20% of patients incurred 80% of healthcare expenses due to chronic conditions.[\[28\]](#cite_note-28) A 2021 analysis showed unequal distribution of healthcare costs, with older patients and those with poorer health incurring more costs.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)
The 80/20 rule has been proposed as a rule of thumb for the infection distribution in [superspreading events](/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event").[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](#cite_note-Lloyd-Smith_JO_2005-31) However, the degree of infectiousness has been found to be distributed continuously in the population.[\[31\]](#cite_note-Lloyd-Smith_JO_2005-31) In [epidemics](/wiki/Epidemic "Epidemic") with super-spreading, the majority of individuals infect relatively few [secondary contacts](/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing").

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [1% rule](/wiki/1%25_rule "1% rule") – Hypothesis that more people will lurk in a virtual community than will participate
- [10/90 gap](/wiki/10/90_gap "10/90 gap") – Health statistic
- [Ninety–ninety rule](/wiki/Ninety%E2%80%93ninety_rule "Ninety–ninety rule") – Humorous aphorism in computer programming
- [Sturgeon's law](/wiki/Sturgeon%27s_law "Sturgeon's law") – "Ninety percent of everything is crap"

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-NYT_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-NYT_1-1)Bunkley, Nick (March 3, 2008). ["Joseph Juran, 103, Pioneer in Quality Control, Dies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170906182706/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/business/03juran.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/business/03juran.html) on September 6, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-1)Box, George E.P.; Meyer, R. Daniel (1986). "An Analysis for Unreplicated Fractional Factorials". _Technometrics_. **28** (1): 11–18. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/00401706.1986.10488093](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00401706.1986.10488093).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Pareto, Vilfredo (1896–1897). _Cours d'Économie Politique (in two volumes)_. F. Rouge (Lausanne) & F. Pichon (Paris). [Volume 1](https://archive.org/details/fp-0148-1) [Volume 2](https://web.archive.org/web/20130531151249/http://www.institutcoppet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Cours-déconomie-politique-Tome-II-Vilfredo-Pareto.pdf)
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-auto1_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-auto1_4-1)Newman, MEJ (2005). ["Power laws, Pareto Distributions, and Zipf's law"](https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0412/0412004v3.pdf)(PDF). _Contemporary Physics_. **46** (5): 323–351. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[cond-mat/0412004](https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412004). [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2005ConPh..46..323N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ConPh..46..323N). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/00107510500052444](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107510500052444). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [202719165](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202719165). Retrieved 10 April 2011.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Marshall, Perry (2013-10-09). ["The 80/20 Rule of Sales: How to Find Your Best Customers"](https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/229294). _Entrepreneur_. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
06. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-auto_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-auto_6-1)Pareto, Vilfredo; Page, Alfred N. (1971), Translation of _Manuale di economia politica ("Manual of political economy")_, A.M. Kelley, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-678-00881-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-678-00881-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-678-00881-2")
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**["Pareto Principle (80/20 Rule) & Pareto Analysis Guide"](https://www.juran.com/blog/a-guide-to-the-pareto-principle-80-20-rule-pareto-analysis/). _Juran_. 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Dunford (2014), ["The Pareto Principle"](https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/14054/TPSS-2014-Vol7n1_140-148Dunford.pdf)(PDF), _The Plymouth Student Scientist_
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**[Bak, Per](/wiki/Per_Bak "Per Bak") (1999), _How Nature Works: the science of self-organized criticality_, Springer, p. 89, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-387-94791-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94791-4 "Special:BookSources/0-387-94791-4")
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**[Taleb, Nassim](/wiki/Nassim_Taleb "Nassim Taleb") (2007), [_The Black Swan_](/wiki/The_Black_Swan_(Taleb_book) "The Black Swan (Taleb book)"), pp. 229–252, 274–285
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**David Litten, [Project Risk and Risk Management](http://www.pmhut.com/project-risk-and-risk-management), _Retrieved May 16, 2010_
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["Pareto Analysis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120208180732/http://erc.msh.org/quality/pstools/pspareto.cfm). Archived from [the original](http://erc.msh.org/quality/pstools/pspareto.cfm) on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**United Nations Development Program (1992), _1992 Human Development Report_, New York: Oxford University Press
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**Hillebrand, Evan (June 2009). ["Poverty, Growth, and Inequality over the Next 50 Years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171020065423/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak968e/ak968e00.pdf)(PDF). FAO, United Nations – Economic and Social Development Department. Archived from [the original](ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak968e/ak968e00.pdf)(PDF) on 2017-10-20.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-1992_Human_Development_Report,_Chapter_3_15-0)**[_Human Development Report 1992, Chapter 3_](http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1992/chapters/), retrieved 2007-07-08
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Yakovenko, Victor M.; Silva, A. Christian (2005), Chatterjee, Arnab; Yarlagadda, Sudhakar; Chakrabarti, Bikas K. (eds.), "Two-class Structure of Income Distribution in the USA: Exponential Bulk and Power-law Tail", _Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I_, New Economic Windows, Springer Milan, pp. 15–23, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/88-470-0389-x\_2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F88-470-0389-x_2), [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-88-470-0389-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-470-0389-7 "Special:BookSources/978-88-470-0389-7")
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**[Paris Aéroport](/wiki/Paris_A%C3%A9roport "Paris Aéroport"), _Paris Vous Aime Magazine_, No 13, avril-may-juin 2023, p. 71
18. **[^](#cite_ref-kleinfield19880501_18-0)**Kleinfield, N. R. (1988-05-01). ["A Tight Squeeze at Video Stores"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/business/a-tight-squeeze-at-video-stores.html?pagewanted=2). _The New York Times_. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](http://web.archive.org/web/20150525080808/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/business/a-tight-squeeze-at-video-stores.html?pagewanted=2) from the original on 2015-05-25.
19. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-optimization_19-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-optimization_19-1)Gen, M.; Cheng, R. (2002), _Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Optimization_, New York: Wiley
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**Rooney, Paula (October 3, 2002), [_Microsoft's CEO: 80–20 Rule Applies To Bugs, Not Just Features_](http://www.crn.com/news/security/18821726/microsofts-ceo-80-20-rule-applies-to-bugs-not-just-features.htm), ChannelWeb
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Pressman, Roger S. (2010). Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach (7th ed.). Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2010. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-07-337597-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-337597-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-07-337597-7").
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Woodcock, Kathryn (2010). [_Safety Evaluation Techniques_](http://www.ryerson.ca/woodcock/). Toronto, ON: Ryerson University. p. 86.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-USCG001_23-0)**["Introduction to Risk-based Decision-Making"](http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg5211/docs/RBDM_Files/PDF/RBDM_Guidelines/Volume%202/Volume%202-Chapter%206.pdf)(PDF). _USCG Safety Program_. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**[Rushton, Oxley & Croucher (2000)](#CITEREFRushtonOxleyCroucher2000), pp. 107–108.
25. **[^](#cite_ref-Juran_25-0)** Juran, Joseph M., Frank M. Gryna, and Richard S. Bingham. Quality control handbook. Vol. 3. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-Shainin_26-0)** Shainin, Richard D. “Strategies for Technical Problem Solving.” 1992, Quality Engineering, 5:3, 433-448
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**Epstein, Joshua; Axtell, Robert (1996), [_Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom-Up_](https://books.google.com/books?id=xXvelSs2caQC), [MIT Press](/wiki/MIT_Press "MIT Press"), p. 208, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-262-55025-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-55025-3 "Special:BookSources/0-262-55025-3")
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**Weinberg, Myrl (July 27, 2009). ["Myrl Weinberg: In health-care reform, the 20-80 solution"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090802002952/http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_weinberg27_07-27-09_HQF0P1E_v15.3f89889.html). _The Providence Journal_. Archived from [the original](http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_weinberg27_07-27-09_HQF0P1E_v15.3f89889.html) on 2009-08-02.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Sawyer, Bradley; Claxton, Gary. ["How do health expenditures vary across the population?"](https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-expenditures-vary-across-population/#item-discussion-of-health-spending-often-focus-on-averages-but-a-small-share-of-the-population-incurs-most-of-the-cost_2016). _Peterson-Kaiser Health System Tracker_. Peterson Center on Healthcare and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**Galvani, Alison P.; May, Robert M. (2005). ["Epidemiology: Dimensions of superspreading"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095140). _Nature_. **438** (7066): 293–295. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2005Natur.438..293G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..293G). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/438293a](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438293a). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [7095140](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095140). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [16292292](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292292).
31. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Lloyd-Smith_JO_2005_31-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Lloyd-Smith_JO_2005_31-1)Lloyd-Smith, JO; Schreiber, SJ; Kopp, PE; Getz, WM (2005). ["Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094981). _Nature_. **438** (7066): 355–359. [Bibcode](/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"): [2005Natur.438..355L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..355L). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1038/nature04153](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04153). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [7094981](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094981). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [16292310](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292310).

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Bookstein, Abraham (1990), "Informetric distributions, part I: Unified overview", _Journal of the American Society for Information Science_, **41** (5): 368–375, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199007)41:5<368::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-C](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4571%28199007%2941%3A5%3C368%3A%3AAID-ASI8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-C)
- Klass, O. S.; Biham, O.; Levy, M.; Malcai, O.; Soloman, S. (2006), "The Forbes 400 and the Pareto wealth distribution", _Economics Letters_, **90** (2): 290–295, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.econlet.2005.08.020](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2005.08.020)
- Koch, R. (2004), _Living the 80/20 Way: Work Less, Worry Less, Succeed More, Enjoy More_, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-85788-331-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85788-331-4 "Special:BookSources/1-85788-331-4")
- Reed, W. J. (2001), "The Pareto, Zipf and other power laws", _Economics Letters_, **74** (1): 15–19, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00524-9](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1765%2801%2900524-9)
- Rosen, K. T.; Resnick, M. (1980), ["The size distribution of cities: an examination of the Pareto law and primacy"](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9tt5c711), _Journal of Urban Economics_, **8** (2): 165–186, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/0094-1190(80)90043-1](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0094-1190%2880%2990043-1)
- Rushton, A.; Oxley, J.; Croucher, P. (2000), _The handbook of logistics and distribution management_ (2nd ed.), London: Kogan Page, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7494-3365-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-3365-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-3365-9").

## External links

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- [ParetoRule.cf : Pareto Rule](https://www.paretorule.cf/?m=1)
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- [About.com: Pareto's Principle](http://management.about.com/cs/generalmanagement/a/Pareto081202.htm)
- [Wealth Condensation in Pareto Macro-Economies](https://web.archive.org/web/20080528063231/http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~des/HWM00-26.pdf)
- [Simply Psychology: Pareto Principle (The 80-20 Rule): Examples & More](https://www.simplypsychology.org/pareto-principle.html)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Vilfredo_Pareto "Template:Vilfredo Pareto")
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[Vilfredo Pareto](/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto "Vilfredo Pareto")

Books

- _[The Rise and Fall of the Elites](/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Elites "The Rise and Fall of the Elites")_ (1900)
- _[The Mind and Society](/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society "The Mind and Society")_ (1916)

Concepts

- [Circulation of elites](/wiki/Circulation_of_elites "Circulation of elites")
- [Ophelimity](/wiki/Ophelimity "Ophelimity")
- [Pareto efficiency](/wiki/Pareto_efficiency "Pareto efficiency")
- Pareto principle

Miscellaneous

- [Italian school of elitism](/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism "Italian school of elitism")

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- [Tails of probability distributions](/wiki/Category:Tails_of_probability_distributions "Category:Tails of probability distributions")
- [Vilfredo Pareto](/wiki/Category:Vilfredo_Pareto "Category:Vilfredo Pareto")

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- This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 20:15 (UTC).
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