Jazz | Definition, History, Musicians, & Facts | Britannica
Jazz grew from the African American slaves who were prevented from maintaining their native musical traditions and felt the need to substitute ...
South America
That jazz developed uniquely in the United States, not in the Caribbean or in <anchor>South America</anchor> (or any other realm to which thousands of African Blacks were also transported) is historically fascinating. Many Blacks in those other regions were very often emancipated by the early 1800s and thus were free individuals who actively participated in the cultural development of their own countries. In the case of Brazil, Blacks were so geographically and socially isolated from the white establishment that they simply were able to retain their own African musical traditions in a virtually pure form. It is thus ironic that jazz would probably never have evolved had it not been for the slave trade as it was practiced specifically in the United States.
South America | Facts, Land, People, & Economy | Britannica
South America \| Facts, Land, People, & Economy \| Britannica

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[South America](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America)

Table of Contents


- [Introduction](/place/South-America)

- [Geologic history](/place/South-America/Geologic-history)



- [The Precambrian](/place/South-America/Geologic-history#ref41746)

  - [The Trans-Amazonian cycle](/place/South-America/Geologic-history#ref41747)

  - [The Brazilian cycle](/place/South-America/Geologic-history#ref41748)

- [The Paleozoic Era](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era)

  - [Early Paleozoic events](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era#ref41750)

  - [The formation of Pangea](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era#ref41751)

- [The Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era#ref41752)

  - [Events in the Mesozoic](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era#ref41753)

  - [The Andean orogeny](/place/South-America/The-Paleozoic-Era#ref41754)

    - [The Northern Andes](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes)

    - [The Central Andes](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes#ref41756)

    - [The Southern Andes](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes#ref41757)

  - [Present geologic setting](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes#ref41758)

- [The land](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes#ref41759)



- [Relief](/place/South-America/The-Northern-Andes#ref41760)

  - [The Andes Mountains](/place/South-America/The-Andes-Mountains)

  - [The plateaus](/place/South-America/The-Andes-Mountains#ref41762)

  - [The lowlands](/place/South-America/The-Andes-Mountains#ref41763)

- [Drainage](/place/South-America/The-Andes-Mountains#ref41764)

  - [Rivers](/place/South-America/Rivers)

  - [Lakes](/place/South-America/Lakes)

  - [Marshes and swamps](/place/South-America/Lakes#ref41767)

- [Soils](/place/South-America/Lakes#ref41768)

- [Climate](/place/South-America/Lakes#ref41769)

  - [Factors influencing climate](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate)

  - [Climatic regions](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate#ref41771)

    - [Tropical climates](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate#ref41772)

    - [Temperate climates](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate#ref41773)

    - [Arid climates](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate#ref41774)

    - [Cold climates](/place/South-America/Factors-influencing-climate#ref41775)

- [Plant life](/place/South-America/Plant-life)

  - [Grasslands](/place/South-America/Plant-life#ref272277)

    - [Savannas](/place/South-America/Plant-life#ref41784)

    - [Pampas](/place/South-America/Plant-life#ref41785)

  - [Vegetation zones](/place/South-America/Plant-life#ref41777)

    - [Tropical and subtropical rainforests](/place/South-America/Tropical-and-subtropical-rainforests)

    - [Tropical deciduous forests](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests)

    - [Caatinga](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41780)

    - [South Brazilian forests](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41781)

    - [Xerophytic associations](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41782)

    - [Subantarctic rainforests](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41783)

    - [Mountain vegetation](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41786)

  - [Human influences on vegetation](/place/South-America/Tropical-deciduous-forests#ref41787)

- [Animal life](/place/South-America/Animal-life)

  - [Principal faunal types](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41789)

    - [Fish and bird life](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41790)

    - [Mammals](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41791)

    - [Amphibians and reptiles](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41792)

    - [Arthropods](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41793)

  - [Ecological communities](/place/South-America/Animal-life#ref41794)

    - [The Amazonian and Guianan forests](/place/South-America/The-Amazonian-and-Guianan-forests)

    - [East-central plateaus and lowlands](/place/South-America/The-Amazonian-and-Guianan-forests#ref41796)

    - [The Argentinian Pampas](/place/South-America/The-Argentinian-Pampas)

    - [The southern Chilean forests](/place/South-America/The-Argentinian-Pampas#ref41798)

    - [The high Andes](/place/South-America/The-Argentinian-Pampas#ref41799)

    - [The arid west coast](/place/South-America/The-Argentinian-Pampas#ref41800)

  - [Human influences on wildlife](/place/South-America/The-Argentinian-Pampas#ref41801)

- [The people](/place/South-America/The-people)



- [Ethnic origins and migrations](/place/South-America/The-people#ref41803)

  - [Indians](/place/South-America/The-people#ref41804)

  - [Iberians](/place/South-America/Iberians)

  - [Africans](/place/South-America/Iberians#ref41806)

  - [Postindependence overseas immigrants](/place/South-America/Iberians#ref41807)

- [Population and ecological distribution](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution)

  - [The present population](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution#ref41809)

  - [Culture areas](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution#ref41810)

    - [American Indian heritage regions](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution#ref41811)

    - [African heritage regions](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution#ref41812)

    - [European heritage regions](/place/South-America/Population-and-ecological-distribution#ref41813)

  - [Linguistic patterns](/place/South-America/Linguistic-patterns)

  - [Religious patterns](/place/South-America/Linguistic-patterns#ref41815)

  - [Sociological changes](/place/South-America/Linguistic-patterns#ref41816)

- [Demographic patterns](/place/South-America/Linguistic-patterns#ref41817)

  - [The demographic transition and fertility](/place/South-America/The-demographic-transition-and-fertility)

  - [Effects of rapid population increase](/place/South-America/Effects-of-rapid-population-increase)

- [The economy](/place/South-America/Effects-of-rapid-population-increase#ref41820)



- [Resources](/place/South-America/Effects-of-rapid-population-increase#ref41821)

  - [Mineral resources](/place/South-America/Effects-of-rapid-population-increase#ref41822)

    - [Mineral fuels](/place/South-America/Mineral-fuels)

    - [Iron and ferroalloys](/place/South-America/Mineral-fuels#ref41824)

    - [Nonferrous base metals](/place/South-America/Mineral-fuels#ref41825)

    - [Precious metals and gemstones](/place/South-America/Precious-metals-and-gemstones)

    - [Nonmetallic deposits](/place/South-America/Precious-metals-and-gemstones#ref41827)

  - [Biological resources](/place/South-America/Precious-metals-and-gemstones#ref41828)

    - [Botanical resources](/place/South-America/Precious-metals-and-gemstones#ref41829)

    - [Animal resources](/place/South-America/Precious-metals-and-gemstones#ref41830)

- [Forestry and fishing](/place/South-America/Forestry-and-fishing)

- [Agriculture](/place/South-America/Forestry-and-fishing#ref41832)

  - [Principal crops](/place/South-America/Forestry-and-fishing#ref41833)

    - [Food crops](/place/South-America/Food-crops)

    - [Specialized cash crops](/place/South-America/Food-crops#ref41835)

  - [Livestock](/place/South-America/Food-crops#ref41836)

- [Industry](/place/South-America/Industry)

- [Power and irrigation](/place/South-America/Industry#ref41838)

- [Trade](/place/South-America/Trade)

  - [Internal trade](/place/South-America/Trade#ref41840)

  - [External trade](/place/South-America/Trade#ref41841)

- [Transportation](/place/South-America/Transportation)

  - [Roads](/place/South-America/Transportation#ref41843)

  - [Railways](/place/South-America/Transportation#ref41844)

  - [Maritime transport](/place/South-America/Transportation#ref41845)

  - [Waterways](/place/South-America/Transportation#ref41846)

  - [Air transportation](/place/South-America/Transportation#ref41847)

- [Cultural life](/place/South-America/Cultural-life)

[References & Edit History](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America/additional-info) [Related Topics](/facts/South-America)

[Images & Videos](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America/images-videos)

[![South America](https://cdn.britannica.com/86/3886-004-8E425C5A/South-America-political-continent.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/86/3886-050-2785B482/South-America-political-continent.jpg)[![Paulo Afonso Falls](https://cdn.britannica.com/04/3404-004-D607F53E/Paulo-Afonso-Falls-Sao-Francisco-River-Brazil.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/04/3404-004-D607F53E/Paulo-Afonso-Falls-Sao-Francisco-River-Brazil.jpg)[![Villavincencio Chapel](https://cdn.britannica.com/21/10021-004-E049182A/Villavincencio-Chapel-Andes-Mountains-Argentina-Mendoza-provincia.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/21/10021-004-E049182A/Villavincencio-Chapel-Andes-Mountains-Argentina-Mendoza-provincia.jpg)[![Patagonia](https://cdn.britannica.com/81/61181-004-58435235/cliffs-region-Lake-Nordenskjold-Torres-del-Paine.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/81/61181-050-642C267F/cliffs-region-Lake-Nordenskjold-Torres-del-Paine.jpg)[![Chimborazo](https://cdn.britannica.com/59/12959-004-F76E9022/Chimborazo-Ecuadorian-Andes-South-America.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/59/12959-004-F76E9022/Chimborazo-Ecuadorian-Andes-South-America.jpg)[![farmland in the Andean region of Peru](https://cdn.britannica.com/28/32028-004-6F61C4C0/Farmland-region-Andean-Cuzco-Peru-mountains-Cordillera.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/28/32028-050-1D8A523C/Farmland-region-Andean-Cuzco-Peru-mountains-Cordillera.jpg)[![Patagonian Andes](https://cdn.britannica.com/27/32027-004-F12952E1/Patagonian-Andes-Chile-Torres-del-Paine-National.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/27/32027-050-5A65A3BE/Patagonian-Andes-Chile-Torres-del-Paine-National.jpg)[![South America](https://cdn.britannica.com/98/3898-004-BB8A8341/South-America-physical-features-continent.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/98/3898-050-A574BFA6/South-America-physical-features-continent.jpg)[![Cauca River, Colombia](https://cdn.britannica.com/64/44164-004-67B34EDD/Cauca-River-Andes-Colombia.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/64/44164-004-67B34EDD/Cauca-River-Andes-Colombia.jpg)[![Lake Titicaca](https://cdn.britannica.com/88/3888-004-486D18C6/reed-boat-Aymara-Indian-shore-Bolivian-Lake.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/88/3888-004-486D18C6/reed-boat-Aymara-Indian-shore-Bolivian-Lake.jpg)

For Students


[![](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-124/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.124.78)](/summary/South-America)

[South America summary](/summary/South-America)

Quizzes


[![Sugar Loaf and Botafogo Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.](https://cdn.britannica.com/13/83413-131-74674637/Rio-de-Janeiro-bay-Atlantic-Ocean-rock.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/quiz/exploring-south-america-quiz)

[Exploring South America Quiz](/quiz/exploring-south-america-quiz)

Read Next


[![South America map](https://cdn.britannica.com/13/198813-131-7108D2DE/South-America-map.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/story/what-is-the-difference-between-south-america-and-latin-america)

[What Is the Difference Between South America and Latin America?](/story/what-is-the-difference-between-south-america-and-latin-america)

[![Denali (Mount Mckinley), Denali National Park, Alaska.](https://cdn.britannica.com/73/189273-131-DA3E2F9A/Denali-peak-center-Alaska-Range-North-America.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/story/7-or-8-summits-the-worlds-highest-mountains-by-continent)

[7 (or 8) Summits: The World’s Highest Mountains by Continent](/story/7-or-8-summits-the-worlds-highest-mountains-by-continent)

[![The National Congress of Brazil in Brasilia City capital of Brazil. Brazilian National Congress designed by Oscar Niemeyer a Brazilian architect specializing in international modern architecture.](https://cdn.britannica.com/10/138710-131-6F55C830/skyscrapers-Congressional-Office-Building-tower-Square-of.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/11-iconic-buildings-in-brazil)

[11 Iconic Buildings in Brazil](/list/11-iconic-buildings-in-brazil)

[![Flag of Brazil](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/6847-131-B70F9A26/Flag-Brazil.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/6-significant-paintings-in-brazil)

[6 Significant Paintings in Brazil](/list/6-significant-paintings-in-brazil)

[![Panoramic view of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil circa 2008. Rio de Janeiro skyline, Rio de Janeiro city, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay](https://cdn.britannica.com/98/132698-131-9A4C729A/view-Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil-skyline-Sugar-2008.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/brazil-10-claims-to-fame)

[Brazil: 10 Claims to Fame](/list/brazil-10-claims-to-fame)

Discover


[![Aladdin and the Efrite, jinn, genie.](https://cdn.britannica.com/07/186707-131-EE0952B0/Efrite-Aladdin-jinn.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/5-creepy-things-from-the-thousand-and-one-nights)

[5 Creepy Things from _The Thousand and One Nights_](/list/5-creepy-things-from-the-thousand-and-one-nights)

[![Andrew Jackson delivering a speech while on his way to Washington, D.C., for his inauguration in 1829. From Harper's Weekly, 1881.](https://cdn.britannica.com/94/182194-131-A1441287/Andrew-Jackson-town-supporters-inauguration-way-1829.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/5-remarkably-close-us-presidential-elections)

[5 Remarkably Close U.S. Presidential Elections](/list/5-remarkably-close-us-presidential-elections)

[![Bakers Dozen of Donuts, or Paczki's](https://cdn.britannica.com/78/194478-131-980A335B/Bakers-Dozen-of-Donuts-Paczki.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/story/why-is-a-bakers-dozen-13)

[Why Is a Baker’s Dozen 13?](/story/why-is-a-bakers-dozen-13)

[![United States Electoral College votes by state](https://cdn.britannica.com/68/220368-131-C835E48E/United-States-electoral-college-votes-by-state.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/story/how-many-electoral-college-votes-does-each-us-state-have)

[How Many Electoral College Votes Does Each U.S. State Have?](/story/how-many-electoral-college-votes-does-each-us-state-have)

[![Orange basketball on black background and with low key lighting. Homepage 2010, arts and entertainment, history and society](https://cdn.britannica.com/31/142331-131-EE300AF6/basketball-Orange-background-lighting-Homepage-entertainment-history-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/the-10-greatest-basketball-players-of-all-time)

[The 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time](/list/the-10-greatest-basketball-players-of-all-time)

[![The Colosseum, Rome, Italy.  Giant amphitheatre built in Rome under the Flavian emperors. (ancient architecture; architectural ruins)](https://cdn.britannica.com/36/162636-131-E4AA93A0/Colosseum-Rome-Italy.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/list/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world)

[New Seven Wonders of the World](/list/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world)

[![The Battle of New Orleans, by E. Percy Moran, c. 1910. Andrew Jackson, War of 1812.](https://cdn.britannica.com/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](/story/25-decade-defining-events-in-us-history)

[26 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History](/story/25-decade-defining-events-in-us-history)


Contents


[Geography & Travel](/browse/Geography-Travel)[Physical Geography of Land](/browse/Physical-Geography-Land)

# South America

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Written by


[Victor A. Ramos\
\
Professor of Geology, University of Buenos Aires. Author of "The Birth of Southern South America" in _American Scientist_ and other articles.](/contributor/Victor-A-Ramos/3989)

Victor A. Ramos,

[Héctor Fernando Avila\
\
Former Division Chief, International Monetary Fund Institute, Washington, D.C.](/contributor/Hector-Fernando-Avila/127)

Héctor Fernando Avila• [All](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America/additional-info#contributors)

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[The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\
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Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.](/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419)

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated:

Sep 13, 2024
• [Article History](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America/additional-info#history)


Table of Contents


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**South America**, fourth largest of the world’s continents. It is the southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas. The continent is compact and roughly triangular in shape, being broad in the north and tapering to a point—Cape Horn, Chile—in the south. South America is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the northwest and north, the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast, east, and southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. In the northwest it is joined to North America by the Isthmus of Panama, a land bridge narrowing ...(100 of 23598 words)

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