A Soft Reminder of Where Jazz Came From - New Thinking
Slave songs, what came to be known as spirituals, are considered a vital element in the origins of jazz in conjunction with the aforementioned ...
Congo Square
New Orleans was founded by the French in 1718 and changed hands to Spanish rule for much of the 18th Century. The guide told us that it was the Spanish who let their “Catholicized” slaves have Sundays off, on which they would gather in <anchor>Congo Square</anchor>. Here they played African music characterized by accented off-beat rhythms that would become a fundamental ingredient to the development of jazz music.
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- [1History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [1.1Voodoo](#Voodoo)
  - [1.2Hoodoo](#Hoodoo)
  - [1.3Formal venue](#Formal_venue)
  - [1.4Today](#Today)
- [2In popular culture](#In_popular_culture)
- [3See also](#See_also)
- [4References](#References)
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# Congo Square

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[Coordinates](/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [29°57′39″N90°4′6″W﻿ / ﻿29.96083°N 90.06833°W﻿ / 29.96083; -90.06833](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congo_Square&params=29_57_39_N_90_4_6_W_type:landmark_region:US-LA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the Teena Marie album, see [Congo Square (album)](/wiki/Congo_Square_(album) "Congo Square (album)").

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg)

This article's [lead section](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") **may be too short to adequately [summarize](/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style "Wikipedia:Summary style") the key points**. Please consider expanding the lead to [provide an accessible overview](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") of all important aspects of the article._(February 2022)_

United States historic place

Congo Square

[U.S. National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Congosquare-today.jpg/250px-Congosquare-today.jpg)](/wiki/File:Congosquare-today.jpg)

Congo Square

[![Congo Square is located in East New Orleans](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/New_Orleans_Section_and_West_Bank_1998_Map.jpg/250px-New_Orleans_Section_and_West_Bank_1998_Map.jpg)](/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Section_and_West_Bank_1998_Map.jpg "Congo Square is located in East New Orleans")

![Congo Square](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png)

Show map of East New Orleans

[![Congo Square is located in Louisiana](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg.png)](/wiki/File:USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg "Congo Square is located in Louisiana")

![Congo Square](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png)

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[![Congo Square is located in the United States](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg "Congo Square is located in the United States")

![Congo Square](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png)

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LocationJct. of Rampart and St. Peter Sts., [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana")Coordinates[29°57′39″N90°4′6″W﻿ / ﻿29.96083°N 90.06833°W﻿ / 29.96083; -90.06833](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congo_Square&params=29_57_39_N_90_4_6_W_type:landmark_region:US-LA)Area2.7 acres (1.1 ha)NRHP reference No.[92001763](https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92001763)[\[1\]](#cite_note-nris-1)Added to NRHPJanuary 28, 1993

**Congo Square** ( [French](/wiki/French_language "French language"): _Place Congo_) is an open space, now within [Louis Armstrong Park](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_Park "Louis Armstrong Park"), which is located in the [Tremé](/wiki/Trem%C3%A9 "Tremé") neighborhood of [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana"), just across [Rampart Street](/wiki/Rampart_Street "Rampart Street") north of the [French Quarter](/wiki/French_Quarter "French Quarter"). The square is famous for its influence on the history of [African American music](/wiki/African_American_music "African American music"), especially [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz").

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

In [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana")'s French and Spanish colonial era of the 18th century, [enslaved](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") Africans were commonly allowed Sundays off from their work. Although [Code Noir](/wiki/Code_Noir "Code Noir") was implemented in 1724, giving enslaved Africans the day off on Sundays, there were no laws in place giving them the right to congregate. Despite constant threats to these congregations, they often gathered in remote and public places such as along levees, in public squares, in backyards, and anywhere they could find. On [Bayou St. John](/wiki/Bayou_St._John "Bayou St. John") at a clearing called "la place congo" the various ethnic or cultural groups of Colonial Louisiana traded and socialized.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) It was not until 1817 that the mayor of New Orleans issued a city ordinance that restricted any kind of gathering of enslaved Africans to the one location of Congo Square. They were allowed to gather in the "Place des Nègres", "Place Publique", later "Circus Square" or informally "Place Congo" [\[3\]](#cite_note-ReferenceA-3) at the "back of town" (across [Rampart Street](/wiki/Rampart_Street "Rampart Street") from the [French Quarter](/wiki/French_Quarter "French Quarter")), where the enslaved would set up a [market](/wiki/Market_(place) "Market (place)"), sing, dance, and play music. This singing, dancing and playing started as a byproduct of the original market during the French reign. At the time the enslaved could purchase their freedom and could freely buy and sell goods in the square in order to raise money to escape slavery.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

The tradition continued after the city became part of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") with the [Louisiana Purchase](/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase "Louisiana Purchase"). As African music had been suppressed in the Protestant colonies and states, the weekly gatherings at Congo Square became a famous site for visitors from elsewhere in the U.S. In addition, because of the immigration of refugees (some bringing enslaved Africans) from the [Haitian Revolution](/wiki/Haitian_Revolution "Haitian Revolution"), New Orleans received thousands of additional Africans and Creoles in the early years of the 19th century. They reinforced African traditions in the city, in music as in other areas. Many visitors were amazed at the African-style dancing and music. Observers heard the beat of the _[bamboulas](/wiki/Creole_music "Creole music")_ and wail of the _[banzas](/wiki/Banjo "Banjo")_, and saw the multitude of African dances that had survived through the years. There were a variety of dances that could be seen in Congo Square including the Bamboula, Calinda, Congo, Carabine and Juba.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) The rhythms played at Congo square can still be heard today in New Orleans [jazz funerals](/wiki/Jazz_funeral "Jazz funeral"), [second lines](/wiki/Second_line_(parades) "Second line (parades)") and [Mardi Gras Indians](/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Indians "Mardi Gras Indians") parades. In addition, the music played became the music of Louisiana Voodoo rites.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)

Townsfolk would gather around the square on Sunday afternoons to watch the dancing. In 1819, the architect [Benjamin Latrobe](/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe "Benjamin Latrobe"), a visitor to the city, wrote about the celebrations in his journal. Although he found them "savage",[\[3\]](#cite_note-ReferenceA-3) he was amazed at the sight of 500-600 unsupervised slaves who assembled for dancing. He described them as ornamented with a number of tails of the smaller wild beasts, with fringes, ribbons, little bells, and shells and balls, jingling and flirting about the performers' legs and arms. The women, one onlooker reported, wore, each according to her means, the newest fashions in silk, gauze, muslin, and percale dresses. The males covered themselves in oriental and Indian dress and covered themselves only with a sash of the same sort wrapped around the body. Except for that, they went naked.

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Orleans_-_Congo_Square.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_-_Congo_Square.jpg)](/wiki/File:New_Orleans_-_Congo_Square.jpg) Photo of National Register sign in Congo Square

One witness noted that clusters of onlookers, musicians, and dancers represented tribal groupings, with each nation taking their place in different parts of the square. The musicians used a range of instruments from available cultures: [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit "Drum kit"), [gourds](/wiki/Gourds "Gourds"), banjo-like instruments, and "quills" made from reeds strung together like [pan flutes](/wiki/Pan_flute "Pan flute"), as well as _[marimbas](/wiki/Marimbas "Marimbas")_ and European instruments such as the _[violin](/wiki/Violin "Violin")_, _[tambourines](/wiki/Tambourines "Tambourines")_, and triangles. Gradually, the music in the square gained more European influence as enslaved English-speaking Africans danced to songs like “Old Virginia Never Tire.” This mix of African and European styles helped create African American culture.

[Creole](/wiki/Creole_peoples "Creole peoples") composer [Louis Moreau Gottschalk](/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk "Louis Moreau Gottschalk") incorporated rhythms and tunes he heard in Congo Square into some of his compositions, like his famous _[Bamboula, Op. 2](/wiki/Bamboula,_Op._2_(Gottschalk) "Bamboula, Op. 2 (Gottschalk)")._

As harsher United States practices of slavery replaced the more lenient Spanish colonial style, the gatherings of enslaved Africans declined. Although no recorded date of the last of these dances in the square exists, the practice seems to have stopped more than a decade before the end of slavery with the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War").

### Voodoo

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Voodoo")\]

Besides the music and dancing, Congo Square also provided enslaved blacks with a place in which they could express themselves spiritually. This brief religious freedom on Sundays resulted in the practice of voodoo ceremonies. Voodoo is an ancient religion that developed from enslaved West Africans who brought this ritualistic practice with them when they arrived in New Orleans in the 18th century. Although it is not the most noted recreational activity people took part in at Congo Square, it was nevertheless one of the many forms of entertainment and social gatherings here. Voodoo was the most prominent from the 1820s to the 1860s, as Congo Square provided an opportunity to expose people to this intriguing practice.
The types of voodoo ceremonies performed at Congo Square were very different from traditional voodoo, however. True voodoo rituals were much more exotic and secretive and focused on the religious and ritualistic aspect, while the voodoo in Congo Square was predominantly a form of entertainment and a celebration of African culture.
Some of the dances and types of music heard in Congo Square were the result of these voodoo ceremonies.
[Marie Laveau](/wiki/Marie_Laveau "Marie Laveau"), the first and most powerful voodoo queen, is one of the most well-known practitioners of voodoo in Congo Square. In the 1830s, Marie Laveau led voodoo dances in Congo Square and held darker, more covert rituals along the banks of Lake Pontchartrain and St. John's Bayou.

### Hoodoo

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Hoodoo")\]

[Hoodoo](/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality) "Hoodoo (spirituality)") practices at Congo Square were documented by Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett. African Americans poured libations at the four corners of Congo Square at midnight during a dark moon.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) During [slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States"), a [ring shout](/wiki/Ring_shout "Ring shout") (a sacred dance in Hoodoo) was performed to invoke ancestral spirits for assistance and healing in the enslaved and free black community.[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

### Formal venue

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Formal venue")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dancing_in_Congo_Square_-_Edward_Winsor_Kemble%2C_1886.jpg/220px-Dancing_in_Congo_Square_-_Edward_Winsor_Kemble%2C_1886.jpg)](/wiki/File:Dancing_in_Congo_Square_-_Edward_Winsor_Kemble,_1886.jpg) Dance in Congo Square in the late 18th century, artist's conception by [E. W. Kemble](/wiki/E._W._Kemble "E. W. Kemble") from a century later

In the late 19th century, the square again became a famous musical venue, this time for a series of brass band concerts by orchestras of the area's " [Creole of color](/wiki/Creole_of_color "Creole of color")" community.
In 1893, the square was officially named “Beauregard Square” in honor of [P. G. T. Beauregard](/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard "P. G. T. Beauregard"), a Confederate General who was born in St. Bernard Parish and led troops at the Battle of Fort Sumter. This was part of an attempt by city leaders to suppress the mass gatherings at the square. While this name appeared on some maps, most locals continued to call it "Congo Square". Local New Orleans author and historian Freddi Williams Evans was the main advocator for the name change. As a result of her encouragement, City Councilwoman Kristin Gisleson Palmer created an ordinance to rename the area Congo Square in 2011. In the ordinance, Palmer claimed that “By restoring the name, Congo Square will continue to be remembered for the birthplace of the culture and music of New Orleans” and that “Jazz is the only truly indigenous American art form, and arguably its genesis was Congo Square, a true gift to the entire country and world.” In 2011, the [New Orleans City Council](/wiki/New_Orleans_City_Council "New Orleans City Council") officially voted to restore the traditional name Congo Square.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)

In the 1920s [New Orleans Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(New_Orleans) "Municipal Auditorium (New Orleans)") was built in an area just in back of the square, displacing and disrupting some of the Tremé community.

In the 1960s a controversial [urban renewal](/wiki/Urban_renewal "Urban renewal") project leveled a substantial portion of the Tremé neighborhood around the square. After a decade of debate over the land, the City turned it into [Louis Armstrong Park](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_Park "Louis Armstrong Park"), which incorporates old Congo Square.

Starting in 1970, the City organized the [New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival](/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival "New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival") and held events annually at Congo Square. As attendance grew, the city moved the festival to the much larger [New Orleans Fairgrounds](/wiki/New_Orleans_Fairgrounds "New Orleans Fairgrounds"). In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Congo Square has continued to be an important venue for music festivals and a community gathering place for brass band parades, protest marches, and drum circles.

### Today

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Today")\]

Today, there are still celebrations of the historical and cultural heritage of New Orleans. Congo Square Preservation Society is a community-based organization created by percussionist Luther Gray that aims to preserve the historical significance of Congo Square. Every Sunday, it carries on the tradition by gathering to celebrate the history and culture of Congo Square through drum circles, dancing, and other musical performances.

Along with these gatherings, other celebrations and events that are held in Congo Square every year include Martin Luther King Day celebrations, and the Red Dress Run. There are also numerous weddings, festivals, and concerts that take place in the park every year. On Martin Luther King Day, the park serves as the ceremonial starting place of a march that goes all the way to the Martin Luther King Jr. Monument on South Claiborne Avenue. On this holiday in 2012, a ceremony was held in Congo Square in which New Orleans Mayor [Mitch Landrieu](/wiki/Mitch_Landrieu "Mitch Landrieu") gave an inspirational speech calling for the city to reduce violence in the streets.
The annual Red Dress Run begins in Congo Square, and is organized by the New Orleans Hash House Harriers, a running group in the city. The race is known for its participants dressing in all red and heavy drinking. The profits from the race are given to local charities. After the 2014 race, it was announced that over one million dollars had been given to over 100 local New Orleans charities.

## In popular culture

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: In popular culture")\]

- [TNMK](/wiki/TNMK "TNMK"), a Ukrainian band from [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv"), is named after the square; their name is an abbreviation of the Ukrainian translation of "Dance At Congo Square".

- Among classical composers, in addition to Gottschalk, Congo Square was made the subject of a [symphonic poem](/wiki/Symphonic_poem "Symphonic poem") by [Henry F. Gilbert](/wiki/Henry_Franklin_Belknap_Gilbert "Henry Franklin Belknap Gilbert"), _The Dance in Place Congo_ (1908), which was also staged as a [ballet](/wiki/Ballet "Ballet") at the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in 1918. He was inspired by an 1896 essay of the same name by [George W. Cable](/wiki/George_Washington_Cable "George Washington Cable") which included extracts of the music to be heard in the square.
- The history of Congo Square inspired later generations of New Orleanians. [Johnny Wiggs](/wiki/Johnny_Wiggs "Johnny Wiggs") wrote and recorded a piece called "Congo Square" early in the New Orleans jazz revival, which became the theme song for the New Orleans Jazz Club radio show.
- Composer/Saxophonist, Donald Harrison, composed, orchestrated, and produced "Congo Square Suite." The music was released in 2023 and features three movements. The first movement is a chant with percussion and singing and feature mixture of Afro-New Orleans cultural music from Congo Square. The second movement is a classical orchestral work Harrison derived from his experiences becoming the recognized Big Chief of Congo Square. The third movement merges Harrison and his jazz quartet and the Moscow Symphony Orchestra. They play a blend orchestral music and jazz influenced by the sounds that permeated Congo Square.
- _Congo Square_ is also the title of an African-themed jazz score by [Wynton Marsalis](/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis "Wynton Marsalis") and [Yacub Addy](/wiki/Yacub_Addy "Yacub Addy"). It consists of arrangements for [big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") as well as traditional African drum and vocal ensemble from Ghana.
- Another song called "Congo Square" is that of Louisiana slide guitarist [Sonny Landreth](/wiki/Sonny_Landreth "Sonny Landreth") on the 1985 album _Way Down in Louisiana_, co-written by David Ranson and Mel Melton. Landreth also plays on a version of the song on [John Mayall](/wiki/John_Mayall "John Mayall")'s album _A Sense of Place_.
- The American [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock") act [Great White](/wiki/Great_White "Great White") released a song called "Congo Square" on their 1991 release _[Hooked](/wiki/Hooked_(Great_White_album) "Hooked (Great White album)")_.
- Younger generation [neo soul](/wiki/Neo_soul "Neo soul") artist [Amel Larrieux](/wiki/Amel_Larrieux "Amel Larrieux") also wrote a song based on the Congo Square called "Congo" on her 2004 album _[Bravebird](/wiki/Bravebird "Bravebird")_.
- _Ghost of Congo Square_ is the opening track on jazz trumpeter [Terence Blanchard's](/wiki/Terence_Blanchard "Terence Blanchard") 2007 album _[A Tale of God's Will (A Requiem for Katrina)](/wiki/A_Tale_of_God%27s_Will_(A_Requiem_for_Katrina) "A Tale of God's Will (A Requiem for Katrina)")_.
- R&B singer [Teena Marie](/wiki/Teena_Marie "Teena Marie")'s album, entitled _[Congo Square](/wiki/Congo_Square_(Teena_Marie_album) "Congo Square (Teena Marie album)")_, was released on June 9, 2009.
- Dee Dee Bridgewater co-wrote a song of that name with [Bill Summers](/wiki/Bill_Summers_(musician) "Bill Summers (musician)") and [Irving Mayfield](/wiki/Irvin_Mayfield "Irvin Mayfield"), for her 2015 album _[Dee Dee's Feathers](/wiki/Dee_Dee%27s_Feathers "Dee Dee's Feathers")_.

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [List of music venues](/wiki/List_of_music_venues "List of music venues")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-nris_1-0)**["National Register Information System"](https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP). _[National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places")_. [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service"). July 9, 2010.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Usner, Daniel Henry, Jr. (1981). Frontier exchange in the lower Mississippi valley: race relations and economic life in Colonial Louisiana, 1699-1793. (Thesis. PhD, Duke University). p. 251
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1)Peter Kolchin, _American Slavery_, Penguin History, paperback edition, 47
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Johnson, Jerah. Congo Square in New Orleans. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 2011.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Vlach (1990). [_The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts_](https://books.google.com/books?id=HvB9W_0Cf6IC&q=congo%20square). The University of Georgia Press. pp. 26, 135. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780820312330](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820312330 "Special:BookSources/9780820312330").
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Lindsey, Lydia; Vincent, Joshua (2017). ["Jazz is African Diasporic Music: Reconfiguring the Uniquely American Definition of Jazz"](https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no5/10.5-10-Lindsey.pdf)(PDF). _Journal of Pan African Studies_. **10** (5): 164. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). [_Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro_](https://archive.org/details/folkbeliefsofsou00puck/page/218/mode/2up?q=libation). The University of North Carolina press. p. 219.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**State Museum Staff (January 27, 2014). ["RELIGION, RACE, AND SLAVERY"](https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online-exhibits/one-nation-under-god/religion-race-and-slavery/). _Louisiana State Museum_. Louisiana Department of Culture Recreation and Tourism. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Prahlad (2016). [_African American Folklore An Encyclopedia for Students_](https://books.google.com/books?id=x92uDAAAQBAJ&dq=Congo+Square+Hoodoo&pg=PA58). ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–58. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781610699303](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610699303 "Special:BookSources/9781610699303").
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**[Culture Watch: A return to Congo Square](http://www.nola.com/nolavie/index.ssf/2011/05/culture_watch_a_return_to_cong.html) on Nola.com
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**[""Statement from Councilmember Kristin Gisleson Palmer." NOLA City Council. April 27, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2015"](http://www.nolacitycouncil.com/content/display.asp?id=54&nid={AAEBDAA8-324E-4FF8-8135-40CA005A1B93).
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**DeBerry, Jarvis (June 25, 2019). ["Going back to Congo Square: Jarvis DeBerry"](https://www.nola.com/opinions/article_59fa49d7-d1ce-5e09-8c6d-98e4ef2a48be.html). _NOLA.com_ (published April 26, 2011). Retrieved July 27, 2020.

- Thomas L Morgan (2000). ["Congo Square - Keeping the African Beat Alive"](http://www.jass.com/congo.html). Retrieved April 8, 2006.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: External links")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Congo Square, New Orleans](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Congo_Square,_New_Orleans "commons:Category:Congo Square, New Orleans") at Wikimedia Commons

- [Article about Congo Square by the U.S. National Park Service](http://www.nps.gov/archive/jazz/Armstrong%20Park_congo_square.htm)
- Powell, Lawrence N. ["Unhappy Trails in the Big Easy: Public Spaces and a Square Called Congo"](https://southernspaces.org/2012/unhappy-trails-big-easy-public-spaces-and-square-called-congo), _Southern Spaces_, 17 January 2012.

- [v](/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places "Template:National Register of Historic Places")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places "Template talk:National Register of Historic Places")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places "Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places")

[U.S. National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places")

Topics

- [Architectural style categories](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories "National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories")
- [Contributing property](/wiki/Contributing_property "Contributing property")
- [Historic district](/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States "Historic districts in the United States")
- [History of the National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places "History of the National Register of Historic Places")
- [Keeper of the Register](/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register "Keeper of the Register")
- [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service")
- [Property types](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types "National Register of Historic Places property types")

Lists by state

- [List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state](/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state "List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state"):
- [Alabama](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama "National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama")
- [Alaska](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska "National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska")
- [Arizona](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona "National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona")
- [Arkansas](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas "National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas")
- [California](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California "National Register of Historic Places listings in California")
- [Colorado](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado "National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado")
- [Connecticut](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut "National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut")
- [Delaware](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware "National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware")
- [Florida](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida "National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida")
- [Georgia](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia "National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia")
- [Hawaii](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii "National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii")
- [Idaho](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho "National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho")
- [Illinois](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois "National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois")
- [Indiana](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana "National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana")
- [Iowa](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa "National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa")
- [Kansas](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas "National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas")
- [Kentucky](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky "National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky")
- [Louisiana](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana "National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana")
- [Maine](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine "National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine")
- [Maryland](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland "National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland")
- [Massachusetts](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts "National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts")
- [Michigan](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan "National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan")
- [Minnesota](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota "National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota")
- [Mississippi](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi "National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi")
- [Missouri](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri "National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri")
- [Montana](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana "National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana")
- [Nebraska](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska "National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska")
- [Nevada](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada "National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada")
- [New Hampshire](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire "National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire")
- [New Jersey](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey "National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey")
- [New Mexico](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico "National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico")
- [New York](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York "National Register of Historic Places listings in New York")
- [North Carolina](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina "National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina")
- [North Dakota](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota "National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota")
- [Ohio](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio "National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio")
- [Oklahoma](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma "National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma")
- [Oregon](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon "National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon")
- [Pennsylvania](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania "National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania")
- [Rhode Island](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island "National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island")
- [South Carolina](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina "National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina")
- [South Dakota](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota "National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota")
- [Tennessee](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee "National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee")
- [Texas](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas "National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas")
- [Utah](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah "National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah")
- [Vermont](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont "National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont")
- [Virginia](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia "National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia")
- [Washington](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state "National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state")
- [West Virginia](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia "National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia")
- [Wisconsin](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin "National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin")
- [Wyoming](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming "National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming")

Lists by insular areas

- [American Samoa](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa "National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa")
- [Guam](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam "National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam")
- [Minor Outlying Islands](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands "National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands")
- [Northern Mariana Islands](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands")
- [Puerto Rico](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico "National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico")
- [Virgin Islands](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands")

Lists by associated state

- [Federated States of Micronesia](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia")
- [Marshall Islands](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands "National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands")
- [Palau](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau "National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau")

Other areas

- [District of Columbia](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C. "National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.")
- [American Legation, Morocco](/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier "American Legation, Tangier")

Related

- [National Historic Preservation Act](/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act "National Historic Preservation Act")
  - [Historic Preservation Fund](/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund "Historic Preservation Fund")
- [List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places "List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places")
- [University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places "University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG)[National Register of Historic Places portal](/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places "Portal:National Register of Historic Places")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places "Category:National Register of Historic Places")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Music_venues_of_Louisiana "Template:Music venues of Louisiana")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Music_venues_of_Louisiana "Template talk:Music venues of Louisiana")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_venues_of_Louisiana "Special:EditPage/Template:Music venues of Louisiana")

Music venues of Louisiana

Arenas/stadiums

- [Alario Center](/wiki/Alario_Center "Alario Center")
- [BREC Memorial Stadium](/wiki/BREC_Memorial_Stadium "BREC Memorial Stadium")
- [Burton Coliseum](/wiki/Burton_Coliseum "Burton Coliseum")
- [Caesars Superdome](/wiki/Caesars_Superdome "Caesars Superdome")
- [Cajundome](/wiki/Cajundome "Cajundome")
- [CenturyLink Center](/wiki/CenturyLink_Center_(Bossier_City) "CenturyLink Center (Bossier City)")
- [F.G. Clark Center](/wiki/F._G._Clark_Center "F. G. Clark Center")
- [Fant–Ewing Coliseum](/wiki/Fant%E2%80%93Ewing_Coliseum "Fant–Ewing Coliseum")
- [Frederick J. Sigur Civic Center](/wiki/Frederick_J._Sigur_Civic_Center "Frederick J. Sigur Civic Center")
- [Fredrick C. Hobdy Assembly Center](/wiki/Fredrick_C._Hobdy_Assembly_Center "Fredrick C. Hobdy Assembly Center")
- [Harang Jr. Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Warren_J._Harang_Jr._Municipal_Auditorium "Warren J. Harang Jr. Municipal Auditorium")
- [Hirsch Memorial Coliseum](/wiki/Hirsch_Memorial_Coliseum "Hirsch Memorial Coliseum")
- [Houma Terrebonne Civic Center](/wiki/Houma_Terrebonne_Civic_Center "Houma Terrebonne Civic Center")
- [Ike Hamilton Expo Center](/wiki/Ike_Hamilton_Expo_Center "Ike Hamilton Expo Center")
- [Independence Stadium](/wiki/Independence_Stadium_(Shreveport) "Independence Stadium (Shreveport)")
- [Lakefront Arena](/wiki/Lakefront_Arena "Lakefront Arena")
- [Lamar Dixon Expo Center](/wiki/Lamar_Dixon_Expo_Center "Lamar Dixon Expo Center")
- [Monroe Civic Center](/wiki/Monroe_Civic_Center "Monroe Civic Center")
- [Pete Maravich Assembly Center](/wiki/Pete_Maravich_Assembly_Center "Pete Maravich Assembly Center")
- [Pontchartrain Center](/wiki/Pontchartrain_Center "Pontchartrain Center")
- [Prather Coliseum](/wiki/Prather_Coliseum "Prather Coliseum")
- [Raising Cane's River Center Arena](/wiki/Raising_Cane%27s_River_Center_Arena "Raising Cane's River Center Arena")
- [Rapides Parish Coliseum](/wiki/Rapides_Parish_Coliseum "Rapides Parish Coliseum")
- [Shrine on Airline](/wiki/Shrine_on_Airline "Shrine on Airline")
- [Smoothie King Center](/wiki/Smoothie_King_Center "Smoothie King Center")
- [Stopher Gymnasium](/wiki/Stopher_Gymnasium "Stopher Gymnasium")
- [Sudduth Coliseum](/wiki/Sudduth_Coliseum "Sudduth Coliseum")
- [Tad Gormley Stadium](/wiki/Tad_Gormley_Stadium "Tad Gormley Stadium")
- [Thomas Assembly Center](/wiki/Thomas_Assembly_Center "Thomas Assembly Center")
- [Tiger Stadium](/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Louisiana) "Tiger Stadium (Louisiana)")
- [University Center](/wiki/University_Center_(Southeastern_Louisiana) "University Center (Southeastern Louisiana)")
- [Yulman Stadium](/wiki/Yulman_Stadium "Yulman Stadium")

Concert halls

- [Jefferson Performing Arts Center](/wiki/Jefferson_Performing_Arts_Center_(Louisiana) "Jefferson Performing Arts Center (Louisiana)")
- [LSU Tiger Band Hall](/wiki/LSU_Tiger_Band_Hall "LSU Tiger Band Hall")
- [Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts](/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson_Theater_of_the_Performing_Arts "Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts")
- [McAlister Auditorium](/wiki/McAlister_Auditorium "McAlister Auditorium")
- [Orpheum Theater](/wiki/Orpheum_Theater_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana) "Orpheum Theater (New Orleans, Louisiana)")
- [River Center Theater for Performing Arts](/wiki/Raising_Cane%27s_River_Center "Raising Cane's River Center")
- [RiverView Theater](/wiki/RiverView_Theater_(Shreveport,_Louisiana) "RiverView Theater (Shreveport, Louisiana)")
- [Saenger Theatre](/wiki/Saenger_Theatre_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana) "Saenger Theatre (New Orleans, Louisiana)")
- [Shaw Center for the Arts](/wiki/Shaw_Center_for_the_Arts "Shaw Center for the Arts")

Historic venues

- Congo Square
- [New Orleans Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(New_Orleans) "Municipal Auditorium (New Orleans)")
- [Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium](/wiki/Shreveport_Municipal_Memorial_Auditorium "Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium")

Outdoor venues

- [Champions Square](/wiki/Champions_Square "Champions Square")
- [Fair Grounds Race Course](/wiki/Fair_Grounds_Race_Course "Fair Grounds Race Course")
- [Greek Theatre](/wiki/Greek_Theatre_(Baton_Rouge) "Greek Theatre (Baton Rouge)")
- [New Orleans City Park](/wiki/City_Park_(New_Orleans) "City Park (New Orleans)")

Theaters and clubs

- [Carver Theater](/wiki/Carver_Theater_(New_Orleans) "Carver Theater (New Orleans)")
- [Civic Theatre](/wiki/Civic_Theatre_(New_Orleans) "Civic Theatre (New Orleans)")
- [Columbia Theatre for the Performing Arts](/wiki/Columbia_Theatre_for_the_Performing_Arts "Columbia Theatre for the Performing Arts")
- [House of Blues](/wiki/House_of_Blues#Locations "House of Blues")
- [The Howlin' Wolf](/wiki/The_Howlin%27_Wolf "The Howlin' Wolf")
- [Joy Theater](/wiki/Joy_Theater "Joy Theater")
- [Maple Leaf Bar](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Bar "Maple Leaf Bar")
- [Preservation Hall](/wiki/Preservation_Hall "Preservation Hall")
- [Rock n' Bowl](/wiki/Rock_n%27_Bowl "Rock n' Bowl")
- [Snug Harbor](/wiki/Snug_Harbor_(jazz_club) "Snug Harbor (jazz club)")
- [State Palace Theatre](/wiki/State_Palace_Theatre_(New_Orleans) "State Palace Theatre (New Orleans)")
- [Tipitina's](/wiki/Tipitina%27s "Tipitina's")

Festivals

- [Bayou Country Superfest](/wiki/Bayou_Country_Superfest "Bayou Country Superfest")
- [DeltaFest](/wiki/DeltaFest "DeltaFest")
- [Essence Music Festival](/wiki/Essence_Music_Festival "Essence Music Festival")
- [Festival International](/wiki/Festival_International "Festival International")
- [French Quarter Festival](/wiki/French_Quarter_Festival "French Quarter Festival")
- [Highland Jazz & Blues Festival](/wiki/Highland_Jazz_%26_Blues_Festival "Highland Jazz & Blues Festival")
- [New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival](/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival "New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival")
- [Satchmo SummerFest](/wiki/Satchmo_SummerFest "Satchmo SummerFest")
- [Voodoo Experience](/wiki/Voodoo_Experience "Voodoo Experience")

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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Congolese-American history](/wiki/Category:Congolese-American_history "Category:Congolese-American history")
- [African-American history in New Orleans](/wiki/Category:African-American_history_in_New_Orleans "Category:African-American history in New Orleans")
- [History of New Orleans](/wiki/Category:History_of_New_Orleans "Category:History of New Orleans")
- [Parks in New Orleans](/wiki/Category:Parks_in_New_Orleans "Category:Parks in New Orleans")
- [National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Louisiana "Category:National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana")
- [Louisiana African American Heritage Trail](/wiki/Category:Louisiana_African_American_Heritage_Trail "Category:Louisiana African American Heritage Trail")
- [History of slavery in Louisiana](/wiki/Category:History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana "Category:History of slavery in Louisiana")
- [Music venues in Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Music_venues_in_Louisiana "Category:Music venues in Louisiana")
- [National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_Orleans "Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans")
- [Historically African-American theaters and music venues](/wiki/Category:Historically_African-American_theaters_and_music_venues "Category:Historically African-American theaters and music venues")
- [Colonial Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Colonial_Louisiana "Category:Colonial Louisiana")
- [18th century in New Orleans](/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_New_Orleans "Category:18th century in New Orleans")
- [19th century in New Orleans](/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_New_Orleans "Category:19th century in New Orleans")

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- [Use mdy dates from November 2019](/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2019 "Category:Use mdy dates from November 2019")
- [Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2022](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_February_2022 "Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2022")
- [All pages needing cleanup](/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup "Category:All pages needing cleanup")
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- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Coordinates on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata "Category:Coordinates on Wikidata")
- [Articles containing French-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text "Category:Articles containing French-language text")
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