7 Ancient Cultures and How They Shaped Astronomy
Dating back to 1800 BC, the Babylonians were among the first civilization to document the movements of the sun and the moon.
Eratosthenes
One of the most notable Greek scholars is <anchor>Eratosthenes</anchor>. He has excelled not in the field of astronomy alone but in the field of geography, mathematics, poetry, and music as well. He is well-known for several astronomical breakthroughs.
Eratosthenes - Biography, Facts and Pictures
Eratosthenes - Biography, Facts and Pictures

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# Eratosthenes

![Eratosthenes of Cyrene Teaching in the Library of Alexandria](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

**Lived c. 276 BC – c. 194 BC.**

Eratosthenes was an Ancient Greek scientist born in the town of Cyrene in about 276 BC. Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. Eratosthenes was educated in philosophy and mathematics in Athens. We do not know what he looked like. The image above is from a painting by Bernardo Strozzi in the year 1635, nineteen centuries after the era of Eratosthenes. It shows Eratosthenes teaching geography, the academic discipline he founded.

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### Quick Guide – Eratosthenes’ Greatest Achievements

• Eratosthenes produced a reliable, logical method to discover prime numbers: The Sieve of Eratosthenes. In an updated form, this is still important in modern number theory.

• In about 240 BC Eratosthenes calculated Earth’s size with good accuracy. This was a moment of triumph for the human intellect: first to recognize our planet is a sphere, then to use the powers of observation, deduction, and mathematics to calculate its size.

• Eratosthenes saw that the heavens seemed to rotate once a day around Earth. The axis of rotation formed an imaginary line from the North Pole to the South Pole through Earth’s center. Eratosthenes calculated the tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the plane of its equator with good accuracy.

• He produced the first map of the world featuring meridian lines and parallel lines. These were similar to our modern lines of latitude and longitude. He marked the equator and its size, considered the size of the polar zones and how far these zones were from the tropics. (Evidently, the Ancient Greeks knew a lot about our planet!)

• He invented the armillary sphere, for 1800 years the most important instrument in astronomy for determining the positions of celestial objects.

• He invented geography. We still use the word he coined for the discipline. (‘Geo’ was Greek for ‘Earth’ and ‘graphy’ meant ‘field of study.’)

• He produced a timeline recording all of the achievements of science since the time the Greeks laid siege to Troy.

• He was the first person to explain why the River Nile flooded every year – i.e. heavy, seasonal rains fall near the source of the river causing an annual flood in Egypt.

• He rejected the commonly held view that people could be divided into ‘Greeks’ and ‘Barbarians.’ He thought people should be judged as individuals on their good and bad qualities.

#### Lifetimes of Selected Ancient Greek Scholars

![eratosthenes-lifetime-scholars](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

### A Rounded Character

Not restricting himself to science, Eratosthenes excelled at nearly all things intellectual. He wrote books on philosophy, geography, mathematics, astronomy, history, comedy, and also wrote poetry.

His all-round knowledge made him a shoe-in for a very special job, the most prestigious role an academic could enjoy in Ancient Greece – Director of the Library of Alexandria, the greatest intellectual institution of the ancient world.

The Library of Alexandria is said to have contained over half a million books in scroll form. It was the place the greatest scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, poets, and dramatists gathered to talk about their intellectual quests. The Library had lecture halls and meeting rooms. Today, we would call it a great university.

Eratosthenes had fans and critics. Both seemed to use the same nicknames for him – he had two nicknames we know about. One of these was the second letter of the Greek alphabet, ‘Beta.’ Eratosthenes, although he knew about everything, was not the absolute best at anything. ‘Beta’ could be used as an insult or a compliment.

His other nickname was ‘the pentathlete.’ The meaning is similar to Beta in that a pentathlete has to be very good at five different sports, but will probably not be a champion in any individual sport.

Eratosthenes called himself ‘philologos’ – ‘lover of learning.’

The greatest minds of Greece sent their work to him as papyrus scrolls. Ever curious, Eratosthenes read many of these before his assistants cataloged them.

![Library of Alexandria](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

Cataloging of scrolls at the Library of Alexandria, drawn in the 1800s based on the scholarship of the time.

Eratosthenes’ friend, the great Archimedes, entrusted him with an enormously important treatise called _The Method_. In addition to containing the most advanced mathematics the world had ever seen, _The Method_ gives us some clues about Eratosthenes’ interests. Archimedes writes (loosely translated):

> “Since I know you care about your work, are an excellent teacher of philosophy, and greatly interested in mathematical investigations, I thought I’d let you know about my special method. The method will enable you to use mechanics to see the answers to mathematical questions…”

And so we learn that Eratosthenes is a fantastic teacher, as well as an intellectual. (Not all intellectuals are good teachers!)

Of course, Eratosthenes did not only read about great work, he did some great work himself.

We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers.

Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes’ original work. We usually have to rely on comments from people who were around at the time and in the following few centuries to get an idea of what Eratosthenes wrote.

### How Big is Planet Earth?

As Director of the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes had the closest thing in the ancient world to an internet search engine. Everything that had been learned about the world by the Greeks – and that was a lot – was within his reach.

Eratosthenes learned that at midday, on the longest day of the year, walls in the city of Syene cast no shadows, because the sun was directly overhead. He could see with his own eyes in Alexandria that there _were_ small shadows at midday on the longest day.

Syene was more-or-less due south of Alexandria, therefore the angle of the shadow must mean something. What did it mean?

Eratosthenes reasoned that if:

1\. you make the assumption that planet Earth is a sphere

2\. the sun’s rays are parallel to one another when they reach Earth

3\. you measure the angle of the shadow in Alexandria when there is no shadow in Syene

4\. you know the distance between Alexandria and Syene

then, you could calculate how big Earth is.

### Some Key Parts of Eratosthenes’ Reasoning

![How Eratosthenes Calculated Earth's Size](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

### The Calculation

On the diagram above, the angle z is the angle of shadow Eratosthenes found in Alexandria. He found it was one-fiftieth of a whole circle.

Using a little simple Euclidean geometry, he knew that by drawing a line downward from each wall to the center of the earth, they would form the same angle z.

This meant the distance from Syene to Alexandria was one-fiftieth of the distance all the way around planet Earth.

His maps told Eratosthenes the distance from Alexandria to Syene was 5000 stades. Eratosthenes multiplied 50 x 5000 to get an answer of 250,000 stades for Earth’s circumference. He then added a correction of 2000 stades (lacking his original work, we don’t know why he did this) and concluded that:

Earth’s circumference is equal to 252,000 stades

All we need to do now is convert stades to modern units. (Some things are easier said than done!)

### How Good Was Eratosthenes’ Estimate of Earth’s Size?

We can’t say exactly how good his estimate was, because the ‘stade’ unit of length meant different things to different people.

Most likely, Eratosthenes would have said which type of stade he was using in his book, _On the Measurement of the Earth_, but the book is lost in the mists of time.

Depending on which stade he used, we can say that his estimate was, at best, within 1% and, at worst, within about 30% of the value we use now. (Our current value for Earth’s polar circumference is 40,075.16 km or 24,901.55 miles.) Whichever way you look at it, this was an enormous advance in an era when most people in the world had no idea our planet is approximately spherical.

It is both fascinating and awe-inspiring that over 2000 years ago, the Ancient Greeks realized that mathematics could be used to calculate the size of our planet using measurements from only a small part of it.

### The Sieve of Eratosthenes

Using his ‘sieve’ Eratosthenes solved the problem of how to find prime numbers logically and systematically.

Prime numbers are those numbers with no factors except for themselves and 1. Mathematicians look on them in the same way as chemists look on the chemical elements. Prime numbers are the building blocks of all other numbers.

The first eight prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19. The prime numbers go on forever. There are an infinite number of them. This had already been proven by the Greeks. The proof was written in Euclid’s Elements.

To use the Sieve of Eratosthenes, first decide the highest number you wish to check. Then write down all of the numbers up to the highest number. Say you wanted to check all the numbers up to 110, you would write:

![Sieve of Eratosthenes - 1](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

You would then remove 1, since it’s not prime. Leave 2, which is prime, and remove every number divisible by 2 – this means remove every second number from 2 onwards, to get:

![Sieve of Eratosthenes 2](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

And now, leaving 3 alone, you remove every multiple of 3, to get:

![Sieve of Eratosthenes 3](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

The next number to leave is 5. Remove every multiple of 5 to get:

![Sieve of Eratosthenes 5](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

The next number to leave is 7. Remove every multiple of 7 to get:

![Sieve of  Eratosthenes 7](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

Repeat this process until all the primes have been found. In the case of primes up to 110, they are all shown in the final table above. All of the numbers that are not prime have been sieved out using Eratosthenes’ method.

The procedure can be used to find primes to as high a limit as you like.

### The Armillary Sphere

According to the great Greek astronomer and mathematician [Hipparchus](https://www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/), who was born within a few years of Eratosthenes’ death, Eratosthenes invented the armillary sphere.

![armillary sphere](https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif)

An armillary sphere from a painting by Sandro Botticelli in about 1480. The earth is the solid sphere at the center of the device. The ecliptic – the sun’s annual path on the celestial sphere seen from the earth – is shown as the broadest ring, tilted at an angle to the horizontal rings. The ecliptic is the path on which lunar eclipses take place, hence the name. The star constellations lying on the ecliptic make up the zodiac.

For 1800 years, until the telescope was invented, the armillary sphere was the most important instrument in astronomy for determining the positions of celestial objects.

### The End of Eratosthenes

Legend has it that Eratosthenes went blind and died by starving himself when he was 80 to 82 years old.

### Our Cast of Characters

**Eratosthenes** lived in Alexandria, Egypt, part of Ancient Greece. He was born in about 276 BC and died in about 194 BC.

[Archimedes](//www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/) lived in Syracuse, Sicily, part of Ancient Greece. He was born in about 287 BC and died in 212 BC.

[Euclid](//www.famousscientists.org/euclid/) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, part of Ancient Greece. He was born in about 325 BC and died in about 265 BC.

[Hipparchus](//www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, and on the Greek Island of Rhodes. He was born in about 190 BC and died in about 120 BC.

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#### Alphabetical List of Scientists

[Louis Agassiz](//www.famousscientists.org/louis-agassiz/ "Louis Agassiz") \| [Maria Gaetana Agnesi](//www.famousscientists.org/maria-gaetana-agnesi/ "Maria Gaetana Agnesi") \| [Al-Battani](//www.famousscientists.org/al-battani/ "Al-Battani") [Abu Nasr Al-Farabi](//www.famousscientists.org/abu-nasr-al-farabi/ "Abu Nasr Al-Farabi") \| [Alhazen](//www.famousscientists.org/alhazen/ "Alhazen") \| [Jim Al-Khalili](//www.famousscientists.org/jim-al-khalili/ "Jim Al-Khalili") \| [Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi](//www.famousscientists.org/muhammad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi/ "Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi") \| [Mihailo Petrovic Alas](//www.famousscientists.org/mihailo-petrovic-alas/ "Mihailo Petrovic Alas") \| [Angel Alcala](//www.famousscientists.org/angel-alcala/ "Angel Alcala") \| [Salim Ali](//www.famousscientists.org/salim-ali/ "Salim Ali") \| [Luis Alvarez](//www.famousscientists.org/luis-alvarez/ "Luis Alvarez") \| [Andre Marie Ampère](//www.famousscientists.org/andre-marie-ampere/ "Andre Marie Ampère") \| [Anaximander](//www.famousscientists.org/anaximander/ "Anaximander") \| [Carl Anderson](//www.famousscientists.org/carl-anderson/ "Carl Anderson") \| [Mary Anning](//www.famousscientists.org/mary-anning/ "Mary Anning") \| [Virginia Apgar](//www.famousscientists.org/virginia-apgar/ "Virginia Apgar") \| [Archimedes](//www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/ "Archimedes") \| [Agnes Arber](//www.famousscientists.org/agnes-arber/ "Agnes Arber") \| [Aristarchus](//www.famousscientists.org/aristarchus/ "Aristarchus") \| [Aristotle](//www.famousscientists.org/aristotle/ "Aristotle") \| [Svante Arrhenius](//www.famousscientists.org/svante-arrhenius/ "Svante Arrhenius") \| [Oswald Avery](//www.famousscientists.org/oswald-avery/ "Oswald Avery") \| [Amedeo Avogadro](//www.famousscientists.org/amedeo-avogadro/ "Amedeo Avogadro") \| [Avicenna](//www.famousscientists.org/avicenna/ "Avicenna")

[Charles Babbage](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-babbage/ "Charles Babbage") \| [Francis Bacon](//www.famousscientists.org/francis-bacon/ "Francis Bacon") \| [Alexander Bain](//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-bain/ "Alexander Bain") \| [John Logie Baird](//www.famousscientists.org/john-logie-baird/ "John Logie Baird") \| [Joseph Banks](//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-banks/ "Joseph Banks") \| [Ramon Barba](//www.famousscientists.org/ramon-barba/ "Ramon Barba") \| [John Bardeen](//www.famousscientists.org/john-bardeen/ "John Bardeen") \| [Charles Barkla](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-barkla/ "Charles Barkla") \| [Ibn Battuta](//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/ "Ibn Battuta") \| [William Bayliss](//www.famousscientists.org/william-bayliss/ "William Bayliss") \| [George Beadle](//www.famousscientists.org/george-beadle/ "George Beadle") \| [Arnold Orville Beckman](//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-orville-beckman/ "Arnold Orville Beckman") \| [Henri Becquerel](//www.famousscientists.org/henri-becquerel/ "Henri Becquerel") \| [Emil Adolf Behring](//www.famousscientists.org/emil-adolf-behring/ "Emil Adolf Behring") \| [Alexander Graham Bell](//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-graham-bell/ "Alexander Graham Bell") \| [Emile Berliner](//www.famousscientists.org/emil-berliner/ "Emile Berliner") \| [Claude Bernard](//www.famousscientists.org/claude-bernard/ "Claude Bernard") \| [Timothy John Berners-Lee](//www.famousscientists.org/timothy-john-berners-lee/ "Timothy John Berners-Lee") \| [Daniel Bernoulli](//www.famousscientists.org/daniel-bernoulli/ "Daniel Bernoulli") \| [Jacob Berzelius](//www.famousscientists.org/jacob-berzelius/ "Jacob Berzelius") \| [Henry Bessemer](//www.famousscientists.org/henry-bessemer/ "Henry Bessemer") \| [Hans Bethe](//www.famousscientists.org/hans-bethe/ "Hans Bethe") \| [Homi Jehangir Bhabha](//www.famousscientists.org/homi-jehangir-bhabha/ "Homi Jehangir Bhabha") \| [Alfred Binet](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-binet/ "Alfred Binet") \| [Clarence Birdseye](//www.famousscientists.org/clarence-birdseye/ "Clarence Birdseye") \| [Kristian Birkeland](//www.famousscientists.org/kristian-birkeland/ "Kristian Birkeland") \| [James Black](//www.famousscientists.org/james-black/ "James Black") \| [Elizabeth Blackwell](//www.famousscientists.org/elizabeth-blackwell/ "Elizabeth Blackwell") \| [Alfred Blalock](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-blalock/ "Alfred Blalock") \| [Katharine Burr Blodgett](//www.famousscientists.org/katharine-burr-blodgett/ "Katharine Burr Blodgett") \| [Franz Boas](//www.famousscientists.org/franz-boas/ "Franz Boas") \| [David Bohm](//www.famousscientists.org/david-bohm/ "David Bohm") \| [Aage Bohr](//www.famousscientists.org/aage-bohr/ "Aage Bohr") \| [Niels Bohr](//www.famousscientists.org/niels-bohr/ "Niels Bohr") \| [Ludwig Boltzmann](//www.famousscientists.org/ludwig-boltzmann/ "Ludwig Boltzmann") \| [Max Born](//www.famousscientists.org/max-born/ "Max Born") \| [Carl Bosch](//www.famousscientists.org/carl-bosch/ "Carl Bosch") \| [Robert Bosch](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bosch/ "Robert Bosch") \| [Jagadish Chandra Bose](//www.famousscientists.org/jagadish-chandra-bose/ "Jagadish Chandra Bose") \| [Satyendra Nath Bose](//www.famousscientists.org/s-n-bose/ "S. N. Bose") \| [Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe](//www.famousscientists.org/walther-wilhelm-georg-bothe/ "Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe") \| [Robert Boyle](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/ "Robert Boyle") \| [Lawrence Bragg](//www.famousscientists.org/lawrence-bragg/ "Lawrence Bragg") \| [Tycho Brahe](//www.famousscientists.org/tycho-brahe/ "Tycho Brahe") \| [Brahmagupta](//www.famousscientists.org/brahmagupta/ "Brahmagupta") \| [Hennig Brand](//www.famousscientists.org/hennig-brand/ "Hennig Brand") \| [Georg Brandt]( //www.famousscientists.org/georg-brandt/ "Georg Brandt") \| [Wernher Von Braun](//www.famousscientists.org/wernher-von-braun/ "Wernher Von Braun") \| [J Harlen Bretz](//www.famousscientists.org/j-harlen-bretz/ "J Harlen Bretz") \| [Louis de Broglie](//www.famousscientists.org/louis-de-broglie/ "Louis de Broglie") \| [Alexander Brongniart](//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-brongniart/ "Alexander Brongniart") \| [Robert Brown](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-brown/ "Robert Brown") \| [Michael E. Brown](//www.famousscientists.org/michael-e-brown/ "Michael E. Brown") \| [Lester R. Brown](//www.famousscientists.org/lester-r-brown/ "Lester R. Brown") \| [Eduard Buchner](//www.famousscientists.org/eduard-buchner// "Eduard Buchner") \| [Linda Buck](//www.famousscientists.org/linda-buck/ "Linda Buck") \| [William Buckland](//www.famousscientists.org/william-buckland/ "William Buckland") \| [Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon](//www.famousscientists.org/georges-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon/ "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon") \| [Robert Bunsen](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bunsen/ "Robert Bunsen") \| [Luther Burbank](//www.famousscientists.org/luther-burbank/ "Luther Burbank") \| [Jocelyn Bell Burnell](//www.famousscientists.org/jocelyn-bell-burnell/ "Jocelyn Bell Burnell") \| [Macfarlane Burnet](//www.famousscientists.org/macfarlane-burnet/ "Macfarlane") \| [Thomas Burnet](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-burnet/ "Thomas Burnet")

[Benjamin Cabrera](//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-cabrera/ "Benjamin Cabrera") \| [Santiago Ramon y Cajal](//www.famousscientists.org/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/ "Santiago Ramon y Cajal") \| [Rachel Carson](//www.famousscientists.org/rachel-carson/ "Rachel Carson") \| [George Washington Carver](//www.famousscientists.org/george-washington-carver/ "George Washington Carver") \| [Henry Cavendish](//www.famousscientists.org/henry-cavendish/ "Henry Cavendish") \| [Anders Celsius](//www.famousscientists.org/anders-celsius/ "Anders Celsius") \| [James Chadwick](//www.famousscientists.org/james-chadwick/ "James Chadwick") \| [Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar](//www.famousscientists.org/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar/ "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar") \| [Erwin Chargaff](//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-chargaff/ "Erwin Chargaff") \| [Noam Chomsky](//www.famousscientists.org/noam-chomsky/ "Noam Chomsky") \| [Steven Chu](//www.famousscientists.org/steven-chu/ "Steven Chu") \| [Leland Clark](//www.famousscientists.org/leland-clark/ "Leland Clark") \| [John Cockcroft](//www.famousscientists.org/john-cockcroft/ "John Cockcroft") \| [Arthur Compton](//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-compton/ "Arthur Compton") \| [Nicolaus Copernicus](//www.famousscientists.org/nicolaus-copernicus/ "Nicolaus Copernicus") \| [Gerty Theresa Cori](//www.famousscientists.org/gerty-theresa-cori/ "Gerty Theresa Cori") \| [Charles-Augustin de Coulomb](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-augustin-de-coulomb "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb") \| [Jacques Cousteau](//www.famousscientists.org/jacques-cousteau/ "Jacques Cousteau") \| [Brian Cox](//www.famousscientists.org//brian-cox/ "Brian Cox") \| [Francis Crick](//www.famousscientists.org/francis-crick/ "Francis Crick") \| [James Croll](//www.famousscientists.org/james-croll/ "James Croll") \| [Nicholas Culpeper](//www.famousscientists.org/nicholas-culpeper/ "Nicholas Culpeper") \| [Marie Curie](//www.famousscientists.org/marie-curie/ "Marie Curie") \| [Pierre Curie](//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-curie/ "Pierre Curie") \| [Georges Cuvier](//www.famousscientists.org/georges-cuvier/ "Georges Cuvier") \| [Adalbert Czerny](//www.famousscientists.org/adalbert-czerny/ "Adalbert Czerny")

[Gottlieb Daimler](//www.famousscientists.org/gottlieb-daimler/ "Gottlieb Daimler") \| [John Dalton](//www.famousscientists.org/john-dalton/ "John Dalton") \| [James Dwight Dana](//www.famousscientists.org/james-dwight-dana/ "James Dwight Dana") \| [Charles Darwin](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-darwin/ "Charles Darwin") \| [Humphry Davy](//www.famousscientists.org/humphry-davy/ "Humphry Davy") \| [Peter Debye](//www.famousscientists.org/peter-debye/ "Peter Debye") \| [Max Delbruck](//www.famousscientists.org/max-delbruck/ "Max Delbruck") \| [Jean Andre Deluc](//www.famousscientists.org/jean-andre-deluc/ "Jean Andre Deluc") \| [Democritus](//www.famousscientists.org/democritus/ "Democritus") \| [René Descartes](//www.famousscientists.org/rene-descartes/ "René Descartes") \| [Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel](//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-christian-karl-diesel/ "Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel") \| [Diophantus](//www.famousscientists.org/diophantus/ "Diophantus") \| [Paul Dirac](//www.famousscientists.org/paul-dirac/ "Paul Dirac") \| [Prokop Divis](//www.famousscientists.org/prokop-divis/ "Prokop Divis") \| [Theodosius Dobzhansky](//www.famousscientists.org/theodosius-dobzhansky/ "Theodosius Dobzhansky") \| [Frank Drake](//www.famousscientists.org/frank-drake/ "Frank Drake") \| [K. Eric Drexler](//www.famousscientists.org/k-eric-drexler/ "K. Eric Drexler")

[John Eccles](//www.famousscientists.org/john-eccles/ "John Eccles") \| [Arthur Eddington](//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-eddington/ "Arthur Eddington") \| [Thomas Edison](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-alva-edison/ "Thomas Alva Edison") \| [Paul Ehrlich](//www.famousscientists.org/paul-ehrlich/ "Paul Ehrlich") \| [Albert Einstein](//www.famousscientists.org/albert-einstein/ "Albert Einstein") \| [Gertrude Elion](//www.famousscientists.org/gertrude-b-elion/ "Gertrude Elion") \| [Empedocles](//www.famousscientists.org/empedocles/ "Empedocles") \| [Eratosthenes](//www.famousscientists.org/eratosthenes/ "Eratosthenes") \| [Euclid](//www.famousscientists.org/euclid/ "Euclid") \| [Eudoxus](//www.famousscientists.org/eudoxus-of-cnidus/ "Eudoxus") \| [Leonhard Euler](//www.famousscientists.org/leonhard-euler/ "Leonhard Euler")

[Michael Faraday](//www.famousscientists.org/michael-faraday/ "Michael Faraday") \| [Pierre de Fermat](//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-de-fermat/ "Pierre de Fermat") \| [Enrico Fermi](//www.famousscientists.org/enrico-fermi/ "Enrico Fermi") \| [Richard Feynman](//www.famousscientists.org/richard-feynman/ "Richard Feynman") \| [Fibonacci – Leonardo of Pisa](//www.famousscientists.org/fibonacci-leonardo-of-pisa/ "Fibonacci") \| [Emil Fischer](//www.famousscientists.org/emil-fischer/ "Emil Fischer") \| [Ronald Fisher](//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-fisher/ "Ronald Fisher") \| [Alexander Fleming](//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-fleming/ "Alexander Fleming") \| [John Ambrose Fleming](//www.famousscientists.org/john-ambrose-fleming/ "John Ambrose Fleming") \| [Howard Florey](//www.famousscientists.org/howard-florey/ "Howard Florey") \| [Henry Ford](//www.famousscientists.org/henry-ford/ "Henry Ford") \| [Lee De Forest](//www.famousscientists.org/lee-de-forest/ "Lee De Forest") \| [Dian Fossey](//www.famousscientists.org/dian-fossey-2/ "Dian Fossey") \| [Leon Foucault](//www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/ "Leon Foucault") \| [Benjamin Franklin](//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-franklin/ "Benjamin Franklin") \| [Rosalind Franklin](//www.famousscientists.org/rosalind-franklin/ "Rosalind Franklin") \| [Sigmund Freud](//www.famousscientists.org/sigmund-freud/ "Sigmund Freud") \| [Elizebeth Smith Friedman](//www.famousscientists.org/elizebeth-smith-friedman/ "Elizebeth Smith Friedman")

[Galen](//www.famousscientists.org/galen/ "Galen") \| [Galileo Galilei](//www.famousscientists.org/galileo-galilei/ "Galileo Galilei") \| [Francis Galton](//www.famousscientists.org/francis-galton/ "Francis Galton") \| [Luigi Galvani](//www.famousscientists.org/luigi-galvani/ "Luigi Galvani") \| [George Gamow](//www.famousscientists.org/george-gamow/ "George Gamow") \| [Martin Gardner](//www.famousscientists.org/martin-gardner/ "Martin Gardner") \| [Carl Friedrich Gauss](//www.famousscientists.org/carl-friedrich-gauss/ "Carl Friedrich Gauss") \| [Murray Gell-Mann](//www.famousscientists.org/murray-gell-mann/ "Murray Gell-Mann") \| [Sophie Germain](//www.famousscientists.org/sophie-germain/ "Sophie Germain") \| [Willard Gibbs](//www.famousscientists.org/j-willard-gibbs/ "Willard Gibbs") \| [William Gilbert](//www.famousscientists.org/william-gilbert/ "William Gilbert") \| [Sheldon Lee Glashow](//www.famousscientists.org/sheldon-lee-glashow/ "Sheldon Lee Glashow") \| [Robert Goddard](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-goddard/ "Robert Goddard") \| [Maria Goeppert-Mayer](//www.famousscientists.org/maria-goeppert-mayer/ "Maria Goeppert-Mayer") \| [Thomas Gold](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-gold/ "Thomas Gold") \| [Jane Goodall](//www.famousscientists.org/jane-goodall/ "Jane Goodall") \| [Stephen Jay Gould](//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-jay-gould/ "Stephen Jay Gould") \| [Otto von Guericke](//www.famousscientists.org/otto-von-guericke/ "Otto von Guericke")

[Fritz Haber](//www.famousscientists.org/fritz-haber/ "Fritz Haber") \| [Ernst Haeckel](//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-haeckel/ "Ernst Haeckel") \| [Otto Hahn](//www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn/ "Otto Hahn") \| [Albrecht von Haller](//www.famousscientists.org/albrecht-von-haller/ "Albrecht von Haller") \| [Edmund Halley](//www.famousscientists.org/edmund-halley/ "Edmund Halley") \| [Alister Hardy](//www.famousscientists.org/alister-hardy/ "Alister Hardy") \| [Thomas Harriot](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-harriot/ "Thomas Harriot") \| [William Harvey](//www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/ "William Harvey") \| [Stephen Hawking](//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-hawking/ "Stephen Hawking") \| [Otto Haxel](//www.famousscientists.org/otto-haxel/ "Otto Haxel") \| [Werner Heisenberg](//www.famousscientists.org/werner-heisenberg/ "Werner Heisenberg") \| [Hermann von Helmholtz](//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-von-helmholtz/ "Hermann von Helmholtz") \| [Jan Baptist von Helmont](//www.famousscientists.org/jan-baptist-von-helmont/ "Jan Baptist von Helmont") \| [Joseph Henry](//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-henry-2/ "Joseph Henry") \| [Caroline Herschel](//www.famousscientists.org/caroline-herschel/ "Caroline Herschel") \| [John Herschel](//www.famousscientists.org/john-herschel/ "John Herschel") \| [William Herschel](//www.famousscientists.org/william-herschel/ "William Herschel") \| [Gustav Ludwig Hertz](//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-ludwig-hertz/ "Gustav Ludwig Hertz") \| [Heinrich Hertz](//www.famousscientists.org/heinrich-hertz/ "Heinrich Hertz") \| [Karl F. Herzfeld](//www.famousscientists.org/karl-f-herzfeld/ "Karl F. Herzfeld") \| [George de Hevesy](//www.famousscientists.org/george-de-hevesy/ "George de Hevesy") \| [Antony Hewish](//www.famousscientists.org/antony-hewish/ "Antony Hewish") \| [David Hilbert](//www.famousscientists.org/david-hilbert/ "David Hilbert") \| [Maurice Hilleman](//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-hilleman/ "Maurice Hilleman") \| [Hipparchus](//www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/ "Hipparchus") \| [Hippocrates](//www.famousscientists.org/hippocrates/ "Hippocrates") \| [Shintaro Hirase](//www.famousscientists.org/shintaro-hirase/ "Shintaro Hirase") \| [Dorothy Hodgkin](//www.famousscientists.org/dorothy-hodgkin/ "Dorothy Hodgkin") \| [Robert Hooke](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/ "Robert Hooke") \| [Frederick Gowland Hopkins](//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-gowland-hopkins/ "Frederick Gowland Hopkins") \| [William Hopkins](//www.famousscientists.org/william-hopkins/ "William Hopkins") \| [Grace Murray Hopper](//www.famousscientists.org/grace-murray-hopper/ "Grace Murray Hopper") \| [Frank Hornby](//www.famousscientists.org/frank-hornby/ "Frank Hornby") \| [Jack Horner](//www.famousscientists.org/jack-horner/ "Jack Horner") \| [Bernardo Houssay](//www.famousscientists.org/bernardo-houssay/ "Bernardo Houssay") \| [Fred Hoyle]( //www.famousscientists.org/fred-hoyle/ "Fred Hoyle") \| [Edwin Hubble](//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-hubble/ "Edwin Hubble") \| [Alexander von Humboldt](//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-von-humboldt/ "Alexander von Humboldt") \| [Zora Neale Hurston](//www.famousscientists.org/zora-neale-hurston/ "Zora Neale Hurston") \| [James Hutton](//www.famousscientists.org/james-hutton/ "James Hutton") \| [Christiaan Huygens](//www.famousscientists.org/christiaan-huygens/ "Christiaan Huygens") \| [Hypatia](//www.famousscientists.org/hypatia/ "Hypatia")

[Ernesto Illy](//www.famousscientists.org/ernesto-illy/ "Ernesto Illy") \| [Jan Ingenhousz](//www.famousscientists.org/jan-ingenhousz/ "Jan Ingenhousz") \| [Ernst Ising](//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-ising/ "Ernst Ising") \| [Keisuke Ito](//www.famousscientists.org/keisuke-ito/ "Keisuke Ito")

[Mae Carol Jemison](//www.famousscientists.org/mae-carol-jemison/ "Mae Carol Jemison") \| [Edward Jenner](//www.famousscientists.org/edward-anthony-jenner/ "Edward Jenner") \| [J. Hans D. Jensen](//www.famousscientists.org/j-hans-d-jensen/ "J. Hans D. Jensen") \| [Irene Joliot-Curie](//www.famousscientists.org/irene-joliot-curie/ "Irene Joliot-Curie") \| [James Prescott Joule](//www.famousscientists.org/james-prescott-joule/ "James Prescott Joule") \| [Percy Lavon Julian](//www.famousscientists.org/percy-lavon-julian/ "Percy Lavon Julian")

[Michio Kaku](//www.famousscientists.org/michio-kaku/ "Michio Kaku") \| [Heike Kamerlingh Onnes](//www.famousscientists.org/heike-kamerlingh-onnes/ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes") \| [Pyotr Kapitsa](//www.famousscientists.org/pyotr-kapitsa/ "Pyotr Kapitsa") \| [Friedrich August Kekulé](//www.famousscientists.org/friedrich-august-kekule/ "Friedrich August Kekulé") \| [Frances Kelsey](//www.famousscientists.org/frances-kelsey/ "Frances Kelsey") \| [Pearl Kendrick](//www.famousscientists.org/pearl-kendrick/ "Pearl Kendrick") \| [Johannes Kepler](//www.famousscientists.org/johannes-kepler/ "Johannes Kepler") \| [Abdul Qadeer Khan](//www.famousscientists.org/abdul-qadeer-khan/ "Abdul Qadeer Khan") \| [Omar Khayyam](//www.famousscientists.org/omar-khayyam/ "Omar Khayyam") \| [Alfred Kinsey](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-kinsey/ "Alfred Kinsey") \| [Gustav Kirchoff](//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-kirchoff/ "Gustav Kirchoff") \| [Martin Klaproth](//www.famousscientists.org/martin-klaproth/ "Martin Klaproth") \| [Robert Koch](//www.famousscientists.org/robert-koch/ "Robert Koch") \| [Emil Kraepelin](//www.famousscientists.org/emil-kraepelin/ "Emil Kraepelin") \| [Thomas Kuhn](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-kuhn/ "Thomas Kuhn") \| [Stephanie Kwolek](//www.famousscientists.org/stephanie-kwolek/ "Stephanie Kwolek")

[Joseph-Louis Lagrange](//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-louis-lagrange/ "Joseph-Louis Lagrange") \| [Jean-Baptiste Lamarck](//www.famousscientists.org/jean-baptiste-lamarck/ "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck") \| [Hedy Lamarr](//www.famousscientists.org/hedy-lamarr/ "Hedy Lamarr") \| [Edwin Herbert Land](//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-herbert-land/ "Edwin Herbert Land") \| [Karl Landsteiner](//www.famousscientists.org/karl-landsteiner/ "Karl Landsteiner") \| [Pierre-Simon Laplace](//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/ "Pierre-Simon Laplace") \| [Max von Laue](//www.famousscientists.org/max-von-laue/ "Max von Laue") \| [Antoine Lavoisier](//www.famousscientists.org/antoine-lavoisier/ "Antoine Lavoisier") \| [Ernest Lawrence](//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-lawrence/ "Ernest Lawrence") \| [Henrietta Leavitt](//www.famousscientists.org/henrietta-swan-leavitt/ "Henrietta Swan Leavitt") \| [Antonie van Leeuwenhoek](//www.famousscientists.org/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek") \| [Inge Lehmann](//www.famousscientists.org/inge-lehmann/ "Inge Lehmann") \| [Gottfried Leibniz](//www.famousscientists.org/gottfried-leibniz/ "Gottfried Leibniz") \| [Georges Lemaître](//www.famousscientists.org/georges-lemaitre/ "Georges Lemaître") \| [Leonardo da Vinci](//www.famousscientists.org/leonardo-da-vinci/ "Leonardo da Vinci") \| [Niccolo Leoniceno](//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-leoniceno/ "Niccolo Leoniceno") \| [Aldo Leopold](//www.famousscientists.org/aldo-leopold/ "Aldo Leopold") \| [Rita Levi-Montalcini](//www.famousscientists.org/rita-levi-montalcini/ "Rita Levi-Montalcini") \| [Claude Levi-Strauss](//www.famousscientists.org/claude-levi-strauss/ "Claude Levi-Strauss") \| [Willard Frank Libby](//www.famousscientists.org/willard-frank-libby/ "Willard Frank Libby") \| [Justus von Liebig](//www.famousscientists.org/justus-von-liebig/ "Justus von Liebig") \| [Carolus Linnaeus](//www.famousscientists.org/carolus-linnaeus/ "Carolus Linnaeus") \| [Joseph Lister](//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-lister/ "Joseph Lister") \| [John Locke](//www.famousscientists.org/john-locke/ "John Locke") \| [Hendrik Antoon Lorentz](//www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/ "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz") \| [Konrad Lorenz](//www.famousscientists.org/konrad-lorenz/ "Konrad Lorenz") \| [Ada Lovelace](//www.famousscientists.org/ada-lovelace/ "Ada Lovelace") \| [Percival Lowell](//www.famousscientists.org/percival-lowell/ "Percival Lowell") \| [Lucretius](//www.famousscientists.org/lucretius/ "Lucretius") \| [Charles Lyell](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-lyell/ "Charles Lyell") \| [Trofim Lysenko](//www.famousscientists.org/trofim-lysenko/ "Trofim Lysenko")

[Ernst Mach](//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mach/ "Ernst Mach") \| [Marcello Malpighi](//www.famousscientists.org/marcello-malpighi/ "Marcello Malpighi") \| [Jane Marcet](//www.famousscientists.org/jane-marcet/ "Jane Marcet") \| [Guglielmo Marconi](//www.famousscientists.org/guglielmo-marconi/ "Guglielmo Marconi") \| [Lynn Margulis](//www.famousscientists.org/lynn-margulis/ "Lynn Margulis") \| [Barry Marshall](//www.famousscientists.org/barry-marshall/ "Barry Marshall") \| [Polly Matzinger](//www.famousscientists.org/polly-matzinger/ "Polly Matzinger") \| [Matthew Maury](//www.famousscientists.org/matthew-maury/ "Matthew Maury") \| [James Clerk Maxwell](//www.famousscientists.org/james-clerk-maxwell/ "James Clerk Maxwell") \| [Ernst Mayr](//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mayr/ "Ernst Mayr") \| [Barbara McClintock](//www.famousscientists.org/barbara-mcclintock/ "Barbara McClintock") \| [Lise Meitner](//www.famousscientists.org/lise-meitner/ "Lise Meitner") \| [Gregor Mendel](//www.famousscientists.org/gregor-mendel/ "Gregor Mendel") \| [Dmitri Mendeleev](//www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/ "Dmitri Mendeleev") \| [Franz Mesmer](//www.famousscientists.org/franz-mesmer/ "Franz Mesmer") \| [Antonio Meucci](//www.famousscientists.org/antonio-meucci/ "Antonio Meucci") \| [John Michell](//www.famousscientists.org/john-michell/ "John Michell") \| [Albert Abraham Michelson](//www.famousscientists.org/albert-abraham-michelson/ "Albert Abraham Michelson") \| [Thomas Midgeley Jr.](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-midgeley-jr/ "Thomas Midgeley Jr.") \| [Milutin Milankovic](//www.famousscientists.org/milutin-milankovic/ "Milutin Milankovitch") \| [Maria Mitchell](//www.famousscientists.org/maria-mitchell/ "Maria Mitchell") \| [Mario Molina](//www.famousscientists.org/mario-molina/ "Mario Molina") \| [Thomas Hunt Morgan](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-hunt-morgan/ "Thomas Hunt Morgan") \| [Samuel Morse](//www.famousscientists.org/samuel-morse/ "Samuel Morse") \| [Henry Moseley](//www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/ "Henry Moseley")

[Ukichiro Nakaya](//www.famousscientists.org/ukichiro-nakaya/ "Ukichiro Nakaya") \| [John Napier](//www.famousscientists.org/john-napier/ "John Napier") \| [Giulio Natta](//www.famousscientists.org/giulio-natta/ "Giulio Natta") \| [John Needham](//www.famousscientists.org/john-needham/ "John Needham") \| [John von Neumann](//www.famousscientists.org/john-von-neumann/ "John von Neumann") \| [Thomas Newcomen](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-Newcomen/ "Thomas Newcomen") \| [Isaac Newton](//www.famousscientists.org/isaac-newton/ "Isaac Newton") \| [Charles Nicolle](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-nicolle/ "Charles Nicolle") \| [Florence Nightingale](//www.famousscientists.org/florence-nightingale/ "Florence Nightingale") \| [Tim Noakes](//www.famousscientists.org/tim-noakes/ "Tim Noakes") \| [Alfred Nobel](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-nobel/ "Alfred Nobel") \| [Emmy Noether](//www.famousscientists.org/emmy-noether/ "Emmy Noether") \| [Christiane Nusslein-Volhard](//www.famousscientists.org/christiane-nusslein-volhard/ "Christiane Nusslein-Volhard") \| [Bill Nye](//www.famousscientists.org/bill-nye/ "Bill Nye")

[Hans Christian Oersted](//www.famousscientists.org/hans-christian-oersted/ "Hans Christian Oersted") \| [Georg Ohm](//www.famousscientists.org/georg-ohm/ "Georg Ohm") \| [J. Robert Oppenheimer](//www.famousscientists.org/j-robert-oppenheimer/ "J. Robert Oppenheimer") \| [Wilhelm Ostwald](//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-ostwald/ "Wilhelm Ostwald") \| [William Oughtred](//www.famousscientists.org/william-oughtred/ "William Oughtred")

[Blaise Pascal](//www.famousscientists.org/blaise-pascal/ "Blaise Pascal") \| [Louis Pasteur](//www.famousscientists.org/louis-pasteur/ "Louis Pasteur") \| [Wolfgang Ernst Pauli](//www.famousscientists.org/wolfgang-ernst-pauli/ "Wolfgang Ernst Pauli") \| [Linus Pauling](//www.famousscientists.org/linus-pauling/ "Linus Pauling") \| [Randy Pausch](//www.famousscientists.org/randy-pausch/ "Randy Pausch") \| [Ivan Pavlov](//www.famousscientists.org/ivan-pavlov/ "Ivan Pavlov") \| [Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin](//www.famousscientists.org/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin/ "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin") \| [Wilder Penfield](//www.famousscientists.org/wilder-penfield/ "Wilder Penfield") \| [Marguerite Perey](//www.famousscientists.org/marguerite-perey/ "Marguerite Perey") \| [William Perkin](//www.famousscientists.org/william-perkin/ "William Perkin") \| [John Philoponus](//www.famousscientists.org/john-philoponus/ "John Philoponus") \| [Jean Piaget](//www.famousscientists.org/jean-piaget/ "Jean Piaget") \| [Philippe Pinel](//www.famousscientists.org/philippe-pinel/ "Philippe Pinel") \| [Max Planck](//www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/ "Max Planck") \| [Pliny the Elder](//www.famousscientists.org/pliny-the-elder/ "Pliny the Elder") \| [Henri Poincaré](//www.famousscientists.org/henri-poincare/ "Henri Poincaré") \| [Karl Popper](//www.famousscientists.org/karl-popper/ "Karl Popper") \| [Beatrix Potter](//www.famousscientists.org/beatrix-potter/ "Beatrix Potter") \| [Joseph Priestley](//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-priestley/ "Joseph Priestley") \| [Proclus](//www.famousscientists.org/proclus/ "Proclus") \| [Claudius Ptolemy](//www.famousscientists.org/claudius-ptolemy/ "Claudius Ptolemy") \| [Pythagoras](//www.famousscientists.org/pythagoras/ "Pythagoras")

[Adolphe Quetelet](//www.famousscientists.org/adolphe-quetelet/ "Adolphe Quetelet") \| [Harriet Quimby](//www.famousscientists.org/harriet-quimby/ "Harriet Quimby") \| [Thabit ibn Qurra](//www.famousscientists.org/thabit-ibn-qurra/ "Thabit ibn Qurra")

[C. V. Raman](//www.famousscientists.org/c-v-raman/ "C. V. Raman") \| [Srinivasa Ramanujan](//www.famousscientists.org/srinivasa-ramanujan/ "Srinivasa Ramanujan") \| [William Ramsay](//www.famousscientists.org/william-ramsay/ "William Ramsay") \| [John Ray](//www.famousscientists.org/john-ray/ "John Ray") \| [Prafulla Chandra Ray](//www.famousscientists.org/prafulla-chandra-ray/ "Prafulla Chandra Ray") \| [Francesco Redi](//www.famousscientists.org/francesco-redi/ "Francesco Redi") \| [Sally Ride](//www.famousscientists.org/sally-ride/ "Sally Ride") \| [Bernhard Riemann](//www.famousscientists.org/bernhard-riemann/ "Bernhard Riemann") \| [Wilhelm Röntgen](//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-rontgen/ "Wilhelm Röntgen") \| [Hermann Rorschach](//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-rorschach/ "Hermann Rorschach") \| [Ronald Ross](//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-ross/ "Ronald Ross") \| [Ibn Rushd](//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-rushd/ "Ibn Rushd") \| [Ernest Rutherford](//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-rutherford/ "Ernest Rutherford")

[Carl Sagan](//www.famousscientists.org/carl-sagan/ "Carl Sagan") \| [Abdus Salam](//www.famousscientists.org/mohammad-abdus-salam/ "Abdus Salam") \| [Jonas Salk](//www.famousscientists.org/jonas-salk/ "Jonas Salk") \| [Frederick Sanger](//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-sanger/ "Frederick Sanger") \| [Alberto Santos-Dumont](//www.famousscientists.org/alberto-santos-dumont/ "Alberto Santos-Dumont") \| [Walter Schottky](//www.famousscientists.org/walter-schottky/ "Walter Schottky") \| [Erwin Schrödinger](//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-schrodinger/ "Erwin Schrödinger") \| [Theodor Schwann](//www.famousscientists.org/theodor-schwann/ "Theodor Schwann") \| [Glenn Seaborg](//www.famousscientists.org/glenn-seaborg/ "Glenn Seaborg") \| [Hans Selye](//www.famousscientists.org/hans-selye/ "Hans Selye") \| [Charles Sherrington](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-sherrington/ "Charles Sherrington") \| [Gene Shoemaker](//www.famousscientists.org/gene-shoemaker/ "Gene Shoemaker") \| [Ernst Werner von Siemens](//www.famousscientists.org/ernstwerner-von-siemens/ "Ernst Werner von Siemens") \| [George Gaylord Simpson](//www.famousscientists.org/george-gaylord-simpson/ "George Gaylord Simpson") \| [B. F. Skinner](//www.famousscientists.org/b-f-skinner/ "B. F. Skinner") \| [William Smith](//www.famousscientists.org/william-smith/ "William Smith") \| [Frederick Soddy](//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-soddy/ "Frederick Soddy") \| [Mary Somerville](//www.famousscientists.org/mary-somerville/ "Mary Somerville") \| [Arnold Sommerfeld](//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-sommerfeld/ "Arnold Sommerfeld") \| [Hermann Staudinger](//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-staudinger/ "Hermann Staudinger") \| [Nicolas Steno](//www.famousscientists.org/nicolas-steno/ "Nicolas Steno") \| [Nettie Stevens](//www.famousscientists.org/nettie-stevens/ "Nettie Stevens") \| [William John Swainson](//www.famousscientists.org/william-john-swainson/ "William John Swainson") \| [Leo Szilard](//www.famousscientists.org/leo-szilard/ "Leo Szilard")

[Niccolo Tartaglia](//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-tartaglia/ "Niccolo Tartaglia") \| [Edward Teller](//www.famousscientists.org/edward-teller/ "Edward Teller") \| [Nikola Tesla](//www.famousscientists.org/nikola-tesla/ "Nikola Tesla") \| [Thales of Miletus](//www.famousscientists.org/thales/ "Thales of Miletus") \| [Theon of Alexandria](//www.famousscientists.org/theon-of-alexandria/ "Theon of Alexandria") \| [Benjamin Thompson](//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-thompson/ "Benjamin Thompson") \| [J. J. Thomson](//www.famousscientists.org/j-j-thomson/ "J. J. Thomson") \| [William Thomson](//www.famousscientists.org/william-thomson/ "William Thomson") \| [Henry David Thoreau](//www.famousscientists.org/henry-david-thoreau/ "Henry David Thoreau") \| [Kip S. Thorne](//www.famousscientists.org/kip-s-thorne/ "Kip S. Thorne") \| [Clyde Tombaugh](//www.famousscientists.org/clyde-tombaugh/ "Clyde Tombaugh") \| [Susumu Tonegawa](//www.famousscientists.org/susumu-tonegawa/ "Susumu Tonegawa") \| [Evangelista Torricelli](//www.famousscientists.org/evangelista-torricelli/ "Evangelista Torricelli") \| [Charles Townes](//www.famousscientists.org/charles-townes/ "Charles Townes") \| [Youyou Tu](//www.famousscientists.org/youyou-tu/ "Youyou Tu") \| [Alan Turing](//www.famousscientists.org/alan-turing/ "Alan Turing") \| [Neil deGrasse Tyson](//www.famousscientists.org/neil-degrasse-tyson "Neil deGrasse Tyson")

[Harold Urey](//www.famousscientists.org/harold-urey/ "Harold Urey")

[Craig Venter](//www.famousscientists.org/craig-venter/ "Craig Venter") \| [Vladimir Vernadsky](//www.famousscientists.org/vladimir-vernadsky/ "Vladimir Vernadsky") \| [Andreas Vesalius](//www.famousscientists.org/andreas-vesalius/ "Andreas Vesalius") \| [Rudolf Virchow](//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-virchow/ "Rudolf Virchow") \| [Artturi Virtanen](//www.famousscientists.org/artturi-virtanen/ "Artturi Virtanen") \| [Alessandro Volta](//www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/ "Alessandro Volta")

[Selman Waksman](//www.famousscientists.org/selman-waksman/ "Selman Waksman") \| [George Wald](//www.famousscientists.org/george-wald/ "George Wald") \| [Alfred Russel Wallace](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-russel-wallace/ "Alfred Russel Wallace") \| [John Wallis](//www.famousscientists.org/john-wallis/ "John Wallis") \| [Ernest Walton](//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-walton/ "Ernest Walton") \| [James Watson](//www.famousscientists.org/james-watson/ "James Watson") \| [James Watt](//www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/ "James Watt") \| [Alfred Wegener](//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-wegener/ "Alfred Wegener") \| [John Archibald Wheeler](//www.famousscientists.org/john-archibald-wheeler/ "John Archibald Wheeler") \| [Maurice Wilkins](//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-wilkins/ "Maurice Wilkins") \| [Thomas Willis](//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-willis/ "Thomas Willis") \| [E. O. Wilson](//www.famousscientists.org/e-o-wilson/ "E. O. Wilson") \| [Sven Wingqvist](//www.famousscientists.org/sven-wingqvist/ "Sven Wingqvist") \| [Sergei Winogradsky](//www.famousscientists.org/sergei-winogradsky/ "Sergei Winogradsky") \| [Carl Woese](//www.famousscientists.org/carl-woese/ "Carl Woese") \| [Friedrich Wöhler](//www.famousscientists.org/friedrich-wohler/ "Friedrich Wöhler") \| [Wilbur and Orville Wright](//www.famousscientists.org/wilbur-and-orville-wright/ "Wilbur and Orville Wright") \| [Wilhelm Wundt](//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-wundt/ "Wilhelm Wundt")

[Chen-Ning Yang](//www.famousscientists.org/chen-ning-yang/ "Chen-Ning Yang")

[Ahmed Zewail](//www.famousscientists.org/ahmed-zewail/ "Ahmed Zewail")

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