The Eras & History Of Jazz Music - Greater Toronto Music School
Hard bop/modal jazz/Latin jazz and Brazilian (late 1950s-1960s). The hard bop era of jazz was a partial return to the fast tempos and angular ...
scat
Having evolved out of the music of marching bands and ragtime, much of the music heard in this earlier period of jazz has similar instrumentation (drums, trumpets, trombone, sax etc) and feel. Also the influence of Afro Latin rhythms from places such as Cuba can be heard (from music as far back as the 1880's). The tresillo) rhythm is heavily used in the New Orleans Jazz of this time and can be directly linked to the music of the Caribbean. Dixieland bands played rag style music but also incorporated collective and solo improvisation within their performances which was something that hadn't been done before in traditional marching,ragtime or vaudeville bands. In Chicago, a different more soulful and vocal oriented jazz developed with artists such as Louis Armstrong, who played trumpet and popularized the use of <anchor>scat</anchor> singing. During the 1920s and prohibition, Jazz existed in the darker parts of society in brothels and speakeasies and was heavily racially segregated. Some notable artists of this time are Jellyroll Morton, Louis Armstrong and Buddy Bolden. Music to check out:
Scat singing - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Characteristics](#Characteristics)Toggle Characteristics subsection  - [1.1Structure and syllable choice](#Structure_and_syllable_choice)
  - [1.2Humor and quotation](#Humor_and_quotation)
- [2History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [2.1Origins](#Origins)
  - [2.2Heebie Jeebies](#Heebie_Jeebies)
  - [2.3Widespread adoption](#Widespread_adoption)
  - [2.4Later development](#Later_development)
  - [2.5Vocal bass](#Vocal_bass)
  - [2.6Use in hip hop](#Use_in_hip_hop)
- [3Historical theories](#Historical_theories)
- [4Critical assessment](#Critical_assessment)
- [5See also](#See_also)
- [6References](#References)Toggle References subsection  - [6.1Notes](#Notes)
  - [6.2Citations](#Citations)
  - [6.3Bibliography](#Bibliography)
- [7External links](#External_links)

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# Scat singing

28 languages

- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A4ttimine "Skättimine – Estonian")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat_(m%C3%BAsica) "Scat (música) – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatkantado "Skatkantado – Esperanto")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C "صداخوانی – Persian")
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- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BA%A3 "스캣 – Korean")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98 "שירת סקאט – Hebrew")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Hungarian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat_(jazz) "Scat (jazz) – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88 "スキャット – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat-sang "Scat-sang – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Portuguese")
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- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat_singing "Scat singing – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Slovak")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat "Scat – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scats%C3%A5ng "Scatsång – Swedish")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scat_singing "Scat singing – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82 "Скет – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1t_scat "Hát scat – Vietnamese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E8%81%B2%E5%90%9F%E5%94%B1 "擬聲吟唱 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all

[![Ella Fitzgerald is considered to be one of the greatest scat singers in jazz history[1]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg/550px-Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg)](/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg)

[File:Ella Fitzgerald in September 1947.jpg](/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg "File:Ella Fitzgerald in September 1947.jpg")

[Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald") is considered to be one of the greatest scat singers in jazz history[\[1\]](#cite_note-f282-1)

Originating in [vocal jazz](/wiki/Vocal_jazz "Vocal jazz"), **scat singing** or **scatting** is vocal [improvisation](/wiki/Musical_improvisation "Musical improvisation") with [wordless vocables](/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music "Non-lexical vocables in music"), [nonsense syllables](/wiki/Pseudoword#Nonsense_syllables "Pseudoword") or without words at all.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Hill_2014-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) In scat singing, the singer improvises melodies and rhythms using the voice solely as an [instrument](/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument") rather than a [speaking](/wiki/Speech "Speech") medium. This is different from [vocalese](/wiki/Vocalese "Vocalese"), which uses recognizable lyrics that are sung to pre-existing instrumental solos.

## Characteristics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Characteristics")\]

### Structure and syllable choice

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Structure and syllable choice")\]

Though scat singing is improvised, the melodic lines are often variations on [scale](/wiki/Musical_scale "Musical scale") and [arpeggio](/wiki/Arpeggio "Arpeggio") fragments, [stock patterns](/wiki/Lick_(music) "Lick (music)") and [riffs](/wiki/Riff "Riff"), as is the case with instrumental improvisers. As well, scatting usually incorporates musical [structure](/wiki/Musical_form "Musical form"). All of [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald")'s scat performances of " [How High the Moon](/wiki/How_High_the_Moon "How High the Moon")", for instance, use the same [tempo](/wiki/Tempo "Tempo"), begin with a chorus of a straight reading of the lyric, move to a "specialty chorus" introducing the scat chorus, and then the scat itself.[\[4\]](#cite_note-f145-4) [Will Friedwald](/wiki/Will_Friedwald "Will Friedwald") has compared Ella Fitzgerald to [Chuck Jones](/wiki/Chuck_Jones "Chuck Jones") directing his [Roadrunner cartoon](/wiki/Roadrunner_cartoon "Roadrunner cartoon")—each uses predetermined formulas in innovative ways.[\[4\]](#cite_note-f145-4)

The deliberate choice of scat syllables is also a key element in vocal jazz improvisation. Syllable choice influences the pitch, [articulation](/wiki/Articulation_(music) "Articulation (music)"), coloration, and [resonance](/wiki/Sonorant "Sonorant") of the performance.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) Syllable choice also differentiated jazz singers' personal styles: [Betty Carter](/wiki/Betty_Carter "Betty Carter") was inclined to use sounds like "louie-ooie-la-la-la" (soft-tongued sounds or liquids) while [Sarah Vaughan](/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan "Sarah Vaughan") would prefer "shoo-doo-shoo-bee-ooo-bee" ( [fricatives](/wiki/Fricatives "Fricatives"), [plosives](/wiki/Plosives "Plosives"), and [open vowels](/wiki/Open_vowels "Open vowels")).[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) The choice of scat syllables can also be used to reflect the sounds of different instruments. The comparison of the scatting styles of Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan reveals that Fitzgerald's improvisation mimics[\[a\]](#cite_note-Fitzgerald-9) the sounds of [swing-era](/wiki/Swing-era "Swing-era") [big bands](/wiki/Big_band "Big band") with which she performed, while Vaughan's mimics[\[b\]](#cite_note-Vaughan-11) that of her accompanying [bop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop")-era small combos.[\[10\]](#cite_note-12)

### Humor and quotation

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Humor and quotation")\]

Humor is another important element of scat singing. Bandleader [Cab Calloway](/wiki/Cab_Calloway "Cab Calloway") exemplified the use of humorous scatting.[\[11\]](#cite_note-13) Other examples of humorous scatting include [Slim Gaillard](/wiki/Slim_Gaillard "Slim Gaillard"), [Leo Watson](/wiki/Leo_Watson "Leo Watson"), and Bam Brown's 1945 song "Avocado Seed Soup Symphony," in which the singers scat variations on the word "avocado" for much of the recording.[\[12\]](#cite_note-14)

In addition to such nonsensical uses of language, humor is communicated in scat singing through the use of [musical quotation](/wiki/Musical_quotation "Musical quotation"). Leo Watson, who performed before the canon of American popular music, frequently drew on nursery rhymes in his scatting. This is called using a compression.[\[13\]](#cite_note-15) Similarly, Ella Fitzgerald's scatting, for example, drew extensively on popular music. In her 1960 recording of " [How High the Moon](/wiki/How_High_the_Moon "How High the Moon")" live in Berlin, she quotes over a dozen songs, including " [The Peanut Vendor](/wiki/The_Peanut_Vendor "The Peanut Vendor")," " [Heat Wave](/wiki/Heat_Wave_(Irving_Berlin_song) "Heat Wave (Irving Berlin song)")," " [A-Tisket, A-Tasket](/wiki/A-Tisket,_A-Tasket "A-Tisket, A-Tasket")," and " [Smoke Gets in Your Eyes](/wiki/Smoke_Gets_in_Your_Eyes "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes")."[\[14\]](#cite_note-16)

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: History")\]

### Origins

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Origins")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

["That Haunting Melody" (1911) excerpt](/wiki/File:Jolsonscat.ogg "File:Jolsonscat.ogg")

[Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson "Al Jolson")'s scatting during his 1911 recording of "That Haunting Melody" has been cited as one of the earliest examples of scat singing

* * *

_Problems playing this file? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

Improvisational singing of nonsense syllables occurs in many cultures, such as [diddling or lilting](/wiki/Lilting "Lilting") in Ireland, German [yodeling](/wiki/Yodeling "Yodeling"), Sámi [joik](/wiki/Joik "Joik"), and [speaking in tongues](/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues "Speaking in tongues") in various religious traditions.

Although [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong")'s 1926 recording of " [Heebie Jeebies](/wiki/Heebie_Jeebies_(composition) "Heebie Jeebies (composition)")" is often cited as the first modern song to employ scatting,[\[15\]](#cite_note-Crowther_Pinfold_1997-17)[\[16\]](#cite_note-18) there are many earlier examples.[\[17\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_618-619-19) One early master of ragtime scat singing was [Gene Greene](/wiki/Gene_Greene "Gene Greene") who recorded scat choruses in his song "King of the Bungaloos" and several others between 1911 and 1917.[\[18\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_619-20) Entertainer [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson "Al Jolson") scatted through a few bars in the middle of his 1911 recording of "That Haunting Melody."[\[19\]](#cite_note-Gioia-21) Gene Greene's 1917 "From Here to Shanghai," which featured faux-Chinese scatting,[\[18\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_619-20) and [Gene Rodemich](/wiki/Gene_Rodemich "Gene Rodemich")'s 1924 "Scissor Grinder Joe" and "Some of These Days" also pre-date Armstrong.[\[20\]](#cite_note-22) [Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards](/wiki/Cliff_Edwards "Cliff Edwards") scatted an interlude on his 1923 "Old Fashioned Love" in lieu of using an instrumental soloist.[\[21\]](#cite_note-23)[\[22\]](#cite_note-24) One of the early female singers to use scat was [Aileen Stanley](/wiki/Aileen_Stanley "Aileen Stanley"), who included it at the end of a duet with [Billy Murray](/wiki/Billy_Murray_(singer) "Billy Murray (singer)") in their hit 1924 recording of " [It Had To Be You](/wiki/It_Had_To_Be_You_(song) "It Had To Be You (song)")" (Victor 19373).

Jazz pianist [Jelly Roll Morton](/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton "Jelly Roll Morton") credited Joe Sims of [Vicksburg, Mississippi](/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi "Vicksburg, Mississippi"), as the creator of scat around the turn of the 20th century.[\[23\]](#cite_note-25) In a conversation between [Alan Lomax](/wiki/Alan_Lomax "Alan Lomax") and Jelly Roll Morton, Morton recounted the history of scat:[\[2\]](#cite_note-Hill_2014-2)

> **Lomax**: "Well, what about some more scat songs, that you used to sing way back then?"
>
> **Morton**: "Oh, I'll sing you some scat songs. That was way before Louis Armstrong's time. By the way, scat is something that a lot of people don't understand, and they begin to believe that the first scat numbers was ever done, was done by one of my hometown boys, Louis Armstrong. But I must take the credit away, since I know better. The first man that ever did a scat number in history of this country was a man from Vicksburg, Mississippi, by the name of Joe Sims, an old comedian. And from that, [Tony Jackson](/wiki/Tony_Jackson_(jazz_musician) "Tony Jackson (jazz musician)") and myself, and several more grabbed it in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana"). And found it was pretty good for an introduction of a song."
>
> **Lomax**: "What does scat mean?"
>
> **Morton**: "Scat doesn't mean anything but just something to give a song a flavor."[\[2\]](#cite_note-Hill_2014-2)

Morton also once boasted, "Tony Jackson and myself were using scat for novelty back in 1906 and 1907 when Louis Armstrong was still in the orphan's home."[\[24\]](#cite_note-26) [Don Redman](/wiki/Don_Redman "Don Redman") and [Fletcher Henderson](/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson "Fletcher Henderson") also featured scat vocals in their 1925 recording of "My Papa Doesn't Two-Time No Time" five months prior to Armstrong's 1926 recording of "Heebie Jeebies."[\[25\]](#cite_note-27)

### Heebie Jeebies

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Heebie Jeebies")\]

Further information: [Heebie Jeebies (composition)](/wiki/Heebie_Jeebies_(composition) "Heebie Jeebies (composition)")

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

["Heebie Jeebies" (1926) excerpt](/wiki/File:Armstrongscat.ogg "File:Armstrongscat.ogg")

[Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong")'s 1926 recording of " [Heebie Jeebies](/wiki/Heebie_Jeebies_(composition) "Heebie Jeebies (composition)")" was the most influential early example of scat singing.

* * *

_Problems playing this file? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

It was Armstrong's February 1926 performance of "Heebie Jeebies," however, that is considered the turning point for the medium.[\[15\]](#cite_note-Crowther_Pinfold_1997-17) From the 1926 recording of "Heebie Jeebies" arose the techniques that would form the foundation of modern scat.[\[15\]](#cite_note-Crowther_Pinfold_1997-17) In a possibly [apocryphal](/wiki/Apocryphal "Apocryphal") story,[\[26\]](#cite_note-28) Armstrong claimed that, when he was recording "Heebie Jeebies" with his band [The Hot Five](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_and_His_Hot_Five "Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five"), his sheet music fell off the stand and onto the ground.[\[17\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_618-619-19) Not knowing the lyrics to the song, he invented a gibberish melody to fill time, expecting the cut to be thrown out in the end, but that take of the song was the one released:[\[17\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_618-619-19)

> "I dropped the paper with the lyrics—right in the middle of the tune. . . And I did not want to stop and spoil the record which was moving along so wonderfully . . . So when I dropped the paper, I immediately turned back into the horn and started to scatting . . . Just as nothing had happened . . . When I finished the record I just knew the recording people would throw it out . . . And to my surprise they all came running out of the controlling booth and said—'Leave That In.'"[\[17\]](#cite_note-Edwards_2002_618-619-19)

Armstrong's "Heebie Jeebies" became a national bestseller and, consequently, the practice of scatting "became closely associated with Armstrong."[\[19\]](#cite_note-Gioia-21) The song would serve as a model for [Cab Calloway](/wiki/Cab_Calloway "Cab Calloway"), whose 1930s scat solos inspired [George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin "George Gershwin")'s use of the medium in his 1935 [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") _[Porgy and Bess](/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess "Porgy and Bess")_.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29)

### Widespread adoption

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Widespread adoption")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

["Mississippi Mud" (1927) excerpt](/wiki/File:The_Rhythm_Boys_scat.ogg "File:The Rhythm Boys scat.ogg")

[The Rhythm Boys](/wiki/The_Rhythm_Boys "The Rhythm Boys") scat on their 1927 recording of " [Mississippi Mud](/wiki/Mississippi_Mud "Mississippi Mud") / I Left My Sugar Standing in the Rain." [Harry Barris](/wiki/Harry_Barris "Harry Barris") mimics the sound of a [cymbal](/wiki/Cymbal "Cymbal").

* * *

_Problems playing this file? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

["The Mooche" (1928) excerpt](/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_Baby_Cox_The_Mooche_1928_Sample.ogg "File:Duke Ellington Baby Cox The Mooche 1928 Sample.ogg")

Sample of " [The Mooche](/wiki/The_Mooche "The Mooche")" with scat singing by Gertrude "Baby" Cox.

* * *

_Problems playing this file? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

Following the success of Armstrong's "Heebie Jeebies," a number of popular songs featured scat singing. In June 1927, [Harry Barris](/wiki/Harry_Barris "Harry Barris") and [Bing Crosby](/wiki/Bing_Crosby "Bing Crosby") of bandleader [Paul Whiteman](/wiki/Paul_Whiteman "Paul Whiteman")'s " [The Rhythm Boys](/wiki/The_Rhythm_Boys "The Rhythm Boys")" scatted on several songs including " [Mississippi Mud](/wiki/Mississippi_Mud "Mississippi Mud")," which Barris had composed.[\[28\]](#cite_note-30)

On October 26, 1927, [Duke Ellington](/wiki/Duke_Ellington "Duke Ellington")'s Orchestra recorded " [Creole Love Call](/wiki/Creole_Love_Call "Creole Love Call")" featuring [Adelaide Hall](/wiki/Adelaide_Hall "Adelaide Hall") singing wordlessly.[\[29\]](#cite_note-Williams_2003-31) Hall's wordless vocals and "evocative growls" were hailed as serving as "another instrument."[\[30\]](#cite_note-32) Although creativity must be shared between Ellington and Hall as he knew the style of performance he wanted, Hall was the one who was able to produce the sound.[\[29\]](#cite_note-Williams_2003-31) A year later, in October 1928, Ellington repeated the experiment in one of his versions of " [The Mooche](/wiki/The_Mooche "The Mooche")," with Getrude "Baby" Cox singing scat after a muted similar trombone solo by [Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton](/wiki/Tricky_Sam_Nanton "Tricky Sam Nanton").[\[31\]](#cite_note-33)

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png)

["It Don't Mean a Thing" (1932) excerpt](/wiki/File:The_Boswell_Sisters_-_It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing)_1932_Sample.ogg "File:The Boswell Sisters - It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) 1932 Sample.ogg")

Sample of " [It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing) "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)")" with scat singing by [The Boswell Sisters](/wiki/The_Boswell_Sisters "The Boswell Sisters").

* * *

_Problems playing this file? See [media help](/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media")._

During the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), acts such as [The Boswell Sisters](/wiki/The_Boswell_Sisters "The Boswell Sisters") regularly employed scatting on their records, including the high complexity of scatting at the same time, in harmony.[\[32\]](#cite_note-Wilson_1981-34) An example is their version of " [It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)](/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing) "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)")."[\[32\]](#cite_note-Wilson_1981-34) The Boswell Sisters' "inventive use of scat singing was a source for [Ella Fitzgerald](/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald "Ella Fitzgerald")."[\[32\]](#cite_note-Wilson_1981-34) As a young girl, Fitzgerald often practiced imitating Connee Boswell's scatting for hours.[\[33\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson199310–12-35)

Fitzgerald herself would become a talented scat singer and later claimed to be the "best vocal improviser jazz has ever had," and critics since then have been in almost universal agreement with her.[\[1\]](#cite_note-f282-1) During this 1930s era, other famous scat singers included [Scatman Crothers](/wiki/Scatman_Crothers "Scatman Crothers")[\[34\]](#cite_note-Scatman_Crothers-36)—who would go on to movie and television fame[\[34\]](#cite_note-Scatman_Crothers-36)—and [British dance band](/wiki/British_dance_band "British dance band") trumpeter and vocalist [Nat Gonella](/wiki/Nat_Gonella "Nat Gonella")[\[35\]](#cite_note-Scott_2017-37) whose scat-singing recordings were banned[\[c\]](#cite_note-Gonella-38) in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany").[\[35\]](#cite_note-Scott_2017-37)

### Later development

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Later development")\]

Over the years, as jazz music developed and grew in complexity, scat singing did as well. During the [bop era](/wiki/Bop_era "Bop era") of the 1940s, more highly developed vocal improvisation surged in popularity.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29) [Annie Ross](/wiki/Annie_Ross "Annie Ross"), a bop singer, expressed a common sentiment among vocalists at the time: "The \[scat\] music was so exciting, everyone wanted to do it."[\[36\]](#cite_note-cp130-39) And many did: [Eddie Jefferson](/wiki/Eddie_Jefferson "Eddie Jefferson"), [Betty Carter](/wiki/Betty_Carter "Betty Carter"), [Anita O'Day](/wiki/Anita_O%27Day "Anita O'Day"), [Joe Carroll](/wiki/Joe_Carroll_(singer) "Joe Carroll (singer)"), [Sarah Vaughan](/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan "Sarah Vaughan"), [Carmen McRae](/wiki/Carmen_McRae "Carmen McRae"), [Jon Hendricks](/wiki/Jon_Hendricks "Jon Hendricks"), [Babs Gonzales](/wiki/Babs_Gonzales "Babs Gonzales"), [Mel Torme](/wiki/Mel_Torme "Mel Torme") and [Dizzy Gillespie](/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie") were all singers in the idiom.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29)

Free jazz and the influence of world musicians on the medium pushed jazz singing nearer to avant-garde art music.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29) In the 1960s [Ward Swingle](/wiki/Ward_Swingle "Ward Swingle") was the product of an unusually liberal musical education. He took the scat singing idea and applied it to the works of Bach, creating [The Swingle Singers](/wiki/The_Swingle_Singers "The Swingle Singers"). Scat singing was also used by [Louis Prima](/wiki/Louis_Prima "Louis Prima") and others in the song " [I Wan'na Be Like You](/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song) "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)")" in Disney's _[The Jungle Book](/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film) "The Jungle Book (1967 film)")_ (1967).

The bop revival of the 1970s renewed interest in bop scat singing, and young scat singers viewed themselves as a continuation of the classic bop tradition. The medium continues to evolve, and vocal improvisation now often develops independently of changes in instrumental jazz.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29)

During the mid-1990s, jazz artist John Paul Larkin (better known as [Scatman John](/wiki/Scatman_John "Scatman John")) renewed interest in the genre briefly when he began fusing jazz singing with [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") and [electronica](/wiki/Electronica "Electronica"), scoring a world-wide hit with the song " [Scatman (Ski Ba Bop Ba Dop Bop)](/wiki/Scatman_(Ski_Ba_Bop_Ba_Dop_Bop) "Scatman (Ski Ba Bop Ba Dop Bop)")" in 1994. Vocal improviser [Bobby McFerrin](/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin "Bobby McFerrin")'s performances have shown that "wordless singing has traveled far from the concepts demonstrated by Louis Armstrong, Gladys Bentley, Cab Calloway, Anita O'Day, and Leo Watson."[\[37\]](#cite_note-40)

### Vocal bass

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Vocal bass")\]

Vocal bass is a form of scat singing that is intended to vocally simulate instrumental [basslines](/wiki/Basslines "Basslines") that are typically performed by bass players. A technique most commonly used by bass singers in a cappella groups is to simulate an instrumental rhythm section, often alongside a [vocal percussionist](/wiki/Mouth_drumming "Mouth drumming") or [beatboxer](/wiki/Beatboxer "Beatboxer"). Some notable vocal bass artists are [Tim Foust](/wiki/Home_Free_(group) "Home Free (group)"), [Adam Chance](/wiki/Home_Free_(group) "Home Free (group)"), [Bobby McFerrin](/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin "Bobby McFerrin"), [Al Jarreau](/wiki/Al_Jarreau "Al Jarreau"), [Reggie Watts](/wiki/Reggie_Watts "Reggie Watts"), [Alvin Chea](/wiki/Take_6 "Take 6"), [Joe Santoni](/wiki/DCappella "DCappella"), [Avi Kaplan](/wiki/Avi_Kaplan "Avi Kaplan"), [Matt Sallee](/wiki/Matt_Sallee "Matt Sallee"), [Chris Morey](/w/index.php?title=Vocalogy_(group)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Vocalogy (group) (page does not exist)"), [Geoff Castellucci](/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Castellucci&action=edit&redlink=1 "Geoff Castellucci (page does not exist)").

### Use in hip hop

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Use in hip hop")\]

Many [hip hop](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music") artists and [rappers](/wiki/Rapper "Rapper") use scat singing to come up with the rhythms of their raps.[\[38\]](#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC-41) [Tajai](/wiki/Tajai "Tajai") of the group [Souls of Mischief](/wiki/Souls_of_Mischief "Souls of Mischief") states the following in the book _[How to Rap](/wiki/How_to_Rap "How to Rap")_: "Sometimes my rhythms come from scatting. I usually make a scat kind of skeleton and then fill in the words. I make a skeleton of the flow first, and then I put words into it."[\[38\]](#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC-41) The group [Lifesavas](/wiki/Lifesavas "Lifesavas") describe a similar process.[\[38\]](#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC-41) Rapper [Tech N9ne](/wiki/Tech_N9ne "Tech N9ne") has been recorded demonstrating exactly how this method works,[\[39\]](#cite_note-42) and gangsta rapper [Eazy-E](/wiki/Eazy-E "Eazy-E") used it extensively in his song " [Eazy Street](/wiki/Eternal_E "Eternal E")."

## Historical theories

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Historical theories")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/220px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg)](/wiki/File:Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg) [Paul Berliner](/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist) "Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)") has suggested that scat singing arose from instrumental soloists like [Louis Armstrong](/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") ( _pictured_) formulating jazz riffs vocally[\[40\]](#cite_note-b181-43)

Some writers have proposed that scat has its roots in [African musical traditions](/wiki/African_music "African music").[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29) In much African music, "human voice and instruments assume a kind of musical parity" and are "at times so close in timbre and so inextricably interwoven within the music's fabric as to be nearly indistinguishable."[\[41\]](#cite_note-b68-44) [Dick Higgins](/wiki/Dick_Higgins "Dick Higgins") likewise attributes scat singing to traditions of [sound poetry](/wiki/Sound_poetry "Sound poetry") in African-American music.[\[42\]](#cite_note-45) In [West African music](/wiki/West_African_music "West African music"), it is typical to convert drum rhythms into vocal melodies; common rhythmic patterns are assigned specific syllabic translations.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29) However, this theory fails to account for the existence—even in the earliest recorded examples of scatting—of free improvisation by the vocalist.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29) It is therefore more likely that scat singing evolved independently in the United States.[\[27\]](#cite_note-grove-29)

Others have proposed that scat singing arose from jazz musicians' practice of formulating riffs vocally before performing them instrumentally.[\[40\]](#cite_note-b181-43) (The adage "If you can't sing it, you can't play it" was common in the early New Orleans jazz scene.[\[40\]](#cite_note-b181-43)) In this manner, soloists like Louis Armstrong became able to double as vocalists, switching effortlessly between instrumental solos and scatting.[\[40\]](#cite_note-b181-43)

Scat singing also resembles the Irish/Scottish practice of [lilting](/wiki/Lilting "Lilting") or diddling, a type of vocal music that involves using nonsensical syllables to sing non-vocal dance tunes.[\[43\]](#cite_note-46)

## Critical assessment

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Critical assessment")\]

Scat singing can allow jazz singers to have the same improvisational opportunities as jazz instrumentalists: scatting can be rhythmically and harmonically improvisational without concern about the lyric.[\[44\]](#cite_note-cp132-47) Especially when [bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop") was developing, singers found scat to be the best way to adequately engage in the performance of jazz.[\[36\]](#cite_note-cp130-39)

Scatting may be desirable because it does not "taint the music with the impurity of denotation."[\[45\]](#cite_note-grant-48) Instead of conveying linguistic content and pointing to something outside itself, scat music—like instrumental music—is self-referential and "d\[oes\] what it mean\[s\]."[\[46\]](#cite_note-49) Through this wordlessness, commentators have written, scat singing can describe matters beyond words.[\[45\]](#cite_note-grant-48)[\[47\]](#cite_note-f37-50) Music critic [Will Friedwald](/wiki/Will_Friedwald "Will Friedwald") has written that Louis Armstrong's scatting, for example, "has tapped into his own core of emotion," releasing emotions "so deep, so real" that they are unspeakable; his words "bypass our ears and our brains and go directly for our hearts and souls."[\[47\]](#cite_note-f37-50)

Scat singing has never been universally accepted, even by jazz enthusiasts. Writer and critic [Leonard Feather](/wiki/Leonard_Feather "Leonard Feather") offers an extreme view; he once said that "scat singing—with only a couple exceptions—should be banned."[\[36\]](#cite_note-cp130-39) He also wrote the lyrics to the jazz song " [Whisper Not](/wiki/Whisper_Not_(song) "Whisper Not (song)")," which Ella Fitzgerald then recorded on her 1966 Verve release of the same name. Many jazz singers, including [Bessie Smith](/wiki/Bessie_Smith "Bessie Smith"), [Billie Holiday](/wiki/Billie_Holiday "Billie Holiday"), [Jimmy Rushing](/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing "Jimmy Rushing"), and [Dinah Washington](/wiki/Dinah_Washington "Dinah Washington"), have avoided scat entirely.[\[48\]](#cite_note-g162-51)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/27px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG)](/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG)[Jazz portal](/wiki/Portal:Jazz "Portal:Jazz")

- [Asemic writing](/wiki/Asemic_writing "Asemic writing") – Wordless open semantic form of writing
- [Chopper (rap)](/wiki/Chopper_(rap) "Chopper (rap)") – Rapping style within the hip hop genre
- [Gibberish](/wiki/Gibberish "Gibberish") – Nonsensical speech or writing
- [Glossolalia](/wiki/Glossolalia "Glossolalia") – Phenomenon in which people speak words apparently in languages unknown to themPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- [Idioglossia](/wiki/Idioglossia "Idioglossia")
- [List of scat singers](/wiki/List_of_scat_singers "List of scat singers")
- [Literary nonsense](/wiki/Literary_nonsense "Literary nonsense") – Genre of literature
- [Mumble rap](/wiki/Mumble_rap "Mumble rap") – Microgenre of hip hop
- [Lilting](/wiki/Lilting "Lilting")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: References")\]

### Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_9-0)**In her 1949 performance of "Flyin' Home," Fitzgerald alternates the bilabial "b" and "p" plosives with the alveolar plosive "d".[\[7\]](#cite_note-s65-7) The "b" and "p" sounds are formed similarly to the sounds of jazz wind instruments, which sound by the release of built-up mouth air pressure onto the reed, while the "d" sound is similar to the tonguing on jazz brass instruments.[\[7\]](#cite_note-s65-7) William Stewart, a Seattle researcher, has proposed that this alternation simulates the exchange of riffs between the wind and brass sections that is common in big bands.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)
2. **[^](#cite_ref-Vaughan_11-0)**Sarah Vaughan tends to use the fricative consonant "sh" along with the low, back of the mouth "ah" vowel. The "sh" closely resembles the sound of brushes, common in the bop era, on drum heads; the "ah" vowel resonates similarly to the bass drum.[\[9\]](#cite_note-10)
3. **[^](#cite_ref-Gonella_38-0)**[Scott 2017](#CITEREFScott2017), p. 302: In 1930s " [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), the records of British trumpeter and bandleader [Nat Gonella](/wiki/Nat_Gonella "Nat Gonella") were banned there and scat singing was a criminal offence."[\[35\]](#cite_note-Scott_2017-37)

### Citations

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Citations")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-f282_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-f282_1-1)[Friedwald 1990](#CITEREFFriedwald1990), p. 282
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Hill_2014_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Hill_2014_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Hill_2014_2-2)[Hill 2014](#CITEREFHill2014)
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 622
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-f145_4-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-f145_4-1)[Friedwald 1990](#CITEREFFriedwald1990), p. 145
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**[Berliner 1994](#CITEREFBerliner1994), p. 125
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**[Berliner 1994](#CITEREFBerliner1994), pp. 125–126
07. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-s65_7-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-s65_7-1)[Stewart 1987](#CITEREFStewart1987), p. 65
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Stewart 1987](#CITEREFStewart1987), p. 66
09. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**[Stewart 1987](#CITEREFStewart1987), p. 69
10. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**[Stewart 1987](#CITEREFStewart1987), p. 74.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**[Crowther & Pinfold 1997](#CITEREFCrowtherPinfold1997), p. 129
12. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 627
13. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**[Friedwald 1990](#CITEREFFriedwald1990), p. 140
14. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 623
15. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Crowther_Pinfold_1997_17-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Crowther_Pinfold_1997_17-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Crowther_Pinfold_1997_17-2)[Crowther & Pinfold 1997](#CITEREFCrowtherPinfold1997), p. 32
16. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 618
17. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_618-619_19-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_618-619_19-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_618-619_19-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_618-619_19-3)[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), pp. 618–619
18. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_619_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Edwards_2002_619_20-1)[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 619
19. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Gioia_21-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Gioia_21-1)[Gioia 2011](#CITEREFGioia2011), p. 59
20. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 619
21. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 620
22. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**[Friedwald 1990](#CITEREFFriedwald1990), p. 16
23. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**[Nicholson 1993](#CITEREFNicholson1993), p. 89
24. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 620
25. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**[Edwards 2002](#CITEREFEdwards2002), p. 619
26. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**[Giddins 2000](#CITEREFGiddins2000), p. 161
27. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-7) [_**i**_](#cite_ref-grove_29-8)[Robinson 2007](#CITEREFRobinson2007)
28. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**[Hendricks 2003](#CITEREFHendricks2003), p. 66
29. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Williams_2003_31-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Williams_2003_31-1)[Williams 2003](#CITEREFWilliams2003), p. 113
30. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**[Hentoff 2001](#CITEREFHentoff2001)
31. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**[Lawrence 2001](#CITEREFLawrence2001), p. 136
32. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Wilson_1981_34-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Wilson_1981_34-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Wilson_1981_34-2)[Wilson 1981](#CITEREFWilson1981), p. 4
33. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199310–12_35-0)**[Nicholson 1993](#CITEREFNicholson1993), pp. 10–12.
34. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Scatman_Crothers_36-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Scatman_Crothers_36-1)[New York Times 1986](#CITEREFNew_York_Times1986)
35. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Scott_2017_37-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Scott_2017_37-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Scott_2017_37-2)[Scott 2017](#CITEREFScott2017), p. 302
36. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-cp130_39-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-cp130_39-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-cp130_39-2)[Crowther & Pinfold 1997](#CITEREFCrowtherPinfold1997), p. 130
37. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**[Crowther & Pinfold 1997](#CITEREFCrowtherPinfold1997), p. 135
38. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC_41-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC_41-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2009,_p_MC_41-2)[Edwards 2009](#CITEREFEdwards2009), p. 114
39. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**[Godfrey 2010](#CITEREFGodfrey2010)
40. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-b181_43-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-b181_43-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-b181_43-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-b181_43-3)[Berliner 1994](#CITEREFBerliner1994), p. 181
41. **[^](#cite_ref-b68_44-0)**[Berliner 1994](#CITEREFBerliner1994), p. 68
42. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**[Higgins 1985](#CITEREFHiggins1985)
43. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**[Ó Nualláin 2002](#CITEREFÓ_Nualláin2002), pp. 306–307
44. **[^](#cite_ref-cp132_47-0)**[Crowther & Pinfold 1997](#CITEREFCrowtherPinfold1997), p. 132
45. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-grant_48-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-grant_48-1)[Grant 1995](#CITEREFGrant1995), p. 289
46. **[^](#cite_ref-49)**[Leonard 1986](#CITEREFLeonard1986), p. 158
47. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-f37_50-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-f37_50-1)[Friedwald 1990](#CITEREFFriedwald1990), p. 37
48. **[^](#cite_ref-g162_51-0)**[Giddins 2000](#CITEREFGiddins2000), p. 162

### Bibliography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]

- [Berliner, Paul](/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist) "Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)") (1994). [_Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation_](https://archive.org/details/thinkinginjazzin0000berl). Chicago: [University of Chicago Press](/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-226-04381-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04381-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04381-4").
- Crowther, Bruce; Pinfold, Mike (1997). [_Singing Jazz_](https://books.google.com/books?id=sCH8GbRK214C). London: [Miller Freeman](/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc. "Miller Freeman, Inc.") Books. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-87930-519-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-519-3 "Special:BookSources/0-87930-519-3").
- Edwards, Brent Hayes (2002). "Louis Armstrong and the Syntax of Scat". _[Critical Inquiry](/wiki/Critical_Inquiry "Critical Inquiry")_. **28** (3): 618–649. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1086/343233](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343233). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0093-1896](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-1896). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [224798051](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224798051).. Brief [excerpt](https://web.archive.org/web/20071223035158/http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/issues/v28/v28n3.edwards.html) available online.
- Edwards, Paul (2009). [_How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC_](https://books.google.com/books?id=E4I5lCP-bHAC). [Chicago Review Press](/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press "Chicago Review Press"). p. 114. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4481-3213-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-3213-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-3213-3").
- [Friedwald, Will](/wiki/Will_Friedwald "Will Friedwald") (1990). [_Jazz Singing: America's Great Voices from Bessie Smith to Bebop and Beyond_](https://archive.org/details/jazzsinging00will). New York: [Charles Scribner's Sons](/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons "Charles Scribner's Sons"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-684-18522-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18522-9 "Special:BookSources/0-684-18522-9").
- [Giddins, Gary](/wiki/Gary_Giddins "Gary Giddins") (2000). [_Rhythm-A-Ning: Jazz Tradition and Innovation_](https://books.google.com/books?id=YRUbtAEACAAJ). [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"): [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press "Da Capo Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-306-80987-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80987-7 "Special:BookSources/0-306-80987-7").
- [Gioia, Ted](/wiki/Ted_Gioia "Ted Gioia") (May 9, 2011). "The Jazz Age". [_The History of Jazz_](https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia). [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). p. [59](https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/59). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-539970-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539970-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539970-7").
- Godfrey, Sarah (April 15, 2010). [""How to Rap" and Grading Hip-hop's Professors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120908041437/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/clicktrack/2010/04/how_to_rap_and_grading_hip-hop.html). _[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. Archived from [the original](http://blog.washingtonpost.com/clicktrack/2010/04/how_to_rap_and_grading_hip-hop.html) on September 8, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- Grant, Barry Keith (1995). "Purple Passages or Fiestas in Blue? Notes Toward an Aesthetic of Vocalese". In Gabbard, Krin (ed.). [_Representing Jazz_](https://archive.org/details/representingjazz00krin). Durham, North Carolina: [Duke University Press](/wiki/Duke_University_Press "Duke University Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8223-1594-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1594-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1594-0").
- [Hendricks, Jon](/wiki/Jon_Hendricks "Jon Hendricks") (2003). ["The Vocal Jazz Group: A History"](https://books.google.com/books?id=tTX8c1cRheQC&pg=PA66). In Baszak, Mark; Cohen, Edward (eds.). _Such Sweet Thunder: Views on Black American Music_. [University of Massachusetts Press](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press "University of Massachusetts Press"). p. 66. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0972678506](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0972678506 "Special:BookSources/0972678506").
- [Hentoff, Nat](/wiki/Nat_Hentoff "Nat Hentoff") (April 1, 2001). [_For the Love of Ivie_](https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121525/https://jazztimes.com/columns/final-chorus/for-the-love-of-ivie/). Archived from [the original](https://jazztimes.com/columns/final-chorus/for-the-love-of-ivie/) on January 19, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
- [Higgins, Dick](/wiki/Dick_Higgins "Dick Higgins") (1985). "A Taxonomy of Sound Poetry". In [Kostelanetz, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz "Richard Kostelanetz"); [Scobie, Stephen](/wiki/Stephen_Scobie "Stephen Scobie") (eds.). [_Precisely Complete_](http://www.ubu.com/papers/higgins_sound.html). Archae Editions. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-932360-63-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932360-63-7 "Special:BookSources/0-932360-63-7").
- Hill, Michael (2014). ["Library of Congress Narrative. Jelly Roll Morton and Alan Lomax"](http://www.doctorjazz.co.uk/locspeech2.html). _Monrovia Sound Studio_.
- Leonard, Neil (Spring–Summer 1986). "The Jazzman's Verbal Usage". _[Black American Literature Forum](/wiki/Black_American_Literature_Forum "Black American Literature Forum")_. **20** (1/2). St. Louis University: 151–159. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.2307/2904558](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2904558). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0148-6179](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-6179). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [2904558](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2904558).
- Lawrence, A. H. (2001). [_Duke Ellington and His World_](https://books.google.com/books?id=v6-SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136). New York: [Routledge](/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). p. 136. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-415-93012-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93012-X "Special:BookSources/0-415-93012-X").
- Nicholson, Stuart (1993). [_Ella Fitzgerald: A Biography of the First Lady of Jazz_](https://archive.org/details/ellafitzgeraldbi00nich). [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"): [Da Capo Press](/wiki/Da_Capo_Press "Da Capo Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-306-80642-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80642-8 "Special:BookSources/0-306-80642-8").
- Ó Nualláin, Sean (2002). "On Tonality in Irish Music". In McKevitt, Paul; Ó Nualláin, Sean; Mulvihill, Conn (eds.). [_Language, Vision and Music_](https://books.google.com/books?id=XikUH566rh4C). John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 306–307. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9027297096](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027297096 "Special:BookSources/9027297096").
- Pressing, Jeff (1988). "Improvisation: Methods and Models". In [Sloboda, John](/wiki/John_Sloboda "John Sloboda") (ed.). _Generative Processes in Music_. Oxford: [Clarendon Press](/wiki/Clarendon_Press "Clarendon Press"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-850846-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850846-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850846-5").
- Robinson, J. Bradford (2007). ["Scat Singing"](http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?from=az&section=music.24717). In Macy, L. (ed.). _[New Grove Dictionary of Music Online](/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ["Scatman Crothers Dies at 76"](https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/23/obituaries/scatman-crothers-dies-at-76-actor-got-start-in-speakeasies.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). November 23, 1986. Retrieved March 17, 2020. An early master of the technique of improvising nonsense syllables to a jazz melody, Mr. Crothers said: 'I told him to call me Scatman because I do a lot of scat singing.'
- Scott, Derek B. (2017). [_Musical Style and Social Meaning_](https://books.google.com/books?id=OCYxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT302). [Routledge](/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). p. 302. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-351-55686-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55686-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55686-6").
- Stewart, Milton L. (1987). "Stylistic Environment and the Scat Singing Styles of Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan". _Jazzforschung/Jazz Research_. **19**: 61–76. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0075-3572](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-3572).
- Williams, Iain Cameron (2003). [_Underneath A Harlem Moon: The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall_](https://books.google.com/books?id=rkgIAQAAMAAJ). Continuum. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8264-5893-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5893-9 "Special:BookSources/0-8264-5893-9").
- Wilson, John S. (June 19, 1981). ["Musical: 'Heebie Jeebies,' A Boswells Life In Song"](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/19/theater/musical-heebie-jeebies-a-boswells-life-in-song.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. p. 4.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Scat_singing&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: External links")\]

Video examples:

- [Ella Fitzgerald & Sammy Davis, Jr., "S'Wonderful"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQLmQpgv1w4)
- [Billy Stewart Sitting In The Park](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3O1RT392fY)
- [Sarah Vaughan & Wynton Marsalis, "Autumn Leaves"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZbI2VZF9K8)
- [The Rhythm Boys (Harry Barris scatting, Bing Crosby et al), "The Mississippi Mud" written by Barris](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHb2Ew4jAJ8)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Jazz "Template:Jazz")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Jazz "Template talk:Jazz")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz "Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz")

[Jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz")

General topics

- [Outline of jazz](/wiki/Outline_of_jazz "Outline of jazz")
- [Jazz (word)](/wiki/Jazz_(word) "Jazz (word)")
- [Jazz band](/wiki/Jazz_band "Jazz band")
- [Big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band")
- [Improvisation](/wiki/Musical_improvisation "Musical improvisation")
  - [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz_improvisation "Jazz improvisation")
- [Jam session](/wiki/Jam_session "Jam session")
- Scat singing
- [Swing performance](/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style) "Swing (jazz performance style)")
- [Jazz bass](/wiki/Jazz_bass "Jazz bass")
- [Jazz drumming](/wiki/Jazz_drumming "Jazz drumming")
- [Jazz guitar](/wiki/Jazz_guitar "Jazz guitar")
- [French horn in jazz](/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz "French horn in jazz")
- [Jazz piano](/wiki/Jazz_piano "Jazz piano")
- [Jazz trombone](/wiki/Jazz_trombone "Jazz trombone")
- [Jazz violin](/wiki/Jazz_violin "Jazz violin")
- [Vocal jazz](/wiki/Vocal_jazz "Vocal jazz")
- [Women in jazz](/wiki/Women_in_jazz "Women in jazz")

[Genres](/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres "List of jazz genres")

- [Avant-garde jazz](/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz "Avant-garde jazz")
- [Bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop")
  - [Hard bop](/wiki/Hard_bop "Hard bop")
  - [Neo-bop](/wiki/Neo-bop "Neo-bop")
  - [Post-bop](/wiki/Post-bop "Post-bop")
- [Cape jazz](/wiki/Cape_jazz "Cape jazz")
- [Chamber jazz](/wiki/Chamber_jazz "Chamber jazz")
- [Cool jazz](/wiki/Cool_jazz "Cool jazz")
- [Dixieland](/wiki/Dixieland "Dixieland")
- [Flamenco jazz](/wiki/Flamenco_jazz "Flamenco jazz")
- [Folk jazz](/wiki/Folk_jazz "Folk jazz")
- [Free jazz](/wiki/Free_jazz "Free jazz")
  - [Free funk](/wiki/Free_funk "Free funk")
  - [Free improvisation](/wiki/Free_improvisation "Free improvisation")
  - [Punk jazz](/wiki/Punk_jazz "Punk jazz")
- [Gypsy jazz](/wiki/Gypsy_jazz "Gypsy jazz")
- [Jazz-funk](/wiki/Jazz-funk "Jazz-funk")
- [Jazz fusion](/wiki/Jazz_fusion "Jazz fusion")
- [Jazz rap](/wiki/Jazz_rap "Jazz rap")
- [Latin jazz](/wiki/Latin_jazz "Latin jazz")
  - [Afro-Cuban jazz](/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz "Afro-Cuban jazz")
- [M-Base](/wiki/M-Base "M-Base")
- [Mainstream jazz](/wiki/Mainstream_jazz "Mainstream jazz")
- [Marabi](/wiki/Marabi "Marabi")
- [Modal jazz](/wiki/Modal_jazz "Modal jazz")
- [Nu jazz](/wiki/Nu_jazz "Nu jazz")
- [Orchestral jazz](/wiki/Orchestral_jazz "Orchestral jazz")
- [Organ trio](/wiki/Organ_trio "Organ trio")
- [Progressive jazz](/wiki/Progressive_jazz "Progressive jazz")
- [Ska jazz](/wiki/Ska_jazz "Ska jazz")
- [Smooth jazz](/wiki/Smooth_jazz "Smooth jazz")
- [Soul jazz](/wiki/Soul_jazz "Soul jazz")
- [Spiritual jazz](/wiki/Spiritual_jazz "Spiritual jazz")
  - [Sacred jazz](/wiki/Sacred_jazz "Sacred jazz")
- [Stride](/wiki/Stride_(music) "Stride (music)")
- [Swing](/wiki/Swing_music "Swing music")
  - [Swing revival](/wiki/Swing_revival "Swing revival")
- [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream "Third stream")
- [Trad jazz](/wiki/Trad_jazz "Trad jazz")

[Musicians](/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians "List of jazz musicians")

- [Bassists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists "List of jazz bassists")
- [Clarinetists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet "List of jazz musicians")
- [Drummers](/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers "List of jazz drummers")
- [Guitarists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists "List of jazz guitarists")
- [Organists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists "List of jazz organists")
- [Percussionists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists "List of jazz percussionists")
- [Pianists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists "List of jazz pianists")
- [Saxophonists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists "List of jazz saxophonists")
- [Trombonists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists "List of jazz trombonists")
- [Trumpeters](/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters "List of jazz trumpeters")
- [Vibraphonists](/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists "List of vibraphonists")
- [Violinists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists "List of jazz violinists")
- [Vocalists](/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists "List of jazz vocalists")

Musicians by genre

- [Bebop](/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians "List of bebop musicians")
- [Chamber jazz](/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians "List of chamber jazz musicians")
- [Cool jazz and West Coast jazz](/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians "List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians")
- [Hard bop](/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians "List of hard bop musicians")
- [Jazz fusion](/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians "List of jazz fusion musicians")
- [Scat](/wiki/List_of_scat_singers "List of scat singers")
- [Smooth jazz](/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians "List of smooth jazz musicians")
- [Soul jazz](/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians "List of soul jazz musicians")
- [Swing](/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians "List of swing musicians")

[Standards](/wiki/Jazz_standard "Jazz standard")

- [Pre-1920](/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards "List of pre-1920 jazz standards")
- [1920s](/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards "List of 1920s jazz standards")
- [1930s](/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards "List of 1930s jazz standards")
- [1940s](/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards "List of 1940s jazz standards")
- [post-1950](/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards "List of post-1950 jazz standards")

Discographies

- [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem_Records "Bethlehem Records")
- [Blue Note](/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography "Blue Note Records discography")
- [BYG](/wiki/BYG_Records "BYG Records")
- [Cobblestone](/wiki/Cobblestone_Records "Cobblestone Records")
- [Contemporary](/wiki/Contemporary_Records "Contemporary Records")
- [CTI](/wiki/CTI_Records "CTI Records")
- [ECM](/wiki/ECM_Records "ECM Records")
- [ESP-Disk](/wiki/ESP-Disk "ESP-Disk")
- [Flying Dutchman](/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records "Flying Dutchman Records")
- [Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_Records "Freedom Records")
- [Groove Merchant](/wiki/Groove_Merchant "Groove Merchant")
- [Impulse!](/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography "Impulse! Records discography")
- [India Navigation](/wiki/India_Navigation "India Navigation")
- [JMT](/wiki/JMT_Records "JMT Records")
- [Landmark](/wiki/Landmark_Records "Landmark Records")
- [Mainstream](/wiki/Mainstream_Records "Mainstream Records")
- [Milestone](/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography "Milestone Records discography")
- [MPS Records](/wiki/MPS_Records "MPS Records")
- [MPS](/wiki/MPS_Records_discography "MPS Records discography")
- [Muse](/wiki/Muse_Records "Muse Records")
- [Prestige](/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography "Prestige Records discography")
- [Riverside](/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography "Riverside Records discography")
- [Strata-East](/wiki/Strata-East_Records "Strata-East Records")
- [Verve](/wiki/Verve_Records_discography "Verve Records discography")
- [Winter & Winter](/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records "Winter & Winter Records")

[Festivals](/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals "List of jazz festivals")

- [Beaches (Toronto)](/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival "Beaches International Jazz Festival")
- [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival "Cape Town International Jazz Festival")
- [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival "Chicago Jazz Festival")
- [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival "Copenhagen Jazz Festival")
- [Jakarta](/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival "Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival")
- [Monterey](/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival "Monterey Jazz Festival")
- [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival "Montreal International Jazz Festival")
- [Montreux](/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival "Montreux Jazz Festival")
- [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival "New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival")
- [Newport](/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival "Newport Jazz Festival")
- [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival "North Sea Jazz Festival")
- [Pori](/wiki/Pori_Jazz "Pori Jazz")
- [Saint Lucia](/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival "Saint Lucia Jazz Festival")

Culture

- [Contrafacts](/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts "List of jazz contrafacts")
- [Institutions and organizations](/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations "List of jazz institutions and organizations")
- [Jazz funeral](/wiki/Jazz_funeral "Jazz funeral")
- [Jazz poetry](/wiki/Jazz_poetry "Jazz poetry")
- [Jazz royalty](/wiki/Jazz_royalty "Jazz royalty")
- [Jazz theory](/wiki/Jazz_harmony "Jazz harmony")
  - _[See Template: Jazz theory](/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory "Template:Jazz theory")_
- [Rare groove](/wiki/Rare_groove "Rare groove")
- [Second line](/wiki/Second_line_(parades) "Second line (parades)")
- [Venues](/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues "List of jazz venues")

Regional scenes

African

- [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethio-jazz "Ethio-jazz")
- [Malawian](/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz "Music of Malawi")
- [South African](/wiki/South_African_jazz "South African jazz")
  - [Cape jazz](/wiki/Cape_jazz "Cape jazz")
  - [Marabi](/wiki/Marabi "Marabi")
- [Zimbabwean](/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz "Zimbabwean jazz")

Asian

- [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_jazz "Armenian jazz")
- [Azerbaijani](/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz "Azerbaijani jazz")
  - [Jazz mugham](/wiki/Jazz_mugham "Jazz mugham")
- [Indian](/wiki/Jazz_in_India "Jazz in India")
  - [Indo jazz](/wiki/Indo_jazz "Indo jazz")
  - [Sitar](/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz "Sitar in jazz")
- [Iranian](/wiki/Iranian_jazz "Iranian jazz")
- [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_jazz "Japanese jazz")

European

- [Balkan](/wiki/Balkan_jazz "Balkan jazz")
  - [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz "Bulgarian jazz")
- [Belgian](/wiki/Belgian_jazz "Belgian jazz")
- [British](/wiki/British_jazz "British jazz")
  - [British dance band](/wiki/British_dance_band "British dance band")
- [Continental European](/wiki/Continental_jazz "Continental jazz")
- [Czech and Slovak](/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia "Jazz in Czechoslovakia")
- [Danish](/wiki/Danish_jazz "Danish jazz")
- [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_jazz "Dutch jazz")
- [European free jazz](/wiki/European_free_jazz "European free jazz")
- [French](/wiki/French_jazz "French jazz")
- [German](/wiki/German_jazz "German jazz")
- [Italian](/wiki/Italian_jazz "Italian jazz")
- [Polish](/wiki/Polish_jazz "Polish jazz")
  - [Yass](/wiki/Yass_(music) "Yass (music)")
- [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_jazz "Spanish jazz")
  - [Flamenco jazz](/wiki/Flamenco_jazz "Flamenco jazz")
- [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_jazz "Swedish jazz")

North American

- [Canadian](/wiki/Canadian_jazz "Canadian jazz")
- [Haitian](/wiki/Mini-jazz "Mini-jazz")
- [Latin American](/wiki/Latin_jazz "Latin jazz")
  - [Cuban](/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz "Afro-Cuban jazz")

American

- [Baltimore jazz](/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz "Music of Baltimore")
- [Chicago](/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz "Music of Chicago")
- [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz "Kansas City jazz")
- [New Orleans](/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz "Music of New Orleans")
- [New York City](/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz "Music of New York City")
- [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz "Music of Washington, D.C.")
- [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_jazz "West Coast jazz")

Oceanian

- [Australian](/wiki/Australian_jazz "Australian jazz")

South American

- [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazilian_jazz "Brazilian jazz")
- [Latin American](/wiki/Latin_jazz "Latin jazz")

Worldwide

- [Ethno jazz](/wiki/Ethno_jazz "Ethno jazz")

History

- [Bibliography of jazz](/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz "Bibliography of jazz")
- [Blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues")
- [British dance band](/wiki/British_dance_band "British dance band")
- [Ragtime](/wiki/Ragtime "Ragtime")
- [Jazz Age](/wiki/Jazz_Age "Jazz Age")
- [Continental jazz](/wiki/Continental_jazz "Continental jazz")
- [Straight-ahead jazz](/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz "Straight-ahead jazz")
- [Pre-1920](/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards "List of pre-1920 jazz standards")
- [1920s](/wiki/1920s_in_jazz "1920s in jazz")
- [1930s](/wiki/1930s_in_jazz "1930s in jazz")
- [1940s](/wiki/1940s_in_jazz "1940s in jazz")
- [1950s](/wiki/1950s_in_jazz "1950s in jazz")
- [1960s](/wiki/1960s_in_jazz "1960s in jazz")
- [1970s](/wiki/1970s_in_jazz "1970s in jazz")
- [1980s](/wiki/1980s_in_jazz "1980s in jazz")
- [1990s](/wiki/1990s_in_jazz "1990s in jazz")
- [2000s](/wiki/2000s_in_jazz "2000s in jazz")
- [2010s](/wiki/2010s_in_jazz "2010s in jazz")
- [2020](/wiki/2020_in_jazz "2020 in jazz")
- [2021](/wiki/2021_in_jazz "2021 in jazz")
- [2022](/wiki/2022_in_jazz "2022 in jazz")

Related

- [Acid jazz](/wiki/Acid_jazz "Acid jazz")
- [Afrobeat](/wiki/Afrobeat "Afrobeat")
- [Contradanza](/wiki/Contradanza "Contradanza")
- [Blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues")
  - [Jump blues](/wiki/Jump_blues "Jump blues")
  - [New Orleans blues](/wiki/New_Orleans_blues "New Orleans blues")
- [Brass band](/wiki/Brass_band "Brass band")
- [Exotica](/wiki/Exotica "Exotica")
- [Plugg](/wiki/Plugg_(music) "Plugg (music)")
- [Quiet storm](/wiki/Quiet_storm "Quiet storm")
- [Ragtime](/wiki/Ragtime "Ragtime")
  - [Novelty ragtime](/wiki/Novelty_piano "Novelty piano")
- [Sophisti-pop](/wiki/Sophisti-pop "Sophisti-pop")
- [West African music](/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa "Music of West Africa")
- [Western swing](/wiki/Western_swing "Western swing")

Media

- [Album covers of Blue Note Records](/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records "Album covers of Blue Note Records")
- _[Bird](/wiki/Bird_(1988_film) "Bird (1988 film)")_
- [_Jazz_ (miniseries)](/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries) "Jazz (miniseries)")
- _[The Jazz Singer](/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer "The Jazz Singer")_
- _[Round Midnight](/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film) "Round Midnight (film)")_
- _[Straight, No Chaser](/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser "Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser")_

**[![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG)](/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG)[Jazz portal](/wiki/Portal:Jazz "Portal:Jazz")**

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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Jazz techniques](/wiki/Category:Jazz_techniques "Category:Jazz techniques")
- [Singing techniques](/wiki/Category:Singing_techniques "Category:Singing techniques")
- [Vocal jazz](/wiki/Category:Vocal_jazz "Category:Vocal jazz")

Hidden categories:

- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description matches Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata")
- [Articles with hAudio microformats](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats "Category:Articles with hAudio microformats")
- [Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link](/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link "Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link")

- This page was last edited on 12 July 2024, at 04:05 (UTC).
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