What is Cloud Storage & How Does it Work? - Google Cloud
Advantages of Cloud Storage · Total cost of ownership · Elasticity · Flexibility · Security · Sustainability · Redundancy.
archival storage
The ability to archive old data has become an important aspect of Cloud Storage, as organizations move to digitize decades of old records, as well as hold on to records for governance and compliance purposes. Google Cloud offers several tiers of storage for archiving data, including coldline storage and <anchor>archival storage</anchor>, that can be accessed whenever an organization needs them.
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- [Get started with client libraries](/storage/docs/reference/libraries)
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- [About buckets](/storage/docs/buckets)
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- [Overview](/storage/docs/hns-overview)
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- Manage storage buckets

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- [Overview](/storage/docs/bucket-metadata)
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- [Overview](/storage/docs/tags-and-labels)
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- [Streaming downloads](/storage/docs/streaming-downloads)

- Uploads



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- Resumable uploads



- [Overview](/storage/docs/resumable-uploads)
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- [Overview of inventory reports](/storage/docs/insights/inventory-reports)
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- [Options for controlling data lifecycles](/storage/docs/control-data-lifecycles)
- Object Lifecycle Management feature



- [Overview](/storage/docs/lifecycle)
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- [Configuration examples](/storage/docs/lifecycle-configurations)

- Autoclass feature



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- Projects



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- Authenticating and OAuth



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- Secure data

- Access control



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- Public access prevention



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- Cloud Identity and Access Management (Cloud IAM)



- [Overview](/storage/docs/access-control/iam)
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- Access control lists (ACLs)



- [Overview](/storage/docs/access-control/lists)
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- Uniform bucket-level access



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- Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS)



- [Overview](/storage/docs/cross-origin)
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- [CORS configuration examples](/storage/docs/cors-configurations)

- Authenticate with V4 signing



- [Overview](/storage/docs/access-control/signed-urls)
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- [V4 signing process with your own program](/storage/docs/access-control/signing-urls-manually)
- [Canonical requests](/storage/docs/authentication/canonical-requests)
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- Encryption



- [Data encryption options](/storage/docs/encryption)
- Customer-managed encryption keys



- [Overview](/storage/docs/encryption/customer-managed-keys)
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- Customer-supplied encryption keys



- [Overview](/storage/docs/encryption/customer-supplied-keys)
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- [Standard encryption](/storage/docs/encryption/default-keys)
- [Client-side keys](/storage/docs/encryption/client-side-keys)

- Organization policy constraints



- [Predefined constraints](/storage/docs/org-policy-constraints)
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- Monitor data and usage

- [Bucket monitoring](/storage/docs/monitoring)
- [Monitor bandwidth usage](/storage/docs/bandwidth-usage)
- Pub/Sub notifications for Cloud Storage



- [Overview](/storage/docs/pubsub-notifications)
- [Configure Pub/Sub notifications](/storage/docs/reporting-changes)

- [Use Cloud Audit Logs with Cloud Storage](/storage/docs/audit-logging)
- [Usage logs and storage logs](/storage/docs/access-logs)
- [Use Cloud Audit Logs with Storage Insights](/storage/docs/insights/audit-logging)
- Protection, backup, and recovery

- Object holds



- [Overview](/storage/docs/object-holds)
- [Use object holds](/storage/docs/holding-objects)

- Soft Delete



- [Overview](/storage/docs/soft-delete)
- [Set and manage soft delete policies](/storage/docs/use-soft-delete)
- [Use soft-deleted objects](/storage/docs/use-soft-deleted-objects)
- [Set a default soft delete retention duration](/storage/docs/use-tags-for-soft-delete)
- [Disable soft delete](/storage/docs/disable-soft-delete)

- Bucket Lock



- [Overview](/storage/docs/bucket-lock)
- [Use and lock retention policies](/storage/docs/using-bucket-lock)

- Object Retention Lock



- [Overview](/storage/docs/object-lock)
- [Enable and use object retention configurations](/storage/docs/using-object-lock)

- Availability and durability



- [Overview](/storage/docs/availability-durability)
- [Manage turbo replication](/storage/docs/managing-turbo-replication)

- Mount buckets with Cloud Storage FUSE

- [Overview](/storage/docs/gcs-fuse)
- [Quickstart](/storage/docs/gcsfuse-quickstart-mount-bucket)
- [Install Cloud Storage FUSE](/storage/docs/gcsfuse-install)
- [Mount buckets](/storage/docs/gcsfuse-mount)
- Caching



- [Overview](/storage/docs/gcsfuse-cache)
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- [Integrations](/storage/docs/gcsfuse-integrations)
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- Work across products, Clouds, and platforms

- Serve website content



- [Host a static website](/storage/docs/hosting-static-website)
- [Static website example and tips](/storage/docs/static-website)

- Migrate from Amazon S3 to Cloud Storage



- [Simple migration](/storage/docs/aws-simple-migration)
- [Full migration](/storage/docs/migrating)

- [Interoperability](/storage/docs/interoperability)
- HMAC keys



- [Overview](/storage/docs/authentication/hmackeys)
- [Manage HMAC keys for service accounts](/storage/docs/authentication/managing-hmackeys)

- [Use Cloud Storage with Big Data](/storage/docs/working-with-big-data)
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# Storage classes


 Stay organized with collections


 Save and categorize content based on your preferences.


This page explains the concept of _storage class_ and the differences between
storage classes.

- To learn how to change the storage class of an object, see
[Changing object storage classes](/storage/docs/changing-storage-classes).

- To learn how to change a bucket's default storage class, see
[Changing the default storage class](/storage/docs/changing-default-storage-class).


## Key concepts

- A _storage class_ is a piece of [metadata](/storage/docs/metadata) that is used by every object.

- The storage class set for an object affects the object's availability
and [pricing model](/storage/pricing).

- When you [create a bucket](/storage/docs/creating-buckets), you can specify a _default storage class_
for the bucket. When you add objects to the bucket, they inherit this storage
class unless explicitly set otherwise.

  - If you don't specify a default storage class when you create a bucket,
    that bucket's default storage class is set to Standard storage.

  - [Changing the default storage class of a bucket](/storage/docs/changing-default-storage-class) does not affect any
    of the objects that already exist in the bucket.
- You can change the storage class of an existing object either by
[rewriting the object](/storage/docs/changing-storage-classes) or by using [Object Lifecycle Management](/storage/docs/lifecycle).

- You can enable the [Autoclass](/storage/docs/autoclass) feature on a bucket to let
Cloud Storage manage storage class transitions for you
automatically.


## Available storage classes

The following table summarizes the primary storage classes offered by
Cloud Storage. See [class descriptions](#descriptions) for a complete
discussion.

Storage ClassName for APIs and CLIs[Minimum storage duration](/storage/pricing#early-delete)[Retrieval fees](/storage/pricing#retrieval-pricing)Typical monthly availability1Standard storage`STANDARD`NoneNone

- >99.99% in multi-regions and dual-regions
- 99.99% in regions

Nearline storage`NEARLINE`30 daysYes

- 99.95% in multi-regions and dual-regions
- 99.9% in regions

Coldline storage`COLDLINE`90 daysYes

- 99.95% in multi-regions and dual-regions
- 99.9% in regions

Archive storage`ARCHIVE`365 daysYes

- 99.95% in multi-regions and dual-regions
- 99.9% in regions

1See the [class descriptions](#descriptions) for the _availability_
_SLA_ for each storage class.

## Class descriptions

The following features apply to all storage classes:

- Unlimited storage with unlimited access.
- No minimum object size.
- Worldwide accessibility and worldwide [storage locations](/storage/docs/locations).
- Low latency with no offline data retrieval.
- [High durability](/storage/docs/availability-durability#key-concepts) (99.999999999% annual durability).
- [Redundancy across regions](/storage/docs/availability-durability#cross-region-redundancy) when data is stored in a multi-region or
dual-region.
- A uniform experience with Cloud Storage features, security,
tools, and APIs.

### Standard storage

Standard storage is best for data that is frequently accessed ("hot" data),
as well as data that is stored for only brief periods of time.

When used in a region, Standard storage is appropriate for storing data in
the same location as [Google Kubernetes Engine clusters](/kubernetes-engine/docs/clusters) or
[Compute Engine instances](/compute/docs/instances) that use the data. Co-locating your resources
maximizes the performance for data-intensive computations and can reduce
network charges.

When used in a dual-region, you still get optimized performance when accessing
Google Cloud products that are located in one of the associated regions, but
you also get the improved availability that comes from storing data in
geographically separate locations.

When used in a multi-region, Standard storage is appropriate for storing data
that is accessed around the world, such as serving website content, streaming
videos, executing interactive workloads, or serving data supporting mobile and
gaming applications.

#### Availability

The availability of Standard storage data is:

Location TypeAvailability SLA1Typical monthly availabilitymulti-region99.95%>99.99%dual-region99.95%>99.99%region99.9%99.99%

1The availability SLA is the monthly uptime percentage backed by
the [Cloud Storage SLA](/storage/sla). If Google fails to meet that uptime,
customers are eligible to receive a credit as described in the
Cloud Storage SLA.

### Nearline storage

Nearline storage is a low-cost, highly durable storage service for storing
infrequently accessed data. Nearline storage is a better choice than
Standard storage in scenarios where slightly lower availability, a 30-day
minimum storage duration, and costs for data access are acceptable trade-offs
for lowered [at-rest storage costs](/storage/pricing#storage-pricing).

Nearline storage is ideal for data you plan to read or modify on average once
per month or less. For example, if you want to continuously add files to
Cloud Storage and plan to access those files once a month for
analysis, Nearline storage is a great choice.

Nearline storage is also appropriate for data backup, long-tail multimedia
content, and data archiving. Note, however, that for data accessed less
frequently than once a quarter, Coldline storage or Archive storage are more
cost-effective, as they offer lower storage costs.

#### Availability

The availability of Nearline storage data is:

Location TypeAvailability SLA1Typical monthly availabilitymulti-region99.9%99.95%dual-region99.9%99.95%region99.0%99.9%

1The availability SLA is the monthly uptime percentage backed by
the [Cloud Storage SLA](/storage/sla). If Google fails to meet that uptime,
customers are eligible to receive a credit as described in the
Cloud Storage SLA.

### Coldline storage

Coldline storage is a very-low-cost, highly durable storage service for
storing infrequently accessed data. Coldline storage is a better choice than
Standard storage or Nearline storage in scenarios where slightly lower
availability, a 90-day minimum storage duration, and higher costs for data
access are acceptable trade-offs for lowered [at-rest storage costs](/storage/pricing#storage-pricing).

Coldline storage is ideal for data you plan to read or modify at most once a
quarter. Note, however, that for data being kept entirely for backup or
archiving purposes, Archive storage is more cost-effective, as it offers the
lowest storage costs.

#### Availability

The availability of Coldline storage data is:

Location TypeAvailability SLA1Typical monthly availabilitymulti-region99.9%99.95%dual-region99.9%99.95%region99.0%99.9%

1The availability SLA is the monthly uptime percentage backed by
the [Cloud Storage SLA](/storage/sla). If Google fails to meet that uptime,
customers are eligible to receive a credit as described in the
Cloud Storage SLA.

### Archive storage

Archive storage is the lowest-cost, highly durable storage service for data
archiving, online backup, and disaster recovery. Unlike the "coldest" storage
services offered by other Cloud providers, your data is available within
milliseconds, not hours or days.

Like Nearline storage and Coldline storage, Archive storage has a slightly
lower availability than Standard storage. Archive storage also has higher
costs for data access and operations, as well as a 365-day minimum storage
duration. Archive storage is the best choice for data that you plan to access
less than once a year. For example:

- Cold data storage - Archived data, such as data stored for legal
or regulatory reasons, can be stored at low cost as Archive storage, yet
still be available if you need it.

- Disaster recovery - In the event of a disaster recovery event, recovery
time is key. Cloud Storage provides low latency access to data stored as
Archive storage.


#### Availability

The availability of Archive storage data is:

Location TypeAvailability SLA1Typical monthly availabilitymulti-region99.9%99.95%dual-region99.9%99.95%region99.0%99.9%

1The availability SLA is the monthly uptime percentage backed by
the [Cloud Storage SLA](/storage/sla). If Google fails to meet that uptime,
customers are eligible to receive a credit as described in the
Cloud Storage SLA.

### Additional classes

Cloud Storage supports several additional legacy storage classes;
however, these legacy classes cannot be set using the Google Cloud console.
Unless you already are using one of these legacy classes, you should use
Standard storage instead.

- **Multi-Regional storage**: Equivalent to Standard storage, except
Multi-Regional storage can only be used for objects stored in
[multi-regions](/storage/docs/locations#location-mr) or [dual-regions](/storage/docs/locations#location-dr).

- **Regional storage**: Equivalent to Standard storage, except
Regional storage can only be used for objects stored in [regions](/storage/docs/locations#location-r).

- **Durable Reduced Availability (DRA) storage**: Similar to Standard storage except:


  - DRA has higher pricing for operations.
  - DRA has lower performance, particularly in terms of
    availability (DRA has a 99% availability SLA).

You can move your data from DRA to other storage classes by
[performing a storage transfer](/storage-transfer/docs/create-manage-transfer-console).

**Note:** When you [enable Autoclass on your bucket](/storage/docs/autoclass#autoclass_for_existing_buckets), all objects in your
bucket besides soft-deleted objects transition to Standard storage, including
objects stored in any legacy classes.

## What's next

- [Create a Cloud Storage bucket](/storage/docs/creating-buckets).
- [Compare storage costs for different storage classes](/storage/pricing#storage-pricing).
- [Upload an object to Cloud Storage](/storage/docs/uploading-objects).
- [Change the storage class of an individual object](/storage/docs/changing-storage-classes).
- [Learn about the Object Lifecycle Management feature](/storage/docs/lifecycle).

## Try it for yourself

If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how
Cloud Storage performs in real-world
scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and
deploy workloads.


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Last updated 2024-09-10 UTC.

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{"lastModified": "Last updated 2024-09-10 UTC."}


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