Digital painting - Wikipedia
1 Origins. 1.1 Sketchpad; 1.2 Tablets; 1.3 MacPaint; 1.4 Adobe; 1.5 Kid Pix; 1.6 Corel Painter; 1.7 Web-based painting programs · 2 List of digital art software ...
Apple Lisa
An early commercial program that allowed users to design, draw, and manipulate objects was the program MacPaint. This program's first version was introduced on January 22, 1984, on the <anchor>Apple Lisa</anchor>. The ability to freehand draw and create graphics with this program made it the top program of its kind during 1984.[3] The earlier versions of the program were called MacSketch and LisaSketch, and the last version of MacPaint was MacPaint 2.0 released in 1998.[4]
Apple Lisa - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [1.1Development](#Development)    - [1.1.1Name](#Name)
    - [1.1.2Research and design](#Research_and_design)
  - [1.2Launch](#Launch)
  - [1.3Discontinuation](#Discontinuation)
  - [1.4Timeline of Lisa models](#Timeline_of_Lisa_models)
- [2Overview](#Overview)Toggle Overview subsection  - [2.1Hardware](#Hardware)    - [2.1.1Lisa 2](#Lisa_2)      - [2.1.1.1Macintosh XL](#Macintosh_XL)
  - [2.2Software](#Software)    - [2.2.1Lisa OS](#Lisa_OS)
    - [2.2.2MacWorks](#MacWorks)
    - [2.2.3Third-party software](#Third-party_software)
- [3Reception](#Reception)
- [4Legacy](#Legacy)
- [5See also](#See_also)
- [6References](#References)
- [7External links](#External_links)

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# Apple Lisa

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Personal computer by Apple Inc.

For the MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers, see [Lisa assembler](/wiki/Lazer%27s_Interactive_Symbolic_Assembler "Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler").

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Lisa[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Apple_Lisa_Logo.svg/220px-Apple_Lisa_Logo.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Apple_Lisa_Logo.svg)[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apple-lisa-1.jpg/220px-Apple-lisa-1.jpg)](/wiki/File:Apple-lisa-1.jpg)

This Lisa has dual 5.25" "Twiggy" floppy drives and a 5 MB ProFile hard disk.

Also known asLocal Integrated Software ArchitectureDeveloper[Apple Computer](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")ManufacturerApple ComputerTypePersonal computerRelease dateJanuary 19, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-01-19)Introductory priceUS$9,995 (equivalent to $30,600 in 2023)DiscontinuedAugust 1, 1986; 38 years ago (1986-08-01)Units sold10,000[\[1\]](#cite_note-ogrady-1)[Operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system")[Lisa OS](#Lisa_OS), [Xenix](/wiki/Xenix "Xenix")[CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit")[Motorola 68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 "Motorola 68000")@ 5 [MHz](/wiki/Hertz "Hertz")Memory1 MB RAM,

16 KB Boot ROMDisplay12 in (30 cm) monochrome 720×364InputKeyboard and mouseMass48 lb (22 kg)Predecessor[Apple II Plus](/wiki/Apple_II_Plus "Apple II Plus")

[Apple III](/wiki/Apple_III "Apple III")Successor[Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL")

[Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K")

**Lisa** is a [desktop computer](/wiki/Desktop_computer "Desktop computer") developed by [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc."), produced from January 19, 1983 to August 1, 1986, and succeeded by [Macintosh](/wiki/Mac_(computer) "Mac (computer)"). It is generally considered the first mass-market [personal computer](/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") operable through a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") (GUI). In 1983, a machine like the Lisa was still so expensive that it was primarily marketed to individual and small and medium-sized businesses as a groundbreaking new alternative to much bigger and more expensive [mainframes](/wiki/Mainframe "Mainframe") or [minicomputers](/wiki/Minicomputer "Minicomputer") such as from [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM"), that either require additional, expensive consultancy from the supplier, hiring specially trained personnel, or at least, a much steeper learning curve to maintain and operate. Earlier GUI-controlled personal computers were not mass-marketed; for example, [Xerox PARC](/wiki/Xerox_PARC "Xerox PARC") manufactured its [Alto](/wiki/Xerox_Alto "Xerox Alto") workstation only for [Xerox](/wiki/Xerox "Xerox") and select partners from the early to mid-1970s.

Development of project "LISA" began in 1978.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2) It underwent many changes and shipped at US$9,995 (equivalent to $30,600 in 2023) with a five-megabyte [hard drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive "Hard disk drive"). It was affected by its high price, insufficient software, unreliable [FileWare](/wiki/Apple_FileWare "Apple FileWare") ( [codename](/wiki/Codename "Codename") Twiggy) [floppy disks](/wiki/Floppy_disk "Floppy disk"), and the imminent release of the cheaper and faster [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K").[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 79  Only 60,000 Lisa units were sold in two years.[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 77

Lisa was considered a commercial failure but with technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually [IBM PC compatibles](/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible "IBM PC compatible"). These include an [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") with [memory protection](/wiki/Memory_protection "Memory protection")[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) and a document-oriented workflow. The [hardware](/wiki/Computer_hardware "Computer hardware") is more advanced overall than the following Macintosh, including hard disk drive support, up to 2 [megabytes](/wiki/Megabyte "Megabyte") (MB) of [random-access memory](/wiki/Random-access_memory "Random-access memory") (RAM), expansion slots, and a larger, higher-resolution display.

Lisa's CPU and the storage system were strained by the complexity of the operating system and applications, especially its [office suite](/wiki/Productivity_software#Office_suite "Productivity software"), and by the ad hoc protected memory implementation, due to the lack of a Motorola [memory management unit](/wiki/Memory_management_unit "Memory management unit"). Cost-cutting measures that target the consumer market, and the delayed availability of the 68000 processor and its impact on the design process, made the user experience sluggish. The [workstation](/wiki/Workstation "Workstation")-tier high price and lack of a technical software application library made it a difficult sale for all markets. The IBM PC's popularity and Apple's decision to compete with itself through the lower-priced Macintosh also hindered Lisa's acceptance.

In 1982, after [Steve Jobs](/wiki/Steve_Jobs "Steve Jobs") was forced out of the Lisa project by Apple's board of directors,[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) he appropriated the Macintosh project from [Jef Raskin](/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin"), who had conceived of a sub-$1,000 (equivalent to $4,200 in 2023) text-based appliance computer in 1979. Jobs immediately redefined Macintosh as a less expensive and more focused version of the graphical Lisa.

Macintosh's launch in January 1984 quickly surpassed Lisa's underwhelming sales. Jobs began assimilating increasing numbers of Lisa staff, as he had done with the [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") division upon taking Raskin's project. Newer Lisa models addressed its shortcomings but, even with a major price reduction, the platform failed to achieve sales volumes comparable to the much less expensive Mac. The Lisa 2/10 is the final model, then rebranded as the high-end [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL").[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 79

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\]

### Development

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Development")\]

#### Name

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Name")\]

Though the original documentation only refers to it as "The Lisa", Apple officially stated that the name was an [acronym](/wiki/Acronym "Acronym") for "Local Integrated Software Architecture".[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) Because Steve Jobs's first daughter was named [Lisa](/wiki/Lisa_Brennan-Jobs "Lisa Brennan-Jobs") (born in 1978), it was sometimes inferred that the name also had a personal association, and perhaps that the acronym was a [backronym](/wiki/Backronym "Backronym") contrived later to fit the name. [Andy Hertzfeld](/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld")[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) said that the acronym was reverse-engineered from the name "Lisa" in late 1982 by the Apple marketing team after they had hired a marketing consultancy firm to find names to replace "Lisa" and "Macintosh" (at the time considered by [Jef Raskin](/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin") to be merely internal project codenames) and then rejected all of the suggestions. Privately, Hertzfeld and the other software developers used "Lisa: Invented Stupid Acronym", a [recursive backronym](/wiki/Recursive_acronym "Recursive acronym"), and computer industry [pundits](/wiki/Pundit "Pundit") coined the term "Let's Invent Some Acronym" to fit Lisa's name. Decades later, Jobs told his biographer [Walter Isaacson](/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson"): "Obviously it was named for my daughter."[\[9\]](#cite_note-9)

#### Research and design

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Research and design")\]

The project began in 1978 as an effort to create a more modern version of the then-conventional design epitomized by the [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II"). A ten-person team occupied its first dedicated office at 20863 Stevens Creek Boulevard next to the [Good Earth](/wiki/Good_Earth_(restaurant_chain) "Good Earth (restaurant chain)") restaurant, and nicknamed "the Good Earth building".[\[10\]](#cite_note-Good_Earth-10) Initial team leader Ken Rothmuller was soon replaced by [John Couch](/wiki/John_Couch_(American_executive) "John Couch (American executive)"), under whose direction the project evolved into the " [window-and-mouse-driven](/wiki/WIMP_(computing) "WIMP (computing)")" form of its eventual release. [Trip Hawkins](/wiki/Trip_Hawkins "Trip Hawkins") and Jef Raskin contributed to this change in design.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) Apple's co-founder Steve Jobs was involved in the concept.

At Xerox's [Palo Alto Research Center](/wiki/PARC_(company) "PARC (company)") (PARC), research had already been underway for several years to create a new humanized way to organize the computer screen, which became known as the [desktop metaphor](/wiki/Desktop_metaphor "Desktop metaphor"). Steve Jobs visited PARC in 1979 and was absorbed and excited by the revolutionary mouse-driven GUI of the [Alto](/wiki/Xerox_Alto "Xerox Alto"). By late 1979, Jobs successfully negotiated a sale of Apple stock to Xerox, in exchange for his Lisa team receiving two demonstrations of ongoing research projects at PARC. When the Apple team saw the demonstration of the Alto computer, they were able to see in action the basic elements of what constituted a workable GUI. The Lisa team put a great deal of work into making the graphical interface a mainstream commercial product.

The Lisa was a major project at Apple, which reportedly spent more than $50 million on its development.[\[12\]](#cite_note-williams198302-12) More than 90 people participated in the design, plus more in the sales and marketing effort, to launch the machine. [_BYTE_](/wiki/Byte_(magazine) "Byte (magazine)") magazine credited [Wayne Rosing](/wiki/Wayne_Rosing "Wayne Rosing") with being the most important person in the development of the computer's hardware until the machine went into production, at which point he became the technical lead for the entire Lisa project. The hardware development team was headed by Robert Paratore.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) The industrial design, product design, and mechanical packaging were headed by Bill Dresselhaus, the Principal Product Designer of Lisa, with his team of internal product designers and contract product designers from the firm that eventually became IDEO. [Bruce Daniels](/wiki/Bruce_Daniels "Bruce Daniels") was in charge of applications development, and [Larry Tesler](/wiki/Larry_Tesler "Larry Tesler") was in charge of system software.[\[14\]](#cite_note-byte198302-14) The user interface was designed in six months, after which the hardware, operating system, and applications were all created in parallel.

In 1982, Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,[\[15\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonYoung2006-15) and he appropriated [Jef Raskin](/wiki/Jef_Raskin "Jef Raskin")'s existing [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") project. Raskin had conceived and led Macintosh since 1979 as a text-based appliance computer. Jobs redefined Macintosh as a cheaper and more usable form of Lisa's concepts, and led the [skunkworks project](/wiki/Skunkworks_project "Skunkworks project") with substantial motivation to compete in parallel with the Lisa team.

In September 1981, below the announcement of the [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer "IBM Personal Computer"), _[InfoWorld](/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld")_ reported on Lisa, "McIntosh", and another Apple computer secretly under development "to be ready for release within a year". It described Lisa as having a 68000 processor and 128KB RAM, and "designed to compete with the new [Xerox Star](/wiki/Xerox_Star "Xerox Star") at a considerably lower price".[\[16\]](#cite_note-freiberger19810914-16) In May 1982, the magazine reported that "Apple's yet-to-be-announced Lisa 68000 network work station is also widely rumored to have [a mouse](/wiki/Apple_Mouse#Lisa_Mouse_(A9M0050) "Apple Mouse")."[\[17\]](#cite_note-markoff19820510-17) _Apple Confidential_ said, "Finally, and perhaps most damaging, even before the Lisa began shipping in June, the press was full of intentionally-leaked rumors about a fall release of a 'baby Lisa' that would work in much the same way, only faster and cheaper. Its name: Macintosh."[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 79

### Launch

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Launch")\]

Lisa was launched on January 19, 1983.[\[18\]](#cite_note-18) Its low sales were quickly surpassed by the January 1984 launch of the Macintosh. Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably, but it failed to achieve sales comparable to the much less expensive Mac. The Macintosh project assimilated a lot more Lisa staff. The final revision, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL").[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 79

### Discontinuation

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Discontinuation")\]

The high cost and the delays in its release date contributed to the Lisa's discontinuation although it was repackaged and sold at $4,995, as the Lisa 2. In 1986, the entire Lisa platform was discontinued.

In 1987, [Sun Remarketing](/wiki/Sun_Remarketing "Sun Remarketing") purchased about 5,000 [Macintosh XLs](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL") and upgraded them. In 1989, with the help of Sun Remarketing, Apple disposed of approximately 2,700 unsold Lisa units in a guarded landfill in [Logan, Utah](/wiki/Logan,_Utah "Logan, Utah"), to receive a tax write-off on the unsold inventory.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) Some leftover Lisa computers and spare parts were available until Cherokee Data (which purchased Sun Remarketing) went out of business.\[ _[when?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")_\]

### Timeline of Lisa models

See also: [Timeline of Apple Inc. products](/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products "Timeline of Apple Inc. products"), [Timeline of the Apple II family](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Apple_II_family "Timeline of the Apple II family"), and [Timeline of Apple Macintosh models](/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Macintosh_models "Timeline of Apple Macintosh models")

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/2htygw9z9scp7f4mq4xw2v290wky1l4.png)

## Overview

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Overview")\]

### Hardware

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Hardware")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Apple_Lisa_IO_board.JPG/220px-Apple_Lisa_IO_board.JPG)](/wiki/File:Apple_Lisa_IO_board.JPG) This Lisa I/O board has a [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL") UV-EPROM installed.

The Lisa was first introduced on January 19, 1983. It is one of the first personal computer systems with a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") (GUI) to be sold commercially. It uses a [Motorola 68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 "Motorola 68000") [CPU](/wiki/Central_processing_unit "Central processing unit") clocked at 5 MHz and has 1 MB of RAM. It can be upgraded to 2 MB and later shipped with as little as 512 kilobytes. The CPU speed and model were not changed from the release of the Lisa 1 to the repackaging of the hardware as Macintosh XL.

The [real-time clock](/wiki/Real-time_clock "Real-time clock") uses a 4-bit integer and the base year is defined as 1980; the software won't accept any value below 1981, so the only valid range is 1981–1995.[\[20\]](#cite_note-mcqk-20) The real-time clock depends on a 4× [AA-cell](/wiki/AA_battery "AA battery") [NiCd](/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery "Nickel–cadmium battery") pack of batteries that only lasts for a few hours when main power is not present. Prone to failure over time, the battery packs could leak corrosive alkaline [electrolyte](/wiki/Electrolyte "Electrolyte") and ruin the circuit boards.[\[20\]](#cite_note-mcqk-20)

The integrated monochrome black-on-white monitor has 720×364 rectangular pixels on a 12-inch (30 cm) screen.

Lisa's printer support includes Apple's [Dot Matrix](/wiki/Apple_Dot_Matrix_Printer "Apple Dot Matrix Printer"), [Daisy Wheel](/wiki/Apple_Daisy_Wheel_Printer "Apple Daisy Wheel Printer"), and [ImageWriter](/wiki/Apple_ImageWriter "Apple ImageWriter") [dot matrix](/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing "Dot matrix printing") printers, and [Canon](/wiki/Canon_Inc. "Canon Inc.")'s new color [inkjet](/wiki/Inkjet_printing "Inkjet printing") technology.

The original Lisa, later called the Lisa 1, has two [FileWare](/wiki/Apple_FileWare "Apple FileWare") 5.25-inch double-sided variable-speed [floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk "Floppy disk") drives, more commonly known by Apple's [codename](/wiki/Codename "Codename") "Twiggy".[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 77–78  They have what was then a very high capacity of approximately 871 kB each, but are unreliable[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 78  and use proprietary diskettes. Competing systems with high diskette data storage have much larger 8" floppy disks, seen as cumbersome and old-fashioned for a consumer system.

Lisa 1's innovations include [block](/wiki/Block_(data_storage) "Block (data storage)") sparing, to reserve blocks in case of bad blocks, even on floppy disks.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) Critical operating system information has [redundant](/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering) "Redundancy (engineering)") storage, for recovery in case of corruption.

#### Lisa 2

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Lisa 2")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Apple_Lisa2-IMG_1517.jpg/220px-Apple_Lisa2-IMG_1517.jpg)](/wiki/File:Apple_Lisa2-IMG_1517.jpg) Lisa 2

The first hardware revision, the Lisa 2, was released in January 1984 and was priced between $3,495 and $5,495.[\[3\]](#cite_note-AC-3): 79 [\[22\]](#cite_note-22) It was much less expensive than the original model, and dropped the Twiggy floppy drives in favor of a single [400K Sony microfloppy](/wiki/Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive#400K "Macintosh External Disk Drive").[\[23\]](#cite_note-infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65-23) The Lisa 2 has as little as 512 KB of RAM. The **Lisa 2/5** consists of a Lisa 2 bundled with an external 5- or 10-megabyte hard drive.[\[24\]](#cite_note-mac_repair_secrets_pg236-24) In 1984, at the same time the Macintosh was officially announced, Apple offered free upgrades to the Lisa 2/5 to all Lisa 1 owners, by replacing the pair of Twiggy drives with a single 3.5-inch drive,[\[23\]](#cite_note-infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65-23) and updating the boot ROM and I/O ROM. In addition, the Lisa 2's new front faceplate accommodates the reconfigured floppy disk drive, and it includes the new inlaid Apple logo and the first [Snow White design language](/wiki/Snow_White_design_language "Snow White design language") elements. The **Lisa 2/10** has a 10 MB internal hard drive, no parallel port, and a standard configuration of 1 MB of RAM.[\[24\]](#cite_note-mac_repair_secrets_pg236-24)

Developing early Macintosh software required a Lisa2.[\[25\]](#cite_note-dacruz19840611-25) There were relatively few third-party hardware offerings for the Lisa, as compared to the earlier [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II") ‍—‍ [AST](/wiki/AST_Research "AST Research") offered a 1.5 [MB](/wiki/Megabyte "Megabyte") memory board which, when combined with the standard Apple 512 [KB](/wiki/Kilobyte "Kilobyte") memory board, expanded the Lisa to a total of 2 MB of memory, the maximum amount that the [MMU](/wiki/Memory_management_unit "Memory management unit") can address.

Late in the product life of the Lisa, there were third-party hard disk drives, [SCSI controllers](/wiki/SCSI_host_adapter "SCSI host adapter"), and [double-sided 3.5-inch floppy-disk](/wiki/Double-sided_disk "Double-sided disk") upgrades. Unlike the original Macintosh, the Lisa has expansion slots. The Lisa 2 motherboard has a very basic [backplane](/wiki/Backplane "Backplane") with virtually no electronic components, but plenty of [edge connector](/wiki/Edge_connector "Edge connector") sockets and slots. There are two RAM slots, one CPU upgrade slot, and one [I/O](/wiki/Input/output "Input/output") slot, all in parallel. At the other end are three Lisa slots in parallel.

##### Macintosh XL

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Macintosh XL")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Macintosh_XL_1.jpg/220px-Macintosh_XL_1.jpg)](/wiki/File:Macintosh_XL_1.jpg) Macintosh XL

Main article: [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL")

In January 1985, following the Macintosh, the Lisa 2/10 (with integrated 10 MB hard drive) was rebranded as Macintosh XL. It was given a hardware and software kit, enabling it to reboot into Macintosh mode and positioning it as the high-end Macintosh. The price was lowered yet again, to $4,000, and sales tripled, but CEO [John Sculley](/wiki/John_Sculley "John Sculley") said that Apple would have lost money increasing production to meet the new demand.[\[26\]](#cite_note-Infoworld_June_3,_1985-26) Apple discontinued the Macintosh XL, leaving an eight-month void in Apple's high-end product line until the [Macintosh Plus](/wiki/Macintosh_Plus "Macintosh Plus") was introduced in 1986.

### Software

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Software")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Apple_Lisa_Office_System_3.1.png/220px-Apple_Lisa_Office_System_3.1.png)](/wiki/File:Apple_Lisa_Office_System_3.1.png) Lisa Office System 3.1

#### Lisa OS

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Lisa OS")\]

[![[icon]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)

This section **needs expansion**. You can help by [adding to it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=). _(March 2019)_

The Lisa [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") features [protected memory](/wiki/Memory_protection "Memory protection"),[\[27\]](#cite_note-27) enabled by a crude hardware circuit compared to the [Sun-1](/wiki/Sun-1 "Sun-1") workstation (c. 1982), which features a full memory management unit. [Motorola](/wiki/Motorola "Motorola") did not have an MMU (memory-management unit) for the [68000](/wiki/Motorola_68000 "Motorola 68000") ready in time, so third parties developed their own. Apple's is also the result of a cost-cutting compromise, with sluggish performance. Based, in part, on elements from the [Apple III](/wiki/Apple_III "Apple III") [SOS](/wiki/Apple_SOS "Apple SOS") operating system released three years earlier, Lisa's [disk operating system](/wiki/Disk_operating_system "Disk operating system") also organizes its files in hierarchical directories. [File system](/wiki/File_system "File system") directories correspond to GUI folders, as with previous Xerox PARC computers from which Lisa borrowed heavily. Lisa was designed around a hard drive, unlike the first Macintosh.

Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office System and the Workshop. The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users. The Workshop is a program development environment and is almost entirely text-based, though it uses a GUI text editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed 7/7 which refers to the seven supplied application programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, [LisaProject](/wiki/LisaProject "LisaProject"), LisaList, and LisaTerminal.

Apple's warranty said that this software works precisely as stated, and Apple refunded an unspecified number of users, in full, for their systems. These operating system frailties, and costly recalls, combined with the very high price point, led to the failure of the Lisa in the marketplace. NASA purchased Lisa machines, mainly to use the LisaProject program.

In 2018, the Computer History Museum announced it would be releasing the source code for Lisa OS, following a check by Apple to ensure this would not impact other intellectual property. For copyright reasons, this release does not include the American Heritage dictionary.[\[28\]](#cite_note-OpenElectronics-28) For its 40th anniversary on January 19, 2023, Lisa OS Software version 3.1's source code is available under an Apple Academic License Agreement.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

#### MacWorks

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: MacWorks")\]

Main article: [MacWorks](/wiki/MacWorks "MacWorks")

In April 1984, following the release of the Macintosh, Apple introduced MacWorks, a software emulation environment that allows the Lisa to run Macintosh System software and applications.[\[31\]](#cite_note-31) MacWorks helped make the Lisa more attractive to potential customers, although it did not enable the Macintosh emulation to access the hard disk until September because early versions of the Macintosh operating system lack hard disk support. In January 1985, it was re-branded MacWorks XL as the primary system application, to turn the Lisa into the [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL").

#### Third-party software

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Third-party software")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apple_Lisa_Workshop.png/220px-Apple_Lisa_Workshop.png)](/wiki/File:Apple_Lisa_Workshop.png) Lisa Workshop

A significant impediment to third-party Lisa software was the fact that the launch version of Lisa Office System can not be used to program its applications. Its development requires the separate OS, Lisa Workshop and programmers select one of the two OSes at startup. Lisa Workshop was used to develop Macintosh software for its first few years, and a Macintosh-native development system was released. For most of its lifetime, the Lisa never went beyond the original seven applications that Apple had deemed enough to "do everything".\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] UniPress Software released [UNIX System III](/wiki/UNIX_System_III "UNIX System III") for $495 (equivalent to $1,500 in 2023).[\[32\]](#cite_note-byte198312-32)

[Santa Cruz Operation](/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation "Santa Cruz Operation") (SCO) published [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Xenix](/wiki/Xenix "Xenix") (version 3), a [Unix-like](/wiki/Unix-like "Unix-like") [command-line](/wiki/Command-line_interface "Command-line interface") operating system for the Lisa 2, and Microsoft's [Multiplan](/wiki/Multiplan "Multiplan") 2.1 spreadsheet for Xenix.[\[33\]](#cite_note-33) Other Lisa Xenix third parties include Quadratron's Q-Office suite.[\[34\]](#cite_note-stmac198407_quadratron-34)

## Reception

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Reception")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apple_Computer%2C_1983_%28Lisa%29.jpg/220px-Apple_Computer%2C_1983_%28Lisa%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Apple_Computer,_1983_(Lisa).jpg) An original Lisa is at work at the Apple Convention in Boston, in early 1983.

_[BYTE](/wiki/BYTE "BYTE")_ previewed the Lisa and wrote in February 1983 that it was "the most important development in computers in the last five years, easily outpacing \[the [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer "IBM Personal Computer")\]". It acknowledged that the $9,995 price was high, and concluded "Apple ... is not unaware that most people would be incredibly interested in a similar but less expensive machine. We'll see what happens".[\[12\]](#cite_note-williams198302-12)

The Lisa was a commercial failure, the company's largest since the [Apple III](/wiki/Apple_III "Apple III") of 1980. Apple sold a total of approximately 10,000[\[1\]](#cite_note-ogrady-1) Lisa machines at US$9,995 (equivalent to about $30,600 in 2023) each,[\[35\]](#cite_note-35) generating total sales of $100 million against a development cost of more than $150 million.[\[1\]](#cite_note-ogrady-1) The largest Lisa customer was [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA"), which used [LisaProject](/wiki/LisaProject "LisaProject") for project management.[\[36\]](#cite_note-Steve_Jobs_by_Walter_Isaacson-36)

The Lisa 2 and its [Mac ROM](/wiki/Old_World_ROM "Old World ROM")-enabled [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL") version are the final two releases in the Lisa line, which was discontinued in April 1985.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37) The Macintosh XL is a hardware and software conversion kit to effectively reboot Lisa into Macintosh mode. In 1986, Apple offered all Lisa and XL owners the opportunity to return their computer and pay $1,498, in exchange for a [Macintosh Plus](/wiki/Macintosh_Plus "Macintosh Plus") and [Hard Disk 20](/wiki/Hard_Disk_20 "Hard Disk 20").[\[38\]](#cite_note-38) Reportedly, 2,700 working but unsold Lisa computers were buried in a landfill.[\[39\]](#cite_note-39)

## Legacy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Legacy")\]

The [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K") project, led by Steve Jobs, borrowed heavily from Lisa's GUI paradigm and directly took many of its staff, to create Apple's flagship platform of the next several decades. The [column-based interface](/wiki/Miller_columns "Miller columns"), for instance, utilized by Mac OS X, had originally been developed for Lisa.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] It had been discarded in favor of the icon view.

Apple's culture of [object-oriented programming](/wiki/Object-oriented_programming "Object-oriented programming") on Lisa contributed to the 1988 conception of [Pink](/wiki/Taligent#Pink_system "Taligent"), the first attempt to re-architect the operating system of Macintosh.

In 1989, Wayne Rosing reflected on his time at Apple after his move to Sun Microsystems, recalling that building the Lisa was hard work, that the machine had needed a hard disk and enough memory, and is still slow. Yet, he noted, the level of integration between applications in the Lisa had not since been achieved by Apple.[\[40\]](#cite_note-macweek19890307_rosing-40)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg)[1980s portal](/wiki/Portal:1980s "Portal:1980s")

- People:
  - [Bill Atkinson](/wiki/Bill_Atkinson "Bill Atkinson")
  - [Rich Page](/wiki/Rich_Page "Rich Page")
  - [Brad Silverberg](/wiki/Brad_Silverberg "Brad Silverberg")
- Technology:
  - [History of the graphical user interface](/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface "History of the graphical user interface")
  - [Cut, copy, and paste](/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste "Cut, copy, and paste")
  - [Visi On](/wiki/Visi_On "Visi On")
  - [GEMDOS](/wiki/GEMDOS "GEMDOS") (adaptation for Lisa 2/5)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: References")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-ogrady_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-ogrady_1-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-ogrady_1-2)O'Grady, Jason D. (2009). _Apple Inc_. ABC-CLIO. p. 72. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780313362446](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313362446 "Special:BookSources/9780313362446"). By most accounts, Lisa was a failure, selling only 10,000 units. It reportedly cost Apple more than $150 million to develop Lisa ($100 million in software, $50 million in hardware), and it only brought in $100 million in sales for a net $50-million loss.
02. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**Christoph Dernbach (October 12, 2007). ["Apple Lisa"](http://www.mac-history.net/apple-lisa/2007-10-12/apple-lisa). Mac History. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-5) [_**g**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-6) [_**h**_](#cite_ref-AC_3-7)Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). [_Apple confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the world's most colorful company_](https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA79) (2nd ed.). [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco,_California "San Francisco, California"): No Starch Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1593270100](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593270100 "Special:BookSources/978-1593270100"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1194892877](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194892877). Retrieved January 6, 2014.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**_Lisa Operating System Reference Manual_. p. 34.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Simon, Jeffrey S.; Young, William L. (April 14, 2006). [_iCon : Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business_](https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv6RHwAACAAJ) (Newly updated. ed.). Hoboken, NJ. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0471787846](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471787846 "Special:BookSources/978-0471787846"). Retrieved January 6, 2014.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher"))
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Rogers, Michael (February 1983). ["The Birth of LISA"](https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputing198302/page/n89/mode/2up). _Personal Computing_: 89.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Weiglin, Peter C.; Conklin, Joyce (May 1984). [_The Practical Guide to the Apple IIc_](https://vintageapple.org/apple_ii/pdf/The_Practical_Guide_to_the_Apple_IIc_1984.pdf)(PDF). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 21. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-201-09660-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-09660-9 "Special:BookSources/0-201-09660-9").
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Andy Hertzfeld](/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld "Andy Hertzfeld") (2005). "Bicycle". _Revolution in the Valley_. O'Reilly. p. 36. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-596-00719-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00719-1 "Special:BookSources/0-596-00719-1").
09. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**Isaacson, Walter (2011). [_Steve Jobs_](https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/93). Simon & Schuster. p. [93](https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/93). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4516-4853-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9").
10. **[^](#cite_ref-Good_Earth_10-0)**Hertzfeld, Andy (October 1980). ["Good Earth"](https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Good_Earth.txt&sortOrder=Sort+by+Date). Retrieved March 11, 2019.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Hormby, Tom (October 5, 2005). ["History of Apple's Lisa"](http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html). _Low End Mac_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080220081145/http://lowendmac.com:80/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html) from the original on February 20, 2008.
12. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-williams198302_12-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-williams198302_12-1)Williams, Gregg (February 1983). ["The Lisa Computer System"](https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-02/page/n32/mode/1up). _[BYTE](/wiki/Byte_(magazine) "Byte (magazine)")_. Vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 33–50. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["Robert Paratore"](http://www.linkedin.com/in/rparatore).
14. **[^](#cite_ref-byte198302_14-0)**Morgan, Chris; Williams, Gregg; Lemmons, Phil (February 1983). ["An Interview with Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler"](https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-02/page/n91/mode/1up). _[BYTE](/wiki/Byte_(magazine) "Byte (magazine)")_. Vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 90–114. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonYoung2006_15-0)**[Simon & Young 2006](#CITEREFSimonYoung2006).
16. **[^](#cite_ref-freiberger19810914_16-0)**Freiberger, Paul (September 14, 1981). ["Apple Develops New Computers"](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1). _[InfoWorld](/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld")_. Vol. 3, no. 18. pp. 1, 14. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-markoff19820510_17-0)**Markoff, John (May 10, 1982). ["Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs"](https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10). _[InfoWorld](/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld")_. Vol. 4, no. 18. pp. 10–11. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**Hansen, Hsu (January 19, 2023). ["The Lisa Was Apple's Best Failure"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa). _IEEE Spectrum_. [IEEE](/wiki/IEEE "IEEE"). Retrieved August 6, 2024.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**McCollum, Charles (October 16, 2011). ["Editor's Corner: Logan has interesting link to Apple computer history"](http://news.hjnews.com/opinion/article_b71cddba-f7a0-11e0-8054-001cc4c002e0.html). [The Herald Journal](/wiki/The_Herald_Journal "The Herald Journal"). Retrieved February 24, 2014.
20. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-mcqk_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-mcqk_20-1)["The little-known Apple Lisa: Five quirks and oddities"](http://www.macworld.com/article/2026544/the-little-known-apple-lisa-five-quirks-and-oddities.html). January 30, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Craig, David (February 16, 1993). ["The Legacy of the Apple Lisa Personal Computer: An Outsider's View"](https://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/lisa-legacy/). _Oberlin Computer Science_. David T. Craig. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**["Mac GUI :: Re: MACINTOSH opinion and request"](http://macgui.com/usenet/?group=6&id=278). _macgui.com_.
23. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65_23-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65_23-1)Mace, Scott (February 13, 1984). ["Apple introduces Lisa 2; basic model to cost $3,500"](https://books.google.com/books?id=gi4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65). _[InfoWorld](/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld")_. Vol. 6, no. 7. pp. 65–66. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
24. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-mac_repair_secrets_pg236_24-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-mac_repair_secrets_pg236_24-1)[Pina, Larry](/wiki/Larry_Pina "Larry Pina") (1990). [_Macintosh Repair & Upgrade Secrets_](https://archive.org/details/mac_Macintosh_Repair_Upgrade_Secrets_1990) (1st ed.). Carmel, IN, USA: Hayden Books. p. 236. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0672484528](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0672484528 "Special:BookSources/0672484528"). [LCCN](/wiki/LCCN_(identifier) "LCCN (identifier)") [89-6375](https://lccn.loc.gov/89-6375).
25. **[^](#cite_ref-dacruz19840611_25-0)**da Cruz, Frank (June 11, 1984). ["Macintosh Kermit No-Progress Report"](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/e/mail.84b). _Info-Kermit mailing list_ (Mailing list). Kermit Project, Columbia University. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-Infoworld_June_3,_1985_26-0)**McGeever, Christine (June 3, 1985). ["Apple's LISA meets a bad end"](https://books.google.com/books?id=8C4EAAAAMBAJ&q=Apple%27s+LISA+meets+a+bad+end&pg=PA20). _[InfoWorld](/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld")_. Vol. 7, no. 22. pp. 21–22. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0199-6649](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649). Retrieved October 26, 2017.
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**_Lisa Operating System Reference Manual_. p. 50.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-OpenElectronics_28-0)**Ruggeri, Luca (January 17, 2018). ["The Computer History Museum will open source Apple's Lisa OS"](https://www.open-electronics.org/the-computer-history-museum-will-open-source-apples-lisa-os/). Retrieved May 11, 2020.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**Hsu, Hansen (January 19, 2023). ["The Lisa Was Apple's Best Failure"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa). _[IEEE Spectrum](/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum "IEEE Spectrum")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230120001412/https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa) from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**["CHM Makes Apple Lisa Source Code Available to the Public as a Part of Its Art of Code Series"](https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/). _Computer History Museum_. Mountain View, CA. January 19, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230120021048/https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/) from the original on January 20, 2023.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**["The Lisa 2: Apple's ablest computer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004122716/http://www.guidebookgallery.org/articles/thelisa2applesablestcomputer). _[BYTE](/wiki/Byte_(magazine) "Byte (magazine)")_. No. Dec 1984. pp. A106–A114. Archived from [the original](http://www.guidebookgallery.org/articles/thelisa2applesablestcomputer) on October 4, 2006.
32. **[^](#cite_ref-byte198312_32-0)**["Unix Spoken Here / and MS-DOS, and VMS too!"](https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-12/page/n335/mode/1up). _[BYTE](/wiki/Byte_(magazine) "Byte (magazine)")_ (advertisement). Vol. 8, no. 12. December 1983. p. 334. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**[_Photograph of Lisa Xenix Multiplan diskette_](https://postlmg.cc/BXsws9Mt)(JPEG). Postimg.com. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-stmac198407_quadratron_34-0)**["Quadratron's Lisa Office System"](https://archive.org/details/st.mac-1984-07/page/n55/mode/1up). _ST.Mac_. Vol. 1, no. 6. July 1984. p. 54. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
35. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**["A Look Back at Apple Products of Old"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121930/http://www.technologeek.net/a-look-back-at-apple-products-of-old/). _Technologeek_. August 19, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.technologeek.net/a-look-back-at-apple-products-of-old/) on November 5, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-Steve_Jobs_by_Walter_Isaacson_36-0)**[Isaacson 2011](#CITEREFIsaacson2011)
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**"Back in Time", A+ Magazine, Feb 1987: 48–49.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**["Votes For And Against The NetWorkers"](https://web.archive.org/web/19971119142545/http://www.semaphorecorp.com/ss/ss26.html). _Semaphore Signal_. No. 26. March 12, 1986. p. 13. Archived from [the original](http://www.semaphorecorp.com/ss/ss26.html) on November 19, 1997.
39. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**Tiwari, Aditya (April 21, 2016). ["Why Are 2700 Apple Lisa Computers Buried in a Landfill?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185742/https://fossbytes.com/why-2700-apple-lisa-computers-are-buried-in-a-landfill/). _Fossbytes_. Archived from [the original](https://fossbytes.com/why-2700-apple-lisa-computers-are-buried-in-a-landfill/) on January 18, 2023.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-macweek19890307_rosing_40-0)**Farber, Daniel (March 7, 1989). ["Rosing outlines Sun's strategy"](https://archive.org/details/mac-week-v-3-n-10/page/n53/mode/1up). _[MacWEEK](/wiki/MacWEEK "MacWEEK")_. p. 54. Retrieved May 1, 2024.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Apple Lisa](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_Lisa "commons:Category:Apple Lisa").

- [Tech: Apple Lisa Demo (1984)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4BlmsN4q2I) on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [Using Apple's Lisa for Real Work](http://lowendmac.com/hodges/07/0402.html)
- [Lisa 2/5 info.](http://oldcomputers.net/lisa.html)
- [mprove: Graphical User Interface of Apple Lisa](https://www.mprove.de/visionreality/text/3.1.8_lisa.html)
- ["Inventing the Lisa User Interface by Rod Perkins, Dan Keller and Frank Ludolph (1 MB PDF)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050921031925/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jasonh/cs39i-seminar/p40-perkins.pdf)(PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jasonh/cs39i-seminar/p40-perkins.pdf)(PDF) on September 21, 2005. Retrieved March 10, 2006.
- [Apple Lisa Memorial Exhibition at Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, Korea](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_VVRAIaCWY) on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier) "YouTube video (identifier)")
- [Lisa Source Code](https://info.computerhistory.org/apple-lisa-code)

- [v](/wiki/Template:Apple_hardware_before_1998 "Template:Apple hardware before 1998")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_hardware_before_1998 "Template talk:Apple hardware before 1998")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_hardware_before_1998 "Special:EditPage/Template:Apple hardware before 1998")

[Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") hardware before 1998

[Computers](/wiki/Mac_(computer) "Mac (computer)")

[Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II")

- [I](/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I")
- [II](/wiki/Apple_II_(original) "Apple II (original)")
- [II Plus](/wiki/Apple_II_Plus "Apple II Plus")
- [IIe](/wiki/Apple_IIe "Apple IIe")
- [IIc](/wiki/Apple_IIc "Apple IIc")
- [IIc Plus](/wiki/Apple_IIc_Plus "Apple IIc Plus")
- [IIGS](/wiki/Apple_IIGS "Apple IIGS")
- [III](/wiki/Apple_III "Apple III")
- [III Plus](/wiki/Apple_III_Plus "Apple III Plus")

[Compact Macintosh](/wiki/Compact_Macintosh "Compact Macintosh")

- [128K](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K")
- [512K](/wiki/Macintosh_512K "Macintosh 512K")
- [512Ke](/wiki/Macintosh_512Ke "Macintosh 512Ke")
- [Plus](/wiki/Macintosh_Plus "Macintosh Plus")
- [SE](/wiki/Macintosh_SE "Macintosh SE")
- [SE/30](/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30 "Macintosh SE/30")
- [Classic](/wiki/Macintosh_Classic "Macintosh Classic")
- [Classic II](/wiki/Macintosh_Classic_II "Macintosh Classic II")
- [Color Classic](/wiki/Macintosh_Color_Classic "Macintosh Color Classic")

[Macintosh II](/wiki/Macintosh_II_family "Macintosh II family")

- [II](/wiki/Macintosh_II "Macintosh II")
- [IIx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIx "Macintosh IIx")
- [IIcx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIcx "Macintosh IIcx")
- [IIci](/wiki/Macintosh_IIci "Macintosh IIci")
- [IIfx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIfx "Macintosh IIfx")
- [IIsi](/wiki/Macintosh_IIsi "Macintosh IIsi")
- [IIvi](/wiki/Macintosh_IIvi "Macintosh IIvi")
- [IIvx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIvx "Macintosh IIvx")

[Macintosh LC](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_family "Macintosh LC family")

- [LC](/wiki/Macintosh_LC "Macintosh LC")
- [LC II](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_II "Macintosh LC II")
- [LC III](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_III "Macintosh LC III")
- [LC 475](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_605 "Macintosh Quadra 605")
- [LC 500 series](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_500_series "Macintosh LC 500 series")
- [LC 630](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_630 "Macintosh Quadra 630")
- [5200 LC](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5200_LC "Power Macintosh 5200 LC")
- [Macintosh TV](/wiki/Macintosh_TV "Macintosh TV")

[Macintosh Quadra](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra "Macintosh Quadra")

- [700](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_700 "Macintosh Quadra 700")
- [900](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_900 "Macintosh Quadra 900")
- [950](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_950 "Macintosh Quadra 950")
- [800](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_800 "Macintosh Quadra 800")
- [840AV](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_840AV "Macintosh Quadra 840AV")
- 600 series
  - [610](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_610 "Macintosh Quadra 610")
  - [650](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_650 "Macintosh Quadra 650")
  - [660AV](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_660AV "Macintosh Quadra 660AV")
  - [605](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_605 "Macintosh Quadra 605")
  - [630](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_630 "Macintosh Quadra 630")

[PowerBook](/wiki/PowerBook "PowerBook")

- [Macintosh Portable](/wiki/Macintosh_Portable "Macintosh Portable")
- 68k-based PowerBooks
  - [100 series](/wiki/PowerBook_100_series "PowerBook 100 series")
    - [100](/wiki/PowerBook_100 "PowerBook 100")
    - [140](/wiki/PowerBook_140 "PowerBook 140")
    - [170](/wiki/PowerBook_170 "PowerBook 170")
    - [160](/wiki/PowerBook_160 "PowerBook 160")
    - [180](/wiki/PowerBook_180 "PowerBook 180")
    - [150](/wiki/PowerBook_150 "PowerBook 150")
    - [190](/wiki/PowerBook_190 "PowerBook 190")
  - [Duo](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo "PowerBook Duo")
    - [210](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo_210 "PowerBook Duo 210")
    - [230](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo_230 "PowerBook Duo 230")
  - [500 series](/wiki/PowerBook_500_series "PowerBook 500 series")
- [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC "PowerPC")-based PowerBooks

  - [2300c](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo "PowerBook Duo")
  - [5300](/wiki/PowerBook_5300 "PowerBook 5300")
  - [1400](/wiki/PowerBook_1400 "PowerBook 1400")
  - [3400c](/wiki/PowerBook_3400c "PowerBook 3400c")
  - [2400c](/wiki/PowerBook_2400c "PowerBook 2400c")
  - [G3](/wiki/PowerBook_G3 "PowerBook G3")

[Power Macintosh](/wiki/Power_Macintosh "Power Macintosh")

- [4400 and 7220](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_4400 "Power Macintosh 4400")
- 5000 series
  - [5200 LC and 5300 LC](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5200_LC "Power Macintosh 5200 LC")
  - [5260](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5260 "Power Macintosh 5260")
  - [5400](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5400 "Power Macintosh 5400")
  - [5500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5500 "Power Macintosh 5500")
- 6000 series
  - [6100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6100 "Power Macintosh 6100")
  - [6200 and 6300](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6200 "Power Macintosh 6200")
  - [6400](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6400 "Power Macintosh 6400")
  - [6500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6500 "Power Macintosh 6500")
- 7000 series
  - [7100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7100 "Power Macintosh 7100")
  - [7200 and 8200](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7200 "Power Macintosh 7200")
  - [7300](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7300 "Power Macintosh 7300")
  - [7500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7500 "Power Macintosh 7500")
  - [7600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7600 "Power Macintosh 7600")
- 8000 series
  - [8100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8100 "Power Macintosh 8100")
  - [8500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8500 "Power Macintosh 8500")
  - [8600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8600 "Power Macintosh 8600")
- 9000 series
  - [9500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_9500 "Power Macintosh 9500")
  - [9600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_9600 "Power Macintosh 9600")
- [Power Macintosh G3](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3 "Power Macintosh G3")

Miscellaneous

- Apple Lisa
- [Big Mac and Baby Mac](/wiki/Big_Mac_(computer) "Big Mac (computer)") (cancelled)
- [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL")
- [Macintosh Performa](/wiki/Macintosh_Performa "Macintosh Performa")
- [Macintosh Centris](/wiki/Macintosh_Centris "Macintosh Centris")
- [Apple IIe Card](/wiki/Apple_IIe_Card "Apple IIe Card") (Macintosh PDS)
- [Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card](/wiki/Macintosh_Processor_Upgrade_Card "Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card")
- [Apple Workgroup Server](/wiki/Apple_Workgroup_Server "Apple Workgroup Server")
  - [9150](/wiki/Workgroup_Server_9150 "Workgroup Server 9150")
- [Apple Network Server](/wiki/Apple_Network_Server "Apple Network Server")
- [Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh](/wiki/Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh "Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh")
- [Macintosh history](/wiki/History_of_the_Macintosh "History of the Macintosh")

Peripherals

[Displays](/wiki/Apple_displays "Apple displays")

- [Monitor II](/wiki/Apple_Monitor_II "Apple Monitor II")
- [Monitor III](/wiki/Apple_Monitor_III "Apple Monitor III")
- [AppleColor Composite IIe](/wiki/ColorMonitor_IIe/AppleColor_Composite_Monitor_IIe "ColorMonitor IIe/AppleColor Composite Monitor IIe")
- [AppleColor High-Resolution RGB](/wiki/AppleColor_High-Resolution_RGB_Monitor "AppleColor High-Resolution RGB Monitor")
- [Macintosh Color](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh_Color_Display "Apple Macintosh Color Display")
- [AudioVision 14](/wiki/Apple_AudioVision_14_Display "Apple AudioVision 14 Display")
- [Multiple Scan 14](/wiki/Apple_Multiple_Scan_14_Display "Apple Multiple Scan 14 Display")
- [ColorSync 750](/wiki/Apple_ColorSync/AppleVision_750_Display "Apple ColorSync/AppleVision 750 Display")

External drives

- [Disk II](/wiki/Disk_II "Disk II")
- [FileWare](/wiki/Apple_FileWare "Apple FileWare")
- [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive "Macintosh External Disk Drive")
- [ProFile](/wiki/Apple_ProFile "Apple ProFile")
- [Hard Disk 20](/wiki/Hard_Disk_20 "Hard Disk 20")
- [Hard Disk 20SC](/wiki/Hard_Disk_20SC "Hard Disk 20SC")
- [AppleCD](/wiki/AppleCD "AppleCD")
- [PowerCD](/wiki/PowerCD "PowerCD")
- [Tape Drive 40SC](/wiki/Apple_Tape_Backup_40SC "Apple Tape Backup 40SC")

Input devices

- [Keyboard](/wiki/Apple_keyboards "Apple keyboards")
- [Desktop Bus](/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus "Apple Desktop Bus")
- [Extended Keyboard](/wiki/Apple_Extended_Keyboard "Apple Extended Keyboard")
- [Adjustable Keyboard](/wiki/Apple_Adjustable_Keyboard "Apple Adjustable Keyboard")
- [Mouse and other pointing devices](/wiki/Apple_pointing_devices "Apple pointing devices")
- [Scanner](/wiki/Apple_Scanner "Apple Scanner")
- [QuickTake](/wiki/Apple_QuickTake "Apple QuickTake")

Networking

- [Apple II serial cards](/wiki/Apple_II_serial_cards "Apple II serial cards")
- [LocalTalk](/wiki/LocalTalk "LocalTalk")
- [Apple Communication Slot](/wiki/Apple_Communication_Slot "Apple Communication Slot")
- [GeoPort](/wiki/GeoPort "GeoPort")

[Printers](/wiki/List_of_Apple_printers "List of Apple printers")

- [Silentype](/wiki/Apple_Silentype "Apple Silentype")
- [Dot Matrix Printer](/wiki/Apple_Dot_Matrix_Printer "Apple Dot Matrix Printer")
- [Daisy Wheel Printer](/wiki/Apple_Daisy_Wheel_Printer "Apple Daisy Wheel Printer")
- [ImageWriter](/wiki/ImageWriter "ImageWriter")
- [LaserWriter](/wiki/LaserWriter "LaserWriter")
- [410 Color Plotter](/wiki/Apple_410_Color_Plotter "Apple 410 Color Plotter")
- [Color LaserWriter](/wiki/Color_LaserWriter "Color LaserWriter")
- [StyleWriter](/wiki/StyleWriter "StyleWriter")

[Newton](/wiki/Apple_Newton "Apple Newton")

- [MessagePad](/wiki/MessagePad "MessagePad")
- [eMate 300](/wiki/EMate_300 "EMate 300")

Other

- [Interactive Television Box](/wiki/Apple_Interactive_Television_Box "Apple Interactive Television Box")
- [Mac NC](/wiki/Mac_NC "Mac NC")
- [Paladin](/wiki/Apple_Paladin "Apple Paladin")
- [Pippin](/wiki/Apple_Pippin "Apple Pippin")
  - [Bandai](/wiki/Apple_Bandai_Pippin "Apple Bandai Pippin")
- [W.A.L.T.](/wiki/Wizzy_Active_Lifestyle_Telephone "Wizzy Active Lifestyle Telephone")

See also template: [Apple hardware since 1998](/wiki/Template:Apple_hardware_since_1998 "Template:Apple hardware since 1998")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Apple_hardware "Template:Apple hardware")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_hardware "Template talk:Apple hardware")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_hardware "Special:EditPage/Template:Apple hardware")

[Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") hardware

[Apple II \
\
family](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Apple_II_series "Timeline of the Apple II series")

- [Apple I](/wiki/Apple_I "Apple I")
- [Apple II](/wiki/Apple_II "Apple II")
  - [II](/wiki/Apple_II_(1977_computer) "Apple II (1977 computer)")
  - [II Plus](/wiki/Apple_II_Plus "Apple II Plus")
  - [IIe](/wiki/Apple_IIe "Apple IIe")
    - [IIe Card](/wiki/Apple_IIe_Card "Apple IIe Card")
    - [Processor Direct Slot](/wiki/Processor_Direct_Slot "Processor Direct Slot")
  - [IIc](/wiki/Apple_IIc "Apple IIc")
  - [IIc Plus](/wiki/Apple_IIc_Plus "Apple IIc Plus")
  - [IIGS](/wiki/Apple_IIGS "Apple IIGS")
- [Apple III](/wiki/Apple_III "Apple III")

[Mac](/wiki/Mac_(computer) "Mac (computer)")

Desktops

- Lisa
  - [Macintosh XL](/wiki/Macintosh_XL "Macintosh XL")
- [Compact](/wiki/Compact_Macintosh "Compact Macintosh")
  - [128K](/wiki/Macintosh_128K "Macintosh 128K")
  - [512K](/wiki/Macintosh_512K "Macintosh 512K")
  - [512Ke](/wiki/Macintosh_512Ke "Macintosh 512Ke")
  - [Plus](/wiki/Macintosh_Plus "Macintosh Plus")
  - [SE](/wiki/Macintosh_SE "Macintosh SE")
  - [SE/30](/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30 "Macintosh SE/30")
  - [Classic](/wiki/Macintosh_Classic "Macintosh Classic")
  - [Classic II](/wiki/Macintosh_Classic_II "Macintosh Classic II")
  - [Color Classic](/wiki/Macintosh_Color_Classic "Macintosh Color Classic")
- [II family](/wiki/Macintosh_II_family "Macintosh II family")
  - [II](/wiki/Macintosh_II "Macintosh II")
  - [IIx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIx "Macintosh IIx")
  - [IIcx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIcx "Macintosh IIcx")
  - [IIci](/wiki/Macintosh_IIci "Macintosh IIci")
  - [IIfx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIfx "Macintosh IIfx")
  - [IIsi](/wiki/Macintosh_IIsi "Macintosh IIsi")
  - [IIvi](/wiki/Macintosh_IIvi "Macintosh IIvi")
  - [IIvx](/wiki/Macintosh_IIvx "Macintosh IIvx")
- [LC family](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_family "Macintosh LC family")
  - [LC](/wiki/Macintosh_LC "Macintosh LC")
  - [LC II](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_II "Macintosh LC II")
  - [LC III](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_III "Macintosh LC III")
  - [LC 475](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_605 "Macintosh Quadra 605")
  - [LC 500 series](/wiki/Macintosh_LC_500_series "Macintosh LC 500 series")
  - [LC 630](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_630 "Macintosh Quadra 630")
  - [5200 LC](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5200_LC "Power Macintosh 5200 LC")
  - [Macintosh TV](/wiki/Macintosh_TV "Macintosh TV")
- [Quadra](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra "Macintosh Quadra")
  - [610](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_610 "Macintosh Quadra 610")
  - [650](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_650 "Macintosh Quadra 650")
  - [660AV](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_660AV "Macintosh Quadra 660AV")
  - [605](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_605 "Macintosh Quadra 605")
  - [630](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_630 "Macintosh Quadra 630")
  - [700](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_700 "Macintosh Quadra 700")
  - [900](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_900 "Macintosh Quadra 900")
  - [950](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_950 "Macintosh Quadra 950")
  - [800](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_800 "Macintosh Quadra 800")
  - [840AV](/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra_840AV "Macintosh Quadra 840AV")
- [Performa](/wiki/Macintosh_Performa "Macintosh Performa")
- [Centris](/wiki/Macintosh_Centris "Macintosh Centris")
- [Power Macintosh](/wiki/Power_Macintosh "Power Macintosh")
  - [4400 and 7220](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_4400 "Power Macintosh 4400")
  - 5000 series
    - [5200 LC and 5300 LC](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5200_LC "Power Macintosh 5200 LC")
    - [5260](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5260 "Power Macintosh 5260")
    - [5400](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5400 "Power Macintosh 5400")
    - [5500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_5500 "Power Macintosh 5500")
  - 6000 series
    - [6100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6100 "Power Macintosh 6100")
    - [6200 and 6300](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6200 "Power Macintosh 6200")
    - [6400](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6400 "Power Macintosh 6400")
    - [6500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_6500 "Power Macintosh 6500")
  - 7000 series
    - [7100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7100 "Power Macintosh 7100")
    - [7200 and 8200](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7200 "Power Macintosh 7200")
    - [7300](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7300 "Power Macintosh 7300")
    - [7500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7500 "Power Macintosh 7500")
    - [7600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_7600 "Power Macintosh 7600")
  - 8000 series
    - [8100](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8100 "Power Macintosh 8100")
    - [8500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8500 "Power Macintosh 8500")
    - [8600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_8600 "Power Macintosh 8600")
  - 9000 series
    - [9500](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_9500 "Power Macintosh 9500")
    - [9600](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_9600 "Power Macintosh 9600")
  - [G3](/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3 "Power Macintosh G3")
  - [G4](/wiki/Power_Mac_G4 "Power Mac G4")
  - [G4 Cube](/wiki/Power_Mac_G4_Cube "Power Mac G4 Cube")
  - [G5](/wiki/Power_Mac_G5 "Power Mac G5")
- [20th Anniversary](/wiki/Twentieth_Anniversary_Macintosh "Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh")
- [iMac](/wiki/IMac "IMac")
  - [G3](/wiki/IMac_G3 "IMac G3")
  - [G4](/wiki/IMac_G4 "IMac G4")
  - [G5](/wiki/IMac_G5 "IMac G5")
  - [Intel](/wiki/IMac_(Intel-based) "IMac (Intel-based)")
  - [Pro](/wiki/IMac_Pro "IMac Pro")
  - [Apple silicon](/wiki/IMac_(Apple_silicon) "IMac (Apple silicon)")
- [eMac](/wiki/EMac "EMac")
- [Mac Pro](/wiki/Mac_Pro "Mac Pro")
- [Mac Mini](/wiki/Mac_Mini "Mac Mini")
- [Mac Studio](/wiki/Mac_Studio "Mac Studio")

Laptops

- [Macintosh Portable](/wiki/Macintosh_Portable "Macintosh Portable")
- [PowerBook](/wiki/PowerBook "PowerBook")
  - [100 series](/wiki/PowerBook_100_series "PowerBook 100 series")
    - [100](/wiki/PowerBook_100 "PowerBook 100")
    - [140](/wiki/PowerBook_140 "PowerBook 140")
    - [170](/wiki/PowerBook_170 "PowerBook 170")
    - [160](/wiki/PowerBook_160 "PowerBook 160")
    - [180](/wiki/PowerBook_180 "PowerBook 180")
    - [150](/wiki/PowerBook_150 "PowerBook 150")
    - [190](/wiki/PowerBook_190 "PowerBook 190")
  - [Duo](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo "PowerBook Duo")
    - [210](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo_210 "PowerBook Duo 210")
    - [230](/wiki/PowerBook_Duo_230 "PowerBook Duo 230")
  - [500 series](/wiki/PowerBook_500_series "PowerBook 500 series")
  - [5300](/wiki/PowerBook_5300 "PowerBook 5300")
  - [1400](/wiki/PowerBook_1400 "PowerBook 1400")
  - [3400c](/wiki/PowerBook_3400c "PowerBook 3400c")
  - [2400c](/wiki/PowerBook_2400c "PowerBook 2400c")
  - [G3](/wiki/PowerBook_G3 "PowerBook G3")
  - [G4](/wiki/PowerBook_G4 "PowerBook G4")
- [iBook](/wiki/IBook "IBook")
- [MacBook](/wiki/MacBook "MacBook")
  - [2006–2012](/wiki/MacBook_(2006%E2%80%932012) "MacBook (2006–2012)")
  - [2015–2019](/wiki/12-inch_MacBook "12-inch MacBook")
- [MacBook Air](/wiki/MacBook_Air "MacBook Air")
  - [Intel](/wiki/MacBook_Air_(Intel-based) "MacBook Air (Intel-based)")
  - [Apple silicon](/wiki/MacBook_Air_(Apple_silicon) "MacBook Air (Apple silicon)")
- [MacBook Pro](/wiki/MacBook_Pro "MacBook Pro")
  - [Intel](/wiki/MacBook_Pro_(Intel-based) "MacBook Pro (Intel-based)")
  - [Apple silicon](/wiki/MacBook_Pro_(Apple_silicon) "MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)")

Servers

- [Workgroup Server](/wiki/Apple_Workgroup_Server "Apple Workgroup Server")
  - [9150](/wiki/Workgroup_Server_9150 "Workgroup Server 9150")
- [Network Server](/wiki/Apple_Network_Server "Apple Network Server")
- [Xserve](/wiki/Xserve "Xserve")

Devices

[iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone")

- [1st](/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation) "IPhone (1st generation)")
- [3G](/wiki/IPhone_3G "IPhone 3G")
- [3GS](/wiki/IPhone_3GS "IPhone 3GS")
- [4](/wiki/IPhone_4 "IPhone 4")
- [4S](/wiki/IPhone_4S "IPhone 4S")
- [5](/wiki/IPhone_5 "IPhone 5")
- [5C](/wiki/IPhone_5C "IPhone 5C")
- [5S](/wiki/IPhone_5S "IPhone 5S")
- [6 / 6 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_6 "IPhone 6")
- [6S / 6S Plus](/wiki/IPhone_6S "IPhone 6S")
- [7 / 7 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_7 "IPhone 7")
- [8 / 8 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_8 "IPhone 8")
- [X](/wiki/IPhone_X "IPhone X")
- [XR](/wiki/IPhone_XR "IPhone XR")
- [XS / XS Max](/wiki/IPhone_XS "IPhone XS")
- [11](/wiki/IPhone_11 "IPhone 11")
- [11 Pro / 11 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_11_Pro "IPhone 11 Pro")
- [12 / 12 Mini](/wiki/IPhone_12 "IPhone 12")
- [12 Pro / 12 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_12_Pro "IPhone 12 Pro")
- [13 / 13 Mini](/wiki/IPhone_13 "IPhone 13")
- [13 Pro / 13 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_13_Pro "IPhone 13 Pro")
- [14 / 14 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_14 "IPhone 14")
- [14 Pro / 14 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_14_Pro "IPhone 14 Pro")
- [15 / 15 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_15 "IPhone 15")
- [15 Pro / 15 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro "IPhone 15 Pro")
- [16 / 16 Plus](/wiki/IPhone_16 "IPhone 16")
- [16 Pro / 16 Pro Max](/wiki/IPhone_16_Pro "IPhone 16 Pro")
- iPhone SE
  - [1st](/wiki/IPhone_SE_(1st_generation) "IPhone SE (1st generation)")
  - [2nd](/wiki/IPhone_SE_(2nd_generation) "IPhone SE (2nd generation)")
  - [3rd](/wiki/IPhone_SE_(3rd_generation) "IPhone SE (3rd generation)")

[iPad](/wiki/IPad "IPad")

- [1st](/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation) "IPad (1st generation)")
- [2](/wiki/IPad_2 "IPad 2")
- [3rd](/wiki/IPad_(3rd_generation) "IPad (3rd generation)")
- [4th](/wiki/IPad_(4th_generation) "IPad (4th generation)")
- [5th](/wiki/IPad_(5th_generation) "IPad (5th generation)")
- [6th](/wiki/IPad_(6th_generation) "IPad (6th generation)")
- [7th](/wiki/IPad_(7th_generation) "IPad (7th generation)")
- [8th](/wiki/IPad_(8th_generation) "IPad (8th generation)")
- [9th](/wiki/IPad_(9th_generation) "IPad (9th generation)")
- [10th](/wiki/IPad_(10th_generation) "IPad (10th generation)")
- [iPad Air](/wiki/IPad_Air "IPad Air")
  - [1st](/wiki/IPad_Air_(1st_generation) "IPad Air (1st generation)")
  - [2](/wiki/IPad_Air_2 "IPad Air 2")
  - [3rd](/wiki/IPad_Air_(3rd_generation) "IPad Air (3rd generation)")
  - [4th](/wiki/IPad_Air_(4th_generation) "IPad Air (4th generation)")
  - [5th](/wiki/IPad_Air_(5th_generation) "IPad Air (5th generation)")
  - [6th](/wiki/IPad_Air_(6th_generation) "IPad Air (6th generation)")
- [iPad Mini](/wiki/IPad_Mini "IPad Mini")
  - [1st](/wiki/IPad_Mini_(1st_generation) "IPad Mini (1st generation)")
  - [2](/wiki/IPad_Mini_2 "IPad Mini 2")
  - [3](/wiki/IPad_Mini_3 "IPad Mini 3")
  - [4](/wiki/IPad_Mini_4 "IPad Mini 4")
  - [5th](/wiki/IPad_Mini_(5th_generation) "IPad Mini (5th generation)")
  - [6th](/wiki/IPad_Mini_(6th_generation) "IPad Mini (6th generation)")
- [iPad Pro](/wiki/IPad_Pro "IPad Pro")
  - [9.7 / 12.9 (1st)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(1st_generation) "IPad Pro (1st generation)")
  - [10.5 / 12.9 (2nd)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(2nd_generation) "IPad Pro (2nd generation)")
  - [11 (1st) / 12.9 (3rd)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(3rd_generation) "IPad Pro (3rd generation)")
  - [11 (2nd) / 12.9 (4th)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(4th_generation) "IPad Pro (4th generation)")
  - [11 (3rd) / 12.9 (5th)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(5th_generation) "IPad Pro (5th generation)")
  - [11 (4th) / 12.9 (6th)](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(6th_generation) "IPad Pro (6th generation)")
  - [11 (5th) / 13](/wiki/IPad_Pro_(7th_generation) "IPad Pro (7th generation)")

[iPod](/wiki/IPod "IPod")

- [Classic](/wiki/IPod_Classic "IPod Classic")
- [Mini](/wiki/IPod_Mini "IPod Mini")
- [Nano](/wiki/IPod_Nano "IPod Nano")
- [Shuffle](/wiki/IPod_Shuffle "IPod Shuffle")
- [Touch](/wiki/IPod_Touch "IPod Touch")
  - [1st](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(1st_generation) "IPod Touch (1st generation)")
  - [2nd](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(2nd_generation) "IPod Touch (2nd generation)")
  - [3rd](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(3rd_generation) "IPod Touch (3rd generation)")
  - [4th](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(4th_generation) "IPod Touch (4th generation)")
  - [5th](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(5th_generation) "IPod Touch (5th generation)")
  - [6th](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(6th_generation) "IPod Touch (6th generation)")
  - [7th](/wiki/IPod_Touch_(7th_generation) "IPod Touch (7th generation)")

Unreleased

- [AirPower](/wiki/AirPower_(Apple) "AirPower (Apple)")
- [Interactive Television Box](/wiki/Apple_Interactive_Television_Box "Apple Interactive Television Box")
- [Mac NC](/wiki/Mac_NC "Mac NC")
- [W.A.L.T.](/wiki/Wizzy_Active_Lifestyle_Telephone "Wizzy Active Lifestyle Telephone")

- [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV "Apple TV")
- [Apple Watch](/wiki/Apple_Watch "Apple Watch")
  - [Ultra](/wiki/Apple_Watch_Ultra "Apple Watch Ultra")
- [Beddit](/wiki/Beddit "Beddit")
- [Newton](/wiki/Apple_Newton "Apple Newton")
  - [MessagePad](/wiki/MessagePad "MessagePad")
  - [eMate 300](/wiki/EMate_300 "EMate 300")
- [Paladin](/wiki/Apple_Paladin "Apple Paladin")
- [Pippin](/wiki/Apple_Pippin "Apple Pippin")
  - [Bandai](/wiki/Apple_Bandai_Pippin "Apple Bandai Pippin")
- [PowerCD](/wiki/PowerCD "PowerCD")
- [QuickTake](/wiki/Apple_QuickTake "Apple QuickTake")
- [Vision Pro](/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro "Apple Vision Pro")

Accessories

Audio

- [AirPods](/wiki/AirPods "AirPods")
  - [Pro](/wiki/AirPods_Pro "AirPods Pro")
  - [Max](/wiki/AirPods_Max "AirPods Max")
- [Beats](/wiki/Beats_Electronics "Beats Electronics")
  - [Pill](/wiki/Beats_Pill "Beats Pill")
- [Headphones](/wiki/Apple_headphones "Apple headphones")
- [Speakers](/wiki/Apple_speakers "Apple speakers")
  - [iPod Hi-Fi](/wiki/IPod_Hi-Fi "IPod Hi-Fi")
  - [SoundSticks](/wiki/SoundSticks "SoundSticks")
  - [HomePod](/wiki/HomePod "HomePod")
    - [Mini](/wiki/HomePod_Mini "HomePod Mini")

[Displays](/wiki/Apple_displays "Apple displays")

- [Monitor III](/wiki/Apple_Monitor_III "Apple Monitor III")
- [Monitor II](/wiki/Apple_Monitor_II "Apple Monitor II")
- [AppleColor Composite IIe](/wiki/ColorMonitor_IIe/AppleColor_Composite_Monitor_IIe "ColorMonitor IIe/AppleColor Composite Monitor IIe")
- [AppleColor High-Resolution RGB](/wiki/AppleColor_High-Resolution_RGB_Monitor "AppleColor High-Resolution RGB Monitor")
- [Color](/wiki/Apple_Macintosh_Color_Display "Apple Macintosh Color Display")
- [AudioVision 14](/wiki/Apple_AudioVision_14_Display "Apple AudioVision 14 Display")
- [Multiple Scan 14](/wiki/Apple_Multiple_Scan_14_Display "Apple Multiple Scan 14 Display")
- [ColorSync 750](/wiki/Apple_ColorSync/AppleVision_750_Display "Apple ColorSync/AppleVision 750 Display")
- Studio
  - [1998–2004](/wiki/Apple_Studio_Display_(1998%E2%80%932004) "Apple Studio Display (1998–2004)")
  - [2022](/wiki/Apple_Studio_Display "Apple Studio Display")
- [Cinema](/wiki/Apple_Cinema_Display "Apple Cinema Display")
- [Thunderbolt](/wiki/Apple_Thunderbolt_Display "Apple Thunderbolt Display")
- [Pro Display XDR](/wiki/Pro_Display_XDR "Pro Display XDR")

[Drives](/wiki/List_of_Apple_drives "List of Apple drives")

- [Disk II](/wiki/Disk_II "Disk II")
- [Macintosh](/wiki/Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive "Macintosh External Disk Drive")
- [ProFile](/wiki/Apple_ProFile "Apple ProFile")
- [Hard Disk 20](/wiki/Hard_Disk_20 "Hard Disk 20")
- [Hard Disk 20SC](/wiki/Hard_Disk_20SC "Hard Disk 20SC")
- [AppleCD](/wiki/AppleCD "AppleCD")
- [PowerCD](/wiki/PowerCD "PowerCD")
- [Tape Drive 40SC](/wiki/Apple_Tape_Backup_40SC "Apple Tape Backup 40SC")
- [SuperDrive](/wiki/SuperDrive "SuperDrive")
- [Xserve RAID](/wiki/Xserve_RAID "Xserve RAID")

Input

- [Desktop Bus](/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus "Apple Desktop Bus")
- [iPad accessories](/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories "List of iPad accessories")
  - [Pencil](/wiki/Apple_Pencil "Apple Pencil")
- [iSight](/wiki/ISight "ISight")
- [Keyboards](/wiki/Apple_keyboards "Apple keyboards")
  - [Extended](/wiki/Apple_Extended_Keyboard "Apple Extended Keyboard")
  - [Adjustable](/wiki/Apple_Adjustable_Keyboard "Apple Adjustable Keyboard")
  - [Wireless](/wiki/Apple_Wireless_Keyboard "Apple Wireless Keyboard")
  - [Magic](/wiki/Magic_Keyboard_(Mac) "Magic Keyboard (Mac)")

- [Mice and trackpads](/wiki/Apple_pointing_devices "Apple pointing devices")
  - [USB](/wiki/Hockey_puck_mouse "Hockey puck mouse")
  - [Mighty](/wiki/Apple_Mighty_Mouse "Apple Mighty Mouse")
  - [Magic](/wiki/Magic_Mouse "Magic Mouse")
  - [Magic Trackpad](/wiki/Magic_Trackpad "Magic Trackpad")
- [Remote](/wiki/Apple_Remote "Apple Remote")
  - [Siri Remote](/wiki/Siri_Remote "Siri Remote")
- [Scanner](/wiki/Apple_Scanner "Apple Scanner")
  - [OneScanner](/wiki/Apple_OneScanner "Apple OneScanner")

iPod

- [Click wheel](/wiki/IPod_click_wheel "IPod click wheel")
- [Nike+iPod](/wiki/Nike%2BiPod "Nike+iPod")

Networking

- [AirPort](/wiki/AirPort "AirPort")
  - [Express](/wiki/AirPort_Express "AirPort Express")
  - [Extreme](/wiki/AirPort_Extreme "AirPort Extreme")
  - [Time Capsule](/wiki/AirPort_Time_Capsule "AirPort Time Capsule")
- [Apple II serial cards](/wiki/Apple_II_serial_cards "Apple II serial cards")
- [USB Modem](/wiki/Apple_USB_Modem "Apple USB Modem")
- [LocalTalk](/wiki/LocalTalk "LocalTalk")
- [Communication Slot](/wiki/Apple_Communication_Slot "Apple Communication Slot")
- [GeoPort](/wiki/GeoPort "GeoPort")

[Printers](/wiki/List_of_Apple_printers "List of Apple printers")

- [Silentype](/wiki/Apple_Silentype "Apple Silentype")
- [Dot Matrix Printer](/wiki/Apple_Dot_Matrix_Printer "Apple Dot Matrix Printer")
- [Letter Quality Printer](/wiki/Apple_Daisy_Wheel_Printer "Apple Daisy Wheel Printer")
- [ImageWriter](/wiki/ImageWriter "ImageWriter")
- [LaserWriter](/wiki/LaserWriter "LaserWriter")
- [410 Color Plotter](/wiki/Apple_410_Color_Plotter "Apple 410 Color Plotter")
- [Color LaserWriter](/wiki/Color_LaserWriter "Color LaserWriter")
- [StyleWriter](/wiki/StyleWriter "StyleWriter")

Security

- [AirTag](/wiki/AirTag "AirTag")

[Silicon](/wiki/Apple_silicon "Apple silicon")

- A series
  - [A4](/wiki/Apple_A4 "Apple A4")
  - [A5](/wiki/Apple_A5 "Apple A5")
  - [A5X](/wiki/Apple_A5X "Apple A5X")
  - [A6](/wiki/Apple_A6 "Apple A6")
  - [A6X](/wiki/Apple_A6X "Apple A6X")
  - [A7](/wiki/Apple_A7 "Apple A7")
  - [A8](/wiki/Apple_A8 "Apple A8")
  - [A8X](/wiki/Apple_A8X "Apple A8X")
  - [A9](/wiki/Apple_A9 "Apple A9")
  - [A9X](/wiki/Apple_A9X "Apple A9X")
  - [A10](/wiki/Apple_A10 "Apple A10")
  - [A10X](/wiki/Apple_A10X "Apple A10X")
  - [A11](/wiki/Apple_A11 "Apple A11")
  - [A12](/wiki/Apple_A12 "Apple A12")
  - [A12X/A12Z](/wiki/Apple_A12X "Apple A12X")
  - [A13](/wiki/Apple_A13 "Apple A13")
  - [A14](/wiki/Apple_A14 "Apple A14")
  - [A15](/wiki/Apple_A15 "Apple A15")
  - [A16](/wiki/Apple_A16 "Apple A16")
  - [A17](/wiki/Apple_A17 "Apple A17")
- H series
  - [H1](/wiki/Apple_H1 "Apple H1")
  - [H2](/wiki/Apple_H2 "Apple H2")
- M series
  - [M1](/wiki/Apple_M1 "Apple M1")
  - [M2](/wiki/Apple_M2 "Apple M2")
  - [M3](/wiki/Apple_M3 "Apple M3")
  - [M4](/wiki/Apple_M4 "Apple M4")
- R series
  - [R1](/wiki/Apple_R1 "Apple R1")
- S series
  - [S1](/wiki/Apple_S1 "Apple S1")
  - [S1P](/wiki/Apple_S1P "Apple S1P")
  - [S2](/wiki/Apple_S2 "Apple S2")
  - [S3](/wiki/Apple_S3 "Apple S3")
  - [S4](/wiki/Apple_S4 "Apple S4")
  - [S5](/wiki/Apple_S5 "Apple S5")
  - [S6](/wiki/Apple_S6 "Apple S6")
  - [S7](/wiki/Apple_S7 "Apple S7")
  - [S8](/wiki/Apple_S8 "Apple S8")
  - [S9](/wiki/Apple_S9 "Apple S9")
- T series
  - [T1](/wiki/Apple_T1 "Apple T1")
  - [T2](/wiki/Apple_T2 "Apple T2")
- U series
  - [U1](/wiki/Apple_U1 "Apple U1")
- W series
  - [W1](/wiki/Apple_W1 "Apple W1")
  - [W2](/wiki/Apple_W2 "Apple W2")
  - [W3](/wiki/Apple_W3 "Apple W3")

- Hardware lists
  - [Macs](/wiki/List_of_Mac_models "List of Mac models")
  - [iPhones](/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models "List of iPhone models")
  - [iPads](/wiki/List_of_iPad_models "List of iPad models")
- [Timeline of Apple Inc. products](/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products "Timeline of Apple Inc. products")

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple\_Lisa&oldid=1241599499](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Lisa&oldid=1241599499)"

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