Evolution of languages - Wikipedia
The evolution of languages or history of language includes the evolution, divergence and development of languages throughout time
Mieszko I
To the north, West Slavic languages began to appear around the 10th century. Polans tribes began to speak early forms of Polish under the leadership of <anchor>Mieszko I</anchor>, amalgamating smaller Slavic tribal languages and adopting the Latin alphabet with the Christianization of the area in the late 960s.[100]
Mieszko I - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Early life](#Early_life)
- [2Reign](#Reign)Toggle Reign subsection  - [2.1Early reign](#Early_reign)
  - [2.2Margrave Gero's war; Mieszko's homage to the Emperor](#Margrave_Gero's_war;_Mieszko's_homage_to_the_Emperor)
  - [2.3Marriage and conversion to Christianity](#Marriage_and_conversion_to_Christianity)
  - [2.4Conquest of Pomerania](#Conquest_of_Pomerania)
  - [2.5War against Margrave Odo I of Ostmark](#War_against_Margrave_Odo_I_of_Ostmark)
  - [2.6Acquisitions in the east](#Acquisitions_in_the_east)
  - [2.7Involvement in German internal disputes; Second marriage](#Involvement_in_German_internal_disputes;_Second_marriage)
  - [2.8Cooperation with Sweden and the war against Denmark](#Cooperation_with_Sweden_and_the_war_against_Denmark)
  - [2.9Participation in German civil war](#Participation_in_German_civil_war)
  - [2.10War against Bohemia; incorporation of Silesia and Lesser Poland](#War_against_Bohemia;_incorporation_of_Silesia_and_Lesser_Poland)
  - [2.11Dagome iudex](#Dagome_iudex)
  - [2.12Late reign, death and succession](#Late_reign,_death_and_succession)
- [3Legacy](#Legacy)
- [4Marriages and issue](#Marriages_and_issue)
- [5Notes](#Notes)
- [6Bibliography](#Bibliography)
- [7See also](#See_also)
- [8References](#References)

Toggle the table of contents

# Mieszko I

64 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84 "ميشكو الأول – Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislao_I "Miecislao I – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Me%C5%9Fko "I Meşko – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88_(%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) "بیرینجی میشکو (لهیستان) – South Azerbaijani")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_I "Мешка I – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_I "Мешка I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I "Мешко I – Bulgarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%C5%A1ko_I,_knez_Poljske "Mješko I, knez Poljske – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislau_I_de_Pol%C3%B2nia "Miecislau I de Polònia – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9B%C5%A1ek_I. "Měšek I. – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_1._af_Polen "Mieszko 1. af Polen – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I. "Mieszko I. – German")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I. "Mieszko I. – Lower Sorbian")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I "Mieszko I – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82 "Μιέσκο Α΄ της Πολωνίας – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislao_I "Miecislao I – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%C5%9Dko_la_1-a "Mjeŝko la 1-a – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I.a "Mieszko I.a – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84 "میشکو اول – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_Ier_de_Pologne "Mieszko Ier de Pologne – French")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislao_I_de_Polonia "Miecislao I de Polonia – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%90%EC%8A%88%EC%BD%94_1%EC%84%B8 "미에슈코 1세 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8_I "Միեշկո I – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE "मिएश्को प्रथम – Hindi")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I. "Mieszko I. – Upper Sorbian")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%C5%A1ko_I. "Mješko I. – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_dari_Polandia "Mieszko I dari Polandia – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislao_I_di_Polonia "Miecislao I di Polonia – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F "מיישקו הראשון – Hebrew")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_I "მიეშკო I – Georgian")
- [Kaszëbsczi](https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszk%C3%B2_I "Mieszkò I – Kashubian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I "Мешко I – Kazakh")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislaus_I_(dux_Polanorum) "Miecislaus I (dux Polanorum) – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1ko_I_Pjasts "Meško I Pjasts – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1ka_I "Meška I – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mieszko_lengyel_fejedelem "I. Mieszko lengyel fejedelem – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I "Мјешко I – Macedonian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_an%27i_Polonia "Mieszko I an'i Polonia – Malagasy")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84 "ميشكو الاول – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_dari_Poland "Mieszko I dari Poland – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_van_Polen "Mieszko I van Polen – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B31%E4%B8%96 "ミェシュコ1世 – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_av_Polen "Mieszko I av Polen – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_av_Polen "Mieszko I av Polen – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I%C3%A8r_de_Polonha "Mieszko Ièr de Polonha – Occitan")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I "Mieszko I – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miecislau_I_da_Pol%C3%B3nia "Miecislau I da Polónia – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_al_Poloniei "Mieszko I al Poloniei – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I "Мешко I – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland "Mieszko I of Poland – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1ek_I. "Mešek I. – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%C5%A1ko_I. "Mješko I. – Slovenian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I_%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82 "Мјешко I Пјаст – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%C5%A1ko_I "Mješko I – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I "Mieszko I – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_av_Polen "Mieszko I av Polen – Swedish")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C "ดยุกมิเอสโกที่ 1 แห่งโปแลนด์ – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mieszko "I. Mieszko – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_I "Мешко I – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ba_Lan "Mieszko I của Ba Lan – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_han_Polonya "Mieszko I han Polonya – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 "梅什科一世 – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 "梅什科一世 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 "梅什科一世 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Duke of Poland (c. 930–992) (ruled c. 960–992)

Mieszko I[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mieszko1.jpg/220px-Mieszko1.jpg)](/wiki/File:Mieszko1.jpg)

Mieszko as imagined by Jan Matejko in the 19th century

[Duke of Poland](/wiki/Duke_of_Poland "Duke of Poland")Reign960 – 25 May 992Predecessor[Siemomysł](/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82 "Siemomysł")Successor[Bolesław I the Brave](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave "Bolesław I the Brave")

Bornc. 930Died25 May 992(992-05-25) (aged 61–62)

[Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), [Poland](/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe "Civitas Schinesghe")Spouse[Dobrawa of Bohemia](/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia "Dobrawa of Bohemia")

[Oda of Haldensleben](/wiki/Oda_of_Haldensleben "Oda of Haldensleben")[Issue](/wiki/Issue_(genealogy) "Issue (genealogy)")

_[more...](#Marriages_and_issue)_[Bolesław I the Brave](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave "Bolesław I the Brave")

[Świętosława](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa "Świętosława")

[Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia](/wiki/Vladivoj,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia") (?)

[Mieszko](/wiki/Mieszko_Mieszkowic "Mieszko Mieszkowic")

[Świętopełk](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tope%C5%82k_Mieszkowic "Świętopełk Mieszkowic")

[Lambert](/wiki/Lambert_Mieszkowic "Lambert Mieszkowic")[Dynasty](/wiki/Dynasty "Dynasty")[Piast](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty")Father[Siemomysł](/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82 "Siemomysł")Religion

- [Slavic paganism](/wiki/Slavic_paganism "Slavic paganism") (before 966)
- [Chalcedonian Christianity](/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity "Chalcedonian Christianity") (966–until his death)

**Mieszko I** (Polish pronunciation:[\[ˈmjɛʂkɔˈpjɛrfʂɨ\]](/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish "Help:IPA/Polish")[Play audio](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Pl-Mieszko-I.ogg/Pl-Mieszko-I.ogg.mp3 "Play audio")[ⓘ](/wiki/File:Pl-Mieszko-I.ogg "File:Pl-Mieszko-I.ogg"); c. 930 – 25 May 992)[\[1\]](#cite_note-histdict-1) was [Duke of Poland](/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931025) "Duchy of Poland (966–1025)") from 960 until his death in 992 and the founder of the first unified [Polish state](/wiki/History_of_Poland "History of Poland"), the [Civitas Schinesghe](/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe "Civitas Schinesghe"). A member of the [Piast dynasty](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty"), he was the first [Christian](/wiki/Christian "Christian") ruler of [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland") and continued the policies of both his father [Siemomysł](/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82 "Siemomysł") and grandfather [Lestek](/wiki/Lestek "Lestek"), who initiated a process of unification among the [Polish tribes](/wiki/Polish_tribes "Polish tribes") and the creation of statehood.

According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a potent politician, a talented military leader and a charismatic ruler. Through both alliances and military force, he extended ongoing Polish conquests and early in his reign subjugated [Kuyavia](/wiki/Kuyavia "Kuyavia") and likely [Gdańsk Pomerania](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania "Gdańsk Pomerania") and [Masovia](/wiki/Masovia "Masovia"). For most of his reign, Mieszko I was involved in warfare for the control of [Western Pomerania](/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship "West Pomeranian Voivodeship") and annexed it to the vicinity of the lower [Oder River](/wiki/Oder_River "Oder River"). His internal reforms were aimed at expanding and improving the so-called war [monarchy](/wiki/Monarchy "Monarchy") system. During the last years of his life, he fought the [Bohemian state](/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia "Duchy of Bohemia") and captured [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") and lands now constituting [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland").

In foreign policy, Mieszko I placed the interests of his country foremost and entered into agreements with his former foes. He successfully used diplomacy by concluding alliances with [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"). Mieszko's alliance with the Czech prince [Boleslaus the Cruel](/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia") was strengthened by his marriage in 965 to the [Přemyslid](/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid "Přemyslid") princess [Dobrawa](/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia "Dobrawa of Bohemia"), who is said to have brought the Christian faith. Mieszko's [baptism](/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland "Baptism of Poland") in 966 placed him and his country in the cultural sphere of [Western Christianity](/wiki/Western_Christianity "Western Christianity"); he is sometimes called the " [Clovis](/wiki/Clovis_I "Clovis I") of Poland" for his role in laying the foundations for a Christian Poland. On his death, he left to his son and successor, [Bolesław I the Brave](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave "Bolesław I the Brave"), a country with greatly expanded territories and a well-established position in Europe.

Mieszko I also enigmatically appeared as "Dagome" in a [papal](/wiki/Papal "Papal") document dating to about 1085, called _[Dagome iudex](/wiki/Dagome_iudex "Dagome iudex")_, which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope") almost a hundred years earlier. The term possibly refers to Mieszko's adopted Christian name, [Dagobert](/wiki/Dagobert "Dagobert"), which often features in historical writing. Most sources also identify Mieszko I as the father[\[a\]](#cite_note-2) of [Sigrid the Haughty](/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty "Sigrid the Haughty"), a Scandinavian queen, the grandfather of [Canute the Great](/wiki/Canute_the_Great "Canute the Great") and the great-grandfather of [Gunhilda of Denmark](/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark "Gunhilda of Denmark"), [Canute the Great](/wiki/Canute_the_Great "Canute the Great")'s daughter and wife of [Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor").

It is roughly to his borders that Poland was returned in 1945.

## Early life

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shearing_of_Mieszko_I_of_Poland.PNG/170px-Shearing_of_Mieszko_I_of_Poland.PNG)](/wiki/File:Shearing_of_Mieszko_I_of_Poland.PNG) According to a legend, Mieszko was blind during the first seven years of life and gained his sight during _[postrzyżyny](/wiki/First_haircut#Polish "First haircut")_ (first haircut), which was a [pagan](/wiki/Slavic_paganism "Slavic paganism") right of passage ritual.

There is no certain information on Mieszko's life before he took control over his lands. Only the _Lesser Poland Chronicle_ gives the date of his birth as somewhere between the years 920–931 (depending on the version of the manuscript); however, modern researchers do not recognize the chronicle as a reliable source. Several historians on the basis of their investigations postulated the date of Mieszko's birth to have been between 922–945;[\[2\]](#cite_note-3) the activity of the Duke in his final years of life puts the date of his birth closer to the latter year.[\[3\]](#cite_note-4)

[Mieszko's name](/wiki/Mieszko "Mieszko") has traditionally been thought to be a diminutive of Mieczysław but this is refuted by the majority of modern historians. According to a legend first described by [Gallus Anonymus](/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus "Gallus Anonymus"), Mieszko was blind during his first seven years of life. This typical medieval [allegory](/wiki/Allegory "Allegory") referred to his [paganism](/wiki/Slavic_paganism "Slavic paganism") rather than an actual disability.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Hensel-5) Another name of Mieszko, "Dagome", appears in the _[Dagome iudex](/wiki/Dagome_iudex "Dagome iudex")_ document, though its origin is uncertain.[\[5\]](#cite_note-6) Historians speculate that it was derived from Mieszko's adopted Christian name [Dagobert](/wiki/Dagobert "Dagobert") or an abbreviation of the two names – "Dago" for Dagobert and "me" for Mieszko.[\[4\]](#cite_note-Hensel-5)

## Reign

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Reign")\]

### Early reign

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Early reign")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grody_w_okresie_Mieszka_I.png/220px-Grody_w_okresie_Mieszka_I.png)](/wiki/File:Grody_w_okresie_Mieszka_I.png) [Polan](/wiki/Polans_(western) "Polans (western)") strongholds under Mieszko's rule, mid-10th century

Mieszko I took over the rule after his father's death c. 950–960, probably closer to the latter date.[\[6\]](#cite_note-7) Due to the lack of sources it is not possible to determine exactly which lands he inherited. Certainly among them were the areas inhabited by the [Polans](/wiki/Polans_(western) "Polans (western)") and [Goplans](/wiki/Goplans "Goplans"),[\[7\]](#cite_note-8) as well as the [Sieradz](/wiki/Sieradz "Sieradz")- [Łęczyca](/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca "Łęczyca") lands and [Kuyavia](/wiki/Kuyavia "Kuyavia").[\[8\]](#cite_note-Jasiński-9) It is possible that this state included also [Masovia](/wiki/Masovia "Masovia")[\[9\]](#cite_note-10) and [Gdańsk Pomerania](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania "Gdańsk Pomerania").[\[10\]](#cite_note-11) Soon the new ruler faced the task of integrating the relatively large, ethnically and culturally heterogeneous territory. Although the residents of areas controlled by Mieszko spoke mostly one language, had similar beliefs and reached a similar level of economic and general development, they were socially connected primarily by [tribal](/wiki/Tribe "Tribe") structures. It appears that the elders cooperating with the Duke first felt the need for super-tribal unity, as expansion allowed them to broaden their influence.

Mieszko and his people were described around 966 by [Abraham ben Jacob](/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob "Abraham ben Jacob"), a [Sephardi Jewish](/wiki/Sephardi_Jews "Sephardi Jews") traveller, who at that time visited the [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague") court of Duke [Boleslaus I the Cruel](/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia").[\[11\]](#cite_note-12) Abraham presented Mieszko I as one of the four [Slavic](/wiki/Slavic_peoples "Slavic peoples") "kings",[\[12\]](#cite_note-13) reigning over a vast "northern" area, with a highly regarded and substantial military force at his disposal. More precise contemporary records regarding Mieszko were compiled by [Widukind of Corvey](/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey "Widukind of Corvey"), and, half a century later, by Bishop [Thietmar of Merseburg](/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg "Thietmar of Merseburg").

By the time Mieszko I took over from his father, the [Polans](/wiki/Polans_(western) "Polans (western)")' tribal federation of [Greater Poland](/wiki/Greater_Poland "Greater Poland") had for some time been actively expanding. Continuing this process, perhaps in the first years of Mieszko's reign, if it had not been done already by his father, Mieszko I conquered [Masovia](/wiki/Masovia "Masovia"). Likely also during that period or earlier, at least part of [Gdańsk Pomerania](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania "Gdańsk Pomerania") was obtained.[\[8\]](#cite_note-Jasiński-9) Mieszko's interests were then concentrated mainly on areas occupied by the eastern ( _i.e._, near the [Oder River](/wiki/Oder "Oder")) branches of the [Polabian Slavs](/wiki/Polabian_Slavs "Polabian Slavs").

In 963 [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave "Margrave") [Gero](/wiki/Gero "Gero") of Meissen conquered territories occupied by the Polabian [Lusatian](/wiki/Lusatia "Lusatia") and Słupian tribes, and as a result came into direct contact with the Polish state. At the same time (about 960) Mieszko I began his expansion against the [Velunzani](/wiki/Velunzani "Velunzani") and [Lutici](/wiki/Lutici "Lutici") tribes. The war was recorded by the traveller [Abraham ben Jacob](/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob "Abraham ben Jacob"). According to him, Mieszko I had fought against the Weltaba tribe, commonly identified with the Veleti. [Wichmann the Younger](/wiki/Wichmann_the_Younger "Wichmann the Younger"), a Saxon nobleman who was then a leader of a band of Polabian Slavs, defeated Mieszko twice, and around 963 a brother of Mieszko, whose name is unknown, was killed in the fighting. The frontiers at the mouth of the [Oder River](/wiki/Oder "Oder") were also desired by the German margraves. In addition, the Veleti Bohemia, which at that time possessed [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") and [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") regions, constituted a danger for the young state of the Polans.

### Margrave Gero's war; Mieszko's homage to the Emperor

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Margrave Gero's war; Mieszko's homage to the Emperor")\]

The chronicle of Thietmar poses some problems of interpretation of the information regarding the attack of Margrave Gero on the Slavic tribes, as a result of which he purportedly "subordinated to the authority of the Emperor Lusatia and the Selpuli \[ _viz._, the Słupian tribes\] and also Mieszko with his subjects". According to the majority of modern historians,[\[13\]](#cite_note-14) Thietmar made an error summarizing the chronicle of Widukind, placing the Gero raid there instead of the fighting that Mieszko conducted at that time against Wichmann the Younger. Other sources make no mention of such conquest and of putting the Polans state on the same footing with the Polabian Slavs. On the other hand, the supporters of the Gero's invasion theory[\[14\]](#cite_note-15) believe that the Margrave did actually carry out a successful invasion, as a result of which Mieszko I was forced to pay tribute to [the Emperor](/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor") and also was compelled to adopt Catholicism through the German Church. The thesis that proposes the introduction of Catholicism as a result of this war finds no confirmation in German sources.

The homage is then a separate issue, since, according to the chronicle of Thietmar, Mieszko actually paid tribute to the Emperor from the lands _usque in Vurta fluvium_ (up to the [Warta](/wiki/Warta "Warta") River).[\[15\]](#cite_note-16) In all probability Mieszko decided to pay tribute in order to avoid an invasion similar to the one that Lusatia had suffered. This homage would take place in 965, or in 966 at the latest. Very likely the tribute applied only to the [Lubusz](/wiki/Lubusz "Lubusz") land, which was in the German sphere of influence.[\[16\]](#cite_note-17) This understanding of the tribute issue explains why already in 967 Mieszko I was described in the Saxon chronicles as the Emperor's friend (or ally, supporter, [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language"): _amicus imperatoris_).

### Marriage and conversion to Christianity

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Marriage and conversion to Christianity")\]

See also: [Baptism of Poland](/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland "Baptism of Poland")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki_-_ruiny_palatium_-_MF-IMG_6221.JPG/220px-Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki_-_ruiny_palatium_-_MF-IMG_6221.JPG)](/wiki/File:Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki_-_ruiny_palatium_-_MF-IMG_6221.JPG) [Ostrów Lednicki](/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki "Ostrów Lednicki"), ruins of palatium and chapel[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denar_MieszkoI_Barry_Kent.JPG/100px-Denar_MieszkoI_Barry_Kent.JPG)](/wiki/File:Denar_MieszkoI_Barry_Kent.JPG) [Denar](/wiki/Denar "Denar") of Mieszko I featuring a [Christian cross](/wiki/Christian_cross "Christian cross")

Probably in 964 Mieszko began negotiations with [Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia](/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia"). As a result, in 965 Mieszko married his daughter [Dobrawa](/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia "Dobrawa of Bohemia") (also named _Dobrava_, _Doubravka_ or _Dąbrówka_).[\[17\]](#cite_note-18) This political [Polish-Bohemian alliance](/wiki/Polish-Bohemian_alliance "Polish-Bohemian alliance") is likely to have been initiated by the Polish ruler. It is probable that the marriage was officially arranged in February 965.[\[18\]](#cite_note-19)

The next step was the baptism of Mieszko. There are different hypotheses concerning this event. Most often it is assumed that it was a political decision, intended to bring Mieszko's state closer to the [Czechs](/wiki/Czech_(people) "Czech (people)") and to facilitate his activities in the [Polabian Slavs](/wiki/Polabian_Slavs "Polabian Slavs") area. At the same time, the baptism decreased the likelihood of future attacks by German margraves and deprived them of the opportunity to attempt Christianization of Mieszko's lands by force. An additional reason could be Mieszko's desire to remove from power the influential pagan priest class, which may have been blocking his efforts to establish a more centralized rule.[\[19\]](#cite_note-20)

A different hypothesis is linked with the above-mentioned acceptance of the veracity of Gero's invasion of Poland. According to it, it was the attack of the Margrave that forced the Catholicization, which was to be an act of subordination to the Emperor, done without the mediation of the Pope.[\[20\]](#cite_note-21)

Still other motives were responsible according to [Gallus Anonymus](/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus "Gallus Anonymus"), who claimed that it was Dobrawa who convinced her husband to change his religion. Likewise chronicler Thietmar attributes Mieszko's conversion to Dobrawa's influence. There are no reasons to negate Dobrawa's role in Mieszko's acceptance of Roman Catholicism; however, crediting rulers' wives with positive influence over their husbands' actions was a common convention at that time.

It is generally recognized that the baptism of Mieszko I took place in 966.[\[21\]](#cite_note-22) The place is unknown; it could have had happened in any of the cities of the [Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") (possibly [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg "Regensburg")), but also in one of the Polish towns like [Gniezno](/wiki/Gniezno "Gniezno") or [Ostrów Lednicki](/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki "Ostrów Lednicki").[\[22\]](#cite_note-23) The belief that the baptism was accomplished through the Czechs in order to avoid the dependence on Germany and the German Church is incorrect\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\], because Bohemia would not have its own church organization until 973. At the time of the baptism of Mieszko the existing Bohemian church establishment was a part of the Regensburg diocese. Thus, if the Polish ruler accepted the baptism through Prague's mediation, it had to be sanctioned in Regensburg. However, the religious vocabulary (words like baptism, sermon, prayer, church, apostle, bishop or confirmation) were adopted from the [Czech language](/wiki/Czech_language "Czech language") and had to come from Dobrawa's entourage and the church elements that arrived with her. Perhaps with her also came the first Polish bishop, [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_(Bishop_of_Poland) "Jordan (Bishop of Poland)"). It could be that the reason for the Czech preference of Mieszko was the existence in Bohemia of a mission which followed the precepts of the [Byzantine Greek](/wiki/Byzantine_Greek "Byzantine Greek") brothers and later [saints Cyril and Methodius](/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius "Saints Cyril and Methodius"), who developed and performed the liturgy in the Slavic rite, more readily understood by Mieszko and his subjects. The Slavic rite church branch had survived in Bohemia for another hundred years after Mieszko's baptism.

### Conquest of Pomerania

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Conquest of Pomerania")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wichmann_the_Younger_surrenders_to_the_Polish_Prince_Mieszko.PNG/220px-Wichmann_the_Younger_surrenders_to_the_Polish_Prince_Mieszko.PNG)](/wiki/File:Wichmann_the_Younger_surrenders_to_the_Polish_Prince_Mieszko.PNG) _Wichmann the Younger Surrenders to the Polish Prince Mieszko_ by [Franciszek Smuglewicz](/wiki/Franciszek_Smuglewicz "Franciszek Smuglewicz") (early 19th c.)

After the normalization of relations with the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia, Mieszko I returned to his plans to conquer the western part of [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania "Pomerania"). On 21 September 967 the Polish-Bohemian troops prevailed in the decisive battle against the [Wolinians](/wiki/Wolin "Wolin") led by [Wichmann the Younger](/wiki/Wichmann_the_Younger "Wichmann the Younger"), which gave Mieszko control over the mouth of the Odra River.[\[23\]](#cite_note-24) The German margraves had not opposed Mieszko's activities in Pomerania, perhaps even supported them; the death of the rebellious Wichmann, who succumbed to his wounds soon after the battle, may have been in line with their interests. A telling incident took place after the battle, a testimony to Mieszko's high standing among the Empire's dignitaries, just one year after his baptism: Widukind of Corvey reported that the dying Wichmann asked Mieszko to hand over Wichmann's weapons to Emperor Otto I, to whom Wichmann was related. For Mieszko the victory had to be a satisfying experience, especially in light of his past defeats inflicted by Wichmann.

The exact result of Mieszko's fighting in the west of Pomerania is not known. Subsequent loss of the region by Mieszko's son [Bolesław](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry") suggests that the conquest was difficult and the hold over that territory rather tenuous. In one version of the legend of [Saint Adalbert of Prague](/wiki/Saint_Adalbert_of_Prague "Saint Adalbert of Prague") (known in Polish as _Wojciech_) it is written that Mieszko I had his daughter married to a Pomeranian prince, who previously voluntarily "was washed with the holy water of the baptism" in Poland. The above information, as well as the fact that Bolesław lost Western Pomerania, suggest that the region was not truly incorporated into the Polish state, but only became a [fief](/wiki/Fief "Fief"). This conjecture seems to be confirmed in the introduction of the first volume of the chronicles of [Gallus Anonymus](/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus "Gallus Anonymus") concerning the Pomeranians: "Although often the leaders of the forces defeated by the Polish duke sought salvation in baptism, as soon as they regained their strength, they repudiated the Christian faith and started the war against Christian anew".

### War against Margrave Odo I of Ostmark

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: War against Margrave Odo I of Ostmark")\]

In 972 Poland was attacked by [Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark](/wiki/Odo_I,_Margrave_of_the_Saxon_Ostmark "Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark"). According to the chronicles of Thietmar, Odo acted unilaterally, without the Emperor's consent: "Meanwhile,[\[24\]](#cite_note-25) the noble Margrave Hodo, having collected his army attacked Mieszko, who has been faithfully paying tribute to the Emperor (for the lands) up the Warta river."[\[25\]](#cite_note-26)

See also: [Battle of Cedynia](/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia "Battle of Cedynia")

There are different hypotheses concerning the reasons for this invasion. Possibly Margrave Odo wanted to stop the growing power of the Polish state. Very likely Odo wanted to protect the Wolinian state, which he considered his zone of influence, from the Polish take-over.[\[26\]](#cite_note-27) Possibly the Wolinians themselves called the Margrave and asked his help.[\[27\]](#cite_note-28) In any event, Odo's forces moved in and on 24 June 972 twice engaged Mieszko's army at the village of _Cidini_, commonly identified with [Cedynia](/wiki/Cedynia "Cedynia"). At first, the Margrave defeated Mieszko's forces; subsequently the Duke's brother [Czcibor](/wiki/Czcibor "Czcibor") defeated the Germans in the decisive stage, inflicting great losses among their troops. It may be that Mieszko intentionally staged the retreat, which was followed by a surprise attack on the flank of the German pursuing troops.[\[28\]](#cite_note-29) After this battle, Mieszko and Odo were called to the Imperial Diet in [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg "Quedlinburg") in 973 to explain and justify their conduct. The exact judgment of the Emperor is unknown, but it is certain that the sentence was not carried out because he died a few weeks after the Diet. It is commonly assumed that the sentence was unfavorable to the Polish ruler. The _[Annals of Altaich](/wiki/Annales_Altahenses "Annales Altahenses")_ indicates that Mieszko was not present in Quedlinburg during the gathering; instead, he had to send his son Bolesław as a hostage.[\[29\]](#cite_note-30)

Mieszko's conflict with Odo I was a surprising event because, according to Thietmar, Mieszko respected the Margrave highly. Thietmar wrote that "Mieszko would never wear his outdoor garment in a house where Odo was present, or remain seated after Odo had gotten up."

It is believed that in practical terms the victory at Cedynia sealed [Western Pomerania](/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship "West Pomeranian Voivodeship")'s fate as Mieszko's dependency.

### Acquisitions in the east

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Acquisitions in the east")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polska_960_-_992.svg/220px-Polska_960_-_992.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Polska_960_-_992.svg) Poland under Mieszko's rule, c. 960–992

According to archaeological research, during the 970s the [Sandomierz](/wiki/Sandomierz "Sandomierz") region and the [Przemyśl](/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl "Przemyśl") area inhabited by the [Lendians](/wiki/Lendians "Lendians") became incorporated into the Polish state.[\[30\]](#cite_note-31) None of it is certain for the lack of written sources. It is possible that especially the Przemyśl area, also inhabited the [White Croats](/wiki/White_Croats "White Croats"), belonged at that time to Bohemia, which supposedly extended up to the [Bug River](/wiki/Bug_River "Bug River") and [Styr River](/wiki/Styr_River "Styr River").[\[31\]](#cite_note-32) The [Primary Chronicle](/wiki/Primary_Chronicle "Primary Chronicle") states that in 981 [Vladimir](/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev "Vladimir I of Kiev") of the [Rurik Dynasty](/wiki/Rurik_Dynasty "Rurik Dynasty") "went towards the Lachy and took their towns: Przemyśl, [Czerwień](/wiki/Czermno,_Lublin_Voivodeship "Czermno, Lublin Voivodeship") and other strongholds (...)". The exact interpretation of this passage is uncertain, because the [Ruthenian](/wiki/Rus%27_(people) "Rus' (people)") word "Lachy" meant both the Poles in general and the southeastern Lendians.[\[32\]](#cite_note-33) Mieszko's conquest of Sandomierz could also have taken place later, together with the takeover of the [Vistulans](/wiki/Vistulans "Vistulans") (western and central [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland")).[\[33\]](#cite_note-34) However, Widukind in the 10th century mentions Mieszko ruled over the _Sclavi_ tribe of _Licicaviki_, which is identified with the Lendians.[\[34\]](#cite_note-Hensel1960-35)[\[35\]](#cite_note-Jenkins1962-36)[\[36\]](#cite_note-Łowmiański1976-37)[\[37\]](#cite_note-Paszkiewicz1977-38)[\[38\]](#cite_note-Braun1985-39)[\[39\]](#cite_note-Kalhous2012-40)

Some historians suggest that the regions of Sandomierz, [Lublin](/wiki/Lublin "Lublin") and Czerwień (western [Red Ruthenia](/wiki/Red_Ruthenia "Red Ruthenia")) were indeed annexed by Mieszko's state in the 970s, as lands valuable for trade reasons and as a starting point for a future attack against what was to become Lesser Poland, then in the hands of Bohemia. Sandomierz under this scenario was the central hub of the area, with Czerwień, Przemyśl and [Chełm](/wiki/Che%C5%82m "Chełm") assuming the function of defensive borderland strongholds.[\[40\]](#cite_note-41)

### Involvement in German internal disputes; Second marriage

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Involvement in German internal disputes; Second marriage")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg/170px-Otto_II._%28HRR%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Otto_II._(HRR).jpg) [Emperor Otto II](/wiki/Emperor_Otto_II "Emperor Otto II"), from _Registrum Gregorii_, c. 983

After the death of Emperor Otto I in 973 Mieszko, like his brother-in-law, Duke [Boleslaus II of Bohemia](/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia"), joined the German opposition in support of the attempted imperial succession of [Henry II, Duke of Bavaria](/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria"). Mieszko may have been motivated by revenge because of the (presumably) negative verdict of the Quedlinburg summit, but, more importantly, he may have wanted more favorable terms for his cooperation with Germany.[\[41\]](#cite_note-42) The participation of Mieszko in the conspiracy against [Otto II](/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor") was documented in only one source, the chronicles of the monastery in Altaich in its entry for the year 974. The Duke of Bavaria was defeated, and Emperor Otto II regained full power. Shortly afterwards, the young emperor waged a retaliatory expedition against Bohemia, in 978 forcing Duke Boleslaus into submission.

In 977 Mieszko's wife, Dobrawa, died. At first there were no apparent repercussions, as the Polish ruler had maintained his alliance with Bohemia.

In 979 Otto II supposedly attacked Poland. Mention of this event can be found in the _Chronicle of the Bishops of [Cambrai](/wiki/Cambrai "Cambrai")_ from the 11th century. The effects of this expedition are unknown, but it is suspected that the Emperor did not succeed. Due to bad weather, the Emperor was back at the border of [Thuringia](/wiki/Thuringia "Thuringia") and [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") in December of that year. It is uncertain whether the invasion actually took place. The chronicle only stated that it was an expedition "against the Slavs". Archaeological discoveries appear to support the thesis of Otto's invasion. In the last quarter of the 10th century there had been a radical expansion of the fortifications at [Gniezno](/wiki/Gniezno "Gniezno") and [Ostrów Lednicki](/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki "Ostrów Lednicki"), which may be associated with the Polish-German war, or the expectation of such.[\[42\]](#cite_note-43) The duration of the expedition suggests that it may have reached as far east as the vicinity of [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań").[\[43\]](#cite_note-44)

The Polish-German agreement was concluded in the spring or possibly summer of 980,[\[44\]](#cite_note-45) because in November of that year Otto II left his country and went to [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). It appears that during this time Mieszko I married [Oda](/wiki/Oda_of_Haldensleben "Oda of Haldensleben"), daughter of [Dietrich of Haldensleben](/wiki/Dietrich_of_Haldensleben "Dietrich of Haldensleben"), Margrave of the [Northern March](/wiki/Northern_March "Northern March"), after abducting her from the monastery of [Kalbe](/wiki/Kalbe,_Saxony-Anhalt "Kalbe, Saxony-Anhalt").[\[45\]](#cite_note-46) Chronicler Thietmar described the event as follows:

_When [Bolesław](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry")'s mother died his father married, without permission from the Church, a nun from the monastery in Kalbe, daughter of Margrave Dietrich. Oda was her name and her guilt was great. For she scorned her vows to God, and gave preference to the man of war before him (...). But because of the concern for the well-being of the homeland and the necessity to secure its peace, the event caused no break of relations, instead a proper way was found to restore concord. For thanks to Oda the legion of followers of Christ became augmented, many prisoners returned to their country, the shackled had their chains taken off, and the gates of prisons were opened for the trespassers._[\[46\]](#cite_note-47)

Although Thietmar made no mention of warfare that possibly took place on this occasion, the information on the return of the accord, acting for the good of the country and release of prisoners indicate that a conflict actually did occur.[\[47\]](#cite_note-48)

The marriage with Oda considerably affected the position and prestige of Mieszko, who entered the world of [Saxon](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") aristocracy. As a son-in-law of Margrave Dietrich, he gained an ally in one of the most influential politicians of the Holy Roman Empire. As the Margrave was a distant relative of the Emperor, Mieszko became a member of the circle connected to the [imperial ruling house](/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty "Ottonian dynasty").

### Cooperation with Sweden and the war against Denmark

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Cooperation with Sweden and the war against Denmark")\]

Probably in the early 980s Mieszko allied his country with [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") against [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"). The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Mieszko's daughter [Świętosława](/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty "Sigrid the Haughty") with the Swedish king [Erik](/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious "Eric the Victorious"). The content of the treaty is known from the traditional account—not entirely reliable, but originating directly from the Danish court—given by [Adam of Bremen](/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen "Adam of Bremen"). In this text, probably as a result of confusion, he gives instead of Mieszko's name the name of his son Bolesław:

_The King of the Swedes, Erik, entered into an alliance with the very powerful King of the Polans, Bolesław. Bolesław gave Erik his daughter or sister. Because of this cooperation the Danes were routed by the Slavs and the Swedes._

Mieszko decided on the alliance with Sweden probably in order to help protect his possessions in [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania "Pomerania") from the Danish King [Harald Bluetooth](/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth "Harald Bluetooth") and his son [Sweyn](/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard "Sweyn Forkbeard"). They may have acted in cooperation with the [Wolinian](/wiki/Wolin "Wolin") autonomous entity. The Danish were defeated c. 991 and their ruler was expelled. The dynastic alliance with Sweden had probably affected the equipment and composition of Mieszko's troops. Perhaps at that time the [Varangian](/wiki/Varangians "Varangians") warriors were recruited; their presence is indicated by archaeological excavations in the vicinity of [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań").[\[48\]](#cite_note-49)

### Participation in German civil war

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Participation in German civil war")\]

In 982 Emperor [Otto II](/wiki/Otto_II "Otto II") suffered a [disastrous defeat](/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo "Battle of Stilo") against the [Emirate of Sicily](/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily "Emirate of Sicily"). The resulting weakness of the imperial power was exploited by the [Lutici](/wiki/Lutici "Lutici"), who initiated a great uprising of the [Polabian Slavs](/wiki/Polabian_Slavs "Polabian Slavs") in 983. German authority in the area ceased to exist and the Polabian tribes began to threaten the Empire. The death of Otto II at the end of that year contributed further to the unrest. Ultimately the [Lutici](/wiki/Lutici "Lutici") and the [Obotrites](/wiki/Obotrites "Obotrites") were able to liberate themselves from German rule for the next two centuries.

The Emperor left a minor successor, [Otto III](/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor"). His regency was claimed by [Henry II of Bavaria](/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria"). Like in 973, Mieszko and the Czech duke Boleslaus II took the side of the Bavarian duke. This fact is confirmed in the chronicle of Thietmar, which noted that "There arrived \[at the Diet of [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg "Quedlinburg")\] also, among many other princes: Mieszko, Mściwoj and Boleslaus and promised to support him under oath as the king and ruler".[\[49\]](#cite_note-50)

In 984 the Czechs took over [Meissen](/wiki/Meissen "Meissen"), but in the same year Henry II gave up his pretension to the German throne.

The role played by Mieszko I in the subsequent struggles is unclear because the contemporary sources are scarce and not in agreement. Probably in 985 the Polish ruler ended his support for the Bavarian duke and moved to the side of the Emperor. It is believed that Mieszko's motivation was the threat posed to his interests by the Polabian Slavs uprising. The upheaval was a problem for both Poland and Germany, but not for Bohemia. In the _Chronicle of [Hildesheim](/wiki/Hildesheim "Hildesheim")_, in the entry for the year 985 it is noted that Mieszko came to help the Saxons in their fight against some Slavic forces, presumably the Polabians.[\[50\]](#cite_note-51)

One year later, the Polish ruler had a personal meeting with the Emperor, an event mentioned in the _Annals of [Hersfeld](/wiki/Hersfeld_Abbey "Hersfeld Abbey")_, which reported that "Otto the boy-king ravaged Bohemia, but received Mieszko who arrived with gifts".

According to Thietmar and other contemporary chronicles the gift given by Mieszko to the Emperor was a camel. The meeting cemented the Polish-German alliance, with Mieszko joining Otto's expedition against a Slavic land, which "together they wholly devastated (...) with fire and tremendous depopulation". It is not clear which Slavic territory was invaded. Perhaps another raid against the Polabians took place. However, there are indications that it was an expedition against the Czechs, Mieszko's first against his southern neighbors.[\[51\]](#cite_note-52) Possibly on this occasion the Duke of the Polans accomplished the most significant expansion of his state, the takeover of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland").[\[52\]](#cite_note-53)

Thietmar's narrative, however, raises doubts as to whether the joined military operation actually happened. The chronicler claims that a settlement was then concluded between the Emperor and the Bohemian ruler [Boleslaus II the Pious](/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia"), which is not mentioned in any other source and is contrary to the realities of the political situation at that time.

Another debatable point is Thietmar's claim that Mieszko "subordinated himself to the King".[\[53\]](#cite_note-54) Most historians believe that it was only a matter of recognition of Otto's royal authority.[\[54\]](#cite_note-55) Some suggest that a [fealty](/wiki/Fealty "Fealty") relationship could have been involved.[\[55\]](#cite_note-56)

### War against Bohemia; incorporation of Silesia and Lesser Poland

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: War against Bohemia; incorporation of Silesia and Lesser Poland")\]

See also: [Polish-Bohemian War (990)](/wiki/Polish-Bohemian_War_(990) "Polish-Bohemian War (990)")

Whether or not the German-Polish invasion of Bohemia actually happened, the friendly relations between the Czechs and the Poles came to an end. Bohemia resumed its earlier alliance with the Lutici, which, in 990, resulted in a war with Mieszko, who was supported by Empress [Theophanu](/wiki/Theophanu "Theophanu"). Duke Boleslaus II was probably the first one to attack.[\[56\]](#cite_note-57) As a result of the conflict [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") was taken over by Poland. However, the annexation of Silesia possibly took place around 985, because during this year the major [Piast](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty") strongholds in [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"), [Opole](/wiki/Opole "Opole") and [Głogów](/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w "Głogów") were already being built.[\[57\]](#cite_note-58)

The issue of the incorporation of [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") is also not completely resolved. Possibly Mieszko took the region before 990, which is indicated by the vague remark of Thietmar, who wrote of a country taken by Mieszko from Boleslaus.[\[58\]](#cite_note-59) In light of this theory, the conquest of Lesser Poland could be a reason for the war, or its first stage. Many historians[\[59\]](#cite_note-60) suggested that the Czech rule over Lesser Poland was only nominal and likely limited to the indirect control of [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") and perhaps a few other important centers. This theory is based on the lack of archaeological discoveries, which would indicate major building investments undertaken by the Bohemian state.

After its incorporation, Lesser Poland supposedly became the part of the country assigned to Mieszko's oldest son, [Bolesław](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry"), which is indirectly indicated in the chronicle of Thietmar.[\[60\]](#cite_note-61)

Some historians, on the basis of the chronicle of [Cosmas of Prague](/wiki/Cosmas_of_Prague "Cosmas of Prague"), believe that the conquest of the lands around the lower Vistula River took place after Mieszko's death, specifically in 999.[\[61\]](#cite_note-62) There is also a theory according to which during this transition period Lesser Poland was governed by Bolesław, whose authority was granted to him by the Bohemian duke.[\[62\]](#cite_note-63)

### Dagome iudex

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Dagome iudex")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DagomeCambraiCopy.jpg/170px-DagomeCambraiCopy.jpg)](/wiki/File:DagomeCambraiCopy.jpg) _[Dagome iudex](/wiki/Dagome_iudex "Dagome iudex")_

At the end of his life (c. 991–992), Mieszko I, together with his wife [Oda](/wiki/Oda_of_Haldensleben "Oda of Haldensleben") and their sons, issued a document called _[Dagome iudex](/wiki/Dagome_iudex "Dagome iudex")_, where the Polish ruler placed his lands under the protection of the pope and described their borders. Only a later imprecise summary of the document has been preserved.

There are two main theories concerning reasons behind the issuing of _Dagome iudex_:

- According to the first theory the document was an effort to transform the existing missionary bishopric into a regular organization of the Catholic Church, that would cover all of Mieszko's state. This understanding implies that the arrangement led to payment by Poland of [Peter's Pence](/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence "Peter's Pence").[\[63\]](#cite_note-64)
- The second theory assumes that the document was created in order to protect the interests of Mieszko's second wife Oda and their sons (who were named in the document) after Mieszko's death. Bolesław, Mieszko's eldest son, whose mother was [Dobrawa](/wiki/Dobrawa "Dobrawa"), was not named in the document.[\[64\]](#cite_note-65) However, one of Mieszko's and Oda's sons, Świętopełk, also was not mentioned.

_Dagome iudex_ is of capital importance for [Polish history](/wiki/History_of_Poland "History of Poland") because it gives a general description of the Polish state's geographical location at the end of Mieszko's reign.

### Late reign, death and succession

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Late reign, death and succession")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego.jpg/170px-Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego.jpg)](/wiki/File:Z%C5%82ota_Kaplica._Pomnik_Mieszka_I_i_Boles%C5%82awa_I_Chrobrego.jpg) Monumental tomb of Mieszko I and [Bolesław I](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry") by [Christian Daniel Rauch](/wiki/Christian_Daniel_Rauch "Christian Daniel Rauch")

During his last years of life Mieszko remained loyal to the alliance with the Holy Roman Empire. In 991 he arrived at a gathering in [Quedlinburg](/wiki/Quedlinburg "Quedlinburg"), where he participated in the customary exchange of gifts with Otto III and Empress Theophanu. In the same year he took part in a joint expedition with the young king to [Brandenburg](/wiki/Brandenburg "Brandenburg").

Mieszko died on 25 May 992.[\[65\]](#cite_note-66) Sources give no reasons to believe that his death occurred from causes other than natural. According to Thietmar the Polish ruler died "in an old age, overcame with fever". Probably he was buried in the [Poznań Cathedral](/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_St._Peter_and_St._Paul,_Pozna%C5%84 "Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań"). The remains of the first historical ruler of Poland have never been found and the place of his burial is not known with certainty.[\[66\]](#cite_note-67) In 1836–1837 a [cenotaph](/wiki/Cenotaph "Cenotaph") was built for Mieszko I and his successor Bolesław I the Brave in the Golden Chapel ( [Polish](/wiki/Polish_language "Polish language"): _Złota Kaplica_) at the Poznań Cathedral, where the damaged remains found in the 14th-century tomb of Bolesław were placed.

According to Thietmar Mieszko I divided his state before his death among a number of princes. They were probably his sons: Bolesław I the Brave, Mieszko and Lambert.

In 1999 the archeologist [Hanna Kóčka-Krenz](/w/index.php?title=Hanna_K%C3%B3%C4%8Dka-Krenz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Kóčka-Krenz (page does not exist)") located what's left of Mieszko's palace-chapel complex in [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań").[\[67\]](#cite_note-68)

## Legacy

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Legacy")\]

Mieszko is chiefly credited with the unification of Polish lands. His state was the first state that could be called Poland. He is often considered the founder, the principal creator and builder of the Polish state.[\[68\]](#cite_note-69) His acceptance of Roman Catholicism led to the inclusion of Poland in the mainstream civilization and political structures of Roman Catholic Europe. He sponsored the erection of churches. The [Gniezno Cathedral](/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral "Gniezno Cathedral") was constructed during Mieszko's rule. It is very likely the Duke also founded the church at Ostrów Tumski and the [Poznań Cathedral](/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_St._Peter_and_St._Paul,_Pozna%C5%84 "Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań").[\[69\]](#cite_note-70) Possibly during Mieszko's reign Poland began minting its own coin, the [denarius](/wiki/Denarius "Denarius"), though according to S. Suchodolski, the monetary system was installed by Mieszko's grandson and namesake, [Mieszko II Lambert](/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert "Mieszko II Lambert").

At the end of his rule, Mieszko I left to his sons a territory at least twice as large as what he inherited from his father. The most significant were the additions of [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia"), [Western Pomerania](/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship "West Pomeranian Voivodeship"), and probably [Lesser Poland](/wiki/Lesser_Poland "Lesser Poland") including [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). He was the first ruler to conduct efficient foreign policy, which included agreements with [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), and prudently used his military resources.

Mieszko is featured on the obverse of the 10 [Polish złoty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty") [banknote](/wiki/Banknote "Banknote").[\[70\]](#cite_note-71)

## Marriages and issue

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Marriages and issue")\]

According to Gallus Anonymus, before becoming a Christian Mieszko had seven pagan wives, whom he was required to relinquish, leaving Dobrawa as his only spouse. Nothing is known of the fates of any possible children from these relationships.[\[71\]](#cite_note-72) In 965, before his baptism, Mieszko married [Dobrawa of Bohemia](/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia "Dobrawa of Bohemia") (b. 940/45 – d. 977). They had two children:

1. [Bolesław I the Brave ( _Chrobry_)](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry") (b. 967 – d. 17 June 1025).
2. [Świętosława](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa "Świętosława")/ [Sigrid the Haughty](/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty "Sigrid the Haughty") (b. 968/72 – d. c. 1016), married first to [Eric the Victorious](/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Sweden "Eric VI of Sweden"), King of [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and later to [Sweyn Forkbeard](/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard "Sweyn Forkbeard"), King of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"). From her second marriage, she probably was the mother of [Cnut the Great](/wiki/Cnut_the_Great "Cnut the Great"), King of Denmark, [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") and [England](/wiki/England "England"). Some researchers,[\[72\]](#cite_note-academia.edu-73) comparing Scandinavian, Polish and German sources state it was [Gunhild of Wenden](/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden "Gunhild of Wenden") who was the daughter of Mieszko I and Oda (not Dobrawa) and who became wife of [Sweyn Forkbeard](/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard "Sweyn Forkbeard"), king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [England](/wiki/England "England"), and parts of [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), mother of [Cnut the Great](/wiki/Cnut_the_Great "Cnut the Great"), king of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [England](/wiki/England "England"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") and parts of [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") (the Anglo-Scandinavian or North Sea Empire), as well as [Harald II](/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark "Harald II of Denmark") and [Świętosława](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa "Świętosława"). She was also the grandmother of [Gunhild](/wiki/Gunhild "Gunhild"), the wife of [Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor").

According to one hypothesis there was another daughter of Mieszko, married to a Pomeranian Slavic prince; she could be a daughter of Dobrawa or of one of the previous pagan wives. According to one theory, this unnamed daughter of Mieszko I and her Pomeranian husband were the parents of [Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania](/wiki/Zemuzil,_Duke_of_Pomerania "Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania"). Also, a theory exists (apparently based on Thietmar and supported by [Oswald Balzer](/wiki/Oswald_Balzer "Oswald Balzer") in 1895) that [Vladivoj](/wiki/Vladivoj,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia"), who ruled as Duke of [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia") in 1002–1003, was a son of Mieszko and Dobrawa.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] Although most modern historians reject this claim, Bohemian historiography supported the Piast parentage of Vladivoj.[\[73\]](#cite_note-74)

In 978/79, Mieszko married [Oda of Haldensleben](/wiki/Oda_of_Haldensleben "Oda of Haldensleben") (b. 955/60 – d. 1023), daughter of [Dietrich of Haldensleben](/wiki/Dietrich_of_Haldensleben "Dietrich of Haldensleben"), Margrave of the [Northern March](/wiki/Northern_March "Northern March"). She was abducted by her future husband from the monastery of [Kalbe](/wiki/Kalbe,_Saxony-Anhalt "Kalbe, Saxony-Anhalt"). They had three sons:

1. [Mieszko](/wiki/Mieszko_Mieszkowic "Mieszko Mieszkowic") (b. c. 979 – d. aft. 992/95)
2. [Świętopełk](/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tope%C5%82k_Mieszkowic "Świętopełk Mieszkowic") (b. ca. 980 – d. bef. 991?)
3. [Lambert](/wiki/Lambert_Mieszkowic "Lambert Mieszkowic") (b. c. 981 – d. aft. 992/95).

After a struggle for power between Bolesław I and Oda with her minor sons (Bolesław's half-brothers), the [eldest son of Mieszko I](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry") took control over all of his father's state and expelled his stepmother and her sons from Poland.

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Notes")\]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)**One source identifies her father as [Skoglar Toste](/wiki/Skagul_Toste "Skagul Toste").

## Bibliography

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]

- Jasiński K., _Rodowód pierwszych Piastów_, Warszawa-Wrocław (1992), pp. 54–70.
- Labuda G., Mieszko I, (in) _Polski Słownik Biograficzny_, vol. 21, 1976.
- Labuda G., _Mieszko I_, Wyd. Ossolineum, Wrocław 2002,  [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [83-04-04619-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-04619-9 "Special:BookSources/83-04-04619-9")
- Labuda G., _Pierwsze państwo polskie_, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [83-03-02969-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-02969-X "Special:BookSources/83-03-02969-X")
- Philip Earl Steele _Nawrócenie i Chrzest Mieszka I_ 2005, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [83-922344-8-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-922344-8-0 "Special:BookSources/83-922344-8-0"); 2nd edition 2016, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-83-7730-966-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7730-966-7 "Special:BookSources/978-83-7730-966-7")
- Philip Earl Steele, Homo religiosus: the phenomenon of Poland’s Mieszko I, \[in\] _The dawning of Christianity in Poland and across Central and Eastern Europe_, Peter Lang, 2020, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-631-78725-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-78725-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-631-78725-0")
- Szczur S., _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, chap. 2.2.1 Państwo gnieźnieńskie Mieszka I (pp. 47–57) i 2.4.1 _Drużyna książęca_ (pp. 83–84), Wydawnictwo Literackie 2002, [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [83-08-03272-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-08-03272-9 "Special:BookSources/83-08-03272-9")

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: See also")\]

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- [Prehistory and protohistory of Poland](/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland "Prehistory and protohistory of Poland")
- [Poland in the Early Middle Ages](/wiki/Poland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages "Poland in the Early Middle Ages")
- [History of Poland (966–1385)](/wiki/History_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931385) "History of Poland (966–1385)")
- [List of Poles](/wiki/List_of_Poles#Royalty "List of Poles")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-histdict_1-0)**[_Historical dictionary of Poland_](https://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&pg=PA354). Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-313-26007-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0").
02. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**ca. 922 (O. Balzer), between 930–932 (A.F. Grabski), ca. 935 (K. Jasiński), between 940–945 (S. Kętrzyński).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Jerzy Strzelczyk " _Mieszko pierwszy_", vol. IV
04. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Hensel_5-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Hensel_5-1)Hensel, Witold (1967). [_Polska przed tysiącem lat_](https://books.google.com/books?id=zEjRAAAAMAAJ&q=mieszko%20dagobert%20imi%C4%99). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Wydawn. Polskiej Akademii Nauk. pp. 84, 94. [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [749450364](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749450364).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Buko, Andrzej (2008). [_The archaeology of early medieval Poland_](https://books.google.com/books?id=i6A3Q1WQIroC&dq=mieszko+dagobert&pg=PA184). Boston: Brill. p. 184. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1281936776](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1281936776 "Special:BookSources/978-1281936776").
06. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**K. Jasiński, _Siemomysł_, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 37, 1996, pp. 58–59.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**[Gerard Labuda](/wiki/Gerard_Labuda "Gerard Labuda"), _Mieszko I_, pp. 18–22
08. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Jasiński_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Jasiński_9-1)_Początki Polski w nowym świetle_ (The beginnings of Poland in new perspective) by [Tomasz Jasiński](/wiki/Tomasz_Jasi%C5%84ski_(historian) "Tomasz Jasiński (historian)"), p. 17. The [Polish Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences "Polish Academy of Sciences"), Portal Wiedzy www.portalwiedzy.pan.pl "Nauka", April 2007
09. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 85; S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, pp. 34–35
10. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, p. 34; Henryk Łowmiański, _Początki Polski_, vol. V, p. 502; G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 121–122
11. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**[Jerzy Wyrozumski](/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Wyrozumski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jerzy Wyrozumski (page does not exist)") – _Dzieje Polski piastowskiej_ (VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), Kraków 1999, p. 76
12. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Jerzy Wyrozumski – _Dzieje Polski piastowskiej_ (VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), Kraków 1999, p. 77
13. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**see for example G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, chap. III.2.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**see for example Henryk Łowmianski, _Początki Polski_, Warsaw, 1973.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. II chap. 29
16. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, chap. III.2.; A.F. Grabski, _Bolesław Chrobry_, p. 25
17. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 43–45.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 92
19. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, chap. IV.3.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**H. Łowmiański, _Początki Polski_, pp. 342–345.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Between 965–967 according to the _Monumenta Poloniae Historica_ ed. by A. Bielowski, vol. II, Lwów 1872; in 966 according to Tadeusz Wojciechowski.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 92–97.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**Probably not the main stronghold of the region – [Wolin](/wiki/Wolin_(town) "Wolin (town)"). G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, cap. V.3.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**At that time, Emperor Otto I was in Italy.
25. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. II p. 29
26. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 122.
27. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**J.P. Sobolewski, _Niemcy, Polska a Pomorze Zachodnie w latach 971–972_, "Kwartalnik Historyczny", Vol. 95, 1988, No. 1. The same argument was also given by S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, p. 51.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**According to the reconstruction of the battle by W. Filipiowak.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**Weiland, Ludwig (1871). [_Die grösseren Jahrbücher von Altaich_](https://books.google.com/books?id=_uhSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5) (in German). Berlin: Franz Duncker. p. 5.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**_Historia Polski średniowiecze_, p. 35.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**The limits were described in the document issued by the bishop of Prague to [Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor](/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor"). This document is preserved in the Chronicles of [Cosmas of Prague](/wiki/Cosmas_of_Prague "Cosmas of Prague") and is considered a reliable copy; from G. Labuda _Mieszko I_ pp. 148–151.
32. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 160, 174.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-34)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, cap. VII.4.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-Hensel1960_35-0)**[Hensel, Witold](/wiki/Witold_Hensel "Witold Hensel") (1960). [_The Beginnings of the Polish State_](https://books.google.com/books?id=iJNHAAAAIAAJ). Polonia Publishing House. p. 47.
35. **[^](#cite_ref-Jenkins1962_36-0)**[Jenkins, Romilly James Heald](/wiki/Romilly_Jenkins "Romilly Jenkins") (1962). [_Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Adminstrando Imperio: Volume 2, Commentary_](https://books.google.com/books?id=96ybRW9sLA4C). Athlone Press. pp. 139, 216.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-Łowmiański1976_37-0)**[Łowmiański, Henryk](/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski "Henryk Łowmiański") (1976). "Problematyka początków państwa polskiego w nowszych badaniach historycznych". _Slavia Antiqua_. **23**: 105–106.
37. **[^](#cite_ref-Paszkiewicz1977_38-0)**Paszkiewicz, Henryk (1977). [_The Making of the Russian Nation_](https://books.google.com/books?id=leTXAAAAMAAJ). Greenwood Press. p. 359. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0837187570](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0837187570 "Special:BookSources/978-0837187570").
38. **[^](#cite_ref-Braun1985_39-0)**Braun, Jerzy (1985). [_Poland in Christian Civilization_](https://books.google.com/books?id=K7LZAAAAMAAJ). Veritas Foundation Publication Centre. p. 114. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0901215796](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901215796 "Special:BookSources/978-0901215796").
39. **[^](#cite_ref-Kalhous2012_40-0)**Kalhous, David (2012). [_Anatomy of a Duchy: The Political and Ecclesiastical Structures of Early P?emyslid Bohemia_](https://books.google.com/books?id=hY-JMg8Cd-0C). Brill. pp. 94–96. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-9004229808](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004229808 "Special:BookSources/978-9004229808").
40. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**A. Buko, _Małopolska "czeska" i Małopolska "polańska"_ pp. 153–158.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-42)**S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, p. 52.
42. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, chap. VI.4.
43. **[^](#cite_ref-44)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 158.
44. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 153.
45. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**It is understood that the marriage took place around 979–980 (S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, p. 53).
46. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. IV cap. 57
47. **[^](#cite_ref-48)**G. Labuda, _Bolesław Chrobry_ p. 44.
48. **[^](#cite_ref-49)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 134.
49. **[^](#cite_ref-50)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. IV chap. 2
50. **[^](#cite_ref-51)**S. Szczur, _Historia Polski średniowiecze_, pp. 54–55.
51. **[^](#cite_ref-52)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 168.
52. **[^](#cite_ref-53)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 174.
53. **[^](#cite_ref-54)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol IV, chap. 9; Chronicles of Hildesheim, p. 986.
54. **[^](#cite_ref-55)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 180–185; Marian Jedlicki, _Stosunek prawny Polski_, Poznań, 1939, p. 33.
55. **[^](#cite_ref-56)**Henryk Łowmiański, _Początki Polski_, vol. V, p. 563.
56. **[^](#cite_ref-57)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 171.
57. **[^](#cite_ref-58)**Andrzej Buko, " _Archeologia Polski wczesnośredniowiecznej_", 2007, Ed. Trio.
58. **[^](#cite_ref-59)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. I p. 33; argument presented by G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 171.
59. **[^](#cite_ref-60)**Henryk Łowmiański, _Początki Polski_, vol. V; A. Buko, _Małopolska "czeska" i Małopolska "polańska"_
60. **[^](#cite_ref-61)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. IV chap. 58; this theory is presented by G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 176.
61. **[^](#cite_ref-62)**In favor: G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 172–173.
62. **[^](#cite_ref-63)**Henryk Łowmiański, _Początki Polski_, vol. V
63. **[^](#cite_ref-64)**This theory has been presented in various forms by historians, including Robert Holtzmann, Stanisław Zakrzewski ( _Najdawniejsza bulla_, pp. 21–23) and Henryk Łowmiański ( _Początki Polski_, vol. V, pp. 602–603).
64. **[^](#cite_ref-65)**S. Zakrzewski, _Najdawniejsza bulla_, pp. 11–12; G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, pp. 193–195.
65. **[^](#cite_ref-66)**_Thietmari chronicon_, vol. IV chap. 58
66. **[^](#cite_ref-67)**In 1951 the historian [Helena Zoll-Adamikowa](/w/index.php?title=Helena_Zoll-Adamikowa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helena Zoll-Adamikowa (page does not exist)") examined the alleged resting place of Mieszko, but found no signs of burial. It is not certain that the Cathedral had already been built before Mieszko's death, and the first mention of this as his burial place comes only from the chronicles of [Jan Długosz](/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz "Jan Długosz").
67. **[^](#cite_ref-68)**[The Warsaw Voice – In brief (30 October 2008)](http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/19046)
68. **[^](#cite_ref-69)**G. Labuda, _Studia nad początkami państwa polskiego_, p. 324
69. **[^](#cite_ref-70)**G. Labuda, _Mieszko I_, p. 201.
70. **[^](#cite_ref-71)**["Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service"](https://www.nbp.pl/homen.aspx?f=/banknoty_i_monety/banknoty_obiegowe/10zl_en.html). _www.nbp.pl_. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
71. **[^](#cite_ref-72)**[Oswald Balzer](/wiki/Oswald_Balzer "Oswald Balzer") ( _Genealogy of the Piasts_, Kraków 1895) stated that Mieszko I had at least one son born from a pagan wife. The theory was based on the allegation that Mieszko's son, who was to be placed by order of Otto I in 973 as a hostage after the Imperial Diet of Quedlinburg, could not be Bolesław I the Brave because he was too young. This argument is refuted by Jan Widajewicz ( _Czy Bolesław Chrobry był w młodości zakładnikiem u Niemców?_, _Roczniki Historyczne_, vol. XVI, 1947, pp. 243–250). Modern historians have no doubts that the Polish prince who was placed as the imperial hostage was Bolesław I.
72. **[^](#cite_ref-academia.edu_73-0)**Prinke, Rafał T. ["Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. Tożsamość córki Mieszka I i jej skandynawskie związki \[Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. The identity of Mieszko I's daughter and her Scandinavian relationships"](https://www.academia.edu/1045395).
73. **[^](#cite_ref-74)**J. Žemlička, _Čechy v době knižecí_, Prague 1997, pp. 72–73.

Mieszko I

**Piast Dynasty**

**Born:** 920/945**Died:** 25 May 992Preceded by

[Siemomysł](/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82 "Siemomysł")

**[Duke of the Polans](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs "List of Polish monarchs")**

960 – 25 May 992
Succeeded by

[Bolesław I the Brave](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry "Bolesław I Chrobry")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland "Template:Monarchs of Poland")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland "Template talk:Monarchs of Poland")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland "Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland")

[Monarchs of Poland](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs "List of Polish monarchs")

[Legendary](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers "List of Polish monarchs")

- _[Lech I](/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27 "Lech, Czech, and Rus'")_
- _[Krakus I](/wiki/Krakus "Krakus")_
- _[Krakus II](/wiki/Krakus_II "Krakus II")_
- _[Lech II](/wiki/Lech_II "Lech II")_
- _[Wanda](/wiki/Princess_Wanda "Princess Wanda")_
- _[Leszko I](/wiki/Leszko_I "Leszko I")_
- _[Leszko II](/wiki/Leszko_II "Leszko II")_
- _[Leszko III](/wiki/Leszko_III "Leszko III")_
- _[Popiel I](/wiki/Popiel_I "Popiel I")_
- [Popiel II](/wiki/Popiel "Popiel")
- [Chościsko](/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko "Chościsko")
- [Piast the Wheelwright](/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright "Piast the Wheelwright")

[Proto-historic](/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland "List of Polish monarchs")

- [Siemowit](/wiki/Siemowit "Siemowit")
- [Lestek](/wiki/Lestek "Lestek")
- [Siemomysł](/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82 "Siemomysł")

[Piast dynasty](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty")

- Mieszko I
- [Bolesław I the Brave](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave "Bolesław I the Brave")
- [Bezprym](/wiki/Bezprym "Bezprym")
- [Mieszko II Lambert](/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert "Mieszko II Lambert")
- _[Bolesław the Forgotten](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten "Bolesław the Forgotten")_
- [Casimir I the Restorer](/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer "Casimir I the Restorer")
- [Bolesław II the Bold](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold "Bolesław II the Bold")
- [Władysław I Herman](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman "Władysław I Herman")
- [Zbigniew](/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland "Zbigniew of Poland")
- [Bolesław III Wrymouth](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth "Bolesław III Wrymouth")

[Fragmentation\
\
period](/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320) "History of Poland during the Piast dynasty")

**[Senior or Supreme Princes](/wiki/Seniorate_Province "Seniorate Province")**

- [Władysław II the Exile](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile "Władysław II the Exile")
- [Bolesław IV the Curly](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly "Bolesław IV the Curly")
- [Mieszko III the Old](/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland "Mieszko III of Poland")
- [Casimir II the Just](/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just "Casimir II the Just")
- [Leszek the White](/wiki/Leszek_the_White "Leszek the White")
- [Władysław III Spindleshanks](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks "Władysław III Spindleshanks")
- [Władysław Odonic](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic "Władysław Odonic")
- [Mieszko IV Tanglefoot](/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot "Mieszko IV Tanglefoot")
- [Konrad I](/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia "Konrad I of Masovia")
- [Henry the Bearded](/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded "Henry the Bearded")
- [Henry II the Pious](/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious "Henry II the Pious")
- [Bolesław the Horned](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned "Bolesław II the Horned")
- [Bolesław V the Chaste](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste "Bolesław V the Chaste")
- [Leszek II the Black](/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black "Leszek II the Black")
- [Henryk IV Probus](/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus "Henryk IV Probus")
- [Przemysł II](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II "Przemysł II")

- _See also:_ [Dukes of Silesia](/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia "Duke of Silesia")
- [Dukes of Greater Poland](/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland "Duchy of Greater Poland")
- [Dukes of Little Poland](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy "pl:Książęta sandomierscy")
- [Dukes of Masovia](/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia "Duke of Masovia")
- [Dukes of Kuyavia](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw "pl:Władcy Kujaw")
- [Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy "pl:Książęta łęczyccy")
- [Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania](/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia "List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes")
- [Dukes of Pomerania](/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania "List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes")

[Přemyslid dynasty](/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty "Přemyslid dynasty")

[Wenceslaus II](/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia "Wenceslaus II of Bohemia")
[Wenceslaus III](/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia "Wenceslaus III of Bohemia")

Restored [Piast dynasty](/wiki/Piast_dynasty "Piast dynasty")

- [Władysław I Łokietek](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek "Władysław I Łokietek")
- [Casimir III the Great](/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great "Casimir III the Great")

[Capet-Anjou dynasty](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou "Capetian House of Anjou")

- [Louis I the Hungarian](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary "Louis I of Hungary")
- [Jadwiga](/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland "Jadwiga of Poland")

[Jagiellonian dynasty](/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty "Jagiellonian dynasty")

- [Władysław II Jagiełło](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o "Władysław II Jagiełło")
- [Władysław III of Varna](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland "Władysław III of Poland")
- [Casimir IV](/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon "Casimir IV Jagiellon")
- [John I Albert](/wiki/John_I_Albert "John I Albert")
- [Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon "Alexander Jagiellon")
- [Sigismund I the Old](/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old "Sigismund I the Old")
- [Sigismund II Augustus](/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus "Sigismund II Augustus")

[Elective monarchy](/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland "Royal elections in Poland")

- [Henry of Valois](/wiki/Henry_III_of_France "Henry III of France")
- [Anna Jagiellon](/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon "Anna Jagiellon")
- [Stephen Báthory](/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory "Stephen Báthory")
- [Sigismund III Vasa](/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa "Sigismund III Vasa")
- [Władysław IV Vasa](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa "Władysław IV Vasa")
- [John II Casimir Vasa](/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa "John II Casimir Vasa")
- [Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki "Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki")
- [John III Sobieski](/wiki/John_III_Sobieski "John III Sobieski")
- [Augustus II the Strong](/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong "Augustus II the Strong")
- [Stanisław I](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski "Stanisław Leszczyński")
- [Augustus III](/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland "Augustus III of Poland")
- [Stanisław August Poniatowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski "Stanisław August Poniatowski")

- _Italics_ indicates monarch of questioned historicity

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International

- [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000397170534)
- [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/292303397)
- [FAST](http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1834824/)
- [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTmmPVKytBgRWpf6txjC)

National

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/119197804)
- [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80116878)
- [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123333422)
- [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123333422)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701222&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070793042)

People

- [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119197804.html?language=en)

Other

- [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/069174636)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieszko\_I&oldid=1242500567](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&oldid=1242500567)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [930s births](/wiki/Category:930s_births "Category:930s births")
- [992 deaths](/wiki/Category:992_deaths "Category:992 deaths")
- [10th-century Polish monarchs](/wiki/Category:10th-century_Polish_monarchs "Category:10th-century Polish monarchs")
- [Polish Christians](/wiki/Category:Polish_Christians "Category:Polish Christians")
- [People from Poznań](/wiki/Category:People_from_Pozna%C5%84 "Category:People from Poznań")
- [Piast dynasty](/wiki/Category:Piast_dynasty "Category:Piast dynasty")
- [Burials at Poznań Cathedral](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral "Category:Burials at Poznań Cathedral")
- [10th-century dukes in Europe](/wiki/Category:10th-century_dukes_in_Europe "Category:10th-century dukes in Europe")
- [10th-century Christians](/wiki/Category:10th-century_Christians "Category:10th-century Christians")
- [10th-century Polish people](/wiki/Category:10th-century_Polish_people "Category:10th-century Polish people")
- [Christian monarchs](/wiki/Category:Christian_monarchs "Category:Christian monarchs")
- [Converts to Christianity from pagan religions](/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Christianity_from_pagan_religions "Category:Converts to Christianity from pagan religions")
- [Founding monarchs](/wiki/Category:Founding_monarchs "Category:Founding monarchs")

Hidden categories:

- [Pages using the Phonos extension](/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension "Category:Pages using the Phonos extension")
- [CS1 German-language sources (de)](/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de) "Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Use dmy dates from April 2022](/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022 "Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022")
- [Pages with Polish IPA](/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA "Category:Pages with Polish IPA")
- [Pages including recorded pronunciations](/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations "Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations")
- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements "Category:All articles with unsourced statements")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022")
- [Articles containing Polish-language text](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text "Category:Articles containing Polish-language text")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023")
- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata")

- This page was last edited on 27 August 2024, at 03:47 (UTC).
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