Healthy ways to handle life's stressors
Combat stress and these symptoms with stretches, massage, or warm baths. Or try progressive muscle relaxation, a method that has been shown to ...
reducing feelings of stress
Reframe your thinking: One of the most research-supported treatments for stress and anxiety is cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT. At the root of this therapy approach is the understanding that our thoughts influence our emotions, which in turn influence our behaviors. Reframing your thoughts around a stressor can help manage your emotions, <anchor>reducing feelings of stress</anchor>. Some tips: If you feel yourself spiraling into imagining worst-case scenarios, stop and put your mind elsewhere. Set realistic expectations for yourself. Strive for acceptance of situations outside of your control.
The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses | Cognitive Therapy and Research
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# The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses

- Original Article
- Published: 31 July 2012

- Volume 36, pages 427–440, (2012)

- [Cite this article](#citeas)

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- [Stefan G. Hofmann](#auth-Stefan_G_-Hofmann-Aff1) [1](#Aff1),
- [Anu Asnaani](#auth-Anu-Asnaani-Aff1) [1](#Aff1),
- [Imke J. J. Vonk](#auth-Imke_J__J_-Vonk-Aff1) [1](#Aff1),
- [Alice T. Sawyer](#auth-Alice_T_-Sawyer-Aff1) [1](#Aff1) &
- …
- [Angela Fang](#auth-Angela-Fang-Aff1) [1](#Aff1)

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An [Erratum](/article/10.1007/s10608-013-9595-3) to this article was published on 08 January 2014

## Abstract

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in seven of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.


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## Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the following research assistants who provided crucial and much-appreciated assistance with background literature reviews, initial identification of articles, and obtained articles for use by the authors: Dan Brager, Rachel Kaufmann, Rebecca Grossman, and Brian Hall. This study was partially supported by NIMH grants MH-078308 and MH-081116 awarded to Dr. Hofmann and MH-73937.

### Conflict of interest

Dr. Hofmann is a paid consultant of Merck Pharmaceutical (Schering-Plough) for work unrelated to this study.

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1. Department of Psychology, Boston University, 648 Beacon St., 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

Stefan G. Hofmann, Anu Asnaani, Imke J. J. Vonk, Alice T. Sawyer & Angela Fang


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## Additional information

An erratum to this article is available at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9595-3](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9595-3).

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Hofmann, S.G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J.J. _et al._ The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses.
_Cogn Ther Res_ **36**, 427–440 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1

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- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1


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