Gig economy - Wikipedia
The gig economy is the economic system by which a workforce of people (known as gig workers) engage in freelance and/or side-employment. The gig economy is ...
mobile app
The gig economy is the economic system by which a workforce of people (known as gig workers) engage in freelance and/or side-employment.[1] The gig economy is composed of corporate entities, workers and consumers.[2] The Internal Revenue Service defines the gig economy as "activity where people earn income providing on-demand work, services or goods", noting that the activity is often facilitated through a digital platform such as a <anchor>mobile app</anchor> or website and earnings may be in the form of "cash, property, goods, or virtual currency".[3] According to the Fair Work Ombudsman, the digital platforms or marketplaces connect individual service providers directly to customers for a fee.[4] The BBC presented the following definition for the term: "a labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs".[5] The term "gig" comes from the slang term for individual appearances by performing artists like musicians and comedians.[6] Instead of being paid a regular salary, gig workers are paid for individual gigs performed.[5]
Mobile app - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Overview](#Overview)
- [2Types](#Types)Toggle Types subsection  - [2.1Native app](#Native_app)
  - [2.2Web-based app](#Web-based_app)
  - [2.3Hybrid app](#Hybrid_app)
- [3Development](#Development)
- [4Distribution](#Distribution)Toggle Distribution subsection  - [4.1Google Play](#Google_Play)
  - [4.2App Store](#App_Store)
  - [4.3Microsoft Store](#Microsoft_Store)
  - [4.4Others](#Others)
- [5Enterprise management](#Enterprise_management)Toggle Enterprise management subsection  - [5.1App wrapping vs. native app management](#App_wrapping_vs._native_app_management)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7References](#References)
- [8External links](#External_links)

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# Mobile app

80 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toep "Toep – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84 "تطبيق محمول – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_proqram "Mobil proqram – Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA "মোবাইল অ্যাপ – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-t%C5%8Dng_app "Hêng-tōng app – Minnan")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0 "Мабільная праграма – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA "Мабільны дастасунак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA "मोबाइल एप – Bhojpuri")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5 "Мобилно приложение – Bulgarian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaci%C3%B3_m%C3%B2bil "Aplicació mòbil – Catalan")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app – Cebuano")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiln%C3%AD_aplikace "Mobilní aplikace – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap_ff%C3%B4n "Ap ffôn – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilapplikation "Mobilapplikation – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_App "Mobile App – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiilirakendus "Mobiilirakendus – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D "Εφαρμογή κινητού – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%B3vil "Aplicación móvil – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%9Dtelefona_aplika%C4%B5o "Poŝtelefona aplikaĵo – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakelako_mugikorraren_aplikazio "Sakelako mugikorraren aplikazio – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84 "اپ موبایل – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_mobile "Application mobile – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aip_shoghluaiste "Aip shoghluaiste – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%B3bil "Aplicación móbil – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC_%EC%95%B1 "모바일 앱 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE "Բջջային հավելված – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97 "मोबाइल अनुप्रयोग – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilne_aplikacije "Mobilne aplikacije – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartfon-aplikajo "Smartfon-aplikajo – Ido")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikasi_seluler "Aplikasi seluler – Indonesian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_mobile "Application mobile – Interlingua")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1forrit "Smáforrit – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicazione_mobile "Applicazione mobile – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C "אפליקציית מובייל – Hebrew")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D "ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್ – Kannada")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80 "Мобильді қосымшалар – Kazakh")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepanbar%C3%AE "Sepanbarî – Kurdish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%BE "Мобилдик колдонмо – Kyrgyz")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil%C4%81_lietotne "Mobilā lietotne – Latvian")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_Applikatioun "Mobil Applikatioun – Luxembourgish")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C4%97l%C4%97 "Programėlė – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okostelefon-alkalmaz%C3%A1s "Okostelefon-alkalmazás – Hungarian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D "മൊബൈൽ ആപ്പ് – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E2%80%8D%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA "मोबाईल अ‍ॅप – Marathi")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90 "მობილური აპლიკაცია – Mingrelian")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%BE "موبایل اپ – Mazanderani")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikasi_mudah_alih "Aplikasi mudah alih – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiele_app "Mobiele app – Dutch")
- [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/App "App – Low Saxon")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "मोबाईल एप्स – Nepali")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3 "モバイルアプリケーション – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilapplikasjon "Mobilapplikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilapplikasjon "Mobilapplikasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_ilova "Mobil ilova – Uzbek")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE "موبائل ایپ – Western Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikacja_mobilna "Aplikacja mobilna – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicativo_m%C3%B3vel "Aplicativo móvel – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplica%C8%9Bie_mobil%C4%83 "Aplicație mobilă – Romanian")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaychana_ruwachina "Apaychana ruwachina – Quechua")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5 "Мобильное приложение – Russian")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A "ජංගම යෙදුම් – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app – Simple English")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilna_aplikacija "Mobilna aplikacija – Slovenian")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%B5%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84 "ئەپڵیکەیشنی مۆبایل – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5 "Мобилне апликације – Serbian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiiliohjelmisto "Mobiiliohjelmisto – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilapplikation "Mobilapplikation – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikasyong_pang-mobil "Aplikasyong pang-mobil – Tagalog")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF "கைபேசி செயலி – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D "మొబైల్ యాప్స్ – Telugu")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3 "Нармафзори мобилӣ – Tajik")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_uygulama "Mobil uygulama – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA "Мобільний застосунок – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE "موبائل ایپ – Urdu")
- [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplegasion_m%C3%B2bi%C5%82e "Aplegasion mòbiłe – Venetian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A8ng_d%E1%BB%A5ng_tr%C3%AAn_thi%E1%BA%BFt_b%E1%BB%8B_di_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng "Ứng dụng trên thiết bị di động – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F "移动应用程序 – Wu")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%A4 "מאביל-עפ – Yiddish")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F "流動應用程式 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F "流動應用程式 – Chinese")

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- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mobile_app "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Software application designed to run on mobile devices

For Wikipedia's mobile apps, see [Help:Mobile access § Official mobile apps](/wiki/Help:Mobile_access#Official_mobile_apps "Help:Mobile access").

A **mobile application** or **app** is a [computer program](/wiki/Computer_program "Computer program") or [software application](/wiki/Software_application "Software application") designed to run on a [mobile device](/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device") such as a [phone](/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone"), [tablet](/wiki/Tablet_computer "Tablet computer"), or [watch](/wiki/Smartwatch "Smartwatch"). Mobile applications often stand in contrast to [desktop applications](/wiki/Desktop_application "Desktop application") which are designed to run on [desktop computers](/wiki/Desktop_computer "Desktop computer"), and [web applications](/wiki/Web_application "Web application") which run in [mobile web browsers](/wiki/Mobile_web_browser "Mobile web browser") rather than directly on the mobile device.

Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as [mobile games](/wiki/Mobile_game "Mobile game"), [factory automation](/wiki/Factory_automation "Factory automation"), GPS and [location-based services](/wiki/Location-based_services "Location-based services"), order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. Many apps require [Internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") access. Apps are generally downloaded from [app stores](/wiki/App_store "App store"), which are a type of [digital distribution](/wiki/Digital_distribution "Digital distribution") platforms.

The term "app", short for " [application](/wiki/Application_software "Application software")", has since become very popular; in 2010, it was listed as " [Word of the Year](/wiki/Word_of_the_Year "Word of the Year")" by the [American Dialect Society](/wiki/American_Dialect_Society "American Dialect Society").[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)

Apps are broadly classified into three types: native apps, hybrid and web apps. Native applications are designed specifically for a mobile operating system, typically iOS or Android. Web apps are written in [HTML5](/wiki/HTML5 "HTML5") or [CSS](/wiki/CSS "CSS") and typically run through a browser. Hybrid apps are built using web technologies such as [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript "JavaScript"), CSS, and HTML5 and function like web apps disguised in a native container.[\[2\]](#cite_note-2)

## Overview

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emulator_of_HP-41CX_on_iPhone_6s.jpg/170px-Emulator_of_HP-41CX_on_iPhone_6s.jpg)](/wiki/File:Emulator_of_HP-41CX_on_iPhone_6s.jpg) An [emulation](/wiki/Emulator "Emulator") app for the programmable pocket calculator [HP-41C](/wiki/HP-41C "HP-41C") X from 1983. Several such apps exist for full-functionally emulating old [home computers](/wiki/Home_computer "Home computer"), [game consoles](/wiki/Game_console "Game console") or even [mainframe computers](/wiki/Mainframe_computer "Mainframe computer") from up to several decades ago.

Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a [web browser](/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), [email client](/wiki/Email_client "Email client"), [calendar](/wiki/Calendaring_software "Calendaring software"), mapping program, and an app for [buying music](/wiki/Mobile_music "Mobile music"), other media, or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can be [rooted](/wiki/Rooting_(Android_OS) "Rooting (Android OS)") to eliminate the undesired apps.

Apps that are not preinstalled are usually available through distribution platforms called [app stores](/wiki/App_store "App store"). These may operated by the owner of the device's [mobile operating system](/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system"), such as the [App Store](/wiki/App_Store_(Apple) "App Store (Apple)") or [Google Play Store](/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play"); by the device manufacturers, such as the [Galaxy Store](/wiki/Galaxy_Store "Galaxy Store") and [Huawei AppGallery](/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery "Huawei AppGallery"); or by third parties, such as the [Amazon Appstore](/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") and [F-Droid](/wiki/F-Droid "F-Droid").

Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded to [laptops](/wiki/Laptop "Laptop") or [desktop computers](/wiki/Desktop_computer "Desktop computer"). Apps can also be installed manually, for example by running an [Android application package](/wiki/Android_application_package "Android application package") on Android devices.

Some apps are [freeware](/wiki/Freeware "Freeware"), while others have a price, which can be upfront or a [subscription](/wiki/Subscription_business_model "Subscription business model"). Some apps also include [microtransactions](/wiki/Microtransaction "Microtransaction") and/or [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising"). In any case, the revenue is usually split between the application's creator and the app store.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) The same app can, therefore, cost a different price depending on the mobile platform.

Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email, [calendar](/wiki/Electronic_calendar "Electronic calendar"), contacts, the stock market and weather information. However, public demand and the availability of developer tools drove rapid expansion into other categories, such as those handled by desktop [application software](/wiki/Application_software "Application software") packages. As with other software, the explosion in number and variety of apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation of a wide range of review, recommendation, and curation sources, including blogs, magazines, and dedicated online app-discovery services. In 2014 government regulatory agencies began trying to regulate and curate apps, particularly medical apps.[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) Some companies offer apps as an alternative method to deliver [content](/wiki/Content_(media) "Content (media)") with certain advantages over an official [website](/wiki/Website "Website").

With a growing number of mobile applications available at app stores and the improved capabilities of smartphones, people are downloading more applications to their devices.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) Usage of mobile apps has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) A May 2012 [comScore](/wiki/ComScore "ComScore") study reported that during the previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) Researchers found that usage of mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location and time of the day.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8) Mobile apps are playing an ever-increasing role within healthcare and when designed and integrated correctly can yield many benefits.[\[9\]](#cite_note-pmid26801468-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

Market research firm [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") predicted that 102 billion apps would be downloaded in 2013 (91% of them free), which would generate $26 billion in the US, up 44.4% on 2012's US$18 billion.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) By Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone generated $5 billion. An analyst report estimates that the app economy creates revenues of more than [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro") 10 billion per year within the European Union, while over 529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app market.[\[12\]](#cite_note-VisionMobule-12)

## Types

Mobile applications may be classified by numerous methods. A common scheme is to distinguish [native](/wiki/Native_(computing) "Native (computing)"), web-based, and hybrid apps.

### Native app

All apps targeted toward a particular mobile platform are known as native apps. Therefore, an app intended for [Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") device does not run in [Android](/wiki/Android_(operating_system) "Android (operating system)") devices. As a result, most businesses develop apps for multiple platforms.

While developing native apps, professionals incorporate best-in-class user interface modules. This accounts for better performance, consistency and good user experience. Users also benefit from wider access to [application programming interfaces](/wiki/Application_programming_interface "Application programming interface") and make limitless use of all apps from the particular device. Further, they also switch over from one app to another effortlessly.

The main purpose for creating such apps is to ensure best performance for a specific mobile operating system.

### Web-based app

A web-based app is implemented with the standard web technologies of [HTML](/wiki/HTML "HTML"), [CSS](/wiki/CSS "CSS"), and [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript "JavaScript"). Internet access is typically required for proper behavior or being able to use all features compared to [offline](/wiki/Offline "Offline") usage. Most, if not all, user data is stored in [the cloud](/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing").

The performance of these apps is similar to a [web application](/wiki/Web_application "Web application") running in a browser, which can be noticeably slower than the equivalent native app. It also may not have the same level of features as the native app.

### Hybrid app

The concept of the hybrid app is a mix of native and web-based apps. Apps developed using [Apache Cordova](/wiki/Apache_Cordova "Apache Cordova"), [Flutter](/wiki/Flutter_(software) "Flutter (software)"), [Xamarin](/wiki/Mono_(software)#Xamarin.iOS_and_Xamarin.Android "Mono (software)"), [React Native](/wiki/React_Native "React Native"), [Sencha Touch](/wiki/Sencha_Touch "Sencha Touch"), and other [frameworks](/wiki/Software_framework "Software framework") fall into this category.

These are made to support web and native technologies across multiple platforms. Moreover, these apps are easier and faster to develop. It involves use of single [codebase](/wiki/Codebase "Codebase") which works in multiple mobile operating systems.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Despite such advantages, hybrid apps exhibit lower performance. Often, apps fail to bear the same look-and-feel in different mobile operating systems.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

## Development

Main article: [Mobile app development](/wiki/Mobile_app_development "Mobile app development")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mistory_-_Demola%2C_2015.05.22_%285%29.JPG/220px-Mistory_-_Demola%2C_2015.05.22_%285%29.JPG)](/wiki/File:Mistory_-_Demola,_2015.05.22_(5).JPG) Developers at work

Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering the constraints and features of these devices. Mobile devices run on battery and have less powerful [processors](/wiki/CPU "CPU") than personal computers and also have more features such as [location detection](/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking "Mobile phone tracking") and cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide array of screen sizes, hardware specifications and configurations because of intense competition in mobile software and changes within each of the platforms (although these issues can be overcome with mobile device detection).

Mobile application development requires the use of specialized [integrated development environments](/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment"). Mobile apps are first tested within the development environment using [emulators](/wiki/Emulator "Emulator") and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical access.[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)

Mobile [user interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") (UI) Design is also essential. Mobile UI considers constraints and contexts, screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation. Mobile UI design constraints include limited attention and form factors, such as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand. Mobile UI contexts signal cues from user activity, such as location and scheduling that can be shown from user interactions within a mobile application. Overall, mobile UI design's goal is primarily for an understandable, user-friendly interface.

Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix of [middleware](/wiki/Middleware "Middleware") components including [mobile app servers](/wiki/Mobile_App_Server "Mobile App Server"), [Mobile Backend as a service](/wiki/Mobile_Backend_as_a_service "Mobile Backend as a service") (MBaaS), and [SOA](/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture "Service-oriented architecture") infrastructure.

Conversational interfaces display the computer interface and present interactions through text instead of graphic elements. They emulate conversations with real humans.[\[15\]](#cite_note-Fastcodesign-15) There are two main types of conversational interfaces: voice assistants (like the [Amazon Echo](/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo")) and [chatbots](/wiki/Chatterbot "Chatterbot").[\[15\]](#cite_note-Fastcodesign-15)

Conversational interfaces are growing particularly practical as users are starting to feel overwhelmed with mobile apps (a term known as "app fatigue").[\[16\]](#cite_note-cbc-16)[\[17\]](#cite_note-techcrunch-17)

David Limp, Amazon's senior vice president of devices, says in an interview with Bloomberg, "We believe the next big platform is voice."[\[18\]](#cite_note-bloomberg-18)

## Distribution

See also: [List of mobile app distribution platforms](/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms "List of mobile app distribution platforms")

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png)

This section needs to be **updated**. The reason given is: Outdated stats; Microsoft Store no longer caters for mobile apps as Windows Mobile has been discontinued; Nokia Ovi store is long closed; Samsung Apps has been renamed; etc.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information._(April 2020)_

The three biggest [app stores](/wiki/App_store "App store") are [Google Play](/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play") for [Android](/wiki/Android_(operating_system) "Android (operating system)"), [App Store](/wiki/App_Store_(Apple) "App Store (Apple)") for [iOS](/wiki/IOS "IOS"), and [Microsoft Store](/wiki/Microsoft_Store "Microsoft Store") for [Windows 10](/wiki/Windows_10 "Windows 10"), [Windows 10 Mobile](/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile "Windows 10 Mobile"), and [Xbox One](/wiki/Xbox_One "Xbox One").

### Google Play

Main article: [Google Play](/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play")

Google Play (formerly known as the Android Market) is an international online software store developed by Google for Android devices. It opened in October 2008.[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) In July 2013, the number of apps downloaded via the Google Play Store surpassed 50 billion, of the over 1 million apps available.[\[20\]](#cite_note-20) As of September 2016, according to [Statista](/wiki/Statista "Statista") the number of apps available exceeded 2.4 million. Over 80% of apps in the Google Play Store are free to download.[\[21\]](#cite_note-21) The store generated a revenue of 6 billion U.S. dollars in 2015.

### App Store

Main article: [App Store (Apple)](/wiki/App_Store_(Apple) "App Store (Apple)")

[Apple](/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.")'s App Store for [iOS](/wiki/IOS "IOS") and [iPadOS](/wiki/IPadOS "IPadOS") was not the first app distribution service, but it ignited the mobile revolution and was opened on July 10, 2008, and as of September 2016, reported over 140 billion downloads. The original [AppStore](/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS) "App Store (iOS/iPadOS)") was first demonstrated to Steve Jobs in 1993 by Jesse Tayler at NeXTWorld Expo[\[22\]](#cite_note-22) As of June 6, 2011, there were 425,000 apps available, which had been downloaded by 200 million iOS users.[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](#cite_note-24) During Apple's 2012 [Worldwide Developers Conference](/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference "Worldwide Developers Conference"), CEO [Tim Cook](/wiki/Tim_Cook "Tim Cook") announced that the App Store has 650,000 available apps to download as well as 30 billion apps downloaded from the app store until that date.[\[25\]](#cite_note-25) From an alternative perspective, figures seen in July 2013 by the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") from tracking service Adeven indicate over two-thirds of apps in the store are "zombies", barely ever installed by consumers.[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

### Microsoft Store

Main article: [Microsoft Store](/wiki/Microsoft_Store "Microsoft Store")

Microsoft Store (formerly known as the Windows Store) was introduced by Microsoft in 2012 for its [Windows 8](/wiki/Windows_8 "Windows 8") and [Windows RT](/wiki/Windows_RT "Windows RT") platforms. While it can also carry listings for traditional desktop programs certified for compatibility with Windows 8, it is primarily used to distribute "Windows Store apps"—which are primarily built for use on tablets and other touch-based devices (but can still be used with a [keyboard](/wiki/Computer_keyboard "Computer keyboard") and [mouse](/wiki/Mouse_(computing) "Mouse (computing)"), and on [desktop computers](/wiki/Desktop_computer "Desktop computer") and [laptops](/wiki/Laptop "Laptop")).[\[27\]](#cite_note-pcw-building-27)[\[28\]](#cite_note-bi-windows8-28)

### Others

Main article: [List of mobile app distribution platforms](/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms "List of mobile app distribution platforms")

- [Amazon Appstore](/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") is an alternative application store for the Android operating system. It was opened in March 2011 and as of June 2015, the app store has nearly 334,000 apps.[\[29\]](#cite_note-29) The Amazon Appstore's Android Apps can also be installed and run on [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry "BlackBerry") 10 devices.
- [BlackBerry World](/wiki/BlackBerry_World "BlackBerry World") is the application store for [BlackBerry 10](/wiki/BlackBerry_10 "BlackBerry 10") and [BlackBerry OS](/wiki/BlackBerry_OS "BlackBerry OS") devices. It opened in April 2009 as BlackBerry App World.
- [Ovi (Nokia)](/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia) "Ovi (Nokia)") for [Nokia](/wiki/Nokia "Nokia") phones was launched internationally in May 2009. In May 2011, Nokia announced plans to rebrand its Ovi product line under the Nokia brand[\[30\]](#cite_note-30) and Ovi Store was renamed Nokia Store in October 2011.[\[31\]](#cite_note-31) Nokia Store will no longer allow developers to publish new apps or app updates for its legacy Symbian and MeeGo operating systems from January 2014.[\[32\]](#cite_note-32)
- [Windows Phone Store](/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store "Windows Phone Store") was introduced by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") for its Windows Phone platform, which was launched in October 2010. As of October 2012[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app&action=edit), it has over 120,000 apps available.[\[33\]](#cite_note-33)
- [Samsung Apps](/wiki/Samsung_Apps "Samsung Apps") was introduced in September 2009.[\[34\]](#cite_note-34) As of October 2011, Samsung Apps reached 10 million downloads. The store is available in 125 countries and it offers apps for Windows Mobile, Android and Bada platforms.
- The Electronic AppWrapper was the first electronic distribution service to collectively provide encryption and purchasing electronically[\[35\]](#cite_note-35)
- [F-Droid](/wiki/F-Droid "F-Droid") — Free and open Source Android app repository.
- [Opera Mobile Store](/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store "Opera Mobile Store") is a platform independent app store for iOS, Java, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, iOS, and Windows Mobile, and Android based mobile phones. It was launched internationally in March, 2011.
- There are numerous other independent app stores for Android devices.

## Enterprise management

Main article: [Mobile application management](/wiki/Mobile_application_management "Mobile application management")

Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible for [provisioning](/wiki/Provisioning_(IT) "Provisioning (IT)") and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile apps used in business settings. The strategy is meant to off-set the security risk of a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) work strategy. When an employee brings a personal device into an enterprise setting, mobile application management enables the corporate IT staff to transfer required applications, control access to business data, and remove locally cached business data from the device if it is lost, or when its owner no longer works with the company. [Containerization](/wiki/Containerization_(computing) "Containerization (computing)") is an alternate approach to security. Rather than controlling an employee/s entire device, containerization apps create isolated pockets separate from personal data. Company control of the device only extends to that separate container.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36)

### App wrapping vs. native app management

Especially when employees " [bring your own device](/wiki/Bring_your_own_device "Bring your own device")" (BYOD), mobile apps can be a significant security risk for businesses, because they transfer unprotected sensitive data to the Internet without knowledge and consent of the users. Reports of stolen corporate data show how quickly corporate and personal data can fall into the wrong hands. Data theft is not just the loss of confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack and blackmail.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37)

Professional mobile application management helps companies protect their data. One option for securing corporate data is [app wrapping](/wiki/Mobile_application_management "Mobile application management"). But there also are some disadvantages like copyright infringement or the loss of warranty rights. Functionality, productivity and user experience are particularly limited under app wrapping. The policies of a wrapped app can not be changed. If required, it must be recreated from scratch, adding cost.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38) An app wrapper is a mobile app made wholly from an existing [website](/wiki/Website "Website") or [platform](/wiki/Computing_platform "Computing platform"),[\[39\]](#cite_note-Nicol_2013_p._138-39) with few or no changes made to the underlying application. The "wrapper" is essentially a new management layer that allows [developers](/wiki/Software_developer "Software developer") to set up usage policies appropriate for app use.[\[39\]](#cite_note-Nicol_2013_p._138-39) Examples of these policies include whether or not [authentication](/wiki/Authentication "Authentication") is required, allowing data to be stored on the device, and enabling/disabling [file sharing](/wiki/File_sharing "File sharing") between users.[\[40\]](#cite_note-40) Because most app wrappers are often websites first, they often do not align with [iOS](/wiki/IOS "IOS") or [Android](/wiki/Android_(operating_system) "Android (operating system)") Developer guidelines.

Alternatively, it is possible to offer native apps securely through [enterprise mobility management](/wiki/Enterprise_mobility_management "Enterprise mobility management"). This enables more flexible IT management as apps can be easily implemented and policies adjusted at any time.[\[41\]](#cite_note-41)

## See also

- [Appbox Pro](/wiki/Appbox_Pro "Appbox Pro") (2009)
- [App store optimization](/wiki/App_store_optimization "App store optimization")
- [Enterprise mobile application](/wiki/Enterprise_mobile_application "Enterprise mobile application")
- [Mobile commerce](/wiki/Mobile_commerce "Mobile commerce")
- [Super-app](/wiki/Super-app "Super-app")
- [Unified Remote](/wiki/Unified_Remote "Unified Remote")
- [WideAngle](/wiki/WideAngle "WideAngle") (2013)

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12. **[^](#cite_ref-VisionMobule_12-0)**VisionMobile, Plum Consulting, " [European App Economy" analyst report](https://archive.today/20130914161258/http://www.visionmobile.com/EUApp), September 2013
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18. **[^](#cite_ref-bloomberg_18-0)**Soper, Spencer (3 March 2016). ["Amazon Bets on Bigger Market for Voice-Enabled Echo"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-03/amazon-debuts-two-new-versions-of-echo-ilccac5m). _Bloomberg.com_. Bloomberg L.P. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160728040841/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-03/amazon-debuts-two-new-versions-of-echo-ilccac5m) from the original on 2016-07-28. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Chu, Eric (13 February 2009). ["Android Market Update Support"](http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/02/android-market-update-support-for.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131003185223/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/02/android-market-update-support-for.html) from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
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22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**Carey, Richard (17 July 2015). ["Electronic Recollections, By Ricard Carey"](https://appstorey.com/2015/07/17/electronic-recollections-by-ricard-carey/). _AppStorey_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170705041251/https://appstorey.com/2015/07/17/electronic-recollections-by-ricard-carey/) from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["10 Billion App Countdown"](https://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-app-countdown/). _Apple_. 2011-01-14. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927201449/http://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-app-countdown/) from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
24. **[^](#cite_ref-24)**Rao, Leena (July 7, 2011). ["Apple's App Store Crosses 15B App Downloads, Adds 1B Downloads In Past Month"](https://techcrunch.com/2011/07/07/apples-app-store-crosses-15b-app-downloads-adds-1b-downloads-in-past-month/). _TechCrunch_. AOL Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170707201237/https://techcrunch.com/2011/07/07/apples-app-store-crosses-15b-app-downloads-adds-1b-downloads-in-past-month/) from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
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27. **[^](#cite_ref-pcw-building_27-0)**Miller, Michael (September 14, 2011). ["Build: More Details On Building Windows 8 Metro Apps"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120217202913/http://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/show-reports/287736-build-more-details-on-building-windows-8-metro-apps). _PC Magazine_. Archived from [the original](http://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/show-reports/287736-build-more-details-on-building-windows-8-metro-apps) on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-bi-windows8_28-0)**Rosoff, Matt (February 9, 2012). ["Here's Everything You Wanted To Know About Microsoft's Upcoming iPad Killers"](http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-microsofts-upcoming-ipad-killers-2012-2). _[Business Insider](/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140758/http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-microsofts-upcoming-ipad-killers-2012-2) from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**[Amazon App Store for Android](https://www.amazon.com/mobile-apps/b?node=2350149011) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190323064646/https://www.amazon.com/mobile-apps/b?node=2350149011) 2019-03-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Retrieved 23 June 2015.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**["The evolution of Nokia and Ovi \| Nokia Conversations — The official Nokia Blog"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110517220821/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/05/16/the-evolution-of-nokia-and-ovi/). Conversations.nokia.com. Archived from [the original](http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/05/16/the-evolution-of-nokia-and-ovi/) on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**Fraser, Adam (10 October 2011). ["Ovi Store renamed as Nokia Store, now built using Qt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111013025710/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/10/10/ovi-store-renamed-as-nokia-store-now-built-using-qt/). _Conversations by Nokia, official Nokia blog_. Nokia. Archived from [the original](http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/10/10/ovi-store-renamed-as-nokia-store-now-built-using-qt/) on 2011-10-13. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
32. **[^](#cite_ref-32)**["Changes to supported content types in the Nokia Store"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131112152035/http://developer.nokia.com/Blogs/News/blog/2013/10/04/changes-to-supported-content-types-in-the-nokia-store/). The Nokia Developer Team. October 4, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://developer.nokia.com/Blogs/News/blog/2013/10/04/changes-to-supported-content-types-in-the-nokia-store/) on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
33. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**Arghire, Ionut (30 October 2012). ["Windows Phone Store Has 120,000 Apps Now, More to Come"](http://news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-Phone-Store-Has-120-000-Apps-Now-More-to-Come-302992.shtml). _Softpedia_. SoftNews NET SRL. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
34. **[^](#cite_ref-34)**["Basic Information about Samsung Apps Store"](https://www.facebook.com/SamsungApps/info). content.samsung.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190323064648/https://www.facebook.com/SamsungApps/info) from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
35. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**Wyatt, Robert A. ["Software Shop"](http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.05/streetcred.html). _Wired_. Wired Magazine.
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**Taware, Varun (20 April 2015). ["Containerization is a winning strategy for smarter BYOD management"](http://betanews.com/2015/04/20/containerization-is-a-winning-strategy-for-smarter-byod-management/). _Betanews_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151221020021/http://betanews.com/2015/04/20/containerization-is-a-winning-strategy-for-smarter-byod-management/) from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
37. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**Rob, Thomas (8 May 2009). ["Energy Smart Mobile app"](http://mobileapp-development.com/case-studies/energy-smart-mobile-app/). _mobileapp-development.com_. United Kingdom: Case Study. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160601194040/http://mobileapp-development.com/case-studies/energy-smart-mobile-app/) from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
38. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**Security, Subbu Iyer, Director of Product Management, Bluebox (7 July 2014). ["5 things you no longer need to do for mobile security"](https://www.networkworld.com/article/926592/byod-5-things-you-no-longer-need-to-do-for-mobile-security.html). _Network World_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240426190203/https://www.networkworld.com/article/926592/byod-5-things-you-no-longer-need-to-do-for-mobile-security.html) from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
39. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Nicol_2013_p._138_39-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Nicol_2013_p._138_39-1)Nicol, D. (2013). [_Mobile Strategy: How Your Company Can Win by Embracing Mobile Technologies_](https://books.google.com/books?id=8w-VlkM0oUwC&pg=PA138). IBM Press. [Pearson Education](/wiki/Pearson_Education "Pearson Education"). p. 138. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-13-309494-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-309494-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-13-309494-7"). Retrieved December 11, 2017.
40. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**Rouse, Margaret (July 2012). ["What is app wrapping (application wrapping)?"](http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/app-wrapping-application-wrapping). _WhatIs.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171213193227/http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/app-wrapping-application-wrapping) from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
41. **[^](#cite_ref-41)**["Enterprise IT Spotlight: enterprise mobility management - 451 Research - Analyzing the Business of Enterprise IT Innovation"](https://451research.com/enterprise-it-spotlight-enterprise-mobility-management). _451research.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160610072138/https://451research.com/enterprise-it-spotlight-enterprise-mobility-management) from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.

## External links

- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Mobile phone software](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_software "commons:Category:Mobile phone software") at Wikimedia Commons

- [v](/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones "Template:Mobile phones")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones "Template talk:Mobile phones")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones "Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones")

[Mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone")

[Mobile\
\
networks](/wiki/Cellular_network "Cellular network"),

protocols

- [Channel capacity](/wiki/Channel_capacity "Channel capacity")
- [Frequencies](/wiki/Cellular_frequencies "Cellular frequencies")
- [Multi-band](/wiki/Multi-band_device "Multi-band device")
- [Network operator](/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator "Mobile phone operator")
  - [list](/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators "List of mobile network operators")
- [Roaming](/wiki/Roaming "Roaming")
- [Signal](/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal "Mobile phone signal")
- [SIM card](/wiki/SIM_card "SIM card")
  - [dual SIM](/wiki/Dual_SIM "Dual SIM")
  - [eSIM](/wiki/ESIM "ESIM")
  - [SIM lock](/wiki/SIM_lock "SIM lock")
- [Standards comparison](/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards "Comparison of mobile phone standards")
- [Tethering](/wiki/Tethering "Tethering")
- [VoIP](/wiki/Mobile_VoIP "Mobile VoIP")
- [WAP](/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol "Wireless Application Protocol")
- [XHTML-MP](/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile "XHTML Mobile Profile")

[Generations](/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations "List of mobile phone generations")

- **Analogue**:
- [0G](/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone "Mobile radio telephone")
- [1G](/wiki/1G "1G")
- **Digital**:
- [2G](/wiki/2G "2G")
- [3G](/wiki/3G "3G")
  - [adoption](/wiki/3G_adoption "3G adoption")
- [3.5G](/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access "High Speed Packet Access")
- [4G](/wiki/4G "4G")
- [4.5G](/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro "LTE Advanced Pro")
- [5G](/wiki/5G "5G")
- [6G](/wiki/6G_(network) "6G (network)")

General

operation

- [Features](/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature "Mobile phone feature")
- [GSM](/wiki/GSM "GSM")
  - [services](/wiki/GSM_services "GSM services")
- [History](/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones "History of mobile phones")
- [Operating system](/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system")
- [Security](/wiki/Mobile_security "Mobile security")
  - [phone cloning](/wiki/Phone_cloning "Phone cloning")
- [Telephony](/wiki/Mobile_telephony "Mobile telephony")
  - [airplane mode](/wiki/Airplane_mode "Airplane mode")
- [Text messaging](/wiki/Text_messaging "Text messaging")
  - [SMS](/wiki/Short_Message_Service "Short Message Service")
  - [MMS](/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service "Multimedia Messaging Service")
  - [RCS](/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services "Rich Communication Services")
- [Spam](/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam "Mobile phone spam")
- [Tracking](/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking "Mobile phone tracking")
- [Web browsing](/wiki/Mobile_web "Mobile web")

[Mobile\
\
devices](/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device")

- **[Manufacturers](/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers "Category:Mobile phone manufacturers")**
- [3D phone](/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones "List of 3D-enabled mobile phones")
- [Camera phone](/wiki/Camera_phone "Camera phone")
- [Car phone](/wiki/Car_phone "Car phone")
- [Feature phone](/wiki/Feature_phone "Feature phone")
- [Projector phone](/wiki/Projector_phone "Projector phone")
- [Satellite phone](/wiki/Satellite_phone "Satellite phone")
- [Smartphone](/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone")

[Form factors](/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones) "Form factor (mobile phones)")

- [Bar](/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar "Form factor (mobile phones)")
- [Flip](/wiki/Clamshell_design "Clamshell design")
- [Phablet](/wiki/Phablet "Phablet")
- [Slider](/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider "Form factor (mobile phones)")
- [Slate](/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate "Form factor (mobile phones)")
- [Smartwatch](/wiki/Smartwatch "Smartwatch")
- [Fold](/wiki/Foldable_smartphone "Foldable smartphone")

[Smartphones](/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones "Comparison of smartphones")

- [Android devices](/wiki/Android_(operating_system) "Android (operating system)")
  - [rooting](/wiki/Rooting_(Android) "Rooting (Android)")
- [BlackBerry 10](/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices "BlackBerry 10")
- [iPhone](/wiki/IPhone "IPhone")
  - [iOS jailbreaking](/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking "IOS jailbreaking")
- [Open-source mobile phones](/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones "List of open-source mobile phones")
- [Symbian devices](/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices "Comparison of Symbian devices")
- [Windows Phone devices](/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones "List of Windows phones")

Mobile

specific

[software](/wiki/Software "Software")

Apps

- [Development](/wiki/Mobile_app_development "Mobile app development")
- [Distribution](/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms "List of mobile app distribution platforms")
- [Management](/wiki/Mobile_application_management "Mobile application management")
- [Cloud computing](/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing "Mobile cloud computing")

[Commerce](/wiki/Mobile_commerce "Mobile commerce")

- [Banking](/wiki/Mobile_banking "Mobile banking")
- [Marketing](/wiki/Mobile_marketing "Mobile marketing")
  - [advertising](/wiki/Mobile_advertising "Mobile advertising")
  - [campaigns](/wiki/Mobile_campaign "Mobile campaign")
- [Payments](/wiki/Mobile_payment "Mobile payment")
  - [contactless](/wiki/Contactless_payment "Contactless payment")
  - [donating](/wiki/Mobile_donating "Mobile donating")
- [Ticketing](/wiki/Mobile_ticketing "Mobile ticketing")

[Content](/wiki/Mobile_content "Mobile content")

- [Blogging](/wiki/Mobile_blogging "Mobile blogging")
- [Email](/wiki/Push_email "Push email")
- [Gambling](/wiki/Mobile_gambling "Mobile gambling")
- [Gaming](/wiki/Mobile_game "Mobile game")
- [Health](/wiki/MHealth "MHealth")
- [Instant messaging](/wiki/Instant_messaging "Instant messaging")
- [Learning](/wiki/M-learning "M-learning")
- [Music](/wiki/Mobile_music "Mobile music")
- [News](/wiki/Mobile_news "Mobile news")
- [Search](/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mobile search (page does not exist)")
  - [local](/wiki/Mobile_local_search "Mobile local search")
- [Social](/wiki/Mobile_social_network "Mobile social network")
  - [address book](/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book "Mobile social address book")
- [Television](/wiki/Mobile_television "Mobile television")

[Culture](/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture "Category:Mobile phone culture")

- [Box breaking](/wiki/Box_breaker "Box breaker")
- [Charms](/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm "Mobile phone charm")
- [Comics](/wiki/Mobile_comic "Mobile comic")
- [Dating](/wiki/Mobile_dating "Mobile dating")
- [Japanese culture](/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture "Japanese mobile phone culture")
- [Novels](/wiki/Cell_phone_novel "Cell phone novel")
- [Ringtones](/wiki/Ringtone "Ringtone")
  - [silent mode](/wiki/Silent_mode "Silent mode")
- [Selfie](/wiki/Selfie "Selfie")
- [Txt-spk](/wiki/SMS_language "SMS language")
- [Wallpaper](/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing) "Wallpaper (computing)")

Environment

and health

- [BlackBerry thumb](/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome "De Quervain syndrome")
- [Driving safety](/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety "Mobile phones and driving safety")
- [Electronic waste](/wiki/Electronic_waste "Electronic waste")
- [External power supply](/wiki/Common_external_power_supply "Common external power supply")
- [Mental health from overuse](/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health "Digital media use and mental health")
- [Phantom vibration syndrome](/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome "Phantom vibration syndrome")
- [Radiation and health](/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health "Wireless device radiation and health")
- [Recycling](/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling "Mobile phone recycling")

[Law](/wiki/Law "Law")

- [Carrier IQ](/wiki/Carrier_IQ "Carrier IQ")
- [Legality of recording by civilians](/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians "Legality of recording by civilians")
- [Mobile phones in prison](/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison "Mobile phones in prison")
- [Photography and the law](/wiki/Photography_and_the_law "Photography and the law")
- [Telephone tapping](/wiki/Telephone_tapping "Telephone tapping")
- [Texting while driving](/wiki/Texting_while_driving "Texting while driving")
- [USA use restrictions while driving](/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States "Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png)[Telecommunication portal](/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication "Portal:Telecommunication")
- ![telephone icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png)[Telephones portal](/wiki/Portal:Telephones "Portal:Telephones")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications "Category:Mobile telecommunications")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control"): National [![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620615#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/7705206-7)
- [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001229977)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph602134&CON_LNG=ENG)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile\_app&oldid=1245328728](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_app&oldid=1245328728)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Mobile software](/wiki/Category:Mobile_software "Category:Mobile software")
- [User interface techniques](/wiki/Category:User_interface_techniques "Category:User interface techniques")
- [Mobile applications](/wiki/Category:Mobile_applications "Category:Mobile applications")

Hidden categories:

- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
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