Magma
[[File:Pahoehoe_toe.jpg|too|thumb|300x300px|Pagbulos nin lava sa Hawaii. An lava iyo an ekatrusibong katumbas nin magma.]]

An '''magma''' iyo an tunaw o medyo tunaw na natural na materyal na kun saen an gabos na igneous na gapo napoporma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowen|first=Norman L.|year=1947|title=Magmas|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|volume=58|issue=4|page=263|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2|issn=0016-7606}}</ref> Mahihiling an magma sa irarom kan [[Kinaban]], asin nadiskubre man an ebidensiya nin [[magmatismo]] sa iba pang mga planetang terestreal asin nagkapirang natural na satelayt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greeley|first1=Ronald|last2=Schneid|first2=Byron D.|date=1991-11-15|title=Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=254|issue=5034|pages=996–98|doi=10.1126/science.254.5034.996|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17731523|bibcode=1991Sci...254..996G}}</ref> Apwera sa tunaw na gapo, an magma posibleng igwa man nin suspendidong kristal asin mga gas bubbles.

Nagpoprodusir an magma kan pagtunaw sa mantle o an karukrukan sa manlaen-laen na tektonikang kamugtakan, na digdi sa Daga kaiba an mga subduksyon na rona, continental rift, mid-ocean ridges asin hotspots.<ref name="Foulger">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|title=Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy|last=Foulger|first=G. R.|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-6148-0|access-date=2023-06-15|archive-date=2017-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125195240/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An mga tunaw na mantle asin crust pinasakat paitaas sa paagi kan crust kun saen sinda hinuhuna' na nakasaray sa magma chambers o trans-crustal na rona na mayaman sa kristal..<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detrick|first1=R. S.|last2=Buhl|first2=P.|last3=Vera|first3=E.|last4=Mutter|first4=J.|last5=Orcutt|first5=J.|last6=Madsen|first6=J.|last7=Brocher|first7=T.|date=1987|title=Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=326|issue=6108|pages=35–41|doi=10.1038/326035a0|bibcode=1987Natur.326...35D|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref name="Sparks 2017 35–40">{{Cite journal|last1=Sparks|first1=R. Stephen J.|last2=Cashman|first2=Katharine V.|date=2017|title=Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity|journal=Elements|volume=13|issue=1|pages=35–40|doi=10.2113/gselements.13.1.35|issn=1811-5209}}</ref> Durante kan sarayan nin magma sa crust, an komposisyon kaiyan pwedeng liwaton sa paagi kan fractionalize crystallization, kontaminasyom kaiba an tunaw na kristal,  pagsaralak nin magma, asin degassing. Sunod kan pagbaba kaini sa pinaka-ibabaw, pwedeng pakakanon kan magma an bulkan asin iluwas na bilang lava, o ini pwedeng magin solido sa irarom nin daga tanganing makabilog nin intrusyon, arog baga nin dike, sill, sarong laccolith, pluton, o batholith.<ref name="Marshak">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Geology|last=Marshak, Stephen|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=2016|isbn=978-0-393-26339-8|edition=5th|page=115}}</ref>

Mantang an pag-adal sa magma nagsasarig sa pagmasid kan transisyon kaini pasiring sa pagbulos kan lava, nanompongan an magma nin tolóng beses durante kan mga proyektong heotermal na pagdukay, duwang beses sa Iceland (hilingon an Paggamit sa produksyon nin enerhiya) asin sarong beses sa Hawaii.<ref>[https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/scientists-drill-hits-magma-only-third-time-record/ Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record], UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news148664988.html Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time]. Physorg (December 16, 2008)</ref><ref name="hawaii-wellfield-dacite">{{Cite journal|last1=Teplow|first1=William|last2=Marsh|first2=Bruce|last3=Hulen|first3=Jeff|last4=Spielman|first4=Paul|last5=Kaleikini|first5=Mike|last6=Fitch|first6=David|last7=Rickard|first7=William|title=Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii|journal=GRC Transactions|date=2009|volume=33|pages=989–994|url=http://geothermalresourcegroup.com/site/assets/files/1263/2009_dacite_melt_at_the_puna_geothermal_venture_wellfield.pdf|access-date=8 February 2021|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123220543/https://www.geothermalresourcegroup.com/site/assets/files/1263/2009_dacite_melt_at_the_puna_geothermal_venture_wellfield.pdf}}</ref>

== Toltolan ==
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An magma iyo an tunaw o medyo tunaw na natural na materyal na kun saen an gabos na igneous na gapo napoporma. Mahihiling an magma sa irarom kan Kinaban, asin nadiskubre man an ebidensiya nin magmatismo sa iba pang mga planetang terestreal asin nagkapirang natural na satelayt. Apwera sa tunaw na gapo, an magma posibleng igwa man nin suspendidong kristal asin mga gas bubbles.

Nagpoprodusir an magma kan pagtunaw sa mantle o an karukrukan sa manlaen-laen na tektonikang kamugtakan, na digdi sa Daga kaiba an mga subduksyon na rona, continental rift, mid-ocean ridges asin hotspots. An mga tunaw na mantle asin crust pinasakat paitaas sa paagi kan crust kun saen sinda hinuhuna' na nakasaray sa magma chambers o trans-crustal na rona na mayaman sa kristal.. Durante kan sarayan nin magma sa crust, an komposisyon kaiyan pwedeng liwaton sa paagi kan fractionalize crystallization, kontaminasyom kaiba an tunaw na kristal,  pagsaralak nin magma, asin degassing. Sunod kan pagbaba kaini sa pinaka-ibabaw, pwedeng pakakanon kan magma an bulkan asin iluwas na bilang lava, o ini pwedeng magin solido sa irarom nin daga tanganing makabilog nin intrusyon, arog baga nin dike, sill, sarong laccolith, pluton, o batholith.

Mantang an pag-adal sa magma nagsasarig sa pagmasid kan transisyon kaini pasiring sa pagbulos kan lava, nanompongan an magma nin tolóng beses durante kan mga proyektong heotermal na pagdukay, duwang beses sa Iceland (hilingon an Paggamit sa produksyon nin enerhiya) asin sarong beses sa Hawaii.Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record, UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time. Physorg (December 16, 2008)

 Toltolan