Ptolemy
{{Infobox person|name=Ptolemy|image=Ptolemaeus.jpg|caption=Rendisyon kan amay na artistang [[Baroque]]<ref name="portraits">Since no contemporary depictions or descriptions of Ptolemy are known to have existed, later artists' impressions are unlikely to have reproduced his appearance accurately.</ref>|birth_date={{circa}} 100 AD<ref name="britannica.com">{{Britannica|482098|Ptolemy}}</ref>|birth_place=Ehipto, Romanong Emperyo|death_date=c. {{death year and age|170|100}} AD<ref name="britannica.com" />|death_place=[[Alexandria]], Ehipto, Romanong Emperyo|education=|occupation={{hlist |[[Mathematician]] |[[Geographer]] |[[Astronomo]]|[[Astrologo]] |[[Naturalista]] |[[Pilosopo]]}}}}
[[Ladawan:Ptolemy 1476 with armillary sphere model.jpg|thumb|Ptolemy 1476 with armillary sphere model]]
Si '''Claudius Ptolemy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|l|ə|m|i}}; {{lang-grc-koi|Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος}}, {{transl|grc|Klaúdios Ptolemaîos}}, {{IPA-grc|ˈklaw.di.os pto.lɛˈmɛ.os|}}; {{lang-la|Claudius Ptolemaeus}}; {{circa|100|170}} AD)<ref name="britannica.com" /> sarong matematiko, astronomo, natural na pilosopo, geograpo asin astrologo na nagsurat nin mga siyentipikong treatise, tolo sa mga ini an nagin importante sa [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Islamic science|Islamic]] asin Western European na siyensya.

Nag-istar si Ptolemy sa siyudad nin [[Alexandria]] sa [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman probinsya nin Ehipto]] usa irarom kan [[Roman Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorygreekma00heatgoog|title=A History of Greek Mathematics|last=Heath|first=Sir Thomas|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1921|location=Oxford|pages=vii, 273}}</ref> na igwang ngaran na Latin (na sinasabi kan mga mananalaysay na siya sarong Romano),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA834|title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy|last=Neugebauer|first=Otto E.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2004|isbn=978-3-540-06995-9|page=834|author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer}}; {{cite web|title=Ptolemy {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/astronomy-biographies/ptolemy|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> nagbanggit nin mga griyegong pilosopo, naggamit asin nag-obserbar nin Babylonian lunar theory. An ika-14 na siglo na astronomo na si [[Theodore Meliteniotes]] tinawan an saiyang lugar na kinamundagan na syudad nin griyego [[Ptolemais Hermiou]] ({{lang|grc|Πτολεμαΐς ‘Ερμείου}}) sa [[Thebaid]] ({{lang|grc|Θηβᾱΐς}}). Mayong ebidensya sa pahayag na ini.<ref name="citizenship">{{harvtxt|Neugebauer|1975|p=[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA834 834]}}; [[Gerald Toomer|G. J. Toomer]], "Ptolemy (or Claudius Ptolemaeus)". [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Ptolemy.aspx ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'']. 2008. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com. 21 January 2013. Concerning the possibility that Ptolemy might have been born in Ptolemais Hermiou, Toomer writes:{{quote|[T]he only place mentioned in any of Ptolemy's observations is Alexandria, and there is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else. The statement by Theodore Meliteniotes that he was born in Ptolemais Hermiou (in Upper Egypt) could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported.}}</ref> Nagadan siya sa  Alexandria kan 168.<ref>[[Jean Claude Pecker]] (2001), ''Understanding the Heavens: Thirty Centuries of Astronomical Ideas from Ancient Thinking to Modern Cosmology'', p. 311, Springer, {{isbn|3-540-63198-4}}.</ref>

== Hilingon man ==
* [[Equant]]
* [[Messier 7]] – Ptolemy Cluster, star cluster described by Ptolemaeus
* [[Pei Xiu]]
* [[Canon of Kings|Ptolemy's Canon]] – a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers.
* [[Ptolemy's table of chords]]
* [[Zhang Heng]]{{colend}}
== Talababa ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Toltolan ==
[[Ladawan:Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum,_1622_-_4658973.tif|thumb|''Quadripartitum'', 1622]]
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bagrow|first=L.|date=1 January 1945|title=The Origin of Ptolemy's Geographia|journal=Geografiska Annaler|volume=27|pages=318–387|doi=10.2307/520071|issn=1651-3215|publisher=Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 27|jstor=520071}}
* Berggren, J. Lennart, and Alexander Jones. 2000. ''Ptolemy's ''Geography'': An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters''. Princeton and Oxford: [[Princeton University Press]]. {{isbn|0-691-01042-0}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Earliest Printed Maps|last=Campbell|first=T.|date=1987|publisher=British Museum Press}}
* Hübner, Wolfgang, ed. 1998. ''Claudius Ptolemaeus, Opera quae exstant omnia'' Vol III/Fasc 1: ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΙΚΑ (= Tetrabiblos). De Gruyter. {{isbn|978-3-598-71746-8}} (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana). (The most recent edition of the Greek text of Ptolemy's astrological work, based on earlier editions by F. Boll and E. Boer.)
* Lejeune, A. (1989) ''L'Optique de Claude Ptolémée dans la version latine d'après l'arabe de l'émir Eugène de Sicile.'' [Latin text with French translation]. Collection de travaux de l'Académie International d'Histoire des Sciences, No. 31. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
* {{cite book|title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy|last=Neugebauer|first=Otto|date=1975|publisher=Springer Verlag|volume=I-III|location=Berlin and New York}}
* Nobbe, C. F. A., ed. 1843. Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia. 3 vols. Leipzig: Carolus Tauchnitus. (Until  Stückelberger (2006), this was the most recent edition of the complete Greek text.)
* Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2017) ''The watermarks in the Rome editions of Ptolemy's Cosmography and more'', In Quaerendo 47: 307-327, 2017.
* Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2018) ''New findings and discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy’s Cosmography'', In Quaerendo 48: 139-162, 2018.
* Ptolemy. 1930. ''Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios'', edited by Ingemar Düring. Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift 36, 1930:1. Göteborg: Elanders boktr. aktiebolag. Reprint, New York: Garland Publishing, 1980.
* Ptolemy. 2000. ''Harmonics'', translated and commentary by Jon Solomon. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum, 0169-8958, 203. Leiden and Boston: [[Brill Publishers]]. {{isbn|90-04-11591-9}}
* {{Wikicite|id=Robbins_Tet|reference=Robbins, Frank E. (ed.) 1940. ''Ptolemy Tetrabiblos''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). {{isbn|0-674-99479-5}}}}.
* {{cite journal|last=Sidoli|first=Nathan|author2=J. L. Berggren|title=The Arabic version of Ptolemy's Planisphere or Flattening the Surface of the Sphere: Text, Translation, Commentary|journal=Sciamvs|year=2007|volume=8|series=37|issue=139|url=http://individual.utoronto.ca/acephalous/Sidoli_Berggren_2007.pdf}}
* Smith, A.M. (1996) ''Ptolemy's theory of visual perception: An English translation of the Optics with introduction and commentary.'' Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86, Part 2. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
* {{citation|last=Solin|first=Heikke|chapter=names, personal, Roman.|editor1-first=Simon|editor1-last=Hornblower|editor2-first=Antony|editor2-last=Spawforth|editor3-first=Esther|editor3-last=Eidinow|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|access-date=8 June 2019|chapter-url=https://www-oxfordreference-com.rp.nla.gov.au/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-4329}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
* Stevenson, Edward Luther (trans. and ed.). 1932. ''Claudius Ptolemy: The Geography''. New York: New York Public Library. Reprint, New York: Dover, 1991. (This is the only complete English translation of Ptolemy's most famous work. Unfortunately, it is marred by numerous mistakes and the placenames are given in Latinised forms, rather than in the original Greek).
* Stückelberger, Alfred, and Gerd Graßhoff (eds). 2006. ''Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, Griechisch-Deutsch''. 2 vols. Basel: Schwabe Verlag. {{isbn|978-3-7965-2148-5}}. (Massive 1018 pp. scholarly edition by a team of a dozen scholars that takes account of all known manuscripts, with facing Greek and German text, footnotes on manuscript variations, color maps, and a CD with the geographical data)
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ptolemysuniverse00taub|title=Ptolemy's Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy's Astronomy|last=Taub|first=Liba Chia|date=1993|publisher=Open Court Press|isbn=0-8126-9229-2|location=Chicago|url-access=registration}}
* ''Ptolemy's Almagest'', Translated and annotated by [[G. J. Toomer]]. Princeton University Press, 1998
* Sir Thomas Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1921.
{{refend}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons|Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος|Ptolemy}}{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/home.html Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius] (Transcription of the [[Loeb Classical Library]]'s English translation)
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/astro/ptb/index.htm Entire ''Tetrabiblos'' of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.]
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius] (English translation, incomplete)
* [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0162.html.ja Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China)] (English translation)
* [http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#ptolemy ''Almagest'' books 1–13] The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.
* [[iarchive:pt1claudiiptolemaei01ptoluoft|''Almagest'' books 1–6]] {{in lang|el}} with preface {{in lang|la}} at [[Internet Archive|archive.org]]
* [http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0693 ''Geography''], digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni]. Also known as ''codex valentinus'', it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.23472.1 Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis] From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/General.17936 Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei] From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the [[Library of Congress]]
* Franz Boll (1894), "[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0006/bsb00065773/images/ Studien über Claudius Ptolemaeus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie]" In: ''Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik'', Supplementband&nbsp;21,2. Teubner, Leipzig, pp.&nbsp;49–244.
* {{cite web|url=http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html|publisher=obs.nineplanets.org|title=Ptolemy, the Man|first=Bill|last=Arnett|access-date=24 November 2008|date=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529010926/http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html|archive-date=29 May 2005|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Cartographic Images of the World on the Eve of the Discoveries|first=Gerald|last=Danzer|author-link=Gerald Danzer|publisher=The Newberry Library|date=1988|url=http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html|access-date=26 November 2008|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055557/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html|title=Κλαυδιου Πτολεμιου: Γεωγραφικῆς Ύφηγήσεως (Geographie)|first=Frank|last=Haselein|date=2007|access-date=24 November 2008|publisher=Frank Haselein|language=de, en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918003658/http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html|archive-date=18 September 2008}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.skyscript.co.uk/ptolemy.html|publisher=Skyscript.co|title=The Life & Work of Ptolemy|first=Deborah|last=Houlding|access-date=24 November 2008|date=2003}}
* {{Wikicite|id=Jones-2010|reference=Jones, Alexander (ed.) 2010. ''Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Series: Archimedes, Vol. 23., {{isbn|978-90-481-2787-0}}}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|first=Gerald J.|last=Toomer|title=Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus)|author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf|publisher=Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies|isbn=978-0-684-10114-9|editor-last=Gillispie|editor-first=Charles|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|volume=11|pages=186–206|location=New York|date=1970|access-date=2021-06-09|archive-date=2012-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024102/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/76|title=Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the Spherical Earth|first=Ben|last=Sprague|publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science|date=2001–2007|access-date=26 November 2008}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205163915/http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/stoddard/JAVA/ptolemy.html Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System] – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University
* {{YouTube|Plxed3JVOnI|Animation of Ptolemy's Two Solar Hypotheses}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516005122/http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/demos/kennett/Epicycle/Epicycle.html Epicycle and Deferent Demo] – at Rosemary Kennett's website at the [[University of Syracuse]]
* [https://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dduke/ptolemy.html Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe.] (best in Internet Explorer)
* [http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Ptolemy/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries]. High resolution images of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format.
* [https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1291 Codex Vaticanus graecus 1291 (Vat.gr.1291) in Vatican Digital Library] - Complete reproduction of the 9th century manuscript of Ptolemy's ''Handy Tables''.
{{Tamboan}}
Si Claudius Ptolemy (; , , ; ;  AD) sarong matematiko, astronomo, natural na pilosopo, geograpo asin astrologo na nagsurat nin mga siyentipikong treatise, tolo sa mga ini an nagin importante sa Byzantine, Islamic asin Western European na siyensya.

Nag-istar si Ptolemy sa siyudad nin Alexandria sa Roman probinsya nin Ehipto usa irarom kan Roman Empire, na igwang ngaran na Latin (na sinasabi kan mga mananalaysay na siya sarong Romano),;  nagbanggit nin mga griyegong pilosopo, naggamit asin nag-obserbar nin Babylonian lunar theory. An ika-14 na siglo na astronomo na si Theodore Meliteniotes tinawan an saiyang lugar na kinamundagan na syudad nin griyego Ptolemais Hermiou () sa Thebaid (). Mayong ebidensya sa pahayag na ini.; G. J. Toomer, "Ptolemy (or Claudius Ptolemaeus)". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com. 21 January 2013. Concerning the possibility that Ptolemy might have been born in Ptolemais Hermiou, Toomer writes: Nagadan siya sa  Alexandria kan 168.Jean Claude Pecker (2001), Understanding the Heavens: Thirty Centuries of Astronomical Ideas from Ancient Thinking to Modern Cosmology, p. 311, Springer, .

 Hilingon man 
 Equant
 Messier 7 – Ptolemy Cluster, star cluster described by Ptolemaeus
 Pei Xiu
 Ptolemy's Canon – a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers.
 Ptolemy's table of chords
 Zhang Heng
 Talababa 

 Toltolan 
thumb|Quadripartitum, 1622

 
 Berggren, J. Lennart, and Alexander Jones. 2000. Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. .
 
 Hübner, Wolfgang, ed. 1998. Claudius Ptolemaeus, Opera quae exstant omnia Vol III/Fasc 1: ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΙΚΑ (= Tetrabiblos). De Gruyter.  (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana). (The most recent edition of the Greek text of Ptolemy's astrological work, based on earlier editions by F. Boll and E. Boer.)
 Lejeune, A. (1989) L'Optique de Claude Ptolémée dans la version latine d'après l'arabe de l'émir Eugène de Sicile. [Latin text with French translation]. Collection de travaux de l'Académie International d'Histoire des Sciences, No. 31. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
 
 Nobbe, C. F. A., ed. 1843. Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia. 3 vols. Leipzig: Carolus Tauchnitus. (Until  Stückelberger (2006), this was the most recent edition of the complete Greek text.)
 Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2017) The watermarks in the Rome editions of Ptolemy's Cosmography and more, In Quaerendo 47: 307-327, 2017.
 Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2018) New findings and discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy’s Cosmography, In Quaerendo 48: 139-162, 2018.
 Ptolemy. 1930. Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, edited by Ingemar Düring. Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift 36, 1930:1. Göteborg: Elanders boktr. aktiebolag. Reprint, New York: Garland Publishing, 1980.
 Ptolemy. 2000. Harmonics, translated and commentary by Jon Solomon. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum, 0169-8958, 203. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 
 .
 
 Smith, A.M. (1996) Ptolemy's theory of visual perception: An English translation of the Optics with introduction and commentary. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86, Part 2. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
 .
 Stevenson, Edward Luther (trans. and ed.). 1932. Claudius Ptolemy: The Geography. New York: New York Public Library. Reprint, New York: Dover, 1991. (This is the only complete English translation of Ptolemy's most famous work. Unfortunately, it is marred by numerous mistakes and the placenames are given in Latinised forms, rather than in the original Greek).
 Stückelberger, Alfred, and Gerd Graßhoff (eds). 2006. Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, Griechisch-Deutsch. 2 vols. Basel: Schwabe Verlag. . (Massive 1018 pp. scholarly edition by a team of a dozen scholars that takes account of all known manuscripts, with facing Greek and German text, footnotes on manuscript variations, color maps, and a CD with the geographical data)
 
 Ptolemy's Almagest, Translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer. Princeton University Press, 1998
 Sir Thomas Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1921.

 Mga panluwas na takod 

 Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius (Transcription of the Loeb Classical Library's English translation)
 Entire Tetrabiblos of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.
 Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius (English translation, incomplete)
 Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China) (English translation)
 Almagest books 1–13 The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.
 Almagest books 1–6  with preface  at archive.org
 Geography, digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at Somni. Also known as codex valentinus, it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.
 Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
 Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
 Franz Boll (1894), "Studien über Claudius Ptolemaeus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie" In: Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik, Supplementband 21,2. Teubner, Leipzig, pp. 49–244.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University
 
 Epicycle and Deferent Demo – at Rosemary Kennett's website at the University of Syracuse
 Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe. (best in Internet Explorer)
 Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries. High resolution images of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format.
 Codex Vaticanus graecus 1291 (Vat.gr.1291) in Vatican Digital Library - Complete reproduction of the 9th century manuscript of Ptolemy's Handy Tables.