Pagtaram
[[Ladawan:Dr._Jean_Moule_(10313849243).jpg|thumb|Pagtaram]]
An '''pagtaram''' iyo an sarong [[Tingog|naka-tingog]] na porma nin [[komunikasyon]] nin tawo.  Piggagamit sa parati an pagtaram sa aro-aldaw na pamumuhay. Huli sa pagtaram natatawan nin mga posibilidad an mga pangyayari o an mga mawot na ipasabot o ipahayag sa iba. Nakakatabang man ini sa paagi kan pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapwa.

==Ebolusyon==

Minsan ngani may kinaaraman sa urog na pangkagabsan na problema kan [[ginikanan kan tataramon]], an [[ebolusyon]] kan daing-siring na kakayahan sa pagtaram nin tawo nagin nalalaen asin sa dakol na paagi na suhay na rona kan siyentipikong pagsaligsig.<ref name="Hockett 1960">{{Cite journal |last=Hockett |first=Charles F. |author-link=Charles F. Hockett |year=1960 |title=The Origin of Speech |url=http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=203 |issue=3 |pages=88–96 |bibcode=1960SciAm.203c..88H |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88 |pmid=14402211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106173517/http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-06 |access-date=2014-01-06 |archivedate=2014-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106173517/http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Corballis 2002">{{Cite book |last=Corballis |first=Michael C. |url=https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho0000corb |title=From hand to mouth : the origins of language |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-691-08803-7 |location=Princeton |oclc=469431753 |author-link=Michael Corballis |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman 1984">{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Philip |title=The biology and evolution of language |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1984 |isbn=9780674074132 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=10071298}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman, P 2000">{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Philip |title=Human language and our reptilian brain : the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780674002265 |volume=44 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=32–51 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0011 |oclc=43207451 |pmid=11253303 |author-link=Philip Lieberman |issue=1 |s2cid=38780927}}</ref><ref name="Abry Boë 1998">{{Cite journal |last1=Abry |first1=Christian |last2=Boë |first2=Louis-Jean |last3=Laboissière |first3=Rafael |last4=Schwartz |first4=Jean-Luc |year=1998 |title=A new puzzle for the evolution of speech? |journal=[[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=512–513 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X98231268 |s2cid=145180611}}</ref> An tema sarong suhay na tema huli ta an sarong tataramon dai kinakaipuhan na itaram: pwede iyan na [[Nakasurat na tataramon|isurat]] o [[palba|isenyas]]. An pagtaram sa sentidong ini sarong opsyonal, minsan ngani iyo iyan an default modality para sa tataramon.
[[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|Mga lugar nin artikulasyon (passive asin active):<br />1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical]]

==Toltolan==
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An pagtaram iyo an sarong naka-tingog na porma nin komunikasyon nin tawo.  Piggagamit sa parati an pagtaram sa aro-aldaw na pamumuhay. Huli sa pagtaram natatawan nin mga posibilidad an mga pangyayari o an mga mawot na ipasabot o ipahayag sa iba. Nakakatabang man ini sa paagi kan pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapwa.

Ebolusyon

Minsan ngani may kinaaraman sa urog na pangkagabsan na problema kan ginikanan kan tataramon, an ebolusyon kan daing-siring na kakayahan sa pagtaram nin tawo nagin nalalaen asin sa dakol na paagi na suhay na rona kan siyentipikong pagsaligsig. An tema sarong suhay na tema huli ta an sarong tataramon dai kinakaipuhan na itaram: pwede iyan na isurat o isenyas. An pagtaram sa sentidong ini sarong opsyonal, minsan ngani iyo iyan an default modality para sa tataramon.
thumb|Mga lugar nin artikulasyon (passive asin active):1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical

Toltolan