Blaise Pascal
{{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Western philosophy]]|era=[[17th-century philosophy]]|image=Blaise Pascal Versailles.JPG|caption=Painting of Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691|name=Blaise Pascal|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1623|6|19}}|birth_place=[[Clermont-Ferrand]],<br />[[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1662|8|19|1623|6|19}}|death_place=[[Paris]], France|nationality=[[French people|French]]|school_tradition=[[Cartesianism]]<br>[[Jansenism]]<br>[[Fideism]]|main_interests={{hlist |Theology |Mathematics |Philosophy |[[Physics]]}}|influences={{hlist |[[St. Augustine of Hippo]] |[[Michel de Montaigne]] |[[Étienne Pascal]] |[[René Descartes]] |[[Gilles de Roberval]]<ref>Vincent Jullien (ed.), ''Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited'', Birkhäuser, 2015, p. 188.</ref> |[[Cornelius Jansen]] |[[Epictetus]] |[[Evangelista Torricelli]] |[[Gerolamo Cardano]]<ref name="MCS"/>}}|influenced={{hlist |[[William Lane Craig]] |[[Antoine Arnauld]] |[[Pierre Duhem]] |[[William James]] |[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|G. W. Leibniz]] |[[Léon Brunschvicg]] |[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] |[[Henri Bergson]]}}|notable_ideas={{vunblist |[[Probability theory]] |[[Pascal's wager]] |[[Pascal's triangle]] |[[Pascal's law]] |[[Pascal's theorem]] |[[Pascal's calculator]]}}}}Si '''Blaise Pascal''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|s|k|æ|l}} {{Respell|pask|AL}},  {{Respell|-|AHL|,_|PASK|əl|,_-|al}}, {{IPAc-en|US|p|ɑː|ˈ|s|k|ɑː|l}} {{Respell|pah|SKAHL}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|last=Wells|first=John|date=3 April 2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0|edition=3rd|author-link=John C. Wells}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pascal "Pascal"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Pascal, Blaise|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pascal|title=Pascal|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Pascal|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-fr|blɛz paskal|lang}}; 19 Hunyo 1623 – 19 Agosto 1662) sarong Pranses na matematiko, pisiko, imbentor, pilosopo, parasurat asin Katolikong teologo.

Saro siyang [[child prodigy]] na tinukduan kan saiyang ama, sarong mambububwis sa [[Rouen]]. An gibo ni Pascal sa matematika iyo an [[Conic section|conic sections]]; nagsurat siya nin significant treatise sa mga temang [[projective geometry]] sa edad na 16. Nagsurat man siya kaiba ni [[Pierre de Fermat]] sa [[probability theory]], na nakaimpluwensya sa modernong ekonomiya asin agham panlipunan. Kan 1642, siya sarong teenager, nagpuon siya magtrabaho sa mga makina sa pagkalkula (inaapod na [[Pascal's calculator|Pascal's calculators]] na naging Pascalines), na siya nagin saro sa duwang imbentor kan [[mechanical calculator]].<ref>See [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215848/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal |date=2014-04-08 }} and {{cite book|title=Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942|last=Marguin|first=Jean|publisher=Hermann|year=1994|isbn=978-2-7056-6166-3|page=48|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?8KU54-2.5/248/150/369/363/369|title=Le calcul simplifié|last=d'Ocagne|first=Maurice|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|year=1893|page=245|language=fr}}</ref>

== Mga Gibo ==

* "Essai pour les coniques" [Essay on conics] (1639)
* ''Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide'' [New experiments with the vacuum] (1647)
* ''Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs'' [Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids] (1648)
* ''Traité du triangle arithmétique'' [Treatise on the arithmetical triangle] (written c. 1654;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.math.nmsu.edu/hist_projects/pascalII.pdf|title=David Pengelley - "Pascal's Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle"|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195055/https://www.math.nmsu.edu/hist_projects/pascalII.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> publ. 1665)
* ''[[Lettres provinciales]]'' [The provincial letters] (1656–57)
* ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' [On the geometrical spirit] (1657 or 1658)
* ''Écrit sur la signature du formulaire'' (1661)
* ''[[Pensées]]'' [Thoughts] (incomplete at death; publ. 1670)

== Hilingon man ==

* [[Scientific revolution]]
* [[List of pioneers in computer science]]
* [[List of works by Eugène Guillaume]]

== Mga toltolan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Magbasa pa lalo ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Donald Adamson|Adamson, Donald]]. ''Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God'' (1995) {{isbn|0-333-55036-6}}
* Adamson, Donald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AMOQZfrZq-EC&pg=PA405 "Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine,"] ''Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study'' (eds. T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2005), pp.&nbsp;407–21.
* Broome, J.H. ''Pascal''. (London: E. Arnold, 1965). {{isbn|0-7131-5021-1}}
* Davidson, Hugh M. ''Blaise Pascal''. (Boston: Twayne Publishers), 1983.
* {{cite book|title=The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern|last1=Devlin|first1=Keith|publisher=Basic Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-465-00910-7|location=New York|ref={{sfnRef|Devlin}}|author-link=Keith Devlin}}
* Farrell, John. "Pascal and Power". Chapter seven of ''Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau'' (Cornell UP, 2006).
* [[Lucien Goldmann|Goldmann, Lucien]], ''The hidden God; a study of tragic vision in the Pensees of Pascal and the tragedies of Racine'' (original ed. 1955, Trans. [[Philip Thody]]. London: Routledge, 1964).
* [[Douglas Groothuis|Groothuis, Douglas]]. ''On Pascal''. (Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002). {{isbn|978-0534583910}}
* Jordan, Jeff. ''Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God''. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006).
* Landkildehus, Søren. "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in ''Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions'' (ed. Jon Stewart. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009).
* Mackie, John Leslie. ''The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God''. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
* Pugh, Anthony R. ''The Composition of Pascal's Apologia'', (University of Toronto Press, 1984).
* {{cite journal|last1=Saka|first1=Paul|year=2001|title=Pascal's Wager and the Many Gods Objection|journal=Religious Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=321–41|doi=10.1017/S0034412501005686}}
* {{cite book|title=Studies of a Biographer|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|publisher=Duckworth and Co.|volume=2|location=London|pages=241–284|chapter=[[s:en:Studies of a Biographer/Pascal|Pascal]]|author-link=Leslie Stephen}}
* Tobin, Paul. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". authorsonline.co.uk, 2009.
* [[Yves Morvan]], ''Pascal à Mirefleurs ? Les dessins de la maison de Domat'', Impr. Blandin, 1985. (FRBNF40378895)
{{refend}}

== Panluwas na takod ==
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325890510;view=1up;seq=15 Oeuvres complètes, volume 2] (1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from [[HathiTrust]].
* {{Gutenberg author|id=Pascal,+Blaise|name=Blaise Pascal}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Blaise Pascal}}
* {{Librivox author|id=4890}}
* [http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=blaise-pascal The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal] in [http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home EMLO]
* {{cite IEP|url-id=pascal-b|title="Blaise Pascal"|last=Simpson|first=David}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=pascal|title=Blaise Pascal|last=Clarke|first=Desmond}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=126406}}
* ''Pensées de Blaise Pascal''. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) ({{ULBDD|urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-484828}})
* [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator#pascaline Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015347/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator#pascaline |date=2021-02-24 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217023133/http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/pascal.html Pascal's Memorial] in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114173522/http://www.biblioweb.org/-PASCAL-Blaise-.html Biography, Bibliography.] (in French)
* {{OL author}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03b2v6m BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal.]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416151301/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm |date=2009-04-16 }}
* [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut852.htm Blaise Pascal's works]: text, concordances and frequency lists
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Blaise Pascal|short=x}}
* Etext of Pascal's ''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pascal/pensees.html Pensées]'' (English, in various formats)
* Etext of Pascal's ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050428180845/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/pascal/letters-a.html Lettres Provinciales]'' (English)
* Etext of a number of Pascal's [http://www.bartleby.com/48/3/ minor works] (English translation) including, ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' and ''De l'Art de persuader''.
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Pascal}}
Si Blaise Pascal ( ,  ,  ;"Pascal". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ; 19 Hunyo 1623 – 19 Agosto 1662) sarong Pranses na matematiko, pisiko, imbentor, pilosopo, parasurat asin Katolikong teologo.

Saro siyang child prodigy na tinukduan kan saiyang ama, sarong mambububwis sa Rouen. An gibo ni Pascal sa matematika iyo an conic sections; nagsurat siya nin significant treatise sa mga temang projective geometry sa edad na 16. Nagsurat man siya kaiba ni Pierre de Fermat sa probability theory, na nakaimpluwensya sa modernong ekonomiya asin agham panlipunan. Kan 1642, siya sarong teenager, nagpuon siya magtrabaho sa mga makina sa pagkalkula (inaapod na Pascal's calculators na naging Pascalines), na siya nagin saro sa duwang imbentor kan mechanical calculator.See Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate?  and 

 Mga Gibo 

 "Essai pour les coniques" [Essay on conics] (1639)
 Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide [New experiments with the vacuum] (1647)
 Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs [Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids] (1648)
 Traité du triangle arithmétique [Treatise on the arithmetical triangle] (written c. 1654; publ. 1665)
 Lettres provinciales [The provincial letters] (1656–57)
 De l'Esprit géométrique [On the geometrical spirit] (1657 or 1658)
 Écrit sur la signature du formulaire (1661)
 Pensées [Thoughts] (incomplete at death; publ. 1670)

 Hilingon man 

 Scientific revolution
 List of pioneers in computer science
 List of works by Eugène Guillaume

 Mga toltolan 

 Magbasa pa lalo 

 Adamson, Donald. Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God (1995) 
 Adamson, Donald. "Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine," Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study (eds. T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2005), pp. 407–21.
 Broome, J.H. Pascal. (London: E. Arnold, 1965). 
 Davidson, Hugh M. Blaise Pascal. (Boston: Twayne Publishers), 1983.
 
 Farrell, John. "Pascal and Power". Chapter seven of Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006).
 Goldmann, Lucien, The hidden God; a study of tragic vision in the Pensees of Pascal and the tragedies of Racine (original ed. 1955, Trans. Philip Thody. London: Routledge, 1964).
 Groothuis, Douglas. On Pascal. (Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002). 
 Jordan, Jeff. Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006).
 Landkildehus, Søren. "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions (ed. Jon Stewart. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009).
 Mackie, John Leslie. The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
 Pugh, Anthony R. The Composition of Pascal's Apologia, (University of Toronto Press, 1984).
 
 
 Tobin, Paul. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". authorsonline.co.uk, 2009.
 Yves Morvan, Pascal à Mirefleurs ? Les dessins de la maison de Domat, Impr. Blandin, 1985. (FRBNF40378895)

 Panluwas na takod 
 Oeuvres complètes, volume 2 (1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from HathiTrust.
 
 
 
 The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal in EMLO
 
 
 
 Pensées de Blaise Pascal. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) ()
 Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net 
 Pascal's Memorial in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.
 Biography, Bibliography. (in French)
 
 BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal.
 Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977. 
 Blaise Pascal's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
 
 Etext of Pascal's Pensées (English, in various formats)
 Etext of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales (English)
 Etext of a number of Pascal's minor works (English translation) including, De l'Esprit géométrique and De l'Art de persuader.