Varanasi
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name            = Varanasi
| native_name              = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| other_name               = Benares, Banaras, Kashi
| settlement_type          = {{nowrap|[[Metropolis]]}}
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 250
| image_style              = 
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Varanasi, India, Ghats, Cremation ceremony in progress.jpg {{!}} Manikarnika Ghat, the holy cremation ground on the Ganges river front
| image2 = Bismillah at Concert1 (edited).jpg {{!}} Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan
| image3 = Faculty of Arts Building, Banaras Hindu University.jpg {{!}} Faculty of Arts, Benares Hindu University
| image5 = Silk Looms, Varanasi.jpg {{!}} Weaving a silk brocade
| image4 = Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg {{!}} Goswami Tulsidas, composer of the Ramcharitmanas
| image6 = Sampurnanand Sanskrit University left gate.jpg {{!}} Benares Sanskrit College, India's oldest Sanskrit college, which was founded in 1791
| image7 = Varanasi Munshi Ghat3.jpg {{!}} Munshi Ghat
}}
| image_alt                = 
| image_caption            = '''Left to right, top to bottom:''' [[Manikarnika Ghat]], the holy cremation ground on the [[Ganges]] river front; [[Shehnai]] maestro [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]]; Faculty of Arts, [[Benares Hindu University]]; [[Goswami Tulsidas]], composer of the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''; Weaving Silk Brocade;  [[Benares Sanskrit College]], India's oldest [[Sanskrit]] college (founded in 1791); and [[Munshi Ghat]].
| nickname                 = 
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Varanasi|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption1 = Interactive map of Varanasi
| coordinates = {{coord|25|19|08|N|83|00|46|E|region:IND-WB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date = 
| founder = 
| named_for = 
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Ashok Tiwari<ref>{{cite news |last=Dikshit |first=Rajeev |date=13 May 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/in-varanasi-bjps-ashok-tiwari-defeats-sp-by-1-33l-votes-to-become-new-mayor/articleshow/100216621.cms |title=In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes |work=The Times of India |accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Deepak Agarwal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Varanasi City|date=7 January 2022|url=https://www.nnvns.org/index.php|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819053949/http://www.nnvns.org/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 82
| area_metro_km2 = 163.8
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Varanasi|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223856/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 80.71
| population_total = 1212610<ref name="urban"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,432,280 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|32nd]])
| population_metro_footnotes = <!-- UA --><ref name=UA1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=12 May 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=17 October 2013 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|30th]]
| population_demonym = Banarasi
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<ref>[http://multitree.org/codes/bho-wes Western Standard Bhojpuri] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140301233419/http://multitree.org/codes/bho-wes |date=1 March 2014 }} Digital Library of Language Relationships (2012)</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 221 001 to** (** area code)
| area_code = 0542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-65
| blank1_name = [[GDP]]
| blank1_info = $3.8&nbsp;billion (2019–20)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-moneycontrol-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/opinion-yogi-adityanath-is-right-route-to-ups-1-trillion-gdp-goal-passes-through-hinterland-4472441.html|title=Yogi Adityanath is right. Route to UP's $1&nbsp;trillion GDP goal passes through hinterland|access-date=25 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| blank2_name = [[Per capita income]]
| blank2_info = INR 1,93 616<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-VARANASI.pdf|title=Executive Summary|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819075739/http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/executive-summary-varanasi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank3_name = [[International Airport]]
| blank3_info = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]]
| blank4_name = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank4_info = [[Varanasi Metro]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.926 (2011) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Literacy (2011)
| blank2_info_sec2 = 80.31%<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf | title=Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=28 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628215811/http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 0.645<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Padam |last2=Keshar |first2=Satyendra |title=Development of Human Development Index at District Level for EAG States |date=8 March 2016 |journal=Statistics and Applications |volume=14 |issue=1 & 2, 2016 |url=https://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304190813/https://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://varanasi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = 
| leader_title2 = 
| leader_name2 = 
| leader_title3 = 
| leader_name3 = 
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}}
An '''Varanasi''' ({{IAST|Vārāṇasī}}; {{IPA-hi|ʋaːˈraːɳəsi|lang}}; siring man '''Benares''', '''Banaras''' ({{IAST|Banāras}} {{IPA-hns|bəˈnaːrəs||hi-Banaras.ogg}};)<ref name="britannica-varanasi">{{citation|chapter=Varanasi|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 September 2021|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Varanasi|access-date=14 December 2021|quote=Varanasi, also called Benares, Banaras, or Kashi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India.}}</ref><ref name=chirico-banaras-2>{{citation|last=San Chirico|first=Kerry P. C.|chapter=Banaras|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1|year=2012|editor1-last=Juergensmeyer|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Roof|editor2-first=Wade Clark|pages=114&ndash;116|isbn=9780761927297|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|quote=The city was identified in the [[Pali language]] as Baranasi, from which emerged the corrupt form of the name, "Banaras," by which the city is still widely known.}}</ref><ref>[//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg "Benares" is the name that appears in the 1909 official map of India]</ref> or '''Kashi''' ({{IAST|Kāshi}}; {{IPA-hns|kˈæʃi||hi-Kashi.ogg}})<ref name="chirico-banaras-3">{{citation|last=San Chirico|first=Kerry P. C.|chapter=Banaras|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1|year=2012|editor1-last=Juergensmeyer|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Roof|editor2-first=Wade Clark|pages=114&ndash;116|isbn=9780761927297|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|quote=... in the fifth century BCE, ..., the Kingdom of Kashi was one of the 16 kingdoms to emerge from the ascendant Aryan tribes.}}</ref>) iyo an syudad sa [[Ganges|Ganges river]] sa [[Amihanan na Indya]] na igwa nin central place sa tradisyon kan pilgrimage, kagadanan, asin pagluksa sa [[Hinduismo|kinaban kan mga Hindu]].<ref name="combined-central">*{{citation|last1=Fouberg|first1=Erin H.|last2=Moseley|first2=William G.|title=Understanding World Geography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|page=173|isbn=9781119473169|oclc=1066742384|year=2018|quote=The city of Varanasi, India, is central to the death tradition in Hinduism.  Hindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth.  Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.}}
*{{citation|last=Eck|first=Diana|author-link=Diana Eck|title=Banaras, the City of Light|publisher=Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press]|orig-year=1981|page=324|year=2013|quote=&ndash;No other city on earth is as famous for death as is Banāras. More than for her temples and magnificent ghāts, more than for her silks and brocades, Banāras, the Great Cremation Ground, is known for death. At the center of the city along the riverfront is Manikarnikā, the sanctuary of death, with its ceaselessly smoking cremation pyres. The burning ghāt extends its influence and the sense of its presence throughout the city.}}
*{{citation|last=Parry|first=Jonathan P.|title=Death in Banaras|series=Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|orig-year=1994|page=1|isbn=9780521466257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC|quote=As a place to die, to dispose of the physical remains of the deceased and to perform the rites which ensure that the departest attains a 'good state' after death, the north Indian city of Banaras attracts pilgrims and mourners from all over the Hindu world.}}
*{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Ravi Nandan | title = Dead in Banaras: An Ethnography of Funeral Travelling | year = 2022 | publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford, UK | isbn = |quote = The present-day Banaras, at first sign, is a new place.  Rightly so, the baton must then pass on to an all new chronicling of the place.  Yet, a connecting link, as always, may come into play, between the book's time and other times of Banaras.  Let me give an example of what such a connection might look like.  Jonathan Parry (1994) in his classic ''Death in Banaras'' laments in the preface to the book that he could not incorporate the coming in of the electric crematorium in his descriptions of the funerary organization in Banaras.  Two decades later into my fieldwork, I found that it is in part, the efficiency of the open-air, manual cremation that Parry so effectively captures in his book that explains how a promising symbol of industrial modernity, the electric crematorium, falls short of the typecast. In the years between his book and my fieldwork, the electric crematorium sat lonely and was sparingly used against the cheer of the always-on, busy, manual pyres whose flames continue to dot the scene of the ghats in a contrasting relief. In this above sense, I believe, Parry already provides us a portrait of the electric crematorium's social imaginary in Banaras.  The question of the shift from wooden pyres to the electric crematorium is then not about competing technologies but th</ref><ref name=arnold-benares>{{citation|last=Arnold|first=David|title=Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition|location=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|year=2021|isbn=9780520379343|lccn=2020026923|page=11|quote=While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India’s two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean “timeless” custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.}}</ref> An syudad igwa nin syncretic tradition kan Muslim artisanship that underpins an saiyang relihiyosong turismo.<ref name="combined-muslim-weaver">*{{cite book | last = Williams | first = Philippa | chapter = Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry| publisher = SAGE | title = Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh| date = 17 January 2019 |editor1-last=Jeffrey | editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Jeffrey | editor2-first = Craig | editor3-last=Lerche | editor3-first=Jens|isbn =  978-81-321-1663-9| pages = 211&ndash;238| quote = 'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city’s residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city’s majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of ''reshmi'' (silk) and ''suti''  (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim ''karigars'' (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders)}}
*{{citation | last = Puniyani | first = Ram | title = Tackling Terrorism &ndash; Varanasi, Jama Masjid Show the Way | date = 21 April 2006 | journal = CounterCurrents.Org|url = https://countercurrents.org/comm-puniyani210406.htm|quote = Varanasi, like many other cities of the country is the city where Hindus and Muslim of the city are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi is so famous for. This town has hundreds and hundreds of Muslims artisans weaving the beautiful silk apparels, which are sold by the Hindu traders. This is also a city where on one hand we see the likes of Munshi Premchand, who wrote in Urdu as Nawab Rai and also crafted the acme of Hindi literature, which is not only progressive but is also a celebration of composite traditions of the country. This is also the city of the likes of Ustad Bismillah Khans, whose Shahanai begins with devotion to Hindu deities and hums the pleasant enchanting music into the ears of the whole nation. It is also the city which like most of the cities of the country, highlights the intercommunity amity in its most pleasant flavor.}}
*{{cite book| last = Mallet | first =  Victor | title = River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future| year = 2017 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, UK| isbn =  9780198786177|lccn = 2017939064|quote=Modi, however, went out of his way to court Varanasi’s Muslims—they account for nearly a quarter of the city’s 1.6 million voters—and to emphasize its multicultural, syncretic traditions when he was on the campaign trail in 2014. He praised not only Hindu but also Muslim cultural figures, including the musician Bismillah Khan, and said Khan was arguably the greatest symbol of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (Ganga-Yamuna culture), a riverine phrase often used to describe the intertwined Hindu-Muslim culture of north India where those two rivers flow. Modi also targeted the important Muslim community of sari weavers in the district of Lallapura. Varanasi’s silk wedding saris, lavishly designed and interwoven with gold thread, are much sought after by Indians from across the country and from overseas, and Modi promised to help the weavers acquire modern technology, quality raw materials and better marketing skills so they could compete with Chinese clothing manufacturers. ‘The weavers of Varanasi are an integral part of the city’s history', he wrote in a blog post on his nomination day. ‘It is my resolve to ensure that they stand on their own feet with pride and their future generations have a bright future.’ (pp. 51&ndash;52) An earlier great poet, son of Varanasi and symbol of north India’s syncretic traditions, was the fifteenth-century Kabir, whose pithy lines in Hindi are still much quoted today by Indians over social media. Again, the legends surrounding his life are confused. He may have been born into a low-caste Muslim community of weavers or been a Hindu by birth. But he famously mocked the priesthoods and the rituals of both Muslims and Hindus, even to the extent of deliberately leaving holy Varanasi to die in an obscure town, when most north Indians would be heading in the other direction and yearning to expire within the boundaries of the city to find salvation. His contempt for organized religion is reflected in the legend of his death: Hindu and Muslim devotees argued over who should claim the poet’s remains, but when the cloth covering his body was lifted, they found nothing underneath but a spray of flowers. (pp 60&ndash;61)}}
*{{citation |last=Kumar |first=Nita |title=The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880&ndash;1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZYrDgAAQBAJ |pages=15, 18, 137 |year=2017 |series=Princeton Legacy Library |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400886999 |quote=The simplicty of weavers' weddings is a contrast even to those of other Muslims, such as the Pathans. (p. 15)  ... Contrary to the experience of most artisan production in modern times, the silk weaving industry has actually flourished, and remained the commercial backbone of the Hindu pilgrimage and religious centre of Banaras. (p. 18)  The debate on how Muslims in other parts of South Asia adjust an "Islamic" identity with a territorial-cultural one which is heavily oriented towards local Hinduism is very instructive with regard to our material. The weaver of Banaras is as shaukeen a man as the Hindu and central to his life-style is the love of the outside, of akharas, and of music.(pp. 137&ndash;138)|orig-year=1988}}
*{{citation |last=San Chirico |first=Kerry P. C. |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1 |pages=114&ndash;116 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Juergensmeyer |editor1-first=Mark |chapter=Banaras |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=9780761927297 |quote=This was the period in which an enduring cultural imprint was made in ... the establishment of ''muhallas'' or neighborhoods that exist to this day, in the presence of Sufi shrines dotting the landscape, and in the creation of a singular syncretic culture ... Today Islam accounts for more than one-third of Varanasi city's population.  There are as many Muslims here as there are Brahmans, the majority of whom are weavers. The relationship between the Muslims who weave Banaras's famous saris and the Hindus who sell them explains in part by historically there has been less communal tension here than in other cities throughout South Asia. |editor2-last=Roof |editor2-first=Wade Clark}}</ref> Namomogtak sa [[Gangetic plain|middle-Ganges valley]] sa habagatan-subangan na kabtang kan estado kan [[Uttar Pradesh]], an Varanasi namomogtak sa walang tampi kan salog. Iyan igwa nin {{convert|692|km|mi|-1}} sa habagatan-subangan kan kabisera kan Indya na [[New Delhi]] asin {{convert|320|km|mi|-1}} sa habagatan-subangan kan kabisera kan estado na [[Lucknow]].

==Toltolan==
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{{stub}}
An Varanasi (; ; siring man Benares, Banaras ( ;)"Benares" is the name that appears in the 1909 official map of India or Kashi (; )) iyo an syudad sa Ganges river sa Amihanan na Indya na igwa nin central place sa tradisyon kan pilgrimage, kagadanan, asin pagluksa sa kinaban kan mga Hindu.*

{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Ravi Nandan | title = Dead in Banaras: An Ethnography of Funeral Travelling | year = 2022 | publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford, UK | isbn = |quote = The present-day Banaras, at first sign, is a new place.  Rightly so, the baton must then pass on to an all new chronicling of the place.  Yet, a connecting link, as always, may come into play, between the book's time and other times of Banaras.  Let me give an example of what such a connection might look like.  Jonathan Parry (1994) in his classic Death in Banaras laments in the preface to the book that he could not incorporate the coming in of the electric crematorium in his descriptions of the funerary organization in Banaras.  Two decades later into my fieldwork, I found that it is in part, the efficiency of the open-air, manual cremation that Parry so effectively captures in his book that explains how a promising symbol of industrial modernity, the electric crematorium, falls short of the typecast. In the years between his book and my fieldwork, the electric crematorium sat lonely and was sparingly used against the cheer of the always-on, busy, manual pyres whose flames continue to dot the scene of the ghats in a contrasting relief. In this above sense, I believe, Parry already provides us a portrait of the electric crematorium's social imaginary in Banaras.  The question of the shift from wooden pyres to the electric crematorium is then not about competing technologies but th An syudad igwa nin syncretic tradition kan Muslim artisanship that underpins an saiyang relihiyosong turismo.* Namomogtak sa middle-Ganges valley sa habagatan-subangan na kabtang kan estado kan Uttar Pradesh, an Varanasi namomogtak sa walang tampi kan salog. Iyan igwa nin  sa habagatan-subangan kan kabisera kan Indya na New Delhi asin  sa habagatan-subangan kan kabisera kan estado na Lucknow.

Toltolan