Carl Friedrich Gauss
{{Infobox scientist|image=Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|thesis_year=1799|signature=Carl Friedrich Gauß signature.svg|awards=[[Lalande Prize]] (1809)<br />[[Copley Medal]] (1838)|children={{hlist|Joseph|Wilhelmina|Louis|Eugene|Wilhelm|Therese}}|spouse={{Unbulleted list|Johanna Osthoff (1805–1809)|Minna Waldeck (1810–1831)}}|influenced=[[Ferdinand Minding]]|influences=|known_for=[[List of topics named after Carl Friedrich Gauss|See full list]]|notable_students=[[Johann Franz Encke|Johann Encke]]<br />[[Christoph Gudermann]]<br />[[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]<br />[[Gotthold Eisenstein]]<br />[[Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt]]<br />[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]<br />[[Ernst Kummer]]<br />[[August Ferdinand Möbius]]<br />[[L. C. Schnürlein]]<br />[[Julius Weisbach]]<br />[[Sophie Germain]] (correspondent as Monsieur Le Blanc)|doctoral_students=[[Johann Benedict Listing|Johann Listing]]<br />[[Christian Ludwig Gerling]]<br />[[Richard Dedekind]]<br />[[Bernhard Riemann]]<br />[[Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters|Christian Peters]]<br />[[Moritz Cantor]]|academic_advisors=[[Johann Christian Martin Bartels]]|doctoral_advisor=[[Johann Friedrich Pfaff]]|thesis_url=http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/1336299|caption=Imahen ni Gauss, gibo ni [[Christian Albrecht Jensen]] (1840)|thesis_title=Demonstratio nova...|alma_mater=[[Braunschweig University of Technology|Collegium Carolinum]], [[University of Göttingen]], [[University of Helmstedt]]|workplaces=[[University of Göttingen]]|fields=[[Mathematics]] and [[sciences]]|nationality=German|citizenship=|residence=[[Kingdom of Hanover]]|death_place=[[Göttingen]], [[Kingdom of Hanover]], [[German Confederation]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1855|2|23|1777|4|30}}|birth_place=[[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], [[Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1777|4|30}}|birth_name=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss|footnotes=}}Si '''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|aʊ|s}}; {{lang-de|Gauß}} {{IPA-de|kaʁl ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɡaʊs||De-carlfriedrichgauss.ogg}};<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|publisher=Dudenverlag|year=2015|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4|edition=7th|location=Berlin|pages=246, 381, 391|language=de|trans-title=The Pronunciation Dictionary|orig-year=First published 1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C&q=deutsches+ausspracheworterbuch|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|last1=Krech|first1=Eva-Maria|last2=Stock|first2=Eberhard|last3=Hirschfeld|first3=Ursula|last4=Anders|first4=Lutz Christian|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2009|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|location=Berlin|pages=402, 520, 529|language=de|trans-title=German Pronunciation Dictionary}}</ref> ; Abril 30, 1777- Pebrero 23, 1855) sarong matematikong Aleman asin pisiko na nagtaong importanteng kontribusyon sa [[matematika]] asin [[siyensya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gauss, Carl Friedrich|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/carl-friedrich-gauss#2830901590|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> Midbid na ''Princeps mathematicorum''<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics|title-link=Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics|last=Zeidler|first=Eberhard|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-850763-5|location=Oxford, UK|page=1188}}</ref> ({{Language with name/for|2=Latin|3="the foremost of mathematicians"}}) asin "t''he greatest mathematician since antiquity''". Si Gauss igwang matibay na impluwensiya sa Matematika asin Siyensya, asin kabali sa pinaka-impluwensiyal na mga matematiko sa kasaysayan.<ref name="scientificmonthly">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/Dunnington/1927/|title=The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss|journal=Scientific Monthly|volume=24|issue=5|pages=402–414|jstor=7912|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226020629/http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/Dunnington/1927/|archive-date=26 February 2008|last1=Dunnington|first1=Waldo|year=1927|bibcode=1927SciMo..24..402D}}  Also available at {{cite web|url=http://gausschildren.org/genwiki/index.php?title=The_Sesquicentennial_of_the_Birth_of_Gauss|title=The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss}} Retrieved 23 February 2014. Comprehensive biographical article.</ref>

== Mga sinurat ==

* 1799: [[Doctoral dissertation]] on the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]], with the title: ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' ("New proof of the theorem that every integral algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors (i.e., polynomials) of the first or second degree")
* 1801: ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' (Latin). A German translation by H. Maser {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York}}, pp.&nbsp;1–453. English translation by Arthur A. Clarke {{Cite book|title=Disquisitiones Arithmeticae|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-387-96254-2|edition=Second, corrected|location=New York}}.
* 1808: {{Cite journal|title=Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova|publisher=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. 16|location=Göttingen}}. German translation by H. Maser {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York}}, pp.&nbsp;457–462 [Introduces [[Gauss's lemma (number theory)|Gauss's lemma]], uses it in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity]
* 1809: ''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (Theorie der Bewegung der Himmelskörper, die die Sonne in Kegelschnitten umkreisen), ''Theory of the Motion of Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections'' (English translation by C.H. Davis), reprinted 1963, Dover, New York.
* 1811: {{Cite journal|title=Summatio serierun quarundam singularium|publisher=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis|location=Göttingen}}. German translation by H. Maser {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York}}, pp.&nbsp;463–495 [Determination of the sign of the [[quadratic Gauss sum]], uses this to give the fourth proof of quadratic reciprocity]
* 1812: ''Disquisitiones Generales Circa Seriem Infinitam'' <math>1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}</math>
* 1818: {{Cite journal|title=Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et amplicationes novae|publisher=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis|location=Göttingen}}. German translation by H. Maser {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York}}, pp.&nbsp;496–510 [Fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity]
* 1821, 1823 and 1826: ''Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae''. Drei Abhandlungen betreffend die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung als Grundlage des Gauß'schen Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetzes. (Three essays concerning the calculation of probabilities as the basis of the Gaussian law of error propagation) English translation by G.W. Stewart, 1987, Society for Industrial Mathematics.
* 1827: ''Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas'', Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingesis Recentiores. Volume '''VI''', pp.&nbsp;99–146. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36856 "General Investigations of Curved Surfaces"] (published 1965), Raven Press, New York, translated by J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel.
* 1828: {{Cite journal|title=Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima|publisher=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. 6|location=Göttingen}}. German translation by H. Maser
* 1828: {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York|pages=511–533}} [Elementary facts about biquadratic residues, proves one of the supplements of the law of [[biquadratic reciprocity]] (the biquadratic character of 2)]
* 1832: {{Cite journal|title=Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda|publisher=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. 7|location=Göttingen}}. German translation by H. Maser {{Cite book|title=Untersuchungen über höhere Arithmetik (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory)|publisher=Chelsea|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8284-0191-3|edition=Second|location=New York}}, pp.&nbsp;534–586 [Introduces the [[Gaussian integers]], states (without proof) the law of [[biquadratic reciprocity]], proves the supplementary law for 1 + ''i'']
* {{cite journal|title=Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata|journal=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores|volume=8|year=1832|pages=3–44}} [http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/translations/gaussMagnetic.pdf English translation]
* 1843/44: ''Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung'', Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Zweiter Band, pp.&nbsp;3–46
* 1846/47: ''Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung'', Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Dritter Band, pp.&nbsp;3–44
* ''Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814'', Ostwaldts Klassiker, [[Verlag Harri Deutsch]] 2005, mit Anmerkungen von Neumamn, {{isbn|978-3-8171-3402-1}} (English translation with annotations by Jeremy Gray: Expositiones Math. 1984)

== Hilingon man ==

* [[Gaussian elimination]]
* [[German inventors and discoverers]]
* [[List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
* [[Romanticism in science]]
* [[Seconds pendulum]]
* [[Gauss (unit)]]

== Mga toltolan ==

=== Mga Nota ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Ginikanan ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mwSrfxBSzkC|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science|last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=2004|isbn=978-0-88385-547-8|oclc=53933110|author-link=G. Waldo Dunnington}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPyPwaElDvUC&pg=PA82|title=An Imaginary Tale: The Story of √-1|last=Nahin|first=Paul J.|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3389-4}}
{{Refend}}

=== Magbasa pa lalo ===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book|title=Gauss: A Biographical Study|last=Bühler|first=Walter Kaufmann|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1987|isbn=978-0-387-10662-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Disquisitiones Arithmeticae|title-link=Disquisitiones Arithmeticae|last=Gauss|first=Carl Friedrich|publisher=Yale University Press|others=tr. Arthur A. Clarke|year=1965|isbn=978-0-300-09473-2}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau00tord|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography|last=Hall|first=Tord|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=1970|isbn=978-0-262-08040-8|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book|title=Die Vermessung der Welt|title-link=Measuring the World|last=Kehlmann|first=Daniel|publisher=Rowohlt|year=2005|isbn=978-3-498-03528-0|oclc=144590801}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog|title=Gauss: A Memorial|last=Sartorius von Waltershausen|first=Wolfgang|publisher=S. Hirzel|year=1856|author-link=Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen}}
* {{cite book|title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time|last=Simmons|first=J.|publisher=The Book Company|year=1996|location=Sydney}}
* {{cite book|title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss|last=Tent|first=Margaret|publisher=A.K. Peters|year=2006|isbn=978-1-56881-455-1}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gauss, Karl Friedrich}}
{{Refend}}

== Panluwas na takod ==
{{commons|Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß}}
* [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/volumes/id/PPN235957348 Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke] – 12 vols., published from 1863–1933
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss and his children]
* [http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Gauss biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225917/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm |date=2007-07-14 }}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Carl Friedrich Gauss] – Biography at Fermat's Last Theorem Blog
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html Gauss: mathematician of the millennium], by [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]]
* [[iarchive:gauss00waltgoog|English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040728015519/http://gauss.info/ Gauss] general website on Gauss
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html MNRAS '''16''' (1856) 80] Obituary
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Carl Friedrich Gauss on the 10 Deutsche Mark banknote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm |date=2011-12-13 }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf "Carl Friedrich Gauss"] in the series ''A Brief History of Mathematics'' on BBC 4
* {{cite web|last=Grimes|first=James|title=5050 And a Gauss Trick|url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/one_to_million.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411122756/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/one_to_million.html|archive-date=11 April 2013|url-status=dead}}
* [https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/62596.html Carl Friedrich Gauß] at the Göttingen University
{{tamboan}}
[[Kategorya:Mga matematiko]]
Si Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;  ; ; Abril 30, 1777- Pebrero 23, 1855) sarong matematikong Aleman asin pisiko na nagtaong importanteng kontribusyon sa matematika asin siyensya. Midbid na Princeps mathematicorum () asin "the greatest mathematician since antiquity". Si Gauss igwang matibay na impluwensiya sa Matematika asin Siyensya, asin kabali sa pinaka-impluwensiyal na mga matematiko sa kasaysayan.  Also available at  Retrieved 23 February 2014. Comprehensive biographical article.

 Mga sinurat 

 1799: Doctoral dissertation on the fundamental theorem of algebra, with the title: Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse ("New proof of the theorem that every integral algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors (i.e., polynomials) of the first or second degree")
 1801: Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Latin). A German translation by H. Maser , pp. 1–453. English translation by Arthur A. Clarke .
 1808: . German translation by H. Maser , pp. 457–462 [Introduces Gauss's lemma, uses it in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity]
 1809: Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium (Theorie der Bewegung der Himmelskörper, die die Sonne in Kegelschnitten umkreisen), Theory of the Motion of Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections (English translation by C.H. Davis), reprinted 1963, Dover, New York.
 1811: . German translation by H. Maser , pp. 463–495 [Determination of the sign of the quadratic Gauss sum, uses this to give the fourth proof of quadratic reciprocity]
 1812: Disquisitiones Generales Circa Seriem Infinitam 
 1818: . German translation by H. Maser , pp. 496–510 [Fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity]
 1821, 1823 and 1826: Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Drei Abhandlungen betreffend die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung als Grundlage des Gauß'schen Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetzes. (Three essays concerning the calculation of probabilities as the basis of the Gaussian law of error propagation) English translation by G.W. Stewart, 1987, Society for Industrial Mathematics.
 1827: Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas, Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingesis Recentiores. Volume VI, pp. 99–146. "General Investigations of Curved Surfaces" (published 1965), Raven Press, New York, translated by J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel.
 1828: . German translation by H. Maser
 1828:  [Elementary facts about biquadratic residues, proves one of the supplements of the law of biquadratic reciprocity (the biquadratic character of 2)]
 1832: . German translation by H. Maser , pp. 534–586 [Introduces the Gaussian integers, states (without proof) the law of biquadratic reciprocity, proves the supplementary law for 1 + i]
  English translation
 1843/44: Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Zweiter Band, pp. 3–46
 1846/47: Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Dritter Band, pp. 3–44
 Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814, Ostwaldts Klassiker, Verlag Harri Deutsch 2005, mit Anmerkungen von Neumamn,  (English translation with annotations by Jeremy Gray: Expositiones Math. 1984)

 Hilingon man 

 Gaussian elimination
 German inventors and discoverers
 List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
 Romanticism in science
 Seconds pendulum
 Gauss (unit)

 Mga toltolan 

 Mga Nota 

 Citations 

 Ginikanan 

 
 

 Magbasa pa lalo 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 Panluwas na takod 

 Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke – 12 vols., published from 1863–1933
 Gauss and his children
 Gauss biography 
 Carl Friedrich Gauss – Biography at Fermat's Last Theorem Blog
 Gauss: mathematician of the millennium, by Jürgen Schmidhuber
 English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography
 Gauss general website on Gauss
 MNRAS 16 (1856) 80 Obituary
 Carl Friedrich Gauss on the 10 Deutsche Mark banknote 
 "Carl Friedrich Gauss" in the series A Brief History of Mathematics on BBC 4
 
 Carl Friedrich Gauß at the Göttingen University

Kategorya:Mga matematiko