Upanishad
[[Ladawan:Vajrasuchi Upanishad sample i, Samaveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari script, 1728 CE manuscript.jpg|right|thumb]]

An '''Upanishad''' ([[Sanskrito]]: उपनिषद्, ''Upaniṣad'') iyo an huring mga teksto sa Sanskrit na nagtaong basehan basado sa mas huring pilosopiyang Hindu. An mga iyan an pinakadai pa sana nahahaloy na kabtang kan mga [[Veda]], an kagurangguranging mga teksto nin [[Hinduismo]], asin manongod sa meditasyon, pilosopiya, agimadmad, asin kaaraman sa teolohiya; An naenot na mga kabtang kan Vedas may labot sa mga mantra, benediction, ritual, seremonya, asin pag-atang.<ref name="wendydoniger">Wendy Doniger (1990), ''Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism'', 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226618470}}, pages 2-3; '''Quote:''' "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."</ref><ref>Wiman Dissanayake (1993), ''Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice'' (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al.), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791410806}}, page 39; '''Quote''': "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";<br /><br />
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-1592578467}}, pages 208-210</ref><ref name="gflood">Gavin Flood (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521438780}}, pp. 35–39</ref><ref name="Jan Gonda 1975">Jan Gonda (1975), ''Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas)'', Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}</ref>

Mantang kabilang sa pinakamahalagang mga babasahon sa kasaysayan nin mga relihiyon asin kultura nin India, an Upanishads nagdokumento nin dakol na laen-laen na "seremonya, inkarnasyon, asin esoterikong kaaraman" paghale sa ritualismong Vedic asin ininterpretar sa manlaenlaenaen na paagi sa nahuring komentaryo na mga tradisyon.  Sa gabos na babasahon na Vedic, an Upanishad sana an midbid na marhay, asin an saindang manlaenlaen na ideya, na iniinterpretar sa manlaenlaen na paagi, ipinaisi an nahuring mga tradisyon nin Hinduismo.<ref name="wendydoniger" /><ref>Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanisads'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195352429}}, page 3; '''Quote''': "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".</ref>

An Upanishads kadaklan inaapod na Vedānta. An Vedanta pinaginterpretar bilang "huring mga kapitulo, mga parte kan Veda" asin alternatibo bilang "object, an pinakahalangkaw na katuyohan kan Veda.."<ref>Max Müller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up ''The Upanishads''], Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1</ref> An katuyohan kan gabos na Upanishads iyo na siyasaton an klase nin  Ātman (sadiri), asin "bakong pigdirekta an parahapot sa pasiring diyan." Manlaenlaen na ideya manongod sa relasyon ni Atman asin Brahman pwedeng manompongan, asin an huri na mga komentarista naghingoang pag - oyonon an pagkalaenlaen na ini. 1077-1157 CE) Vishisttadvaita (qualified monismo), and Madhvacharya's (1199-1278 CE) Dvaita (dualism).<ref name="ptraju">PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 35-36</ref><ref name="ptraju" />

Mga haros 108 na Upanishads, na an enot na dosena o labi pa iyo an pinakagurang asin pinakamahalaga asin inaapod na prinsipal o pangenot (mukhya) Upanishads.<ref name="stephenphillips">Stephen Phillips (2009), ''Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy'', Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, pp. 25-29 and Chapter 1.</ref><ref>E Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, {{ISBN|978-1586380212}}, pages 298-299</ref> An mga mukhya Upanishads kadaklan yaon sa pantapos na parte kan Brahmanas asin Aranykas asin, sa laog nin mga siglo, tinuom kan lambang henerasyon asin naagi sa berbal na paagi. An mga mukhya Upanishads itinalaga an Komon na Kapanahonan, alagad mayo nin intelektwal na konsekuento sa saindang petsa, o dawa arin an mga pre- o post-Budhist. An Brhadaranyaka pinaghihiling bilang partikularmente na suanoy kan modernong mga iskolar.<ref name="olivelleintro">Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads,'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195124354}}, pages 12-14.</ref><ref name=":0">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). ''Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India'', pp. 258-259. BRILL.</ref>

Sa natatada pa, an 95 na Upanishads kabtang kan Muktikā kanon, na isinurat poon kan mga huring siglo kan 1st-milennium BCE sagkod kan mga ika - 15 siglo CE. An New Upanishads, lampas pa sa 108 sa canon nin Muktika, nagpadagos na isurat sa amay na modernong panahon, minsan ngani parateng nakikipag - olay sa mga tema na bakong kaoyon kan Veda.

Sa traduksyon kan mga Upanishad kan kapinonan kan ika-19  na siglo pinonan man nindang tawan nin atensyon an mga audience sa Solnopan. An Aleman na pilosopo na si Arthur Schopenhauer naghangang marhay sa mga Upanishad asin inapod iyan na "an pinakakapakipakinabang asin mas halangkaw na pagbasa na... posible sa kinaban.."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|title=Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought|last=Clarke|first=John James|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-13376-0|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]]|page=68|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134927/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> An modernong panahon na mga Indologo pinag-olayan an mga pagkakaagid kan pundamental na mga ideya sa Upanishads asin mayor na mga pilosopo sa Solnopan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3C1XktpnWIC&pg=PA31|title=Neoplatonism and Indian Thought|last=Lawrence Hatab|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-87395-546-1|editor-last=R. Baine Harris|pages=31–38|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134922/https://books.google.com/books?id=D3C1XktpnWIC&pg=PA31|archive-date=17 May 2021}};<br /><br />{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7wCKJZC3XsC|title=Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy|last=Paulos Gregorios|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7914-5274-5|pages=71–79, 190–192, 210–214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant|last=Ben-Ami Scharfstein|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7|pages=62–74|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218014934/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC|archive-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

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An Upanishad (Sanskrito: उपनिषद्, Upaniṣad) iyo an huring mga teksto sa Sanskrit na nagtaong basehan basado sa mas huring pilosopiyang Hindu. An mga iyan an pinakadai pa sana nahahaloy na kabtang kan mga Veda, an kagurangguranging mga teksto nin Hinduismo, asin manongod sa meditasyon, pilosopiya, agimadmad, asin kaaraman sa teolohiya; An naenot na mga kabtang kan Vedas may labot sa mga mantra, benediction, ritual, seremonya, asin pag-atang.Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, , pages 2-3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al.), State University of New York Press, , page 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, , pages 208-210Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, , pp. 35–39Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 

Mantang kabilang sa pinakamahalagang mga babasahon sa kasaysayan nin mga relihiyon asin kultura nin India, an Upanishads nagdokumento nin dakol na laen-laen na "seremonya, inkarnasyon, asin esoterikong kaaraman" paghale sa ritualismong Vedic asin ininterpretar sa manlaenlaenaen na paagi sa nahuring komentaryo na mga tradisyon.  Sa gabos na babasahon na Vedic, an Upanishad sana an midbid na marhay, asin an saindang manlaenlaen na ideya, na iniinterpretar sa manlaenlaen na paagi, ipinaisi an nahuring mga tradisyon nin Hinduismo.Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, , page 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".

An Upanishads kadaklan inaapod na Vedānta. An Vedanta pinaginterpretar bilang "huring mga kapitulo, mga parte kan Veda" asin alternatibo bilang "object, an pinakahalangkaw na katuyohan kan Veda.."Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1 An katuyohan kan gabos na Upanishads iyo na siyasaton an klase nin  Ātman (sadiri), asin "bakong pigdirekta an parahapot sa pasiring diyan." Manlaenlaen na ideya manongod sa relasyon ni Atman asin Brahman pwedeng manompongan, asin an huri na mga komentarista naghingoang pag - oyonon an pagkalaenlaen na ini. 1077-1157 CE) Vishisttadvaita (qualified monismo), and Madhvacharya's (1199-1278 CE) Dvaita (dualism).PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, , pages 35-36

Mga haros 108 na Upanishads, na an enot na dosena o labi pa iyo an pinakagurang asin pinakamahalaga asin inaapod na prinsipal o pangenot (mukhya) Upanishads.Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, , pp. 25-29 and Chapter 1.E Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, , pages 298-299 An mga mukhya Upanishads kadaklan yaon sa pantapos na parte kan Brahmanas asin Aranykas asin, sa laog nin mga siglo, tinuom kan lambang henerasyon asin naagi sa berbal na paagi. An mga mukhya Upanishads itinalaga an Komon na Kapanahonan, alagad mayo nin intelektwal na konsekuento sa saindang petsa, o dawa arin an mga pre- o post-Budhist. An Brhadaranyaka pinaghihiling bilang partikularmente na suanoy kan modernong mga iskolar.Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, , pages 12-14.Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, pp. 258-259. BRILL.

Sa natatada pa, an 95 na Upanishads kabtang kan Muktikā kanon, na isinurat poon kan mga huring siglo kan 1st-milennium BCE sagkod kan mga ika - 15 siglo CE. An New Upanishads, lampas pa sa 108 sa canon nin Muktika, nagpadagos na isurat sa amay na modernong panahon, minsan ngani parateng nakikipag - olay sa mga tema na bakong kaoyon kan Veda.

Sa traduksyon kan mga Upanishad kan kapinonan kan ika-19  na siglo pinonan man nindang tawan nin atensyon an mga audience sa Solnopan. An Aleman na pilosopo na si Arthur Schopenhauer naghangang marhay sa mga Upanishad asin inapod iyan na "an pinakakapakipakinabang asin mas halangkaw na pagbasa na... posible sa kinaban.." An modernong panahon na mga Indologo pinag-olayan an mga pagkakaagid kan pundamental na mga ideya sa Upanishads asin mayor na mga pilosopo sa Solnopan.;

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