Jihad
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|350px|thumb|right|Panahon kan mga Kalipa
{{legend|#a1584e|Paglakop sa irarom ni [[Muhammad]], 622–632/A.H. 1–11}} {{legend|#ef9070|Paglakop durante sa Kalipadong Rashidun, 632–661/A.H. 11–40}} {{legend|#fad07d|Paglakop durante sa Kalipadong Umayyad, 661–750/A.H. 40–129}}]]

An '''jihad''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|h|ɑː|d}}; {{lang-ar|جهاد|jihād}} {{IPA-ar|dʒɪˈhaːd|}}) iyo sarong Arabong taramon na may literal na boot-sabihon na "pagsakit" o "pakikibaka", urog na sa katuyohang marhay na pag-omaw.<ref name="ODI">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jihad|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OEIP">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Rudolph|last1=Peters|first2=David|last2=Cook|title=Jihād|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057|doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263|archive-date=23 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Tyan|editor4-first=B.|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189|volume=2|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=[[Leiden]]|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]]|editor6-link=Joseph Schacht|editor6-first=J.|editor6-last=Schacht|editor5-link=Charles Pellat|editor5-first=Ch.|editor5-last=Pellat|editor4-last=Lewis|author-first=E.|editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|editor3-first=W. P.|editor3-last=Heinrichs|editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor2-first=E. J.|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor1-first=C. E.|editor1-last=Bosworth|title=D̲j̲ihād|year=1965|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Sa sarong Islamikong konstekto, pwede ining dapit sa kadaklan nin maski anong paghiro na makagibo nin personal asin sosyal na buhay konporme sa giya kan Kagurangnan, arug kan pakikipaglaban sa maraot na inklinasyon kan saro, proselitisismo, o paghiro pasiring sa moral na pagpamarhay kan Muslim na komunidad (''Ummah''),<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="OEIP" /><ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=DeLong-Bas|author-first=Natana J.|author-link=Natana J. DeLong-Bas|date=22 February 2018|origyear=10 May 2017|title=Jihad|encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215212/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml|archive-date=29 June 2016|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jihad|year=2013|editor=Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone|encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, NJ]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|quote=Literally meaning "struggle,", jihad may be associated with almost any activity by which Muslims attempt to bring personal and social life into a pattern of conformity with the guidance of God.}}</ref> alagad ini iyo harus pigsusugpon sa giyera.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|title=What is Islamic philosophy?|author=Roy Jackson|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1317814047|page=173|quote=''jihad'' Literally 'struggle' which has many meanings, though most frequently associated with war.}}</ref><ref name="Badara 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Badara|first1=Mohamed|last2=Nagata|first2=Masaki|date=November 2017|title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective|journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]]|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=31|issue=4|doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024|doi-access=free|issn=1573-0255|pages=305–335}}</ref> Sa klasikal na Islamikong ley (''sharia''), an termino dapit sa armadong pakikipaglaban sa mga dae-paratubod,<ref name="OEIP" /><ref name="EI2" /> mientras an modernistang Islamikong iskolar heneral na pigpaparehas an militaryong ''jihad'' sa depensibong pakikipaggiyera.<ref name="hallaq334" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260|title=Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History|last=Peters|first=Rudolph|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2015|isbn=9783110824858|page=124|doi=10.1515/9783110824858|access-date=24 January 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025124838/https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260|archive-date=25 October 2016|via=[[De Gruyter]]|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa [[Sufi]] asin banal na sirkulo, an ispiritwal asin moral na jihad iyo tradisyonal na pigpapahiling sa irarom kan ngaran na ''mas dakulang jihad''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="ER">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Rudolph Peters|title=Jihad|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference|year=2005|volume=7|page=4917}}</ref><ref name="EI2" /> An termino nakaguno nin dugang na atensyon sa dae pang nahahaloy na dekada sa paagi kan paggamit kaini kan mga nagkapirang mga insurhentong Islamikong ekstremista, militanteng Islamista, asin teroristang indibidwal asin mga organisasyon na an ideolohiya iyo nakabase sa Islamikong nosyon kan ''jihad''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="Badara 2017" /><ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite book|title=Understanding Jihad|last=Cook|first=David|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9780520287327|edition=2nd|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|pages=93-127|chapter=Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory|jstor=10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10|lccn=2015010201|author-link=David Cook (historian)|origyear=2005|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93}}</ref><ref name="Jalal 2009">{{cite book|title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=9780674039070|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|pages=239-240|chapter=Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism|doi=10.4159/9780674039070-007|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|s2cid=152941120}}</ref>

An taramong ''jihad'' iyo harus nagluluwas sa [[Quran]] nin igwa asin mayo nin militaryong konotasyon,<ref name="Al-Dawoody1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda|title=The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations|last1=Al-Dawoody|first1=Ahmed|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230111608|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda/page/n70 56]|quote=Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1).|url-access=limited}}</ref> harus sa idyomatikong ekspresyon "pagsakit sa dalan kan Kagurangnan ''(al-jihad fi sabil [[Allah]])''".<ref name="morgan2010">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|last=Morgan|first=Diane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=978-0313360251|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/87 87]|access-date=5 January 2011|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="MIC">{{cite encyclopedia|editor=[[Josef W. Meri]]|encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA419|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0415966900|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization}}, ''Jihad'', p. 419.</ref> An mga Islamikong hurista asin iba pang mga ''ulama'' kan Bulawang Panahon kan Islam iyo naintindihan an obligasyon kan ''jihad'' na predominante sa militaryonh paghiling.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXCTjv2oFtUC&pg=PA72|title=The Political Language of Islam|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|date=11 June 1991|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226476933|page=72|author-link=Bernard Lewis}}. Cf. William M. Watt, ''Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War'' in: Thomas P. Murphy, ''The Holy War'' (Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143</ref> Nakagibo sinda nin mga kasuguan na dapit sa ''jihad'', kabali an mga prohibisyon sa pagtao nin peligro sa mga dae kabali sa paglaban.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernard Lewis|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240|title=Jihad vs. Crusade|publisher=Opinionjournal.com|date=27 September 2001|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162048/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blankinship|first=Khalid Yahya|author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|year=2011|title=Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War|journal=The Muslim World|volume=101|issue=3|page=416|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x|issn=1478-1913|quote=In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.}}</ref> Sa modernong panahon, an nosyon kan ''jihad'' nawara na an hurisprudensyal na importansya asin imbes nagtao nin pagsakat sa ideolohikal asin politikal na diskurso.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="hallaq334">{{cite book|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|author=Wael B. Hallaq|publisher=Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition)|year=2009|pages=334–38}}</ref> Mientras an mga modernistang Islamikong iskolar iyo pigtampok an depensibo asin dae-militaryong aspeto kan ''jihad'', nagkapirang mga Islamista an igwang halangkaw na agresibong interpretasyon na lagpas sa klasikal na teorya.<ref name="hallaq334" /><ref name="Jalal 2009" />

An jihad iyo nakaklasipika sa panlaog ("mas dakula na") ''jihad'', na kabali an pagsakit laban sa sadiring basehang impulso kan saro, asin panluwas ("mas dikit na") ''jihad'', na iyo dagos na nababanga pa sa ''jihad kan pansurat/dila'' (debate o persuasyon) asin ''jihad kan espada''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" />{{sfn|Bonner|2006|p=13}}<ref name="ER" /> An kadaklan sa mga Solnopang parasurat iyo pigkokonsidera an panluwas na ''jihad'' na magkaigwa nin primasidad sa panlaog na ''jihad'' sa Islamikong tradisyon, mientras an kadaklan sa kontemporaryong Muslim na opinyon iyo pigpapaboran an kabaliktadang pagtanaw.{{sfn|Bonner|2006|p=13}} An dakulang surbey sa analisis kan Gallup iyo pigheras an konsiderableng pagkakaiba sa mga konsepsyon nin ''jihad'' kan mga Muslim sa bilog na kinaban.<ref>Burkholder, Richard (3 December 2002). [http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx "Jihad – 'Holy War', or Internal Spiritual Struggle?"]. gallup.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx Archived] from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.</ref>

''An jihad'' iyo minsan na pig-aapud bilang an ikaanom na harigi kan Islam, alagad an designasyon iyo dae harus pigbibisto.<ref name="jih">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo|title=Islam: The Straight Path|last=Esposito|first=John L.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0195043983|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo/page/95 95]|author-link=John Esposito|url-access=registration}}</ref> Sa Twelver Shi'a Islam, an ''jihad'' iyo saro sa sampolong Praktis kan Relihiyon.<ref name="practices">{{cite web|title=Part 2: Islamic Practices|url=http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices|publisher=al-Islam.org|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907022817/http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> An personang kaiba sa ''jihad'' iyo inaapod na ''mujahid'' (darakulan: ''mujahideen''). An terminong ''jihad'' iyo harus pigsasabi sa Ingles bilang an "Banal na Giyera",<ref name="holy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRe_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence|last1=Lloyd Steffen|first1=Lloyd|date=2007|publisher=Rowman& Littlefield|isbn=978-1461637394|page=221}}</ref><ref>cf., e.g., {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 February 2010|title=Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304071616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm|archive-date=4 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peter-Jihad-3">[[Rudolph F. Peters]], ''Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam'' (Brill, 1977), p. 3</ref> alagad an pagpalis na ini iyo kontrobersyal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Islamic Political Thought|last=Crone|first=Patricia|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-7486-2194-6|page=363|oclc=61176687}}</ref><ref>[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]] stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic ''al-harb al-muqaddasa''), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. He further states that in Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He then writes that the Quran does not use the word ''jihad'' to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as ''qital''. Source: {{cite book|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|date=23 January 2007|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0061189036|page=222|author1-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl}}</ref> Sa ngunyan, an taramong ''jihad'' iyo harus nagagamit nin mayong relihiyosong konotasyon, arug kan Ingles na ''crusade''.<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="OEIP" />

== Panluwas na takod ==
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== Toltolan ==
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[[Kategorya:Historya kan Asya]]
[[Kategorya:Islam]]
An jihad (;  ) iyo sarong Arabong taramon na may literal na boot-sabihon na "pagsakit" o "pakikibaka", urog na sa katuyohang marhay na pag-omaw. Sa sarong Islamikong konstekto, pwede ining dapit sa kadaklan nin maski anong paghiro na makagibo nin personal asin sosyal na buhay konporme sa giya kan Kagurangnan, arug kan pakikipaglaban sa maraot na inklinasyon kan saro, proselitisismo, o paghiro pasiring sa moral na pagpamarhay kan Muslim na komunidad (Ummah), alagad ini iyo harus pigsusugpon sa giyera. Sa klasikal na Islamikong ley (sharia), an termino dapit sa armadong pakikipaglaban sa mga dae-paratubod, mientras an modernistang Islamikong iskolar heneral na pigpaparehas an militaryong jihad sa depensibong pakikipaggiyera. Sa Sufi asin banal na sirkulo, an ispiritwal asin moral na jihad iyo tradisyonal na pigpapahiling sa irarom kan ngaran na mas dakulang jihad. An termino nakaguno nin dugang na atensyon sa dae pang nahahaloy na dekada sa paagi kan paggamit kaini kan mga nagkapirang mga insurhentong Islamikong ekstremista, militanteng Islamista, asin teroristang indibidwal asin mga organisasyon na an ideolohiya iyo nakabase sa Islamikong nosyon kan jihad.

An taramong jihad iyo harus nagluluwas sa Quran nin igwa asin mayo nin militaryong konotasyon, harus sa idyomatikong ekspresyon "pagsakit sa dalan kan Kagurangnan (al-jihad fi sabil Allah)"., Jihad, p. 419. An mga Islamikong hurista asin iba pang mga ulama kan Bulawang Panahon kan Islam iyo naintindihan an obligasyon kan jihad na predominante sa militaryonh paghiling.. Cf. William M. Watt, Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War in: Thomas P. Murphy, The Holy War (Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143 Nakagibo sinda nin mga kasuguan na dapit sa jihad, kabali an mga prohibisyon sa pagtao nin peligro sa mga dae kabali sa paglaban. Sa modernong panahon, an nosyon kan jihad nawara na an hurisprudensyal na importansya asin imbes nagtao nin pagsakat sa ideolohikal asin politikal na diskurso. Mientras an mga modernistang Islamikong iskolar iyo pigtampok an depensibo asin dae-militaryong aspeto kan jihad, nagkapirang mga Islamista an igwang halangkaw na agresibong interpretasyon na lagpas sa klasikal na teorya.

An jihad iyo nakaklasipika sa panlaog ("mas dakula na") jihad, na kabali an pagsakit laban sa sadiring basehang impulso kan saro, asin panluwas ("mas dikit na") jihad, na iyo dagos na nababanga pa sa jihad kan pansurat/dila (debate o persuasyon) asin jihad kan espada. An kadaklan sa mga Solnopang parasurat iyo pigkokonsidera an panluwas na jihad na magkaigwa nin primasidad sa panlaog na jihad sa Islamikong tradisyon, mientras an kadaklan sa kontemporaryong Muslim na opinyon iyo pigpapaboran an kabaliktadang pagtanaw. An dakulang surbey sa analisis kan Gallup iyo pigheras an konsiderableng pagkakaiba sa mga konsepsyon nin jihad kan mga Muslim sa bilog na kinaban.Burkholder, Richard (3 December 2002). "Jihad – 'Holy War', or Internal Spiritual Struggle?". gallup.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.

An jihad iyo minsan na pig-aapud bilang an ikaanom na harigi kan Islam, alagad an designasyon iyo dae harus pigbibisto. Sa Twelver Shi'a Islam, an jihad iyo saro sa sampolong Praktis kan Relihiyon. An personang kaiba sa jihad iyo inaapod na mujahid (darakulan: mujahideen). An terminong jihad iyo harus pigsasabi sa Ingles bilang an "Banal na Giyera",cf., e.g., Rudolph F. Peters, Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam (Brill, 1977), p. 3 alagad an pagpalis na ini iyo kontrobersyal.Khaled Abou El Fadl stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic al-harb al-muqaddasa), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. He further states that in Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He then writes that the Quran does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as qital. Source:  Sa ngunyan, an taramong jihad iyo harus nagagamit nin mayong relihiyosong konotasyon, arug kan Ingles na crusade.

 Panluwas na takod 
 
 
 

 Toltolan 

Kategorya:Historya kan Asya
Kategorya:Islam