CAFOSat: CAFO Infrastructure Dataset

CAFOSat is a remote sensing dataset designed for identifying and classifying Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) across various U.S. states. It includes high-resolution image patches, infrastructure annotations, bounding boxes, and experimental train-test splits for multiple configurations.

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Dataset Structure

The dataset is organized into extracted folders originally packaged as .tar.gz files:

• STATE_filtered/: Original patches per U.S. state
  (e.g., IA_filtered/, AL_filtered/)
• negative_samples/: Verified non-CAFO examples
• barn/, manure_pond/, others/: Augmented synthetic patches by infrastructure type
• cafosat.csv: Master metadata file with labels, bounding boxes, and split flags

All image paths referenced in the CSV point to these extracted folders. 📄 Example data loader available here.

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🔖 Image File Reference (patch_file)

Each row in the metadata includes a patch_file field that provides the relative path to the associated image file. Each patch_file is a pointer into a compressed archive using Hugging Face's streaming format:

Example:
-IA_filtered.tar.gz::IA_filtered/crop_4517_patch_10147_Swine_Nursery_IA.tif

• barn.tar.gz::barn/aug_patch_00123.tif`
• negative_sample.tar.gz::barn/neg_patch_00098.tif`

This format indicates the image is located inside IA_filtered.tar.gz under the subpath shown. This field is automatically interpreted by Hugging Face as an image using the datasets.Image() feature, so image previews and loading work out of the box.

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Features

Column	Description
patch_file	Path to the image file
label	Integer label for class (0–6)
barn, manure_pond, grazing_area, others	Binary infra flags
geom_bbox	Bounding box coordinates [x1, y1, x2, y2]
category	Class name (e.g., Swine, Dairy)
state	U.S. state of the patch
verified_label	Human-verified CAFO type
CAFO_UNIQUE_ID	Unique identifier for facility
image_type	original, augmented, negative, etc.
split columns	Flags for different train/test/val splits

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Labels

Class ID	Class Name
0	Negative
1	Swine
2	Dairy
3	Beef
4	Poultry
5	Horses
6	Sheep/Goats

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Splits

Multiple experimental train-test split columns are provided in the CSV:

• cafosat_verified_training_train, cafosat_verified_training_test, cafosat_verified_training_val
• cafosat_all_training_*
• cafosat_training_set1_*, set2_*
• cafosat_merged_training_*
• cafosat_augmented_training_*

Each flag is a binary indicator (1 = in split, 0 = excluded).

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Intended Use

• CAFO detection and classification
• Agricultural infrastructure mapping
• Weak supervision, semi-supervised learning
• Remote sensing benchmark development

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Citation

*TBD

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License

This dataset is released under the CC BY 4.0 License.

You are free to share, use, and adapt the data with attribution.

Contact

For questions or contributions, contact [email protected].