gt:         decode(pArray, 0, -1); // Notify decoder of EOF.
context: /*
   * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
   * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
   * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
   * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
   * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
   * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
   *
   *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  package org.apache.commons.net.util;
  
  import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  
  
  
  /**
   * Provides Base64 encoding and decoding as defined by RFC 2045.
   *
   * <p>
   * This class implements section <cite>6.8. Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding</cite> from RFC 2045 <cite>Multipurpose
   * Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</cite> by Freed and Borenstein.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The class can be parameterized in the following manner with various constructors:
   * <ul>
   * <li>URL-safe mode: Default off.</li>
   * <li>Line length: Default 76. Line length that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up being multiples of
   * 4 in the encoded data.
   * <li>Line separator: Default is CRLF ("\r\n")</li>
   * </ul>
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Since this class operates directly on byte streams, and not character streams, it is hard-coded to only encode/decode
   * character encodings which are compatible with the lower 127 ASCII chart (ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, UTF-8, etc).
   * </p>
   *
   * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
   * @author Apache Software Foundation
   * @since 2.2
   * @version $Id: Base64.java 1407341 2012-11-09 01:31:00Z ggregory $
   */
  public class Base64 {
      private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_RESIZE_FACTOR = 2;
  
      private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
  
      /**
       * Chunk size per RFC 2045 section 6.8.
       *
       * <p>
       * The {@value} character limit does not count the trailing CRLF, but counts all other characters, including any
       * equal signs.
       * </p>
       *
       * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045 section 6.8</a>
       */
      static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 76;
  
      /**
       * Chunk separator per RFC 2045 section 2.1.
       *
       * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045 section 2.1</a>
       */
      private static final byte[] CHUNK_SEPARATOR = {'\r', '\n'};
      
      private static final byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY = new byte[0];
  
      /**
       * This array is a lookup table that translates 6-bit positive integer index values into their "Base64 Alphabet"
       * equivalents as specified in Table 1 of RFC 2045.
       *
       * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for this code.
       * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
       */
      private static final byte[] STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE = {
              'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
              'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
              'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
              'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
              '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/'
      };
  
      /**
       * This is a copy of the STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE above, but with + and /
       * changed to - and _ to make the encoded Base64 results more URL-SAFE.
       * This table is only used when the Base64's mode is set to URL-SAFE.
       */
      private static final byte[] URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE = {
              'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
              'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
              'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
              'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
              '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_'
      };
  
      /**
       * Byte used to pad output.
       */
      private static final byte PAD = '=';
  
      /**
       * This array is a lookup table that translates Unicode characters drawn from the "Base64 Alphabet" (as specified in
       * Table 1 of RFC 2045) into their 6-bit positive integer equivalents. Characters that are not in the Base64
       * alphabet but fall within the bounds of the array are translated to -1.
       *
       * Note: '+' and '-' both decode to 62. '/' and '_' both decode to 63. This means decoder seamlessly handles both
       * URL_SAFE and STANDARD base64. (The encoder, on the other hand, needs to know ahead of time what to emit).
       *
       * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for this code.
       * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
       */
      private static final byte[] DECODE_TABLE = {
              -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
              -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
              -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, 62, -1, 63, 52, 53, 54,
              55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
              5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
              24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63, -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
              35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
      };
  
      /** Mask used to extract 6 bits, used when encoding */
      private static final int MASK_6BITS = 0x3f;
  
      /** Mask used to extract 8 bits, used in decoding base64 bytes */
      private static final int MASK_8BITS = 0xff;
  
      // The static final fields above are used for the original static byte[] methods on Base64.
      // The private member fields below are used with the new streaming approach, which requires
      // some state be preserved between calls of encode() and decode().
  
      /**
       * Encode table to use: either STANDARD or URL_SAFE. Note: the DECODE_TABLE above remains static because it is able
       * to decode both STANDARD and URL_SAFE streams, but the encodeTable must be a member variable so we can switch
       * between the two modes.
       */
      private final byte[] encodeTable;
  
      /**
       * Line length for encoding. Not used when decoding. A value of zero or less implies no chunking of the base64
       * encoded data.
       */
      private final int lineLength;
  
      /**
       * Line separator for encoding. Not used when decoding. Only used if lineLength > 0.
       */
      private final byte[] lineSeparator;
  
      /**
       * Convenience variable to help us determine when our buffer is going to run out of room and needs resizing.
       * <code>decodeSize = 3 + lineSeparator.length;</code>
       */
      private final int decodeSize;
  
      /**
       * Convenience variable to help us determine when our buffer is going to run out of room and needs resizing.
       * <code>encodeSize = 4 + lineSeparator.length;</code>
       */
      private final int encodeSize;
  
      /**
       * Buffer for streaming.
       */
      private byte[] buffer;
  
      /**
       * Position where next character should be written in the buffer.
       */
      private int pos;
  
      /**
       * Position where next character should be read from the buffer.
       */
      private int readPos;
  
      /**
       * Variable tracks how many characters have been written to the current line. Only used when encoding. We use it to
       * make sure each encoded line never goes beyond lineLength (if lineLength > 0).
       */
      private int currentLinePos;
  
      /**
       * Writes to the buffer only occur after every 3 reads when encoding, an every 4 reads when decoding. This variable
       * helps track that.
       */
      private int modulus;
  
      /**
       * Boolean flag to indicate the EOF has been reached. Once EOF has been reached, this Base64 object becomes useless,
       * and must be thrown away.
       */
      private boolean eof;
  
      /**
       * Place holder for the 3 bytes we're dealing with for our base64 logic. Bitwise operations store and extract the
       * base64 encoding or decoding from this variable.
       */
      private int x;
  
      /**
       * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in URL-unsafe mode.
       * <p>
       * When encoding the line length is 76, the line separator is CRLF, and the encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
       * </p>
       *
       * <p>
       * When decoding all variants are supported.
       * </p>
       */
      public Base64() {
          this(false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in the given URL-safe mode.
       * <p>
       * When encoding the line length is 76, the line separator is CRLF, and the encoding table is STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
       * </p>
       *
       * <p>
       * When decoding all variants are supported.
       * </p>
       *
       * @param urlSafe
       *            if <code>true</code>, URL-safe encoding is used. In most cases this should be set to
       *            <code>false</code>.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public Base64(boolean urlSafe) {
          this(CHUNK_SIZE, CHUNK_SEPARATOR, urlSafe);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in URL-unsafe mode.
       * <p>
       * When encoding the line length is given in the constructor, the line separator is CRLF, and the encoding table is
       * STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * When decoding all variants are supported.
       * </p>
       *
       * @param lineLength
       *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4).
       *            If lineLength <= 0, then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks). Ignored when decoding.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public Base64(int lineLength) {
          this(lineLength, CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in URL-unsafe mode.
       * <p>
       * When encoding the line length and line separator are given in the constructor, and the encoding table is
       * STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * When decoding all variants are supported.
       * </p>
       *
       * @param lineLength
       *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4).
       *            If lineLength <= 0, then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks). Ignored when decoding.
       * @param lineSeparator
       *            Each line of encoded data will end with this sequence of bytes.
       * @throws IllegalArgumentException
       *             Thrown when the provided lineSeparator included some base64 characters.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public Base64(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator) {
          this(lineLength, lineSeparator, false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a Base64 codec used for decoding (all modes) and encoding in URL-unsafe mode.
       * <p>
       * When encoding the line length and line separator are given in the constructor, and the encoding table is
       * STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Line lengths that aren't multiples of 4 will still essentially end up being multiples of 4 in the encoded data.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * When decoding all variants are supported.
       * </p>
       *
       * @param lineLength
       *            Each line of encoded data will be at most of the given length (rounded down to nearest multiple of 4).
       *            If lineLength <= 0, then the output will not be divided into lines (chunks). Ignored when decoding.
       * @param lineSeparator
       *            Each line of encoded data will end with this sequence of bytes.
       * @param urlSafe
       *            Instead of emitting '+' and '/' we emit '-' and '_' respectively. urlSafe is only applied to encode
       *            operations. Decoding seamlessly handles both modes.
       * @throws IllegalArgumentException
       *             The provided lineSeparator included some base64 characters. That's not going to work!
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public Base64(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator, boolean urlSafe) {
          if (lineSeparator == null) {
              lineLength = 0;  // disable chunk-separating
              lineSeparator = EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;  // this just gets ignored
          }
          this.lineLength = lineLength > 0 ? (lineLength / 4) * 4 : 0;
          this.lineSeparator = new byte[lineSeparator.length];
          System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, this.lineSeparator, 0, lineSeparator.length);
          if (lineLength > 0) {
              this.encodeSize = 4 + lineSeparator.length;
          } else {
              this.encodeSize = 4;
          }
          this.decodeSize = this.encodeSize - 1;
          if (containsBase64Byte(lineSeparator)) {
              String sep = newStringUtf8(lineSeparator);
              throw new IllegalArgumentException("lineSeperator must not contain base64 characters: [" + sep + "]");
          }
          this.encodeTable = urlSafe ? URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE : STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns our current encode mode. True if we're URL-SAFE, false otherwise.
       *
       * @return true if we're in URL-SAFE mode, false otherwise.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public boolean isUrlSafe() {
          return this.encodeTable == URL_SAFE_ENCODE_TABLE;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns true if this Base64 object has buffered data for reading.
       *
       * @return true if there is Base64 object still available for reading.
       */
      boolean hasData() {
          return this.buffer != null;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the amount of buffered data available for reading.
       *
       * @return The amount of buffered data available for reading.
       */
      int avail() {
          return buffer != null ? pos - readPos : 0;
      }
  
      /** Doubles our buffer. */
      private void resizeBuffer() {
          if (buffer == null) {
              buffer = new byte[DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
              pos = 0;
              readPos = 0;
          } else {
              byte[] b = new byte[buffer.length * DEFAULT_BUFFER_RESIZE_FACTOR];
              System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, b, 0, buffer.length);
              buffer = b;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Extracts buffered data into the provided byte[] array, starting at position bPos, up to a maximum of bAvail
       * bytes. Returns how many bytes were actually extracted.
       *
       * @param b
       *            byte[] array to extract the buffered data into.
       * @param bPos
       *            position in byte[] array to start extraction at.
       * @param bAvail
       *            amount of bytes we're allowed to extract. We may extract fewer (if fewer are available).
       * @return The number of bytes successfully extracted into the provided byte[] array.
       */
      int readResults(byte[] b, int bPos, int bAvail) {
          if (buffer != null) {
              int len = Math.min(avail(), bAvail);
              if (buffer != b) {
                  System.arraycopy(buffer, readPos, b, bPos, len);
                  readPos += len;
                  if (readPos >= pos) {
                      buffer = null;
                  }
              } else {
                  // Re-using the original consumer's output array is only
                  // allowed for one round.
                  buffer = null;
              }
              return len;
          }
          return eof ? -1 : 0;
      }
  
      /**
       * Sets the streaming buffer. This is a small optimization where we try to buffer directly to the consumer's output
       * array for one round (if the consumer calls this method first) instead of starting our own buffer.
       *
       * @param out
       *            byte[] array to buffer directly to.
       * @param outPos
       *            Position to start buffering into.
       * @param outAvail
       *            Amount of bytes available for direct buffering.
       */
      void setInitialBuffer(byte[] out, int outPos, int outAvail) {
          // We can re-use consumer's original output array under
          // special circumstances, saving on some System.arraycopy().
          if (out != null && out.length == outAvail) {
              buffer = out;
              pos = outPos;
              readPos = outPos;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * <p>
       * Encodes all of the provided data, starting at inPos, for inAvail bytes. Must be called at least twice: once with
       * the data to encode, and once with inAvail set to "-1" to alert encoder that EOF has been reached, so flush last
       * remaining bytes (if not multiple of 3).
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for the bitwise operations, and general approach.
       * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
       * </p>
       *
       * @param in
       *            byte[] array of binary data to base64 encode.
       * @param inPos
       *            Position to start reading data from.
       * @param inAvail
       *            Amount of bytes available from input for encoding.
       */
      void encode(byte[] in, int inPos, int inAvail) {
          if (eof) {
              return;
          }
          // inAvail < 0 is how we're informed of EOF in the underlying data we're
          // encoding.
          if (inAvail < 0) {
              eof = true;
              if (buffer == null || buffer.length - pos < encodeSize) {
                  resizeBuffer();
              }
              switch (modulus) {
                  case 1 :
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 2) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x << 4) & MASK_6BITS];
                      // URL-SAFE skips the padding to further reduce size.
                      if (encodeTable == STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE) {
                          buffer[pos++] = PAD;
                          buffer[pos++] = PAD;
                      }
                      break;
  
                  case 2 :
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 10) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 4) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x << 2) & MASK_6BITS];
                      // URL-SAFE skips the padding to further reduce size.
                      if (encodeTable == STANDARD_ENCODE_TABLE) {
                          buffer[pos++] = PAD;
                      }
                      break;
                  default:
                      break;  // other values ignored
              }
              if (lineLength > 0 && pos > 0) {
                  System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, buffer, pos, lineSeparator.length);
                  pos += lineSeparator.length;
              }
          } else {
              for (int i = 0; i < inAvail; i++) {
                  if (buffer == null || buffer.length - pos < encodeSize) {
                      resizeBuffer();
                  }
                  modulus = (++modulus) % 3;
                  int b = in[inPos++];
                  if (b < 0) {
                      b += 256;
                  }
                  x = (x << 8) + b;
                  if (0 == modulus) {
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 18) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 12) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[(x >> 6) & MASK_6BITS];
                      buffer[pos++] = encodeTable[x & MASK_6BITS];
                      currentLinePos += 4;
                      if (lineLength > 0 && lineLength <= currentLinePos) {
                          System.arraycopy(lineSeparator, 0, buffer, pos, lineSeparator.length);
                          pos += lineSeparator.length;
                          currentLinePos = 0;
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * <p>
       * Decodes all of the provided data, starting at inPos, for inAvail bytes. Should be called at least twice: once
       * with the data to decode, and once with inAvail set to "-1" to alert decoder that EOF has been reached. The "-1"
       * call is not necessary when decoding, but it doesn't hurt, either.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Ignores all non-base64 characters. This is how chunked (e.g. 76 character) data is handled, since CR and LF are
       * silently ignored, but has implications for other bytes, too. This method subscribes to the garbage-in,
       * garbage-out philosophy: it will not check the provided data for validity.
       * </p>
       * <p>
       * Thanks to "commons" project in ws.apache.org for the bitwise operations, and general approach.
       * http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/webservices/commons/trunk/modules/util/
       * </p>
       *
       * @param in
       *            byte[] array of ascii data to base64 decode.
       * @param inPos
       *            Position to start reading data from.
       * @param inAvail
       *            Amount of bytes available from input for encoding.
       */
      void decode(byte[] in, int inPos, int inAvail) {
          if (eof) {
              return;
          }
          if (inAvail < 0) {
              eof = true;
          }
          for (int i = 0; i < inAvail; i++) {
              if (buffer == null || buffer.length - pos < decodeSize) {
                  resizeBuffer();
              }
              byte b = in[inPos++];
              if (b == PAD) {
                  // We're done.
                  eof = true;
                  break;
              } else {
                  if (b >= 0 && b < DECODE_TABLE.length) {
                      int result = DECODE_TABLE[b];
                      if (result >= 0) {
                          modulus = (++modulus) % 4;
                          x = (x << 6) + result;
                          if (modulus == 0) {
                              buffer[pos++] = (byte) ((x >> 16) & MASK_8BITS);
                              buffer[pos++] = (byte) ((x >> 8) & MASK_8BITS);
                              buffer[pos++] = (byte) (x & MASK_8BITS);
                          }
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          // Two forms of EOF as far as base64 decoder is concerned: actual
          // EOF (-1) and first time '=' character is encountered in stream.
          // This approach makes the '=' padding characters completely optional.
          if (eof && modulus != 0) {
              x = x << 6;
              switch (modulus) {
                  case 2 :
                      x = x << 6;
                      buffer[pos++] = (byte) ((x >> 16) & MASK_8BITS);
                      break;
                  case 3 :
                      buffer[pos++] = (byte) ((x >> 16) & MASK_8BITS);
                      buffer[pos++] = (byte) ((x >> 8) & MASK_8BITS);
                      break;
                  default:
                      break;  // other values ignored
              }
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns whether or not the <code>octet</code> is in the base 64 alphabet.
       *
       * @param octet
       *            The value to test
       * @return <code>true</code> if the value is defined in the the base 64 alphabet, <code>false</code> otherwise.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static boolean isBase64(byte octet) {
          return octet == PAD || (octet >= 0 && octet < DECODE_TABLE.length && DECODE_TABLE[octet] != -1);
      }
  
      /**
       * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains only valid characters within the Base64 alphabet. Currently the
       * method treats whitespace as valid.
       *
       * @param arrayOctet
       *            byte array to test
       * @return <code>true</code> if all bytes are valid characters in the Base64 alphabet or if the byte array is empty;
       *         false, otherwise
       */
      public static boolean isArrayByteBase64(byte[] arrayOctet) {
          for (int i = 0; i < arrayOctet.length; i++) {
              if (!isBase64(arrayOctet[i]) && !isWhiteSpace(arrayOctet[i])) {
                  return false;
              }
          }
          return true;
      }
  
      /**
       * Tests a given byte array to see if it contains only valid characters within the Base64 alphabet.
       *
       * @param arrayOctet
       *            byte array to test
       * @return <code>true</code> if any byte is a valid character in the Base64 alphabet; false herwise
       */
      private static boolean containsBase64Byte(byte[] arrayOctet) {
          for (byte element : arrayOctet)
          {
              if (isBase64(element)) {
                  return true;
              }
          }
          return false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm but does not chunk the output.
       *
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return byte[] containing Base64 characters in their UTF-8 representation.
       */
      public static byte[] encodeBase64(byte[] binaryData) {
          return encodeBase64(binaryData, false);
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm into 76 character blocks separated by CRLF.
       * <p>
       * For a non-chunking version, see {@link #encodeBase64StringUnChunked(byte[])}.
       * 
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return String containing Base64 characters.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static String encodeBase64String(byte[] binaryData) {
          return newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, true));
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm, without using chunking.
       * <p>
       * For a chunking version, see {@link #encodeBase64String(byte[])}.
       * 
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return String containing Base64 characters.
       * @since 3.2
       */
      public static String encodeBase64StringUnChunked(byte[] binaryData) {
          return newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, false));
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm.
       * 
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @param useChunking whether to split the output into chunks
       * @return String containing Base64 characters.
       * @since 3.2
       */
      public static String encodeBase64String(byte[] binaryData, boolean useChunking) {
          return newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, useChunking));
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using a URL-safe variation of the base64 algorithm but does not chunk the output. The
       * url-safe variation emits - and _ instead of + and / characters.
       *
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return byte[] containing Base64 characters in their UTF-8 representation.
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static byte[] encodeBase64URLSafe(byte[] binaryData) {
          return encodeBase64(binaryData, false, true);
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using a URL-safe variation of the base64 algorithm but does not chunk the output. The
       * url-safe variation emits - and _ instead of + and / characters.
       *
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return String containing Base64 characters
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static String encodeBase64URLSafeString(byte[] binaryData) {
          return newStringUtf8(encodeBase64(binaryData, false, true));
      }
  
      /**
       * Encodes binary data using the base64 algorithm and chunks the encoded output into 76 character blocks
       *
       * @param binaryData
       *            binary data to encode
       * @return Base64 characters chunked in 76 character blocks
       */
      public static byte[] encodeBase64Chunked(byte[] binaryData) {
          return encodeBase64(binaryData, true);
      }
  
      /**
       * Decodes a String containing containing characters in the Base64 alphabet.
       *
       * @param pArray
       *            A String containing Base64 character data
       * @return a byte array containing binary data
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public byte[] decode(String pArray) {
          return decode(getBytesUtf8(pArray));
      }
  
      private byte[] getBytesUtf8(String pArray) {
          try {
              return pArray.getBytes("UTF8");
          } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
              throw new RuntimeException(e);
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Decodes a byte[] containing containing characters in the Base64 alphabet.
       *
       * @param pArray
       *            A byte array containing Base64 character data
       * @return a byte array containing binary data
       */
      public byte[] decode(byte[] pArray) {
          reset();
          if (pArray == null || pArray.length == 0) {
              return pArray;
          }
          long len = (pArray.length * 3) / 4;
          byte[] buf = new byte[(int) len];
          setInitialBuffer(buf, 0, buf.length);
          decode(pArray, 0, pArray.length);
  