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metaeval 4

[ "Whoever wants to advance a political agenda ought to take the time to convince legislators that their own political careers are at stake in the matter at hand; otherwise, the agenda will simply be ignored.", "Politicians who defend the rights of unpopular constituencies ought to see to it that they use cool, dispassionate rhetoric in their appeals. Even if they have their facts straight, inflammatory rhetoric can cause a backlash that results in more negative reactions to these constituencies, whether or not they are deserving of more rights.", "People who are trying to convince others to take some sort of action should make every effort to present evidence that is emotionally compelling. Such evidence is invariably more persuasive than dry, technical data, even when the data strongly support their claims.", "Middle-level managers who ask their companies to hire additional employees should have strong evidence that doing so will benefit the company; otherwise, higher-level managers will refuse to follow their suggestions to hire additional employees even when doing so really would benefit the company." ]

[ "Evaluating the net benefits that the commercial development would bring to the city in terms of improved quality of life for the city's residents rather than in financial terms", "Giving tax breaks to developers of businesses along the waterfront to offset any tax levied on them for construction of roads or public transportation", "Allowing residential development along the waterfront so that there will be waterfront residents who can walk to the commercial development", "Funding construction of new roads to the waterfront with a system of tolls on the new roads to the waterfront" ]

[ "Doctors who do not perform aggressive, high-tech procedures tend to place much emphasis on the prevention of cardiac problems through healthy lifestyle choices.", "Patients with the most-severe cardiac problems tend to receive treatment at hospitals where many aggressive, high-tech treatments are performed.", "All cardiac patients have access to hospitals in which relatively large numbers of aggressive, high-tech procedures are performed.", "Some cardiac patients have lived for many years after receiving aggressive, high-tech treatments." ]

[ "Two societies based on different principles of justice, each adhering to its own principles, had the same unemployment benefits.", "Although each adhered to its own principles, a democracy and a monarchy each had the same distribution of wealth in its population.", "Although two socialist states each adhered to the same electoral principles, one had a different type of machine for counting ballots in public elections than the other did.", "Two states founded on and adhering to similar principles of justice had different requirements that had to be met in order to be eligible for government-subsidized day care." ]

[ "can satisfy their basic economic needs without obtaining happiness", "cannot satisfy economic needs by means of interactions with family members and close friends", "can live happily only when economic utility is not a motivator in their society", "cannot really be said to have satisfied their economic needs unless they are happy" ]

[ "During the past four years, Altonville officials also did not increase tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales or business profits.", "The percentage of Altonville's overall revenue that was collected from property taxes did not change over the past four years.", "The total amount of revenue that Altonville has collected from property taxes has declined over the past four years.", "Altonville officials had proposed raising property tax rates during the past four years but never did so because of strong opposition from property owners." ]

[ "Voters think of themselves as members of a community, rather than as isolated individuals.", "Opposition to unregulated markets is consistent with support for democracy.", "Where there is democratic sovereignty there should be unregulated markets.", "Unregulated markets are incompatible with democratic sovereignty." ]

[ "Stroke patients exhibit a wide variety of abnormal chemical levels in their blood.", "Glutamate is the only neurotransmitter that leaks from oxygen-starved or physically damaged nerve cells.", "Leakage from damaged or oxygen-starved nerve cells is the only possible source of glutamate in the blood.", "Any neurotransmitter that leaks from a damaged or oxygen-starved nerve cell will damage surrounding nerve cells." ]

[ "A great many successful opera singers studied more than one language. Hence Eileen must be a successful opera singer, since she studied more than one language.", "Quite a few opera singers carry a bent nail on stage for good luck. Ttherefore George, an opera singer, must owe his good luck to the bent nail that he always carries.", "The most famous opera singers practiced constantly in order to improve their voices. Ttherefore Franz will be more famous than will his rival Otto, who rarely practices.", "Many opera singers are high-strung. Consequently it must be true that Fred, a high-strung opera singer, will develop the health problems associated with being high-strung." ]

[ "fails to show that a certain conclusion of the recent report is better justified than an opposing conclusion reached in older studies", "fails to consider that those who exercise vigorously are at increased risk of physical injury caused by exercise", "fails to consider the possibility that the risk of developing certain cardio-respiratory illnesses can be reduced by means other than exercise", "fails to consider the possibility that those who engage in vigorous physical exercise are more likely than others to perceive themselves as healthy" ]

[ "Peopie's evaluations of a situation sometimes depend less on the situation itself than on how it is presented to them.", "People often change their minds about issues that do not make significant differences to their lives.", "People's perceptions of the fairness of a policy sometimes depend on whether that policy benefits them personally.", "People usually adopt beliefs without carefully assessing the evidence for and against those beliefs." ]

[ "The Internet and television advertisements are identical.", "The firm has considerably more experience with television advertising.", "The firm pays more for Internet advertising than for television advertising.", "Internet advertisements allow the firm to more accurately target audiences." ]

[ "draws a general conclusion based on too small a sample of learning deficits", "presumes, without giving justification, that all learning deficits in children involve shortterm memory", "presumes, without giving justification, that short-term memory is disabled whenever the hippocampus is disabled", "takes for granted that learning deficits in adults have a cause unrelated to the cause of learning deficits in children" ]

[ "Most banks have similar charges for most services and pay similar interest rates on deposits.", "Banks do best when offering special privileges only to their most loyal customers.", "Offering services at no charge to all of its current customers would be prohibitively expensive for a bank.", "Once they have chosen a bank, people tend to remain loyal to that bank." ]

[ "Intending to help her elderly neighbor by clearing his walkway after a snowstorm, Teresa inadvertently left ice on his steps; because of this exposed ice, her neighbor had a bad fall, thus showing that morally good actions can have bad consequences.", "Jonathan agreed to watch his three-year-old niece while she played but, becoming engrossed in conversation, did not see her run into the street where she was hit by a bicycle; even though he intended no harm, Jonathan's action was morally bad.", "Marilees, asked by a homeless man for food, gave the man her own sandwich; however, because the man tried to talk while he was eating the sandwich, it caused him to choke, and thus Marilees unintentionally performed a morally bad action.", "In order to secure a promotion, Jeffrey devoted his own time to resolving a backlog of medical benefits claims; Jeffrey's action was morally good since it alone enabled Sara's claim to be processed in time for her to receive much-needed treatment." ]

[ "The skins of red grapes but not of other grapes contain the chemical that reduces blood cholesterol.", "The chemical that reduces blood cholesterol is found in the skins but not in other parts of grapes.", "The chemical that reduces blood cholesterol is present only in beverages, rather than solid foods, that are made from grapes.", "Regular consumption of alcoholic substances such as red or white wine can substantially reduce blood cholesterol." ]

[ "The proposed tax incentive is unlikely to attract enough additional money into personal savings accounts to make up for the attendant loss in tax revenues.", "Backers of the tax-incentive proposal undoubtedly have some motive other than their expressed aim of increasing the amount of money available for banks to loan.", "The economy will be in danger unless some alternative to increased personal savings can be found to stimulate growth.", "A tax-incentive program that resulted in substantial loss of tax revenues would be likely to generate a large increase in personal savings." ]

[ "The fleet of airplanes leaving from Newcomb Airport is better equipped to handle inclement weather than the fleet of airplanes leaving from Mayville Airport.", "Mechanical problems cause a greater number of delays at Newcomb Airport than at Mayville Airport.", "Newcomb airport employees are better able to manage weather problems than are Mayville airport employees.", "Bad weather causes a greater number of departure delays at Mayville Airport than at Newcomb Airport." ]

[ "Older students believe that their teachers' praise will inspire the disapproval of their peers, to which they have a greater aversion than do younger students.", "Younger children respond more to the tone of voice with which criticism is offered than to its explicit content.", "Older students are more likely than younger students to believe that there are better indicators of their academic performance than the grades they earn in class.", "Younger students are more concerned with public appearance than are older students." ]

[ "The human body processes the beta-carotene present in foods much more efficiently than it does beta-carotene supplements.", "In the 24-year study, the percentage of the subjects who had a high intake of betacarotene-rich foods who smoked cigarettes was much smaller than the percentage of the subjects with a low intake of beta-carotene-rich foods who smoked.", "Beta-carotene must be taken for longer than 12 years to have any cancer-preventive effects.", "In the 12-year study, half of the subjects were given beta-carotene supplements and half were given a placebo." ]

[ "Patients often register dissatisfaction with physicians who prescribe nothing for their ailments.", "The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure.", "Physicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the health of the patient.", "The number of members of the company-appointed review panel who review a given procedure depends on the cost of the procedure." ]

[ "Does a reduction in acid production in the stomach have an adverse effect on stomach function?", "Does extending the roasting time of coffee beans increase the amount of caffeine present in the brewed coffee?", "Would coffee drinkers who drink caffeinated coffee increase their coffee consumption if the coffee they drank contained less caffeine?", "Do lighter roasts of coffee have any important health benefits that darker roasts of coffee lack?" ]

[ "In the days when special quality advantages were easier to obtain than they are now, it was also easier to get new brand names established.", "Consumers recognize that the quality of products sold under invariant brand names can drift over time.", "The advertising of a company's brand-name products is at times transferred to a new advertising agency, especially when sales are declining.", "Brand names are taken by consumers as a guarantee of getting a product as good as the best rival products." ]

[ "Metropolitan Goldsville covers a larger area than metropolitan Terrera.", "Per square mile, there are fewer sports cars in the exurbs and suburbs of Terrera than in those of Goldsville.", "In total, there is a greater number of sports cars in metropolitan Goldsville than in metropolitan Terrera.", "There is a greater number of sports cars in the suburbs and exurbs of Goldsville than in those of Terrera." ]

[ "The core areas contain just enough food to sustain one yellow warbler while it molts.", "The core areas of each feeding territory are the same size for each molting warbler.", "Warblers often share their feeding areas with other kinds of birds, which often do not eat the same insects or seeds as warblers do.", "There are no birds other than yellow warblers that compete with yellow warblers for food." ]

[ "The first describes a pattern of cause and effect; the second describes a situation for which this pattern will not hold.", "The first is a conclusion drawn by the agent; the second is evidence that weighs against the agent's conclusion.", "The first is a consideration that weighs against the agent's prediction; the second is that prediction.", "The first is the agent's prediction; the second is reasoning offered in support of this prediction." ]

[ "People who have a sense of shame for their moral transgressions will feel responsible for their actions.", "Human beings who regard themselves only as natural objects will as a result lose their sense of responsibility for their actions.", "Some scientific theories hold that human beings are not responsible for their actions.", "Science does not enable human beings to control natural forces." ]

[ "Any standard currently in effect for a product or an activity should be rigorously enforced regardless of when the standard was first set.", "Organizations that set standards for products or activities should not set standards calling for a particular characteristic if such standards increase the risk of some other characteristic being lost.", "Any standard that is set for a product or an activity should reflect the uses to which that product or activity will eventually be put.", "Organizations that set standards for products or activities should attempt to ensure that those products or activities can serve the purposes for which they were originally developed." ]

[ "fails to draw the conclusion that the play will not both be adapted as a movie and be revived at the Decade Festival, rather than that it will do neither", "fails to explain in exactly what way the play is unsuccessful", "fails to recognize that the play's not satisfying one sufficient condition does not preclude its satisfying a different sufficient condition for adaptation as a movie or revival at the Decade Festival", "equates the play's aesthetic worth with its commercial success" ]

[ "The only recordings that are played on the radio are ones that record companies believe can be profitably sold as compact discs.", "Few compact discs featuring classic jazz recordings are played on the radio.", "No recording that is not played on the radio is one that record companies believe would be profitable if transferred to compact disc.", "Few of the preexisting recordings that record companies believe can be profitably transferred to compact disc are classic jazz recordings." ]

[ "A consistent political policy does not hold that an action that comprises a worthy goal should not be performed.", "It is inconsistent for a legislator both to claim that increasing spending on education is a worthy goal and to vote against increasing spending on education.", "Even if a goal is a morally good one, one should not necessarily try to achieve it.", "A consistent course of action in educational policy is usually the course of action that will reduce spending on education in the long run." ]

[ "Wear on the side of the highway that leads to Rittland's seaport has encouraged people to take buses to the seaport rather than driving there in their own automobiles.", "A greater tonnage of goods is exported from Rittland's seaport than is imported through it.", "The volume of traffic to and from Rittland's seaport has increased beyond the intended capacity of the highway that serves it.", "All of Rittland's automobiles are imported by ship." ]

[ "denies the possibility that astrology involves components that are neither artistic nor scientific", "presumes, without providing justification, that any science must involve complicated mathematics", "incorrectly infers that a practice is a science merely from the fact that the practice has some scientific components", "presumes, without providing justification, that any art must involve the synthesis of a multitude of factors and symbols" ]

[ "Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades.", "Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.", "Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey.", "A disproportionately large number of high-ranking alumni responded to the survey." ]

[ "illicitly presumes that a claim must be false because the people making the claim are biased", "overlooks the possibility that NoSmoke helps people to quit smoking in ways other than by reducing smokers' cravings for cigarettes", "illicitly presumes that a whole must lack a certain quality if all of its parts lack that quality", "relies on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative" ]

[ "presumes, without providing justification, that any country that does not have a pure free market economy has a highly controlled economy", "presumes, without providing justification, that the way in which utility is distributed is less important than the total amount of utility", "fails to consider that the way most likely to achieve a particular end may not be the only way to achieve that end", "presumes, without providing justification, that trying to bring about a condition that will ensure the achievement of an end must always be the way most likely to achieve that end" ]

[ "Musicians who choose to study classical music do so because they believe they have an aptitude for the music.", "It is possible to enjoy the music in a particular genre even when it is performed by musicians who are not ideally suited for that genre.", "The continued popularity of a given genre of music depends in part on the audiences being able to understand why that genre attained its original popularity.", "Most people who appreciate classical music come to do so through old recordings rather than live performances." ]

[ "Most people face strong moral temptation from time to time but few people have to endure it regularly.", "It is far more common for people to perform good actions out of habit than for them to do so against strong temptation.", "People who perform good actions out of habit have often acquired this habit after years of having resisted temptation.", "People virtually always perform actions they think are good, regardless of what other people may think." ]