matteogabburo/mTRECQA · Datasets at Hugging Face

eid int64 0 48.1k	qid int64 0 1.23k	cid int64 0 760	label int64 0 1	question stringlengths 14 191	candidate stringlengths 4 1.55k
42,769	1,007	25	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	namibia was hailed as a model of democracy when it broke away from south africa .
42,770	1,007	26	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	but now the semi-arid country of 1.6 million people is edging toward one-party rule by the south west africa people 's organization -lrb- swapo -rrb- that waged the bush war against south africa .
42,771	1,007	27	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	french president jacques chirac set foot for the first time in southern africa on thursday , establishing an economic and political beachhead that is key to france 's new african policy .
42,772	1,007	28	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	chirac told reporters at statehouse , where he conferred with nujoma , historically french involvement in africa was centered on its former colonies .
42,773	1,007	29	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	nujoma was elected in namibia 's first democratic elections in 1989 .
42,774	1,007	30	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	before that , nujoma was in exile for 30 years when south africa ruled the territory that is larger than texas and louisiana combined , or one and a half times the size of france .
42,775	1,007	31	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	chirac then reviewed a 200 -member south african defense force honor guard and a military band played the french national anthem .
42,776	1,007	32	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	south africa is the key stop on chirac 's six-day tour of southern afrian countries that is meant to encourage new relationships that will bring closer political and economic ties .
42,777	1,007	33	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	less than a year ago , franch launched major changes in its africa policies away from involvement in her former west african colonies .
42,778	1,007	34	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the new french policy recognizes that south africa since 1994 's first all-race elections has become the anchor for new investment and economic growth in the region .
42,779	1,007	35	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	chirac arrived in south africa from namibia , where on thursday that the new policy was an attempt by france to counterbalance increasing u.s. influence in africa .
42,780	1,007	36	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	`` contrary to the polemics i 'm hearing , there is no competition between the united states and and france in africa .
42,781	1,007	37	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	chirac and namibian president sam nujoma signed agreements on health care assistance , a 35 million french francs -lrb- dlrs 6 million -rrb- loan to nampower , the power utility , and transportation development .
42,782	1,007	38	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the trip marks the first time a french president is visiting namibia , mozambique and angola .
42,783	1,007	39	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	chirac arrived in south africa from namibia , where on thursday he denied that the new policy was an attempt by france to counterbalance increasing u.s. influence in africa .
42,784	1,007	40	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	_heads of state are gathering in south africa to consider final recommendations on issues from the global economic crisis to regional conflicts .
42,785	1,007	41	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	fallout from recent u.s. attacks on suspected terrorist targets in sudan and afghanistan and a growing conflict in africa 's great lakes region have dominated discussions so far .
42,786	1,007	42	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	south african deputy president thabo mbeki , welcoming foreign ministers , said the nonaligned movement should advance the cause of the poor .
42,787	1,007	43	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	other summit topics include the war in congo , whose government alleges that rebels supported by rwanda and uganda are trying to unseat president laurent kabila 's year-old government .
42,788	1,007	44	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	kabila has received military support from angola , zimbabwe and namibia , despite efforts led by south africa to negotiate a settlement .
42,789	1,007	45	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	south africa 's 25 million eligible voters will have only three days to register for next year 's elections , the independent electoral commission announced on wednesday .
42,790	1,007	46	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	voting stations will be open for registration from nov. 27 through nov. 29 , iec president johann kriegler told reporters .
42,791	1,007	47	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	a date for south africa 's second all-race elections has not been set yet , but it is expected to be held around the middle of next year .
42,792	1,007	48	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	deputy president thabo mbeki is widely expected to succeed him .
42,793	1,007	49	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	an opposition party on sunday criticized a plan to allow only three days for voter registation for the 1999 elections , saying it would `` undermine democracy. ''
42,794	1,007	50	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the independent electoral commission announced wednesday that south africa 's 25 million eligible voters would have only from nov. 27 through nov. 29 to register for the elections .
42,795	1,007	51	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	it will result in barring many potential voters from voting , especially in the rural areas , '' said pac deputy president motsoko pheko .
42,796	1,007	52	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	at the center of koto bolofo 's quietly moving documentary , `` the land is white , the seed is black , '' stands the filmmaker 's father , a black south african teacher who tells a familiar story of persecution under apartheid followed by exile in england where he lived with his family for 24 years .
42,797	1,007	53	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	double-billed with this short black-and-white movie , which opens wednesday in new york city , is `` african violet , '' a short , more elliptical and elegant color film by the same director that evokes the pressures and fantasies surrounding apartheid as experienced through the eyes of five -lrb- mostly white -rrb- south african women during the 1960s .
42,798	1,007	54	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	although both films use overlapping voices , dissolving images and still photographs , `` african violet '' is a full-blown cinematic collage in which excerpts from george orwell 's `` 1984 , '' read aloud , take on an ugly new resonance when juxtaposed with pictures of an icy white south african matron preparing a formal tea party or with the fantasy of a woman confessing her sadistic feelings toward a servant whom she admits she increasingly enjoys hurting and humiliating .
42,799	1,007	55	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	fleeing to his homeland in the british colony of basutoland -lrb- which is now lesotho -rrb- , he found himself still pursued by racist agents of the south african government , and his house was literally burned down around him .
42,800	1,007	56	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	even after being welcomed in zambia , he was hounded out of the african continent by the same white south african agents .
42,801	1,007	57	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	while the filmmaker 's father talks about his lifelong struggle to combat the systematic `` mental starvation '' of black south africans , many of these images illustrate the struggle to avoid physical starvation .
42,802	1,007	58	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the films will be shown at the film forum , 209 houston street , south village .
42,803	1,007	59	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	new york _ in 1953 , athol fugard quit the university of cape town and hitchhiked up through africa to port sudan .
42,804	1,007	60	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	returning to south africa , he began his writing career .
42,805	1,007	61	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	through the years of apartheid , as south africa 's foremost playwright , his voice rang out clearly against racism , oppression and censorship .
42,806	1,007	62	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	`` south africa , '' he said , `` had to do a complete 180 -degree turn in terms of the political miracle of the 20th century for me to realize that somebody had pulled the plug , in a sense , on what was one source of energy in my work _ my feeling of outrage and anger .
42,807	1,007	63	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	i felt there were no roads from fiji to south africa .
42,808	1,007	64	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	in the intervening time , he endured the hardships of a tumultuous political period _ including having his passport taken away by the south african government in 1967 _ and he confronted his own alcoholism .
42,809	1,007	65	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	he emerged in 1990 after 27 years in an apartheid prison to oversee a peaceful transfer of power from south africa 's white-minority regime .
42,810	1,007	66	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	`` this is truly a signal event for rice and for houston , '' said rice president malcolm gillis .
42,811	1,007	67	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	he was released from jail in february 1990 , to a hero 's welcome , was elected president of the republic of south africa in 1994 and went on to win the nobel peace prize .
42,812	1,007	68	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	`` as far as becoming the first black to be elected president of south africa , it never occurred to me that one day i would have that position .
42,813	1,007	69	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	it had no significance to us who held a particular position because we were placed there by a team of men and women who , under very difficult circumstances , had triumphed to become a pathfinder in a new south africa .
42,814	1,007	70	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	it is a process no country can avoid , because today the things that take place in the people 's republic of china immediately have an effect on south africa , morocco , seattle , and in other parts of the world .
42,815	1,007	71	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	`` the enemies of the united states are not our enemies , and if the united states thinks they can dictate to south africa , they are living in dreamland .
42,816	1,007	72	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	johannesburg , south africa _ chief justice ismail mahomed , a lifelong champion of the fight against white rule and the first person of color to preside over south africa 's highest common-law court , died here on saturday night .
42,817	1,007	73	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the chief justice was buried sunday in the capital , pretoria , after a funeral service that was attended by president thabo mbeki and members of the cabinet .
42,818	1,007	74	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	over the years , in spite of everything that stood in the way of his success , he became known as one of the bar 's sharpest minds and engaging orators , not only in south africa but across the region as well .
42,819	1,007	75	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	after winning independence from south africa , neighboring namibia called on him to help draft its constitution and selected him to be the country 's chief justice .
42,820	1,007	76	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	when south africa began to take its first steps toward change in the early 1990s , mahomed was appointed a judge , the first nonwhite to sit on the bench in south africa 's history .
42,821	1,007	77	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	according to a statement issued by the british embassy in the capital pretoria today , aid has been provided in south africa 's law enforcement , and the customs and drugs controls .
42,822	1,007	78	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the law enforcement support was focused on community policing in south africa 's provinces of western cape , eastern cape , the free state and north west where crimes are going rampant .
42,823	1,007	79	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the british government also funded a national re -orientation training program for the south african police , providing training to the police officers around the country .
42,824	1,007	80	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	and a major customs enforcement project was set up in south africa , allowing 11 british customs officers to help the south african revenue service improve revenue collection and border controls .
42,825	1,007	81	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	tehran , november 1 -lrb- xinhua -rrb- -- iranian foreign minister kamal kharrazi will start a three-day official visit to south africa tuesday to foster bilateral ties , local english-language daily iran news reported today .
42,826	1,007	82	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	it is believed that the main objective of kharrazi 's visit to south africa is to boost the bilateral cooperation , particularly in oil field .
42,827	1,007	83	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	iran and south africa reached agreement on a project of storing 15 million barrels of iranian oil in south africa , but the two sides did not finalize the contract over the project which was strongly attacked by the united states .
42,828	1,007	84	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	former iranian president akbar hashemi rafsanjani visited pretoria in september last year .
42,829	1,007	85	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	addis ababa , june 14 -lrb- xinhua -rrb- -- secretary general of the organization of african unity -lrb- oau -rrb- salim ahmed salim left here on monday for south africa to attend the swearing-in-ceremony of elected president thabo mbeki in pretoria .
42,830	1,007	86	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	mbeki was chosen by the african national congress -lrb- anc -rrb- as president of south africa after the anc 's landslide victory in the june 2 national elections .
42,831	1,007	87	0	who was elected president of south africa in 1994 ?	the swearing-in-ceremony of south african president will take place on june 16 .
42,832	1,008	0	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	south african surgeon christiaan n. barnard , who performed the first human heart transplant in 1967 , relied on demikhov 's research and experience , itar-tass said .
42,833	1,008	1	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	1967 - louis washkansky , first man to undergo heart transplant , dies in cape town , south africa , 18 days after surgery .
42,834	1,008	2	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei wrote more than 700 clinical publications and trained more than 1,000 cardiac surgeons , including dr. christiaan barnard , who performed the first human heart transplant in 1967 , and other pioneers in heart transplantation .
42,835	1,008	3	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	his pupil barnard gained worldwide fame when he performed the first human heart transplant in 1967 , in south africa .
42,836	1,008	4	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	`` and after they did their laboratory work , that geared everybody up to performing heart transplants in humans , '' franco went on , and `` christiaan barnard was the first surgeon to do a human heart transplant , '' in south africa in 1967 .
42,837	1,008	5	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	among his students at minnesota were dr. christiaan n. barnard , the south african who in 1967 performed history 's first heart transplant , and dr. norman e. shumway , who devised the technique for such transplants .
42,838	1,008	6	1	when was the first heart transplant ?	his work is causing excitement in south african medical circles , with one scientist at the uct describing it as the most important development since the world 's first heart transplant by a south african doctor , chris barnard , in 1967 .
42,839	1,008	7	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	vladimir demikhov , a russian surgeon who conducted the world 's first animal heart and lung transplants , has died at the age of 82 , a news agency reported monday .
42,840	1,008	8	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	a pioneer in transplants and artificial organs , demikhov was the first to transplant a heart in a dog , in 1946 .
42,841	1,008	9	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	the dog , which kept both the old heart and the new one , lived for five months after the surgery .
42,842	1,008	10	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	dr. c. walton lillehei , a pioneer who created many innovative open heart surgery techniques during the 1950s , died monday of cancer .
42,843	1,008	11	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	in 1955 , lillehei led university researchers in developing a machine to oxygenate blood and pump it through the patient 's body , making open-heart and ultimately heart transplant surgery possible .
42,844	1,008	12	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei worked with medtronic inc. cofounder earl bakken in 1957 to develop the first wearable pacemaker for the successful treatment of patients with chronic complete heart block .
42,845	1,008	13	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	he also contributed to the design of four prosthetic heart valves , including the widely-used st. jude medical mechanical heart valve .
42,846	1,008	14	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	dr. c. walton lillehei , who was regarded as the father of open heart surgery and trained hundreds of other surgeons including dr. christiaan barnard , has died of cancer .
42,847	1,008	15	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei , who died monday , created many innovative heart surgery techniques during the 1950s while a surgery professor at the university of minnesota .
42,848	1,008	16	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	on sept. 2 , 1952 , lillehei and 5-year-old jackie johnson , who suffered from a life-threatening heart defect , made medical history when the little girl became the first person to successfully undergo open-heart surgery .
42,849	1,008	17	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	in 1957 , lillehei worked with medtronic inc. cofounder earl bakken to develop the first wearable pacemaker for patients with chronic complete heart block .
42,850	1,008	18	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	he also contributed to the design of four artificial heart valves , including the widely used st. jude medical mechanical heart valve .
42,851	1,008	19	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	he turned to writing and administration , continuing to lecture on open heart surgery .
42,852	1,008	20	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	itar- tass also said that demikhov was the first to perform a heart transplant on a dog , in 1946 .
42,853	1,008	21	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	the agency reported that the dog , which kept its old heart and the new one , survived for five months after the surgery .
42,854	1,008	22	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	dr. john conte , the director of heart and lung transplantation at the johns hopkins hospital in baltimore , said tuesday : `` in the history of heart and lung transplantation he 's very well known ; he did some of the seminal work. ''
42,855	1,008	23	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	he added , `` everybody who performs heart and lung transplantations is to a certain extent '' indebted to demikhov .
42,856	1,008	24	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	conte , who has performed about about 200 heart and lung transplantations on humans , said that , after dr. alexis carrel , an american surgeon and experimental biologist who won a 1912 nobel prize for his work in organ transplantation and in other fields , demikhov `` probably had the biggest early impact on the field of heart and lung transplantation , because during the '40s and '50s he did hundreds and hundreds of experiments on dogs that showed different techniques of how to actually do heart and lung transplants .
42,857	1,008	25	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	indeed , franco said , dr. norman shumway of stanford university and dr. richard lower of the medical college of virginia `` did a lot of heart transplants in dogs in the late '50s and early '60s . ''
42,858	1,008	26	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	`` so now , '' franco continued , `` once we had that drug , then people began to look at transplanting the heart and the lungs in humans , and dr. bruce reitz and dr. shumway performed the first human heart-lung transplant , at stanford '' in the early 1980s .
42,859	1,008	27	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	among his peers , lillehei -lrb- pronounced lily -high -rrb- was often referred to as the `` father of open heart surgery , '' responsible for many implements used in the operation .
42,860	1,008	28	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	at the university of minnesota , where he was a medical school professor , he was a leader in developing techniques that first made surgery within the human heart possible .
42,861	1,008	29	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	his work was instrumental in making almost commonplace critical operations on the heart that had been considered impossible .
42,862	1,008	30	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	heart surgery was thus limited to disorders that could be remedied without entering the heart itself .
42,863	1,008	31	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei played a prominent role in other breakthroughs that made treatments of once-fatal heart conditions possible .
42,864	1,008	32	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	once such condition is known as heart block , in which the body fails to produce the small electrical signals that regulate the heartbeat .
42,865	1,008	33	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei introduced it at a conference on cardiovascular surgery , sponsored by the new york heart association , the following january .
42,866	1,008	34	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	the device , the size of a pack of cigarettes , proved effective not merely as a temporary aid after surgery , but also for long-term maintenance of nonsurgical heart patients .
42,867	1,008	35	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei and his associates contributed to the design of four prosthetic heart valves , including the widely used st. jude medical mechanical heart valve .
42,868	1,008	36	0	when was the first heart transplant ?	lillehei , as chief surgeon at new york hospital in 1969 , led the team that did the first transplant of the heart and both lungs to be performed there .

42,769

1,007

25

0