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instruction stringlengths 4 11.7k	context stringlengths 0 23.5k	response stringlengths 1 26k	category stringclasses 8 values	text stringlengths 66 27.4k
When did King Charles II return to Navarre?	King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361, leaving his wife and son behind in France. When in January 1363 it was her turn to move to Navarre, Queen Joan left Charles in the custody of his aunt Blanche, sister of his father and widow of his maternal great-grandfather King Philip VI of France. Charles was reunited with his mother when she returned to France in December 1365, and the following August Charles set foot in his father's kingdom for the first time.	King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361.	closed_qa	<START_INST>When did King Charles II return to Navarre?<END_INST><START_CTX>King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361, leaving his wife and son behind in France. When in January 1363 it was her turn to move to Navarre, Queen Joan left Charles in the custody of his aunt Blanche, sister of his father and widow of his maternal great-grandfather King Philip VI of France. Charles was reunited with his mother when she returned to France in December 1365, and the following August Charles set foot in his father's kingdom for the first time.<END_CTX><START_A>King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361.<END_A>
The paper "Attention is all you need" proposed the Transformer model for the first time, which had a profound impact on the subsequent LLM. Please give the main core idea of Transformer described in this paper	A transformer is a deep learning model that adopts the mechanism of self-attention, differentially weighting the significance of each part of the input data. It is used primarily in the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). Like recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers are designed to process sequential input data, such as natural language, with applications towards tasks such as translation and text summarization. However, unlike RNNs, transformers process the entire input all at once. The attention mechanism provides context for any position in the input sequence. For example, if the input data is a natural language sentence, the transformer does not have to process one word at a time. This allows for more parallelization than RNNs and therefore reduces training times. Transformers were introduced in 2017 by a team at Google Brain and are increasingly becoming the model of choice for NLP problems, replacing RNN models such as long short-term memory (LSTM). The additional training parallelization allows training on larger datasets. This led to the development of pretrained systems such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which were trained with large language datasets, such as the Wikipedia Corpus and Common Crawl, and can be fine-tuned for specific tasks.	This paper is by Vaswani, Ashish & Shazeer, Noam & Parmar, Niki & Uszkoreit, Jakob & Jones, Llion & Gomez, Aidan & Kaiser, Lukasz & Polosukhin, Illia. and published in 2017. It laid the foundation for the subsequent GPT series of models and BERT series of models. The GPT model uses the decoder part of Transfomer, while the BERT model uses the encoder part of Transfomer. The main core architecture of the Transformer model includes: Self-Attention Mechanism, Positional Encoding, Encoder-Decoder Architecture, Multi-Head Attension. Transformer effectively solves the difficult parallel problem of the previous RNN/LSTM model by using the Attention mechanism. Using Self-Attention solves the problem of limited labeled data in NLP. The sequence information in the input text is preserved through Positional Encoding. And Multi-Head Attention allows Transformer to learn different patterns of training data similar to Channel concept in CNN model.	summarization	<START_INST>The paper "Attention is all you need" proposed the Transformer model for the first time, which had a profound impact on the subsequent LLM. Please give the main core idea of Transformer described in this paper<END_INST><START_CTX>A transformer is a deep learning model that adopts the mechanism of self-attention, differentially weighting the significance of each part of the input data. It is used primarily in the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). Like recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers are designed to process sequential input data, such as natural language, with applications towards tasks such as translation and text summarization. However, unlike RNNs, transformers process the entire input all at once. The attention mechanism provides context for any position in the input sequence. For example, if the input data is a natural language sentence, the transformer does not have to process one word at a time. This allows for more parallelization than RNNs and therefore reduces training times. Transformers were introduced in 2017 by a team at Google Brain and are increasingly becoming the model of choice for NLP problems, replacing RNN models such as long short-term memory (LSTM). The additional training parallelization allows training on larger datasets. This led to the development of pretrained systems such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which were trained with large language datasets, such as the Wikipedia Corpus and Common Crawl, and can be fine-tuned for specific tasks.<END_CTX><START_A>This paper is by Vaswani, Ashish & Shazeer, Noam & Parmar, Niki & Uszkoreit, Jakob & Jones, Llion & Gomez, Aidan & Kaiser, Lukasz & Polosukhin, Illia. and published in 2017. It laid the foundation for the subsequent GPT series of models and BERT series of models. The GPT model uses the decoder part of Transfomer, while the BERT model uses the encoder part of Transfomer. The main core architecture of the Transformer model includes: Self-Attention Mechanism, Positional Encoding, Encoder-Decoder Architecture, Multi-Head Attension. Transformer effectively solves the difficult parallel problem of the previous RNN/LSTM model by using the Attention mechanism. Using Self-Attention solves the problem of limited labeled data in NLP. The sequence information in the input text is preserved through Positional Encoding. And Multi-Head Attention allows Transformer to learn different patterns of training data similar to Channel concept in CNN model.<END_A>
Is a jaguar a big cat or a small cat?		Jaguar is a big cat or large cat species. It is the third largest cat species in the world, with a body length of up to 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and a weight of up to 158 kg (348 lb).	classification	<START_INST>Is a jaguar a big cat or a small cat?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Jaguar is a big cat or large cat species. It is the third largest cat species in the world, with a body length of up to 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and a weight of up to 158 kg (348 lb).<END_A>
Which fruits are most often candied fruit?	Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life. Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit. Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method.	Papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.	information_extraction	<START_INST>Which fruits are most often candied fruit?<END_INST><START_CTX>Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life. Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit. Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method.<END_CTX><START_A>Papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.<END_A>
How many and which states were US Colonies?	The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, the American Enlightenment led these colonies to revolution, and declaring full independence in July 1776. With victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War the former colonies were confirmed as the new United States of America. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England (New Hampshire; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; Connecticut); Middle (New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware); Southern (Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; and Georgia). The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.	There were 13 British Colonies that became States in the United States of America in 1776: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.	closed_qa	<START_INST>How many and which states were US Colonies?<END_INST><START_CTX>The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, the American Enlightenment led these colonies to revolution, and declaring full independence in July 1776. With victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War the former colonies were confirmed as the new United States of America. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England (New Hampshire; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; Connecticut); Middle (New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware); Southern (Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; and Georgia). The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.<END_CTX><START_A>There were 13 British Colonies that became States in the United States of America in 1776: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.<END_A>
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Crotale, Kannel		Kannel is string, Crotale is percussion.	classification	<START_INST>Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Crotale, Kannel<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Kannel is string, Crotale is percussion.<END_A>
top mobile Brands		Apple Samsung Oneplus Redmi Motorola Huawei Vivo	brainstorming	<START_INST>top mobile Brands<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Apple Samsung Oneplus Redmi Motorola Huawei Vivo<END_A>
From the passage provided, extract the average size of a female great white shark.	The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the white shark, white pointer, or simply great white, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. It is notable for its size, with the largest preserved female specimen measuring 5.83 m (19.1 ft) in length and around 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) in weight at maturity. However, most are smaller; males measure 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft), and females measure 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft) on average. According to a 2014 study, the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, well above previous estimates, making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fishes currently known. According to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring. Great white sharks can swim at speeds of 25 km/h (16 mph) for short bursts and to depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft).	The average female great white shark measures 4.6 to 4.9 m or 15 to 16 ft.	information_extraction	<START_INST>From the passage provided, extract the average size of a female great white shark.<END_INST><START_CTX>The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the white shark, white pointer, or simply great white, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. It is notable for its size, with the largest preserved female specimen measuring 5.83 m (19.1 ft) in length and around 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) in weight at maturity. However, most are smaller; males measure 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft), and females measure 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft) on average. According to a 2014 study, the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, well above previous estimates, making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fishes currently known. According to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring. Great white sharks can swim at speeds of 25 km/h (16 mph) for short bursts and to depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft).<END_CTX><START_A>The average female great white shark measures 4.6 to 4.9 m or 15 to 16 ft.<END_A>
From the passage provided, extract all the accessories provided with the Advanced Video System	In 1982, Nintendo developed a prototype system called the Advanced Video System (AVS). Its accessories include controllers, a tape drive, a joystick, and a lightgun. The system can be used as a simple home computer. It was never released and is on display at the Nintendo World Store in New York. In July 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer console in Japan, as its first attempt at a cartridge-based video game console. More than 500,000 units were sold within two months at around US$100. After a few months of favorable sales, Nintendo received complaints that some Famicom consoles would freeze on certain games. The fault was found in a malfunctioning chip and Nintendo decided to recall all Famicom units that were currently on store shelves, at a cost of approximately half a million USD.	Accessories for the Advanced Video System (AVS) were controllers, a tape drive, a joystick, and a lightgun.	information_extraction	<START_INST>From the passage provided, extract all the accessories provided with the Advanced Video System<END_INST><START_CTX>In 1982, Nintendo developed a prototype system called the Advanced Video System (AVS). Its accessories include controllers, a tape drive, a joystick, and a lightgun. The system can be used as a simple home computer. It was never released and is on display at the Nintendo World Store in New York. In July 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer console in Japan, as its first attempt at a cartridge-based video game console. More than 500,000 units were sold within two months at around US$100. After a few months of favorable sales, Nintendo received complaints that some Famicom consoles would freeze on certain games. The fault was found in a malfunctioning chip and Nintendo decided to recall all Famicom units that were currently on store shelves, at a cost of approximately half a million USD.<END_CTX><START_A>Accessories for the Advanced Video System (AVS) were controllers, a tape drive, a joystick, and a lightgun.<END_A>
Give me some ideas for a gender reveal		Here are some ideas for a gender reveal- Bursting a balloon with confetti in blue or pink colors Cutting a cake with the icing in blue or pink colors Blasting a party popper with blue or pink colors Organize a personalized treasure hunt with final clue revealing the gender Box of pink or blue color helium filled balloons	brainstorming	<START_INST>Give me some ideas for a gender reveal<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Here are some ideas for a gender reveal- Bursting a balloon with confetti in blue or pink colors Cutting a cake with the icing in blue or pink colors Blasting a party popper with blue or pink colors Organize a personalized treasure hunt with final clue revealing the gender Box of pink or blue color helium filled balloons<END_A>
What is the largest living thing?		The Honey mushroom	open_qa	<START_INST>What is the largest living thing?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The Honey mushroom<END_A>
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Calung, Maguhu		Maguhu is string, Calung is percussion.	classification	<START_INST>Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Calung, Maguhu<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Maguhu is string, Calung is percussion.<END_A>
What is an open platform?		A platform is open if it provides you options for how you experience your data platform: open frameworks, multiple languages, common libraries, CI/CD tooling, APIs, IDEs, internal or external orchestration. You can customize your experience. Separating storage and compute on top of an open file format allows for even more flexibility using a host of connectors to read your data without paying unnecessary compute costs. And, it minimizes -- but doesn't eliminate -- the barriers of migration if you want to change your architecture and integrate new tooling. The big data and cloud space is moving fast and future proofing your architecture is a key concern for most Enterprise Data Platform owners.	general_qa	<START_INST>What is an open platform?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>A platform is open if it provides you options for how you experience your data platform: open frameworks, multiple languages, common libraries, CI/CD tooling, APIs, IDEs, internal or external orchestration. You can customize your experience. Separating storage and compute on top of an open file format allows for even more flexibility using a host of connectors to read your data without paying unnecessary compute costs. And, it minimizes -- but doesn't eliminate -- the barriers of migration if you want to change your architecture and integrate new tooling. The big data and cloud space is moving fast and future proofing your architecture is a key concern for most Enterprise Data Platform owners.<END_A>
Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Pig, Arabian ostrich		Pig is domesticated, Arabian ostrich is wild	classification	<START_INST>Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Pig, Arabian ostrich<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Pig is domesticated, Arabian ostrich is wild<END_A>
What options does the 911 Carrera T include	In October 2017, Porsche announced the 911 Carrera T (Touring), offering the base Carrera drivetrain but with shorter rear axle ratio, mechanical differential lock, PASM Sport lowered suspension, Sport Chrono package and sports exhaust as standard. Additional features include a reduced sound insulation, light-weight glass side/rear windows, Sport-Tex seats, a shortened shift lever, deletion of the rear seats and communication system (with their re-addition available as a no-cost option), Carrera S wheels, as well as optional rear-wheel steering, PDK transmission and bucket seats.	The 911 Carrera T offers: - Base drivetrain with shorter rear axle ratio - mechanical differential lock - PASM Sport lowered suspension - Sport Chrono package - Sports exhaust - Reduced sound insulation - light-weight glass for side and rear windows - Sport-Tex seats - Shortened shift lever - deletion of rear seats and communication system - Carrera S wheels	information_extraction	<START_INST>What options does the 911 Carrera T include<END_INST><START_CTX>In October 2017, Porsche announced the 911 Carrera T (Touring), offering the base Carrera drivetrain but with shorter rear axle ratio, mechanical differential lock, PASM Sport lowered suspension, Sport Chrono package and sports exhaust as standard. Additional features include a reduced sound insulation, light-weight glass side/rear windows, Sport-Tex seats, a shortened shift lever, deletion of the rear seats and communication system (with their re-addition available as a no-cost option), Carrera S wheels, as well as optional rear-wheel steering, PDK transmission and bucket seats.<END_CTX><START_A>The 911 Carrera T offers: - Base drivetrain with shorter rear axle ratio - mechanical differential lock - PASM Sport lowered suspension - Sport Chrono package - Sports exhaust - Reduced sound insulation - light-weight glass for side and rear windows - Sport-Tex seats - Shortened shift lever - deletion of rear seats and communication system - Carrera S wheels<END_A>
When was slavery abolished in the United States?	After the United States was founded in 1776, abolition of slavery occurred in the Northern United States. The country was split into slave and free states. Still, slavery was not finally ended throughout the nation until near the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.	Slavery was abolished via the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 near the end of the American Civil War	closed_qa	<START_INST>When was slavery abolished in the United States?<END_INST><START_CTX>After the United States was founded in 1776, abolition of slavery occurred in the Northern United States. The country was split into slave and free states. Still, slavery was not finally ended throughout the nation until near the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.<END_CTX><START_A>Slavery was abolished via the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 near the end of the American Civil War<END_A>
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Yuka, Molo		Molo is string, Yuka is percussion.	classification	<START_INST>Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Yuka, Molo<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Molo is string, Yuka is percussion.<END_A>
Given a reference text about Georg Friedrich Parrot, tell me when and where he was born as well as what he studied.	Georg Friedrich Parrot (15 July 1767 – 8 July 1852) was a German scientist, the first rector of the Imperial University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. Education Georges-Frédéric Parrot was born in Mömpelgard (now Montbéliard) (then part of the Duchy of Württemberg, from 1806 in France). His father, a surgeon by profession and the local duke's physician in ordinary, had a respectable position in the society becoming the mayor of his hometown. As the family was Protestants, they sent Georg Friedrich to study physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, the capital of the Duchy (1782–1786).	Georg Friedrich Parrot was born on July 15, 1767 in Mömpelgard. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart.	closed_qa	<START_INST>Given a reference text about Georg Friedrich Parrot, tell me when and where he was born as well as what he studied.<END_INST><START_CTX>Georg Friedrich Parrot (15 July 1767 – 8 July 1852) was a German scientist, the first rector of the Imperial University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. Education Georges-Frédéric Parrot was born in Mömpelgard (now Montbéliard) (then part of the Duchy of Württemberg, from 1806 in France). His father, a surgeon by profession and the local duke's physician in ordinary, had a respectable position in the society becoming the mayor of his hometown. As the family was Protestants, they sent Georg Friedrich to study physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, the capital of the Duchy (1782–1786).<END_CTX><START_A>Georg Friedrich Parrot was born on July 15, 1767 in Mömpelgard. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart.<END_A>
Who is the best Formula 1 driver		Who is the best Formula 1 driver has been a hotly debated topic for decades with no decisive winner. Over the years there have been many dominant drivers such as Michael Schumacher, Ayrton Senna and Lewis Hamilton, however who is ultimately the best is difficult to determine. Formula 1 cars are such a critical part of who wins or loses a race that distorts who is truly the strongest driver. The question of who is the best Formula 1 driver will undoubtedly continue on with each new generation of drivers that enter the sport, however clearly Ayrton Senna is the best.	general_qa	<START_INST>Who is the best Formula 1 driver<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Who is the best Formula 1 driver has been a hotly debated topic for decades with no decisive winner. Over the years there have been many dominant drivers such as Michael Schumacher, Ayrton Senna and Lewis Hamilton, however who is ultimately the best is difficult to determine. Formula 1 cars are such a critical part of who wins or loses a race that distorts who is truly the strongest driver. The question of who is the best Formula 1 driver will undoubtedly continue on with each new generation of drivers that enter the sport, however clearly Ayrton Senna is the best.<END_A>
What is an audible?		An audible is a football term for changing the play call on the fly. A quarterback will read the defense and the coverage and will make a determination if the play called will be an effective one. If they decide the play will not work well against what the defense is showing they will call an audible to a play with a higher probability of success.	general_qa	<START_INST>What is an audible?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>An audible is a football term for changing the play call on the fly. A quarterback will read the defense and the coverage and will make a determination if the play called will be an effective one. If they decide the play will not work well against what the defense is showing they will call an audible to a play with a higher probability of success.<END_A>
What is a PFD?	Process engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modeled using mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria are relevant require analysis using the principles and laws of thermodynamics to quantify changes in energy and efficiency. In contrast, processes that focus on the flow of material and energy as they approach equilibria are best analyzed using the disciplines of fluid mechanics and transport phenomena. Disciplines within the field of mechanics need to be applied in the presence of fluids or porous and dispersed media. Materials engineering principles also need to be applied, when relevant. Manufacturing in the field of process engineering involves an implementation of process synthesis steps. Regardless of the exact tools required, process engineering is then formatted through the use of a process flow diagram (PFD) where material flow paths, storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations, pumping, etc.) and flowrates are specified, as well as a list of all pipes and conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density, viscosity, particle-size distribution, flowrates, pressures, temperatures, and materials of construction for the piping and unit operations.	PFD is an abbreviation for process flow diagram. Process flow diagrams specify material flow paths, storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations, pumping, etc.), and flowrates. They also list all pipes and conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density, viscosity, particle-size distribution, flowrates, pressures, temperatures, and materials of construction for the piping and unit operations.	closed_qa	<START_INST>What is a PFD?<END_INST><START_CTX>Process engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modeled using mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria are relevant require analysis using the principles and laws of thermodynamics to quantify changes in energy and efficiency. In contrast, processes that focus on the flow of material and energy as they approach equilibria are best analyzed using the disciplines of fluid mechanics and transport phenomena. Disciplines within the field of mechanics need to be applied in the presence of fluids or porous and dispersed media. Materials engineering principles also need to be applied, when relevant. Manufacturing in the field of process engineering involves an implementation of process synthesis steps. Regardless of the exact tools required, process engineering is then formatted through the use of a process flow diagram (PFD) where material flow paths, storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations, pumping, etc.) and flowrates are specified, as well as a list of all pipes and conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density, viscosity, particle-size distribution, flowrates, pressures, temperatures, and materials of construction for the piping and unit operations.<END_CTX><START_A>PFD is an abbreviation for process flow diagram. Process flow diagrams specify material flow paths, storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations, pumping, etc.), and flowrates. They also list all pipes and conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density, viscosity, particle-size distribution, flowrates, pressures, temperatures, and materials of construction for the piping and unit operations.<END_A>
To which species does Allium desertorum belong		Allium desertorum is a species of onion found in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Egypt (including Sinai). It is a small bulb-forming perennial; flowers are white with purple midveins along the tepals.	open_qa	<START_INST>To which species does Allium desertorum belong<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Allium desertorum is a species of onion found in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Egypt (including Sinai). It is a small bulb-forming perennial; flowers are white with purple midveins along the tepals.<END_A>
Given the referenced text, what Roman Emperor gave Roman Citizenship to all free men?	The third century AD showed some remarkable development for the empire as well as a potential decline and collapse. Emperor Caracalla's edict in 212 AD known as the Antoninian constitution delivered Roman citizenship to every free man in the empire, starting the decline of the importance of the city of Rome and indeed of Roman Italy for the Roman Empire. By the mid-third century AD, Pax Romana had come to an end, and several crises hit the empire simultaneously in a period known to history as the Crisis of the third century. This period saw the empire exposed to rampant inflation, natural disasters, secession and civil wars taking places over several decades. The secessions ended with emperor Aurelian’s conquest of the secessionist Palmyrene Empire and Gallic Empire in 273 and 274 AD, as Aurelian unified a splintered empire which, according to many historians, should have been doomed. However, Aurelian was assassinated in 276 AD, sparking additional civil wars. The crisis came to an end only through the ascension of emperor Diocletian to the throne. The West suffered more heavily from these decades of crisis due to this distinction between the established and more prosperous Hellenised East and the younger colonized and Romanized West that had persisted. This cultural division of the Roman Empire into an eastern Greek and western Latin part became increasingly important in later centuries, leading to a gradual estrangement of the two Roman worlds. Emperor Diocletian created the administrative system known as the Dominate to guarantee security in all endangered regions of his empire. The dominate was in comparison with the principate, a huge imperial bureaucracy, which laid the foundations for the power structure of the later Eastern Roman Empire. With this came a redistricting and reduction of Roman provinces. Diocletian scrapped any pretense of republican rule as the emperor moved away from formally being merely "Princeps" to being "Dominus" - Lord and master. Diocletian also formally finished the process of restructuring the empire, from being a colonial-styled empire ruled by Rome and Roman Italians in the first century AD to a larger imperial entity where the emperor's court was not bound to the city of Rome or Italy, now only one Roman imperial province among many. The norm of emperors being Roman Italians was first broken by emperor Trajan who came from Hispania. By the time of the Severan dynasty, most emperors were originating from outside of Italy. When Diocletian introduced his reforms, this had the effect of the Roman Senate formally lost its already declining imperial influence and became a de facto regional body of decision-making. An early instance of the partition of the empire into East and West occurred in 286, when Emperor Diocletian appointed Maximian as augustus of the West. In 293 AD, the empire went through a devolution under Diocletian known as the Tetrarchy. The empire was split into four, with the two most prominent parts of the empire each ruled by one emperor (Augustus). Each co-emperor then appointed a young colleague as caesar to be a subordinate emperor with control over his own territory. The Caesar shared power with and would eventually succeed the senior partner. Each tetrarch was in charge of a part of the empire, with the divisions based on geographic regions. This devolution outlines the coming split 100 years later when the empire was permanently divided into an eastern and western empire. The tetrarchy however only lasted 20 years, as emperors quickly began fighting each other for power. The whole empire was eventually reunited by Constantine the Great in 324 after he ended the last of these civil wars.	Emperor Caracalla gave Roman Citizenship to all free men in the Roman Empire.	closed_qa	<START_INST>Given the referenced text, what Roman Emperor gave Roman Citizenship to all free men?<END_INST><START_CTX>The third century AD showed some remarkable development for the empire as well as a potential decline and collapse. Emperor Caracalla's edict in 212 AD known as the Antoninian constitution delivered Roman citizenship to every free man in the empire, starting the decline of the importance of the city of Rome and indeed of Roman Italy for the Roman Empire. By the mid-third century AD, Pax Romana had come to an end, and several crises hit the empire simultaneously in a period known to history as the Crisis of the third century. This period saw the empire exposed to rampant inflation, natural disasters, secession and civil wars taking places over several decades. The secessions ended with emperor Aurelian’s conquest of the secessionist Palmyrene Empire and Gallic Empire in 273 and 274 AD, as Aurelian unified a splintered empire which, according to many historians, should have been doomed. However, Aurelian was assassinated in 276 AD, sparking additional civil wars. The crisis came to an end only through the ascension of emperor Diocletian to the throne. The West suffered more heavily from these decades of crisis due to this distinction between the established and more prosperous Hellenised East and the younger colonized and Romanized West that had persisted. This cultural division of the Roman Empire into an eastern Greek and western Latin part became increasingly important in later centuries, leading to a gradual estrangement of the two Roman worlds. Emperor Diocletian created the administrative system known as the Dominate to guarantee security in all endangered regions of his empire. The dominate was in comparison with the principate, a huge imperial bureaucracy, which laid the foundations for the power structure of the later Eastern Roman Empire. With this came a redistricting and reduction of Roman provinces. Diocletian scrapped any pretense of republican rule as the emperor moved away from formally being merely "Princeps" to being "Dominus" - Lord and master. Diocletian also formally finished the process of restructuring the empire, from being a colonial-styled empire ruled by Rome and Roman Italians in the first century AD to a larger imperial entity where the emperor's court was not bound to the city of Rome or Italy, now only one Roman imperial province among many. The norm of emperors being Roman Italians was first broken by emperor Trajan who came from Hispania. By the time of the Severan dynasty, most emperors were originating from outside of Italy. When Diocletian introduced his reforms, this had the effect of the Roman Senate formally lost its already declining imperial influence and became a de facto regional body of decision-making. An early instance of the partition of the empire into East and West occurred in 286, when Emperor Diocletian appointed Maximian as augustus of the West. In 293 AD, the empire went through a devolution under Diocletian known as the Tetrarchy. The empire was split into four, with the two most prominent parts of the empire each ruled by one emperor (Augustus). Each co-emperor then appointed a young colleague as caesar to be a subordinate emperor with control over his own territory. The Caesar shared power with and would eventually succeed the senior partner. Each tetrarch was in charge of a part of the empire, with the divisions based on geographic regions. This devolution outlines the coming split 100 years later when the empire was permanently divided into an eastern and western empire. The tetrarchy however only lasted 20 years, as emperors quickly began fighting each other for power. The whole empire was eventually reunited by Constantine the Great in 324 after he ended the last of these civil wars.<END_CTX><START_A>Emperor Caracalla gave Roman Citizenship to all free men in the Roman Empire.<END_A>
What is the Mile of Music?		The Mile of Music is an annual 4-day music festival held in Appleton, WI. Started in 2013, each year of the festival increments an additional 'mile,' so 2023 will be celebrating Mile 10. The artists that perform are typically up-and-coming artists who only play original music at the festival. Sets tend to be about an hour long, and they are hosted throughout the approximate 1-mile stretch of downtown Appleton on College Avenue at various coffee shops, bars, restaurants and parks. A wide range of musical genres have been represented, including: rock, country, jazz, folk, hip hop and circus punk. Some performers come from the local area, such as Kyle Megna and The Monsoons. Others are more regional performers, like Bascom Hill. But many performers come from across the country, and have performed on multiple 'Miles', such as Chestnut Grove, The Quiet Hollers and Jamie Kent. Repeat bands often feel famous during the four days of the festival, leading Jamie Kent to write his song 'Famous (in Appleton)'. In conjunction with the music festival, an annual supported bike ride was launched called Bike to the Beat. Riders can stop at several locations along routes of various distances to get refreshments and hear performers from the festival.	open_qa	<START_INST>What is the Mile of Music?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The Mile of Music is an annual 4-day music festival held in Appleton, WI. Started in 2013, each year of the festival increments an additional 'mile,' so 2023 will be celebrating Mile 10. The artists that perform are typically up-and-coming artists who only play original music at the festival. Sets tend to be about an hour long, and they are hosted throughout the approximate 1-mile stretch of downtown Appleton on College Avenue at various coffee shops, bars, restaurants and parks. A wide range of musical genres have been represented, including: rock, country, jazz, folk, hip hop and circus punk. Some performers come from the local area, such as Kyle Megna and The Monsoons. Others are more regional performers, like Bascom Hill. But many performers come from across the country, and have performed on multiple 'Miles', such as Chestnut Grove, The Quiet Hollers and Jamie Kent. Repeat bands often feel famous during the four days of the festival, leading Jamie Kent to write his song 'Famous (in Appleton)'. In conjunction with the music festival, an annual supported bike ride was launched called Bike to the Beat. Riders can stop at several locations along routes of various distances to get refreshments and hear performers from the festival.<END_A>
Classify each of the following as either a drink or a food: apple juice, cake, hamburger, carrot, orange juice, soda.		apple juice is a drink cake is a food hamburger is a food carrot is a food orange juice is a drink soda is a drink	classification	<START_INST>Classify each of the following as either a drink or a food: apple juice, cake, hamburger, carrot, orange juice, soda.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>apple juice is a drink cake is a food hamburger is a food carrot is a food orange juice is a drink soda is a drink<END_A>
History of Linux	The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's source code as a trade secret to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of its regional operating companies, and was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system. With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a command-line shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU Hurd, were stalled and incomplete. MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000. Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux.	Linux, computer operating system created in the early 1990s by Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds and the Free Software Foundation (FSF). While still a student at the University of Helsinki, Torvalds started developing Linux to create a system similar to MINIX, a UNIX operating system. In 1991 he released version 0.02; Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel, the core of the operating system, was released in 1994. About the same time, American software developer Richard Stallman and the FSF made efforts to create an open-source UNIX-like operating system called GNU. In contrast to Torvalds, Stallman and the FSF started by creating utilities for the operating system first. These utilities were then added to the Linux kernel to create a complete system called GNU/Linux, or, less precisely, just Linux.	closed_qa	<START_INST>History of Linux<END_INST><START_CTX>The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's source code as a trade secret to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of its regional operating companies, and was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system. With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a command-line shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU Hurd, were stalled and incomplete. MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000. Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux.<END_CTX><START_A>Linux, computer operating system created in the early 1990s by Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds and the Free Software Foundation (FSF). While still a student at the University of Helsinki, Torvalds started developing Linux to create a system similar to MINIX, a UNIX operating system. In 1991 he released version 0.02; Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel, the core of the operating system, was released in 1994. About the same time, American software developer Richard Stallman and the FSF made efforts to create an open-source UNIX-like operating system called GNU. In contrast to Torvalds, Stallman and the FSF started by creating utilities for the operating system first. These utilities were then added to the Linux kernel to create a complete system called GNU/Linux, or, less precisely, just Linux.<END_A>
Tell me which of the following are NBA teams: Knicks, Thunder, Kings, Lizards, Sparrows, Hawks, Warriors, Gladiators.		Knicks, Thunder, Kings, Hawks, Warriors.	classification	<START_INST>Tell me which of the following are NBA teams: Knicks, Thunder, Kings, Lizards, Sparrows, Hawks, Warriors, Gladiators.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Knicks, Thunder, Kings, Hawks, Warriors.<END_A>
Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Giga, Panflute, Chuniri, Dizi		Dizi and Panflute are woodwind, Giga and Chuniri are string.	classification	<START_INST>Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Giga, Panflute, Chuniri, Dizi<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Dizi and Panflute are woodwind, Giga and Chuniri are string.<END_A>
Give me some great quotes about surviving in the wild.		Some memorable quotes about survival include: "If you live among wolves you have to act like a wolf." - Nikita Khrushchev; "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately… and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.” - Henry David Thoreau: "Hunger, love, pain, fear are some of those inner forces which rule the individual’s instinct for self-preservation.” - Albert Einstein; "Extraordinary people survive under the most terrible circumstances and they become more extraordinary because of it.” - Robertson Davies; "If quick, I survive. If not quick, I am lost. This is ‘death.'" - Sun Tzu and; "Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when you don’t have the strength.” - Theodore Roosevelt.	brainstorming	<START_INST>Give me some great quotes about surviving in the wild.<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Some memorable quotes about survival include: "If you live among wolves you have to act like a wolf." - Nikita Khrushchev; "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately… and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.” - Henry David Thoreau: "Hunger, love, pain, fear are some of those inner forces which rule the individual’s instinct for self-preservation.” - Albert Einstein; "Extraordinary people survive under the most terrible circumstances and they become more extraordinary because of it.” - Robertson Davies; "If quick, I survive. If not quick, I am lost. This is ‘death.'" - Sun Tzu and; "Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when you don’t have the strength.” - Theodore Roosevelt.<END_A>
In what year did the Geneva Conference ratify the Vietnamese Communist Victory?		1954 the Geneva Conference divided independent Vietnam into Communist North and pro_western South.	open_qa	<START_INST>In what year did the Geneva Conference ratify the Vietnamese Communist Victory?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>1954 the Geneva Conference divided independent Vietnam into Communist North and pro_western South.<END_A>
List the teams that have won IPL.	The Indian Premier League (IPL) (also known as the TATA IPL for sponsorship reasons) is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league held annually in India and contested by ten city-based franchise teams. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. Brijesh Patel is the incumbent chairman of the IPL. The competition is usually held annually in summer (between March and May) and has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme, meaning that less international cricket take place during the IPL seasons. The IPL is the most popular cricket league in the world, and in 2014 it was ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[needs update] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube. The brand value of the IPL in 2022 was ₹90,038 crore (US$11 billion). According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$140 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy. In December 2022, the league became a decacorn valued at $10.9 billion registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D & P Advisory. With five titles, Mumbai Indians are the most successful team in the league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Chennai Super Kings have won four titles, the Kolkata Knight Riders have won two, and four other teams, Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have won the title once.	The teams that have won IPL are Mumbai Indians, Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders, Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans.	information_extraction	<START_INST>List the teams that have won IPL.<END_INST><START_CTX>The Indian Premier League (IPL) (also known as the TATA IPL for sponsorship reasons) is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league held annually in India and contested by ten city-based franchise teams. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. Brijesh Patel is the incumbent chairman of the IPL. The competition is usually held annually in summer (between March and May) and has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme, meaning that less international cricket take place during the IPL seasons. The IPL is the most popular cricket league in the world, and in 2014 it was ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[needs update] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube. The brand value of the IPL in 2022 was ₹90,038 crore (US$11 billion). According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$140 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy. In December 2022, the league became a decacorn valued at $10.9 billion registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D & P Advisory. With five titles, Mumbai Indians are the most successful team in the league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Chennai Super Kings have won four titles, the Kolkata Knight Riders have won two, and four other teams, Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have won the title once.<END_CTX><START_A>The teams that have won IPL are Mumbai Indians, Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders, Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans.<END_A>
which of these are programming languages? hindi urdu arabic python scala rust french R german java c		Here are the programming languages: python, scala, rust, R, java, c	classification	<START_INST>which of these are programming languages? hindi urdu arabic python scala rust french R german java c<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Here are the programming languages: python, scala, rust, R, java, c<END_A>
I have 3 apples, Jack has 4 pears and Jill has 5 books. After I ate 5 of Jack's pears, how many fruits we have in total now?		Jack has 4 pears in the beginning, which is less than 5. So you can't really ate 5 pears. The question itself is invalid and does not have an answer	general_qa	<START_INST>I have 3 apples, Jack has 4 pears and Jill has 5 books. After I ate 5 of Jack's pears, how many fruits we have in total now?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Jack has 4 pears in the beginning, which is less than 5. So you can't really ate 5 pears. The question itself is invalid and does not have an answer<END_A>
What are the five highest peaks in the world, their altitude, and the countries where are they located?		- Everest Mount, 8849 meters, is located in the Himalayas chain at the Nepalese border with China - K2, 8611 meters, located in the Karakoram mountain range in Pakistan and China - Kangchenjunga, 8586 meters, located in the Himalaya chain across Nepal & India - Lhotse, 8,516 meters, still located in the Himalayas chain in China and Nepal - Makalu, 8,485 meters, located in the Himalayas chain across Nepal and China	brainstorming	<START_INST>What are the five highest peaks in the world, their altitude, and the countries where are they located?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>- Everest Mount, 8849 meters, is located in the Himalayas chain at the Nepalese border with China - K2, 8611 meters, located in the Karakoram mountain range in Pakistan and China - Kangchenjunga, 8586 meters, located in the Himalaya chain across Nepal & India - Lhotse, 8,516 meters, still located in the Himalayas chain in China and Nepal - Makalu, 8,485 meters, located in the Himalayas chain across Nepal and China<END_A>
Which is better - skiing or snowboarding		I prefer skiing over snowboarding. For three reasons: safety, reliability, and expediency Safety - snowboarding can be a very dangerous sport. I'd been skiing and snowboarding for years. One winter I had a snowboarding accident and slid into a tree. Snowboarding requires larger turns with a bigger radius. I wasn't able to turn in time to avoid the tree. Reliability - The thing about being on only a single piece of equipment is that your balance relies much more on the snow conditions. Under ideal conditions, its great to be able to snowboard and maintain control with the edge. Skiing on powder is also a dream. However, if the conditions are less than ideal, then snowboarding on ice becomes a dangerous, out of control situation. Skiing on ice is also no picnic, but at least you can stabilize and balance on your two skis. Expediency - Skiing with friends inevitably means that you are waiting for the slowest one before you can start down the mountain. I was that friend. Snowboarders have to sit down and strap in, while skiers can pretty much get right off the lift and start down the mountain immediately. This makes mixed groups of skiers and snowboarders the trickiest. So I would sometimes snowboard if I was traveling with snowboarders, and ski if I was traveling with skiers.	general_qa	<START_INST>Which is better - skiing or snowboarding<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>I prefer skiing over snowboarding. For three reasons: safety, reliability, and expediency Safety - snowboarding can be a very dangerous sport. I'd been skiing and snowboarding for years. One winter I had a snowboarding accident and slid into a tree. Snowboarding requires larger turns with a bigger radius. I wasn't able to turn in time to avoid the tree. Reliability - The thing about being on only a single piece of equipment is that your balance relies much more on the snow conditions. Under ideal conditions, its great to be able to snowboard and maintain control with the edge. Skiing on powder is also a dream. However, if the conditions are less than ideal, then snowboarding on ice becomes a dangerous, out of control situation. Skiing on ice is also no picnic, but at least you can stabilize and balance on your two skis. Expediency - Skiing with friends inevitably means that you are waiting for the slowest one before you can start down the mountain. I was that friend. Snowboarders have to sit down and strap in, while skiers can pretty much get right off the lift and start down the mountain immediately. This makes mixed groups of skiers and snowboarders the trickiest. So I would sometimes snowboard if I was traveling with snowboarders, and ski if I was traveling with skiers.<END_A>
Why does it help to focus on the breath when practicing mindfulness?		The art of meditation, which is another name for the practice of mindfulness, is all about being in the present. In other words, cultivating an awareness of what is happening in the present moment. This is done by quietening the mind of all the random thoughts that are being continuously generated, and having the senses alerted to the signals that are being passed in the moment. The signals are the sensations or emotions or sounds that one is feeling and hearing in the present moment. To accomplish this, the breath serves as an anchor to the present moment. Being aware of one's breath keeps us in the present moment. When the mind eventually wanders, the breath is a signal to tune back into the present moment. The breath is always with us and can be found in an instant.	general_qa	<START_INST>Why does it help to focus on the breath when practicing mindfulness?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The art of meditation, which is another name for the practice of mindfulness, is all about being in the present. In other words, cultivating an awareness of what is happening in the present moment. This is done by quietening the mind of all the random thoughts that are being continuously generated, and having the senses alerted to the signals that are being passed in the moment. The signals are the sensations or emotions or sounds that one is feeling and hearing in the present moment. To accomplish this, the breath serves as an anchor to the present moment. Being aware of one's breath keeps us in the present moment. When the mind eventually wanders, the breath is a signal to tune back into the present moment. The breath is always with us and can be found in an instant.<END_A>
Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Joseph Martin, Ghost Rider		Ghost Rider is Marvel, Joseph Martin is DC	classification	<START_INST>Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Joseph Martin, Ghost Rider<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>Ghost Rider is Marvel, Joseph Martin is DC<END_A>
What are all of the professional football teams in the state of California?		The professional football teams in the state of California are the Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Chargers, and San Francisco 49ers.	open_qa	<START_INST>What are all of the professional football teams in the state of California?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>The professional football teams in the state of California are the Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Chargers, and San Francisco 49ers.<END_A>
What famous surfers have died while surfing?		There are many surfers that have died doing what they love. Some of the most famous are Mark Foo, Dickie Cross, Marcio Freire, Sion Milosky, and Kirk Passmore	brainstorming	<START_INST>What famous surfers have died while surfing?<END_INST><START_CTX><END_CTX><START_A>There are many surfers that have died doing what they love. Some of the most famous are Mark Foo, Dickie Cross, Marcio Freire, Sion Milosky, and Kirk Passmore<END_A>
What are the defining characteristics of a Ramly Burger?	Aside from producing burger meat and other frozen foods, the company is also known for its street stalls, which have sold the Ramly Burger in every state in Malaysia since 1979. The defining characteristic of a Ramly Burger is the patty itself wrapped in an omelette and topped with several condiments, which may include ketchup, mayonnaise, chili sauce, Worcestershire sauce, and/or Maggi seasoning, depending on the vendor. The term "Ramly Burger" has been used as a genericized trademark for similarly-prepared burgers which are not necessarily made with the Ramly beef patty as well. They are considered a local favourite, especially by city dwellers. It is estimated that there are over 25,000 Ramly Burger stalls nationwide as of 2015, with the monthly average income of about RM 5,000. The burger (patties) has been banned in Singapore due to the meat coming from sources which are not on the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore approved list of Commercial Food Imports for Meats which could pose a potential health risk. Singaporean street vendors continue to use the Ramly Burger wrapper.	The defining characteristic of a Ramly burger is that the burger patty is wrapped inside of an omelette and topped with various condiments like maggi seasoning, ketchu, mayonnaise, chili sauce or Worcestershire sauce. It is a local Malaysian favorite but banned in Singapore	information_extraction	<START_INST>What are the defining characteristics of a Ramly Burger?<END_INST><START_CTX>Aside from producing burger meat and other frozen foods, the company is also known for its street stalls, which have sold the Ramly Burger in every state in Malaysia since 1979. The defining characteristic of a Ramly Burger is the patty itself wrapped in an omelette and topped with several condiments, which may include ketchup, mayonnaise, chili sauce, Worcestershire sauce, and/or Maggi seasoning, depending on the vendor. The term "Ramly Burger" has been used as a genericized trademark for similarly-prepared burgers which are not necessarily made with the Ramly beef patty as well. They are considered a local favourite, especially by city dwellers. It is estimated that there are over 25,000 Ramly Burger stalls nationwide as of 2015, with the monthly average income of about RM 5,000. The burger (patties) has been banned in Singapore due to the meat coming from sources which are not on the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore approved list of Commercial Food Imports for Meats which could pose a potential health risk. Singaporean street vendors continue to use the Ramly Burger wrapper.<END_CTX><START_A>The defining characteristic of a Ramly burger is that the burger patty is wrapped inside of an omelette and topped with various condiments like maggi seasoning, ketchu, mayonnaise, chili sauce or Worcestershire sauce. It is a local Malaysian favorite but banned in Singapore<END_A>