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Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is an LLM? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is an LLM?
### Context: A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model
### Answer: A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning.</s> |
Which is a species of fish? Tailor or Sailor | Tailor | classification | ### Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Tailor or Sailor
### Context:
### Answer: Tailor</s> |
|
Using examples taken from the text give me a rundown of the primary environments found in Yellowstone National Park. | Yellowstone National Park is an American national park located in the western United States, largely in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the 42nd U.S. Congress with the Yellowstone National Park Protection Act and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially the Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular. While it represents many types of biomes, the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.
While Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the first Secretary of the Interior to supervise the park being Columbus Delano. However, the U.S. Army was eventually commissioned to oversee the management of Yellowstone for 30 years between 1886 and 1916. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 sq mi (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers, and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent. The caldera is considered a dormant volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Well over half of the world's geysers and hydrothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone. In 1978, Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest, and most famous megafauna location in the contiguous United States. Grizzly bears, cougars, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in this park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one-third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing, and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles. | Generally considered to be the first national park in the world, Yellowstone National Park is significant in size, covering parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, and acts as the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystems. The park is able to support many types of wildlife including Grizzly bears, cougars, wolves, mountain goats, free-ranging herds of bison and elk, as well as many types of birds and fish, because of the diversity of habitats. Forests and grasslands dominate some areas of the park, while others offer the completely different experience of mountain ranges, lakes, and rolling prairies. Some of the park's most unique features are the geysers and hydrothermal features. In fact, Yellowstone is home to over half of the world's features like these. This is due to the entire park being centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent. | summarization | ### Instruction: Using examples taken from the text give me a rundown of the primary environments found in Yellowstone National Park.
### Context: Yellowstone National Park is an American national park located in the western United States, largely in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the 42nd U.S. Congress with the Yellowstone National Park Protection Act and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially the Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular. While it represents many types of biomes, the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.
While Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the first Secretary of the Interior to supervise the park being Columbus Delano. However, the U.S. Army was eventually commissioned to oversee the management of Yellowstone for 30 years between 1886 and 1916. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 sq mi (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers, and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent. The caldera is considered a dormant volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Well over half of the world's geysers and hydrothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone. In 1978, Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest, and most famous megafauna location in the contiguous United States. Grizzly bears, cougars, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in this park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one-third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing, and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles.
### Answer: Generally considered to be the first national park in the world, Yellowstone National Park is significant in size, covering parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, and acts as the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystems. The park is able to support many types of wildlife including Grizzly bears, cougars, wolves, mountain goats, free-ranging herds of bison and elk, as well as many types of birds and fish, because of the diversity of habitats. Forests and grasslands dominate some areas of the park, while others offer the completely different experience of mountain ranges, lakes, and rolling prairies. Some of the park's most unique features are the geysers and hydrothermal features. In fact, Yellowstone is home to over half of the world's features like these. This is due to the entire park being centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent.</s> |
What is your favorite ice cream flavor? | While everyone has different taste buds, there are many different flavors to enjoy. Most of the basic flavors are used as a base for other flavors. The most common being, chocolate, vanilla and strawberry. | general_qa | ### Instruction: What is your favorite ice cream flavor?
### Context:
### Answer: While everyone has different taste buds, there are many different flavors to enjoy. Most of the basic flavors are used as a base for other flavors. The most common being, chocolate, vanilla and strawberry.</s> |
|
What are some examples of tasks performed by AI? | Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence of humans and other animals. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. | Examples of tasks performed by AI include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, and other mappings of inputs. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: What are some examples of tasks performed by AI?
### Context: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence of humans and other animals. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs.
### Answer: Examples of tasks performed by AI include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, and other mappings of inputs.</s> |
Provide a bulleted list of the different shapes of lenses | Construction of Simple Lenses
Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres. Each surface can be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.
Toric or sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different meridians. This forms an astigmatic lens. An example is eyeglass lenses that are used to correct astigmatism in someone's eye. | The following are the different shapes of lenses:
- Convex: Curves out from the middle of the lens
- Concave: Curves into the middle of the lens
- Planar: Flat lens | summarization | ### Instruction: Provide a bulleted list of the different shapes of lenses
### Context: Construction of Simple Lenses
Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres. Each surface can be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.
Toric or sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different meridians. This forms an astigmatic lens. An example is eyeglass lenses that are used to correct astigmatism in someone's eye.
### Answer: The following are the different shapes of lenses:
- Convex: Curves out from the middle of the lens
- Concave: Curves into the middle of the lens
- Planar: Flat lens</s> |
Is Belgrandia varica found in Europe or Australia? | Belgrandia varica was previously considered to be extinct, however it has been classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) by IUCN because it might still be present in a small spring that has been overlooked during previous surveys.
This species is endemic to France. | Belgrandia varica is endemic to France, so therefore it is found in Europe. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Is Belgrandia varica found in Europe or Australia?
### Context: Belgrandia varica was previously considered to be extinct, however it has been classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) by IUCN because it might still be present in a small spring that has been overlooked during previous surveys.
This species is endemic to France.
### Answer: Belgrandia varica is endemic to France, so therefore it is found in Europe.</s> |
What is The Lord Of The Rings? | The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. | The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.
The title refers to the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who, in an earlier age, created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power given to Men, Dwarves, and Elves, in his campaign to conquer all of Middle-earth. From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest to destroy the One Ring, seen mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Aiding Frodo are the Wizard Gandalf, the Man Aragorn, the Elf Legolas and the Dwarf Gimli, who unite in order to rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron's armies and give Frodo a chance to destroy the Ring in the fire of Mount Doom.
Although often called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with The Silmarillion.[T 3] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 in three volumes titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. The work is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material. Some later editions print the entire work in a single volume, following the author's original intent.
Tolkien's work, after an initially mixed reception by the literary establishment, has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins. Influences on this earlier work, and on the story of The Lord of the Rings, include philology, mythology, Christianity, earlier fantasy works, and his own experiences in the First World War.
The Lord of the Rings is considered one of the greatest fantasy books ever written and it has helped to create and shape the modern fantasy genre. Since release, it has been reprinted many times and translated into at least 38 languages. Its enduring popularity has led to numerous references in popular culture, the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien's works, and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works. It has inspired many derivative works, including paintings, music, films, television, video games, and board games.
Award-winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio, theatre, and film. It was named Britain's best-loved novel of all time in the BBC's 2003 poll The Big Read. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: What is The Lord Of The Rings?
### Context: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.
### Answer: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.
The title refers to the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who, in an earlier age, created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power given to Men, Dwarves, and Elves, in his campaign to conquer all of Middle-earth. From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest to destroy the One Ring, seen mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Aiding Frodo are the Wizard Gandalf, the Man Aragorn, the Elf Legolas and the Dwarf Gimli, who unite in order to rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron's armies and give Frodo a chance to destroy the Ring in the fire of Mount Doom.
Although often called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with The Silmarillion.[T 3] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 in three volumes titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. The work is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material. Some later editions print the entire work in a single volume, following the author's original intent.
Tolkien's work, after an initially mixed reception by the literary establishment, has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins. Influences on this earlier work, and on the story of The Lord of the Rings, include philology, mythology, Christianity, earlier fantasy works, and his own experiences in the First World War.
The Lord of the Rings is considered one of the greatest fantasy books ever written and it has helped to create and shape the modern fantasy genre. Since release, it has been reprinted many times and translated into at least 38 languages. Its enduring popularity has led to numerous references in popular culture, the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien's works, and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works. It has inspired many derivative works, including paintings, music, films, television, video games, and board games.
Award-winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio, theatre, and film. It was named Britain's best-loved novel of all time in the BBC's 2003 poll The Big Read.</s> |
Why do people like Blue Light Therapy? | Blue Light Therapy, similar to Red Light Therapy, helps with acne and clearing up skin. It helps reduce the bacteria on your face and can also decrease blemishes. Some devices are only Blue Light Therapy, but if you are interested in both Blue and Red Light Therapy, you can find some that offer both settings. | creative_writing | ### Instruction: Why do people like Blue Light Therapy?
### Context:
### Answer: Blue Light Therapy, similar to Red Light Therapy, helps with acne and clearing up skin. It helps reduce the bacteria on your face and can also decrease blemishes. Some devices are only Blue Light Therapy, but if you are interested in both Blue and Red Light Therapy, you can find some that offer both settings.</s> |
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What year was the movie Big Trouble in Little China released? | Big Trouble in Little China (also known as John Carpenter's Big Trouble in Little China) is a 1986 American fantasy action-comedy film directed by John Carpenter, and starring Kurt Russell, Kim Cattrall, Dennis Dun and James Hong. The film tells the story of truck driver Jack Burton (Russell), who helps his friend Wang Chi (Dun) rescue Wang's green-eyed fiancée from bandits in San Francisco's Chinatown. They go into the mysterious underworld beneath Chinatown, where they face an ancient sorcerer named David Lo Pan (Hong), who requires a woman with green eyes to marry him in order to be released from a centuries-old curse. | 1986 | closed_qa | ### Instruction: What year was the movie Big Trouble in Little China released?
### Context: Big Trouble in Little China (also known as John Carpenter's Big Trouble in Little China) is a 1986 American fantasy action-comedy film directed by John Carpenter, and starring Kurt Russell, Kim Cattrall, Dennis Dun and James Hong. The film tells the story of truck driver Jack Burton (Russell), who helps his friend Wang Chi (Dun) rescue Wang's green-eyed fiancée from bandits in San Francisco's Chinatown. They go into the mysterious underworld beneath Chinatown, where they face an ancient sorcerer named David Lo Pan (Hong), who requires a woman with green eyes to marry him in order to be released from a centuries-old curse.
### Answer: 1986</s> |
Tell me about the new premier of New South Wales | Christopher John Minns (born 17 September 1979) is an Australian politician serving as the 47th and current premier of New South Wales since March 2023. He has been the leader of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since June 2021 and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the division of Kogarah since 2015. He was previously the deputy mayor of Hurstville from 2007 to 2008.
Minns was first elected at the 2015 New South Wales state election, and was elected unopposed as leader of the Labor Party in leadership election in June 2021, following the resignation of Jodi McKay. He led the party to victory at the 2023 state election.
The son of a school principal, Minns was raised in the St George region of Sydney in the suburb of Penshurst. He studied at Marist College Kogarah. He holds a bachelors degree from the University of New England in Armidale and attended Princeton University in the United States where he was awarded a Masters in Public Policy (2012–13).
Minns is married and has three sons with his wife Anna. Upon his return from Princeton, while his wife pursued her own business opportunities, Minns became the carer of his sons before nominating for parliament.
He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1998 when he was 18 years old and was elected as the member for Kogarah in 2015.
Minns is a supporter of NRL club the St George Illawarra Dragons. | Chris Minns led the Labor party to victory at the 2023 NSW state election and becomes the 47th premier of New South Wales. Minns is married with three sons and is a supporter of the NRL club, St George Illawarra Dragons. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Tell me about the new premier of New South Wales
### Context: Christopher John Minns (born 17 September 1979) is an Australian politician serving as the 47th and current premier of New South Wales since March 2023. He has been the leader of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since June 2021 and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the division of Kogarah since 2015. He was previously the deputy mayor of Hurstville from 2007 to 2008.
Minns was first elected at the 2015 New South Wales state election, and was elected unopposed as leader of the Labor Party in leadership election in June 2021, following the resignation of Jodi McKay. He led the party to victory at the 2023 state election.
The son of a school principal, Minns was raised in the St George region of Sydney in the suburb of Penshurst. He studied at Marist College Kogarah. He holds a bachelors degree from the University of New England in Armidale and attended Princeton University in the United States where he was awarded a Masters in Public Policy (2012–13).
Minns is married and has three sons with his wife Anna. Upon his return from Princeton, while his wife pursued her own business opportunities, Minns became the carer of his sons before nominating for parliament.
He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1998 when he was 18 years old and was elected as the member for Kogarah in 2015.
Minns is a supporter of NRL club the St George Illawarra Dragons.
### Answer: Chris Minns led the Labor party to victory at the 2023 NSW state election and becomes the 47th premier of New South Wales. Minns is married with three sons and is a supporter of the NRL club, St George Illawarra Dragons.</s> |
Name well known movies with George Clooney. | Well known movies with George Clooney are Up in the Air, Ocean's Eleven, Gravity, and Three Kings. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Name well known movies with George Clooney.
### Context:
### Answer: Well known movies with George Clooney are Up in the Air, Ocean's Eleven, Gravity, and Three Kings.</s> |
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Who is the greatest quarterback of all time? | Tom Brady is widely considered to be the greatest NFL quarterback of all time. He holds the all-time records for Passing Yards, Passing Touchdowns, Completions.
Brady also has a record 7 Super Bowl championships, 3 more than any other quarterback and a record unlikely to be broken. He won 6 of these with the New England Patriots, with whom he spent the first 20 years of career.
After early-career comparisons to his contemporary rival Peyton Manning, and mid-career comparisons to another all-time great Joe Montana, Brady ended his career as the indisputable Greatest of All Time (GOAT) by playing at an extremely high level for multiple decades. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Who is the greatest quarterback of all time?
### Context:
### Answer: Tom Brady is widely considered to be the greatest NFL quarterback of all time. He holds the all-time records for Passing Yards, Passing Touchdowns, Completions.
Brady also has a record 7 Super Bowl championships, 3 more than any other quarterback and a record unlikely to be broken. He won 6 of these with the New England Patriots, with whom he spent the first 20 years of career.
After early-career comparisons to his contemporary rival Peyton Manning, and mid-career comparisons to another all-time great Joe Montana, Brady ended his career as the indisputable Greatest of All Time (GOAT) by playing at an extremely high level for multiple decades.</s> |
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What are some board or card games that you recommend for ten year olds? | Some games that are popular among that demographic are "Uno", "Exploding Kittens", "War", and "Connect 4". | brainstorming | ### Instruction: What are some board or card games that you recommend for ten year olds?
### Context:
### Answer: Some games that are popular among that demographic are "Uno", "Exploding Kittens", "War", and "Connect 4".</s> |
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What are some interesting facts about tigers? | 1. Tiger stripes are unique.
2. Tigers can use their ears to communicate.
3. India has over half the world's population of tigers.
4. Only one in ten hunts are successful. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are some interesting facts about tigers?
### Context:
### Answer: 1. Tiger stripes are unique.
2. Tigers can use their ears to communicate.
3. India has over half the world's population of tigers.
4. Only one in ten hunts are successful.</s> |
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Why would an NHL team want to lose to be last in the standings? | While winning is ultimately the goal of professional sports teams, in many sports leagues, including the National Hockey League (NHL), teams that are worse get higher draft picks in the upcoming year's entry draft.
Having a higher pick in the entry draft can be very valuable, since it is one of the best ways to get a very talented player on your team. For example, Sidney Crosby, and Connor McDavid, widely considered to be the best players in the NHL were both first overall picks in their drafts. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Why would an NHL team want to lose to be last in the standings?
### Context:
### Answer: While winning is ultimately the goal of professional sports teams, in many sports leagues, including the National Hockey League (NHL), teams that are worse get higher draft picks in the upcoming year's entry draft.
Having a higher pick in the entry draft can be very valuable, since it is one of the best ways to get a very talented player on your team. For example, Sidney Crosby, and Connor McDavid, widely considered to be the best players in the NHL were both first overall picks in their drafts.</s> |
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What are redo logs in Oracle RDBMS? | In the Oracle RDBMS environment, redo logs comprise files in a proprietary format which log a history of all changes made to the database. Each redo log file consists of redo records. A redo record, also called a redo entry, holds a group of change vectors, each of which describes or represents a change made to a single block in the database.
For example, if a user UPDATEs a salary-value in a table containing employee-related data, the DBMS generates a redo record containing change-vectors that describe changes to the data segment block for the table. And if the user then COMMITs the update, Oracle generates another redo record and assigns the change a "system change number" (SCN).
Whenever something changes in a datafile, Oracle records the change in the redo log. The name redo log indicates its purpose: If the database crashes, the RDBMS can redo (re-process) all changes on datafiles which will take the database data back to the state it was when the last redo record was written. DBAs use the views V$LOG, V$LOGFILE, V$LOG_HISTORY and V$THREAD to find information about the redo log of the database. Each redo log file belongs to exactly one group (of which at least two must exist). Exactly one of these groups is the CURRENT group (can be queried using the column status of v$log). Oracle uses that current group to write the redo log entries. When the group is full, a log switch occurs, making another group the current one. Each log switch causes checkpoint, however, the converse is not true: a checkpoint does not cause a redo log switch. One can also manually cause a redo-log switch using the ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE command. | In Oracle RDBM, redo logs are the logs which are used to maintain the history of changes in a database. Each redo log linked to a data file has multiple redo records which hold group of change vectors. Redo logs can be used to apply the changes to Database in case of crashed and is also useful to create incremental backups. | summarization | ### Instruction: What are redo logs in Oracle RDBMS?
### Context: In the Oracle RDBMS environment, redo logs comprise files in a proprietary format which log a history of all changes made to the database. Each redo log file consists of redo records. A redo record, also called a redo entry, holds a group of change vectors, each of which describes or represents a change made to a single block in the database.
For example, if a user UPDATEs a salary-value in a table containing employee-related data, the DBMS generates a redo record containing change-vectors that describe changes to the data segment block for the table. And if the user then COMMITs the update, Oracle generates another redo record and assigns the change a "system change number" (SCN).
Whenever something changes in a datafile, Oracle records the change in the redo log. The name redo log indicates its purpose: If the database crashes, the RDBMS can redo (re-process) all changes on datafiles which will take the database data back to the state it was when the last redo record was written. DBAs use the views V$LOG, V$LOGFILE, V$LOG_HISTORY and V$THREAD to find information about the redo log of the database. Each redo log file belongs to exactly one group (of which at least two must exist). Exactly one of these groups is the CURRENT group (can be queried using the column status of v$log). Oracle uses that current group to write the redo log entries. When the group is full, a log switch occurs, making another group the current one. Each log switch causes checkpoint, however, the converse is not true: a checkpoint does not cause a redo log switch. One can also manually cause a redo-log switch using the ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE command.
### Answer: In Oracle RDBM, redo logs are the logs which are used to maintain the history of changes in a database. Each redo log linked to a data file has multiple redo records which hold group of change vectors. Redo logs can be used to apply the changes to Database in case of crashed and is also useful to create incremental backups.</s> |
Are Grizzly bears and Brown bears the same? | Grizzly bears are actually a subspecies of brown bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). The difference is regional: Bears found inland are referred to as "grizzlies", while bears found on the coast are known as brown bears. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Are Grizzly bears and Brown bears the same?
### Context:
### Answer: Grizzly bears are actually a subspecies of brown bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). The difference is regional: Bears found inland are referred to as "grizzlies", while bears found on the coast are known as brown bears.</s> |
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Who is called Napoleon of Iran? | Nadir Shah | open_qa | ### Instruction: Who is called Napoleon of Iran?
### Context:
### Answer: Nadir Shah</s> |
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In Paul Simon's famous song, how many different ways are there to leave your lover? | Paul Simon tells us there are fifty ways to leave your lover. | general_qa | ### Instruction: In Paul Simon's famous song, how many different ways are there to leave your lover?
### Context:
### Answer: Paul Simon tells us there are fifty ways to leave your lover.</s> |
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Which one among the following three words is different to the others: Novelty, Playful, Irresistible? Why? | The word 'Novelty' is different to the other two words because it is an noun, while the others are adjectives. | classification | ### Instruction: Which one among the following three words is different to the others: Novelty, Playful, Irresistible? Why?
### Context:
### Answer: The word 'Novelty' is different to the other two words because it is an noun, while the others are adjectives.</s> |
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What is Hornachuelos? | Hornachuelos is a small, picturesque village in the Southern Region of Spain called Andalusia. It is famous for its ancient history, Roman walls and Natural Park. | general_qa | ### Instruction: What is Hornachuelos?
### Context:
### Answer: Hornachuelos is a small, picturesque village in the Southern Region of Spain called Andalusia. It is famous for its ancient history, Roman walls and Natural Park.</s> |
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Best place to visit for a day from Bangalore | 1. Myshore
2. Coorg
3. Ooty | brainstorming | ### Instruction: Best place to visit for a day from Bangalore
### Context:
### Answer: 1. Myshore
2. Coorg
3. Ooty</s> |
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Extract the names of influencers on Ruben Dario's poetry | French poetry was a determinant influence in Darío's formation as a poet. In the first place, the romantics, particularly Victor Hugo. Later on, and in a decisive fashion, Darío was influenced by the parnassians: Théophile Gautier, Catulle Mendès, and José María de Heredia. Another decisive influence was the writer of prose and poetry and national hero of Cuba, Jose Martí. The final defining element of Darianian aesthetic is his admiration towards the symbolists, especially Paul Verlaine. Recapitulating his own poetic trajectory in the initial poem of Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905) Darío himself synthesized his main influences when he affirms that he was "strong with Hugo and ambiguous with Verlaine" ("con Hugo fuerte y con Verlaine ambiguo".)
In the section "Palabras Liminares" of Prosas Profanas (1896) he had already written a paragraph that reveals the importance of French culture in the development of his literary work:
The old Spaniard with a white beard points towards a series of illustrious portraits: "This one—he says—is the great Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, one-handed genius; this one is Lope de Vega, this one is Garcilaso, this one Quintana." I ask him for the noble man Gracián, for Teresa of Ávila, for the brave Góngora and the strongest of all, Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas. Then I say: "Shakespeare! Dante! Hugo...! (and in my head: Verlaine...!)"
Then, when saying goodbye: "-Old man, it is important to say: my wife is from my land; my mistress is from Paris."
Los raros is an illustrative volume regarding literary tastes, which he published on the same year as Prosas profanas, and dedicated to briefly glossing some of the writers and intellectuals towards whom he felt profound admiration. Amongst those in the book we find Edgar Allan Poe, Villiers de l'Isle Adam, Léon Bloy, Paul Verlaine, Lautréamont, Eugénio de Castro and José Martí (the latter being the only one mentioned who wrote their literary work in Spanish.) The predominance of French culture is more than evident. Darío wrote: "Modernism is nothing more than Spanish verse and prose passed through the fine sieve of the good French verse and the good French prose." Setting aside his initial stage, before Azul..., in which his poetry owes a great deal to the great names of 19th-century Spanish poetry, such as Núñez de Arce and Campoamor, Darío was a great admirer of Bécquer. Spanish themes are well represented in his work, already in Prosas profanas and, specially, after his second trip to Spain, in 1899. Conscious of contemporaneous Spanish decadence in politics and the arts (a preoccupation he shared with the so-called Generation of '98), he frequently was inspired by characters and elements of the past. Regarding authors in other languages, it is worth mentioning that he felt a profound admiration towards three writers from the United States: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman.[citation needed] | Victor Hugo
Théophile Gautier
Catulle Mendès
José María de Heredia
Jose Martí
Paul Verlaine
Edgar Allan Poe
Villiers de l'Isle Adam
Léon Bloy
Lautréamont
Eugénio de Castro
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Walt Whitman | information_extraction | ### Instruction: Extract the names of influencers on Ruben Dario's poetry
### Context: French poetry was a determinant influence in Darío's formation as a poet. In the first place, the romantics, particularly Victor Hugo. Later on, and in a decisive fashion, Darío was influenced by the parnassians: Théophile Gautier, Catulle Mendès, and José María de Heredia. Another decisive influence was the writer of prose and poetry and national hero of Cuba, Jose Martí. The final defining element of Darianian aesthetic is his admiration towards the symbolists, especially Paul Verlaine. Recapitulating his own poetic trajectory in the initial poem of Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905) Darío himself synthesized his main influences when he affirms that he was "strong with Hugo and ambiguous with Verlaine" ("con Hugo fuerte y con Verlaine ambiguo".)
In the section "Palabras Liminares" of Prosas Profanas (1896) he had already written a paragraph that reveals the importance of French culture in the development of his literary work:
The old Spaniard with a white beard points towards a series of illustrious portraits: "This one—he says—is the great Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, one-handed genius; this one is Lope de Vega, this one is Garcilaso, this one Quintana." I ask him for the noble man Gracián, for Teresa of Ávila, for the brave Góngora and the strongest of all, Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas. Then I say: "Shakespeare! Dante! Hugo...! (and in my head: Verlaine...!)"
Then, when saying goodbye: "-Old man, it is important to say: my wife is from my land; my mistress is from Paris."
Los raros is an illustrative volume regarding literary tastes, which he published on the same year as Prosas profanas, and dedicated to briefly glossing some of the writers and intellectuals towards whom he felt profound admiration. Amongst those in the book we find Edgar Allan Poe, Villiers de l'Isle Adam, Léon Bloy, Paul Verlaine, Lautréamont, Eugénio de Castro and José Martí (the latter being the only one mentioned who wrote their literary work in Spanish.) The predominance of French culture is more than evident. Darío wrote: "Modernism is nothing more than Spanish verse and prose passed through the fine sieve of the good French verse and the good French prose." Setting aside his initial stage, before Azul..., in which his poetry owes a great deal to the great names of 19th-century Spanish poetry, such as Núñez de Arce and Campoamor, Darío was a great admirer of Bécquer. Spanish themes are well represented in his work, already in Prosas profanas and, specially, after his second trip to Spain, in 1899. Conscious of contemporaneous Spanish decadence in politics and the arts (a preoccupation he shared with the so-called Generation of '98), he frequently was inspired by characters and elements of the past. Regarding authors in other languages, it is worth mentioning that he felt a profound admiration towards three writers from the United States: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman.[citation needed]
### Answer: Victor Hugo
Théophile Gautier
Catulle Mendès
José María de Heredia
Jose Martí
Paul Verlaine
Edgar Allan Poe
Villiers de l'Isle Adam
Léon Bloy
Lautréamont
Eugénio de Castro
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Walt Whitman</s> |
Who wrote the children's novel Swallows and Amazons | Arthur Ransom | open_qa | ### Instruction: Who wrote the children's novel Swallows and Amazons
### Context:
### Answer: Arthur Ransom</s> |
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What is ice cream | Ice cream is a frozen dessert, typically made from milk or cream and flavored with a sweetener, either sugar or an alternative, and a spice, such as cocoa or vanilla, or with fruit such as strawberries or peaches. It can also be made by whisking a flavored cream base and liquid nitrogen together. Food coloring is sometimes added, in addition to stabilizers. The mixture is cooled below the freezing point of water and stirred to incorporate air spaces and to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming. The result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures (below 2 °C or 35 °F). It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is ice cream
### Context:
### Answer: Ice cream is a frozen dessert, typically made from milk or cream and flavored with a sweetener, either sugar or an alternative, and a spice, such as cocoa or vanilla, or with fruit such as strawberries or peaches. It can also be made by whisking a flavored cream base and liquid nitrogen together. Food coloring is sometimes added, in addition to stabilizers. The mixture is cooled below the freezing point of water and stirred to incorporate air spaces and to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming. The result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures (below 2 °C or 35 °F). It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases.</s> |
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Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics ? | Syukuro Manabe(Japanese), Klaus Hasselmann(Germany) & Giorgio Parisi(Italian) | open_qa | ### Instruction: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics ?
### Context:
### Answer: Syukuro Manabe(Japanese), Klaus Hasselmann(Germany) & Giorgio Parisi(Italian)</s> |
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Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Ultron, Brainiac | Brainiac is DC, Ultron is Marvel | classification | ### Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Ultron, Brainiac
### Context:
### Answer: Brainiac is DC, Ultron is Marvel</s> |
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What are pajamas? | Pajamas are comfortable, loose-fitting clothing that people wear to bed at night. They are also referred to as “PJs.” | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are pajamas?
### Context:
### Answer: Pajamas are comfortable, loose-fitting clothing that people wear to bed at night. They are also referred to as “PJs.”</s> |
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Extract the names of the singles from the text as a bulleted list. | Atlantis Princess is the third Korean-language studio album by South Korean singer BoA, released on May 30, 2003 by SM Entertainment. Several singles were promoted off the album, including the promotional single "Lights of Seoul", "Atlantis Princess", and "Milky Way", with accompanying music videos produced for the latter two songs. The album was also released in some parts of Asia, such as the Philippines, Hong Kong and Taiwan, with the overseas version containing a bonus VCD.
Commercially, the album debuted at number one on the top 50 Korean monthly charts, with initial monthly sales of nearly 128,000 in from two days of shipments in May. It was the 4th best-selling album of the year in South Korea with sales of over 345,000 copies. | * Lights of Seoul
* Atlantis Princess
* Milky Way | information_extraction | ### Instruction: Extract the names of the singles from the text as a bulleted list.
### Context: Atlantis Princess is the third Korean-language studio album by South Korean singer BoA, released on May 30, 2003 by SM Entertainment. Several singles were promoted off the album, including the promotional single "Lights of Seoul", "Atlantis Princess", and "Milky Way", with accompanying music videos produced for the latter two songs. The album was also released in some parts of Asia, such as the Philippines, Hong Kong and Taiwan, with the overseas version containing a bonus VCD.
Commercially, the album debuted at number one on the top 50 Korean monthly charts, with initial monthly sales of nearly 128,000 in from two days of shipments in May. It was the 4th best-selling album of the year in South Korea with sales of over 345,000 copies.
### Answer: * Lights of Seoul
* Atlantis Princess
* Milky Way</s> |
Categorize these exercises as either upper body or lower body exercises: squat, bench press, strict press, deadlift, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits, plank. | Lower body exercises are: squat, deadlift, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits.
Upper body exercises are: bench press, strict press, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, plank. | classification | ### Instruction: Categorize these exercises as either upper body or lower body exercises: squat, bench press, strict press, deadlift, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits, plank.
### Context:
### Answer: Lower body exercises are: squat, deadlift, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits.
Upper body exercises are: bench press, strict press, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, plank.</s> |
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The Weeknd samples which '80s megahit in "Blinding Lights?" | "Take On Me" by A-ha | open_qa | ### Instruction: The Weeknd samples which '80s megahit in "Blinding Lights?"
### Context:
### Answer: "Take On Me" by A-ha</s> |
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Which of the following are women scientists: Marie Curie, Elizabeth Blackwell, Jane Goodall, Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Maria Mitchell, Archimedes, Albert Einstein, Ernest Rutherford, Alfred Nobel, Alexander Fleming, Michael Faraday, Niels Bohr, Stephen Hawking, Alan Turing. | Marie Curie, Elizabeth Blackwell, Jane Goodall, Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Maria Mitchell are women scientists. | classification | ### Instruction: Which of the following are women scientists: Marie Curie, Elizabeth Blackwell, Jane Goodall, Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Maria Mitchell, Archimedes, Albert Einstein, Ernest Rutherford, Alfred Nobel, Alexander Fleming, Michael Faraday, Niels Bohr, Stephen Hawking, Alan Turing.
### Context:
### Answer: Marie Curie, Elizabeth Blackwell, Jane Goodall, Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Maria Mitchell are women scientists.</s> |
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Based on the following passage summarise how sunsets are viewed from the northern hemisphere across seasons. | Sunset, also known as sundown, is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from everywhere on Earth (except the North and South poles), the equinox Sun sets due west at the moment of both the spring and autumn equinoxes. As viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.
The time of sunset is defined in astronomy as the moment when the upper limb of the Sun disappears below the horizon. Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction causes sunlight rays to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the solar disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed.
Sunset is distinct from twilight, which is divided into three stages. The first one is civil twilight, which begins once the Sun has disappeared below the horizon, and continues until it descends to 6 degrees below the horizon. The second phase is nautical twilight, between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon. The third phase is astronomical twilight, which is the period when the Sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon. Dusk is at the very end of astronomical twilight, and is the darkest moment of twilight just before night. Finally, night occurs when the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon and no longer illuminates the sky.
Locations further north than the Arctic Circle and further south than the Antarctic Circle experience no full sunset or sunrise on at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persists continuously for 24 hours. | When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: Based on the following passage summarise how sunsets are viewed from the northern hemisphere across seasons.
### Context: Sunset, also known as sundown, is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from everywhere on Earth (except the North and South poles), the equinox Sun sets due west at the moment of both the spring and autumn equinoxes. As viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.
The time of sunset is defined in astronomy as the moment when the upper limb of the Sun disappears below the horizon. Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction causes sunlight rays to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the solar disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed.
Sunset is distinct from twilight, which is divided into three stages. The first one is civil twilight, which begins once the Sun has disappeared below the horizon, and continues until it descends to 6 degrees below the horizon. The second phase is nautical twilight, between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon. The third phase is astronomical twilight, which is the period when the Sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon. Dusk is at the very end of astronomical twilight, and is the darkest moment of twilight just before night. Finally, night occurs when the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon and no longer illuminates the sky.
Locations further north than the Arctic Circle and further south than the Antarctic Circle experience no full sunset or sunrise on at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persists continuously for 24 hours.
### Answer: When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.</s> |
According to the paragraph below, what is Generative AI? | A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them. | Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to AI systems that respond to user prompts to generate text, images and other media. | summarization | ### Instruction: According to the paragraph below, what is Generative AI?
### Context: A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them.
### Answer: Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to AI systems that respond to user prompts to generate text, images and other media.</s> |
How are racial categories used historically? | Racial categories have historically been used as a way to enable an oppressive figure or group to discriminate against other groups or individuals which were seen as different from that of the oppressor. In nineteenth and early twentieth century Europe, artwork was a common form of racialization which targeted countries in the Middle East and Asia. The artwork, predominantly paintings, were portrayed in order to instill prejudice in the Western populations through sexualizing and manipulating images. One of the most prominent examples of Orientalist work in art is a piece by Eugène Delacroix titled Women of Algiers in their Apartment. Dating back to 1834, it portrays three women resting in a harem in exotic clothing while an African woman is dressed in plain clothing, depicting her role as a servant. Fine textiles, hookahs, and other paraphernalia adorn the room, which represents a European fantasy of an exotic scene. Attempts to portray these cultures as strange, foreign and exotic through Orientalism led to intolerance towards the Arab and Asian communities in Europe and the United States. Others argue that Delacroix, who travelled in North Africa sketching extensively, was depicting a realistic scene of the era based on his first-hand knowledge and experience. In such an interpretation the clothing, for example, is consistent with the times, as Arab North Africans dressed differently from Europeans, and kept black slaves who would not have been treated as equals. | Historically, oppressive groups use racial categories to discriminate against other groups that are different from them. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: How are racial categories used historically?
### Context: Racial categories have historically been used as a way to enable an oppressive figure or group to discriminate against other groups or individuals which were seen as different from that of the oppressor. In nineteenth and early twentieth century Europe, artwork was a common form of racialization which targeted countries in the Middle East and Asia. The artwork, predominantly paintings, were portrayed in order to instill prejudice in the Western populations through sexualizing and manipulating images. One of the most prominent examples of Orientalist work in art is a piece by Eugène Delacroix titled Women of Algiers in their Apartment. Dating back to 1834, it portrays three women resting in a harem in exotic clothing while an African woman is dressed in plain clothing, depicting her role as a servant. Fine textiles, hookahs, and other paraphernalia adorn the room, which represents a European fantasy of an exotic scene. Attempts to portray these cultures as strange, foreign and exotic through Orientalism led to intolerance towards the Arab and Asian communities in Europe and the United States. Others argue that Delacroix, who travelled in North Africa sketching extensively, was depicting a realistic scene of the era based on his first-hand knowledge and experience. In such an interpretation the clothing, for example, is consistent with the times, as Arab North Africans dressed differently from Europeans, and kept black slaves who would not have been treated as equals.
### Answer: Historically, oppressive groups use racial categories to discriminate against other groups that are different from them.</s> |
How would you go about finding an apartment in a new city? | Here are options that can help find an apartment in a new city:
1. Check listings at online real estate websites (e.g., Zillow)
2. Join local Facebook Groups where apartments may be listed
3. Contact a real estate agent to help identify potential apartments
4. Ask friends or coworkers if they know of any open apartments. | brainstorming | ### Instruction: How would you go about finding an apartment in a new city?
### Context:
### Answer: Here are options that can help find an apartment in a new city:
1. Check listings at online real estate websites (e.g., Zillow)
2. Join local Facebook Groups where apartments may be listed
3. Contact a real estate agent to help identify potential apartments
4. Ask friends or coworkers if they know of any open apartments.</s> |
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Where is Babylon remain located? | Irag | open_qa | ### Instruction: Where is Babylon remain located?
### Context:
### Answer: Irag</s> |
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After returning home after the Boer War, where did Wade work as a clinical tutor? | In 1900, in response to a national call for volunteer doctors to serve in the Boer War, Wade enlisted as a civilian surgeon and was posted to join the Royal Scots Fusiliers at the 1st General Hospital in Wynberg. He went on to serve at the 1st General Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. He was awarded the Queen's Medal with four clasps. On his return home after two years, Wade became clinical tutor under Professor Francis Mitchell Caird, Professor of Clinical Surgery at Edinburgh University. At the same time, he was appointed as a demonstrator in anatomy and then pathology at the University of Edinburgh. In 1903, he was appointed museum conservator at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and became a fellow of the college. | After returning home, Wade worked as a clinical tutor at Edinburgh University. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: After returning home after the Boer War, where did Wade work as a clinical tutor?
### Context: In 1900, in response to a national call for volunteer doctors to serve in the Boer War, Wade enlisted as a civilian surgeon and was posted to join the Royal Scots Fusiliers at the 1st General Hospital in Wynberg. He went on to serve at the 1st General Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. He was awarded the Queen's Medal with four clasps. On his return home after two years, Wade became clinical tutor under Professor Francis Mitchell Caird, Professor of Clinical Surgery at Edinburgh University. At the same time, he was appointed as a demonstrator in anatomy and then pathology at the University of Edinburgh. In 1903, he was appointed museum conservator at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and became a fellow of the college.
### Answer: After returning home, Wade worked as a clinical tutor at Edinburgh University.</s> |
Please summarize from this text what were the main reasons Czech people immigrated to Texas. | Czech immigration was driven by the availability of land in Texas and by events in Europe. In the 1840s, the Austrian Empire, which included Czech lands, was still run by a feudal system, despite the wave of democratic ideals permeating western Europe. This led to the Revolutions of 1848, which did little to improve the economic status of peasants who still found it difficult to gain wealth. The revolutions, together with factors such as religious persecution and mandatory military service, fueled a wave of emigration from Austria beginning in 1852. Immigrants to America were unfamiliar with the concept of American democracy due to their lack of experience with democratic ideals. The concepts of states' rights and slavery were equally foreign to the immigrants. | Czech immigration to Texas in the 19th century was influenced by the availability of land in Texas to homestead, economic opportunity, freedom from religious persecution and to escape the revolutions in the Austrian empire that lead to political unrest and economic uncertainty in the region. | summarization | ### Instruction: Please summarize from this text what were the main reasons Czech people immigrated to Texas.
### Context: Czech immigration was driven by the availability of land in Texas and by events in Europe. In the 1840s, the Austrian Empire, which included Czech lands, was still run by a feudal system, despite the wave of democratic ideals permeating western Europe. This led to the Revolutions of 1848, which did little to improve the economic status of peasants who still found it difficult to gain wealth. The revolutions, together with factors such as religious persecution and mandatory military service, fueled a wave of emigration from Austria beginning in 1852. Immigrants to America were unfamiliar with the concept of American democracy due to their lack of experience with democratic ideals. The concepts of states' rights and slavery were equally foreign to the immigrants.
### Answer: Czech immigration to Texas in the 19th century was influenced by the availability of land in Texas to homestead, economic opportunity, freedom from religious persecution and to escape the revolutions in the Austrian empire that lead to political unrest and economic uncertainty in the region.</s> |
Which club has won the most number of UEFA Champions League? | The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal football competition established in 1955. Prior to the 1992–93 season, the tournament was named the European Cup. The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) member associations (except Liechtenstein, which has no league competition), as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues. Originally, only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champions of the competition were allowed to participate. However, this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners-up of the stronger leagues to compete as well, and again in 1999 when third and fourth-placed teams of the said leagues also became eligible. In the Champions League era, the defending champions of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition.
Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three consecutive times, or five times overall, receive a multiple-winner badge. Six teams have earned this privilege: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool, and Barcelona. Until 2009, clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup and a new one was commissioned; since 2009, the winning team each year has received a full-size replica of the trophy, while the original is retained by UEFA.
A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League/European Cup. Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition fourteen times, including the inaugural edition. They have also won the competition the most consecutive times, with five straight titles from 1956 to 1960. Juventus have been runners-up the most times, losing seven finals. Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Reims and Valencia have finished as runners-up twice without winning. Spain has provided the most champions, with nineteen wins from two clubs. England have produced fourteen winners from five clubs and Italy have produced twelve winners from three clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985. The current champions are Real Madrid, who beat Liverpool 1–0 in the 2022 final for a record-extending fourteenth title. | Real Madrid has won 14 of UEFA Champions League titles, make it the club that has won the most number of the tile, among all European clubs. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Which club has won the most number of UEFA Champions League?
### Context: The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal football competition established in 1955. Prior to the 1992–93 season, the tournament was named the European Cup. The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) member associations (except Liechtenstein, which has no league competition), as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues. Originally, only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champions of the competition were allowed to participate. However, this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners-up of the stronger leagues to compete as well, and again in 1999 when third and fourth-placed teams of the said leagues also became eligible. In the Champions League era, the defending champions of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition.
Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three consecutive times, or five times overall, receive a multiple-winner badge. Six teams have earned this privilege: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool, and Barcelona. Until 2009, clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup and a new one was commissioned; since 2009, the winning team each year has received a full-size replica of the trophy, while the original is retained by UEFA.
A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League/European Cup. Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition fourteen times, including the inaugural edition. They have also won the competition the most consecutive times, with five straight titles from 1956 to 1960. Juventus have been runners-up the most times, losing seven finals. Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Reims and Valencia have finished as runners-up twice without winning. Spain has provided the most champions, with nineteen wins from two clubs. England have produced fourteen winners from five clubs and Italy have produced twelve winners from three clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985. The current champions are Real Madrid, who beat Liverpool 1–0 in the 2022 final for a record-extending fourteenth title.
### Answer: Real Madrid has won 14 of UEFA Champions League titles, make it the club that has won the most number of the tile, among all European clubs.</s> |
Who painted the Two Monkeys | Two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums. | The two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemaeldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums. | summarization | ### Instruction: Who painted the Two Monkeys
### Context: Two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums.
### Answer: The two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemaeldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums.</s> |
Given this paragraph about Wabuska, Nevada, when was a post office first opened in the town? | Wabuska is an unincorporated community in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. The zip code is 89447, which it shares with nearby Yerington.
Wabuska (Washo language, White Grass) was established in the early 1870s. A post office was opened on September 18, 1874. In 1881, the town served as the principal Mason Valley supply center on the newly constructed Carson and Colorado Railroad of a line that went from Hazen to Mina. When copper was discovered in Mason Valley, the town became the northern terminus of the new Nevada Copper Belt Railroad, built 1909–1911. Wabuska waned with declining mining activity in the 1920s.
Several buildings from Wabuska, most notably the Wabuska Railroad Station, were relocated to Carson City and incorporated as the Nevada State Railroad Museum. | September 18, 1874 | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given this paragraph about Wabuska, Nevada, when was a post office first opened in the town?
### Context: Wabuska is an unincorporated community in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. The zip code is 89447, which it shares with nearby Yerington.
Wabuska (Washo language, White Grass) was established in the early 1870s. A post office was opened on September 18, 1874. In 1881, the town served as the principal Mason Valley supply center on the newly constructed Carson and Colorado Railroad of a line that went from Hazen to Mina. When copper was discovered in Mason Valley, the town became the northern terminus of the new Nevada Copper Belt Railroad, built 1909–1911. Wabuska waned with declining mining activity in the 1920s.
Several buildings from Wabuska, most notably the Wabuska Railroad Station, were relocated to Carson City and incorporated as the Nevada State Railroad Museum.
### Answer: September 18, 1874</s> |
Given a reference text on the beginnings of triathlon, tell me where the event was first held, in what year, and what sport was first in the sequence of the race. | The first modern swim/bike/run event was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25, 1974. The race was conceived and directed by two members of the San Diego Track Club, Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan. Johnstone recalls that he was a part of the 70s jogging craze in America and that after entering a few races he was not regaining his "mediocre fitness" despite having been a member of the 1957 Collegiate and AAU All-American swim teams. Then in 1973, Johnstone learned of the Dave Pain Birthday Biathlon, a 7.2 km (4.5 mi) run followed by what was billed as a quarter-mile (0.4 km) swim (the actual distance was only between 200 and 300 yards). The following year, after competing in the event for the second time and placing in the top ten, Johnstone desired more of this style of race and with equal emphasis on the swim. So he petitioned the chairman of the San Diego Track Club who told him he would add a race to the club calendar. But the rest of the race was up to Johnstone to organise, and at the same time he was to contact Don Shanahan so there wouldn't be too many "weird" races on the club schedule. Shanahan told Johnstone that he wanted to include a biking leg to the race; whilst hesitant Johnstone agreed to the addition. When naming the event the pair used the unofficially agreed naming system for multisport events, already used for pentathlon, heptathlon, and decathlon. So they used the Greek prefix tri (three) for the number of events, followed by the already familiar athlon, hence naming the event the Mission Bay Triathlon. It is worthy of note that neither founder had heard of the French events; both believed their race was a unique idea.
On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a 4.8 km (3 mi) loop, followed by biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of 8.0 km (5 mi). Entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water to swim to the mainland. That was followed by running in bare feet, then swimming again along the bay, then one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island, and a final crawl up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. Johnstone and Shanahan were surprised by the large number of entrants (46), mainly coming from local running clubs. Two notable entrants, Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport: the Hawaii Ironman. | The first triathlon occurred in San Diego, California in 1974. Unlike today's events, the triathlon began with a run. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given a reference text on the beginnings of triathlon, tell me where the event was first held, in what year, and what sport was first in the sequence of the race.
### Context: The first modern swim/bike/run event was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25, 1974. The race was conceived and directed by two members of the San Diego Track Club, Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan. Johnstone recalls that he was a part of the 70s jogging craze in America and that after entering a few races he was not regaining his "mediocre fitness" despite having been a member of the 1957 Collegiate and AAU All-American swim teams. Then in 1973, Johnstone learned of the Dave Pain Birthday Biathlon, a 7.2 km (4.5 mi) run followed by what was billed as a quarter-mile (0.4 km) swim (the actual distance was only between 200 and 300 yards). The following year, after competing in the event for the second time and placing in the top ten, Johnstone desired more of this style of race and with equal emphasis on the swim. So he petitioned the chairman of the San Diego Track Club who told him he would add a race to the club calendar. But the rest of the race was up to Johnstone to organise, and at the same time he was to contact Don Shanahan so there wouldn't be too many "weird" races on the club schedule. Shanahan told Johnstone that he wanted to include a biking leg to the race; whilst hesitant Johnstone agreed to the addition. When naming the event the pair used the unofficially agreed naming system for multisport events, already used for pentathlon, heptathlon, and decathlon. So they used the Greek prefix tri (three) for the number of events, followed by the already familiar athlon, hence naming the event the Mission Bay Triathlon. It is worthy of note that neither founder had heard of the French events; both believed their race was a unique idea.
On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a 4.8 km (3 mi) loop, followed by biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of 8.0 km (5 mi). Entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water to swim to the mainland. That was followed by running in bare feet, then swimming again along the bay, then one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island, and a final crawl up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. Johnstone and Shanahan were surprised by the large number of entrants (46), mainly coming from local running clubs. Two notable entrants, Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport: the Hawaii Ironman.
### Answer: The first triathlon occurred in San Diego, California in 1974. Unlike today's events, the triathlon began with a run.</s> |
Many people are hesitant to invest resources toward slowing down or even reversing the effects of climate change because they think it does not make sense if only a small portion of the population invests resources. They think it is stupid to do so until everyone agreed to do so or is forced by policy. What is the reason that some people still do so? | Some people do not want to wait until everyone agreed or a policy is in place because they want to start or increase the momentum of slowing down or reversing the effects of climate change. They don't want to wait until it is potentially too late but rather they want to do what they can right now. Some of them might hope that those actions motivate others to follow them which might in turn increase the chance of more and more people doing the same and thus likely starting a bandwagon effect. Some of the activists might also want to prevent living with a bad conscience and thus, they might prefer to spend their resources on climate change related causes instead of other alternatives. | general_qa | ### Instruction: Many people are hesitant to invest resources toward slowing down or even reversing the effects of climate change because they think it does not make sense if only a small portion of the population invests resources. They think it is stupid to do so until everyone agreed to do so or is forced by policy. What is the reason that some people still do so?
### Context:
### Answer: Some people do not want to wait until everyone agreed or a policy is in place because they want to start or increase the momentum of slowing down or reversing the effects of climate change. They don't want to wait until it is potentially too late but rather they want to do what they can right now. Some of them might hope that those actions motivate others to follow them which might in turn increase the chance of more and more people doing the same and thus likely starting a bandwagon effect. Some of the activists might also want to prevent living with a bad conscience and thus, they might prefer to spend their resources on climate change related causes instead of other alternatives.</s> |
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How long did dinosaurs rule earth? | Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles[note 1] of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 245 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs—birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. | Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial species on earth for about 135.3 million years. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: How long did dinosaurs rule earth?
### Context: Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles[note 1] of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 245 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs—birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds.
### Answer: Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial species on earth for about 135.3 million years.</s> |
Give me a list of five films made in the 1950s whose stars are still alive | Rio Bravo (1959) Angie Dickinson
Brothers Karamazov (1958) William Shatner
Revenge of the Creature (1955) Clint Eastwood
An American in Paris (1951) Leslie Caron
Vertigo (1958) Kim Novak | brainstorming | ### Instruction: Give me a list of five films made in the 1950s whose stars are still alive
### Context:
### Answer: Rio Bravo (1959) Angie Dickinson
Brothers Karamazov (1958) William Shatner
Revenge of the Creature (1955) Clint Eastwood
An American in Paris (1951) Leslie Caron
Vertigo (1958) Kim Novak</s> |
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Which weighs more: a shipping container, a couch or a espresso machine? | A shipping container weighs the most | open_qa | ### Instruction: Which weighs more: a shipping container, a couch or a espresso machine?
### Context:
### Answer: A shipping container weighs the most</s> |
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Paul McCartney and John Lennon wrote which Rolling Stones song? | "I Wanna Be Your Man" | open_qa | ### Instruction: Paul McCartney and John Lennon wrote which Rolling Stones song?
### Context:
### Answer: "I Wanna Be Your Man"</s> |
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What do you mean trekking? | Trekking - or long-distance hiking - consists of walking for several days or several weeks and being entirely or partially self-sufficient. | general_qa | ### Instruction: What do you mean trekking?
### Context:
### Answer: Trekking - or long-distance hiking - consists of walking for several days or several weeks and being entirely or partially self-sufficient.</s> |
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Given this paragraph about the M26, tell me how many times Hunt finished in the top 3, and explain your reasoning. | McLaren relied on the M23 during the rest of the season and for the first few races of 1977 until it was deemed necessary that the M26 was to race in light of the wilting performance of its predecessor. The redesigned car made its debut at the Spanish Grand Prix, where it proved to be a solid, if unspectacular performer. James Hunt, who initially hated the car knuckled down to improve the race pace and reliability of the M26, and throughout the season the car's performance improved noticeably. Hunt won three times during the course of the season, and scored two other podium finishes in the second half of the season. Two other potential victories were lost in Austria and Canada through reliability issues when Hunt was leading easily. At season's end, McLaren had scored 69 points and were third in the constructors' championship. | He placed in the top 3 a total of 5 times, because he won three times and had an additional two podium finishes. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given this paragraph about the M26, tell me how many times Hunt finished in the top 3, and explain your reasoning.
### Context: McLaren relied on the M23 during the rest of the season and for the first few races of 1977 until it was deemed necessary that the M26 was to race in light of the wilting performance of its predecessor. The redesigned car made its debut at the Spanish Grand Prix, where it proved to be a solid, if unspectacular performer. James Hunt, who initially hated the car knuckled down to improve the race pace and reliability of the M26, and throughout the season the car's performance improved noticeably. Hunt won three times during the course of the season, and scored two other podium finishes in the second half of the season. Two other potential victories were lost in Austria and Canada through reliability issues when Hunt was leading easily. At season's end, McLaren had scored 69 points and were third in the constructors' championship.
### Answer: He placed in the top 3 a total of 5 times, because he won three times and had an additional two podium finishes.</s> |
What are the books in Harry Potter series in order? | Harry Potter is a book series written by British author J.K. Rowling. The series was published from 1997 to 2007 with 7 books
Book 1: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997)
Book 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Book 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Book 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)
Book 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Book 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Book 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007) | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are the books in Harry Potter series in order?
### Context:
### Answer: Harry Potter is a book series written by British author J.K. Rowling. The series was published from 1997 to 2007 with 7 books
Book 1: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997)
Book 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Book 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Book 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)
Book 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Book 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Book 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007)</s> |
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Name a few cities worldwide where traffic congestion is an issue | Los Angeles, Mumbai, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, Sao Paulo | open_qa | ### Instruction: Name a few cities worldwide where traffic congestion is an issue
### Context:
### Answer: Los Angeles, Mumbai, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, Sao Paulo</s> |
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Tell me three key things to do to drive a car faster on a track | Driving a car on a track can be an exhilarating experience, but there a few rules to keep in mind. Here are three key things to remember:
1. Eyes up - Many drivers have a tendency to look directly at the end of the hood or at the next cone or apex. Keep your eyes up and to be able to assess where you want to go.
2. Look where you want to go - Your hands on the steering wheel follow your eyes, so look where you want to go, not what you want to avoid or navigate. For example. you should be looking at the exit of a turn as you enter the turn (or the apex if it's a wide turn)
3. Slow in, fast out - Cornering can be particularly tricky, because we tend to turn in too fast and too early, which can set up for a slow exit. Brake hard, take it slow, and wait to turn into a corner to best position you and the car to accelerate swiftly out of the turn. | creative_writing | ### Instruction: Tell me three key things to do to drive a car faster on a track
### Context:
### Answer: Driving a car on a track can be an exhilarating experience, but there a few rules to keep in mind. Here are three key things to remember:
1. Eyes up - Many drivers have a tendency to look directly at the end of the hood or at the next cone or apex. Keep your eyes up and to be able to assess where you want to go.
2. Look where you want to go - Your hands on the steering wheel follow your eyes, so look where you want to go, not what you want to avoid or navigate. For example. you should be looking at the exit of a turn as you enter the turn (or the apex if it's a wide turn)
3. Slow in, fast out - Cornering can be particularly tricky, because we tend to turn in too fast and too early, which can set up for a slow exit. Brake hard, take it slow, and wait to turn into a corner to best position you and the car to accelerate swiftly out of the turn.</s> |
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List the territories ceded by Turkey as part of the treaty of Lausanne. | The treaty delimited the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Specifically, the treaty provisioned that all the islands, islets and other territories in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean in the original text) beyond three miles from the Turkish shores were ceded to Greece, with the exception of Imbros, Tenedos and Rabbit islands (Articles 6 and 12). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the population exchange and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey (Article 38).
The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede Karaağaç to Turkey.
Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the Dodecanese Islands (Article 15); Cyprus (Article 20); Egypt and Sudan (Article 17); Syria and Iraq (Article 3); and (along with the Treaty of Ankara) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.
The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the Arabian Peninsula, which still remained under Turkish control when the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's southern border in Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, Asir and parts of Hejaz like the city of Medina. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.
By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in the Danube River to Romania by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey also renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined by Article 10 of the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.) | - All territories in the Aegean Sea except for Imbros, Tenedos, and Rabbit islands
- Dodecanese islands
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- Territories to the south of Syria and Iraq in the Arabian Peninsula
- Adakale island in the Danube river | summarization | ### Instruction: List the territories ceded by Turkey as part of the treaty of Lausanne.
### Context: The treaty delimited the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Specifically, the treaty provisioned that all the islands, islets and other territories in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean in the original text) beyond three miles from the Turkish shores were ceded to Greece, with the exception of Imbros, Tenedos and Rabbit islands (Articles 6 and 12). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the population exchange and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey (Article 38).
The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede Karaağaç to Turkey.
Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the Dodecanese Islands (Article 15); Cyprus (Article 20); Egypt and Sudan (Article 17); Syria and Iraq (Article 3); and (along with the Treaty of Ankara) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.
The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the Arabian Peninsula, which still remained under Turkish control when the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's southern border in Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, Asir and parts of Hejaz like the city of Medina. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.
By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in the Danube River to Romania by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey also renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined by Article 10 of the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.)
### Answer: - All territories in the Aegean Sea except for Imbros, Tenedos, and Rabbit islands
- Dodecanese islands
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- Territories to the south of Syria and Iraq in the Arabian Peninsula
- Adakale island in the Danube river</s> |
What type of car should I buy if I live in a city? | When living in the city, it is important to drive a vehicle that is compact enough to fit in small parking spaces and one that has sufficient fuel efficiency to drive for longer periods of time without requiring additional fuel. This is due to the scarcity of gas stations within city limits.
Small to mid-sized sedans or other compact cars with either good fuel efficiency or electric batteries are best for city driving. Examples include Toyota Prius, Volkswagen Golf, or Tesla Model 3.
It is imperative to avoid large vehicles when driving in the city. Samples vehicles to avoid include Ford F-150 pick up truck, Chevrolet Suburban, or Hummer. | general_qa | ### Instruction: What type of car should I buy if I live in a city?
### Context:
### Answer: When living in the city, it is important to drive a vehicle that is compact enough to fit in small parking spaces and one that has sufficient fuel efficiency to drive for longer periods of time without requiring additional fuel. This is due to the scarcity of gas stations within city limits.
Small to mid-sized sedans or other compact cars with either good fuel efficiency or electric batteries are best for city driving. Examples include Toyota Prius, Volkswagen Golf, or Tesla Model 3.
It is imperative to avoid large vehicles when driving in the city. Samples vehicles to avoid include Ford F-150 pick up truck, Chevrolet Suburban, or Hummer.</s> |
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Describe the benefits of riding the bus to work instead of driving a car. | Riding the bus to work instead of driving a car to work reduces greenhouse gas emissions. While you are riding the bus, you can also do other tasks that you could not do while driving, such as catching up on work, messaging your friends, or taking a nap. In areas where bus lanes exist, they can make the bus as fast or faster than a car for your commute because the bus won't get stuck in traffic. Finally, if you take the bus, you don't have to worry about finding parking for your car at your destination. | creative_writing | ### Instruction: Describe the benefits of riding the bus to work instead of driving a car.
### Context:
### Answer: Riding the bus to work instead of driving a car to work reduces greenhouse gas emissions. While you are riding the bus, you can also do other tasks that you could not do while driving, such as catching up on work, messaging your friends, or taking a nap. In areas where bus lanes exist, they can make the bus as fast or faster than a car for your commute because the bus won't get stuck in traffic. Finally, if you take the bus, you don't have to worry about finding parking for your car at your destination.</s> |
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What is fishing tackle? | Fishing tackles are the equipment used by fishers when fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called a fishing tackle, although the term is most commonly associated with gear used in angling. Some examples are hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders, and tackle boxes. Fishing techniques refer to the ways the tackles are used when fishing.
Tackles that are attached to the end of a fishing line are collectively called terminal tackles. These include hooks, sinkers, floats, leader lines, swivels, split rings, and any wires, snaps, beads, spoons, blades, spinners and clevises used to attach spinner blades to fishing lures. People also tend to use dead or live bait fish as another form of bait. | Fishing tackle is gear used to catch fish and includes hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders, and tackle boxes. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: What is fishing tackle?
### Context: Fishing tackles are the equipment used by fishers when fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called a fishing tackle, although the term is most commonly associated with gear used in angling. Some examples are hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders, and tackle boxes. Fishing techniques refer to the ways the tackles are used when fishing.
Tackles that are attached to the end of a fishing line are collectively called terminal tackles. These include hooks, sinkers, floats, leader lines, swivels, split rings, and any wires, snaps, beads, spoons, blades, spinners and clevises used to attach spinner blades to fishing lures. People also tend to use dead or live bait fish as another form of bait.
### Answer: Fishing tackle is gear used to catch fish and includes hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders, and tackle boxes.</s> |
Summarize what the network Bravo is about | Bravo is an American basic cable television network, launched on December 8, 1980. It is owned by the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of Comcast's NBCUniversal. The channel originally focused on programming related to fine arts and film. It currently mainly focuses on lifestyle reality television series targeted at 25-to-54-year-old women as well as the LGBTQIA+ community.
As of January 2016, approximately 89,824,000 American households (77% of households with TV) receive Bravo. | Bravo is a television network that show reality TV shows which are targeted at 25-54 year old women as well as the LGBTQIA+ community. Approximately 77% of households with a TV have access to Bravo. | summarization | ### Instruction: Summarize what the network Bravo is about
### Context: Bravo is an American basic cable television network, launched on December 8, 1980. It is owned by the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of Comcast's NBCUniversal. The channel originally focused on programming related to fine arts and film. It currently mainly focuses on lifestyle reality television series targeted at 25-to-54-year-old women as well as the LGBTQIA+ community.
As of January 2016, approximately 89,824,000 American households (77% of households with TV) receive Bravo.
### Answer: Bravo is a television network that show reality TV shows which are targeted at 25-54 year old women as well as the LGBTQIA+ community. Approximately 77% of households with a TV have access to Bravo.</s> |
List the Pokemon Go regions. | There are ten regions in Pokémon GO Kanto, Johto, Hoenn, Sinnoh, Unova, Kalos, Alola, Galar, Hisui and Paldea. Certain Pokemon originate from each region and can only be captured within that region. | brainstorming | ### Instruction: List the Pokemon Go regions.
### Context:
### Answer: There are ten regions in Pokémon GO Kanto, Johto, Hoenn, Sinnoh, Unova, Kalos, Alola, Galar, Hisui and Paldea. Certain Pokemon originate from each region and can only be captured within that region.</s> |
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Classify the following as either an insect or a dog breed: mosquito, Labrador retriever, German shepherd, ant, Siberian husky, poodle, and ladybug. | The insects are the mosquito, ant, and ladybug. The dog breeds are the Labrador retriever, German shepherd, Siberian husky, and poodle. | classification | ### Instruction: Classify the following as either an insect or a dog breed: mosquito, Labrador retriever, German shepherd, ant, Siberian husky, poodle, and ladybug.
### Context:
### Answer: The insects are the mosquito, ant, and ladybug. The dog breeds are the Labrador retriever, German shepherd, Siberian husky, and poodle.</s> |
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What should I do to maximize my chances of getting into a top business school? | There are many controllable factors that can help improve your chances of attending a top business school such as Harvard, Stanford, or Wharton. Four of the most important include:
- Track record of impactful work experience
- Strong letters of recommendation from your supervisors
- Excellent GMAT score and, to a lesser extent, GPA
- Compelling essays
Work experience is often cited as the most important factor for business school admissions. Candidates should look for jobs that involve building best-in-class business skills (such as working at Goldman Sachs or McKinsey) or involve leading large groups of people to accomplish important and challenging projects. One piece of advice is to look at the resumes of successful applicants and see what types of roles they had pre-MBA.
In addition to having excellent work experience on your resume, it is equally important to have a track record of success at those jobs. To evaluate track record of strong work performance, business schools require 2-3 letters of recommendations. It is critical for these recommendations to be highly positive, and any lack of enthusiasm can be an instant red flag for admissions officers.
In terms of quantitative factors, Harvard, Stanford and Wharton have high average GMAT scores. Harvard's median GMAT score, for example, was 730 out of 800 for the class of 2024. Be sure to invest time in preparing for the GMAT, as candidates can significantly increase scores through consistent and dedicated practice.
Additionally, the essays candidates submit are very important. The goal of a business school admissions officer to is find candidates who are likely to reach senior executive leadership or other impactful roles in society. Your essay would ideally reflect a) an aspirational but attainable goal to reach a high impact position, and b) a clear path to get from where you currently are to your long-term goals, including a logical short-term goal immediate post-business school.
Some candidates opt to hire an MBA admissions consultant, which typically costs between $2000-3000 per application. Consider whether an MBA admissions consultant would be valuable for your process, and if so, be sure to evaluate several by having free upfront consultations. | general_qa | ### Instruction: What should I do to maximize my chances of getting into a top business school?
### Context:
### Answer: There are many controllable factors that can help improve your chances of attending a top business school such as Harvard, Stanford, or Wharton. Four of the most important include:
- Track record of impactful work experience
- Strong letters of recommendation from your supervisors
- Excellent GMAT score and, to a lesser extent, GPA
- Compelling essays
Work experience is often cited as the most important factor for business school admissions. Candidates should look for jobs that involve building best-in-class business skills (such as working at Goldman Sachs or McKinsey) or involve leading large groups of people to accomplish important and challenging projects. One piece of advice is to look at the resumes of successful applicants and see what types of roles they had pre-MBA.
In addition to having excellent work experience on your resume, it is equally important to have a track record of success at those jobs. To evaluate track record of strong work performance, business schools require 2-3 letters of recommendations. It is critical for these recommendations to be highly positive, and any lack of enthusiasm can be an instant red flag for admissions officers.
In terms of quantitative factors, Harvard, Stanford and Wharton have high average GMAT scores. Harvard's median GMAT score, for example, was 730 out of 800 for the class of 2024. Be sure to invest time in preparing for the GMAT, as candidates can significantly increase scores through consistent and dedicated practice.
Additionally, the essays candidates submit are very important. The goal of a business school admissions officer to is find candidates who are likely to reach senior executive leadership or other impactful roles in society. Your essay would ideally reflect a) an aspirational but attainable goal to reach a high impact position, and b) a clear path to get from where you currently are to your long-term goals, including a logical short-term goal immediate post-business school.
Some candidates opt to hire an MBA admissions consultant, which typically costs between $2000-3000 per application. Consider whether an MBA admissions consultant would be valuable for your process, and if so, be sure to evaluate several by having free upfront consultations.</s> |
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Classify the cities based on whether they are located in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands or Dominican Republic.
Santiago, Santo Domingo Este, Santo Domingo, Grytviken | South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands - Grytviken
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo, Santiago, Santo Domingo Este | classification | ### Instruction: Classify the cities based on whether they are located in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands or Dominican Republic.
Santiago, Santo Domingo Este, Santo Domingo, Grytviken
### Context:
### Answer: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands - Grytviken
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo, Santiago, Santo Domingo Este</s> |
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What are Newton’s laws of motion? | Newton’s laws of motion are three fundamental laws residing in mechanical physics. These laws describe the relationship of objects, the paths of motion, and the forces that are in action between them.
Newton’s laws are as follows:
- An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- The force of an object is equivalent to that object’s mass multiplied by that object’s acceleration. (F=ma)
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are Newton’s laws of motion?
### Context:
### Answer: Newton’s laws of motion are three fundamental laws residing in mechanical physics. These laws describe the relationship of objects, the paths of motion, and the forces that are in action between them.
Newton’s laws are as follows:
- An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- The force of an object is equivalent to that object’s mass multiplied by that object’s acceleration. (F=ma)
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.</s> |
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Did Sir Winston Churchill win the Nobel Peace Prize? | No, Sir Winston Churchill did not win the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice, in 1945 and in 1950, and did not win it.
However, he did win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Did Sir Winston Churchill win the Nobel Peace Prize?
### Context:
### Answer: No, Sir Winston Churchill did not win the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice, in 1945 and in 1950, and did not win it.
However, he did win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.</s> |
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Tell me whether these are part of the judicial, executive, or legislative branch of government: Supreme Court, President, House, Senate | Supreme Court: Judicial
President: Executive
House: Legislative
Senate: Legislative | classification | ### Instruction: Tell me whether these are part of the judicial, executive, or legislative branch of government: Supreme Court, President, House, Senate
### Context:
### Answer: Supreme Court: Judicial
President: Executive
House: Legislative
Senate: Legislative</s> |
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How are healthcare organizations thinking about their strategy to improve healthcare delivery? | One popular model that many healthcare organizations use to set goals and measure their progress is known as the "Quadruple Aim." This framework looks to achieve four simultaneous and interconnected goals: Improving the patient experience, Improving healthcare outcomes, reducing cost of care, and improving the working experience of healthcare providers. | general_qa | ### Instruction: How are healthcare organizations thinking about their strategy to improve healthcare delivery?
### Context:
### Answer: One popular model that many healthcare organizations use to set goals and measure their progress is known as the "Quadruple Aim." This framework looks to achieve four simultaneous and interconnected goals: Improving the patient experience, Improving healthcare outcomes, reducing cost of care, and improving the working experience of healthcare providers.</s> |
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Tell me whether you eat each of these with a spoon or fork: soup, ice cream, cereal, salad, pasta | Soup: Spoon
Ice Cream: Spoon
Cereal: Spoon
Salad: Fork
Pasta: Fork | classification | ### Instruction: Tell me whether you eat each of these with a spoon or fork: soup, ice cream, cereal, salad, pasta
### Context:
### Answer: Soup: Spoon
Ice Cream: Spoon
Cereal: Spoon
Salad: Fork
Pasta: Fork</s> |
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What are some tips that kids could use to learn the lines of a musical school play? Write them as if they are narrated by an elementary school student. | One good method is to practice your lines of the play with other people, who might not necessarily be in the play (for example, practice with your parents!). It's also good to review your lines and repeat them by heart a few minutes later. Then over time try to repeat them without looking at the play book. One thing to avoid is to only read the lines but not say them out loud. Saying the lines out loud is really important for remembering them and practicing your acting. And above all, try to have fun! | brainstorming | ### Instruction: What are some tips that kids could use to learn the lines of a musical school play? Write them as if they are narrated by an elementary school student.
### Context:
### Answer: One good method is to practice your lines of the play with other people, who might not necessarily be in the play (for example, practice with your parents!). It's also good to review your lines and repeat them by heart a few minutes later. Then over time try to repeat them without looking at the play book. One thing to avoid is to only read the lines but not say them out loud. Saying the lines out loud is really important for remembering them and practicing your acting. And above all, try to have fun!</s> |
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What is the purpose of a shot clock in basketball? | The shot clock is intended to increase the pace of play. By having a limited amount of time to shoot, teams are encouraged to shoot more frequently, leading to a faster moving game. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is the purpose of a shot clock in basketball?
### Context:
### Answer: The shot clock is intended to increase the pace of play. By having a limited amount of time to shoot, teams are encouraged to shoot more frequently, leading to a faster moving game.</s> |
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What coloring of cat is almost always male? | Orange cats are generally male. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What coloring of cat is almost always male?
### Context:
### Answer: Orange cats are generally male.</s> |
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Which were the top 3 nations in the medal tally of World Wrestling Championship 2022 | USA(15), Japan(13), Turkey(7) | open_qa | ### Instruction: Which were the top 3 nations in the medal tally of World Wrestling Championship 2022
### Context:
### Answer: USA(15), Japan(13), Turkey(7)</s> |
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What is Unanimous? | Unanimous is a United Kingdom-based game show broadcast on Channel 4 from 27 October 2006 to 15 December 2006. It was based on an American game show titled Unan1mous. | Unanimous is a United Kingdom-based game show broadcast on Channel 4 from 27 October 2006 to 15 December 2006. It was based on an American game show titled Unan1mous.
Unanimous: The Fallout, was shown on E4 later at night after Unanimous. It was hosted by comedians Paddy McGuinness and Olivia Lee and featured regular guest Karl Daly, played by Tom Bennett.
The 'Host' of the show was Alex Humes. Although fairly unknown, Humes starred in the reality TV programme Space Cadets, also for Channel 4, where he played one of the Russian pilots. The voice-over for the programme was provided by Phil Gallagher. | summarization | ### Instruction: What is Unanimous?
### Context: Unanimous is a United Kingdom-based game show broadcast on Channel 4 from 27 October 2006 to 15 December 2006. It was based on an American game show titled Unan1mous.
### Answer: Unanimous is a United Kingdom-based game show broadcast on Channel 4 from 27 October 2006 to 15 December 2006. It was based on an American game show titled Unan1mous.
Unanimous: The Fallout, was shown on E4 later at night after Unanimous. It was hosted by comedians Paddy McGuinness and Olivia Lee and featured regular guest Karl Daly, played by Tom Bennett.
The 'Host' of the show was Alex Humes. Although fairly unknown, Humes starred in the reality TV programme Space Cadets, also for Channel 4, where he played one of the Russian pilots. The voice-over for the programme was provided by Phil Gallagher.</s> |
Where is Meherpur Sadar | Meherpur Sadar (Bengali: মেহেরপুর সদর) is an upazila of Meherpur District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh. Meherpur is the smallest district of Bangladesh in the South-western part within the Khulna Division. Before the partition in 1947, Meherpur was a part of the Nadia district of undivided India. Before 1984, it was a subdivision of Kushtia district. Meherpur consists of 1 municipality, 9 wards and 72 mahallas, 3 upazilas, 18 union parishads, 277 villages, 190 mouzas. The upazilas are Meherpur Sadar, Gangni and Mujibnagar. | open_qa | ### Instruction: Where is Meherpur Sadar
### Context:
### Answer: Meherpur Sadar (Bengali: মেহেরপুর সদর) is an upazila of Meherpur District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh. Meherpur is the smallest district of Bangladesh in the South-western part within the Khulna Division. Before the partition in 1947, Meherpur was a part of the Nadia district of undivided India. Before 1984, it was a subdivision of Kushtia district. Meherpur consists of 1 municipality, 9 wards and 72 mahallas, 3 upazilas, 18 union parishads, 277 villages, 190 mouzas. The upazilas are Meherpur Sadar, Gangni and Mujibnagar.</s> |
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Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Semantron, Saw sam sai | Saw sam sai is string, Semantron is percussion. | classification | ### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Semantron, Saw sam sai
### Context:
### Answer: Saw sam sai is string, Semantron is percussion.</s> |
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What are some of the main themes of Jane Eyre | Some of the main themes of Jane Eyre are social class, love, family, dependence and independence, personal discovery and growth. There are also themes of religion, pride, duty to society and personal morality | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are some of the main themes of Jane Eyre
### Context:
### Answer: Some of the main themes of Jane Eyre are social class, love, family, dependence and independence, personal discovery and growth. There are also themes of religion, pride, duty to society and personal morality</s> |
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What is the biggest flag in the world? | According to Guinness World Records the largest flag ever made was of a Romanian national flag that measured 349 x 227 metres (1,145 x 744.5ft) – about three times the size of a football field. It weighed 5-tonnes and consisted of 44 miles of thread and was unfurled 22 miles South-East of Bucharest. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is the biggest flag in the world?
### Context:
### Answer: According to Guinness World Records the largest flag ever made was of a Romanian national flag that measured 349 x 227 metres (1,145 x 744.5ft) – about three times the size of a football field. It weighed 5-tonnes and consisted of 44 miles of thread and was unfurled 22 miles South-East of Bucharest.</s> |
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Please give me a summary of the current rule set for roller derby. | Roller derby is played in two periods of 30 minutes.: 4 Two teams of up to 15 players each field up to five members for episodes called "jams". Jams last two minutes unless called off prematurely.: 5 Each team designates a scoring player (the "jammer"); the other four members are "blockers". One blocker can be designated as a "pivot"—a blocker who is allowed to become a jammer in the course of play.: 7 The next jam may involve different players of the 15 roster players, and different selections for jammer and pivot.: 7
During each jam, players skate counterclockwise on a circuit track. Points are scored only by a team's jammer. After breaking through the pack and skating one lap to begin another "trip" through the pack, the jammer scores one point for passing any opposing blocker.: 33 [note 1] The rules describe an "earned" pass; notably, the jammer must be in-bounds and upright. The jammer's first earned pass scores a point for passing that blocker and a point for each opponent blocker not on the track (for instance, serving a penalty, or when the opposition did not field five players for the jam). If the jammer passes the entire pack, it is a four-point scoring trip, commonly called a "grand slam".[note 1]
Each team's blockers use body contact, changing positions, and other tactics to help their jammer score while hindering the opposing team's jammer. | A roller derby bout consists of two 30 minute halves.
Players will be on the track for a series of two minute intervals.Each team will have 5 players on the track at one time.
Four players from each are designated blockers, and will play both offense and defense at the same time.
Each team will field one jammer who is the main point scoring skater.
Jammers earn points for passing blockers from the opposing team. | summarization | ### Instruction: Please give me a summary of the current rule set for roller derby.
### Context: Roller derby is played in two periods of 30 minutes.: 4 Two teams of up to 15 players each field up to five members for episodes called "jams". Jams last two minutes unless called off prematurely.: 5 Each team designates a scoring player (the "jammer"); the other four members are "blockers". One blocker can be designated as a "pivot"—a blocker who is allowed to become a jammer in the course of play.: 7 The next jam may involve different players of the 15 roster players, and different selections for jammer and pivot.: 7
During each jam, players skate counterclockwise on a circuit track. Points are scored only by a team's jammer. After breaking through the pack and skating one lap to begin another "trip" through the pack, the jammer scores one point for passing any opposing blocker.: 33 [note 1] The rules describe an "earned" pass; notably, the jammer must be in-bounds and upright. The jammer's first earned pass scores a point for passing that blocker and a point for each opponent blocker not on the track (for instance, serving a penalty, or when the opposition did not field five players for the jam). If the jammer passes the entire pack, it is a four-point scoring trip, commonly called a "grand slam".[note 1]
Each team's blockers use body contact, changing positions, and other tactics to help their jammer score while hindering the opposing team's jammer.
### Answer: A roller derby bout consists of two 30 minute halves.
Players will be on the track for a series of two minute intervals.Each team will have 5 players on the track at one time.
Four players from each are designated blockers, and will play both offense and defense at the same time.
Each team will field one jammer who is the main point scoring skater.
Jammers earn points for passing blockers from the opposing team.</s> |
What is the difference between American Football and European Football? | Prior to American Football coming into existence, European Football was played throughout the world as an athletic sport that entailed kicking a round ball into an opponent's goal. European Football is typically played on a grass turf surface called a pitch. European Football was actually first called soccer before its adoption by the entire world and ended up settling on the name football. This is where the common confusion surrounds European Football and American Football. American Football, created much later than European Football, is played with a pig skin with a prolate shape on a grass turf surface, much like European Football. In American Football, instead of using their feet, players use their hands to pass the ball to one another through the air or hand the ball off to one another and attempt to run into the opponent's endzone. When European Football eventually came to the United States, the moniker soccer remained with the sport. This is why European Football is the same as American Soccer and American Football is not the same as European Football. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is the difference between American Football and European Football?
### Context:
### Answer: Prior to American Football coming into existence, European Football was played throughout the world as an athletic sport that entailed kicking a round ball into an opponent's goal. European Football is typically played on a grass turf surface called a pitch. European Football was actually first called soccer before its adoption by the entire world and ended up settling on the name football. This is where the common confusion surrounds European Football and American Football. American Football, created much later than European Football, is played with a pig skin with a prolate shape on a grass turf surface, much like European Football. In American Football, instead of using their feet, players use their hands to pass the ball to one another through the air or hand the ball off to one another and attempt to run into the opponent's endzone. When European Football eventually came to the United States, the moniker soccer remained with the sport. This is why European Football is the same as American Soccer and American Football is not the same as European Football.</s> |
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Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Vaquita, Daeodon | Daeodon is extinct, Vaquita is alive. | classification | ### Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Vaquita, Daeodon
### Context:
### Answer: Daeodon is extinct, Vaquita is alive.</s> |
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List five happy words | Elated, joyful, amused, grateful, ecstatic all evoke happiness | brainstorming | ### Instruction: List five happy words
### Context:
### Answer: Elated, joyful, amused, grateful, ecstatic all evoke happiness</s> |
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How big is the Atlas Moth? | The Atlas moth is one of the largest lepidopterans, with a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm (9.4 in) and a wing surface area of about 160 cm2 (≈25 in2). It is only surpassed in wingspan by the white witch (Thysania agrippina) and Attacus caesar, and in wing surface area by the Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules). As in most silk moths, females are noticeably larger and heavier than males, while males have broader antennae. | The Atlas Moth has a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: How big is the Atlas Moth?
### Context: The Atlas moth is one of the largest lepidopterans, with a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm (9.4 in) and a wing surface area of about 160 cm2 (≈25 in2). It is only surpassed in wingspan by the white witch (Thysania agrippina) and Attacus caesar, and in wing surface area by the Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules). As in most silk moths, females are noticeably larger and heavier than males, while males have broader antennae.
### Answer: The Atlas Moth has a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm.</s> |
Given a reference text about LIV Golf, tell me what "LIV" means, when it was started and who financed it. | LIV Golf is a professional golf tour. The name "LIV" refers to the Roman numerals for 54, the score if every hole on a par-72 course were birdied and the number of holes to be played at LIV events. The first LIV Golf Invitational Series event started on 9 June 2022, at the Centurion Club near London, England. The Invitational Series became the LIV Golf League in 2023.
LIV Golf is financed by the Public Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia. | LIV refers to the Roman numerals for 54. The first tournament was hosted June 2022 and s funded by the wealth fund of Saudi Arabia | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given a reference text about LIV Golf, tell me what "LIV" means, when it was started and who financed it.
### Context: LIV Golf is a professional golf tour. The name "LIV" refers to the Roman numerals for 54, the score if every hole on a par-72 course were birdied and the number of holes to be played at LIV events. The first LIV Golf Invitational Series event started on 9 June 2022, at the Centurion Club near London, England. The Invitational Series became the LIV Golf League in 2023.
LIV Golf is financed by the Public Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia.
### Answer: LIV refers to the Roman numerals for 54. The first tournament was hosted June 2022 and s funded by the wealth fund of Saudi Arabia</s> |
Give me a summary of the history of Thackeray Hall at the University of Pittsburgh based on this passage. | The building is the former National Union Fire Insurance Company building built circa 1923–1925 in the Early Classical style. The building was purchased by the university in 1968 for $1.875 million ($14.6 million in 2021 dollars), and was originally purposed for faculty offices. It was known as the Social Sciences Building until 1972 when it was renamed Mervis Hall and designated as the home of the Graduate School of Business. In 1983, when the Graduate School of Business moved into a new building also named Mervis Hall, it was renamed Thackeray Hall. | Thackeray Hall used to be the building for the National Union Fire Insurance Company until it was purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 1968 for $1.875 million. First, it was used for faculty offices, then later known as the Social Sciences Building until it was renamed Mervis Hall. In 1983, it was renamed Thackeray Hall and has housed the university's Department of Mathematics since then. | summarization | ### Instruction: Give me a summary of the history of Thackeray Hall at the University of Pittsburgh based on this passage.
### Context: The building is the former National Union Fire Insurance Company building built circa 1923–1925 in the Early Classical style. The building was purchased by the university in 1968 for $1.875 million ($14.6 million in 2021 dollars), and was originally purposed for faculty offices. It was known as the Social Sciences Building until 1972 when it was renamed Mervis Hall and designated as the home of the Graduate School of Business. In 1983, when the Graduate School of Business moved into a new building also named Mervis Hall, it was renamed Thackeray Hall.
### Answer: Thackeray Hall used to be the building for the National Union Fire Insurance Company until it was purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 1968 for $1.875 million. First, it was used for faculty offices, then later known as the Social Sciences Building until it was renamed Mervis Hall. In 1983, it was renamed Thackeray Hall and has housed the university's Department of Mathematics since then.</s> |
Which community of users on Twitter has the most 8-dollar-a-month verification? | From my limited experience, it's the bitcoin bros who are the most willing to pay Elon Musk 8 dollars a month for the useless verification blue check mark. What a double whammy! | brainstorming | ### Instruction: Which community of users on Twitter has the most 8-dollar-a-month verification?
### Context:
### Answer: From my limited experience, it's the bitcoin bros who are the most willing to pay Elon Musk 8 dollars a month for the useless verification blue check mark. What a double whammy!</s> |
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How many children did Louis Pasteur have, and how many died of typhoid fever? | Pasteur married Marie Pasteur (née Laurent) in 1849. She was the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg, and was Pasteur's scientific assistant. They had five children together, three of whom died as children. Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, was born in 1850. She died from typhoid fever, aged 9, whilst at the boarding school Arbois in 1859. In 1865, 2-year-old Camille died of a liver tumour. Shortly after they decided to bring Cécile home from boarding school, but she too died of typhoid fever on 23 May 1866 at the age of 12. Only Jean Baptiste (b. 1851) and Marie Louise (b. 1858) survived to adulthood. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia. | Louis Pasteur had 5 children, 2 of which died from Typhoid fever | closed_qa | ### Instruction: How many children did Louis Pasteur have, and how many died of typhoid fever?
### Context: Pasteur married Marie Pasteur (née Laurent) in 1849. She was the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg, and was Pasteur's scientific assistant. They had five children together, three of whom died as children. Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, was born in 1850. She died from typhoid fever, aged 9, whilst at the boarding school Arbois in 1859. In 1865, 2-year-old Camille died of a liver tumour. Shortly after they decided to bring Cécile home from boarding school, but she too died of typhoid fever on 23 May 1866 at the age of 12. Only Jean Baptiste (b. 1851) and Marie Louise (b. 1858) survived to adulthood. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.
### Answer: Louis Pasteur had 5 children, 2 of which died from Typhoid fever</s> |
What are the books in the 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series and when were they released? | The books in the 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series are:
- A Game of Thrones [August 1996]
- A Clash of Kings [February 1999]
- A Storm of Swords [November 2000]
- A Feast for Crows [November 2005]
- A Dance with Dragons [July 2011]
- The Winds of Winter
- A Dream of Spring | open_qa | ### Instruction: What are the books in the 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series and when were they released?
### Context:
### Answer: The books in the 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series are:
- A Game of Thrones [August 1996]
- A Clash of Kings [February 1999]
- A Storm of Swords [November 2000]
- A Feast for Crows [November 2005]
- A Dance with Dragons [July 2011]
- The Winds of Winter
- A Dream of Spring </s> |
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What is the difference between a snap shot and a slap shot in hockey? | A snap shot is an abbreviated wrist shot in ice hockey. The purpose of the snap shot is to combine the main advantages of the wrist shot (shot accuracy and quick delivery) and slap shot (puck speed).
The snap shot is accomplished with a quick snap of the wrists while the puck rests in place. The slap shot, on the other hand, is accomplished with a wind-up involving lifting the hockey stick to shoulder height or higher and then slapping the ice slightly behind the puck, using the weight to bend the stick, storing energy in it like a spring. The player then rolls their wrists and shifts their weight so that the energy stored in the stick is released through the puck. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is the difference between a snap shot and a slap shot in hockey?
### Context:
### Answer: A snap shot is an abbreviated wrist shot in ice hockey. The purpose of the snap shot is to combine the main advantages of the wrist shot (shot accuracy and quick delivery) and slap shot (puck speed).
The snap shot is accomplished with a quick snap of the wrists while the puck rests in place. The slap shot, on the other hand, is accomplished with a wind-up involving lifting the hockey stick to shoulder height or higher and then slapping the ice slightly behind the puck, using the weight to bend the stick, storing energy in it like a spring. The player then rolls their wrists and shifts their weight so that the energy stored in the stick is released through the puck.</s> |
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How many languages are there worldwide? | There are approximately 7,000 languages worldwide and many dialects. | open_qa | ### Instruction: How many languages are there worldwide?
### Context:
### Answer: There are approximately 7,000 languages worldwide and many dialects.</s> |
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Give me the answer to this riddle, explain the answer, and explain why the answer may be challenging to identify: what gets wetter as it dries? | The answer to this riddle is a towel. A towel gets wetter when it is used to dry something off. This answer may be challenging to determine because of the contradictory nature of the qualities the riddle is asking for - drying and getting wetter. | general_qa | ### Instruction: Give me the answer to this riddle, explain the answer, and explain why the answer may be challenging to identify: what gets wetter as it dries?
### Context:
### Answer: The answer to this riddle is a towel. A towel gets wetter when it is used to dry something off. This answer may be challenging to determine because of the contradictory nature of the qualities the riddle is asking for - drying and getting wetter.</s> |
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What is a Gross domestic product (GDP)? | Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold in a specific time period by a country or countries, generally "without double counting the intermediate goods and services used up to produce them". GDP is most often used by the government of a single country to measure its economic health. Due to its complex and subjective nature, this measure is often revised before being considered a reliable indicator. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP (also called the Mean Standard of Living). | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is a Gross domestic product (GDP)?
### Context:
### Answer: Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold in a specific time period by a country or countries, generally "without double counting the intermediate goods and services used up to produce them". GDP is most often used by the government of a single country to measure its economic health. Due to its complex and subjective nature, this measure is often revised before being considered a reliable indicator. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP (also called the Mean Standard of Living).</s> |
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Which of the following are continents: Asia, Africa, China, Australia, United States of America, North America, Sri Lanka, Thailand. | The continents are: Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. | classification | ### Instruction: Which of the following are continents: Asia, Africa, China, Australia, United States of America, North America, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
### Context:
### Answer: The continents are: Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America.</s> |
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Given this paragraph about a Tesla Model 3, tell me what the EPA-rated ranges are for the various models. | The Tesla Model 3 is an electric car produced by American marque Tesla. It is a battery-powered four-door sedan that is considered a mid-size car in the US and a large family car in Europe, and is marketed in the compact-executive segment. Limited production of the Model 3 began in mid-2017, with the first production vehicle rolling off the assembly line on July 7, 2017. The official launch and delivery of the first 30 cars took place on July 28.
The base Model 3 delivers an EPA-rated all-electric range of 272 miles (438 km) and the Long Range version delivers 358 miles (576 km). According to Tesla, the Model 3 carries full self-driving hardware, with periodic software updates adding functionality.
The Model 3 was marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models by Tesla. Since early 2020, the Model 3 is the bestselling electric car in world history, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to pass the 1 million global sales milestone. The Model 3 has been the world's top selling plug-in electric car (PEV) for three years running, from 2018 to 2020. It has also been the bestselling PEV in the United States for three consecutive years, 2018 to 2020, the top selling PEV in Europe in 2019, and the bestselling PEV in China in 2020. | The Tesla Model 3 comes in a base model with a range of 272 miles (438 km) and also comes in a Long Range version that delivers 358 miles (576 km). | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given this paragraph about a Tesla Model 3, tell me what the EPA-rated ranges are for the various models.
### Context: The Tesla Model 3 is an electric car produced by American marque Tesla. It is a battery-powered four-door sedan that is considered a mid-size car in the US and a large family car in Europe, and is marketed in the compact-executive segment. Limited production of the Model 3 began in mid-2017, with the first production vehicle rolling off the assembly line on July 7, 2017. The official launch and delivery of the first 30 cars took place on July 28.
The base Model 3 delivers an EPA-rated all-electric range of 272 miles (438 km) and the Long Range version delivers 358 miles (576 km). According to Tesla, the Model 3 carries full self-driving hardware, with periodic software updates adding functionality.
The Model 3 was marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models by Tesla. Since early 2020, the Model 3 is the bestselling electric car in world history, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to pass the 1 million global sales milestone. The Model 3 has been the world's top selling plug-in electric car (PEV) for three years running, from 2018 to 2020. It has also been the bestselling PEV in the United States for three consecutive years, 2018 to 2020, the top selling PEV in Europe in 2019, and the bestselling PEV in China in 2020.
### Answer: The Tesla Model 3 comes in a base model with a range of 272 miles (438 km) and also comes in a Long Range version that delivers 358 miles (576 km).</s> |
Extract all the weights and measures from the text | The Island Packet 27 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with teak wood trim and a teak and holly cabin sole. It is a Cutter-rigged sloop; with a spooned raked stem; a vertical transom; a rudder mounted to the keel, controlled by a wheel and a fixed long keel or optional long keel and centerboard. It displaces 8,000 lb (3,629 kg) and carries 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of ballast.
The keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of 3.70 ft (1.13 m), while the centerboard-equipped version has a draft of 6.0 ft (1.8 m) with the centerboard extended and 2.67 ft (0.81 m) with it retracted.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of 18 hp (13 kW). The fuel tank holds 19 U.S. gallons (72 L; 16 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 31 U.S. gallons (120 L; 26 imp gal).
The mainsheet traveler is on the rear taffrail. The cockpit features two jib winches and two halyard winches. The cockpit has room for eight adults and includes an icebox. There is a bowsprit with an anchor roller.
The galley is located on the port side of the boat and includes a two-burner alcohol-fired stove and optional pressure water supply. The head is located just aft of the forward "V"-berth, on the starboard side. Additional sleeping accommodation is provided by a cabin settee, which converts to a double berth, plus a single berth to port. The cabin table folds up against the bulkhead.
Cabin ventilation consists of six opening ports and a forward hatch. | 8000 lb / 3629 kg
3000 lb / 1361 kg
3.70 ft / 1.13 m
6.0 ft / 1.8 m
2.67 ft / 0.81m
18 hp / 13 kW
19 US gallons / 72 L / 16 imp gal
31 US gallons / 120 L / 26 imp gal | information_extraction | ### Instruction: Extract all the weights and measures from the text
### Context: The Island Packet 27 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with teak wood trim and a teak and holly cabin sole. It is a Cutter-rigged sloop; with a spooned raked stem; a vertical transom; a rudder mounted to the keel, controlled by a wheel and a fixed long keel or optional long keel and centerboard. It displaces 8,000 lb (3,629 kg) and carries 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of ballast.
The keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of 3.70 ft (1.13 m), while the centerboard-equipped version has a draft of 6.0 ft (1.8 m) with the centerboard extended and 2.67 ft (0.81 m) with it retracted.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of 18 hp (13 kW). The fuel tank holds 19 U.S. gallons (72 L; 16 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 31 U.S. gallons (120 L; 26 imp gal).
The mainsheet traveler is on the rear taffrail. The cockpit features two jib winches and two halyard winches. The cockpit has room for eight adults and includes an icebox. There is a bowsprit with an anchor roller.
The galley is located on the port side of the boat and includes a two-burner alcohol-fired stove and optional pressure water supply. The head is located just aft of the forward "V"-berth, on the starboard side. Additional sleeping accommodation is provided by a cabin settee, which converts to a double berth, plus a single berth to port. The cabin table folds up against the bulkhead.
Cabin ventilation consists of six opening ports and a forward hatch.
### Answer: 8000 lb / 3629 kg
3000 lb / 1361 kg
3.70 ft / 1.13 m
6.0 ft / 1.8 m
2.67 ft / 0.81m
18 hp / 13 kW
19 US gallons / 72 L / 16 imp gal
31 US gallons / 120 L / 26 imp gal</s> |
What is the difference between a flute and piccolo? | The main difference between a flute and piccolo is that the flute is a woodwind instrument and the piccolo is a brass instrument. The flute is typically made from wood and is played with the mouth, while the piccolo is typically made from brass and is played with the fingers. Additionally, the flute is usually pitched higher than the piccolo, and the flute is used for a variety of musical styles while the piccolo is typically used for jazz and classical music. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is the difference between a flute and piccolo?
### Context:
### Answer: The main difference between a flute and piccolo is that the flute is a woodwind instrument and the piccolo is a brass instrument. The flute is typically made from wood and is played with the mouth, while the piccolo is typically made from brass and is played with the fingers. Additionally, the flute is usually pitched higher than the piccolo, and the flute is used for a variety of musical styles while the piccolo is typically used for jazz and classical music.</s> |
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Are there any movies about Atlantis? | There are movies about Atlantis:
- Atlantis: End of a World, Birth of a Legend 2011
- Atlantis 2013–2015 TV series | brainstorming | ### Instruction: Are there any movies about Atlantis?
### Context:
### Answer: There are movies about Atlantis:
- Atlantis: End of a World, Birth of a Legend 2011
- Atlantis 2013–2015 TV series</s> |
|
Given this paragraph about Grumpy Cat, tell me the cat's real name. | Tardar Sauce (April 4, 2012 – May 14, 2019), nicknamed Grumpy Cat, was an American Internet celebrity cat. She was known for her permanently "grumpy" facial appearance, which was caused by an underbite and feline dwarfism. She came to prominence when a photograph of her was posted on September 22, 2012, on social news website Reddit by Bryan Bundesen, the brother of her owner Tabatha Bundesen. "Lolcats" and parodies created from the photograph by Reddit users became popular. She was the subject of a popular Internet meme in which humorously negative, cynical images were made from photographs of her. | Grumpy Cat was actually a nickname for the famous internet celebrity meme cat. Her real name was Tardar Sauce. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Given this paragraph about Grumpy Cat, tell me the cat's real name.
### Context: Tardar Sauce (April 4, 2012 – May 14, 2019), nicknamed Grumpy Cat, was an American Internet celebrity cat. She was known for her permanently "grumpy" facial appearance, which was caused by an underbite and feline dwarfism. She came to prominence when a photograph of her was posted on September 22, 2012, on social news website Reddit by Bryan Bundesen, the brother of her owner Tabatha Bundesen. "Lolcats" and parodies created from the photograph by Reddit users became popular. She was the subject of a popular Internet meme in which humorously negative, cynical images were made from photographs of her.
### Answer: Grumpy Cat was actually a nickname for the famous internet celebrity meme cat. Her real name was Tardar Sauce.</s> |
What is Michael Pollan's top bestselling book? | The Omnivores Dilemma is Michael Pollan's highest bestseller, published in 2006. | open_qa | ### Instruction: What is Michael Pollan's top bestselling book?
### Context:
### Answer: The Omnivores Dilemma is Michael Pollan's highest bestseller, published in 2006.</s> |
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Where is the Kilwa Tanga | Kilwa is an administrative ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 153 km2 (59 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 858 m (2,815 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,835. | Kilwa is an administrative ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 153 km2 (59 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 858 m (2,815 ft).
According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,835. | closed_qa | ### Instruction: Where is the Kilwa Tanga
### Context: Kilwa is an administrative ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 153 km2 (59 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 858 m (2,815 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,835.
### Answer: Kilwa is an administrative ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 153 km2 (59 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 858 m (2,815 ft).
According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,835.</s> |
Give me two examples of an Act of independent significance. Separate them in a list. | The doctrine of acts of independent significance at common law permits a testator to effectively change the disposition of his property without changing a will, if acts or events changing the disposition have some significance beyond avoiding the requirements of the will.
The doctrine is frequently applied under the following two circumstances:
The testator devises assets to a class of beneficiaries where the testator controls membership. For example, Joey leaves the contents of his bank account "to my employees." If Joey then fires some of old employees and hires new ones, the new employees will inherit the contents of the bank account under this provision.
The testator devises a general type of property, and then changes the specific items of property within that category. For example, Joey writes in his will, "I leave my car to Rachel". Joey drives a 1974 AMC Gremlin at the time of the testamentary instrument, but later sells the Gremlin and purchases a 2016 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé with suicide doors and teak paneling. Because Joey bought a new car to get a more comfortable ride, rather than to change a will without going through the testamentary formalities, the gift to Rachel remains enforceable. | - Joey leaves the contents of his bank account "to my employees." If Joey then fires some of the old employees and hires new ones, the new employees will inherit the contents of the bank account under this provision.
- Joey writes in his will, "I leave my car to Rachel". Joey drives an old car at the time of the testamentary instrument, but later sells the Gremlin and purchases a new car. Because Joey bought a new car to get a more comfortable ride, rather than to change a will without going through the testamentary formalities, the gift to Rachel remains enforceable. | information_extraction | ### Instruction: Give me two examples of an Act of independent significance. Separate them in a list.
### Context: The doctrine of acts of independent significance at common law permits a testator to effectively change the disposition of his property without changing a will, if acts or events changing the disposition have some significance beyond avoiding the requirements of the will.
The doctrine is frequently applied under the following two circumstances:
The testator devises assets to a class of beneficiaries where the testator controls membership. For example, Joey leaves the contents of his bank account "to my employees." If Joey then fires some of old employees and hires new ones, the new employees will inherit the contents of the bank account under this provision.
The testator devises a general type of property, and then changes the specific items of property within that category. For example, Joey writes in his will, "I leave my car to Rachel". Joey drives a 1974 AMC Gremlin at the time of the testamentary instrument, but later sells the Gremlin and purchases a 2016 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé with suicide doors and teak paneling. Because Joey bought a new car to get a more comfortable ride, rather than to change a will without going through the testamentary formalities, the gift to Rachel remains enforceable.
### Answer: - Joey leaves the contents of his bank account "to my employees." If Joey then fires some of the old employees and hires new ones, the new employees will inherit the contents of the bank account under this provision.
- Joey writes in his will, "I leave my car to Rachel". Joey drives an old car at the time of the testamentary instrument, but later sells the Gremlin and purchases a new car. Because Joey bought a new car to get a more comfortable ride, rather than to change a will without going through the testamentary formalities, the gift to Rachel remains enforceable.</s> |
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