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Retail media
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Advertising near the point of sale in shops
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Retail media is marketing to consumers at or near their point of purchase, or point of choice between competing brands or products. Common techniques include in-store advertising, online advertising, sampling, loyalty cards and coupons or vouchers.
The planning and use of retail media is a key component in the delivery of shopper marketing campaigns.
Retail media channels have become established as important for promoting goods and services at or near or even further beyond the points of purchase and consumption. Retail media is now being taken more seriously by most traditional media agencies.
Retail media originated as media available within the retail environment. This has now developed into a media discipline in its own right as new retail media channels have been added. Retail media now reaches outside the retail environment to encompass media channels such loyalty program marketing, coupons and door drops, fleet media (retailer's fleet vehicles, etc.).
Though many retail media channels are found inside the retailer's store/environment, the media channels themselves are not always "owned" or operated by retailers. Many retail media channels are operated independently by specialist media companies who also manage other media outside the retail environment.
|
Retail media is marketing to consumers at or near their point of purchase, or point of choice between competing brands or products. Common techniques include in-store advertising, online advertising, sampling, loyalty cards and coupons or vouchers.
The planning and use of retail media is a key component in the delivery of shopper marketing campaigns.
Retail media channels have become established as important for promoting goods and services at or near or even further beyond the points of purchase and consumption. Retail media is now being taken more seriously by most traditional media agencies.
Retail media originated as media available within the retail environment. This has now developed into a media discipline in its own right as new retail media channels have been added. Retail media now reaches outside the retail environment to encompass media channels such loyalty program marketing, coupons and door drops, fleet media (retailer's fleet vehicles, etc.).
Though many retail media channels are found inside the retailer's store/environment, the media channels themselves are not always "owned" or operated by retailers. Many retail media channels are operated independently by specialist media companies who also manage other media outside the retail environment.
==Context and targeting==
Retail media channels are to a large extent defined by the context of the retailer. The majority of retail media channels reach their audience at or near the point of purchase or point of choice. Research suggests media placed at or near the points of choice/purchase can have a significant impact on purchasing decisions (PoS).1 Media owners and agencies have learnt more in recent years about the value of retail media channels.
There is potential for conflict of interest between the retailer selling the media and the CPG/FMCG buying the media, which is why retailers often engage a third-party media owner to operate and sell media space on their behalf.
==Challenges==
* Audience measures: There are several methods for evaluating the audience for retail media, whether total footfall, segmented audiences or sales uplift attributed to retail media channels.
* Buying process: Dependent on the retailer, product, sales cycle and retail media channel, and other concerns, there are different media sales cycles to fit the particular requirements.
==Agencies==
Due to the specialized nature of retail media programs, advertisers are increasingly turning to dedicated retail media agencies to facilitate shopper-targeted campaigns.
Retail media agencies help connect retailers such as Walmart and Sam's Club with brands that are interested in presenting their message to consumers while they are navigating the path to purchase.
In the UK, one of the first agencies to specialise in this space was RMI (Retail Marketing International), who developed a "software operating system" known as BASE; a platform used by retailers and CPGs to run their shopper marketing. Other shopper marketing agencies in the UK include: GIG Retail, Result Marketing, and Capture Marketing.
Traditional advertising agencies are beginning to understand the power of shopper marketing, in light of the overall share of traditional marketing budgets being directed more towards "shopper" and "digital" media, away from less efficient and less quantifiable media such as TV, local press, and radio.
==Networks==
Retail media networks are channels spanning individual retailers or a multitude of retailers. They can range from static posters, point-of-sale material, audio, visual or digital materials, and many things in between. Networks can therefore provide narrowcast and broadcast audience buying solutions. As shoppers spend time in stores, it becomes difficult for them to avoid in-store advertising and this can benefit advertisers, who not only can ensure their campaigns are seen, but that they can also be acted upon, especially if the advertised product is available in the store.
Retail media networks now offer accountability in providing audience measurement techniques in the same way as traditional broadcast or print media.
==See also==
* Digital signage
* Retail
* Retail design
* Signage
* Visual merchandising
==References==
*The 1995 POPAI Consumer Buying Habits Study (Point-of-Purchase Advertising Institute, Englewood, NJ).
*The Arbitron Retail Media Study Volume I: The Impact of Retail Audio Broadcasting (Arbitron).
Category:Advertising
Category:Advertising by medium
Category:New media
Media
Category:Promotion and marketing communications
Category:Retail store elements
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Canonical quantum gravity
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A formulation of general relativity
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In physics, canonical quantum gravity is an attempt to quantize the canonical formulation of general relativity (or canonical gravity). It is a Hamiltonian formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The basic theory was outlined by Bryce DeWitt in a seminal 1967 paper, and based on earlier work by Peter G. Bergmann using the so-called canonical quantization techniques for constrained Hamiltonian systems invented by Paul Dirac. Dirac's approach allows the quantization of systems that include gauge symmetries using Hamiltonian techniques in a fixed gauge choice. Newer approaches based in part on the work of DeWitt and Dirac include the Hartle–Hawking state, Regge calculus, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation and loop quantum gravity.
|
In physics, canonical quantum gravity is an attempt to quantize the canonical formulation of general relativity (or canonical gravity). It is a Hamiltonian formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The basic theory was outlined by Bryce DeWitt in a seminal 1967 paper, and based on earlier work by Peter G. Bergmann using the so-called canonical quantization techniques for constrained Hamiltonian systems invented by Paul Dirac. Dirac's approach allows the quantization of systems that include gauge symmetries using Hamiltonian techniques in a fixed gauge choice. Newer approaches based in part on the work of DeWitt and Dirac include the Hartle–Hawking state, Regge calculus, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation and loop quantum gravity.
== Canonical quantization ==
In the Hamiltonian formulation of ordinary classical mechanics the Poisson bracket is an important concept. A "canonical coordinate system" consists of canonical position and momentum variables that satisfy canonical Poisson-bracket relations,
\{ q_i , p_j \} = \delta_{ij}
where the Poisson bracket is given by
:\{f,g\} = \sum_{i=1}^N \left(
\frac{\partial f}{\partial q_i} \frac{\partial g}{\partial p_i} - \frac{\partial f}{\partial p_i} \frac{\partial g}{\partial q_i}\right).
for arbitrary phase space functions f (q_i , p_j) and g (q_i , p_j). With the use of Poisson brackets, the Hamilton's equations can be rewritten as,
: \dot{q}_i = \{ q_i , H \},
: \dot{p}_i = \{ p_i , H \}.
These equations describe a ``flow" or orbit in phase space generated by the Hamiltonian H. Given any phase space function F (q,p), we have
: {d \over dt} F (q_i,p_i) = \{ F , H \}.
In canonical quantization the phase space variables are promoted to quantum operators on a Hilbert space and the Poisson bracket between phase space variables is replaced by the canonical commutation relation:
: [\hat{q} , \hat{p}] = i \hbar.
In the so-called position representation this commutation relation is realized by the choice:
: \hat{q} \psi (q) = q \psi (q) and \hat{p} \psi (q) = -i \hbar {d \over d q} \psi (q)
The dynamics are described by Schrödinger equation:
: i \hbar {\partial \over \partial t} \psi = \hat{H} \psi
where \hat{H} is the operator formed from the Hamiltonian H (q,p) with the replacement q \mapsto q and p \mapsto -i \hbar {d \over d q}.
== Canonical quantization with constraints ==
Canonical classical general relativity is an example of a fully constrained theory. In constrained theories there are different kinds of phase space: the unrestricted (also called kinematic) phase space on which constraint functions are defined and the reduced phase space on which the constraints have already been solved. For canonical quantization in general terms, phase space is replaced by an appropriate Hilbert space and phase space variables are to be promoted to quantum operators.
In Dirac's approach to quantization the unrestricted phase space is replaced by the so-called kinematic Hilbert space and the constraint functions replaced by constraint operators implemented on the kinematic Hilbert space; solutions are then searched for. These quantum constraint equations are the central equations of canonical quantum general relativity, at least in the Dirac approach which is the approach usually taken.
In theories with constraints there is also the reduced phase space quantization where the constraints are solved at the classical level and the phase space variables of the reduced phase space are then promoted to quantum operators, however this approach was thought to be impossible in General relativity as it seemed to be equivalent to finding a general solution to the classical field equations. However, with the fairly recent development of a systematic approximation scheme for calculating observables of General relativity (for the first time) by Bianca Dittrich, based on ideas introduced by Carlo Rovelli, a viable scheme for a reduced phase space quantization of Gravity has been developed by Thomas Thiemann. However it is not fully equivalent to the Dirac quantization as the `clock-variables' must be taken to be classical in the reduced phase space quantization, as opposed to the case in the Dirac quantization.
A common misunderstanding is that coordinate transformations are the gauge symmetries of general relativity, when actually the true gauge symmetries are diffeomorphisms as defined by a mathematician (see the Hole argument) – which are much more radical. The first class constraints of general relativity are the spatial diffeomorphism constraint and the Hamiltonian constraint (also known as the Wheeler–De Witt equation) and imprint the spatial and temporal diffeomorphism invariance of the theory respectively. Imposing these constraints classically are basically admissibility conditions on the initial data, also they generate the 'evolution' equations (really gauge transformations) via the Poisson bracket. Importantly the Poisson bracket algebra between the constraints fully determines the classical theory – this is something that must in some way be reproduced in the semi-classical limit of canonical quantum gravity for it to be a viable theory of quantum gravity.
In Dirac's approach it turns out that the first class quantum constraints imposed on a wavefunction also generate gauge transformations. Thus the two step process in the classical theory of solving the constraints C_I = 0 (equivalent to solving the admissibility conditions for the initial data) and looking for the gauge orbits (solving the `evolution' equations) is replaced by a one step process in the quantum theory, namely looking for solutions \Psi of the quantum equations \hat{C}_I \Psi = 0. This is because it obviously solves the constraint at the quantum level and it simultaneously looks for states that are gauge invariant because \hat{C}_I is the quantum generator of gauge transformations. At the classical level, solving the admissibility conditions and evolution equations are equivalent to solving all of Einstein's field equations, this underlines the central role of the quantum constraint equations in Dirac's approach to canonical quantum gravity.
== Canonical quantization, diffeomorphism invariance and manifest finiteness ==
A diffeomorphism can be thought of as simultaneously 'dragging' the metric (gravitational field) and matter fields over the bare manifold while staying in the same coordinate system, and so are more radical than invariance under a mere coordinate transformation. This symmetry arises from the subtle requirement that the laws of general relativity cannot depend on any a-priori given space-time geometry.
This diffeomorphism invariance has an important implication: canonical quantum gravity will be manifestly finite as the ability to `drag' the metric function over the bare manifold means that small and large `distances' between abstractly defined coordinate points are gauge-equivalent! A more rigorous argument has been provided by Lee Smolin:
“A background independent operator must always be finite. This is because the regulator scale and the background metric are always introduced together in the regularization procedure. This is necessary, because the scale that the regularization parameter refers to must be described in terms of a background metric or coordinate chart introduced in the construction of the regulated operator. Because of this the dependence of the regulated operator on the cutoff, or regulator parameter, is related to its dependence on the background metric. When one takes the limit of the regulator parameter going to zero one isolates the non-vanishing terms. If these have any dependence on the regulator parameter (which would be the case if the term is blowing up) then it must also have dependence on the background metric. Conversely, if the terms that are nonvanishing in the limit the regulator is removed have no dependence on the background metric, it must be finite.”
In fact, as mentioned below, Thomas Thiemann has explicitly demonstrated that loop quantum gravity (a well developed version of canonical quantum gravity) is manifestly finite even in the presence of all forms of matter! So there is no need for renormalization and the elimination of infinities.
In perturbative quantum gravity (from which the non-renormalization arguments originate), as with any perturbative scheme, one makes the reasonable assumption that the space time at large scales should be well approximated by flat space; one scatters gravitons on this approximately flat background and one finds that their scattering amplitude has divergences which cannot be absorbed into the redefinition of the Newton constant. Canonical quantum gravity theorists do not accept this argument; however they have not so far provided an alternative calculation of the graviton scattering amplitude which could be used to understand what happens with the terms found non-renormalizable in the perturbative treatment. A long-held expectation is that in a theory of quantum geometry such as canonical quantum gravity that geometric quantities such as area and volume become quantum observables and take non-zero discrete values, providing a natural regulator which eliminates infinities from the theory including those coming from matter contributions. This `quantization' of geometric observables is in fact realized in loop quantum gravity (LQG).
== Canonical quantization in metric variables ==
The quantization is based on decomposing the metric tensor as follows,
: g_{\mu\nu}dx^\mu \, dx^\nu =(-\,N^2+\beta_k\beta^k)dt^2+2\beta_k \, dx^k \, dt+\gamma_{ij} \, dx^i \, dx^j
where the summation over repeated indices is implied, the index 0 denotes time \tau=x^0, Greek indices run over all values 0, . . . ,3 and Latin indices run over spatial values 1, . . ., 3. The function N is called the lapse function and the functions \beta_k are called the shift functions. The spatial indices are raised and lowered using the spatial metric \gamma_{ij} and its inverse \gamma^{ij}: \gamma_{ij}\gamma^{jk}=\delta_i{}^k and \beta^i=\gamma^{ij}\beta_j, \gamma=\det\gamma_{ij}, where \delta is the Kronecker delta. Under this decomposition the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian becomes, up to total derivatives,
: L=\int d^3x\,N\gamma^{1/2}(K_{ij}K^{ij}-K^2+{}^{(3)}R)
where {}^{(3)}R is the spatial scalar curvature computed with respect to the Riemannian metric \gamma_{ij} and K_{ij} is the extrinsic curvature,
:K_{ij}= -\frac{1}{2}(\mathcal{L}_{n}\gamma)_{ij} =\frac{1}{2}N^{-1}\left(\nabla_j\beta_i+\nabla_i\beta_j-\frac{\partial\gamma_{ij}}{\partial t}\right),
where \mathcal{L} denotes Lie-differentiation, n is the unit normal to surfaces of constant t and \nabla_i denotes covariant differentiation with respect to the metric \gamma_{ij}. Note that \gamma_{\mu\nu} = g_{\mu\nu} + n_{\mu}n_{\nu} . DeWitt writes that the Lagrangian "has the classic form 'kinetic energy minus potential energy,' with the extrinsic curvature playing the role of kinetic energy and the negative of the intrinsic curvature that of potential energy." While this form of the Lagrangian is manifestly invariant under redefinition of the spatial coordinates, it makes general covariance opaque.
Since the lapse function and shift functions may be eliminated by a gauge transformation, they do not represent physical degrees of freedom. This is indicated in moving to the Hamiltonian formalism by the fact that their conjugate momenta, respectively \pi and \pi^i, vanish identically (on shell and off shell). These are called primary constraints by Dirac. A popular choice of gauge, called synchronous gauge, is N=1 and \beta_i=0, although they can, in principle, be chosen to be any function of the coordinates. In this case, the Hamiltonian takes the form
:H=\int d^3x\mathcal{H},
where
:\mathcal{H}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma^{-1/2}(\gamma_{ik}\gamma_{jl}+\gamma_{il}\gamma_{jk}-\gamma_{ij}\gamma_{kl})\pi^{ij}\pi^{kl}-\gamma^{1/2}{}^{(3)}R
and \pi^{ij} is the momentum conjugate to \gamma_{ij}. Einstein's equations may be recovered by taking Poisson brackets with the Hamiltonian. Additional on-shell constraints, called secondary constraints by Dirac, arise from the consistency of the Poisson bracket algebra. These are \mathcal{H}=0 and \nabla_j\pi^{ij}=0. This is the theory which is being quantized in approaches to canonical quantum gravity.
It can be shown that six Einstein equations describing time evolution (really a gauge transformation) can be obtained by calculating the Poisson brackets of the three-metric and its conjugate momentum with a linear combination of the spatial diffeomorphism and Hamiltonian constraint. The vanishing of the constraints, giving the physical phase space, are the four other Einstein equations. That is, we have:
Spatial diffeomorphisms constraints
: C_a (x) = 0
of which there are an infinite number – one for value of x, can be smeared by the so-called shift functions \vec{N} (x) to give an equivalent set of smeared spatial diffeomorphism constraints,
: C (\vec{N}) = \int d^3 x \, C_a (x) N^a (x).
These generate spatial diffeomorphisms along orbits defined by the shift function N^a (x).
Hamiltonian constraints
: H (x) = 0
of which there are an infinite number, can be smeared by the so-called lapse functions N (x) to give an equivalent set of smeared Hamiltonian constraints,
: H (N) = \int d^3 x \, H (x) N (x).
as mentioned above, the Poisson bracket structure between the (smeared) constraints is important because they fully determine the classical theory, and must be reproduced in the semi-classical limit of any theory of quantum gravity.
== The Wheeler–DeWitt equation ==
The Wheeler–DeWitt equation (sometimes called the Hamiltonian constraint, sometimes the Einstein–Schrödinger equation) is rather central as it encodes the dynamics at the quantum level. It is analogous to Schrödinger's equation, except as the time coordinate, t, is unphysical, a physical wavefunction can't depend on t and hence Schrödinger's equation reduces to a constraint:
: \hat{H} \Psi = 0.
Using metric variables lead to seemingly unsurmountable mathematical difficulties when trying to promote the classical expression to a well-defined quantum operator, and as such decades went by without making progress via this approach. This problem was circumvented and the formulation of a well-defined Wheeler–De-Witt equation was first accomplished with the introduction of Ashtekar–Barbero variables and the loop representation, this well defined operator formulated by Thomas Thiemann.
Before this development the Wheeler–De-Witt equation had only been formulated in symmetry-reduced models, such as quantum cosmology.
== Canonical quantization in Ashtekar–Barbero variables and LQG ==
Many of the technical problems in canonical quantum gravity revolve around the constraints. Canonical general relativity was originally formulated in terms of metric variables, but there seemed to be insurmountable mathematical difficulties in promoting the constraints to quantum operators because of their highly non-linear dependence on the canonical variables. The equations were much simplified with the introduction of Ashtekars new variables. Ashtekar variables describe canonical general relativity in terms of a new pair canonical variables closer to that of gauge theories. In doing so it introduced an additional constraint, on top of the spatial diffeomorphism and Hamiltonian constraint, the Gauss gauge constraint.
The loop representation is a quantum hamiltonian representation of gauge theories in terms of loops. The aim of the loop representation, in the context of Yang–Mills theories is to avoid the redundancy introduced by Gauss gauge symmetries allowing to work directly in the space of Gauss gauge invariant states. The use of this representation arose naturally from the Ashtekar–Barbero representation as it provides an exact non-perturbative description and also because the spatial diffeomorphism constraint is easily dealt with within this representation.
Within the loop representation Thiemann has provided a well defined canonical theory in the presence of all forms of matter and explicitly demonstrated it to be manifestly finite! So there is no need for renormalization. However, as LQG approach is well suited to describe physics at the Planck scale, there are difficulties in making contact with familiar low energy physics and establishing it has the correct semi-classical limit.
== The problem of time ==
All canonical theories of general relativity have to deal with the problem of time. In quantum gravity, the problem of time is a conceptual conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics. In canonical general relativity, time is just another coordinate as a result of general covariance. In quantum field theories, especially in the Hamiltonian formulation, the formulation is split between three dimensions of space, and one dimension of time. Roughly speaking, the problem of time is that there is none in general relativity. This is because in general relativity the Hamiltonian is a constraint that must vanish. However, in any canonical theory, the Hamiltonian generates time translations. Therefore, we arrive at the conclusion that "nothing moves" ("there is no time") in general relativity. Since "there is no time", the usual interpretation of quantum mechanics measurements at given moments of time breaks down. This problem of time is the broad banner for all interpretational problems of the formalism.
A canonical formalism of James York's conformal decomposition of geometrodynamics, leading to the "York time" of general relativity, has been developed by Charles Wang. This work has later been further developed by him and his collaborators to an approach of identifying and quantizing time amenable to a large class of scale-invariant dilaton gravity-matter theories.
== The problem of quantum cosmology ==
The problem of quantum cosmology is that the physical states that solve the constraints of canonical quantum gravity represent quantum states of the entire universe and as such exclude an outside observer, however an outside observer is a crucial element in most interpretations of quantum mechanics.
== See also ==
*ADM formalism
*Ashtekar variables
*Canonical quantization
*Diffeomorphism
*Hole argument
*Regge Calculus
*Loop quantum gravity is one of this family of theories.
*Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) is a finite, symmetry reduced model of loop quantum gravity.
*Problem of time
== Notes ==
#
#
#
#
== References ==
== Sources ==
*
*
*
*
*
Category:Mathematical methods in general relativity
Category:Quantum gravity
Category:Physics beyond the Standard Model
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Sakala (newspaper)
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Estonian newspaper
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Sakala is an Estonian language daily newspaper first published in Viljandi on 11 March 1878 by Carl Robert Jakobson, a major figure of the Estonian national awakening period in the 19th century.
Sakala was the first political newspaper in Estonian. It was the most popular newspaper among Estonians in the late 19th century. Today it is the local newspaper of Viljandi County.
The masthead logo of Sakala was designed by Eduard Magnus Jakobson.
|
Sakala is an Estonian language daily newspaper first published in Viljandi on 11 March 1878 by Carl Robert Jakobson, a major figure of the Estonian national awakening period in the 19th century.
Sakala was the first political newspaper in Estonian. It was the most popular newspaper among Estonians in the late 19th century. Today it is the local newspaper of Viljandi County.
The masthead logo of Sakala was designed by Eduard Magnus Jakobson.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:Newspapers published in Estonia
Category:Estonian-language newspapers
Category:Viljandi County
Category:Publications established in 1878
Category:1870s establishments in Estonia
Category:Mass media in Viljandi
| 421,644
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Suedehead
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1988 single by Morrissey
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"Suedehead" is a 1988 single by English singer Morrissey, released on 15 February 1988. Co-written by Morrissey and former Smiths producer Stephen Street, the song was Morrissey's first solo release after the Smiths break-up. Morrissey was inspired lyrically by the suedehead subculture, recalling an individual from his teenage years in the context of the movement. Street, who had originally sought to contribute his musical ideas to Morrissey to use for Smiths B-sides, also contributed bass guitar, while Vini Reilly and Andrew Paresi rounded out his new solo band.
"Suedehead" was featured on Morrissey's debut album, Viva Hate, and the compilation album Bona Drag, the latter of which also featured the B-side "Hairdresser on Fire". Upon release, the song saw commercial success, reaching number five in the UK, as well as rave reviews for its Smiths-esque musicianship and the new Morrissey-Street writing team. Encouraged by the success of the single, Morrissey would continue working with Street for subsequent singles and the rest of Viva Hate.
Since its release, "Suedehead" has become one of Morrissey's most successful songs and remains critically acclaimed by modern writers.
|
"Suedehead" is a 1988 single by English singer Morrissey, released on 15 February 1988. Co-written by Morrissey and former Smiths producer Stephen Street, the song was Morrissey's first solo release after the Smiths break-up. Morrissey was inspired lyrically by the suedehead subculture, recalling an individual from his teenage years in the context of the movement. Street, who had originally sought to contribute his musical ideas to Morrissey to use for Smiths B-sides, also contributed bass guitar, while Vini Reilly and Andrew Paresi rounded out his new solo band.
"Suedehead" was featured on Morrissey's debut album, Viva Hate, and the compilation album Bona Drag, the latter of which also featured the B-side "Hairdresser on Fire". Upon release, the song saw commercial success, reaching number five in the UK, as well as rave reviews for its Smiths-esque musicianship and the new Morrissey-Street writing team. Encouraged by the success of the single, Morrissey would continue working with Street for subsequent singles and the rest of Viva Hate.
Since its release, "Suedehead" has become one of Morrissey's most successful songs and remains critically acclaimed by modern writers.
==Background==
Morrissey wrote the lyrics to "Suedehead" about a figure he knew from his teenage years, though he refused to specify the individual in an interview, commenting, "I'd rather not give any addresses and phone numbers at this stage." The song took its title from the suedehead subculture. Morrissey elaborated on his feelings about the subculture in a June 1988 interview with Spin magazine:
It shares a title with the Richard Allen book of the same name, which similarly was set in the subculture, but Morrissey commented, "I did happen to read the book when it came out and I was quite interested in the whole Richard Allen cult. But really I just like the word 'suedehead'." The song also features the lyrics, "It was a good lay", which Morrissey jokingly commented was actually a mishearing of "It was a bootleg".
"Suedehead" was Morrissey's first songwriting collaboration with former Smiths producer Stephen Street. Street, who initially believed the Smiths would reunite within a few months of breaking up, initially sent demos of his instrumental tracks to Morrissey as possible ideas for Smiths B-sides. With a band including Street, Vini Reilly, and Andrew Paresi, Morrissey attempted the song in his first solo recording session. With regards to his bassline, Street noted, "One thing I always picked up on working with the Smiths was that Morrissey often positions himself in relation to what the bassline is doing. So when I worked on 'Suedehead' I made the bassline melodic, not just root notes."
==Release==
"Suedehead" was noted as a potential single early in the song's recording process. Street recalled, "I think that it was quite evident straight away that it was going to be a single. There was something about it that was really special." Morrissey commented in a 1988 interview that he was worried it "would gasp in the higher 30s and disintegrate" and that he was hesitant to release it but was "carried along on a wave of general enthusiasm." Street later disputed this, remembering, "Morrissey sent me a card saying, 'Don't read the interview'. I think he realised after he'd done it that he'd been a bit negative about things. The idea that he didn't want 'Suedehead' to be the single is utter rubbish, he was just as excited as anyone else about releasing it." The record label's affinity for the song helped assuage concerns with Street writing the whole Viva Hate album.
"Suedehead" was released by Morrissey as his debut solo single in February 1988. The single was a commercial smash in the UK, peaking at number five on the UK Singles Chart and reaching the top 10 in Ireland and New Zealand. The single charted higher than any of the singles Morrissey released while in his former band the Smiths. The commercial and critical success convinced Morrissey to continue his collaboration with Street, who recalled, "It wasn't until 'Suedehead' came out at the end of February – and got fantastic reviews across the board – that he got back in touch with me again. If 'Suedehead' had come out and been a complete failure and hadn't been a hit, I'd never have heard from him again!" In addition to appearing on Viva Hate, the song appeared on Morrissey's 1990 compilation album Bona Drag.
The music video, directed by Tim Broad, features Morrissey walking through the streets of Fairmount, Indiana, the hometown of actor James Dean, including shots of the school where Dean studied and the Park Cemetery, where he is buried. Other allusions to Dean in the video include a child (played by Sam Esty Rayner, Morrissey's nephew, who went on to direct the video for "Kiss Me a Lot" in 2015) delivering to Morrissey a copy of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince, Dean's favourite book. Morrissey characterized the video as him "messing with James Dean's soil."
The artwork of the single features a photo taken by Geri Caulfield during a Smiths gig at the London Palladium. Morrissey debuted the song live at his infamous debut solo concert at Wolverhampton's Civic Hall in December 1988.
==Critical reception==
Upon its release, "Suedehead" saw critical acclaim and was praised as a worthy successor to Morrissey's work in the Smiths. NME gave the single 'Single of the Week 2' saying that "his vocals hit a pitch that turns your stomach with queasy delight. It makes you feel vulnerable and provokes emotions you've forgotten about." In the 1988 NME Year in Review the song was described as "The best No. 1 '88 never gave us".NME Suedehead Reviews Sounds said in a 1988 article, "The song was not as good as prime Smiths, but it was a beautifully reflective tune, showing that ex-Smiths co-producer Stephen Street could step into Marr's previous role as composer."
In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett described it as "a memorable number, with Street's subtle orchestrations carrying the sweep of the song." Stereogum ranked it as Morrissey's best solo song, writing, "Perhaps Morrissey's best-known, most loved track and with good reason: It's unimpeachably, undeniably great, and utterly ubiquitous. If nothing else, Morrissey proved to us that, fresh out of the gate as a solo artist, he was able to write one of the best Smiths songs never written by the Smiths." Spin rated it his second best, writing, "The show of confidence on Morrissey’s debut solo single felt nothing less than triumphant." Consequence named it his fifth best, concluding, "Though 'Suedehead' is as jangly as any number of Smiths songs, it was just Morrissey enough to mark the clear start of a new era."
==Track listings==
* 7-inch vinyl
# "Suedehead"
# "I Know Very Well How I Got My Name"
* 12-inch vinyl
# "Suedehead"
# "I Know Very Well How I Got My Name"
# "Hairdresser on Fire"
* CD and cassette
# "Suedehead"
# "I Know Very Well How I Got My Name"
# "Hairdresser on Fire"
# "Oh Well, I'll Never Learn"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Record label
! Format
! Catalogue number
|-
| UK || HMV || 7-inch vinyl || POP1618
|-
| UK || HMV || 12-inch vinyl || 12POP1618
|-
| UK || HMV || CD || CDPOP1618
|-
| UK || HMV || Cassette || TCPOP1618
|}
==Personnel==
* Morrissey – vocals
* Stephen Street – bass guitar; guitar
* Vini Reilly – guitar; keyboards
* Andrew Paresi – drums; percussion
==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1988)
!Peakposition
|-
!scope="row"|Australia (Australian Music Report) N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988.
|45
|-
!scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
|19
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|}
==2012 reissue==
A remix of the song by American band Sparks was released for Record Store Day 2012.
The remix was originally released in 2006 on a compilation album.
===Track listing===
10-inch (EMI 5593331)
* "Suedehead (Mael mix)"
* "We'll Let You Know" (live in London 1995)
* "Now My Heart Is Full" (live in London 1995)
==References==
Category:1987 songs
Category:1988 debut singles
Category:Morrissey songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Stephen Street
Category:Songs written by Morrissey
Category:Songs written by Stephen Street
| 421,646
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Andrea Elisabeth Rudolph
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Danish television and radio host
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Andrea Elisabeth Rudolph (born 1 July 1976 in Vejen) is a Danish TV and radio host. She was previously a co-host in the morning show Morgenhyrderne on Radio 100FM along with Lasse Rimmer and Lars Hjortshøj. She resigned in March 2006 and was replaced by Signe Muusman
In 2005, she co-hosted the first two seasons of TV show Vild med Dans with Peter Hansen. Due to pregnancy, Rudolph did not return for the third season in 2006. She joined season 3 host Claus Elming for Vild med Dans fourth season in 2007 as a replacement, replacing her season 3 replacement Christine Lorentzen. She and Elming returned for season 5 and 6. On 22 June 2010, it was announced that Rudolph had left her position as co-host and was replaced by Christiane Schaumburg-Müller. She returned for one episode of the ninth season in 2012. She did some presenting on TV2 in 2021.
She was voted "Babe of the year 2004" by the readers of "Se og Hør", a Danish tabloid.
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Andrea Elisabeth Rudolph (born 1 July 1976 in Vejen) is a Danish TV and radio host. She was previously a co-host in the morning show Morgenhyrderne on Radio 100FM along with Lasse Rimmer and Lars Hjortshøj. She resigned in March 2006 and was replaced by Signe Muusman
In 2005, she co-hosted the first two seasons of TV show Vild med Dans with Peter Hansen. Due to pregnancy, Rudolph did not return for the third season in 2006. She joined season 3 host Claus Elming for Vild med Dans fourth season in 2007 as a replacement, replacing her season 3 replacement Christine Lorentzen. She and Elming returned for season 5 and 6. On 22 June 2010, it was announced that Rudolph had left her position as co-host and was replaced by Christiane Schaumburg-Müller. She returned for one episode of the ninth season in 2012. She did some presenting on TV2 in 2021.
She was voted "Babe of the year 2004" by the readers of "Se og Hør", a Danish tabloid.
== References ==
==External links==
*
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Danish television presenters
Category:Danish women television presenters
Category:Danish radio presenters
Category:Danish women radio presenters
Category:People from Vejen Municipality
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Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn
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Two Iranian Bahá'ís, brothers
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Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn (, meaning "twin shining lights") are two brothers who were followers of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, a global religion of Persian origin. They were beheaded in 1879 as a result of being Baháʼís. Numerous letters and tablets were written in their honour by Baháʼu'lláh, who gave them the titles which they are commonly known as: the King of Martyrs and the Beloved of Martyrs.
The older brother was Mírzá Muhammad-Husayn, given the title Mahbúbu's͟h-S͟huhadáʼ (Beloved of Martyrs). His brother was Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan, given the title Sultánu's͟h-S͟huhadaʼ (King of Martyrs). The latter was identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh.
The two were both natives of Isfahan, and were both rich and highly endowed with trading acumen. They were beheaded in the city of Isfahan in 1879 as a result of three persons: Mir Muhammad-Husayn, the Imám-Jum'ih of Isfahan; Shaykh Muhammad-Baqir, another influential Muslim cleric of Isfahan; and Sultán-Mas'úd Mírzá, the son of Násiri'd-Dín Sháh, who governed Isfahan during the time.
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Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn (, meaning "twin shining lights") are two brothers who were followers of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, a global religion of Persian origin. They were beheaded in 1879 as a result of being Baháʼís. Numerous letters and tablets were written in their honour by Baháʼu'lláh, who gave them the titles which they are commonly known as: the King of Martyrs and the Beloved of Martyrs.
The older brother was Mírzá Muhammad-Husayn, given the title Mahbúbu's͟h-S͟huhadáʼ (Beloved of Martyrs). His brother was Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan, given the title Sultánu's͟h-S͟huhadaʼ (King of Martyrs). The latter was identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh.
The two were both natives of Isfahan, and were both rich and highly endowed with trading acumen. They were beheaded in the city of Isfahan in 1879 as a result of three persons: Mir Muhammad-Husayn, the Imám-Jum'ih of Isfahan; Shaykh Muhammad-Baqir, another influential Muslim cleric of Isfahan; and Sultán-Mas'úd Mírzá, the son of Násiri'd-Dín Sháh, who governed Isfahan during the time.
==Background==
The brothers followed in the footsteps of their father, Mírzá Ibráhím. They had for years helped the Imám-Jum'ih in managing his affairs, making several payments on his behalf, which became quite a substantial amount.
The brothers were merchants, and participated in a trading network with the Afnán (relatives of the Báb), who had a vast and profitable network stretching from Hong Kong to the Caucasus as well as Dutchman Johan Colligan. The two brothers were well known to be selfless, upright and kindly men. Part of their success as merchants has been attributed to their record of honest and upright transactions.
When they asked for the money which the Imám owed them, he stalled, and began to find ways of evading the payment. He met with Shaykh Muhammad-Baqir, another influential Islamic leader, and they created a plan to destroy the two of them. They approached Sultan-Mas'ud Mirza, the governor of Isfahan, and he quickly agreed to have them thrown in jail, on the grounds that they were Baháʼís.
==Martyrdom==
The two brothers were tortured, and promised release upon recanting their faith and cursing its leaders, which they never did. The collaborators wrote a letter to the Shah in Tehran, informing him that they had "in their concern for the security of the sovereign", detained and imprisoned two Baháʼís, and requested his permission to have them put to death. The Shah refused the request, and instead asked them to be sent as prisoners to Tehran. This was despite Dutchman Johan Colligan's testifying to their innocence.
The Ulama then decided that the brothers would likely be set free due to their innocence. They then decided to ensure their death before departing for Tehran. They used their power as religious leaders to encourage over 50 other divines, each with his own crowd of rioters, to approach the house of the governor and demand the death of the brothers, chanting "Oh for our Religion!"
The governor argued with the Ulama that the two brothers were not guilty of any treasonable act and had done nothing hostile to the State. He refused to give orders for their execution. One of the Ulama then offered to kill them with his own hands. A large sum of money was offered to the governor, which he accepted. Before the orders could be carried out, a crowd broke into the prison holding them and dragged them into the street, where they were torn apart.
Rope were fastened to the corpses, and they were then dragged around the city and left at the gallows, where people continued to throw stones at them. At the close of the day, their bodies were taken to an archway, which was brought down over them. The date was March 17, 1879. They were eventually buried in the Takht-i-Fulad cemetery.
==Aftermath==
Baháʼu'lláh wrote several tablets lamenting over the loss of the two brothers, and denouncing the treachery that provoked their murder. One such tablet, Lawh-i-Burhán, was addressed to Shaykh Muhammad Báqir, giving him the title of the 'Wolf', and the title of 'She-Serpent' to Muhammad Husayn, the Imám Jum'ih of Isfahán. The two, along with the governor of Isfahan were the three main conspirators against the brothers. Baháʼu'lláh also wrote the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf to the son of Shaykh Muhammad Báqir.
Mírzá Muhammad-Hasan left behind a widow named Fátimih Begum, and a son named Mírzá ʻAbdu'l-Husayn. Baháʼu'lláh directed them to come to Akka so that they might be compensated for all that had passed. Mírzá ʻAbdu'l-Husayn, died in the city. (Memorials of the Faithful, pg. 173) The third of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's four surviving daughters, Rúhá Khánum, married Mírzá Jalál, another son of the King of Martyrs. She broke the Covenant in the 1940s.
==References==
*
*
*
Category:Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
Category:Iranian Bahá'ís
Category:Bahá'í martyrs
Category:1879 deaths
Category:People executed by Qajar Iran
Category:19th-century Bahá'ís
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Victims of human rights abuses
Category:People executed by dismemberment
Category:Executed Iranian people
Category:Sibling duos
Category:19th-century executions by Iran
Category:Year of birth missing
| 421,649
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Tony Markellis
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American musician (1952–2021)
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Tony Markellis (10 September 1952 – 29 April 2021) was a bassist and record producer, born in Helena, Montana, to a Turkish immigrant, Constantine Markellis, and the daughter of Greek immigrants, Victoria Carkulis, residing in Saratoga Springs, New York from 1975 until his death. Markellis was best known as the bass guitarist for the Trey Anastasio Band and various other groups led by Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio.
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Tony Markellis (10 September 1952 – 29 April 2021) was a bassist and record producer, born in Helena, Montana, to a Turkish immigrant, Constantine Markellis, and the daughter of Greek immigrants, Victoria Carkulis, residing in Saratoga Springs, New York from 1975 until his death. Markellis was best known as the bass guitarist for the Trey Anastasio Band and various other groups led by Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio.
==Career==
In his forty-seven year career he played blues, folk, jazz, rock, country, and bluegrass with musicians such as Trey Anastasio, Paul Butterfield, The Mamas & the Papas, Johnny Shines, David Bromberg, David Amram, Paul Siebel, Rosalie Sorrels, Eric Von Schmidt, Ellen McIlwaine, Mary McCaslin, Railbird, Jo Henley, and Floodwood. Markellis was a founding member of the groundbreaking Vermont-based jazz fusion group Kilimanjaro, as well as the Unknown Blues Band featuring Big Joe Burrell. In the late 1990s, Markellis became the first member of the first solo band of Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio, forming the rhythm section with drummer Russ Lawton. Including his work with Anastasio, Markellis has appeared on over one hundred albums. In addition to tours with the Trey Anastasio Band, he was working with Kilimanjaro, singer/songwriters Michael Jerling and Bob Warren, Ghosts of the Forest (a Phish/TAB hybrid), Mardi Gras carnival funk band Krewe Orleans, and occasionally with Americana band Jo Henley. On June 20, 2010 (Fathers Day), Tony was invited on stage at Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC) to play bass with Phish on "Gotta Jibboo" (one of the songs he cowrote with Trey and Russ Lawton for the Trey Anastasio Band). Phish's bassist, Mike Gordon played the second guitar during the song.
One of Markellis' final public performances was accompanying Anastasio for the majority of his "Beacon Jams" series of livestream concert series in the fall of 2020, which were held in the empty Beacon Theatre during the COVID-19 pandemic.
==Death==
Markellis died on April 29, 2021.
== Notes ==
==External links==
*
*
Category:2021 deaths
Category:American bass guitarists
Category:People from Helena, Montana
Category:1952 births
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Education and Sharing Day
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Federal observance in the USA
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Education and Sharing Day is a day established by the United States Congress in honor of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. It calls for increased focus on education, and recognizes the lifelong efforts of the Rebbe for education. Since 1978, Education & Sharing Day, USA has been proclaimed annually by the President on the Rebbe's birthday on the Jewish calendar (11 Nissan), which is four days before Passover and thus generally can fall between March 21 and April 21 on the Gregorian calendar.
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Education and Sharing Day is a day established by the United States Congress in honor of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. It calls for increased focus on education, and recognizes the lifelong efforts of the Rebbe for education. Since 1978, Education & Sharing Day, USA has been proclaimed annually by the President on the Rebbe's birthday on the Jewish calendar (11 Nissan), which is four days before Passover and thus generally can fall between March 21 and April 21 on the Gregorian calendar.
==History==
In 1978, the U.S. Congress asked President Jimmy Carter to designate the Rebbe's birthday as the national Education and Sharing Day to recognize and pay tribute to his efforts for a better education for all American citizens.
The Rebbe was an advocate for children and spoke about the need for each child to be given an education that would offer them the opportunities to succeed. He spoke about the need for education to focus not only on academic achievements but also on character building. The Rebbe's emissaries established a network of several thousand Jewish schools and educational centers in the United States and across the globe.
The Rebbe often argued that the most important part of a child's education is instilling in him or her "[awareness of] a Supreme Being and a Law higher than man’s" or "fear or love of a force greater than man".
To honor these accomplishments, his birth date has since been commemorated as Education & Sharing Day, U.S.A., by Congress and the President.Joseph Telushkin, Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History. HarperCollins, 2014. pp.30–36.Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army, Schoken, 2003 (08052 11381). Page 192. Each year on that day, the President issues a proclamation which calls on American citizens to follow the example set by The Rebbe and focus on education and betterment of society.
The goal of Education and Sharing Day, in the Rebbe's words, is to: "Put greater emphasis on the promotion of fundamental human rights and obligations of justice and morality, which are the basis of any human society, if it is to be truly human and not turn into a jungle." It stresses the need for mindfulness in the general education system. The Rebbe called for local governing bodies and schools to join the call and attention given to this day, and to make a point out of it around the country and around the world, to the point, the Rebbe envisioned, it will become a nationally celebrated day, the same way Mother's Day and Father's day are celebrated.
There has been a recent movement to proclaim local Education and Sharing Days in States and Cities across the United States to correspond to the national occurrence. Education Day 2018 had the distinction of being proclaimed at the state level in all 50 States by the respective Governors or State Legislatures, in addition to the usual national proclamation by the President.
== Excerpts of texts of proclamations ==
President Ronald Reagan wrote in his proclamation of 1982:
One shining example for people of all faiths of what education ought to be is that provided by the Lubavitch movement, headed by Rabbi Menachem Schneerson, a worldwide spiritual leader who will celebrate his 80th birthday on April 4, 1982. The Lubavitcher Rebbe's work stands as a reminder that knowledge is an unworthy goal unless it is accompanied by moral and spiritual wisdom and understanding. He has provided a vivid example of the eternal validity of the Seven Noahide Laws, a moral code for all of us regardless of religious faith. May he go from strength to strength.
In recognition of the Lubavitcher Rebbe's 80th birthday, the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled have issued House Joint Resolution 447 to set aside April 4, 1982, as a "National Day of Reflection."
President George H. W. Bush wrote in his proclamation of 1989:
It is fitting that we honor Rabbi Schneerson and acknowledge his important contributions to society. Our great Nation takes just pride in its dedication to the principles of justice, equality, and truth. Americans also understand that we have a responsibility to inspire the same dedication in future generations. We owe a tremendous debt to Rabbi Schneerson and to all those who promote education that embraces moral and ethical values and emphasizes their importance.
In recognition of Rabbi Schneerson's vital efforts, and in celebration of his 87th birthday, the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 173, has designated April 16, 1989, and April 6, 1990, as "Education Day, U.S.A.
President Bill Clinton wrote in his proclamation of 1995:
"Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, well understood the importance of nurturing the heart along with the mind. Throughout his long and rich life, he believed that the education of our young people would only be successful if it sought to build character as well as intellect, if it taught the lessons of honesty, tolerance, and good citizenship, as well as language, math, and science.
This year, let us rededicate ourselves to teaching the love of learning that was championed by Rabbi Schneerson and is strengthened by caring leaders like him throughout our Nation. As we provide our students with the information and practical tools they need, let us also pass on to them the capacity for understanding that can help to give fuller meaning to their lives."
President George W. Bush wrote in his proclamation on Education and Sharing Day 2007:
"Education and Sharing Day honors The Rebbe and emphasizes our commitment to teach the next generation of Americans the values that make our country strong. The Lubavitcher Rabbi believes that society should 'make a new commitment to kindness,' and he helped to establish education and outreach centers offering social service programs and humanitarian aid around the world."
President Barack Obama wrote in his proclamation on Education & Sharing Day 2009:
"Few have better understood or more successfully promoted these ideas than Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, who emphasized the importance of education and good character. Through the establishment of educational and social service institutions across the country and the world, Rabbi Schneerson sought to empower young people and inspire individuals of all ages. On this day, we raise his call anew."
President Donald Trump wrote in his proclamation on Education & Sharing Day 2017:
"Education and Sharing Day recognizes the remarkable efforts of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, to use values-based education to drive our Nation's children toward the American Dream. As an educator, Rabbi Schneerson understands that education is incomplete if it is devoid of moral development. Working through a spirit of optimism, he strives to teach children to be honest, civil, respectful of differences, and self-disciplined, in addition to being intellectually rigorous."
President Joe Biden wrote in his proclamation on Education and Sharing Day 2022:
"The Rebbe’s work reminds us, in the words of the Prophet Amos, to “hate evil, love good, and establish justice in the gate.” We each share a responsibility to live up to those words — in and out of the classroom — and to plant the seeds of love, kindness, and empathy in the hearts and minds of every child in America...Today — on what would have been the Rebbe’s 120th birthday — let us celebrate all the educators, advocates, and pioneers who teach young people the lessons that create caring neighbors and closer communities."
The 1991 bill described the Noahide Laws as the "ethical values and principles which are the basis of civilized society and upon which our great Nation was founded".
In his 2006 proclamation, President George W. Bush called upon "government officials, educators, volunteers, and all the people of the United States to reach out to young people and work to create a better, brighter, and more hopeful future for all."
== See also ==
* Seven Laws of Noah
* Chabad on Campus
* Yud Aleph Nissan
== References ==
==External links==
* The Teachings of The Rebbe'
* Education and Sharing Day 2000 by President William J. Clinton honoring the 98th birthdate of Rabbi Schneerson
* Proclamation of Education and Sharing Day 2002 by President George W. Bush also honoring the 100th birthdate of Rabbi Schneerson
* Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A., 2009
* President Reagan's proclamations' in honor of Education Day USA
* About the Rebbe
** The Rebbe on education
* Inaugurating "Educational Day USA"
** Picture of first assemblage in honor of "Educational Day USA"
* Rebbe: “Education the cornerstone to humanity”
Category:Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation
Category:Nisan observances
Category:Chabad in the United States
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John Locke Lectures
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Series of annual lectures
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The John Locke Lectures are a series of annual lectures in philosophy given at the University of Oxford. Named for British philosopher John Locke, the Locke Lectures are the world's most prestigious lectures in philosophy, and are among the world's most prestigious academic lectures. They were established in 1950 by the bequest of Henry Wilde. Another comparable lecture series is the Gifford Lectures, which are delivered annually at several universities in Scotland.
The first lecture series was offered to Ludwig Wittgenstein, who eventually declined. He felt uncomfortable giving formal lectures where the audience would not be asking or answering questions.
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The John Locke Lectures are a series of annual lectures in philosophy given at the University of Oxford. Named for British philosopher John Locke, the Locke Lectures are the world's most prestigious lectures in philosophy, and are among the world's most prestigious academic lectures. They were established in 1950 by the bequest of Henry Wilde. Another comparable lecture series is the Gifford Lectures, which are delivered annually at several universities in Scotland.
The first lecture series was offered to Ludwig Wittgenstein, who eventually declined. He felt uncomfortable giving formal lectures where the audience would not be asking or answering questions.
==Lecturers==
The lectures began as an uncertain biannual series, with the first lecturer from 1950 to 1951, and missing the second slot from 1952 to 1953. Between 1969 and 2001, the lectures became gradually more frequent. Since 2001, the lecture notes have been made available electronically.
{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
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{| style="background:none; font-size:95%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|style="width:6em;"| Year
|style="width:10em;"| Lecturer
|style="width:16em; font-size:90%;"| Lectures published as
|-
| 1950–1951 || Oets Kolk Bouwsma ||
|-
| 1952–1953 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
|-
| 1954–1955 || Hao Wang ||
|-
| 1955–1956 || Arthur Prior ||style="font-size:90%;"| Time and Modality (1957)
|-
| 1957–1958 || A.C. Jackson
|-
| 1959–1960 || Gregory Vlastos ||
|-
| 1961–1962 || Nelson Goodman ||
|-
| 1963–1964 || Jaakko Hintikka ||
|-
| 1965–1966 || Wilfrid Sellars ||style="font-size:90%;"| Science and Metaphysics
|-
| 1967–1968 || Paul Lorenzen ||
|-
| 1968–1969 || Noam Chomsky ||
|-
| 1969–1970 || Donald Davidson ||style="font-size:90%;"| On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme
|-
| 1971–1972 || Sydney Shoemaker ||
|-
| 1973–1974 || Saul Kripke ||style="font-size:90%;"| Reference and Existence
|-
| 1974–1975 || Richard Brandt ||
|-
| 1975–1976 || Hilary Putnam ||
|-
| 1976–1977 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
|-
| 1977–1978 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
|-
| 1978–1979 || Paul Grice ||style="font-size:90%;"| Aspects of Reason
|-
| 1979–1980 || David Kaplan ||
|-
| 1980–1981 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1981–1982 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1982–1983 || Daniel Dennett || style="font-size:90%;"| Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting
|-
| 1983–1984 || David Lewis ||
|-
| 1984–1985 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1985–1986 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1986–1987 || Barry Stroud ||style="font-size:90%;"| The Quest for Reality (2000)
|-
| 1987–1988 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1988–1989 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 1989–1990 || Thomas Nagel ||style="font-size:90%;"| Equality and Partiality
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| 1990–1991 || John McDowell ||style="font-size:90%;"| Mind and World
|}
|style="width:2em;"|
|
{| style="background:none; font-size:95%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|style="width:6em;"| Year
|style="width:10em;"| Lecturer
|style="width:16em; font-size:90%;"| Lectures published as
|-
| 1991–1992 || Jonathan Bennett ||
|-
| 1992–1993 || Tyler Burge ||
|-
| 1993–1994 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
|-
| 1994–1995 || Frank Jackson ||style="font-size:90%;"| From Metaphysics to Ethics
|-
| 1995–1996 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
|-
| 1996–1997 || Jerry Fodor || style="font-size:90%;"| Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong
|-
| 1996–1997 || Robert Nozick || style="font-size:90%;"| Invariances (2001)
|-
| 1998 || Lawrence Sklar ||
|-
| 1999 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 2000 ||colspan="2"| no lectures
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| 2001 || Bas van Fraassen ||
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| 2002 || Christine Korsgaard || style="font-size:90%;"| Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, Integrity (2009)
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| 2003 || Kit Fine ||style="font-size:90%;"| Semantic Relationism (2007)
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| 2004 || Jonathan Barnes ||style="font-size:90%;"| Truth, etc. (2007)
|-
| 2005 || Ernest Sosa ||style="font-size:90%;"| A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume 1 (2007)
|-
| 2006 || Robert Brandom ||style="font-size:90%;"| Between Saying and Doing (2008)
|-
| 2007 || Robert Stalnaker ||style="font-size:90%;"| Our Knowledge of the Internal World (2008)
|-
| 2008 || Hartry Field ||
|-
| 2009 || Thomas M. Scanlon ||style="font-size:90%;"| Being Realistic about Reasons (2013)
|-
| 2010 || David Chalmers ||style="font-size:90%;"| Constructing the World (2012)
|-
| 2011 || John Cooper ||style="font-size:90%;"| Ancient Greek Philosophies as a Way of Life
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| 2012 || Stephen Yablo ||
|-
| 2013 || Ned Block ||
|-
| 2014 || Martha Nussbaum ||style="font-size:90%;"| Anger and Forgiveness (2016)
|-
| 2015 || Rae Langton ||
|-
| 2016 || Ted Sider
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| 2017 || Michael Smith
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| 2018 || Peter Railton
|-
| 2019 || Philip Pettit
|-
| 2020 || Susan Wolf
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| 2022 || Angelika Kratzer
|}
|}
==Notes==
==External links==
* John Locke Lectures, complete list with some available online
* Archived list up to 2008
Locke
Category:Philosophy events
Category:John Locke
| 421,652
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Göran Lindblad (politician)
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Swedish politician
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Lars Göran Axel Lindblad (born 12 January 1950 Gothenburg) is a Swedish politician and member of the Moderate Party. He served as a member of the Swedish parliament 1997–2010, representing the constituency of Gothenburg. He served as a replacement member of parliament 1993–1997, and again since 2010. Lindblad has chaired the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and served as Vice President of PACE as well as chair of the Political Affairs Committee. He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly 2004–2010.Riksdagen: Göran Lindblad (m) In October 2011, he was elected President of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience.
Lindblad has advocated a more humane refugee and migration policy, and is involved in charitable work to improve conditions for refugees. Lindblad is known internationally for his work to promote democracy and human rights. He served as the Council of Europe rapporteur on crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. As such, he drafted and championed the resolution Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes, which led to the Council of Europe resolution 1481.Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes It was the first time communism was condemned by an international body of parliamentarians. Lindblad has stated: "Growing up in Sweden, so close to the Evil Soviet Empire, I have always been against communism."
By profession, Lindblad is a dentist, graduating at Gothenburg University in 1977. He was Vice President of the National Union of Students 1976–77. He is married and has four children.
Lindblad is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.
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Lars Göran Axel Lindblad (born 12 January 1950 Gothenburg) is a Swedish politician and member of the Moderate Party. He served as a member of the Swedish parliament 1997–2010, representing the constituency of Gothenburg. He served as a replacement member of parliament 1993–1997, and again since 2010. Lindblad has chaired the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and served as Vice President of PACE as well as chair of the Political Affairs Committee. He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly 2004–2010.Riksdagen: Göran Lindblad (m) In October 2011, he was elected President of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience.
Lindblad has advocated a more humane refugee and migration policy, and is involved in charitable work to improve conditions for refugees. Lindblad is known internationally for his work to promote democracy and human rights. He served as the Council of Europe rapporteur on crimes of totalitarian communist regimes. As such, he drafted and championed the resolution Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes, which led to the Council of Europe resolution 1481.Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes It was the first time communism was condemned by an international body of parliamentarians. Lindblad has stated: "Growing up in Sweden, so close to the Evil Soviet Empire, I have always been against communism."
By profession, Lindblad is a dentist, graduating at Gothenburg University in 1977. He was Vice President of the National Union of Students 1976–77. He is married and has four children.
Lindblad is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.
== References ==
Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Riksdag 2002–2006
Category:Moderate Party politicians
Category:People from Gothenburg
Category:Swedish anti-communists
Category:Swedish dentists
| 421,653
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Samuel Price Carson
|
American politician
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Samuel Price Carson (January 22, 1798 – November 2, 1838) was an American political leader and farmer in both North Carolina and Texas. He served as U.S. congressional representative from North Carolina.
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Samuel Price Carson (January 22, 1798 – November 2, 1838) was an American political leader and farmer in both North Carolina and Texas. He served as U.S. congressional representative from North Carolina.
== North Carolina ==
He was born at Carson House, Pleasant Gardens, in what is now McDowell County, North Carolina, and studied under private tutors in Pleasant Gardens.
He engaged in agricultural pursuits and was a member of the North Carolina Senate 1822-1824. Carson was elected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833), but lost re-election in 1833. He was then again elected to the state senate in 1834 and served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1835.
Robert Brank Vance was mortally wounded by Samuel Price Carson, who challenged him to a duel, fought at Saluda Gap, North Carolina, because of a derogatory remark made during the 1827 campaign.
== Texas / Arkansas ==
By 1836, he had moved to Texas, and was elected by his neighbors to the Convention of 1836, where he signed both the Texas Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the Republic of Texas. The convention also established an interim or acting government for the republic, which was still at war in rebellion against Mexico. They considered him for president, but elected David G. Burnet, instead, by six votes more than Carson received.Louis Kemp; The Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence; Salado, Texas; Anson Jones, 1944. In a later vote they elected Carson the Secretary of State. President Burnet sent him to Washington, DC, to lead a team to negotiate for recognition of and aid for Texas, then later named James Collinsworth to replace him as secretary of state. When Carson learned of this from a newspaper, he simply went home.The Handbook of Texas entry for Carson.
Later, when borders were formalized, Carson's home was identified as part of Miller County, Arkansas. He died in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and is buried in the Government Cemetery there.
==References==
==External links==
*U.S. Congress Biographical Directory entry
*
*
|-
Category:1798 births
Category:1838 deaths
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:American duellists
Category:Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:North Carolina state senators
Category:People from McDowell County, North Carolina
Category:People of the Texas Revolution
Category:Secretaries of State of Texas
Category:Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence
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James Iver McKay
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American politician
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James Iver McKay (July 17, 1792September 14, 1853) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina. He was born in 1792,Dictionary of North Carolina Biography near Elizabethtown, North Carolina. He pursued classical studies and then law. He was appointed United States attorney for the district of North Carolina on March 6, 1817, and also served in the North Carolina General Assembly (1815–1819, 1822, 1826, and 1830). He was elected as a Jacksonian to the 22nd through 24th congresses (1831–1837) and as a Democrat to the 25th through 30th congresses (1837–1849). He served as chairman of the: Committee on Military Affairs (25th Congress), Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads (26th Congress), Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (27th Congress), Ways and Means Committee (28th and 29th congresses). He was also the chief sponsor of the Walker Tariff of 1846;New York Daily Tribune, July 7, 1846, p. 2. and was the favorite son of the North Carolina delegation at the 1848 Democratic National Convention for Vice President. McKay also introduced the Coinage Act of 1849 on the House floor, with it successfully passing.
McKay died in Goldsboro, North Carolina, September 14, 1853.Congressional Biography Though an unapologetic slave-owner, his will included the unusual provision that 30–40 of his slaves be placed under the supervision of the American Colonization Society.Clegg, Claude A., III, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the making of Liberia, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p. 192.
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James Iver McKay (July 17, 1792September 14, 1853) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina. He was born in 1792,Dictionary of North Carolina Biography near Elizabethtown, North Carolina. He pursued classical studies and then law. He was appointed United States attorney for the district of North Carolina on March 6, 1817, and also served in the North Carolina General Assembly (1815–1819, 1822, 1826, and 1830). He was elected as a Jacksonian to the 22nd through 24th congresses (1831–1837) and as a Democrat to the 25th through 30th congresses (1837–1849). He served as chairman of the: Committee on Military Affairs (25th Congress), Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads (26th Congress), Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (27th Congress), Ways and Means Committee (28th and 29th congresses). He was also the chief sponsor of the Walker Tariff of 1846;New York Daily Tribune, July 7, 1846, p. 2. and was the favorite son of the North Carolina delegation at the 1848 Democratic National Convention for Vice President. McKay also introduced the Coinage Act of 1849 on the House floor, with it successfully passing.
McKay died in Goldsboro, North Carolina, September 14, 1853.Congressional Biography Though an unapologetic slave-owner, his will included the unusual provision that 30–40 of his slaves be placed under the supervision of the American Colonization Society.Clegg, Claude A., III, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the making of Liberia, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009, p. 192.
==See also==
*Dean of the House of Representatives
==References==
== External links ==
*U.S. Congress Biographical Directory entry
Category:North Carolina state senators
Category:1792 births
Category:1853 deaths
Category:Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:People from Elizabethtown, North Carolina
Category:Deans of the United States House of Representatives
Category:American slave owners
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Dorsal interossei of the hand
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Muscles between the metacarpals
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In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles in the back of the hand that act to abduct (spread) the index, middle, and ring fingers away from hand's midline (ray of middle finger) and assist in flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the index, middle and ring fingers.
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In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles in the back of the hand that act to abduct (spread) the index, middle, and ring fingers away from hand's midline (ray of middle finger) and assist in flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the index, middle and ring fingers.
==Structure==
There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals.
The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none. Each finger is provided with two interossei (palmar or dorsal), with the exception of the little finger, in which the abductor digiti minimi muscle takes the place of one of the dorsal interossei.Gray's Anatomy 1918, see infobox
The first dorsal interosseous muscle is larger than the others. Between its two heads, the radial artery passes from the back of the hand into the palm. Between the heads of dorsal interossei two, three, and four, a perforating branch from the deep palmar arch is transmitted.
===Origins and insertions===
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Origin !! Insertion
|-
| first || on the radial side of the second metacarpal and the proximal half of the ulnar side of the first metacarpal || on the radial side of the base of the second proximal phalanx (index finger) and the extensor expansion
|-
| second || on the radial side of the third metacarpal and the ulnar side of the second metacarpal || on the radial side of the third proximal phalanx (the middle finger) and the extensor expansion
|-
| third || on the radial side of the fourth metacarpal and the ulnar side of the third metacarpal || on the ulnar side of the third proximal phalanx (the middle finger) and the extensor expansion
|-
| fourth || on the radial side of the fifth metacarpal and the ulnar side of the fourth metacarpal || on the ulnar side of the fourth proximal phalanx (the ring finger) and the extensor expansion
|}
===Proximal and distal interossei===
With some individual variations, the interossei muscles are attached either proximally or distally on the extensor expansion. The first dorsal interosseous, the most consistent, is inserted entirely into the base of its proximal phalanx and the extensor hood there. The second, third, and fourth dorsal interossei have insertions both proximally on the base of the metacarpal and hood, and distally on the lateral bands and central tendon of the extensor mechanism. The abductor digiti minimi, effectively the "fifth dorsal interosseus" or the dorsal interosseus of the little finger, has only a proximal insertion. The palmar interossei, in contrast, have only distal insertions. The interossei can, thus, be divided into a proximal and a distal group: the proximal interossei are mainly affecting the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, whereas the distal interossei are mainly affecting the interphalangeal (IP) joints (but, with continued action, will also affect the MP joints.)
===Innervation===
All interosseous muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.Origin, insertion and nerve supply of the muscle at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
==Function==
The dorsal interossei abduct the index, middle, and ring fingers. The first dorsal interosseous is also able to rotate the index finger slightly at the metacarpophalangeal joint and assist adductor pollicis in thumb adduction.
===Metacarpophalangeal joint flexion===
All interossei pass dorsal to the transverse metacarpal ligament but slightly volar to the flexion-extension axes of rotation of the MP joints. In effect, their ability to flex at the MP joints will depend on the position of the MP joints:
When the MP joints are extended, all interossei pass through the flexion-extension axes of the MP joints and their contribution there is therefore negligible, though they still play important roles as joint stabilizers (i.e. preventing MP hyperextension). At the same time, the interossei (and abductor digiti minimi) lie relatively far from the anterior-posterior axis of the MP joints and are consequently effective abductors and adductors during MP extension. Because the dorsal interossei are predominantly in the proximal group they are more effective at the MP joints than the palmar interossei and, therefore, abduction is stronger than adduction at the MP joints.
When the MP joints are being flexed, the position of the interossei moves away volarly from the flexion-extension axes of the MP joints until they are nearly perpendicular to the proximal phalanx. At the same time, the increasingly taut collateral ligaments of the MP joints cancel out the abduction-adduction component to increase the force of flexion (resulting in a strong grip). At full flexion, the transverse metacarpal ligament restricts the interossei.
===Interphalangeal joint extension===
When the MP joints are extended, effective IP joint extension can be achieved by all interossei in the distal group (i.e. all except the two outermost muscles, the first interosseus and abductor digiti minimi) because they are attached directly to the extension mechanism. This IP extension is therefore stronger than MP abduction/adduction which is produced by continued action except for the index and little fingers.
When the MP joints are flexed, the transverse metacarpal ligament enhances the function of the distal interossei by acting as a pulley and preventing them from becoming slack, further increasing the effectiveness of IP extension.
==Clinical relevance==
=== First dorsal interosseous compartment syndrome ===
Compartment syndrome rarely occurs in the first dorsal interosseous compartment of hand. This condition is caused by excessive use of hand, resulting in pain and swelling on the dorsum of the hand. It can be treated by simple fasciotomy.
==History==
==Additional images==
==See also==
* Interosseous muscles of the hand
** Palmar interossei muscles
* Interosseous muscles of the foot
** Dorsal interossei of the foot
** Plantar interossei muscles
==Notes==
==References==
*
*
Category:Muscles of the upper limb
Category:Hand
sv:Interosseusmuskler
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Royal Guernsey Light Infantry
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Infantry regiment of the British Army during World War I
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The Royal Guernsey Light Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Army that was formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916 to serve in World War I. They fought as part of the British 29th Division. Of the 2,280 men, most of whom came from Guernsey, who fought on the Western Front with the RGLI, 327 were killed and 667 were wounded.
Many Guernsey men had already volunteered for regiments in the British Army before the RGLI was formed. The RGLI was created because there was no Guernsey-named regiment to underline the island's devotion to the Crown.
The regimental motto, Diex Aïx, derives from the battle cry used by the Duke of Normandy 1,000 years earlier.
The regiment was disbanded in 1919 but the regimental tradition lives on in the Guernsey Army Cadet Force (Det.) Light Infantry, who, although they do not wear the RGLI cap badge, still keep alive the history of the Regiment within the detachment.
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The Royal Guernsey Light Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Army that was formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916 to serve in World War I. They fought as part of the British 29th Division. Of the 2,280 men, most of whom came from Guernsey, who fought on the Western Front with the RGLI, 327 were killed and 667 were wounded.
Many Guernsey men had already volunteered for regiments in the British Army before the RGLI was formed. The RGLI was created because there was no Guernsey-named regiment to underline the island's devotion to the Crown.
The regimental motto, Diex Aïx, derives from the battle cry used by the Duke of Normandy 1,000 years earlier.
The regiment was disbanded in 1919 but the regimental tradition lives on in the Guernsey Army Cadet Force (Det.) Light Infantry, who, although they do not wear the RGLI cap badge, still keep alive the history of the Regiment within the detachment.
==History==
right|200px|thumbnail|British War Medal For those who rendered service between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918
===1916===
17 December
: Royal Guernsey Light Infantry established. (Royal Guernsey Militia suspended for the duration of the war)
: Most men from the Militia volunteered to join the RGLI, others including a few civilians, were conscripted.
===1917===
:Training in Guernsey at Fort George, L'Ancresse and Beaucamps
1 June
:To England – Bourne Park Camp near Canterbury for advanced infantry training. Forming part of 202nd Brigade, 67th Division.
July
:2nd (Reserve) Battalion formed to receive recruits and train them as replacements for casualties in the 1st Battalion RGLI.
September
:Soldiers sent on a final leave
26 September
:The RGLI 1st Service Battalion (44 Officers and 964 other ranks) boarded trains to Southampton and onwards to France.
: 2 Officers and 53 other ranks returned to Guernsey to join the 2nd Battalion, too young, too old or unfit for France.
27 September
:Land at Le Havre and travel by Forty-and-eights train to Stoke Camp, Proven.
October
:RGLI take their place in 86th Brigade, part of the 29th Division
9–14 October
:Battle of Poelcappelle (Part of Third Battle of Ypres, or ‘Passchendaele’). After this, rest and training for Cambrai.
October–November
:Training for planned Battle of Cambrai with Tanks.
20 November – 3 December
:Battle of Cambrai, where the RGLI's role was to go through the Hindenburg Line after the first wave and take 'Nine Wood' to the north of Marcoing. This went according to plan, with few casualties and they then moved into Marcoing and on to the front line at Masnières. The Guernseymen found themselves defending the small town of Les Rues Vertes against a huge and determined German counter-attacks on 30 November, pushed back they retook the village twice in heavy hand to hand fighting that lasted two days. They suffered heavy casualties, with nearly 40% of the regiment either killed, injured or missing during the battle, but only withdrew when ordered to by the high command.
:A number of the wounded found themselves returned to Guernsey, to be cared for at the Victoria Military Hospital in Amherst or the Convalescent Hospital at Les Touillets, Castel.
:After this, rest, refitting, training and a search for replacements. The shortage of men available from Guernsey resulted in the RGLI entering 1918 with 50% of the men being non-Guernsey born.
===1918===
18–26 January
:RGLI went back into the front line at Sint-Jan (north east of Ypres). After this, work parties, training.
8–29 March
:In battle zone, taking turns in the front line at Poelcappelle.
3–7 April
:In front line, Passchendaele sector. When out of the line, employed in trenching and draining.
:Pulled out of the front line, the 503 officers and men were hurried by lorry to Vieux-Berquin in the Lys area where a German offensive had broken through.
10–14 April
:Battle of the Lys, east of Hazebrouck. German 6th Army under Von Quast smashes 5 miles through allied lines. The RGLI is bussed south to help stem the German advance. Hopelessly outnumbered, but holding the Germans in a fighting retreat from Le Doulieu to near Merris, the Battalion suffer an appalling 80% casualties rate. The RGLI is relieved by the Australian 1st Division. Field Marshall Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig wrote in his despatches, which was published in the London Gazette on 21 October 1918: "After very heavy fighting, in the course of which the 1st Battalion Royal Guernsey Light Infantry, 29th Division, Major-General D.E. Cayley C.M.G. commanding the division, did gallant service....."
:The fighting strength was now less than 110 officers and men.
27 April
:The RGLI, withdrawn from the 29th Division and 86th Brigade, become GHQ troops well to the rear in Ecuires where they became guard troops for General Haig's H.Q. at Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais for the rest of the war and beyond. The Army headquarters was an enormous administrative body, divided into five departments staffed with a wide variety of personnel. Haig lived at a small Chateau 'Beaurepaire', SE of the town on the D138.
27 November
:King George V, accompanied by Haig, made a triumphant passage through Montreuil on his way to Paris.
===1919===
5 April
:Haig leaves Montreuil and the headquarters ceases to operate as such.
21–22 May
:Many of the remaining members of the RGLI sailed back to Guernsey on the "SS Lydia". They left behind 327 graves bearing their cap badge.
==Honours and awards==
===Orders and medals===
60px Order of St. Michael and St. George (Companion) (3rd Class)
:T. L. de Havilland, Lieutenant Colonel
60px Royal Victorian Order (5th Class)
:N. R. Ingrouille, Lieutenant
60px Military Cross
:T, Hutchesson, Captain (T/Major)
:F. de M. Laine, Lieutenant
:H. A. Le Bas, Lieutenant (T/Captain)
:E. J. Stone, 2nd Lieutenant
:H. E. K. Stranger, 2nd Lieutenant
150px|thumbnail|Victory Medal First World War 1914-20
60px Distinguished Conduct Medal
:W. H. Budden, 569 Acting Sergeant
:H. L. James, 586 Sergeant
:W. J. Le Poidevin, 590 Sergeant
60px
Military Medal
:1249 Pte E Le Moigne, RGLI survived the war, and returned on the SS Lydia in May 1919. He had been awarded a 29th Divisional Parchment for Gallant Conduct and Devotion to Duty.
:T. R. Robin, 841 Private
:C. H. Yeaghers, 610 Private
:J. Sealley, 843 Corporal
:W. Gannicott, 335 Corporal
:W. T. Gregg, 87 Private
:G, Ruaux, 458 Private
60 px Médaille militaire (France)
:J. Sealley, 843 Corporal
60px Mentioned in Despatches
(Despatch from Sir Douglas Haig to the Secretary of State for War)
:T. L. de Havilland, Lieutenant Colonel
:E. A. Dorey, Lieutenant
:C.W. Hockey, 438 Lance Corporal
:H. Jones, Lieutenant
:C. C. Machon, 226 Lance Corporal
:W. T. Robinson, 1131 Lance Corporal
===Battle Honours===
In February 1925, in accordance with General Order No 5034 The London Gazette published a complete list of Battle Honours awarded for the Great War.
In General Orders, 1928, "Honours awarded to Militia Corps for services previous to the Great War shall pass to the reconstituted Militia Regiment and shall be emblazoned on all Regimental Standards, Guidons or Colours"
Following the disbandment of the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry in 1919, the 1st Battalion Royal Guernsey Militia were granted the following Battle Honours:
* Ypres 1917 (for militia men serving with Royal Irish regiments)
* Passchendaele
* Cambrai 1917
* Lys
* Estaires
* Hazebrouck
* France and Flanders 1917–1918.
The Colours of the RGLI are hung in the Town Church, Guernsey
==Poetry==
:See ye Masnières canal a'flood
:And where yon green graves lay?
:There Norman warriors fled to their God
:Ne'er more to glimpse the day.
:But writ there, first, a name in blood-
:Norman Ten Hundred.
:At Doulieu, the night birds flit
:Across yon blue-grey water.
:And at dusk ghost warriors sit-
:Wraiths of a fearsome slaughter.
:There too in blood the name is writ-
:Norman Ten Hundred.
:And thus there the battle's flame
:Laid men out fast and low,
:So young SarniaRoman name for Guernsey died, but Fame
:Cast o'er their graves its glow,
:And honours wove about the name
:Norman Ten Hundred.
:(From Blicq, A Stanley, Norman Ten Hundred, Guernsey Press, 1920)
==Commemoration==
The Royal Guernsey Light Infantry Charitable Trust was formed in 2016 to commemorate the regiment. Its joint patrons are Lt Governor Vice Admiral Sir Ian Corder and the Bailiff of Guernsey, Richard McMahon. The Trust placed memorials at Les Rues Vertes, France and St Peter Port, Guernsey on the centenary of key RGLI events in 2017 & 2018. The Trust twinned the town of Masnières with St Peter Port in 2019.
==See also==
* Royal Guernsey Militia
* Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey
==References==
* Blicq, A Stanley, Norman Ten Hundred, Guernsey Press, 1920
* Parks, Major Edwin, Diex Aix: God Help Us – The Guernseymen who marched away 1914–1918, States of Guernsey, 1992
==External links==
===The Channel Islands and the Great War Study Group===
* RGLI page includes Nominal Roll, Casualty Lists, War Diary
* Transcript of RGLI War Diary
* Web Site
===Other Links===
* Guernsey Museum article on the RGLI
* R.G.L.I. regimental badge
* RGLI page at Long, Long Trail site
* Army cadet forces in Channel Islands
*Royal Guernsey Light Infantry Regimental Museum
*R.G.L.I. Nominal roll of service
* The Royal Guernsey Light Infantry Charitable Trust
Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army
Category:History of Guernsey
Category:History of the Channel Islands
Category:Military units and formations established in 1916
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Category:British light infantry
Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I
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1984 Salvadoran presidential election
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1984 elections in El Salvador
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Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 25 March 1984, with a second round on 6 May.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p276 The Salvadoran people elected a new president, together with a vice-president, for a five-year term. The result was a victory for José Napoleón Duarte of the Christian Democratic Party.
The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence, and candidates to the left of Duarte's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating.
Nevertheless, the election was considered the first fair and just one after the 1931 election.
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Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 25 March 1984, with a second round on 6 May.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p276 The Salvadoran people elected a new president, together with a vice-president, for a five-year term. The result was a victory for José Napoleón Duarte of the Christian Democratic Party.
The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence, and candidates to the left of Duarte's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating.
Nevertheless, the election was considered the first fair and just one after the 1931 election.
==Results==
==References==
Category:Presidential elections in El Salvador
Category:1984 in El Salvador
El Salvador
Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
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Ballade No. 1 (Chopin)
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Composition for piano by Frédéric Chopin
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The Ballade No. 1 in G minor, op. 23 is a ballade for solo piano by Frédéric Chopin. Completed in 1835, it is one of Chopin's most popular works. A typical performance lasts nine to ten minutes.
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The Ballade No. 1 in G minor, op. 23 is a ballade for solo piano by Frédéric Chopin. Completed in 1835, it is one of Chopin's most popular works. A typical performance lasts nine to ten minutes.
== History ==
The ballade dates to sketches Chopin made in 1831, during his eight-month stay in Vienna. It was completed in 1835 after his move to Paris, where he dedicated it to Baron Nathaniel von Stockhausen, the Hanoverian ambassador to France.
In 1836, Robert Schumann wrote: "I have a new Ballade by Chopin. It seems to me to be the work closest to his genius (though not the most brilliant). I even told him that it is my favourite of all of all his works. After a long, reflective pause he told me emphatically: 'I am glad, because I too like it the best, it is my dearest work.'"
== Structure ==
The piece begins in the first inversion of the A major chord, a Neapolitan chord, which implies a majestic aura, ending in a dissonant left-hand chord D, G, and E that is not resolved until later on in the piece. Though Chopin's original manuscript clearly marks an E as the top note, the chord has caused some degree of controversy, and thus, some versions of the work – such as the Klindworth edition – include D, G, D as an ossia.
The main section of the ballade is built from two main themes. The brief introduction fades into the first theme in G minor, introduced at measure 8. After dramatic development, the second theme in E major is introduced softly at measure 68. The exposition is once again followed by development, in which the two themes, transferred to another tonal center (A minor and A major), undergo transformation. Then, a reprise presents the two themes in their original keys, albeit in reverse order.
A thundering chord introduces the coda, marked Presto con fuoco, to which the initial Neapolitan harmony re-emerges in constant dynamic forward propulsion, which eventually ends the piece in a fiery double octave scale run down the keyboard.
As a whole, the piece is structurally complex and not strictly confined to any particular form, but incorporates ideas from mainly the sonata and variation forms. A distinguishing feature is its time signature. While the other three ballades are written in strict compound duple time with a time signature, Ballade No. 1 bears deviations from this. The introduction is written in time, and the more extensive Presto con fuoco coda is written in or . The rest of the piece is written in , rather than the which characterizes the others. It is also considered one of Chopin's most technically and musically demanding works.
== In popular culture ==
The ballade has featured prominently in several films. It is performed on-screen in Gaslight by the Polish pianist Jakob Gimpel, credited as the Pianist. A performance of the piece is central to the plot of the 2002 Roman Polanski film The Pianist, where it moves a German officer to hide and supply with food the pianist, Władysław Szpilman, played by Adrien Brody. On the soundtrack, it is played by Janusz Olejniczak. It also appears in the 1991 film Impromptu, where Chopin is playing this piece when he is interrupted by George Sand and meets her for the first time.
In 2010, the British journalist Alan Rusbridger (the editor of The Guardian) dedicated a year to learning Ballade No. 1 and produced a book about the experience, Play It Again: An Amateur Against the Impossible.
The piece was also the subject of the 2013 Channel 4 documentary Chopin Saved My Life. It is quoted in Mieczysław Weinberg's Symphony No. 21 ("Kaddish").
After Chopin's death, the Belgian violinist and musician Eugène Ysaÿe made his own arrangement of Ballade No. 1 for violin and piano. That arrangement was used as the soundtrack for the final episode of the Japanese anime Your Lie in April in 2014–2015.
Japanese figure skater and two-time Olympic champion Yuzuru Hanyu skated his short program to Ballade No. 1 in four seasons between 2014 and 2020. The program has earned him four world records and contributed to the win of his second Olympic title such as the completion of the first career Super Slam in the men's singles discipline. As of December 2021, Hanyu's Ballade No. 1 has set the five highest short program scores across all judging systems and is the most successful program in that competition segment.
== References ==
==Further reading==
*
*Berger, Karol (Summer 1996). "The Form of Chopin's 'Ballade,' Op. 23." 19th-Century Music, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 46–71.
*Rothstein, William (1994). "Ambiguity in the Themes of Chopin's First, Second, and Fourth Ballades." Intégral, vol. 8, pp. 1–50.
==External links==
*
* Ballade No. 1 played by Josef Hofmann
* Ballade No. 1 played by Alfred Cortot
* Ballade No. 1 played by Benno Moiseiwitsch
* Ballade No. 1 played by Arthur Rubinstein
* Ballade No. 1 played by Vladimir Horowitz
* Ballade No. 1 played by Claudio Arrau
* Ballade No. 1 played by Sviatoslav Richter
* Ballade No. 1 played by Samson François
* Ballade No. 1 played by Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli
* Ballade No. 1 played by Martha Argerich
* Ballade No. 1 played by Krystian Zimerman
Category:Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Category:1835 compositions
Category:Compositions in G minor
Category:Music with dedications
Category:Piano ballades
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Paide
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Town in Estonia
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Paide is a town in Estonia and the capital of Järva County, one of the 15 counties of Estonia.
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Paide is a town in Estonia and the capital of Järva County, one of the 15 counties of Estonia.
==Etymology==
Paide's German name Weißenstein (originally Wittenstein or Wittensten in Low German) means "white stone". This name was derived from the limestone used for the construction of Paide Castle. A Latin translation, Albus Lapis, has also been used.Ühendus Weissenstein, Paide Linna Nimed (accessed 1 January 2013) The Estonian name Paide was first recorded in 1564 as Paida, and is thought to derive from the word paas, pae, meaning "limestone".
==Sights==
===Paide Vallitorn===
A castle was built in Paide by order of Konrad von Mandern, master of the Livonian Order, sometime in 1265 or 1266. It was from the beginning constructed around the central tower or keep, locally known as Tall Hermann tower or Vallitorn. With its six storeys, the tower has always been the core of the castle complex. The fortress was strengthened during the 14th and 15th centuries, when the surrounding walls were enlarged and towers added. It was also modernised to be able to meet the new threat of firearms. During the 16th century, the castle was again modified through the addition of outer bastions.
During the Livonian War, the castle was repeatedly besieged by Russian troops, and in 1573 it was occupied by troops loyal to Ivan the Terrible. After that, the castle changed hands several times. It was also involved in the fighting during the 1600-1611 Polish-Swedish War, in the so-called Siege of Weissenstein.
In 1895-1897 restoration work was carried out on the central tower and some other parts of the castle. However, in 1941, during World War II, retreating Soviet troops blew up the central tower and it was not repaired until after Estonia regained its independence, in 1990-1993.
Today the restored central tower houses a part of Järva County museum.
===Paide Church===
Paide Church originally dates from the 16th century; however, it has been very badly damaged in both war and fire on several occasions, and the present-day building dates mainly from a reconstruction which took place in 1909-1910 under the supervision of architect J. C. Mühlhausen.
==Sports==
Paide is home to Paide linnastaadion, the home ground of Meistriliiga football team Paide Linnameeskond.
==Notable residents==
*Ita Ever, stage and film actress
*Helle-Reet Helenurm, actress
*Johannes Hesse, father of author Hermann Hesse
*Tullio Ilomets, chemist
*Ekaterina Kalinina, Bolshevik revolutionary and civil servant, wife of the Soviet head of state Mikhail Kalinin
*Carmen Kass, model
*Kalle Kiik, chess International Master
*Andres Noormets, actor and stage director
*Arvo Pärt, classical music composer
*Toomas Raudam, writer
*Mati Sirkel, translator and writer
*Karin Tammaru, actress
==Gallery==
File:HulsiusPaide.jpg|View of Paide, made sometime before 1632
File:Paide keskväljak.jpg|Town square
File:Paide Castle in winter.jpg|Paide castle in winter
File:Paide kohtuhoone. No 15061 Paide.JPG|Courthouse
File:Paide Saksa Tütarlaste Eragümnaasiumi hoone 02.JPG|Hospital clinic (former German Girls' Private Gymnasium)
File:Paide raehoone.JPG|Paide Town Hall
File:Järvamaa Muuseum.JPG|Järvamaa Museum
File:Paide Muusika- ja Teatrimaja 1.01.2021.jpg|Music and Theatre House
==See also==
*Siege of Weissenstein
==References==
==External links==
*Ühendus Weissenstein
*Webcam from Paide keskväljak
Category:Cities and towns in Estonia
Category:Castles of the Livonian Order
Category:Populated places established in the 13th century
Category:1291 establishments in Europe
Category:13th-century establishments in Estonia
Category:Kreis Jerwen
Category:Populated places in Järva County
| 421,674
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Páez language
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Indigenous language of Colombia
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Páez (also Paez, Paes; or the autonym Nasa Yuwe 'Nasa language') is a language of Colombia, spoken by the Páez people. Crevels (2011) estimates 60,000 speakers out of an ethnic population of 140,000.
The language is spoken by the second largest Colombian indigenous community, the Páez, in the north of the Cauca Department, in southwestern Colombia. However, the people had to move to other departments of Colombia like Huila, Tolima and Valle del Cauca.
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Páez (also Paez, Paes; or the autonym Nasa Yuwe 'Nasa language') is a language of Colombia, spoken by the Páez people. Crevels (2011) estimates 60,000 speakers out of an ethnic population of 140,000.
The language is spoken by the second largest Colombian indigenous community, the Páez, in the north of the Cauca Department, in southwestern Colombia. However, the people had to move to other departments of Colombia like Huila, Tolima and Valle del Cauca.
==Classification==
Páez is generally considered to be a language isolate, or at least the only surviving member of its family (Adelaar & Muysken 2004).
==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chibcha, Barbakoa, Choko, Tukano, Andaki, and Kofan language families due to contact.
==Varieties==
Below is a full list of Paezan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
*Paez / Paisa – the language spoken in the villages of the Paez River, the department of Huila. Dialects include:
**Nasayuwä – spoken in the village of Pitayo.
**Okoshkokyéwa – spoken in the village of La Peña.
**Paniquita – spoken in some villages, Paniquita, and others, in the Huila region.
*Panzaleo / Latacunga / Quito – an extinct language once spoken in the provinces of Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Tungurahua, Ecuador.
*Alausí – once spoken in the village of Alausí, Chimborazo province, Ecuador. (Unattested.)
==History==
Although dozens of indigenous languages have been extinguished at the hand of the Spanish (and later Colombian) Empire, there remain more than 60 languages within the boundaries of what is now known as Colombia. Most of these languages are classified into 10 linguistic families: Chibcha, Arawak, Carib, Quechua, Tukano, Guahibo, Makú-Puinave, Bora-Witoto, Piaroa-Sáliba, and Chocó. During the 1900s, initial research suggested that Nasa Yuwe was part of the Chibcha language family, which includes Arwako, Kogi, Wiwa, Tunebo, Motilone, Chimila, and Cuna. However, Nasa Yuwe is now considered to constitute a small language family of its own—the Paezan languages. Today, many Misak live in some primarily Nasa settlements creating a situation of language contact and in some cases bilingualism.
Agriculture is the basis of the Nasa economy and as such, they have been fighting to maintain their current land holdings and expand into their traditional lands. The language has been threatened by colonial policies for centuries, however recent positive attitudes toward the language have begun to reverse the tide of language extinction. The first threat to the language came in the 1600s with the introduction of compulsory Spanish language education in Colombia.
The education system was designed to suppress Nasa Yuwe. The Colombian empire pushed assimilatory policies that forced citizenship upon indigenous people and forced schooling on them to 'civilize' them. Children who spoke in their native language were punished, in some cases by being forced to kneel on grains of corn for hours. Thus, people were forced to avoid their languages.
==Revitalization==
With the General Law of Education, ethnoeducation is the opportunity of education for ethnic groups, but education needs to be related to the culture, traditions, language, and native elements of ethnic groups. To achieve the goal to give importance to indigenous languages, it is important to ensure that future indigenous generations preserve and relearn languages that do not have social privilege in Colombian society. Thus, it was necessary to implement booklets and original content material in different languages.
Although the government proposed the introduction of education of native languages in some communities, the preservation of languages and identities has been neglected. It is important to revitalize the language because it is part of the identity of many people who have been not considered part of Colombian society.
The first step is for the native teachers to know all the academic aspects and the sociocultural aspects of the ethnic group. The next is the creation of a campaign to promote the importance of the language in a minority community to maintain identity. The goal of the campaign is to reinforce the use of the language in the education environment and the family environment because they are children's first and most influential contacts. The last step is to promote the project to being used with other endangered languages of our country and revitalize them. it is also necessary to create a conscience in the rest of society to avoid the marginalization of the people who speak these native languages.
== Phonology ==
Paez has four oral vowel phonemes: /i, e, a, u/. Each oral vowel phoneme has a corresponding nasal /ĩ ẽ ã ũ/, aspirated /iʰ eʰ aʰ uʰ/, and long-form /iː eː aː uː/, all of which are contrastive. Also, each vowel sound can be laryngealized /ḭ ḛ a̰ ṵ/. Laryngealization can occur on nasalized or plain vowels, but not long vowels, while nasalization can occur to a plain or lengthened vowel. Vowel length is not contrastive in all dialects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Velar
|-
!plain
!palatalized
!plain
!palatalized
!plain
!palatalized
|-
! rowspan="3" |Stop
!plain
|p
|pʲ
|t
|tʲ
|k
|kʲ
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|pʲʰ
|tʰ
|tʲʰ
|kʰ
|kʲʰ
|-
!prenasalized
|ᵐb
|ᵐbʲ
|ⁿd
|ⁿdʲ
|ᵑɡ
|ᵑɡʲ
|-
! rowspan="3" |Affricate
!plain
|
|
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|t͡sʰ
|t͡ʃʰ
|
|
|-
!prenasalized
|
|
|ⁿd͡z
|ⁿd͡ʒ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!plain
|
|ɸʲ
|s
|ʃ
|x
|xʲ
|-
!voiced
|
|βʲ
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|
|n
|ɲ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!lateral
|
|
|l
|ʎ
|
|
|-
!plain
|
|
|
|j
|w
|
|}
==Vocabulary==
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Paez, Nasayuwä, Okoshkokyéwa, Paniquita, and Panzaleo.
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Paez !! Nasayuwä !! Okoshkokyéwa !! Paniquita !! Panzaleo
|-
! one
| yas || tech || tesha || tesha ||
|-
! two
| ents || ents || hänts || hentsa ||
|-
! three
| kek || tek || tek || texta ||
|-
! ear
| tún-gua || tõ-ué || tõ-ua || tu-gue ||
|-
! tongue
| tone || tönä || téne || tuné ||
|-
! hand
| kosä || kúsä || kosa || konsé ||
|-
! foot
| chinda || chinda || chinda || chinda ||
|-
! water
| yó || yu || yo || yohua ||
|-
! stone
| kuéth || uét || kwat || kuet ||
|-
! maize
| kukx || kutx || kutx || kokavi ||
|-
! fish
| enzte || wench || winx || wenche || pila
|-
! house
| yath || yat || yet || yat || an
|}
==References==
==Bibliography==
* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
* Brend, Ruth M. (Ed.). (1985). From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages (p. vi, 133). Language Data, Amerindian Series (No. 9). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Castillo y Orozco (del), Eugenio. (1877) Vocabulario Paez–Castellano. Ezequiel Uricoechea ed. Maisonneuve y Cia. Libreros Editores, París.
* Fabre, Alain. (2005). Nasa Yuwe / Páez. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. (To appear). (Online: ).
* Gerdel, Florence L. and others. (1973). Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas colombianos 2. Bogotá: Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 132 p.
* Gerdel, Florence L. (1979). Paez. In Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos étnicos de Colombia 2, (pp. 181–202). Bogota: Ministerio de Gobierno and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
* Gerdel, Florence L. and Marianna C. Slocum. (1976). Páez discourse, paragraph and sentence structure." In Robert E. Longacre and Frances Woods (eds.), Discourse grammar: Studies in indigenous languages of Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, 1: 259–443. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields, 52(1). Dallas: SIL and the University of Texas at Arlington.
* Nieves Oviedo, Rocío; Tulio Rojas y Marcos Yule. (1991): Estudios Fonológicos de la Lengua Paez (Nasa Yuwe); Descripciones 6; Colciencias – Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.
* Rojas Curieux, Tulio; Roció Nieves Oviedo, y Marcos Yule Yatacue. (1991): Estudios Grammaticales de la Lengua Paez (Nasa Yuwe). Descripciones 7; Colciencias – Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.
* Slocum, Marianna C. (1986). Gramática páez. Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.
* Slocum, Marianna C. (1972). ¿Cómo se dice en páez?. Lomalinda: Ministerio de Gobierno.
* Slocum, Marianna C. and Florence L. Gerdel. (1983). Diccionario: páez-español / español-páez. Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.
==External links==
* Proel: Lengua Paes
* Fabre: Nasa
* Páez (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Category:Languages of Colombia
Category:Macro-Paesan languages
Category:Language isolates of South America
Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest
Category:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
Category:Endangered language isolates
| 421,675
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Orlop deck
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Lowest deck of a ship
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The orlop is the lowest deck in a ship (except for very old ships). It is the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line.
It has been suggested the name originates from "overlooping" of the cables, or alternatively, that the name is a corruption of "overlap", referring to an overlapping, balcony-like half deck occupying a portion of the ship's lowest deck space. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word descends from Dutch overloop from the verb overlopen, "to run (over); extend"."Orlop" from Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
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The orlop is the lowest deck in a ship (except for very old ships). It is the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line.
It has been suggested the name originates from "overlooping" of the cables, or alternatively, that the name is a corruption of "overlap", referring to an overlapping, balcony-like half deck occupying a portion of the ship's lowest deck space. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word descends from Dutch overloop from the verb overlopen, "to run (over); extend"."Orlop" from Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
==References==
Category:Sailing ship components
Category:Shipbuilding
Category:Ship compartments
| 421,683
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Michèle Crider
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American opera singer
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Michèle Crider (born 1959, Quincy, IL) is an American lirico spinto operatic soprano. She has appeared in many of the great opera house in the world including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera in New York, San Francisco Opera, Los Angeles Opera, and the state operas of Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Hamburg. She has sung alongside the great conductors such as Riccardo Muti, Daniel Barenboim, Zubin Mehta, James Levine, Nello Santi, Christoph von Dohnányi, Semyon Bychkov, Seiji Ozawa, Riccardo Chailly and Colin Davis.
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Michèle Crider (born 1959, Quincy, IL) is an American lirico spinto operatic soprano. She has appeared in many of the great opera house in the world including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera in New York, San Francisco Opera, Los Angeles Opera, and the state operas of Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Hamburg. She has sung alongside the great conductors such as Riccardo Muti, Daniel Barenboim, Zubin Mehta, James Levine, Nello Santi, Christoph von Dohnányi, Semyon Bychkov, Seiji Ozawa, Riccardo Chailly and Colin Davis.
==Education==
Michele Crider is a graduate of Quincy Senior High School in Quincy, IL. She studied voice at Culver-Stockton College and then at the University of Iowa, where she performed her first opera role in Madama Butterfly and came to the attention of University of Iowa alumnus Simon Estes. She won the District Metropolitan Opera Auditions twice. Afterwards she left Iowa and went to Zurich where she continued her studies at the studio of the Zurich Opera House. In 1988 she was the finalist of the Luciano Pavarotti competition. In 1989 she won one of the three first prizes at the Geneva International Music Competition. This prize directly led to her engagement as Leonora in Il trovatore in Dortmund and to her participation in the International Grand Prix, which she then won. Crider has recorded Amelia in Un ballo in maschera for Teldec under Carlo Rizzi, Elena and Margherita in Mefistofele under the baton of Riccardo Muti for BMG Classics, Verdi's Requiem under Richard Hickox with the London Symphony Orchestra for Chandos Records and the role of Gerhilde in Die Walküre on Decca under Christoph von Dohnanyi.
==Soprano==
Crider is one of today's preeminent dramatic sopranos of her generation. In most recent seasons, she returned to the stage of the Metropolitan Opera as Amelia in Un ballo in maschera, to the Vienna State Opera as Tosca, to Budapest and Mannheim as Leonora in La forza del destino, to the Aalto Theatre in Essen in the title role of Norma, made her Lisbon debut with Verdi's Messa da Requiem, was Tosca at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Vienna State Opera, and the Prague State Opera, was in Tel Aviv as Leonora in Il trovatore and as La giocconda, in Essen and Lecce as Aida, in Hamburg as Amelia in Un ballo in maschera, and was heard with the Jerusalem Symphony in Verdi's Messa da Requiem.
==Opera houses and performances==
Since 1991, Crider has been heard regularly in the world's great opera houses, including the Royal Opera House Convent Garden, The Metropolitan Opera in New York, San Francisco Opera, Los Angeles Opera, the Berlin State Opera, the State Opera Houses in Vienna, Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, the Arena di Verona, Rome, Zurich, Barcelona and Madrid. Crider has enjoyed a successful concert career. She has appeared at the Salzburg Festival, the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, in Orange, Ravenna and Edinburgh, at the Royal Albert Hall London, Carnegie Hall, the Alte Oper in Frankfurt, Savonlinna, the Salle Pleyel and Barbican Hall in London with orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Vienna Philharmonic, National Orchestra of Paris, Berlin Philharmonic, Oslo Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and the WDR Symphony Orchestra in Cologne. She has collaborated with conductors such as Riccardo Muti, Daniel Barenboim, Zubin Mehta, James Levine, Nello Santi, Christoph von Dohnanyi, Semyon Bychkov, Seiji Ozawa, Riccardo Chailly and Sir Colin Davis. From the time of her American debut in a new production of Aida in 1996 at the San Diego Opera, Crider has enjoyed a busy international schedule of engagements.
==1997–1999==
In 1997, Crider debuted at the BBC Promenade concerts under Sir Colin Davis with Verdi's Messa da Requiem, followed by her first appearance with the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. She was invited to the Edinburgh Festival to sing Mahler's Second Symphony conducted by Mariss Jansons. In the same year she made her Japan debut in Tokyo with Verdi's Requiem under the baton of James Levine.
During the 1997/1998 season, Crider sang in a new production of Aida at the Dresden Semperoper. Three more opera house debuts took place in 1998: in July she sang in Un ballo in maschera in the Arena di Verona under the conductor Daniel Oren, followed in September by Madama Butterfly at the Bastille Opera in Paris and finally Aida at the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. The year 1998 came to an end with her return to the Vienna State Opera in December where she sang the role of Elvira in a new production of Ernani under the musical direction of Seiji Ozawa. In February 1999, she gained critical praise for her interpretation of Leonora in Verdi's Il trovatore at the New York Metropolitan Opera.
In July 1999, Crider participated in a new production of Un ballo in maschera at the Opera House in Zurich under the baton of Christoph von Dohnanyi. In November of the same year, she sang Aida at the Teatro Comunale Florence. In the following two months she performed Odabella in a new production of Attila in Geneva and in February and March she returned to the Metropolitan Opera in New York for Madama Butterfly, followed by Amelia in Un ballo in maschera at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and a new production of Aida for her debut in Amsterdam under the musical direction of Riccardo Chailly. She closed this season with a new production of Aida at the opera festival in Macerata in July 2000.
==2000–2002==
Crider opened the season 2000/2001 in October with Il trovatore at the Opera House in Zurich. In December 2000, she made her Teatro Real debut in Madrid, where she sang Leonora in a new production of Verdi's Il trovatore under the musical direction of Garcia Navarro. Between January and April 2001, Crider returned to the Metropolitan Opera in New York as Amelia in Un ballo in maschera, followed by performances of the same role at the Vienna State Opera, where she also performed the role of Leonora in Il trovatore. In June 2001, she sang Aida at the San Francisco Opera House, where she was given the San Francisco Opera Award of Merit. In the summer of 2001, she debuted in Cagliari in a new production of Aida. In 2001/2002, other new productions and house debuts took place in Oviedo as Elvira in Ernani, and as Aida in Genoa and Catania, after which she returned to the Arena di Verona for the same role. Her season highlight was her critically acclaimed role debut as Norma at the Vlaamse Opera in Antwerp. During the season 2002/2003, Crider was first heard as Aida at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, followed by a highly successful house and role debut as Santuzza in a new production of Cavalleria rusticana in Trieste.
==2003==
In October 2003, Crider made her role debut as Tosca under the musical direction of Nello Santi at the Zurich Opera, followed by appearances as Norma in the Aalto Theatre in Essen. In January 2004 she returned to Zurich for more performances of Tosca, then moved on to the Bavarian State Opera in Munich as Aida under the musical direction of Zubin Mehta. She also sang Amelia in Un ballo in maschera in Hamburg and at the Liceu in Barcelona, closing her season at the Arena di Verona as Aida. In July 2003, Crider was awarded the Young Alumni Award by the Alumni Association of the University of Iowa.
==2004==
In spring 2004, Crider celebrated an important role debut as Imogene in Bellini's Il pirata at the Vlaamse Opera. Other highlights of the season were her Carnegie Hall debut in March 2004 in Un ballo in maschera, her return to the Vienna State Opera House as Aida, and gala concerts in the Stadttheater Bremerhaven and Wiesbaden. In 2004/2005, Crider sang her signature role of Aida at the Staatsoper Berlin, followed by house debuts at La Monnaie in Brussels, the Los Angeles Opera, the Semperoper Dresden, and at the Savonlinna Festival. Further highlights of the season were performances as Tosca at the Vienna State Opera and Amelia in Un ballo in maschera and Tosca at the Zurich Opera House.
==2005–2006==
Her performances in the 2005/2006 season included Tosca for the State Opera in Berlin and the Vienna State Opera, her return to the Metropolitan Opera in New York as Aida, to the Opera House in Zurich as Tosca and to the Stadttheater St. Gallen as Norma. In February and March 2006, she returned to the Hamburg State Opera as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, followed by Aida and Un ballo in maschera at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and as Madama Butterfly for the Berlin State Opera. In April 2006, she returned to the Israeli Opera as Amelia in a new production of Un ballo in maschera.
==Recordings==
Her recordings include Verdi's Requiem under Richard Hickox in 1996 (Chandos) and Sir Colin Davis in 1997, Aida, Beethoven's Ninth, and Leonora in Il trovatore.
==External links==
*Home page.
*Review in The New York Times from her 1997 Metropolitan Opera debut in Madama Butterfly.
Category:University of Iowa alumni
Category:American operatic sopranos
Category:Living people
Category:People from Quincy, Illinois
Category:Culver–Stockton College alumni
Category:1959 births
Category:Singers from Illinois
Category:Classical musicians from Illinois
Category:20th-century African-American women singers
Category:20th-century American women opera singers
Category:African-American women opera singers
Category:21st-century African-American women singers
Category:21st-century American women opera singers
| 421,687
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Alyaksandr Sulima
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Belarusian footballer
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Alyaksandr Rychardavich Sulima (, ; born 1 August 1979) is a retired football goalkeeper from Belarus. He is currently the goalkeeper coach of Belarus. He is of Polish descent and can speak the language.Interview with Pressball.by
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Alyaksandr Rychardavich Sulima (, ; born 1 August 1979) is a retired football goalkeeper from Belarus. He is currently the goalkeeper coach of Belarus. He is of Polish descent and can speak the language.Interview with Pressball.by
==Career==
Born in Grodno, Sulima has played professional football in the Belarusian Premier League with FC Neman Grodno, FC MTZ-RIPO Minsk and FC Dinamo Minsk. He also had a brief spell in the Russian First Division with FC Lada Togliatti.
Sulima made his debut for the senior Belarus national football team in a friendly against Romania on 19 February 2004.
In June 2019, Sulima was appointed as goalkeeper coach for the national team of Belarus under newly hired manager Mikhail Markhel.Футбол. Георгий Кондратьев, Юрий Мархель, Александр Сулима и Дмитрий Ровнейко войдут в штаб сборной Беларуси, pressball.by, 20 June 2019
==Honours==
MTZ-RIPO Minsk
*Belarusian Cup winner: 2004–05, 2007–08
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belarusian footballers
Category:Belarus international footballers
Category:FC Lada-Tolyatti players
Category:FC Partizan Minsk players
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FC Neman Grodno players
Category:FC Dinamo Minsk players
| 421,688
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Tyrone Thompson
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Professional footballer (born 1982)
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Tyrone I'Yungo Thompson (born 8 May 1982) is an English football coach and former professional footballer.
As a player he was a midfielder from 2000 to 2014. He played for Sheffield United, Lincoln City, Doncaster Rovers, Huddersfield Town, Scarborough, Halifax Town, Crawley Town, Torquay United, Mansfield Town, Grimsby Town, F.C. Halifax Town, Sheffield, Gainsborough Trinity and Goole.
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Tyrone I'Yungo Thompson (born 8 May 1982) is an English football coach and former professional footballer.
As a player he was a midfielder from 2000 to 2014. He played for Sheffield United, Lincoln City, Doncaster Rovers, Huddersfield Town, Scarborough, Halifax Town, Crawley Town, Torquay United, Mansfield Town, Grimsby Town, F.C. Halifax Town, Sheffield, Gainsborough Trinity and Goole.
==Playing career==
===Sheffield United===
Thompson attended King Edward VII School in Sheffield and joined Sheffield United's Centre of Excellence at the age of nine. He progressed to being a trainee with United and turned professional in July 2000. He made his first team debut on 22 August 2000 as United beat Lincoln City 6–1 in a first round first leg League Cup tie, Thompson replacing David Kelly as a 73rd-minute substitute. He started the second leg, a 1–0 away defeat for United.
Unable to establish himself in the first team, Thompson joined Lincoln City on loan in October 2002, making his debut in a 4–3 Football League Trophy win at home to York City on 22 October. He played two further games for Lincoln, a draw at home to Bury in the league and a defeat at home to Shrewsbury Town in the Football League Trophy, before returning to Sheffield United in November 2002. He played in the FA Cup fourth round, as United won 4–3 at home to Ipswich Town with a last minute winner from Paul Peschisolido, but this would be his final appearance for Sheffield United. In March 2003 he joined Doncaster Rovers on loan until the end of the season, but played just once in the Conference National for them, in a 1–1 draw at home to Morecambe. He was released by Sheffield United in May 2003.
===Huddersfield Town===
He moved to Huddersfield Town in July 2003, but made only two first team appearances, starting the 2–2 draw at home to Cambridge United on the opening day of the season and coming on as a second-half substitute for Andy Holdsworth in the 3–0 win at home to Northampton Town on 13 September.
===Scarborough===
A move to Scarborough followed in June 2004, where he was an ever-present the following season.
===Halifax Town===
He rejected a new contract with Scarborough in June 2005, joining Halifax Town on a monthly contract in August 2005. In October 2005 he signed a contract until the end of that season and was called up to the England semi-professional squad. He signed a further contract extension to the end of the following season in February 2006. In November 2006 he accused Northwich Victoria captain Stuart Elliott of racial abuse and an official complaint was lodged with The Football Association. Elliott was later cleared. Thompson was a first team regular but, despite the offer of new contract at Halifax, he failed to make contact with the West Yorkshire club and became a free agent at the end of the 2006–07 season.
===Later career===
It was later reported that he was a possible target for Halifax's Conference rivals York City, but joined Crawley Town on 27 June 2007. He was appointed as Crawley's captain, but was linked with a move to Forest Green Rovers in January 2008, with Crawley turning down a £15,000 bid.
Thompson signed for Torquay United on a two-year contract on 20 May 2008, despite having agreed a new contract with Crawley. His Torquay debut came on the opening day of the season, a 1–1 draw at home to Histon, and he quickly became a regular in Paul Buckle's side. His first Torquay goal came on 20 September as Torquay won 2–0 at home to Eastbourne Borough.
He was released by Torquay on 15 May 2010 along with six other players.
On 21 July 2010, Thompson signed with Conference National side Mansfield Town F.C.Transfers – July 2010, BBC Sport, 22 July 2010. He was released on 12 May 2011.
On 18 August 2011 he joined Grimsby Town on non-contract basis. Following 3 games and 1 goal for The Mariners he was released from his short-term deal on 30 August 2011 with Grimsby stating that he had only been cover for the injured Anthony Church.
On 21 October 2011 he joined FC Halifax Town, the phoenix club of his former club Halifax Town, however during his month at the club he failed to impress and was released by manager Neil Aspin
On 18 November Thompson rejoined Lincoln City unit 8 January 2012. In January a further deal was agreed until the end of the season.
He joined Sheffield F.C. ahead of the 2012–13 season whose manager Curtis Woodhouse had played with Thompson at Sheffield United. Thompson debuted in the 6–2 Northern Premier League First Division South victory at Lincoln United on 18 August 2012, and made seven appearances for the club before joining Gainsborough Trinity in January 2013.
==Coaching career==
At the end of January 2014, he resumed his connection with Curtis Woodhouse when having been appointed manager of Goole AFC, Woodhouse recruited Thompson to the role of player-coach. He debuted for the club in their Northern Premier League Division One South 1–0 defeat at Coalville Town on 1 February 2014.
==Personal life==
Thompson now works as a FA Licensed Football Intermediary
==Career statistics==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan="2" |Club
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="3" |League
! colspan="2" |FA Cup
! colspan="2" |League Cup
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |Sheffield United
|2000–01
|Division One
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|2
|0
|-
|2001–02
|Division One
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|-
|2002–03
|Division One
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!0
!0
!1
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
|-
|Lincoln City (loan)
|2002–03
|Division Three
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|3
|0
|-
|Doncaster Rovers (loan)
|2002–03
|Football Conference
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|Huddersfield Town
|2003–04
|Division Three
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Scarborough
|2004–05
|Conference National
|43
|2
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|1
|0
|44
|2
|-
| rowspan="3" |Halifax Town
|2005–06
|Conference National
|41
|1
|2
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|6
|0
|49
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Conference National
|38
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|38
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!79
!1
!2
!0
! colspan="2" |—
!6
!0
!87
!1
|-
|Crawley Town
|2007–08
|Conference Premier
|44
|4
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|1
|0
|45
|4
|-
| rowspan="3" |Torquay United
|2008–09
|Conference Premier
|23
|1
|3
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|2
|0
|28
|1
|-
|2009–10
|League Two
|24
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|2
|0
|29
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!47
!1
!5
!0
!1
!0
!4
!0
!57
!1
|-
|Mansfield Town
|2010–11
|Conference Premier
|27
|2
|2
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|9
|0
|38
|2
|-
|Grimsby Town
|2011–12
|Conference Premier
|3
|1
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|3
|1
|-
|FC Halifax Town
|2011–12
|Conference North
|2
|0
|1
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
|Lincoln City
|2011–12
|Conference Premier
|26
|1
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|3
|0
|29
|1
|-
|Sheffield
|2012–13
|Northern Premier League Division One South
|7
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|0
|0
|7
|0
|-
|Gainsborough Trinity
|2012–13
|Conference North
|10
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |—
|2
|0
|12
|0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!292
!12
!11
!0
!3
!0
!28
!0
!334
!12
|-
|}
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Category:Footballers from Sheffield
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Sheffield United F.C. players
Category:Lincoln City F.C. players
Category:Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Category:Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Category:Scarborough F.C. players
Category:Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Category:Crawley Town F.C. players
Category:Torquay United F.C. players
Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players
Category:FC Halifax Town players
Category:Sheffield F.C. players
Category:Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Category:Goole A.F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:National League (English football) players
| 421,690
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James Graham (North Carolina politician)
|
American politician
|
James Graham (January 7, 1793 – September 25, 1851) was a North Carolina attorney and politician. He served as Congressional Representative from that state.
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James Graham (January 7, 1793 – September 25, 1851) was a North Carolina attorney and politician. He served as Congressional Representative from that state.
== Personal life ==
He was the older brother of North Carolinian senator William Alexander Graham. James Graham graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1814 in classical studies. Graham studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1818 and commenced practice in Rutherford County, North Carolina.
== Career ==
He was a member of the State House of Representatives in 1822, 1823, 1824, 1828, and 1829.
Graham was then elected as a National Republican to the twenty-third Congress (March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1835). Graham served from March 4, 1835, to March 29, 1836. He was subsequently elected as a National Republican to the same Congress, re-elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seventh Congresses serving from December 5, 1836, to March 3, 1843. He was the chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures (Twenty-seventh Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1842 to the Twenty-eighth Congress; elected as a Whig to the Twenty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847) but did not run again in 1846.
After his political career, Graham farmed near Rutherfordton, North Carolina, where he died September 25, 1851.
==See also==
*Twenty-third United States Congress
*Twenty-fourth United States Congress
*Twenty-fifth United States Congress
*Twenty-sixth United States Congress
*Twenty-seventh United States Congress
*Twenty-ninth United States Congress
== External links ==
*
Category:1793 births
Category:1851 deaths
Category:People from Lincoln County, North Carolina
Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Category:North Carolina Whigs
Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Category:National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:People from Rutherfordton, North Carolina
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives removed by contest
| 421,693
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Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II
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Allied aerial attacks of Pforzheim, Germany, during WWII
|
During the latter stages of World War II, Pforzheim, a town in southwestern Germany, was bombed several times. The largest raid, one of the most devastating area bombardments of the war, was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. Some 17,600 people, or 31.4% of the town's population, were killed. About 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed, two-thirds of the complete area of Pforzheim and between 80% and 100% of the inner city.
|
During the latter stages of World War II, Pforzheim, a town in southwestern Germany, was bombed several times. The largest raid, one of the most devastating area bombardments of the war, was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. Some 17,600 people, or 31.4% of the town's population, were killed. About 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed, two-thirds of the complete area of Pforzheim and between 80% and 100% of the inner city.
==Minor raids==
The first Allied air raid on Pforzheim took place on April 1, 1944 when an attack by United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) bombers caused comparatively minor damage and killed 95 people. Further attacks by the USAAF followed, the largest on 24 December. Another on 21 January 1945 caused 56 casualties.Christian Groh Pforzheim and Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005.
The RAF also carried out several nighttime nuisance raids on Pforzheim and other towns with de Havilland Mosquito light bombers. The raids, consisting of around six Mosquitos, forced the Luftwaffe to respond. They also helped confuse the defences, diverting resources away from the main bomber streams. These nuisance raids drove civilians into shelters and disturbed their sleep. Three consecutive raids occurred on the nights of October 2, 3 and 4, 1944 with a further three raids in October and one in November 1944. The RAF lost one aircraft in these raids.Bomber Command Campaign Diary October 1944
After the devastating air raid of February 23, 1945, there were smaller air raids on Pforzheim. On March 4, USAAF B-24 Liberator aircraft bombed the area around "Kupferhammer". On March 14, 16, 18th, 19th, 20th and 24th, the railway facilities were bombed. On March 17, the motorway at Pforzheim was bombed, and on March 23 the area in Eutingen Valley was bombed.
==Reasons for the main raid==
A report compiled for RAF Bomber Command dated 28 June 1944, stated that Pforzheim was "one of the centres of the German jewellery and watch making trade and is therefore likely to have become of considerable importance to the production of precision instruments [of use in the war effort]." An Allied report issued in August 1944 stated that "almost every house in this town centre is a small workshop" and that there were a few larger factories in the south and one in the north of the city centre. An attack on the city would destroy the "built-up area, the associated industries and rail facilities". There were no war-crucial targets; only war-relevant ones.
In November 1944, Pforzheim was placed for the first time on a target list of the Allied Forces, but with the lowest priority of category five. In that report, the city was described as being suitable for a raid, because the road and rail communications through the easily spotted old city was known to be flammable. Pforzheim was used in the transfer of troops.
==Main raid==
The large raid that almost destroyed the inner city district occurred on the evening of February 23, 1945. The first bombs were dropped at 19:50 and the last one at 20:12. The attack on "Yellowfin", the RAF's code name for Pforzheim, included 379 aircraft.
The main force bombers were 367 Avro Lancasters of No. 1, No. 6, and No. 8 Groups along with one Film Unit Lancaster, and 13 Mosquitos of No. 8 Group (the Pathfinders). The master bomber for the raid was Major Ted Swales, DFC, a South African, aged 29, who would be awarded Bomber Command's last Victoria Cross of the war for his actions on this night. Despite severe damage to his plane he remained over the target directing the raid and died when his Lancaster crashed near Valenciennes on the return flight."“He did his Duty to the Last – Captain Edwin Swales VC” Article by David R. Bennett. The Journal of the Victoria Cross Society. 6th Edition, March 2005, pp 42-44.
The bomber stream attacked from a height of 8,000 feet (2,400 m). The bombs were a, by now, standard mix of high explosive and incendiary bombs. The town centre suffered immediate destruction and a firestorm broke out, reaching its most devastating phase about 10 minutes from the start of the raid. The smoke over the town rose to about 3,000 metres, and the returning bomber crews could still see the glare of the fire up to 160 km away.
Twelve aircraft of the bomber fleet did not return to their bases. Eleven of them were shot down by Luftwaffe fighters stationed at Großsachsenheim (now Sachsenheim), and another was assumed to have been accidentally hit by "friendly" bombs. At least two aircraft crashed not far from Pforzheim, and Swales' aircraft, which had been hit twice, crashed in France. One of the Lancasters that crashed near Pforzheim went down close to the village of Neuhausen (Enzkreis). Three of its crew members bailed out, of whom two survived; the remaining crew members died. The other one crashed near the village of Althengstett near the town of Calw.
===Impact of the attack===
The German Army Report of February 24, 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim". The post-war British Bombing Survey Unit estimated that 83 per cent of the town's built-up area was destroyed, "probably the greatest proportion in one raid during the war". In the centre, almost 90% of the buildings were destroyed.
In an area about 3 km long and 1.5 km wide, all buildings were reduced to rubble. 17,600 citizens were officially counted as dead and thousands were injured. People died from the immediate impact of explosions, from burns due to burning incendiary materials that seeped through basement windows into the cellars of houses where they hid, from poisonous gases, lack of oxygen, and collapsing walls of houses. Some of them drowned in the Enz or Nagold rivers into which they had jumped while trying to escape from the burning incendiary materials in the streets, but even the rivers were burning as the phosphorus floated on the water.
After the attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by makeshift public kitchens because their housing had been destroyed. Many Pforzheim citizens were buried in common graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are many graves of complete families. The labour office of 1942 listed 2,980 foreigners in Pforzheim, and one source puts the number of foreign laborers who died in the bombings at 498 (among them 50 Italians).
The inner city districts were almost totally depopulated. According to the State Statistics Bureau (Statistisches Landesamt), in the Market Square area (Marktplatzviertel) in 1939 there were 4,112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none. In the Old Town area (Altstadtviertel) in 1939 there were 5,109 inhabitants, in 1945 only 2 persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4,416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13.
Some surviving Allied aircrew were killed after they fell into the hands of German civilians. Four weeks after the Pforzheim main raid, the British crew of a Avro Lancaster bailed out near Pforzheim where they were captured, and six of them were shot at the nearby village of Huchenfeld. One member managed to escape but was later recaptured and taken to a POW camp.Tail-End Charlies - John Nichol and Tony Rennell 2004Tom Tate - Huchenfeld - The Village that asked Forgiveness
==Post war==
Rather than rebuild the centre of Pforzheim on the old street plan, the main thoroughfares were widened after the war. The rubble from the destruction was heaped into a large, high mound on the outskirts of the town and covered with soil and vegetation. It is officially named the "Wallberg". As with other German cities which have similar mounds, it remains a visible reminder of the destruction brought upon the city during World War II.
==Notes==
# Christian Groh Pforzheim and References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005.
# Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005.
# Groh
# Groh
# Detlef Siebert British Bombing Strategy in World War Two Page 4 BBC 1 August 2001
# Yellowfin from Groh, other information from RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
# The tonnage of bombs and the height of the raid can be found in the Reference RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
# The number of bombs, the height of smoke and the visibility of the fire is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005.
# The RAF gives the number of bombers lost for all raids that night, but not the specifics for this raid. But the figures are in line with total RAF losses. The number of 12 aircraft lost is reported in Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Stadt gleicht Feuermeer" which was written by the author of Pforzheim. Codename Yellowfin, Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45, Ursula Moessner-Heckner. Mrs. Moessner-Heckner is a historian who was trained at San Jose State University and Berkeley in the United States of America and who also taught at San Jose State University. She has conducted extensive research on this subject in archives in Washington D.C., Stanford, London and elsewhere and has actually interviewed RAF crew members who participated in the Pforzheim air raid. She was born in Pforzheim in 1935 and grew up there. (see References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Ursula Moessner-Heckner").
# Grosssachsenheim as the Luftwaffe base is reported in Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005.
# Crash reported in Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 12, 2005.
# Crash reported in Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 28, 2005.
# References 83% RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945, The German army report is taken from References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Sofortmeldung nach dem Angriff". Its original in German reads: "In den fruehen Abendstunden richtete sich ein schwerer britischer Angriff gegen Pforzheim".
# The number of dead 17,600 is taken from Groh. The rest of the paragraph is from the series of articles in Pforzheimer Zeitung pointed to at the bottom of the References, including References Pforzheimer Zeitung of Febr. 4, Febr. 11, Febr. 17, 2005.
# The 30,000 people fed by makeshift kitchens is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005.
# The Foreign labour taken from References Groh.
# The number of foreign workers who died in the bombings is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005.
# These figures are similar to References Groh, but must be from another source which is not recorded.
# The information about Pforzheim from References Groh. The name of the "Wallberg" can be found on any decent map of Pforzheim, including the one at the official internet site of the City of Pforzheim (Citymap of Pforzheim), where the Wallberg is indicated under this name with a height of 417.5 meters above sea level.
==References==
* Campaign Diary 1944 Bomber Command 60th Anniversary website
* Campaign Diary February 1945 Bomber Command 60th Anniversary website
* Pforzheim - 23 February 1945 by Christian Groh, in: historicum.net dated 24.4.2005. In German.
* Report of magazine 'Stern' In German.
* Documentation about the raid on Pforzheim In German and partly in English
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 4, 2005, No.28, p. 22 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005, No.32, p. 18 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005, No.33, p. 18 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 11, 2005, No.34, p. 20 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 12, 2005, No.35, p. 25 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 17, 2005, No.39, p. 18 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, No.44, p. 22 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005, No.46, p. 24 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 28, 2005, No.48, p. 28 (in German)
* Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005, No.52, p. 20 (in German)
(Note: The series of Pforzheimer Zeitung articles can be found at "Pforzheimer Zeitung online archive" under "23. February 1945")
Ursula Moessner-Heckner: Pforzheim. Code Yellowfin. Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45, Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, Germany; ; (October 1997)
* Movie "Code Yellowfin", documentary, Germany 2005, directed by Peter Müller-Buchow
Category:Conflicts in 1945
Category:Firebombings
Category:Germany–United Kingdom military relations
Category:1945 in Germany
Category:Pforzheim
Category:World War II strategic bombing of Germany
| 421,694
|
Jesse Atherton Bynum
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American politician
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Jesse Atherton Bynum (May 23, 1797 – September 23, 1868United States House of Representatives) was a North Carolina landowner and politician.
He was the grandson of Colonel Jeptha Atherton, who served throughout the American Revolutionary War.
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Jesse Atherton Bynum (May 23, 1797 – September 23, 1868United States House of Representatives) was a North Carolina landowner and politician.
He was the grandson of Colonel Jeptha Atherton, who served throughout the American Revolutionary War.
==Political career==
Bynum was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Halifax County, North Carolina, May 23, 1797; attended Princeton College in 1817 and 1818; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Halifax, North Carolina; member of the house of commons of North Carolina in 1822, 1823, and 1826–1829; elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-second and Twenty-third Congresses and as a Democrat to the two succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1841).
==Later life==
Bynum moved to Alexandria, Louisiana, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits; died in Alexandria, La., September 23, 1868; interment in Rapides Cemetery, Pineville, Louisiana.
==See also==
*Twenty-second United States Congress
*Twenty-third United States Congress
*Twenty-fourth United States Congress
*Twenty-fifth United States Congress
==References==
*U.S. Congress Biographical Directory entry
Category:1797 births
Category:1868 deaths
Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Category:Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
| 421,697
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Harvey Logan
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American outlaw and gunman (1867–1904)
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Harvey Alexander Logan (1867 – June 17, 1904), also known as Kid Curry, was an American outlaw and gunman who rode with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid's infamous Wild Bunch gang during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Despite being less well-known than his fellow gang members, he has since been referred to as "the wildest of the Wild Bunch", having reputedly killed at least nine law enforcement officers in five shootings and another two men in other instances. He was involved in numerous shootouts with police and civilians and participated in several bank and train robberies with various gangs during his outlaw days.
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Harvey Alexander Logan (1867 – June 17, 1904), also known as Kid Curry, was an American outlaw and gunman who rode with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid's infamous Wild Bunch gang during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Despite being less well-known than his fellow gang members, he has since been referred to as "the wildest of the Wild Bunch", having reputedly killed at least nine law enforcement officers in five shootings and another two men in other instances. He was involved in numerous shootouts with police and civilians and participated in several bank and train robberies with various gangs during his outlaw days.
==Early life==
Logan was born in Richland Township, Tama County, Iowa in 1867. His mother died in 1876, and his brothers, Hank, Johnny and Lonny, moved to Dodson, Missouri to live with their aunt Lee Logan. Until at least 1883, Harvey made his living breaking horses on the Cross L ranch, near Rising Star, Texas. While there, he met and befriended a man named "Flat Nose" George Curry, from whom he took his new last name. His brothers soon adopted the same last name. The Logan brothers were known as hard workers until they got paid. Money did not stay in their pockets for long. They all had a taste for alcohol and women. Kid Curry would often return from a train or bank robbery, get drunk and lay up with prostitutes until his share of the take was gone. After Kid Curry became famous, the prostitutes would frequently name him as the father when they became pregnant. The children were referred to as "Curry Kids". It is believed that Kid Curry was credited with as many as eighty-five children, though the number of children he actually fathered was probably fewer than five. Descendants of the "Curry Kids" remain scattered throughout Eastland County, Texas and the surrounding areas to this day.
In 1883, Curry rode as a cowboy on a cattle drive to Pueblo, Colorado. While in Pueblo, he was involved in a saloon brawl. To avoid arrest, he fled, settling in southern Wyoming, where he began work at the "Circle Diamond" ranch. By all accounts, when sober, Curry was mild-mannered, likable, and loyal to both his friends and brothers.
==Outlaw life==
The events that changed the course of his life began when his brother Hank and friend Jim Thornhill bought a ranch at Rock Creek, in what was then Chouteau County, Montana (now Phillips County). The ranch was near the site of a mine strike made by local miner and lawman Powell "Pike" Landusky. Landusky, according to some reports of the day, confronted Curry and attacked him, believing Curry was involved romantically with his daughter Elfie. Landusky then filed assault charges against Curry, who was arrested and beaten .
Two friends of Curry's, A.S. Lohman and Frank Plunkett, paid a $500 bond for Curry's release. Landusky's daughter Elfie later claimed it was Curry's brother, Lonny, with whom she had been involved. However, the confession came much too late. On December 27, 1894, Curry caught Landusky at a local saloon and hit Landusky, stunning him. Curry, evidently believing the fight was over, began walking away. Landusky pulled his pistol and began threatening Curry, who was unarmed. Curry's friend and his brother's partner, Jim Thornhill, gave Curry his pistol. Landusky's gun jammed and Curry shot him dead.
Curry was arrested, but was released at an inquest when it was judged that he acted in self-defense. However, a formal trial was set. Curry believed he would not get a fair trial because the judge was close friends with Landusky. For this reason, Curry left town.
==Riding with the Black Jack Ketchum gang==
Curry started riding with outlaw Tom "Black Jack" Ketchum. Pinkerton detectives began trailing Curry shortly after his departure from Montana. In January 1896, Curry received word that an old friend of Landusky's, rancher James Winters, had been spying on him for the reward offered in his arrest. Curry and two of his brothers, Johnny and Lonny, went to Winters' ranch to confront him. However, a shootout erupted. Johnny was killed, while Curry and Lonny escaped. Shortly after, Curry and Lonny argued with Black Jack Ketchum over the take in a train robbery. The two brothers left the gang and joined the circus.
==Forming his own gang==
The brothers then received employment on a cattle ranch, arranged by their cousin, Bob Lee, near Sand Gulch, Colorado. Pinkerton agents trailing Curry gave up his trail briefly. Curry, Lonny, Walt Putnam and George Curry formed their own gang around this time. Curry temporarily left Colorado, intending to scout good targets for potential robberies. On April 15, 1897, Curry was reportedly involved in the killing of Deputy Sheriff William Deane of Powder River, Wyoming, as he and his gang gathered fresh horses on a ranch in the Powder River Basin. After this, he returned to Colorado to the ranch where he was working.
By June 1897, the cowboy job had ended, and Curry ventured north with the rest of the gang. They robbed a bank in Belle Fourche, South Dakota, and met resistance outside the bank from the townspeople. One of their friends, Tom O'Day, was captured when his horse spooked and ran away without him. The others escaped, but while planning a second robbery a posse from the town caught up with them in Fergus County, Montana. During a shootout, Curry was shot through the wrist, and his horse was shot from under him, resulting in his capture. George Curry and Walt Putnam were also captured. All three were held in the Deadwood, South Dakota jail, but only briefly; they overpowered the jailer and escaped. They headed back into Montana and robbed two post offices.
==Riding with Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch==
During this time Curry began riding with Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang. On June 2, 1899, the gang robbed the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Flyer passenger train near Wilcox, Wyoming, a robbery that became famous. Many notable lawmen of the day took part in the hunt for the robbers, but they were not captured.
During one shootout with lawmen following that robbery, Kid Curry and George Curry shot and killed Converse County Sheriff Joe Hazen. Tom Horn, a noted killer-for-hire and contract employee of the Pinkerton Agency, obtained information from explosives expert Bill Speck that identified George Curry and Kid Curry as Hazen's murderers, which Horn passed on to Pinkerton detective Charlie Siringo. The gang escaped into its hideout at the Hole-in-the-Wall. Curry and the Sundance Kid may have used a log cabin, now preserved at Old Trail Town in Cody, Wyoming, as a hideout while planning to rob a bank in Red Lodge, Montana. However, they never robbed the Red Lodge bank and the Sundance Kid's participation has never been proven. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and other desperados met at another cabin (also since brought to Old Trail Town) from the Hole-in-the-Wall country in north-central Wyoming. It was built in 1883 by Alexander Ghent.
Siringo had been assigned the task of bringing in the outlaw gang. He became friends with Elfie Landusky. Elfie was using the last name of Curry, alleging that Lonny Curry had got her pregnant. Through her, Siringo intended to locate the gang. Siringo changed his name to Charles L. Carter, disguised himself as an on-the-run gunman, and began mingling with people who might know the Currys, becoming friends with Jim Thornhill.
However, Kid Curry was hiding in Robbers Roost, another hideout used by the Wild Bunch in the remote canyon country of Utah. Curry then went to Alma, New Mexico, with Cassidy and others, intending to hide for a while. On July 11, 1899, while working at the W.S. Ranch, Curry robbed a Colorado and Southern Railroad train near Folsom, New Mexico with gang members Elzy Lay and Sam Ketchum, the brother of Tom "Black Jack" Ketchum. A posse led by Huerfano County, Colorado Sheriff Ed Farr cornered the gang near an area called Turkey Creek, which resulted in two gun battles over a period of four days. Lay and Ketchum were both wounded and later captured, with Lay killing the sheriff and mortally wounding Colfax County Deputy Henry Love in the process. Ketchum died from his wounds days later while in custody, and Lay received a life sentence for the murders. Curry escaped, but he, Cassidy, and other members of the gang were forced to leave New Mexico. Curry traveled to San Antonio, where he stayed briefly. While there he met prostitute Della Moore (also known as Annie Rogers or Maude Williams), with whom he became romantically involved. At the time of their meeting, she was working in Madame Fannie Porter's brothel, which was a regular hideout for the Wild Bunch gang.
==Revenge killings==
On February 28, 1900, lawmen attempted to arrest Lonny Curry at his aunt's home. Lonny was killed in the shootout that followed, and his cousin Bob Lee was arrested for rustling and sent to prison in Wyoming. Kid Curry was now the last surviving Logan brother. Meanwhile, Curry was identified in St. Johns, Arizona as he was passing notes suspected of being from the Wilcox robbery. Local Apache County Sheriff Edward Beeler gathered a posse and began tracking Curry, who was accompanied by Bill "News" Carver. The posse shot it out with Curry and Carver on March 28. Curry and Carver killed Deputy Andrew Gibbons and Deputy Frank LeSueur. On May 26, Kid Curry rode into Utah and killed Grand County Sheriff Jesse Tyler and Deputy Sam Jenkins in a brazen shootout in Moab. Both killings were in retaliation for Tyler and Jenkins having killed George Curry and his brother Lonny.
Curry then returned to the Wild Bunch. On August 29, 1900, they robbed Union Pacific train No. 3 near Tipton, Wyoming, from which newspaper stories claimed the gang got more than $55,000. The gang again split up, with Kid Curry and Ben Kilpatrick heading south to Fort Worth, Texas, while Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and Bill Carver immediately pulled off another robbery in Winnemucca, Nevada.
Siringo, still working the case for the Pinkertons, was in Circleville, Utah, where Butch Cassidy had been raised. Curry rejoined the gang, and they hit a Great Northern train near Wagner, Montana, on July 3. This time, they took over $60,000 in cash. Gang member Bill Carver was killed in Sonora, Texas, by Sutton County, Sheriff Elijah Briant during the pursuit following that robbery.
Again the gang split up. In October 1901, Della Moore was arrested in Nashville, Tennessee, for passing money tied to an earlier robbery involving Curry. On November 5 and 6, gang members Ben Kilpatrick and Laura Bullion were captured in St. Louis, Missouri. On December 13, Kid Curry shot Knoxville, Tennessee, policemen William Dinwiddle and Robert Saylor in a shootout and escaped. Despite being pursued by Pinkerton agents and other law enforcement officials, Curry returned to Montana, where he shot and killed rancher James Winters, who was responsible for the killing of his brother Johnny years before.
==Capture, escape, and death==
Curry then traveled back to Knoxville. In a pool hall on November 30, 1902, Curry was captured after a lengthy physical fight with lawmen. He was convicted of robbery because facts in the murder of the two policemen were not definite and no witnesses would testify, and he received a sentence of 20 years of hard labor and a $5,000 fine. On June 27, 1903, Curry escaped. Rumors that a deputy had received an $8,000 bribe to allow his escape spread, but this was never proven.
On June 7, 1904, Kid Curry was tracked down by a posse outside of Parachute, Colorado. Curry and two others had robbed a Denver and Rio Grande train outside Parachute. As they escaped, they stole fresh horses owned by Roll Gardner and a neighbor. The next morning, when Gardner and the neighbor discovered their horses had been stolen, they set out in pursuit of the gang. They joined up with a posse and continued tracking the outlaws. The gang shot Gardner's and his neighbor's horses from under them; Gardner found cover while his neighbor started running. Kid Curry took aim at the neighbor and Gardner shot Curry. The wounded Curry decided to end it at that time, and fatally shot himself in the head to avoid capture. The other two robbers escaped. The rifle Gardner used is still in the family today. Rumors persist that Curry was not killed in Parachute and was misidentified, having actually departed for South America with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Charlie Siringo resigned from the Pinkertons, believing they got the wrong man.
Curry is buried in Pioneer (Linwood) Cemetery overlooking Glenwood Springs, Colorado, a short distance from fellow gunfighter Doc Holliday's memorial.
==In popular culture==
Curry appears as a character in Mr American by George MacDonald Fraser. The novel, set in 1909, uses the controversy surrounding Curry's death to portray him as surviving the shootout near Parachute and later tracking the novel's protagonist, Mark Franklin, to England, where Curry attempts to kill Franklin.
Phillip Pine played Kid Curry in the episode "Kid Curry" on the TV series Tales of Wells Fargo (1959).
Ted Cassidy played Curry in the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.
Ben Murphy portrayed a fictionalised Kid Curry in the 1970s television show Alias Smith and Jones.
The MythBusters tested the claim that Curry could drop a silver dollar off his hand and then draw and fire five shots from his revolver before it hit the ground. They found the claim to be highly unlikely.
Curry appears in the video game Call of Juarez: Gunslinger and is a boss-level duel opponent.
In 2015, Rocky Mountain Distilling + Bottling located in West Valley City, Utah began producing Kid Curry Vodka. In 2016, Kid Curry Silver Rum was released by the same company.
==References==
==External links==
*
* post-mortem photo
* Kid Curry, the Wildest of the Bunch, article by Beth Gibson
Category:1867 births
Category:1904 deaths
Category:1904 suicides
Category:19th-century American criminals
Category:20th-century American criminals
Category:American bank robbers
Category:American people convicted of murder
Category:Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch
Category:Cowboys
Category:Deaths by firearm in Colorado
Category:Fugitives
Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West
Category:Outlaws of the American Old West
Category:People from Eastland County, Texas
Category:Suicides by firearm in Colorado
Category:Train robbers
| 421,698
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Denton, East Sussex
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Suburb of Newhaven, Sussex, England
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thumbnail|Acacia Road
Denton is a small village inside the town boundary of Newhaven, East Sussex, England. It adjoins the villages of South Heighton and Mount Pleasant and backs onto the South Downs
The Manor of Denton was held in Saxon times by Earl Godwin, Father of King Harold II Godwinson. It seems likely that Denton was destroyed during the Saxon rebellion of 1068. It does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Denton comes from Old English and means farmstead or village in a valley.
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thumbnail|Acacia Road
Denton is a small village inside the town boundary of Newhaven, East Sussex, England. It adjoins the villages of South Heighton and Mount Pleasant and backs onto the South Downs
The Manor of Denton was held in Saxon times by Earl Godwin, Father of King Harold II Godwinson. It seems likely that Denton was destroyed during the Saxon rebellion of 1068. It does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Denton comes from Old English and means farmstead or village in a valley.
==Amenities==
Denton's church, St. Leonard's, was first built around 1288, later extended and carefully restored during the Decorated Period. The walls are of flint and stone and the Vestry was added during the 20th Century. The remains of what is thought to have been a priest's house in the west end of the churchyard, dating from about 1280, have recently been partly restored. The village has a junior school and one pub, the "Flying Fish" (originally named the "Kicking Donkey") which dates back to the 18th Century.
==Denton Island==
There is also a man-made island called Denton Island, in the middle of Newhaven Harbour, which featured a Toll Bridge which the residents of Denton village were exempt from paying.
==Residents==
Ralph Reader who created the Gang Show for the Scout movement was from the village and the local Scout group is known as "The 2nd Denton & South Heighton (Ralph Reader's Own)".
==References==
==External links==
Category:Villages in East Sussex
Category:Newhaven, East Sussex
| 421,700
|
Damnonii
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Brittonic people of the late 2nd century
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The Damnonii (also referred to as Damnii) were a Brittonic people of the late 2nd century who lived in what became the Kingdom of Strathclyde by the Early Middle Ages, and is now southern Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's Geography, where he uses both of the terms "Damnonii" and "Damnii" to describe them, and there is no other historical record of them, except arguably by Gildas three centuries later.De Excidio 28: inmundae leaenae damnoniae tyrannicus catulus constantinus "Constantine, the tyrannical whelp of the unclean lioness of Damnonia". Gildas' reference is sometimes taken as referring to the Dumnonii of southwestern Britain, but for a northwestern origin argument, see for example Lloyd Laing (1975) The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c.400-1200 AD, London, p102 Their cultural and linguistic affinity is presumed to be Brythonic. However, there is no unbroken historical record, and a partly Pictish origin is not precluded.
The Romans under Agricola had campaigned in the area in 81, and it was Roman-occupied (at least nominally) between the time that Hadrian's Wall was built (c. 122), through the building of the Antonine Wall (c. 142), until the pullback to Hadrian's Wall in 164. Ptolemy's Geography was written within this timeframe, so his account is contemporary.
|
The Damnonii (also referred to as Damnii) were a Brittonic people of the late 2nd century who lived in what became the Kingdom of Strathclyde by the Early Middle Ages, and is now southern Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's Geography, where he uses both of the terms "Damnonii" and "Damnii" to describe them, and there is no other historical record of them, except arguably by Gildas three centuries later.De Excidio 28: inmundae leaenae damnoniae tyrannicus catulus constantinus "Constantine, the tyrannical whelp of the unclean lioness of Damnonia". Gildas' reference is sometimes taken as referring to the Dumnonii of southwestern Britain, but for a northwestern origin argument, see for example Lloyd Laing (1975) The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c.400-1200 AD, London, p102 Their cultural and linguistic affinity is presumed to be Brythonic. However, there is no unbroken historical record, and a partly Pictish origin is not precluded.
The Romans under Agricola had campaigned in the area in 81, and it was Roman-occupied (at least nominally) between the time that Hadrian's Wall was built (c. 122), through the building of the Antonine Wall (c. 142), until the pullback to Hadrian's Wall in 164. Ptolemy's Geography was written within this timeframe, so his account is contemporary.
== Etymology ==
The tribe's name is nearly identical to that of the Dumnonii, a fellow British tribe who lived in Cornwall and Devon. The name is also similar to the Fir Domnann, a tribe who lived in Ireland. So far, no evidence point to the Damnonii, Dumnonii and Domnann being the same people or sharing a unique, common descent, and their similarities are likely to be based on their descriptive etymologies. Both the Dumnonii and the Domnann derive their name from the Celtic root *dumno- which means "the deep" or "inner earth". The Damnonii name could then be taken to mean "the deep ones", or the "deep valley dwellers", probably referring to their homeland being the valley of the Clyde and those of Ayrshire. A less likely theory states that the Damnonii were noted for their mining, which is where they got their names as "the deep ones" as the Clyde area has large amounts of natural ore deposits.
== Historiography ==
The sole record of the Damnonii and their towns is their mention by Ptolemy (c. 80 – c. 168). They are found in no other source.
Ptolemy says that the towns of the Damnonii were Vanduara, Colania, Coria, Alauna, Lindum, and Victoria. However, there were no towns as such in the area at that time, so he was likely referring to Roman military camps and native strong points such as duns. Efforts have been made to determine the locations of the towns, but there is not enough information available to reach any degree of certainty, and the locations suggested are little more than guesswork.
Reflecting the lack of evidence, there is little agreement on assigning modern locations to the towns. Among the assignments made by those whose work is considered to be authoritative (to varying degrees) are those of William Baxter (1719, Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannicum), William Camden (1607, Britannia), John Horsley (1732, Britannia Romana), William Forbes Skene (1880, Celtic Scotland, a History of Ancient Alban), George Chalmers (c. 1820, Caledonia), and William Roy (1793, Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain). Other historians either quote one of these as the authority for assigning locations to Ptolemy's towns, or simply assert a location in passing. A few offer lists of the assertions of the above authorities.
Alauna is suggested to be the Camelon that is near and to the west of Falkirk, or at Stirling, or Kier (about NNW of Stirling, on the Allan Water), or the island of Inchkeith. Colania is suggested to be Lanark or Carstairs (about NE of Lanark), or some other place on the east side of Clydesdale. Coria is suggested to be Lynekirk (about WNW of Peebles, or some other place on the east side of Clydesdale. Lindum is suggested to be Kirkintilloch (about NE of Glasgow), or Linlithgow, or near Ardoch (the one about NNW of Stirling). Victoria is suggested to be Dalginross (about W of Crieff, or Abernethy (about SE of Perth). Vanduara is suggested to be Paisley or Renfrew (both about to the west of Glasgow), or some 20 miles south of Glasgow at Loudoun Hill.
From 1757, initial studies of the Damnonii were heavily influenced by the literary forgery The Description of Britain (De Situ Britanniae). The work was considered the only authoritative record of Britannia Inferior, the northern part of Roman Britain. Throughout the latter part of the 18th century until it was debunked as a forgery in 1845, it purportedly contained a lost contemporary account of the province of Britannia from a Roman general, new details about Roman roads in Britain in the style of the Antonine Itinerary, and an improved version of Ptolemy's map. Its credibility was such, that even after it was proven to be fake, it was still cited as a historical source until the end of the 19th century. Even Chalmers and Roy believed in its authenticity at the time they wrote. De Situ Britanniae generally followed Ptolemy's map but made novel assertions regarding Damnonii towns.
== Later history ==
After the final retreat of Rome from Scotland in the year 210 AD, the Damnonii disappear from history, it is unknown when they centralised to form Strathclyde. Letters by Saint Patrick write of the "king of Altclut" (Ceretic Guletic) in the early 400s, with his ancestors being Damnonii leaders with Romanised names, suggesting that there was some degree of Romanisation among the elite Damnonii or renewed contact with the Empire. From this point on the Kingdom of Strathclyde seems to take the place of the Damnonii in history.
== Relations with Rome ==
No evidence, either literary or archaeological points to any battle between the Damnonii and the Romans, suggesting then that the two co-operated. However the large surge in forest cover over Scotland in the 2nd century does point to a drop in the native population, most likely due to disease. Southern Scotland essentially acted as a frontier zone between Britannia Inferior and the Caledonians to the north. However, attacks on Hadrian's Wall later in the 2nd century may show a change in relations between the two. In 364, a people known as the Attacotti despoiled Roman Britain, along with the Irish, Picts and Saxons. The Attacotti may have been the Damnonii, as one of their forts was called Alt Clut, (Rock of the Clyde), which later became the capital of Ystrad Clud.
== See also ==
* Ptolemy's Geography
* Scotland during the Roman Empire
* Roman Britain
* Novantae
* Otalini
* Selgovae
* Walls Loch
== Notes ==
Category:Tribes of ancient Scotland
Category:Celtic Britons
Category:Scotland in the Roman era
Category:Historical Celtic peoples
Category:Tribes mentioned by Ptolemy
| 421,701
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Johann Louw
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South African cricketer
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Johann Louw (born 12 April 1979) is a South African cricketer.
Louw was born in Cape Town, Cape Province. He is a right-arm medium-fast bowler who has represented Griqualand West, Eastern Province, Northamptonshire, Dolphins, Eagles and Middlesex. Louw is a bowling all-rounder and is a noted one-day cricketer with the ability to finish an innings with bat and ball.
Louw made his international debut in a Twenty20 International against Kenya in Kimberley on 2 November 2008.
|
Johann Louw (born 12 April 1979) is a South African cricketer.
Louw was born in Cape Town, Cape Province. He is a right-arm medium-fast bowler who has represented Griqualand West, Eastern Province, Northamptonshire, Dolphins, Eagles and Middlesex. Louw is a bowling all-rounder and is a noted one-day cricketer with the ability to finish an innings with bat and ball.
Louw made his international debut in a Twenty20 International against Kenya in Kimberley on 2 November 2008.
==External links==
*
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:South African cricketers
Category:South Africa One Day International cricketers
Category:South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers
Category:Dolphins cricketers
Category:Eastern Province cricketers
Category:Knights cricketers
Category:Griqualand West cricketers
Category:Middlesex cricketers
Category:Northamptonshire cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Cape Town
Category:Afrikaner people
Category:South African people of Dutch descent
Category:Cape Cobras cricketers
Category:Boland cricketers
Category:South African cricket coaches
| 421,705
|
James Pax
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(born 1961)
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James Pax (Born December 21, 1961) is an American actor who has acted in films produced in Hollywood, Hong Kong, and Japan. He is born to an English father and a Chinese mother.
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James Pax (Born December 21, 1961) is an American actor who has acted in films produced in Hollywood, Hong Kong, and Japan. He is born to an English father and a Chinese mother.
== Career ==
Once Pax turned his attention to acting, he took on roles in Big Trouble in Little China with Kurt Russell, Year of the Dragon with John Lone, In Love and War with James Woods, Kinjite with Charles Bronson, and Bethune with Donald Sutherland. He also guest starred in numerous television shows and appeared as a series regular on Nasty Boys in 1990. In 1992, he returned to Asia and started acting in the Hong Kong and Japanese movie industries. In 2003 he came to China for the filming of Shanghai Solution in Dalian. Pax appeared in Shanghai Solution, a true story based on the 30,000 Jews who fled to China in the 1940s, which aired on CCTV-8 in August 2005. He also starred in the Discovery Network program The First Emperor: The Man Who Made China in 2006 as Qin Shi Huang.
== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|1985
|Invasion U.S.A.
|Koyo
|-
|1986
|Big Trouble in Little China
|Lightning
|-
|1989
|Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects
|Hiroshi Hada
|-
|1990
|Bethune: The Making of a Hero
|Mr. Tung
|-
|1993
|The Heroic Trio
|Inventor
|-
|1993
|Shootfighter: Fight to the Death
|Teng
|-
|1993
|Love Among the Triad
|Pak-Shek
|-
|1993
|Crazy Hong Kong
|Tony
|-
|1993
|Lang xin ru tie
|Billy Chan
|-
|1994
|The Dragon Chronicles – The Maidens
|Tai Hung
|-
|1995
|Enemy Shadow
|Panther
|-
|1995
|Gates of Hell
|Mr. Pax
|-
|1998
|Love Kills
|Rookie Cop #2
|}
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1986
|Scarecrow and Mrs. King
|Chien Chang
|Episode: "Three Little Spies"
|-
|1986
|T. J. Hooker
|Makio
|Episode: "Blood Sport"
|-
|1986
|MacGyver
|Stone
|Episode: "The Wish Child"
|-
|1987
|Shell Game
|The Tiger
|Episode: "Pai Gow"
|-
|1987
|In Love and War
|Rabbit
|Television film
|-
|1987
|Stingray
|Captain
|Episode: "Anytime, Anywhere"
|-
|1987
|Tour of Duty
|NVA Doctor
|Episode: "Notes from the Underground"
|-
|1988
|Matlock
|Dr. Paul Liu
|Episode: "The Genius"
|-
|1989
|Nasty Boys
|Jimmy Kee
|Television film
|-
|1989
|Man Against the Mob
|Tommy Chaing
|Television film
|-
|1990
|Murder in Paradise
|Jim Ishita
|Television film
|-
|1990
|Nasty Boys
|Jimmy Kee
|13 episodes
|-
|1997
|Silk Stalkings
|Quinn Chow
|Episode: "Exit the Dragon"
|-
|1997
|Nash Bridges
|Bobby Wu
|Episode: "Wild Card"
|-
|1999
|Martial Law
|Golden Dragon
|Episode: "Painted Faces"
|-
|2000
|Seven Days
|The Interrogator / Ling Wu
|Episode: "Deja Vu All Over Again"
|-
|2004
|I'm Looking Forward to Being Loved
|Zou Yifan
|9 episodes
|-
|2006
|The First Emperor
|Emperor
|Television documentary
|}
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:Japanese male actors
Category:Living people
Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni
Category:USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:1961 births
| 421,706
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Neil Killeen
|
English cricketer
|
Neil Killeen (born 17 October 1975 in Shotley Bridge, Consett, County Durham) is a former English cricketer who has played for the cricket teams of Durham County Cricket Club, Marylebone Cricket Club and Combined Universities.
He began playing cricket aged ten, at Annfield Plain Cricket Club, playing at the various age groups and represented Durham at all ages and levels including First Class. He began his career with Durham as a schoolboy in 1992, when he was selected for the first team squad on a tour to Zimbabwe. He signed on a full contract with the club in 1995. He made his first-class debut in 1995 against the West Indies and he was awarded his county cap in 1999. He toured the Caribbean with Young England in 1994/95, and toured with the M.C.C. in 2000.
He is best known for his exploits in the one-day game and is currently the leading one-day wicket taker in the club's history, having taken 43 wickets in the 2002 season. He played his last game for Durham against the Kent Spitfires in a Clydesdale Bank 40 match on 4 September 2010, taking 3 wickets in a 31 run defeat. He has also qualified as a cricket coach.
He is a supporter of Sunderland AFC of the Northern Football League.
|
Neil Killeen (born 17 October 1975 in Shotley Bridge, Consett, County Durham) is a former English cricketer who has played for the cricket teams of Durham County Cricket Club, Marylebone Cricket Club and Combined Universities.
He began playing cricket aged ten, at Annfield Plain Cricket Club, playing at the various age groups and represented Durham at all ages and levels including First Class. He began his career with Durham as a schoolboy in 1992, when he was selected for the first team squad on a tour to Zimbabwe. He signed on a full contract with the club in 1995. He made his first-class debut in 1995 against the West Indies and he was awarded his county cap in 1999. He toured the Caribbean with Young England in 1994/95, and toured with the M.C.C. in 2000.
He is best known for his exploits in the one-day game and is currently the leading one-day wicket taker in the club's history, having taken 43 wickets in the 2002 season. He played his last game for Durham against the Kent Spitfires in a Clydesdale Bank 40 match on 4 September 2010, taking 3 wickets in a 31 run defeat. He has also qualified as a cricket coach.
He is a supporter of Sunderland AFC of the Northern Football League.
==External links==
*Cricket Online Profile
Category:English cricketers
Category:Durham cricketers
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Consett
Category:Cricketers from County Durham
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:British Universities cricketers
Category:People from Shotley Bridge
| 421,707
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Walk, Livonia
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Historical German name for the town Valga/Valka (Estonia/Latvia)
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Walk was the historical German name for the town that is since 1920 divided into Valga in Estonia and Valka in Latvia. After 1419 it was the seat of the Landtag of the Livonian Confederation.
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Walk was the historical German name for the town that is since 1920 divided into Valga in Estonia and Valka in Latvia. After 1419 it was the seat of the Landtag of the Livonian Confederation.
==See also==
*List of German exonyms for places in Estonia
*List of German exonyms for places in Latvia
==References==
Category:Livonian Confederation
| 421,708
|
David Sales
|
English cricketer
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David John Grimwood Sales (born 3 December 1977) is an English cricket player who has played for the Northamptonshire, England A and Wellington cricket teams.
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David John Grimwood Sales (born 3 December 1977) is an English cricket player who has played for the Northamptonshire, England A and Wellington cricket teams.
==Domestic career==
Sales was educated at Caterham School, an independent school in Caterham in Surrey. On his debut at the age of 16, he became the youngest scorer of a half-century in the Sunday League, scoring 70 not out against Essex. He scored 0 and 210 not out on his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Worcestershire at Kidderminster in 1996. At 18, he became the youngest player to score a double hundred in the Championship, and in the same year, received the NBC Denis Compton Award. The 210* was not his highest score however; he has passed 200 six other times including a triple century against Essex in 1999 at the age of 21.Fletcher, Iain (1 August 1999) Sales of the centuries The Independent. Retrieved 22 July 2009. In 1999, Sales became Northamptonshire's youngest recipient of a county cap.
In late 2001, he joined Wellington cricket club in New Zealand for a year. In 2004, he was made captain of Northamptonshire replacing Mike Hussey. While captain, he continued to score at an average of over 40, but in 2008, he chose to step down from the role prematurely to concentrate on his batting and boost his chances of playing for England.Sales steps down from Northants captaincy Cricinfo. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-05. He was replaced by Nicky Boje for the start of the 2008 season. During the 2009 season, he was ruled out in March with injury until 2010.Northants ace Sales misses season BBC Sport. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-12. In January 2010, Sales was picked along with new teammate James Middlebrook to represent the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against Durham in Abu Dhabi.MCC pick Northants' David Sales and James Middlebrook BBC Sport. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15. This was his first game since his injury in 2009.
Sales retired from cricket at the end of the 2014 season. His final match was a NatWest t20 Blast match against Durham. The match was stopped due to rain with no result; Sales did not bat in his final match.
==International career==
Sales was tipped for England honours early in his career. He played for the Under 19 side while in his last year of compulsory education and made the step up a year later playing for England A. However, on an 'A' tour to the West Indies, he sustained ligament damage to his knee playing beach volleyball before playing a game and missed the whole of the 2001 English season.Randall, Charles (3 January 2001) January blues for poor Sales The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 July 2009. Sales has been identified as the best player never to receive England Test cricket recognition.
==Personal life==
His son James Sales is also a professional cricketer for Northants.
==References==
==External links==
*
*Player Profile: David Sales from northantscricket.com
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Northamptonshire cricketers
Category:Northamptonshire cricket captains
Category:People educated at Caterham School
Category:Wellington cricketers
Category:NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:First-Class Counties Select XI cricketers
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William Peverel
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Norman knight granted lands in central England following the Norman Conquest
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William Peverel († 28. January 1114), Latinised to Gulielmus Piperellus), was a Norman knight granted lands in England following the Norman Conquest.
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William Peverel († 28. January 1114), Latinised to Gulielmus Piperellus), was a Norman knight granted lands in England following the Norman Conquest.
==Origins==
Little is known of the origin of the William Peverel the Elder. Of his immediate family, only the name of a brother, Robert, is known.The Complete Peerage, Vol IV, App. I, pp 761–770, "Peverel Family". This also dismisses the Tudor-era genealogical invention that made him illegitimate son of William the Conqueror (after William Camden, Britain or a chorographicall description... (1637) p.550-551) J. R. Planché derives the surname from the Latin puerulus, the diminutive form of puer (a boy), thus "a small boy", or from the Latin noun piper, meaning "pepper".
==Lands held in England==
William Peverel was a favourite of William the Conqueror. He was greatly honoured after the Norman Conquest, and received as his reward over a hundred manors in central England from the king. In 1086, the Domesday Book records William as holding the substantial number of 162 manors, forming collectively the Honour of Peverel, in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, including Nottingham Castle.A description of holdings in Derbyshire, from the Domesday Book (http://www.infokey.com/Domesday/Derbyshire.htm). A local history of Duston, Northampton (http://www.duston.org.uk/peverel.htm). He also built Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire. William Peverel is amongst the people explicitly recorded in the Domesday Book as having built castles.
He is considered first Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests
==Marriage and children==
William married Adeline, who bore him four children: two sons both named William, one dying childless, the other often called William Peverel the Younger, and two daughters, Maud and Adeliza, who married Richard de Redvers.
==References==
;Bibliography
*
Category:1040s births
Category:1110s deaths
Category:Anglo-Normans
Category:People from Derbyshire
| 421,718
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Robin Martin-Jenkins
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English cricketer
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Robin Simon Christopher Martin-Jenkins (born 28 October 1975) is an English former cricketer who played for Sussex County Cricket Club and British Universities. He is six feet 5 inches tall. He is the son of cricket writer and journalist Christopher Martin-Jenkins, and as such has been nicknamed RMJ (a reference to his father CMJ).
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Robin Simon Christopher Martin-Jenkins (born 28 October 1975) is an English former cricketer who played for Sussex County Cricket Club and British Universities. He is six feet 5 inches tall. He is the son of cricket writer and journalist Christopher Martin-Jenkins, and as such has been nicknamed RMJ (a reference to his father CMJ).
== Early life ==
Martin-Jenkins was educated at Radley College and was in the same college house at the same time as cricketers Andrew Strauss and Ben Hutton. These three were among other successes in the first batch of 1997 at Durham University's Centre of Excellence for Cricket, which was led by former test batsman Graeme Fowler. Strauss said that he was helped by Hutton and Martin-Jenkins, as he "gained confidence from the fact that I was not the only person who was prepared to take the risk of jumping off the City-bound conveyer belt."
== Cricket career ==
Martin-Jenkins played his entire first-class career for Sussex, except for 1 first-class match for British Universities in 1996. He scored his maiden first-class century in 2001, and in 2002, he and Mark Davis scored a record eighth-wicket partnership for Sussex of 291, and Martin-Jenkins also hit his career best score of 205*. As of 2015, this is still the highest eighth-wicket partnership for Sussex. He was a prominent member of both the 2003, 2006 and 2007 County Championship winning teams; in 2011, Steve James writing in the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack described Martin-Jenkins and James Kirtley (who also retired in 2010) as "consistent and reliable performers who are role models and guardians of a team ethos that can endure." He described Martin-Jenkins as "the most solid of all-rounders".
== Retirement and post-retirement ==
In July 2010, Martin-Jenkins announced his retirement at Hove on 19 July 2010, in order to become a teacher. In his final season, he averaged 62.90 with the bat, and took 30 wickets at an average of under 20 runs per wicket. He taught at Hurstpierpoint College, and in 2014 he moved to Harrow School, where he teaches Geography and is the house master of Moretons.
In 2015, St Bede's School opened a new stand in memory of Christopher Martin-Jenkins, and Robin Martin-Jenkins rang the bell to signal the start of play.
==References==
==External links==
*
*
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Sussex cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Guildford
Category:NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
Category:People educated at Radley College
Category:British Universities cricketers
Category:Alumni of Durham University
| 421,721
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Ant Botha
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South African former cricketer
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Anthony Greyvensteyn Botha (born 17 November 1976) is a South African former cricketer who played for the cricket Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Easterns, Derbyshire and Warwickshire.Ant Botha, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
Botha was born in Pretoria, Transvaal Province, South Africa and he made his domestic debut for Natal B in the UCB Bowl of 1996 and a month later was representing the South African Under-19s cricket team in a tour of India, picking up three Youth Test appearances. He played for the full Natal team in the same year, helping them to third place in the Standard Bank League of 1996–97.
His breakthrough to England was to come in 2003, when he first represented Sussex Second XI, though he was quickly to move to Derbyshire, making his debut in April 2004. Out for a golden duck in his first innings, his blushes would be saved at the expense of fellow South African James Bryant, who retired hurt in the second innings. Late in 2005, Botha hit 158 against Yorkshire, batting at number eight in the lineup, with a calculated mixture of brave and fearless shots.
In 2007, Botha with Derbyshire took part in the Twenty20 Floodlit cup. Alongside Essex Eagles, 2006's Twenty20 Cup Semi-Finalists, and the PCA Masters. Derbyshire qualified for the final where they lost to Essex.
Botha signed to play for Warwickshire in 2008. He once took over the captaincy as third captain after the injuries of Darren Maddy and Ian Westwood. He was forced to retire in 2011 aged 34 due to an unsuccessful struggle against an elbow injury.
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Anthony Greyvensteyn Botha (born 17 November 1976) is a South African former cricketer who played for the cricket Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Easterns, Derbyshire and Warwickshire.Ant Botha, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
Botha was born in Pretoria, Transvaal Province, South Africa and he made his domestic debut for Natal B in the UCB Bowl of 1996 and a month later was representing the South African Under-19s cricket team in a tour of India, picking up three Youth Test appearances. He played for the full Natal team in the same year, helping them to third place in the Standard Bank League of 1996–97.
His breakthrough to England was to come in 2003, when he first represented Sussex Second XI, though he was quickly to move to Derbyshire, making his debut in April 2004. Out for a golden duck in his first innings, his blushes would be saved at the expense of fellow South African James Bryant, who retired hurt in the second innings. Late in 2005, Botha hit 158 against Yorkshire, batting at number eight in the lineup, with a calculated mixture of brave and fearless shots.
In 2007, Botha with Derbyshire took part in the Twenty20 Floodlit cup. Alongside Essex Eagles, 2006's Twenty20 Cup Semi-Finalists, and the PCA Masters. Derbyshire qualified for the final where they lost to Essex.
Botha signed to play for Warwickshire in 2008. He once took over the captaincy as third captain after the injuries of Darren Maddy and Ian Westwood. He was forced to retire in 2011 aged 34 due to an unsuccessful struggle against an elbow injury.
==References==
Category:1976 births
Category:South African cricketers
Category:Derbyshire cricketers
Category:KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
Category:Warwickshire cricketers
Category:Easterns cricketers
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Maritzburg College
| 421,722
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Muktuk
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Traditional Inuit and Chukchi food consisting of frozen whale skin and blubber
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Muktuk (transliterated in various ways, see below) is a traditional food of the peoples of the Arctic, consisting of whale skin and blubber. It is most often made from the bowhead whale, although the beluga and the narwhal are also used. It is usually consumed raw, but can also be eaten frozen, cooked, or pickled.
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Muktuk (transliterated in various ways, see below) is a traditional food of the peoples of the Arctic, consisting of whale skin and blubber. It is most often made from the bowhead whale, although the beluga and the narwhal are also used. It is usually consumed raw, but can also be eaten frozen, cooked, or pickled.
== Methods of preparation ==
In Greenland, muktuk (mattak) is sold commercially to fish factories, and in Canada (muktaaq) to other communities.
When chewed raw, the blubber becomes oily, with a nutty taste; if not diced, or at least serrated, the skin is quite rubbery.
One account of a twenty-first century indigenous whale hunt describes the skin and blubber eaten as a snack while the rest of the whale meat is butchered (flensed) for later consumption. When boiled, this snack is known as unaaliq. Raw or cooked, the blubber and skin are served with HP sauce, a British sweet and sour condiment. Muktuk is occasionally finely diced, breaded, deep fried, and then served with soy sauce.
== Nutrients and health concerns ==
Muktuk has been found to be a good source of vitamin C, the epidermis containing up to 38 mg per . It was used as an antiscorbutic by British Arctic explorers. Blubber is also a source of vitamin D.
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society stated in the 1950s that:
:The most important item of food of the Polar Eskimos [now known as the Inughuit] is the narwhal (Monodon monoceros). [...] The skin (mattak) is greatly relished and tastes like hazel-nuts ; it is eaten raw and contains considerable amounts of glycogen and ascorbic acid. The White whale (Delphinupterus leucas) is almost as important...
Contaminants from the industrialised world have made their way to the Arctic marine food web. This poses a health risk to people who eat "country food" (traditional Inuit foodstuffs). As whales grow, mercury accumulates in the liver, kidney, muscle, and blubber, and cadmium settles in the blubber, the same process that makes mercury in fish a health issue for humans. Whale meat also bioaccumulates carcinogens such as PCBs, chemical compounds that damage human nervous, immune and reproductive systems, and a variety of other contaminants.
==Spellings==
*Transliterations of ''muktuk'', and other terms for the skin and blubber, include:
*Ikiilgin, Chukchi
*Maktaaq (ᒪᒃᑖᖅ), Siglitun, Kivalliq, Aivilik, North Baffin, East Baffin, South Baffin
*Maktak (ᒪᒃᑕᒃ), Inupiat,Uqaluktuat: 1980 Elders' Conference, Women's Session Siglitun, North Baffin
*Maktaq, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut (Inuvialuktun)
*Mattak, Labrador, Greenland
*Mangtak, Alaskan Yup'ikJacobson, Steven A. (2012). Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition . Alaska Native Language Center.
*Mungtuk, Siberian Yupik
*Kimaq, Alutiiq/Sugpiaq
In some dialects, such as Inuinnaqtun, the word muktuk refers only to the edible parts of the whale's skin and not to the blubber.
==See also==
*Nalukataq, spring whaling festival
*Marine mammals as food
*Mercury in fish
*Inuit cuisine
*Chukchi cuisine
==References==
==External links==
Category:Inuit cuisine
Category:Chukchi cuisine
Category:Yakut cuisine
Category:Whale dishes
Category:Animal fat products
Category:Canadian cuisine
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Jason Brown (cricketer)
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English cricketer
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Jason Fred Brown (born 10 October 1974) is a cricketer who has previously played for Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, England A and Staffordshire.
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Jason Fred Brown (born 10 October 1974) is a cricketer who has previously played for Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, England A and Staffordshire.
==Career==
Jason Brown made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Yorkshire at the County Cricket Ground, Northampton in September 1996. Up to the end of the 2008 season, he has played 126 first-class matches for Northamptonshire as well as 3 matches for the England A team during their tour of the West Indies in January 2001. He also played on the senior England team's tour of Sri Lanka in 2000-01.
In these 129 matches, Brown has taken 414 wickets, with 22 instances of taking 5 wickets in an innings. His career best bowling was 7-69 against Durham at the Riverside Ground in 2003. He was released by Northamptonshire at the end of the 2008 season, and subsequently joined Nottinghamshire on a two-year contract.
However, injuries limited his playing time at Nottinghamshire and he was released after just one year, ironically after Nottinghamshire signed Graeme White, another spinner from Northamptonshire.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Northamptonshire cricketers
Category:Nottinghamshire cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Newcastle-under-Lyme
Category:Staffordshire cricketers
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Jose Calugas
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United States Army Medal of Honor recipient
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Jose Cabalfin Calugas (December 29, 1907 – January 18, 1998) was a member of the Philippine Scouts during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan.
At the age of 23, Calugas joined the Philippine Scouts of the United States Army and completed training as an artilleryman and served with different artillery batteries of the Philippine Scouts until his unit was mobilized to fight in World War II. After noticing one of his unit's gun batteries had been put out of commission and its crew killed, he gathered several members of his unit together, dug in and attempted to defend the line. He was captured along with other members of his unit and forced to march to a distant enemy prison camp, where he was held as a prisoner of war. When he was released in 1943, he was secretly assigned to a guerrilla unit in the Philippines where he fought for the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese.
After World War II Calugas received a direct commission and became a United States citizen. Retiring from the Army, he settled in Tacoma, Washington.
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Jose Cabalfin Calugas (December 29, 1907 – January 18, 1998) was a member of the Philippine Scouts during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan.
At the age of 23, Calugas joined the Philippine Scouts of the United States Army and completed training as an artilleryman and served with different artillery batteries of the Philippine Scouts until his unit was mobilized to fight in World War II. After noticing one of his unit's gun batteries had been put out of commission and its crew killed, he gathered several members of his unit together, dug in and attempted to defend the line. He was captured along with other members of his unit and forced to march to a distant enemy prison camp, where he was held as a prisoner of war. When he was released in 1943, he was secretly assigned to a guerrilla unit in the Philippines where he fought for the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese.
After World War II Calugas received a direct commission and became a United States citizen. Retiring from the Army, he settled in Tacoma, Washington.
==Early life and military training==
Calugas was born in Barrio Tagsing, Leon, Iloilo, Philippines, December 29, 1907. His mother died when he was ten, and he later left high school in order to work and support his family. In 1930, he enlisted in the United States Army and received his basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Upon completion, he received additional training as an artilleryman, and was then assigned to the 24th Artillery Regiment of the Philippine Scouts at Fort Stotsenburg, Pampanga. While stationed at Fort Stotsenburg, he married and began to raise a family. His next unit was the 88th Field Artillery Regiment of the Philippine Scouts. He was a Sergeant with Battery B when the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth, declared war with Japan in 1941. His unit was mobilized for duty and sent to Bataan in December 1941.
==Action in World War II==
===Medal of Honor action at Bataan===
On January 16, 1942, his unit was covering the withdrawal of a portion of the U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE), with the 26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts and the 31st Infantry Regiment. Calugas was working as a mess sergeant in charge of a group of soldiers who were preparing the day's meals, known as KP duty. He noticed that one of his unit's 75 mm M1917 field gun had been silenced, and its crew killed. Without orders, he ran the across the shell-swept area to the inactive gun position. Once there, he organized a squad of volunteers who returned Japanese artillery fire. The position remained under constant and heavy fire for the rest of the afternoon. While Calugas and his squad maintained a steady fire on the enemy positions, other soldiers had time to dig in and defend the line. As the day ended and combat subsided, he returned to KP. For his actions on that day, his superiors recommended Calugas for the United States military's highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. Before he could receive it, however, all American forces on Bataan surrendered to Japanese forces.
===Surrender of Bataan and the death march===
Arguably, the Battle of Bataan represented the most intense phase of Imperial Japan's invasion of the Philippines during World War II. During the final stage of the Battle of Bataan and after repeated assaults and artillery fire by Japanese forces, the communications and defenses of the allies on Bataan peninsula had been almost completely destroyed. On the last two days, the entire Allied defense collapsed, clogging all roads with refugees and fleeing troops. By April 8, the senior U.S. commander on Bataan, Major General Edward "Ned" P. King, Jr., recognized the futility of further resistance, and explored proposals for capitulation. On April 9, 1942, approximately 76,000 Filipino and American troops surrendered to a Japanese army of 54,000 men under Lt. General Masaharu Homma. This was the single largest surrender of one of its military forces in American history.
After the surrender, Calugas and the other prisoners marched from Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell, a prison camp in the province of Tarlac. The Japanese, having expected the fighting to continue, anticipated about 25,000 prisoners of war and were inadequately prepared or unwilling to transport a group of prisoners three times the size. The majority of the prisoners of war were immediately relieved of their belongings and endured a 61-mile (98 km) march in deep dust, over vehicle-broken macadam roads, and crammed into rail cars for the portion of the journey from San Fernando to Capas. En route, over 21,000 men and women died from disease, starvation, dehydration, heat prostration, untreated wounds, and wanton execution. The deaths of Filipinos to Americans was disproportionately high: approximately 5,000–10,000 Filipino and 600–650 American prisoners of war died on the Bataan Death March. Calugas remained a prisoner at Camp O'Donnell until January 1943, when he was released to work for the Japanese.
===Post POW release===
His release placed him as a laborer in a Japanese rice mill, and while assigned there he secretly joined a guerrilla unit, #227 Old Bronco. As an officer of the guerrilla unit, he participated in the attack on the Japanese garrison at Karangalan. His unit fought in the continued campaign against the Japanese, which eventually led to the liberation of the Philippines.
After the liberation of the Philippines in 1945, he finally received the Medal of Honor for which he had been approved at the beginning of the war. The Medal was presented to him by General of the Army General George Marshall. Calugas subsequently accepted a direct commission in the United States Army, and was later assigned to the 44th Infantry Regiment, which was assigned with the occupation of Okinawa. After the unit was disbanded in 1947, he was assigned to the Ryuku Command, on the Ryukyu Islands in the South China Sea, where he remained until 1953. He was later assigned to Fort Lewis, Washington.
===Citizenship===
Although he had been born in a U.S. territory, and had fought in the United States' Army, Calugas technically was not a citizen. Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, Philippine residents were classified as U.S. nationals. The 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year to the United States, with the exception of those who joined the U.S. Navy, but not the U.S. Army. While serving in Okinawa, Calugas completed the process of becoming a naturalized United States citizen.
==Retirement and post military life==
Calugas eventually retired from the army with the rank of Captain and in 1957 he moved to Tacoma, Washington with his family. After retiring from the army he earned a degree in Business Administration from the University of Puget Sound in 1961 and worked for the Boeing Corporation. In addition to furthering his education and starting a new career, he was involved in several veterans groups within the Seattle and Tacoma area. He died in Tacoma on January 18, 1998, at age 90, and is buried at Mountain View Memorial Park in Tacoma, Washington. He was survived by his three children, including retired Sergeant First Class Jose Calugas Jr., eleven grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. His wife of 52 years died in 1991.
==Honors and awards==
Calugas earned multiple military decorations before he died, including the Medal of Honor.
{| class="wikitable"
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|Medal of Honor
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|Presidential Unit Citations with two oak leaf clusters
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|Prisoner of War Medal
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|Good Conduct Medal with two loops
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|American Defense Service Medal
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|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two campaign stars
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|World War II Victory Medal
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|Army of Occupation Medal
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|National Defense Service Medal
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|Philippine Defense Medal
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|Philippine Liberation Medal with two service stars
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|Philippine Independence Medal
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|United Nations Korea Medal
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|}
===Medal of Honor citation===
The action for which the award was made took place near Culis, Bataan Province, Philippine Islands, on 16 January 1942. A battery gun position was bombed and shelled by the enemy until 1 gun was put out of commission and all the cannoneers were killed or wounded. Sgt. Calugas, a mess sergeant of another battery, voluntarily and without orders ran 1,000 yards across the shell-swept area to the gun position. There he organized a volunteer squad which placed the gun back in commission and fired effectively against the enemy, although the position remained under constant and heavy Japanese artillery fire.
==Legacy==
On Mount Samat, there is a relief commemorating the event that lead to the awarding of the Medal of Honor.
Within the family housing area of Fort Sam Houston, Texas, a street known as Calugas Circle was dedicated in his honor, with his family present, in 1999.
His Medal of Honor was given to the Fort's museum for safekeeping and display by Calugas and his family before his death.
In 2006, a 36-unit apartment building, designed for low-income and disabled residents was dedicated as the "Sgt. Jose Calugas, Sr. Apartments" in High Point, Seattle.
On Memorial Day in 2009, his memory was honored at the Living War Memorial Park on a memorial that had previously been established there.
==See also==
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
*List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
*List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
*List of Filipino Americans
*List of Asian Americans
*List of people from Iloilo
==References==
==Further reading==
*
==External links==
* KCTS9 Jose Calugas
* Pierce County, Washington obituaries
Category:1907 births
Category:People from Iloilo
Category:1998 deaths
Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Category:United States Army officers
Category:United States Army personnel of World War II
Category:Filipino emigrants to the United States
Category:American prisoners of war in World War II
Category:Bataan Death March prisoners
Category:University of Puget Sound alumni
Category:Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
Category:American military personnel of Filipino descent
Category:Boeing people
Category:People from Lakewood, Washington
Category:World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Category:Visayan people
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Hanna Balabanova
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Ukrainian sprint canoer
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Hanna Balabanova (, born 10 December 1969) is a Ukrainian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s (decade). Competing in three Summer Olympics, she won a bronze medal in the K-4 500 m event at Athens in 2004.
Balabanova also won a bronze medal in the K-4 1000 m event at the 2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań.
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Hanna Balabanova (, born 10 December 1969) is a Ukrainian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s (decade). Competing in three Summer Olympics, she won a bronze medal in the K-4 500 m event at Athens in 2004.
Balabanova also won a bronze medal in the K-4 1000 m event at the 2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań.
==References==
*
*
*
Category:1969 births
Category:Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Canoeists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic canoeists of Ukraine
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Ukraine
Category:Ukrainian female canoeists
Category:Olympic medalists in canoeing
Category:ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
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Warriors Three
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Group of fictional characters
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The Warriors Three are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters served as supporting cast members in Thor. The Warriors Three are the Asgardians Fandral, Hogun, and Volstagg. Though the characters are gods of Asgard, they are original creations of Marvel Comics and not based on characters from Norse mythology.
The Warriors Three have appeared in various media adaptations of Thor, including the 2011 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor, its 2013 sequel Thor: The Dark World, and the 2017 sequel Thor: Ragnarok. They appear as archival footage in Thor: Love and Thunder.
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The Warriors Three are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters served as supporting cast members in Thor. The Warriors Three are the Asgardians Fandral, Hogun, and Volstagg. Though the characters are gods of Asgard, they are original creations of Marvel Comics and not based on characters from Norse mythology.
The Warriors Three have appeared in various media adaptations of Thor, including the 2011 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor, its 2013 sequel Thor: The Dark World, and the 2017 sequel Thor: Ragnarok. They appear as archival footage in Thor: Love and Thunder.
==Publication history==
Fandral, Hogun, and Volstagg first appeared in Journey into Mystery #119 (Aug 1965) and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They are first referred to as the "Warriors Three" not in a story, but in the letters page of Thor #244 (February 1976).
Although not based on Mythological Norse characters, they were each inspired from a different source, Fandral being based on actor Errol Flynn,
Hogun based on actor Charles Bronson, and Volstagg being modeled after Shakespeare's Falstaff.
The Warriors Three were the stars in issue #30 of the tryout series Marvel Spotlight. Though it did not result in the characters getting their own series, the comedy-oriented issue became a fan favorite and has been cited by writer Len Wein as one of his favorite stories: "It was just such a joy to write, and the late, great John Buscema's artwork didn't exactly hurt it no-how."
In late 2010 (with cover dates January–April 2011), the Warriors Three finally got their own four-issue mini-series, written by Bill Willingham and illustrated by Neil Edwards.
==Fictional biography==
The Warriors Three have played a supporting role in Marvel's Thor title since the late 1960s.
For some time, Volstagg was the coward of the group, succeeding more with luck than skill. He gained courage over time and is now more than ever, likely to be found on the front lines of battle. They first appeared when going on a quest with Thor and other Asgardians to prevent Ragnarok.
The trio have multiple adventures with their friend Thor, such as when they battled the Thermal Man.Thor #170 (November 1969). Marvel Comics. For a time, they quest with him in outer space; one of their adventures involved saving an alien world from a naive tentacled beast.Thor #256 (February 1977). Marvel Comics.
In the limited series Thor: Blood Oath (published in 2005, but chronologically set much earlier), Thor and the Warriors Three are sent on a quest as penance for accidentally killing an enemy giant during a time of peace. Although they fail in their quest, through the use of each warrior's unique capabilities, the adventure eventually comes to a good end.
The group is allied with the earth-bound group the New Mutants. During the mutants' first trip to Asgard, they drank and celebrated with Roberto da Costa (Sunspot). During the group's second visit, the Three encounter new members of the group and do not find their story of Hela's plan to kill to Odin believable. Volstagg's children do and free the group, helping them on their way. Boom Boom, Warlock and the New Mutant ally, the wolf-prince Hrimhari, rescue the Three from the fatal attentions of Queen Ula and her hive. Hrimhari's honor is enough to convince the Three and Queen Ula to join in on the attempt to defeat Hela. Other Asgardians join in on the fight and soon, Odin is saved.The New Mutants #83–87 (1989–90). Marvel Comics.
When Bragi, the god of poetry, had become lost in the wilds of Asgard, just a little bit before he was due to entertain at All-Father Odin's Mid-Summer celebration, the Warriors Three braved multiple problems in order to rescue the poet and bring him home.Marvel Fanfare #13. Marvel Comics.
Another Fanfare issue focused on the wife of Ulik the Rock Troll. Despite the many attacks by Ulik against Asgardians, his wife feels she has nowhere else to go when she thinks her husband is in trouble. Hogun wants nothing to do with her, but Volstagg convinces him to at least consult with Fandral. The conclusion of the story has Ulik yet again attacking.
===Ragnarok===
When Thor's misunderstood brother Loki brought Ragnarök down upon Asgard, two of the warriors (Fandral and Hogun) were killed off-panel by an arrow storm launched from the deck of the flying ship Naglfar. Volstagg survived and was discovered by Thor hiding inside a statue, only now being emaciated and frail. Nevertheless, he would fight on with the army Thor had raised, which included Sif and Beta Ray BillThor vol. 2 #82. Marvel Comics.
Ragnarok seemingly destroyed all of Asgard and all the people residing there, which would leave all three members of The Warriors Three deceased.Thor vol. 2 #85 (December 2004). Marvel Comics.
===Rebirth===
Thor has resurfaced in the Midwest of the United States of America and has vowed to find Odin and all other Asgardians, who are hidden in human form across Earth. After finding Heimdall, Thor discovers the Warriors Three inhabiting the bodies of three volunteer guards for the Umeme Mungu Refugee Camp in Africa. The trio are restored to their true forms.Thor vol. 3 #4. Marvel Comics.
In "Secret Invasion," the Warriors Three are vital to the Asgardian victory over the Skrulls.Secret Invasion: Thor #1–3 (2008). Marvel Comics. They are part of the defense effort when Norman Osborn leads a villain army against Asgard.Marvel Legends #63 (October 2011). Marvel Comics.The New Avengers #63 (May 2010). Marvel Comics.
After Loki's machinations to banish Thor come to fruition, the Warriors Three voluntarily leave Asgard to live in the mortal world, heading back to Broxton, Oklahoma to take over the local diner abandoned by Bill.Thor #603. Marvel Comics. Along with many other heroes and gods, they attend the wake of Hercules, who had fallen in battle. This meeting takes place in Athena's temple in Greece.Hercules: Fall of an Avenger #1–2 (2010). Marvel Comics.
The trio are featured in their own limited series. In issue three, they encounter the Fenris Wolf. This backstory shows the Warriors first teamed up as the vainglorious duo of Volstagg and Fandral, to out-do each other in tasks. Hogun was a shy intellectual who went with to serve as an impartial observer.Warriors Three #3 (February 2011). Marvel Comics.
With Volstagg serving as a politician, Fandral and Hogun acquire a new job alongside Hildegarde, who has fought with them against many dangers. Under the leadership of All-Father Thor, they are asked to serve as Asgardian jail wardens. Fandral calls this new trio "The Ministers Three."Thor vol. 5 #16 (2019). Marvel Comics.
During the "Empyre" storyline, the Warriors Three defend Little Asgard from the Cotati invaders.Empyre: Avengers #2. Marvel Comics.
==In other media==
===Television===
* The Warriors Three appear in The Super Hero Squad Show, with Fandral voiced by Tom Kenny, Volstagg voiced by Ted Biaselli, and Hogun having no dialogue. In the episode "Oh Brother", they fight against Loki's army and the villains lent to him by Doctor Doom. In "Mental Organism Designed Only for Kissing", they appear in a band with Thor in Enchantress' flashback. In "Invader from the Dark Dimension", they are seen in the same flashback, but from Valkyrie's perspective.
* The Warriors Three appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, with Fandral voiced by Chris Cox, Volstagg voiced by Fred Tatasciore, and Hogun having no dialogue. In the mini-episode "Thor the Mighty," they defend Asgard from the Frost Giants. In the episode "The Fall of Asgard", they come to the Hulk's aid when he stops a slave caravan. In "A Day Unlike Any Other," they were present when the Avengers fought Loki.
* The Warriors Three appear in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "For Asgard", with Fandral voiced by Benjamin Diskin, Hogun voiced by Clancy Brown, and Volstagg voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. They help Thor fight the Dark Elves when the agents of S.M.A.S.H. arrived and later defend Asgard from the Dark Elves.
* The Warriors Three appear in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode "Asgard War Part One: Lightning Strikes". Fandral and Hogun accompany Thor in the war against Spartax while Volstagg remains on Asgard.
===Film===
* The Warriors Three appear in Hulk Vs Thor, with Fandral voiced by Jonathan Holmes, Hogun voiced by Paul Dobson, and Volstagg voiced by Jay Brazeau. They were easily defeated by the Hulk, who was being controlled by Loki.
* The Warriors Three appear in Thor: Tales of Asgard, with Fandral voiced by Alistair Abell, Hogun voiced by Paul Dobson and Volstagg voiced by Brent Chapman.
* The Warriors Three appeared in live-action films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), with Fandral initially portrayed by Joshua Dallas, Hogun portrayed by Tadanobu Asano, and Volstagg portrayed by Ray Stevenson.
** They first appear in the film Thor as companions of Thor, Loki, and Sif.
** The Warriors Three return in Thor: The Dark World, with Stevenson and Asano reprising their roles while Zachary Levi replaces Dallas as Fandral.
** The Warriors Three return in Thor: Ragnarok, with all three roles intact. All three are killed by Hela amidst her takeover of Asgard.
** The Warriors Three appear as archival footage in Thor: Love and Thunder, during Korg's voiceover of Thor's progression throughout the previous films. Fandral, Volstagg, and Hogun are referred to as "and that guy, that guy, and whoever that is!" while referencing other characters who have died in the Thor series.
===Video games===
* The Warriors Three appear in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, with Fandral voiced by Troy Baker, Hogun voiced by Andrew Kishino, and Volstagg voiced by Fred Tatasciore. They are featured in the Asgard downloadable content.
* The Warriors Three appear as playable characters in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
* The Warriors Three appear as playable characters in Marvel: Future Fight.
===Film-based comics===
In a tale based on the MCU continuity, the Warriors Three turn against Thor due to a spell.Thor: Crown of Fools #1 (October 2013). Marvel Comics.
===Novels===
The Warriors Three appear in the Tales of Asgard trilogy, written by Keith R.A. DeCandido and published by Joe Books, and are the stars of Book 3, Marvel's Warriors Three: Godhood's End (2017). They are supporting characters in Book 1, Marvel's Thor: Dueling with Giants (2015), and both Fandral and Volstagg play supporting roles in Book 2, Marvel's Sif: Even Dragons Have Their Endings (2016).
===Non-Marvel comics===
In the Danish Valhalla comic, Odin encounters a version of the Warriors Three, who turn out to be Thor, Loki and Balder in disguise.
==Collected edition==
* Thor: The Warriors Three collects Marvel Spotlight (1971) #30 and Marvel Fanfare (1982) #13, 34–37
* Warriors Three: Dog Day Afternoon collects Warriors Three #1–4, Tales to Astonish #101 and Incredible Hulk #102
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1965
Category:Marvel Comics Asgardians
Category:Fictional trios
Category:Characters created by Stan Lee
Category:Characters created by Jack Kirby
| 421,734
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Wapedia
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Mobile version of Wikipedia
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Wapedia was a mobile version of Wikipedia. It was started in August 2004 by Florian Amrhein and shut down on 4 November 2013. It was operated by Taptu.
Wapedia was originally a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) site for use on mobile phones of the very early 2000s. The URL for Wapedia was http://wapedia.mobi/ (which was one of the early examples of a .mobi website). Over time, HTML interfaces were added, with the site generating pages optimised for a variety of mobile devices such as smart phones, Personal digital assistants (PDAs), and tablets. In 2009 dedicated applications for iPhone, Android and WebOS were launched.
Wapedia served articles using a combination of a proxy-like behavior and a local article database. It did not offer the ability to edit pages. Wapedia injected adverts into the Wikipedia articles, either in the HTML or in the applications.
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Wapedia was a mobile version of Wikipedia. It was started in August 2004 by Florian Amrhein and shut down on 4 November 2013. It was operated by Taptu.
Wapedia was originally a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) site for use on mobile phones of the very early 2000s. The URL for Wapedia was http://wapedia.mobi/ (which was one of the early examples of a .mobi website). Over time, HTML interfaces were added, with the site generating pages optimised for a variety of mobile devices such as smart phones, Personal digital assistants (PDAs), and tablets. In 2009 dedicated applications for iPhone, Android and WebOS were launched.
Wapedia served articles using a combination of a proxy-like behavior and a local article database. It did not offer the ability to edit pages. Wapedia injected adverts into the Wikipedia articles, either in the HTML or in the applications.
==See also==
* Help:Mobile access
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:Android (operating system) software
Category:Defunct iOS software
Category:Websites which mirror Wikipedia
Category:2004 software
Category:Computer-related introductions in 2004
| 421,735
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Khwarazmi tenga
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Currency of Khwarazm
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The tenga was a currency of Khwarazm issued until 1873 and between 1918 and 1924. It was subdivided into 10 falus. The tenga was replaced in 1873 by the Russian ruble and in 1924 by the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 Soviet ruble = 5 Tenga.
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The tenga was a currency of Khwarazm issued until 1873 and between 1918 and 1924. It was subdivided into 10 falus. The tenga was replaced in 1873 by the Russian ruble and in 1924 by the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 Soviet ruble = 5 Tenga.
==References==
Category:Currencies of Asia
Category:Modern obsolete currencies
Category:1924 disestablishments
| 421,736
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My War: Killing Time in Iraq
|
2005 book by Colby Buzzell
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My War: Killing Time in Iraq is a 2005 book by Colby Buzzell recounting the author's November 2003 – January 2005 deployment of post-invasion Iraq in the U.S. Army.
My War focuses on the down-to-earth experiences of a soldier, chronicling the daily life, absurdities and ennui in addition to the combat events. Its blunt, unrefined style has been praised for honesty as well as criticized for the heavy use of profanities. It incorporates some material from Buzzell's early journal and much from his later milblog of the same name, which became highly popular in its scant few weeks of operation.
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My War: Killing Time in Iraq is a 2005 book by Colby Buzzell recounting the author's November 2003 – January 2005 deployment of post-invasion Iraq in the U.S. Army.
My War focuses on the down-to-earth experiences of a soldier, chronicling the daily life, absurdities and ennui in addition to the combat events. Its blunt, unrefined style has been praised for honesty as well as criticized for the heavy use of profanities. It incorporates some material from Buzzell's early journal and much from his later milblog of the same name, which became highly popular in its scant few weeks of operation.
==External links==
*Colby Buzzell's website
Category:2005 non-fiction books
Category:Iraq War books
| 421,737
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Sarah Webb (sailor)
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British sailor
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Sarah Kathleen Gosling (Nee Webb) (born 13 January 1977 in Ashford, Surrey) is a British professional sailor and twice Olympic gold medalist.
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Sarah Kathleen Gosling (Nee Webb) (born 13 January 1977 in Ashford, Surrey) is a British professional sailor and twice Olympic gold medalist.
==Sailing career==
Webb joined the Royal Yachting Association's youth squad and competed in the Laser Radial class in the ISAF Youth World Championships in 1995 and 1996.
She won a gold medal in the Yngling sailing class in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, together with Shirley Robertson and Sarah Ayton, collectively nicknamed "Three Blondes in a Boat." She repeated this success in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, together with Pippa Wilson and Sarah Ayton.
In early 2007, Webb appeared on and won BBC cookery programme Ready Steady Cook against fellow Olympic medallist Nick Rogers.
Already a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.
She married multi-millionaire Adam Gosling, a son of the former car park tycoon Sir Donald Gosling in 2009. 'Nervous' Olympic sailor marries, BBC News, February 9, 2009. Retrieved 02-24-2009.
==References==
==External links==
*
*GB Yngling Team website
*Sarah Webb page at Team GB website
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:English female sailors (sport)
Category:People from Ashford, Surrey
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:English sailors
Category:Yngling class world champions
Category:World champions in sailing for Great Britain
Category:Olympic sailors of Great Britain
Category:English Olympic medallists
Category:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Category:Olympic medalists in sailing
Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Category:Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
| 421,738
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Cecilia Suárez
|
Mexican actress
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María Cecilia Suárez de Garay, known professionally as Cecilia Suárez (Mexican ; born November 22, 1971), is a Mexican actress and a prominent activist working with the United Nations and European Union campaigning against femicide and violence against women. She has starred in film, television, and theater across the United States, Mexico, and Spain.
She has had popular and award-winning roles in works including Sex, Shame and Tears, Capadocia, Nos vemos, papá, and The House of Flowers. She has been honored with three lifetime achievement awards; she was the first woman to receive Mexico's lifetime achievement award in cinema. She was also the first Spanish-speaking actress to be nominated for an Emmy.
Beyond campaigning against femicide, Suárez is also an activist for human rights and women's rights in Mexico and in Mexican media. Ignacio Sánchez Prado, an historian of Mexican cinema, writes that she has an "iconic status as an actress in Mexico's most successful movies".:152
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María Cecilia Suárez de Garay, known professionally as Cecilia Suárez (Mexican ; born November 22, 1971), is a Mexican actress and a prominent activist working with the United Nations and European Union campaigning against femicide and violence against women. She has starred in film, television, and theater across the United States, Mexico, and Spain.
She has had popular and award-winning roles in works including Sex, Shame and Tears, Capadocia, Nos vemos, papá, and The House of Flowers. She has been honored with three lifetime achievement awards; she was the first woman to receive Mexico's lifetime achievement award in cinema. She was also the first Spanish-speaking actress to be nominated for an Emmy.
Beyond campaigning against femicide, Suárez is also an activist for human rights and women's rights in Mexico and in Mexican media. Ignacio Sánchez Prado, an historian of Mexican cinema, writes that she has an "iconic status as an actress in Mexico's most successful movies".:152
==Early life==
Suárez was born and raised in Tampico, a small coastal area in the northern Mexican state of Tamaulipas. She says that there was no theater there, and that her parents shielded her from too much play-acting as a child because "childhood was something to prolong and respect". She has three sisters, including the director Mafer Suárez; her father was Engino "Ben" and her mother is Ma̰ Elena. Suárez also has family from Asturias, Spain, and holds Spanish dual nationality from her grandfather, an Asturian who emigrated to Mexico.
==Career==
Suárez has said she never dreamed of being an actor. She moved to the United States in 1991 for university, attending Illinois State University; having intended to study law, she instead moved into theater, inspired by her older sister Mafer. She graduated as valedictorian of the theater program in 1995, receiving the Jean Scharfenberg Scholarship. As she left college, she also received the Steppenwolf Theatre Acting Fellowship Award, and her debut was at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre. With ties to the city, she is still a member of the Chicago-based Theater with a View/Teatro Vista group. While in Illinois, Suárez performed the lead role in several classical plays, and took part in the Illinois Shakespeare Festival. In the late 1990s she starred in Sex, Shame and Tears, the second film of the Nuevo Cine Mexicano, which was "her first triumph". When asked about her experience making Sex, Shame and Tears, she responded that she remembers it very positively, because it is how she "became a part of the story of the cinema of [her] country".
Around this time, Suárez met future filmmaker Manolo Caro, when he was 14 years old. She went to a recital at his school in Guadalajara; her cousin was Caro's teacher and introduced the pair. Caro then studied architecture, but they became friends when he moved to Mexico City to pursue filmmaking. Suárez is described as Caro's muse, and she has starred in all but one of his works; she did not have a role in Amor de mis amores because Caro "did not want to force it".
After the success of Sex, Shame and Tears, Suárez worked largely in major motion pictures in the early 2000s, including in Hollywood films Spanglish, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, and The Air I Breathe. This was complemented with work across Mexican film and television. Suárez worked alongside actor Gael García Bernal on multiple occasions in both mediums, as well as with the director Ernesto Contreras, having acclaimed roles in two of his films. She also continued successfully working in theater, having roles alongside Juan Manuel Bernal on the stage as well as in film and television during this period. During the 2000s she was nominated for her first Ariel Award, among other accolades. She began starring in the HBO series Capadocia in 2008, first playing female prisoner La Bambi and then returning to the show as a prison psychologist after Bambi died. As the show dealt with more intense topics and was one of the first shows based around different personalities in a women's prison, Suárez spent time researching and then mentally preparing for both roles. In 2009, she was nominated for an Emmy Award for playing La Bambi, being the first Spanish-speaking actress to receive such a nomination.
In the 2010s, Caro began his career as a successful director and screenwriter. Suárez starred in his works, as well as the works of her sister, among other projects. After her son was born in 2010 she chose to stay in Mexico City for work. Despite many of her films from this period being attached to Caro, Suárez says she does not feel boxed-in as an actress, nor like she is playing it safe, as she works with Caro on projects that she knows he has put a lot of care into and that are challenging.
Suárez starred in the film Nos vemos, papá, which focuses on how grief is expressed, exploring this through her character's response to the death of her father. The film was released shortly after Suárez's own father died at the end of 2012. Suárez said that though it was "a remarkable coincidence" to her family, she believed it was "no accident", and that her role in the film had happened to help her deal with her own grief.
Following her second Ariel nomination in 2015, Suárez took roles in 2016 in the Netflix original series Sense8 and the Netflix-distributed film Macho, as well as the comedy film Cuando los hijos regresan with Carmen Maura. In 2017 she joined Netflix again, signing on to play a role in another original created by Caro, The House of Flowers, also beginning work on the American film Overboard. Gaining international recognition for her role as Paulina de la Mora in The House of Flowers, Suárez remained with the streaming network to star in more works created by Caro and voice a role in the Spanish-language version of Netflix's first animated feature film.
Alejandro Mancilla, profiling the actress in 2018, wrote that although Suárez does not like working in telenovelas and only did a few at the start of her career, "the essence of Suárez is in her work in movies and series whose content and setting is eminently Mexican". She primarily works in the Spanish language and in Mexico on Mexican productions, not being supportive of "American culture's version" of Mexican narratives and disliking being offered only stereotypical roles. However, she has explained that she has no objection to working in Hollywood when the role is right, having only taken a break from international productions to settle down when her son was born – she also took a four-year break from theater after becoming pregnant. Her first Hollywood film was 2004's Spanglish; she says she took the role because she wanted to work with its director, James L. Brooks. She has said that she enjoys playing diverse roles and performing in different genres.
In 2015, Suárez directed a short play, saying she would consider more directing, but only in theater; she says theater is her "greatest passion" and "refuge". She also has a program called TNT + Film, where she presents interviews, facts, and news about Mexican cinema. In 2009 she wrote the chapter "Una habitación propia" ("A room of one's own") for the book Gritos y susurros II: experiencias intempestivas de otras 39 mujeres.
== Activism ==
Suárez is known to combat injustices in Mexico by using her platform to speak out on issues; Caro has said that she has faced backlash because people in Mexico are not used to such direct speech. She runs a project within Mexican public hospitals, with support from the Department of Health, to promote safe childbirth, and has spoken out against the culture of machismo; she is on the Mexican government's advisory board analyzing the representation of machismo and violence against women in media. She is also vocal about sexism within the Mexican film industry and has supported the Me Too movement.
For many years Suárez was a partner and activist with Greenpeace, after beginning a campaign with them for the protection of Mexican maize in 2006. In 2018, Suárez reflected on her work with Greenpeace, saying that the organization taught her about the world of activism.
Suárez began working with the United Nations (UN) in 2011 to create a UN Human Rights Initiative in Latin America after the Mexican government began cracking down on organized crime to the point of suppressing human rights activists. The campaign is called "Declárate", which she remains a spokeswoman of.
In 2018, Suárez was named a Spotlight Initiative Champion to the UN campaign against femicide, and she gave a lecture to the UN assembly in New York City titled "Enough" in September that year. She was one of five representatives to give a speech when opening the UN and European Union's 2019 €50 million Spotlight Initiative campaign to end femicide in Latin America.
==Personal life==
In 2001, Suárez was in a relationship with García Bernal, and the two were still being linked after starring in 2002's Fidel together. She then dated actor Osvaldo de León between 2009 and 2010. With de León, Suárez has a son, Teo. He was born in April 2010, and his godfather is Caro.
Suárez met de León in 2009, and they began improvising flirtatious lines when starring together in the play Othello before starting a relationship. They split in August 2010, shortly after their son was born. Suárez retained custody of Teo and, in 2015, took out a restraining order against de León on behalf of the child, claiming that he had been both physically and psychologically violent to Teo and was not making child support payments. De León refuted the allegations, though the order was ruled in Suárez's favor. In November 2019, de León spoke about their relationship for the first time since the order, saying that "everything is fine" between the pair, though his other children have not met Teo.
==Awards and honors==
Suárez has twice been nominated for the Ariel Award. She received a nomination for an International Emmy in the Best Performance by an Actress category in 2009, for her role of La Bambi in the TV series Capadocia; she became the first native Spanish speaker and first Mexican to be nominated for this award. In 2013, she won the Best Actress award at the Guadalajara International Film Festival for her role in Tercera llamada. In 2004 and 2005 she was nominated for the Mexican MTV Movie Award, for roles in Sin ton ni sonia and Puños Rosas.
In 2018, Suárez became the first woman to receive the Premio Cuervo Tradicional, Mexico's lifetime achievement award in film and television. That same year, she received the Bazaar Actitud 43/Actitud Expresiva award, a lifetime achievement award in Spain that was presented to her by Maura, and the Mexican National Theatre lifetime achievement award. This was presented to her during a performance of A Doll's House, Part 2, where she played the lead. In November 2012, Suárez and García Bernal were named "distinguished guests" of the city of Morelia, the location of the Morelia International Film Festival, one of Mexico's largest film festivals, for their contributions to cinema.
In 2019, Suárez co-hosted the 6th Platino Awards, where she also won for playing Paulina de la Mora in The House of Flowers, in the Best Actress (TV) category. She won this again for the same role in 2020.
== Filmography and theater ==
Suárez has had over 60 film and television roles, and over 30 theatrical ones, with over 20 combined awards and nominations for her performances.
==Notes==
==References==
== External links ==
*
Category:1971 births
Category:20th-century Mexican actresses
Category:21st-century Mexican actresses
Category:Citizens of Spain through descent
Category:Illinois State University alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican feminists
Category:Mexican film actresses
Category:Mexican human rights activists
Category:Women human rights activists
Category:Mexican people of Asturian descent
Category:Mexican stage actresses
Category:Mexican television actresses
Category:Mexican telenovela actresses
Category:Mexican voice actresses
Category:Mexican women's rights activists
Category:Muses
Category:People associated with Greenpeace
Category:People from Tampico, Tamaulipas
Category:Spanish people of Mexican descent
Category:Women environmentalists
| 421,741
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Pinacol rearrangement
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Rearrangement of compound by charge rearrangement.
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The pinacol–pinacolone rearrangement is a method for converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound in organic chemistry. The 1,2-rearrangement takes place under acidic conditions. The name of the rearrangement reaction comes from the rearrangement of pinacol to pinacolone.
:659x659px|Pinacol rearrangement
This reaction was first described by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig in 1860 of the famed Fittig reaction involving coupling of 2 aryl halides in presence of sodium metal in dry ethereal solution.
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The pinacol–pinacolone rearrangement is a method for converting a 1,2-diol to a carbonyl compound in organic chemistry. The 1,2-rearrangement takes place under acidic conditions. The name of the rearrangement reaction comes from the rearrangement of pinacol to pinacolone.
:659x659px|Pinacol rearrangement
This reaction was first described by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig in 1860 of the famed Fittig reaction involving coupling of 2 aryl halides in presence of sodium metal in dry ethereal solution.
==Mechanism==
In the course of this organic reaction, protonation of one of the –OH groups occurs and a carbocation is formed. If the –OH groups are not alike (i.e. the pinacol is asymmetrical), then the one which creates a more stable carbocation participates in the reaction. Subsequently, an alkyl group from the adjacent carbon migrates to the carbocation center.
The driving force for this rearrangement step is believed to be the relative stability of the resultant oxonium ion. Although the initial carbocation is already tertiary, the oxygen can stabilize the positive charge much more favorably due to the complete octet configuration at all centers. It can also be seen as the -OH's lone pairs pushing an alkyl group off as seen in the asymmetrical pinacol example. The migration of alkyl groups in this reaction occurs in accordance with their usual migratory aptitude, i.e.phenyl carbocation > hydride > tertiary carbocation (if formed by migration) > secondary carbocation (if formed by migration) > methyl carbocation. {Why carbocation? Because every migratory group leaves by taking electron pair with it.}
The conclusion is that the group which stabilizes the carbocation more effectively is migrated.
===Example of asymmetrical pinacol rearrangement===
When a pinacol is not symmetrical, there is a choice for which hydroxyl group will leave and which alkyl shift will occur. The selectivity will be determined by the stability of the carbocations. In this case although both choices are tertiary, the phenyl groups result in significantly higher stabilization of the positive charge through resonance.
==Stereochemistry of the rearrangement==
In cyclic systems, the reaction presents more features of interest. In these reactions, the stereochemistry of the diol plays a crucial role in deciding the major product. An alkyl group which is situated trans- to the leaving –OH group alone may migrate. If otherwise, ring expansion occurs, i.e. the ring carbon itself migrates to the carbocation centre. This reveals another interesting feature of the reaction, viz. that it is largely concerted. There appears to be a connection between the migration origin and migration terminus throughout the reaction.
Moreover, if the migrating alkyl group has a chiral center as its key atom, the configuration at this center is retained even after migration takes place.
==History==
Although Fittig first published about the pinacol rearrangement, it was not Fittig but Aleksandr Butlerov who correctly identified the reaction products involved.
In an 1859 publication Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig described the reaction of acetone with potassium metal. Fittig wrongly assumed a molecular formula of (C3H3O)n for acetone, the result of a long-standing atomic weight debate finally settled at the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860. He also wrongly believed acetone to be an alcohol which he hoped to prove by forming a metal alkoxide salt. The reaction product he obtained instead he called paraceton which he believed to be an acetone dimer. In his second publication in 1860 he reacted paraceton with sulfuric acid (the actual pinacol rearrangement).
:Pinacol rearrangement
Again Fittig was unable to assign a molecular structure to the reaction product which he assumed to be another isomer or a polymer. Contemporary chemists who had already adapted to the new atomic weight reality did not fare better. One of them, Charles Friedel, believed the reaction product to be the epoxide tetramethylethylene oxide in analogy with reactions of ethylene glycol. Finally Butlerov in 1873 came up with the correct structures after he independently synthesised the compound trimethylacetic (pivalic) acid which Friedel had obtained earlier by oxidizing with a dichromate.
Some of the problems during the determination of the structure are because carbon skeletal rearrangements were unknown at that time and therefore the new concept had to be found. Butlerov theory allowed the structure of carbon atoms in the molecule to rearrange and with this concept a structure for pinacolone could be found.
==See also==
*Semipinacol rearrangement
*Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, in which the leaving group is a diazo (from amine) rather than oxonium (from hydroxyl)
*Benzilic acid rearrangement
==References==
Category:Rearrangement reactions
| 421,748
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Christina Otzen
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Danish sailor
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Christina Otzen (born 4 October 1975 in Gentofte, Denmark) is an international sailor. She won a bronze medal in the Yngling class in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
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Christina Otzen (born 4 October 1975 in Gentofte, Denmark) is an international sailor. She won a bronze medal in the Yngling class in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
==References==
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Danish female sailors (sport)
Category:Olympic sailors of Denmark
Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Category:Olympic medalists in sailing
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
| 421,750
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Killzone 2
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2009 first-person shooter
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Killzone 2 is a 2009 first-person shooter developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. It is the second main installment in the Killzone series, following 2004's Killzone.
Similar to its predecessor, Killzone 2 takes place in the 24th century and chronicles the war between two human factions; the Vektans, and the Helghast. The game takes place two years after the events of Killzone and follows protagonist Tomas "Sev" Sevchenko as he and his unit battle the Helghast as the Vektans invade Helghan. The protagonist of Killzone and Killzone: Liberation, Cpt./Col. Jan Templar, returns in a supporting role, along with Rico Velasquez. Killzone 2 is played from a first-person view and allows the player to use a variety of weapons. It was released worldwide in February 2009.
Killzone 2 was widely anticipated prior to its release. It was critically acclaimed by critics and fans, who praised it as a superior title to the original Killzone. Additional praise was given to the game's visuals, action, multiplayer modes, soundtrack and atmosphere, although criticism was directed at the narrative. The game's critical and commercial success led to a sequel, Killzone 3, which was released in February 2011.
The official servers for Killzone 2 and Killzone 3 were shut down in March 2018. However, in 2021, a game preservation group called PSONE restored most of the game's online capability on their own set of servers.
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Killzone 2 is a 2009 first-person shooter developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. It is the second main installment in the Killzone series, following 2004's Killzone.
Similar to its predecessor, Killzone 2 takes place in the 24th century and chronicles the war between two human factions; the Vektans, and the Helghast. The game takes place two years after the events of Killzone and follows protagonist Tomas "Sev" Sevchenko as he and his unit battle the Helghast as the Vektans invade Helghan. The protagonist of Killzone and Killzone: Liberation, Cpt./Col. Jan Templar, returns in a supporting role, along with Rico Velasquez. Killzone 2 is played from a first-person view and allows the player to use a variety of weapons. It was released worldwide in February 2009.
Killzone 2 was widely anticipated prior to its release. It was critically acclaimed by critics and fans, who praised it as a superior title to the original Killzone. Additional praise was given to the game's visuals, action, multiplayer modes, soundtrack and atmosphere, although criticism was directed at the narrative. The game's critical and commercial success led to a sequel, Killzone 3, which was released in February 2011.
The official servers for Killzone 2 and Killzone 3 were shut down in March 2018. However, in 2021, a game preservation group called PSONE restored most of the game's online capability on their own set of servers.
==Gameplay==
===Campaign===
The game is presented almost entirely from a first person perspective, aside from vehicular combat. Killzone 2 features a "lean and peek" cover system which allows the player to take cover behind an object and then pop out to fire at enemies. The "lean and peek" mechanic stays in first-person view at all times. It is also possible for the player to pilot vehicles at two points in the game: a tank and an exoskeleton. Many classic weapons and vehicles from previous Killzone installments return, such as the M82-G and the StA-52 LAR. The Sixaxis motion control feature is also utilized in performing certain actions such as turning a valve, arming an explosive charge and sniping.
===Multiplayer===
Warzone, the title of the online multiplayer component of Killzone 2 has been developed by Guerrilla Games in conjunction with the game's single-player campaign. The online multiplayer gameplay is class-based, meaning the player can choose a class of character which is specialized for a specific role to better suit the player's needs in battle. There are 7 classes in total, in which the player can mix and match a main and sub ability according to their playing style, and can switch abilities upon death. There are 15 weapons available to the player, most of which cannot be used until the player reaches a certain rank. Two of these weapons are secondary firearms, and a further two weapons, the Boltgun and Flamethrower, are exclusive to the downloadable maps "Suljeva Cliffside" and "Arctower Landing".
Players play as either the ISA or Helghast, with a few gameplay differences. The character model and respawn points, and the "lean and peek" cover systems were removed. Each class levels up with experience gained from killing enemies or completing mission objectives. With enough experience, players unlock new weapons and skills, as well as a new class. Each class has two badges, the Primary badge selects the class and their specified skill. The secondary badge has an extra skill for the specified class but can be swapped to create own custom class.
Warzone plays out through dynamic matches where multiple game types are played in a single round. The game does not reset between game types, instead flowing between them, with the winning team determined by who wins the most modes. The game ships with five different game types including Assassination, Search & Retrieve, Search & Destroy, Bodycount and Capture & Hold. Online matches can connect 2 to 32 players, and they can group into six squads of up to four players. If an online match does not have a full 32 players, computer-generated "bots" can be added in to create bigger teams (but only in an unranked match). Killzone 2 also offers a clan system, which allows clans of up to 64 players to compete for "Valor Points", an in-game currency that clans can use to bet on tournaments.
Players can also play offline against AIs with Skirmish mode and unranked online multiplayer, but there is no offline multiplayer mode for splitscreen players.
Eight multiplayer maps are included on disc at release, but Guerrilla has released more maps as downloadable content. 6 more maps have been added to multiplayer since release via downloadable content purchasable from the PlayStation Store.
==Plot==
Two years after the attempted Helghast invasion of Vekta, an ISA fleet led by Colonel Jan Templar is sent to attack Pyrrhus, the capital city of Helghan, with the goal of deposing and arresting Emperor Scolar Visari on charges of war crimes. Among the ISA units taking part in the attack is Alpha Squad, led by Jan's old comrade Ricardo "Rico" Velasquez. Sergeant Tomas "Sev" Sevchenko, a veteran of the ISA "Legion" battalion, is assigned to serve as his second-in-command.
Tasked with securing Pyrrhus against the fierce resistance of the Helghan Second Army, the team quickly discovers that the Helghast are well prepared for an invasion. Using Helghan's harsh environment to their advantage, they have developed new weapons and equipment, none of which the ISA has ever seen before. Furthermore, the planet's fog-like atmosphere, gritty deserts, and constant storms pose almost as much of a threat to the invaders as the enemy themselves.
===Story===
Led by Jan's flagship, the New Sun, the ISA bombard Pyrrhus as cover for a massive ground assault on the city. Despite stiff resistance from well-armed Helghast divisions, they steadily advance towards the Imperial Palace, ultimately capturing both Visari Square and the Helghan Military Academy. Just as the main convoy is set to attack the palace, Colonel Mael Radec, commander of the Second Army, activates a network of arc towers hidden beneath Pyrrhus, killing hundreds of ISA soldiers and breaking their momentum.
Dante Garza, a member of Alpha Squad and close friend of Tomas's, retrieves a piece of a destroyed tower and sends it to ISA researcher Evelyn Batton, who learns that the towers are powered by Petrusite, a mineral capable of generating and channeling electricity. She also identifies an old mining outpost on the outskirts of Pyrrhus where the Helghast have been secretly extracting it for military use.
While working to restore the outpost's communication antenna, Tomas and Rico are separated from the rest of Alpha Squad, allowing Radec's men to capture them. The two fight their way through the refinery where the captives were taken, stumbling upon an interrogation overseen by Radec himself. Oddly enough, he demands that Evelyn give him the launch codes to a set of stolen nuclear warheads in Helghast custody. Rico loses his temper and surprises Radec, saving the captives but leaving Garza mortally wounded. Blaming him for his friend's death, Tomas and the squad return to the New Sun.
Before Garza can be properly mourned, an elite Helghast battalion led by Radec mounts a surprise attack on the fleet, boarding or destroying several ships including the Sun. The ship's crew manages to evacuate, but Radec reaches the bridge and executes Jan and Evelyn, downloading the codes before they can be deleted. With the last of his strength, Jan maneuvers the ship to crash into the center of Helghan's Petrusite distribution grid, causing it to explode and disrupt the arc network.
Seizing the opportunity, the survivors attempt to regroup, only to witness Visari detonate the warheads over Pyrrhus, destroying it and killing both the entire population and most of the remaining ISA forces.
With ISA captain Jason Narville leading an offensive on the remnants of the Second Army, Alpha Squad breaches the palace, where they encounter Radec and the imperial guard. After a pitched battle, the wounded commander and his men commit mass suicide out of disgrace, clearing the way to Visari's throne room.
As Tomas moves to arrest him, Visari gloats that he has still won, as the Helghast are now united against the ISA, and without him, they cannot be stopped. Overcome with guilt, Rico kills him on the spot.
Weary from fighting, Tomas exits the palace and sits on the steps. Above him, a large armada belonging to the Helghan First Army begins its attack on what is left of the ISA invasion force.
==Development==
At E3 2005, Killzone 2 was debuted with a trailer depicting soldiers landing in a hostile war-zone on Helghan and fighting Helghast forces. Critics in the media argued that the trailer shown at the trade show did not show actual gameplay footage, as its high level of visual detail has been argued to be impossible to render in real-time on the PlayStation 3 and the audio mix of the trailer was slightly delayed. SCEA's Vice President, Jack Tretton, stated that the footage of Killzone 2, that was believed to be pre-rendered, "is real gameplay everybody's seeing out there". Several days later, Phil Harrison, SCE Europe's Vice President of Development, stated in an interview that all of the footage of PlayStation 3 games at E3 2005 were "running off video" which was "done to PS3 spec". Further interviews eventually revealed the trailer was indeed a "target render", a prerendered video showing the developer's goals for the finished product.
At the Game Developers Conference in 2007, a Killzone 2 teaser was shown behind closed doors, and was never released to the public. It featured various battles, destructible environments, and lighting effects among others. Killzone 2 was shown to a panel of journalists at a special pre-E3 2007 event in Culver City, California, and then the next day to the public at Sony's E3 press conference. An in-game trailer showing real-time gameplay of Killzone 2 was also released, along with several videos of extended gameplay. A number of media outlets since E3, such as the BBC, have referred to Killzone 2 as being "one of the most cinematic and immersive games ever produced on a console". At the Leipzig Games Convention in 2007, Killzone 2 was presented in playable form to the media. It was the same demo level as shown at E3 2007, although journalists were allowed to play it hands-on. At Sony's PlayStation Day 2008, the first level in Killzone 2s single-player campaign was presented, named "Corinth River".
Michal Valient, a Senior Programmer at Guerrilla Games, presented details of their Killzone 2 proprietary game engine at a Developers Conference in July 2007. As with many other titles published by SCE, including LittleBigPlanet and Infamous, Killzone 2 uses a deferred shading engine which enables far greater control over the game's characteristic lighting palette, while maximising processor throughput and limiting shader complexity. Other games to use similar approaches include Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto IV and GSC Game World's S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl. However, this approach does create some additional problems, notably with respect to anti-aliasing and transparencies. The former was solved using a MSAA Quincunx (multisample anti-aliasing) solution, and the latter by the addition of a standard forward rendering path. The game's graphics were universally praised by critics.
The animation was done in Maya 8.5 with some motion capture animations tweaked in MotionBuilder. 3D artists, animators and level designers used Maya as their production environment, which is unusual considering that most 3D games are produced using 3ds max. A large library of custom Maya tools and scripts was created to support these different disciplines. Tools like "Hyperion", a lightmap rendering software, were used in place of Maya's viewport rendering software. In-game animation was assisted with another tool they created called "AnimationBlender" and particle effects were edited using a tool called "Particle Editor". They also created a tool called "ColorTweaker", which gave them the possibility to do color correction on the PS3 in real-time.
Most of the animation was done using motion capture with some animations, reload animations for example, done by hand. Facial animation was done using blendshapes with bones for the jaw and the eyes. Lead tech artist, Paulus Bannink, explains that "The main reason for going with blendshapes was the relative ease with which they can be transferred to different faces, it would also provide a more artist friendly way of editing the facial animation rig.". The cut scene facial animation was done using marker motion capture. In game dialog was done generically using MotionBuilder after audio files were plugged in. The game was developed not only by artists in Amsterdam, but also by people living in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Korea, the UK and the US. The data files, gigabytes in size, were sent over the internet.
Killzone 2s budget was originally US$20 million but rose to US$40–45 million at the end of the development, with a team of 120.
===Soundtrack===
The score to Killzone 2 was composed by Joris de Man, who scored 60 minutes of in-game music and 30-minutes of live orchestral score for the game, recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, with the Nimrod Studio Orchestra. The score was produced and mixed by Rich Aitken, regular mix partner for Joris de Man and Marc Canham, at Nimrod Productions.
==Release==
Beta access was given to a select number of North American and European PlayStation Network subscribers. The beta consisted of three online multiplayer maps; "Blood Gracht" (small), "Radec Academy" (medium) and "Salamun Market" (large), with unlockable ranks and character classes ("badges"). Beta testers had their own statistics and have the ability to enter clan competitions. Beta access was private and thus could not be shared with other PlayStation Network accounts. Also, beta testers are tied with Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. by a non-disclosure agreement; therefore they were not allowed to reveal contents of the beta experience. A technical demo of one of Killzone 2's TV commercials, known as the "Bullet" trailer, was released on the PlayStation Store on April 2, 2009. The demo features the commercial itself, the ability to shift camera angles and film speed, and several commentaries from key development staff at Guerrilla Games.
On February 5, 2009, SCEE released a single player demo of Killzone 2 on the European/Oceanic PlayStation Store. The demo includes the first two sections of 'Corinth River' (the first level of the game) as well as the tutorial sequence from the final game. A demo card, granting access to a Killzone 2 demo was also offered to US gamers who pre-ordered the game at GameStop. The US demo was also made available to those customers on February 5. In the North American version of PlayStation Home, if users found an avatar dressed in a Helghast costume, the avatar with the Helghast costume would give that user a code for the demo. This occurred on February 16. On February 26, the demo was made available for download from the PlayStation Store in North America.
The servers for Killzone 2 and Killzone 3 were shut down on March 29, 2018. They have since been offline and can no longer be played online.
===PlayStation Home===
In the North American version of PlayStation Home, if users pre-ordered Killzone 2 from Amazon.com, users received free male and female I.S.A. and Helghast uniforms for their avatar. In the European version of PlayStation Home, if users participated in the "Killzone AM" event that took place on Saturday March 28, 2009, at 11 am CET for one full round, the Home Managers gave the participants a code for the Killzone 2 uniforms. Requirement was that users had to have a United Kingdom PSN account. For a limited time in Japanese Home, users received an I.S.A. uniform for watching the Killzone 2 trailer and answering a questionnaire. To get the Helghast uniform in Japan, users had to do a pre-order. In Home's shopping complex, there are fourteen — seven for male and seven for female — Killzone 2 themed shirts available for purchase as well as the Helghast Tactician uniform. A costume for Radec was released on March 4, 2010, to the European Home and has been released in the North American.
Guerrilla Games have released a Killzone 2 themed apartment called the "Visari Throne Room" for Home. The Visari Throne Room apartment is based on the throne room inside Visari's Palace from the final mission of Killzone 2. For the Visari Throne Room, there are five pieces of furniture based on actual palace furnishings from Killzone 2: two types of Visari-style chairs, an administrative desk, a plant container with authentic Helghan vegetation, and a freestanding painting which portrays an important moment in the colonial history of the Helghast. The Visari Throne Room and matching furniture were made available to the European Home on July 2, 2009, the North American on August 27, 2009, and the Asian and Japanese Home on October 9, 2009.
===Downloadable content===
On April 10, 2009 Hermen Hulst, Managing Director from Guerrilla Games announced on GameTrailers TV that Killzone 2 would get a DLC map pack named "Steel & Titanium" which would contain two new maps called Wasteland Bullet and Vekta Cruiser. With new gameplay elements and strategic twists. The first DLC map pack was released on Thursday, April 30. Hulst stated that the next Killzone 2 DLC map pack that they were releasing would have a 'Retro Vibe' to it.
The second map pack was officially announced on May 20, 2009 as "Flash and Thunder", and features two maps previously seen in Killzone called "Beach Head" and "The Southern Hills". Both maps followed the first map pack by bringing new gameplay elements and strategic twists; Beach Head, the wide open battlefield, with rain-filled trenches, and Southern Hills with its intermittent nuke explosion. It was released on June 11, 2009. Both map packs have twelve trophies that go along with them, six for each map.
On July 10 the third map pack was officially announced, even though Sony stated that there were no plans for a third pack. The DLC "Napalm and Cordite" was released on July 23, 2009, it contained two new maps "Suljeva Cliffside" and "Arctower Landing", in addition to the maps the Flamethrower and the Boltgun both from singleplayer made their debut in multiplayer. The Flamethrower is found in the Suljeva Cliffside map and the Boltgun is found in the Arctower Landing map. A multiplayer map pack bundle was also released to coincide with the release of Napalm and Cordite, containing all six maps from the DLC packs, for the price of four maps. The downloadable content pack three has eight trophies that go along with it, four for each map which are for the new weapons. With the fifth anniversary of the original Killzone taking place, the map pack "Flash & Thunder" was reduced in price in North America and Europe.
==Reception==
Killzone 2 received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Critics praised the graphics, presentation, intense action, gameplay, and multiplayer, with criticism aimed towards the story and characters.
PlayStation: The Official Magazine said that players "will instantly tag this sequel as a powerful contender for best game of 2009". GamesMaster said that the game's ambition "was to be the best FPS on PS3. At this moment in time, we're not going to argue". 1UP.com said: "With its unparalleled graphics, incredibly well-paced single-player campaign and in-depth multiplayer offerings, Killzone 2 has established its place among top-tier console shooters. Expectations on Killzone 2 had reached ridiculous proportions; here's one of those cases where the game actually lived up to them".
GamePro praised the game's graphics technology and multiplayer depth. In their review, Edge praised the online multiplayer, attention to detail, "unparalleled graphics" and the pacing of the single-player campaign, but included criticism of the game's use of "gameplay clichés" and its weak storyline and characters. GameSpot did not review the game until after its release so that they could experience its online multiplayer features in more depth. Reviewer Kevin VanOrd said: "Killzone 2 boasts amazing visuals, an intense campaign, and extraordinary online play that will keep you coming back for more", but described the game's story and characters as "forgettable" and said that the motion controls seemed "tacked-on". In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.
The A.V. Club gave it an A− and said: "Consider the simplistic storyline a training ground for the surprisingly varied online game, and overdose on visual splendor every step of the way". Wired gave it nine stars out of ten and said: "While Killzone 2 does walk on mostly well-trodden ground, it does so with a keen attention to style and detail, pushing beyond the gray-and-red color schemes that define its competition while encouraging gamers to put a little bit of thought behind every bullet they hurl". The Daily Telegraph also gave it nine out of ten, saying that it was "not a revolution. It was never intended to be. However, it would be folly to disregard its importance, both to the PS3 and the console FPS. It's a refinement of the genre, distilled to its purest and polished to a glittering shine". However, Teletext GameCentral gave it seven out of ten, calling it "one of the best looking games ever, but also one of the least ambitious in terms of anything else".
Killzone 2 won 'Best PS3 Shooter' from IGN. It won 'Best Competitive Multiplayer', 'Best Sound Design', 'Most Improved Sequel', and 'Best Shooter' from GameSpot editor's choice. It won 'Best Graphics' in the G-Phoria 2009 Awards. It also took in Game of the Year from Gamereactor. It was voted PlayStation Game Of The Year at 2009's Golden Joystick Awards. The soundtrack also won gaming's first Ivor Novello Award.
===Sales===
The debut sales of Killzone 2 in the United States were 323,000 within 48 hours of launch. The game failed to meet expectations in March and April, when it sold 296,000 and 58,000 units respectively; by the beginning of May, the game had sold 677,000 copies in the United States. Killzone 2 debuted at number one in UK sales to become the fourth fastest-selling Sony published title. In Japan, the game debuted at number 3, selling 41,000 units. On April 16, 2009, Sony announced that sales of Killzone 2 had surpassed one million worldwide.
==References==
==External links==
* (Killzone Command Center)
* Killzone 2 at PlayStation.com (North America)
* Official Guerrilla Games website
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Category:2009 video games
Category:First-person shooters
Category:Ivor Novello Award winners
Category:Killzone games
Category:PlayStation 3 games
Category:PlayStation 3-only games
Category:Science fiction video games
Category:Video games developed in the Netherlands
Category:Video games scored by Joris de Man
Category:Video games set on fictional planets
Category:Video game sequels
Category:Fiction about invasions
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
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Christopher von Uckermann
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Mexican singer, songwriter and actor (born 1986)
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Christopher Alexander Luis Casillas von Uckermann (born 21 October 1986) is a Mexican singer, songwriter and actor.
He started his acting career when he was only two years old in TV commercials, and became known worldwide after his roles as Diego Bustamante in the soap opera Rebelde and Father Ramiro Ventura in the supernatural horror web series Diablero.
He was a member of the band RBD from 2004 to 2009 and has been a solo artist since the band's split, having released one album, Somos, in 2010, and two EPs, La Revolución de los Ciegos in 2017 and Sutil Universo in 2020.
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Christopher Alexander Luis Casillas von Uckermann (born 21 October 1986) is a Mexican singer, songwriter and actor.
He started his acting career when he was only two years old in TV commercials, and became known worldwide after his roles as Diego Bustamante in the soap opera Rebelde and Father Ramiro Ventura in the supernatural horror web series Diablero.
He was a member of the band RBD from 2004 to 2009 and has been a solo artist since the band's split, having released one album, Somos, in 2010, and two EPs, La Revolución de los Ciegos in 2017 and Sutil Universo in 2020.
==Acting career==
In 1999 he was cast in El diario de Daniela. He then starred in Amigos X Siempre in 2000, alongside Spanish Mexican singer/actress Belinda Peregrín. In 2001 he acted in and wrote the theme song for the series Aventuras En El Tiempo.
In 2004 he was cast in Rebelde, a remake of the famed Argentinean series, Rebelde Way. He played Diego Bustamante, a student in the fictitious Elite Way School, with dreams of becoming a musician. The show ran from 2004–2006, totaling 440 episodes.
Following the success of Rebelde, in 2007, Televisa released RBD: La Familia, which starred the members of RBD. The sitcom was based on the fictional lives of the members of RBD. The characters of the series were not based on the band's characters in Rebelde, but intended to be similar to the actors' real personalities. The show ran from March 14, 2007 – June 13, 2007, and only lasted 13 episodes.
He starred in the hit TV series of mystery and science fiction Kdabra, produced in Latin America by Fox. The series is filmed in Colombia at the Majestic Hotel. Already airing throughout Central and South America, eastern Europe and Japan. Series was shown in the United States on the now defunct MundoFox network, an attempt by Colombia's RCN Network and Fox International Channels which aired between 2012 and 2015.
Since 2018, he is starring in the Mexican television web series Diablero as the father Ramiro Ventura.
==Music career==
The success of Rebelde, launched RBD. To date RBD has made 9 studio albums, including records in Spanish, Portuguese and English. They have sold over 20 million albums worldwide, and have toured across Mexico, South America, Serbia, Romania, Slovenia, the United States, and Spain.
Uckermann composed "Sueles Volver", for RBD's fourth Spanish language album, Empezar Desde Cero.
On 15 August 2008, RBD released a message telling fans that they had decided to split up. They went on one final tour, Gira Del Adios World Tour which ended in early 2009.
In February 2009, Uckermann announced that he would be releasing a new song as a solo artist, produced by Rudy Maya. The song, entitled "Light Up the World Tonight", was officially released on iTunes in March 2009.
Uckermann recorded his debut solo album "SOMOS" in several cities throughout the world. The album was released November 2010 and sold well throughout the US, Mexico and Brazil. In February 2012 Uckermann released an English language single entitled "Million Dollar Man". Uckermann is currently recording his follow up solo album in Los Angeles, Mexico, New York, Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and London and is planning a US tour in September–October 2012 in conjunction with the release of his new album.
In 2017, Uckermann announced the release of a new project, an EP called La Revolución de los Ciegos ("revolution of the blind"). To promote the album, he went on tour in Brazil, and released his new songs on his YouTube channel in August.
==Discography==
===Studio albums===
* 2010: Somos
===EP===
* 2017: La Revolución De Los Ciegos
* 2020: Sutil Universo
===Singles===
* 2010: "Sinfonía" (music video)
* 2011: "Apaga La Máquina"
* 2011: "Right Now"
* 2012: "Million Dollar Man"
* 2013: "Sueño Surreal"
* 2021: "Heal Together"
===Promo singles===
* 2008: "Light up the World" (live music video)
* 2009: "Vivir Soñando" (music video)
* 2010: "Viver Sonhando"
* 2011: "Supernova"
* 2011: "Nos Van a Escuchar"
==Tours==
* 2009: El Movimiento (Pocket Show)
* 2010: ShowCase Kdabra (world tour series "Kdabra")
* 2011: Somos World Tour
* 2019-present: Sutil Universo
==Discography with RBD==
==External links==
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican male child actors
Category:Mexican drummers
Category:Mexican male musicians
Category:Male drummers
Category:Mexican male singers
Category:Mexican pop singers
Category:Mexican songwriters
Category:Male songwriters
Category:Mexican people of Swedish descent
Category:Mexican people of German descent
Category:Male actors from Mexico City
Category:Singers from Mexico City
Category:RBD members
Category:Portuguese-language singers of Mexico
Category:Mexican male television actors
Category:21st-century drummers
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Royal Norfolk Regiment
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Infantry regiment of the British Army
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The Royal Norfolk Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army until 1959. Its predecessor regiment was raised in 1685 as Henry Cornwall's Regiment of Foot. In 1751, it was numbered like most other British Army regiments and named the 9th Regiment of Foot.
It was formed as the Norfolk Regiment in 1881 under the Childers Reforms of the British Army as the county regiment of Norfolk by merging the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot with the local Militia and Rifle Volunteers battalions.The other regiment linked with Norfolk, the 54th Regiment of Foot, became part of the Dorsetshire Regiment.
The Norfolk Regiment fought in the First World War on the Western Front and in the Middle East. After the war, the regiment became the Royal Norfolk Regiment on 3 June 1935. The regiment fought with distinction in the Second World War, in action in the Battle of France and Belgium, the Far East, and then in the invasion of, and subsequent operations in, North-west Europe.
In 1959, the Royal Norfolk Regiment was amalgamated with the Suffolk Regiment, to become the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk); this later amalgamated with the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the Royal Anglian Regiment, of which A Company of the 1st Battalion is known as the Royal Norfolks.
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The Royal Norfolk Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army until 1959. Its predecessor regiment was raised in 1685 as Henry Cornwall's Regiment of Foot. In 1751, it was numbered like most other British Army regiments and named the 9th Regiment of Foot.
It was formed as the Norfolk Regiment in 1881 under the Childers Reforms of the British Army as the county regiment of Norfolk by merging the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot with the local Militia and Rifle Volunteers battalions.The other regiment linked with Norfolk, the 54th Regiment of Foot, became part of the Dorsetshire Regiment.
The Norfolk Regiment fought in the First World War on the Western Front and in the Middle East. After the war, the regiment became the Royal Norfolk Regiment on 3 June 1935. The regiment fought with distinction in the Second World War, in action in the Battle of France and Belgium, the Far East, and then in the invasion of, and subsequent operations in, North-west Europe.
In 1959, the Royal Norfolk Regiment was amalgamated with the Suffolk Regiment, to become the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk); this later amalgamated with the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the Royal Anglian Regiment, of which A Company of the 1st Battalion is known as the Royal Norfolks.
==History==
===Early history===
The regiment was raised for the English Army in Gloucester by Colonel Henry Cornewall as Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot at the request of James II in 1685 as part of the response to the Monmouth Rebellion. Cornewall resigned his post following the Glorious Revolution and command went to Colonel Oliver Nicholas in November 1688.Cannon, p. 4 In December 1688, Nicholas was also removed due to his personal Jacobite sympathies and command passed to John Cunningham.Cannon, p. 5 In April 1689 the regiment, under Cunningham's command, embarked at Liverpool for Derry for service in the Williamite War in Ireland. Cunningham led a failed attempt to relieve the besieged city of Derry. The regiment briefly returned to England, but in May 1689 Cunningham was replaced by William Stewart, under whom the regiment took part in a successful relief of Derry in summer 1689.Cannon, p. 6 The regiment also saw action at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690,Cannon, p. 9 the siege of Limerick in August 1690 and the siege of Athlone in June 1691.Cannon, p. 10 It went on to fight at the Battle of Aughrim in July 1691Cannon, p. 11 and the siege of Limerick in August 1691.Cannon, p. 12
In 1701, over the objections of General William Selwyn, the threat of war led the English government to post an Independent Company of regular soldiers, detached from the 2nd Regiment of Foot, to Bermuda, where the militia continued to function as a standby in case of war or insurrection. The company was composed of Captain Lancelot Sandys, Lieutenant Robert Henly, two sergeants, two corporals, fifty private soldiers, and a drummer, and arrived in Bermuda along with the new Governor, Captain Benjamin Bennett, aboard , in May 1701.Rootsweb: Ships of Bermuda - 1700-1749: HMS Lincoln
The regiment embarked for Holland in June 1701 and took part in the sieges of Kaiserswerth and of Venlo in spring 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession.Cannon, p. 13 In March 1704, the regiment embarked for Lisbon and took part in the Battle of Almansa in April 1707Cannon, p. 18 before returning to England in summer 1708.Cannon, p. 21 The regiment was then based in Menorca from summer 1718 to 1746.Cannon, p. 22 The regiment was renamed the 9th Regiment of Foot in 1751 when all British regiments were given numbers for identification instead of using their Colonel's name. During the Seven Years' War the Regiment won its first formal battle honour as part of the expedition that captured Belle Île from the French in 1761.Cannon, p. 24 It sailed for Cuba with George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle in March 1762 and took part in the siege and subsequent capture of Havana in summer 1762.Cannon, p. 25
Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and the end of the war, the regiment moved to a posting at St Augustine, Florida, where it remained until 1769.Cannon, p. 27 In April 1776, the regiment embarked for Canada as part of an expedition under Major-General John Burgoyne and took part in the siege of Fort TiconderogaCannon, p. 28 and the Battle of Fort Anne in July 1777 during the American Revolutionary War.Cannon, p. 29 It surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga in autumn 1777 and its men then spent three years as prisoners of war as part of the Convention Army.Cannon, p. 32
On 31 August 1782, the regiment was linked with Norfolk as part of attempts to improve recruitment to the army as a whole and it became the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot. In January 1788, the regiment embarked for the West Indies and took part in the capture of the island of Tobago and in the attack on Martinique.Cannon, p. 34 It went on to capture Saint Lucia and GuadeloupeCannon, p. 35 before returning to England in autumn 1796.Cannon, p. 37 In 1799 the King approved the Regiment's use of Britannia as its symbol. The next period of active service was the unsuccessful Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland under the Duke of York when the regiment took part in the Battle of Bergen in September 1799 and the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799.Cannon, p. 39 It also took part in the Ferrol Expedition in August 1800 under Sir James Pulteney.Cannon, p. 40 In November 1805, shortly after the Battle of Trafalgar, the Regiment suffered a significant misfortune: as the 1st battalion sailed for the Hanover Expedition a storm wrecked the troop transport Ariadne on the northern French coast and some 262 men were taken prisoner.Cannon, p. 43 The Times reported that some 300 men had been captured, including 11 officers (two of them colonels). There were also 20 women and 12 children aboard. Crew and passengers were saved and conducted to Calais.
===Napoleonic Wars===
In June 1808, the regiment sailed to Portugal for service in the Peninsular War.Cannon, p. 44 It saw action at the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in August 1808.Cannon, p. 46 Following the retreat from Corunna, the regiment buried Sir John Moore (commander of the British forces in the Iberian peninsula) and left Spanish soil.Cannon, p. 49
The regiment then took part in the disastrous Walcheren expedition to the Low Countries in summer 1809.Cannon, p. 52
The regiment returned to the Peninsula in March 1810 and fought under Wellington at Battle of Bussaco, Portugal in September 1810,Cannon, p. 53 the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811.Cannon, p. 58 It also saw action at the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the siege of Badajoz in March 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812.Cannon, p. 61 It saw further combat at the siege of Burgos in September 1812,Cannon, p. 62 the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813Cannon, p. 64 and the siege of San Sebastián in September 1813.Cannon, p. 66 The regiment pursued the French Army into France and fought them at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813Cannon, p. 71 and the Battle of the Nive in December 1813.Cannon, p. 72
The regiment was sent to Canada with most of Wellington's veteran units to prevent the threatened invasion by the United States, and so arrived in Europe too late for the Battle of Waterloo.Cannon, p. 76 The 1st Battalion participated in the Army of Occupation in France, whilst the 2nd Battalion was disbanded at the end of 1815.Cannon, p. 79
===The Victorian era===
The regiment saw action at Kabul in August 1842 during the First Anglo-Afghan WarCannon, p. 92 and at the Battle of Mudki and the Battle of Ferozeshah in December 1845Cannon, p. 102 and the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War.Cannon, p. 109 The Norfolk Artillery Militia was formed in 1853.The History of the 4th Battalion Norfolk Regiment 1899 -p122 "The Norfolk Artillery Militia marched into the barracks at Southtown on Friday last, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Astley." Such are almost the words of the announcement under our Yarmouth heading this week. One has heard of these ...The history of Norfolk: from original records and other ... vol.2 p468 Robert Hindry Mason – 1884History of freemasonry in Norfolk, 1724 to 1895 Hamon Le Strange – 1896 --p296 "... this company was the first nucleus of the battalion, now the 3rd Volunteer Norfolk Regiment, of which he became Lieut.-Colonel. On taking command of the Norfolk Artillery, he resigned the Volunteers, and was appointed Honorary Colonel."Charles Harbord Suffield (5th Baron), Alys Lowth – 1913 My memories, 1830–1913 p103 "THE NORFOLK ARTILLERY of transfers from the East and West Norfolk Militia and a few volunteers. Lord Hastings was their first commandant; their second was Lieut-Col. Astley. The regiment did good work, both at home and abroad, and ..."Sancroft Holmes, Diary of the Norfolk Artillery 1853–1908A Norfolk diary: passages from the diary of the Rev. Benjamin John Armstrong – 1949 p284 "Two evenings were devoted to the entertainment, and the Corn Hall was crowded. The profits, they say, amount to £40. May Staying at Yarmouth. Inspection of the Norfolk Artillery Militia (commanded by Lord Suffield) by Sir Evelyn Wood."History, Gazetteer and Directory of Norfolk, and the City and ... -p335 William White – 1864 "The Militia Babracks, a handsome range of red brick buildings adjoining the Naval Hospital, were erected in 1856 for the accommodation of the staffs of the East Norfolk Militia and the Norfolk Artillery Militia."
The regiment fought in the Crimean War at the siege of Sevastopol in winter of 1854[ In 1866 it landed at Yokohama, Japan as part of the British garrison stationed there in protection of British commercial and diplomatic interests in the recently opened treaty port. The regiment saw action at Kabul again in 1879 during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Gorleston Barracks in Great Yarmouth from 1873, or by the Childers Reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. The depot was the 31st Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 9th Regimental District depot thereafter Under the reforms the regiment became The Norfolk Regiment on 1 July 1881. It had two regular battalions (1st and 2nd) and two militia battalions (the 3rd and 4th - the latter formed from the East Norfolk Militia). It inherited all the battle honours and traditions of its predecessor regiment.Beckett, p. 86
The 1st battalion was stationed in Gibraltar from 1887, then in British India.
The 3rd (Militia) Battalion (the former 1st Norfolk Militia) was embodied in January 1900 for service during the Second Boer War in South Africa. 540 officers and men left Queenstown in the SS Orotava the following month for Cape Town.
As the Norfolk Regiment, it first saw action at the Battle of Poplar Grove in March 1900 during the Second Boer War.
In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and three Territorial battalions.These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 4th Battalion at St Giles in Norwich, the 5th Battalion at Quebec Street in Dereham and the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion at Rosary Road in Norwich (since demolished) (all Territorial Force).
===First World War===
====Regular Army====
The 1st Battalion was serving in Ireland upon the outbreak of the war and was given orders to mobilise on 4 August, the day that Britain declared war on Germany. Part of the 15th Brigade, 5th Division the battalion left Belfast on 14 August and immediately embarked for France, where they became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). They saw their first action of the war against the German Army at the Battle of Mons in August 1914. The 2nd Battalion was serving in Bombay, India in the 18th (Belgaum) Brigade, part of the 6th (Poona) Division, of the British Indian Army, upon the outbreak of war. The 2nd Battalion of the Norfolks fought in the Mesopotamian campaign. The treatment of prisoners after the fall of Kut al Amara in April 1916 mirrors what later befell the Royal Norfolks in the Far East during the Second World War.
====Territorial Force====
The two Territorial Force battalions, the 4th and 5th, were both part of the Norfolk and Suffolk Brigade, part of the East Anglian Division. In May 1915 these became the 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Division.Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 125–31. The two territorial battalions both served in the Gallipoli campaign in mid-1915. The 1/5th included men recruited from the Royal estate at Sandringham.
On 12 August 1915, the 1/5th Battalion suffered heavy losses at Gallipoli when it became isolated during an attack. A myth grew up long after the War that the men had advanced into a mist and simply disappeared. A BBC TV drama, All the King's Men (1999), starring David Jason as Captain Frank Beck, was based upon their story.
In the Second Battle of Gaza in 1917, the 1/4th and 1/5th battalions suffered 75% casualties, about 1,100 men.Eastern Daily Press Sunday section, 5 May 2007 The 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion was in Norwich on the outbreak of war: however, the 1/6th never served overseas and remained instead in Norfolk throughout the war until 1918 when it was sent to Ireland.
The 2/4th and 2/5th battalions were both raised in September 1914 from the few men of the 4th and 5th battalions who did not volunteer for Imperial Service overseas when asked. Therefore, Territorial units were split into 1st Line units, which were liable to serve overseas, and 2nd Line units, which were intended to act as a reserve for the 1st Line serving overseas. To distinguish them, all battalions adopted the '1/' or '2/' prefix (1/4th Norfolks as a 1st Line unit, 2/4th Norfolks as a 2nd Line unit). The 2/4th and 2/5th were part of the 2nd Norfolk and Suffolk Brigade, 2nd East Anglian Division, later, in August 1915, they became 208th (2/1st Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade, 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 91–8. However, both battalions were disbanded in 1918: the 2/4th in June and the 2/5th in May. The 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, formed in October 1914 as a duplicate of the 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, had much the same history as the 1/6th Battalion and remained in the United Kingdom until May 1918 when it was disbanded.
The Norfolk Yeomanry (TF), having fought dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign, were withdrawn to Egypt, where they were reorganised as infantry and redesignated as the 12th (Norfolk Yeomanry) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment, in the 74th (Yeomanry) Division (the 'Broken Spur' division). The battalion fought in the Palestine Campaign at the Third Battle of Gaza (the Battles of Beersheba and Nebi Samwi) in 1917, and distinguished itself at the Battle of Tell Azur in March 1918. The 74th Division was then sent to reinforce the BEF in France, where the 12th Norfolks were detached to the 31st Division, with which the battalion served during the final Hundred Days Offensive.Norfolk Yeomanry at Long, Long Trail.Mileham, p. 101.Ward.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 117–22.Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 11–9.
====Service battalions====
The 7th (Service) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment was raised in August 1914 from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies: it landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 35th Brigade in the 12th (Eastern) Division in May 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne as part of the 53rd Brigade of the 18th (Eastern) Division in July 1915 and was present on the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916. The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne as part of the 71st Brigade in the 24th Division in August 1915 for operations on the Western Front. The 10th (Service) Battalion, raised in 1914, became the 10th (Reserve) Battalion in April 1915.
====Victoria Cross====
During the war, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Sherwood Kelly, a Norfolk Regiment officer, was awarded the Victoria Cross while leading a trench assault by Irish troops during the Battle of Cambrai in 1917.
===Second World War===
The regiment was renamed to the Royal Norfolk Regiment on 3 June 1935 to celebrate 250 years since the regiment was first raised and also to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V. In 1940, the first decorations for gallantry awarded to the British Expeditionary Force in France were gained by men of the 2nd Battalion. Captain Frank Peter Barclay, was awarded the Military Cross, and Lance-Corporal Davis the Military Medal. Captain F.P. Barclay would later lead the 1st Battalion in the North West Europe campaign towards the end of the war. Five members of the Royal Norfolks, the highest number of any British Army regiment during the Second World War, were awarded the Victoria Cross:
* David Auldjo Jamieson
* John Niel Randle
* George Gristock
* Sidney Bates
* George Arthur Knowland
====Regular Army battalions====
The 1st Battalion was a regular army unit that was stationed in India at the outbreak of war and was recalled to Britain, arriving in July 1940 during the Battle of Britain. They were part of the 185th Infantry Brigade originally assigned to the 79th Armoured Division but the brigade (including the 2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment and 2nd King's Shropshire Light Infantry) transferred to the 3rd Infantry Division, with which it would remain with for the rest of the war. The battalion landed on Red Queen Beach, the left flank of Sword Beach, at 07:25 on 6 June 1944, D-Day. The 1st Battalion progressed up the beach and engaged the 736th Grenadier Regiment at the fortified position on Periers Ridge codenamed Hillman Fortress. In this attack the 1st Battalion suffered 150 casualties.Beevor. D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (Penguin Books, London (2010)). The 1st Battalion continued to fight with distinction through the Normandy Campaign and throughout the North West Europe campaign. On 6 August 1944 at Sourdeval, Sidney Bates of B Company was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his great courage in the Battle of Sourdevallee against the crack 10th SS Panzer Division. Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey, the British Second Army commander, stated that by holding their ground in the battle the battalion made the subsequent breakthrough in August possible. By the end of the war in Europe, the 1st Battalion had gained a remarkable reputation and was claimed by Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, the 21st Army Group commander, as 'second to none' of all the battalions in the 21st Army Group. The 1st Royal Norfolks had suffered 20 officers and 260 other ranks killed with well over 1,000 wounded or missing in 11 months of almost continuous combat.Further information on this unit can be found in Thank God and the Infantry - From D-Day to VE-Day with the 1st Battalion The Royal Norfolk Regiment, by John Lincoln who himself served as a young 20-year-old Officer Commanding 17 Platoon, D Company, in the 1st Battalion in 1944 and was awarded the Military Cross.
During the Battle of France in 1940, Company Sergeant-Major George Gristock of the 2nd Royal Norfolks was awarded the Victoria Cross. During the battle, members of the Royal Norfolks were victims of a German war crime at Le Paradis in the Pas-de-Calais on 26 May.
The 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Eric Hayes, were attached to the 4th Infantry Brigade, part of the 2nd Infantry Division, which was holding the line of the La Bassée Canal and covering the retreat to Dunkirk. Units became separated from each other and HQ Company had formed a defensive position based at the Duriez farmhouse. They carried on their defence until the afternoon, by which point many were injured and the enemy were shelling the farm. Making a last stand in the open they were outnumbered and surrendered to a unit of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the SS 'Totenkopf' (Death's Head) Division, under SS Obersturmfuhrer Fritz Knöchlein. The 99 prisoners were marched to some farm buildings on another farm where they were lined up alongside a barn wall. They were then fired upon by two machine guns; 97 were killed and the bodies buried in a shallow pit. Privates Albert Pooley and William O'Callaghan had hidden in a pigsty and were discovered later by the farm's owner, Mme Creton, and her son. The two soldiers were later captured by a Wehrmacht unit and spent the rest of the war as prisoners of war.
The bodies of the murdered soldiers were exhumed in 1942 by the French and reburied in the local churchyard which now forms part of the Le Paradis War Cemetery. A memorial plaque was placed on the barn wall in 1970. The massacre was investigated by the War Crimes Investigation Unit and Knöchlein was traced and arrested. Tried in a court in Hamburg, he was found guilty and hanged on 28 January 1949.
The 2nd Battalion, still as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division, also served in the Far East in the Burma campaign participating in battles such as the Battle of Kohima until the end of the war against Japan in 1945. They served with the British Fourteenth Army, known as the 'Forgotten Army' as their actions were generally over-looked and the main focus was in the North West Europe campaign. The Fourteenth Army was commanded by the popular and highly respected William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim. Both John Niel Randle and George Arthur Knowland were posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross whilst serving with the 2nd Battalion in the Far East, both for extraordinary heroism.
====Territorial Army battalions====
The 4th, 5th and 6th battalions, all part of the Territorial Army, served in the Far East. The 5th and 6th (City of Norwich) were both assigned to the 53rd Infantry Brigade, and the 4th Battalion the 54th Infantry Brigade. Both brigades were part of the 18th Infantry Division. Throughout most of their existence, all three battalions remained in the United Kingdom assigned to coastal defence duties and training to repel a German invasion and, in October 1941, the division left, destined for the Middle East. The 18th Division fought in the defence of Singapore and Malaya against the Japanese advance. The men of these battalions, and other East Anglian battalions of other regiments, ended up as prisoners of war when Singapore fell in February 1942. They would remain so until August 1945, during which time they were used as forced labour on projects such as the Death Railway through Burma.
The 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment was formed in May 1939 as a 2nd Line Territorial Army duplicate of the 5th Battalion and, therefore, contained many former members of the 5th. Together with the 5th and 6th battalions, the 7th was assigned to the 53rd Infantry Brigade, part of the 18th Infantry Division until November when it assigned to pioneer duties in France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). In May 1940, it was assigned to the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. The 51st Division was stationed on the Maginot Line and therefore escaped encirclement with the rest of the BEF during the Battle of France where they spent some time attached to the French 10th Army. The 7th Royal Norfolks suffered heavy casualties when the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was surrounded and had no choice but to surrender, on 12 June 1940, with only 31 members of the battalion managing to return to Britain. In October 1940 the battalion was assigned to 205th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), then the 220th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). On 14 October 1942, the battalion was transferred to the 176th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 7th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment and 6th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment, of the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division.Joslen, p. 355 The 59th Division was one of the follow-up units after D-Day in June 1944 and was considered by General Sir Bernard Montgomery as one of his best divisions. On the night of 7/8 August 1944, Captain David Auldjo Jamieson of D Company was awarded the Victoria Cross for his heroic leadership which greatly helped to fend off several enemy counter-attacks in a 36-hour period. Due to an acute shortage of infantrymen in the British Army at the time, the battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ian Freeland, and division were disbanded in late August 1944 and its men used as replacements for other British divisions in the 21st Army Group who had also suffered heavy casualties in Normandy.
====Hostilities-only battalions====
The 8th Battalion was raised in 1939 alongside the 9th Battalion with many veterans of the First World War. Both battalions were used mainly to supply reinforcements to those battalions of the regiment that were overseas. Neither of these battalions saw service overseas and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war as part of the Home Forces with the 9th Battalion apparently being disbanded in August 1944 when its parent unit (25th Brigade attached to 47th (Reserve) Infantry Division) was disbanded.Joslen, p. 272
The 8th Battalion was renumbered as the 30th Battalion and used for garrison duties in Italy during which the 43rd Infantry Brigade, which included 30th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry and 30th Battalion, Dorset Regiment, was made to appear as a full division for deception purposes. The battalion remained in Italy until it was disbanded in 1946.
The 50th (Holding) Battalion was raised in late May 1940. The role of the Holding battalion was to temporarily 'hold' men who were homeless, medically unfit, awaiting orders, on a course or returning from abroad. The battalion was renumbered as the 9th Battalion in October and was assigned to the 220th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), part of Norfolk County Division in early 1941.Joslen, p. 383
The 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalion was raised in late 1940 for those young soldiers, mostly around the ages of 18 or 19, who had volunteered for the Army and therefore had not reached the compulsory age for conscription. The battalion spent most of its time in the UK guarding against a German invasion. However, the battalion was disbanded in 1943 due to the British government lowering the age of conscription to the British Armed Forces to 18 earlier in the year. This decision was due to a growing shortage of manpower, especially in the British Army and in the infantry in particular and the young soldiers of the disbanded 70th were sent to other battalions of the regiment serving overseas.
===Post Second World War===
The regiment served in Korea in 1951–52 during the Korean War, and in Cyprus in the fight against EOKA in 1955–56. In 1959 the Royal Norfolk Regiment was amalgamated as part of the reorganisation of the British Army resulting from the 1957 Defence White Paper becoming part of a new formation, the 1st East Anglian Regiment, part of the East Anglian Brigade.
==Regimental museum==
The history of the Royal Norfolk Regiment and its predecessors and successors is recorded at the Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum. The museum moved from the Britannia Barracks, now part of Norwich prison, to the Shirehall and then to the Norwich Castle Museum. Although archives and the reserve collections are still held in the Shirehall, the principal museum display there closed in September 2011, and relocated to the main Norwich Castle Museum, reopening fully in 2013. Its exhibits illustrate the history of the Regiment from its 17th-century origins to its incorporation into the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1964, along with many aspects of military life in the Regiment. There is an extensive and representative display of medals awarded to soldiers of the Regiment, including two of the six Victoria Crosses won.
==Regimental chapel==
St Saviour's Chapel in Norwich Cathedral is the chapel of the Royal Norfolk and Royal Anglian Regiments. Among other monuments it contains memorial stones to the 9th Foot/Royal Norfolk RegimentIWM WMR Ref 20052. and to the 1st Bn Royal Norfolk Regiment in the Korean War.IWM WMR Ref 20043.
==Uniform and insignia==
The dress worn by the Regiment's predecessor units in the late 17th and early 18th centuries included orange and subsequently green facings. In 1733, official permission was given to change from bright green back to light orange facings. By 1747, this unusual shade had evolved into yellow, which was retained until 1881 when, in common with all English and Welsh regiments, the newly renamed Norfolk Regiment was given white distinctions on its scarlet tunics. In 1905, the traditional yellow facings were restored for full dress and mess uniforms. Another distinction of the Norfolk Regiment was the inclusion of a black line in the gold braid of officers' uniforms from 1881 onwards. When the regiment was redesignated as the "Royal Norfolk Regiment" in 1935, it was specially permitted to retain the yellow facings instead of changing to blue.
The figure of Britannia was officially recognised in 1799 as part of the insignia of the 9th Regiment of Foot.Horse Guards Letter dated 30 July 1799: "His Majesty has been pleased to confirm to the 9th Regiment of Foot the distinction and privilege of bearing the figure of Britannia as the badge of the Regiment." Regimental tradition claimed that it was granted to the regiment by Queen Anne in 1707 in recognition of its service at the Battle of Almanza. However, there is no evidence that it was used before the 1770s, and it was not listed as an authorised device in the royal warrants of 1747, 1751 or 1768. It subsequently became a central part of the badge of the Norfolk Regiment.
==Traditions==
The Royal Norfolk Regiment held an anniversary on 25 April for the Battle of Almansa, which they inherited along with the regimental nickname of the "Holy Boys" from the 9th Regiment of Foot. They gained the "Holy Boys" nickname during the Peninsular War from the misidentification by a Spanish soldier of Britannia on their cap badge as the Virgin Mary.
==Battle honours==
The following were the regiment's battle honours:
*Earlier years
**Belleisle, Havannah, Martinque 1794, Roliça, Vimiera, Corunna, Busaco, Salamanca Vitoria, San Sebastián , Nive, Peninsula, Cabool 1842, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Sobraon, Sevastopol, Kabul 1879, Afghanistan 1879–80, Paardeberg, South Africa (1900–02)
*First World War: (The regiment were permitted to display ten representative honours on the colours: these are indicated in bold text.)
**Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Ypres 1914 '15 '17 '18, Gravenstafel, St Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917, Vimy 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Oppy, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Amiens, Hindenburg Line, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, St Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Italy 1917–18, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1915–17,Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Tell 'Asur, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1917–18, Shaiba, Kut al Amara 1915 '17, Ctesiphon, Defence of Kut al Amara, Mesopotamia 1914–18
*Second World War:
**St Omer-La Bassée, North-West Europe 1940, Normandy Landing, Brieux Bridgehead, Venray, Rhineland, North-West Europe 1944–45, Singapore Island, Kohima, Aradura (1944–1945), Burma 1944–45
*Later wars:
**Korea 1951–52
==Victoria Cross==
In total, six members of the Norfolk or Royal Norfolk Regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
*Acting Lieutenant-Colonel John Sherwood-Kelly – at Battle of Cambrai while commanding Inniskilling Fusiliers
*Company Sergeant Major George Gristock – in Belgium during the Battle of France, subsequently dying of wounds sustained
*Captain John Niel Randle – in Far East, 1944
*Corporal Sidney Bates – 1st Bn, France 1944
*Captain David Jamieson – France at the Brieux bridgehead, 1944
*Lieutenant George Arthur Knowland – attached No. 1 Commando, Burma 1945
==Colonels of the Regiment==
Colonels of the regiment were:
*1685–1688: Col. Henry Cornewall
*1688: Col. Oliver Nicholas
*1688–1689: Col. John Cunningham
*1689–1715: Gen. William Steuart
*1715–1717: Lt-Gen. Hon. Sir James Campbell of Lawars, KB
*1717–1718: Maj-Gen. Charles Cathcart, 8th Lord Cathcart
*1718–1725: Col. James Otway
*1725–1737: Brig-Gen. Richard Kane
*1737–1739: Lt-Gen. William Hargrave
*1739–1749: George Reade
*1749–1751: Maj-Gen. Sir Charles Armand Powlett, KB
===9th Regiment of Foot===
*1751–1755: Gen. John Waldegrave, 3rd Earl Waldegrave
*1755–1758: Gen. Sir Joseph Yorke, 1st Baron Dover, KB
*1758–1771: Lt-Gen. William Whitmore
*1771–1782: Lt-Gen. Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier, KB
===9th (East Norfolk) Regiment===
*1782–1788: Maj-Gen. Thomas Twisleton, 13th Baron Saye and Sele
*1788–1794: Lt-Gen. Hon. Alexander Leslie
*1794–1804: Gen. Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey
*1804–1805: Lt-Gen. Peter Hunter
*1805–1833: Gen. Sir Robert Brownrigg
*1833–1844: Lt-Gen. Sir John Cameron
*1844–1848: Lt-Gen. Sir Thomas Arbuthnot
*1848–1871: Gen. Sir James Archibald Hope, GCB
*1871–1881: Gen. Sir Henry Bates, KCB
===The Norfolk Regiment===
*1881–1889: Gen. Sir Henry Bates, KCB
*1889–1893: Gen. Sir Arthur Borton, GCB, GCMG
*1893: Gen. Charles Elmhirst, CB
*1893–1898: Gen. Thomas Edmond Knox, CB
*1898–1903: Lt-Gen. Henry James Buchanan, CB
*1903–1917: Gen. Henry Ralph Browne, CB
*1917–1946: Gen. Sir Edward Peter Strickland, KCB, KBE, CMG, DSO
===The Royal Norfolk Regiment===
*1946–1947: Maj-Gen. Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin, CB, MC
*1947–1951: Brig. William John O'Brien Daunt, CBE
*1951: Maj-Gen. Eric Charles Hayes, CB
*1951–1959: Brig. Claude John Wilkinson, DSO
==See also==
*List of British Army regiments (1881)
*54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot (1782–1881)
*Norfolk Yeomanry
*West Runton War Memorial
*Sheringham War Memorial
== References ==
==Sources==
* Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
* Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
* Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
*
*
*
* Patrick Mileham, The Yeomanry Regiments: 200 Years of Tradition, 2nd Edn, Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994, .
* Maj C.H. Dudley Ward, The 74th (Yeomanry) Division in Syria and France, London: John Murray, 1922/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, .
== External links ==
* Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum
* Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum: Norfolk Museums Service
* Royal Anglian Museum
* The Norfolk Regiment at The British Army in the Great War of 1914–1918
* 5th Battalion Norfolk Regiment – The True Story by Steve Smith
* The Lost Sandringhams by Ben Johnson
* Diary extracts relating to Kut 1915
* Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
Category:Military units and formations established in 1881
Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army
Category:Military units and formations in Norfolk
Category:Military units and formations in Norwich
Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War
Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1959
Category:Museums in Norwich
Category:Regimental museums in England
Category:1881 establishments in the United Kingdom
R
R
| 421,755
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Lihula
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Town in Estonia
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Lihula is a town in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia.
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Lihula is a town in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia.
== Lihula castle ==
The castle of Lihula () was first mentioned in 1211, but it appears the site was used as a fortress since the Iron Age. In 1220, a Swedish army started constructing a castle here, but were defeated by Estonian forces on 8 August 1220, in the Battle of Lihula.
In 1238, however, the bishop of Saare-Lääne () constructed a crusader fortress at the site, in cooperation with the Teutonic Order. This attempt was more successful and the castle became one of the residences of the bishop. The Teutonic Order also used the castle as a centre of their commandry between 1241 and 1477. In 1560, the estate was reportedly granted to alderman Gerdt Bellingshausen by Duke Magnus of Holstein.
In the course of the Livonian War, the castle was destroyed.
===Lihula Manor===
Despite the fact that the castle was destroyed during the Livonian War, a new manorial estate grew up right next to the original location thereafter. In the 1630s, it was recorded as the property of the Swedish general Åke Tott. The manor stayed in the Tott family until 1684, after which it belonged to various aristocratic families. The present neoclassicist manor house was built in the early 19th century.
== Episcopal See ==
From 1211, it was the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leal (also known as bishopric of Estonia), which was however suppressed as such in 1235, to establish on the same territory the Diocese of Dorpat, a prince-bishopric, which lasted till 1558, falling victim to the Reformation.
== Lihula Monument ==
For a short period there was a monument in Lihula, honoring those Estonian soldiers who fought in the Wehrmacht against the Soviet Union during World War II.
By the order of prime minister Juhan Parts, the authorities removed the monument and as of June 2007, it stands in the Museum of Fight for Estonia's Freedom in Tallinn.
== Gallery ==
File:Lihula linnus 4.jpg|Lihula castle ruins
File:Lihula linnus 3.JPG|Lihula castle ruins
File:Lihula linnus 1.JPG|Lihula castle ruins
File:Lihula linnus.JPG|Lihula castle ruins
File:Lihula manor house 24Sep2008.jpg|Lihula manor
File:Lihula kirik 2005.jpg|St. Elizabeth's Church in Lihula
File:Lihula (2).jpg|Aerial view of Lihula, with the cultural center in the foreground and Lihula manor in the background
== See also ==
*Pärnu County
*Matsalu National Park
*Monument of Lihula
== References ==
== External links ==
*
*Lihula castle and manor at Estonian Manors Portal
Category:Cities and towns in Estonia
Category:Former municipalities of Estonia
Category:Kreis Wiek
| 421,757
|
Sarah Ayton
|
British sailor
|
Sarah Lianne Ayton (born 9 April 1980 in Ashford, Surrey) is an English former professional sailor.
She won a gold medal in the Yngling sailing class in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, together with Shirley Robertson and Sarah Webb, and another gold medal in the Yngling sailing class in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, together with Pippa Wilson and Sarah Webb.
She retired from competitive sailing in 2011, citing the competing demands of motherhood.
In 2015 Ayton was the winner of the Female World Sailor of the Year Awards - "the highest award a sailor can receive in recognition of their outstanding achievements in the world of sailing".
Having been appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours, Ayton was promoted to Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours."New Year Honours--United Kingdom", The London Gazette of Thursday 30 December 2004 Supplement No. 1; accessed 28 August 2022. She is divorced from windsurfer Nick Dempsey. Together, they have two sons Thomas-Flynn, who was born on 28 June 2009 and Oscar-Flynn George who was born on 7 March 2012. Sarah married Ashley Harris 12 February 2022
Ayton is a patron of Meningitis UK. Ayton battled with meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia in 1995, when she was aged 14. In 2015 she visited Bosham sailing club, to present prizes at the racing prizegiving.
She retains an active interest in sport, including amateur horse racing.
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Sarah Lianne Ayton (born 9 April 1980 in Ashford, Surrey) is an English former professional sailor.
She won a gold medal in the Yngling sailing class in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, together with Shirley Robertson and Sarah Webb, and another gold medal in the Yngling sailing class in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, together with Pippa Wilson and Sarah Webb.
She retired from competitive sailing in 2011, citing the competing demands of motherhood.
In 2015 Ayton was the winner of the Female World Sailor of the Year Awards - "the highest award a sailor can receive in recognition of their outstanding achievements in the world of sailing".
Having been appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours, Ayton was promoted to Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours."New Year Honours--United Kingdom", The London Gazette of Thursday 30 December 2004 Supplement No. 1; accessed 28 August 2022. She is divorced from windsurfer Nick Dempsey. Together, they have two sons Thomas-Flynn, who was born on 28 June 2009 and Oscar-Flynn George who was born on 7 March 2012. Sarah married Ashley Harris 12 February 2022
Ayton is a patron of Meningitis UK. Ayton battled with meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia in 1995, when she was aged 14. In 2015 she visited Bosham sailing club, to present prizes at the racing prizegiving.
She retains an active interest in sport, including amateur horse racing.
==Footnotes==
==External links==
*
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:English female sailors (sport)
Category:English Olympic medallists
Category:Extreme Sailing Series sailors
Category:ISAF World Sailor of the Year (female)
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Category:Olympic medalists in sailing
Category:Olympic sailors of Great Britain
Category:People from Ashford, Surrey
Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Category:Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Category:Yngling class world champions
Category:World champions in sailing for Great Britain
| 421,758
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Yoshihiro Okumura
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Japanese swimmer
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is a Japanese international swimmer, competing in the freestyle. At the 2003 Summer Universiade, he won the title in the Men's 200m Freestyle. He won the bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in the Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay.
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is a Japanese international swimmer, competing in the freestyle. At the 2003 Summer Universiade, he won the title in the Men's 200m Freestyle. He won the bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in the Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay.
==External links==
* Japanese Olympic Committee Profile
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic swimmers of Japan
Category:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Category:Asian Games medalists in swimming
Category:Swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Swimmers at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Japanese male freestyle swimmers
Category:Universiade medalists in swimming
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Universiade gold medalists for Japan
Category:Universiade silver medalists for Japan
Category:Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade
Category:Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade
Category:21st-century Japanese people
| 421,763
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Nam Gi-nam
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South Korean film director (1942–2019)
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Nam Gi-Nam (April 17, 1942 – July 24, 2019) was a prolific South Korean director of movies, cartoons and TV series. Born in Gwangju, South Korea, he graduated from Sorabol Art College. He made his debut in 1972 with Don't Cry My Daughter (Naettara uljimara). The main genres in which he worked were animation, comedies, and science fiction. He was often associated with actor/director Shim Hyung-rae.
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Nam Gi-Nam (April 17, 1942 – July 24, 2019) was a prolific South Korean director of movies, cartoons and TV series. Born in Gwangju, South Korea, he graduated from Sorabol Art College. He made his debut in 1972 with Don't Cry My Daughter (Naettara uljimara). The main genres in which he worked were animation, comedies, and science fiction. He was often associated with actor/director Shim Hyung-rae.
==Filmography==
* 1972 : Don't Cry My Daughter [Naedala uljimara]
* 1977 : Mister O (Mister Zero)
* 1977 : Gate of Death and Life [Sasaengmun]
* 1978 : Jeongmumun
* 1978 : Returned Tiger [Dolaon bulbeom]
* 1978 : Horimsa Temple [Horimsa daetonggwan]
* 1979 : The Burning Solim Temple [Bultaneun solimsa]
* 1979 : The Treasure [Nomabisa]
* 1979 : Faithful Sang-yong [Sang-yong tongcheobjang]
* 1979 : Do Not Look Backward [Dwidola boji mara]
* 1979 : The Man Who Caught the Storm [Pokpungeul jabeun sanai]
* 1980 : Barefoot From Pyeongyang [Pyeongyang maenbal]
* 1980 : The Girl and the Minstrels [Muhyeob geompung]
* 1980 : A Courageous Man [Yeolbeon jjikeodo anneomeojin sanai]
* 1981 : I Know Myself [Bonjon Saengkak]
* 1981 : Three Robot Heroes [Sahyeong samgeol]
* 1981 : At the Roads [Nosangeseo]
* 1982 : A Chivalrous Man of the Geum River [Geumgang seonbeom]
* 1982 : The 37 Skills of the Golden Dragon [Geumryong 37gye]
* 1982 : For the Motherland [Chiljisu]
* 1982 : Twin Dragons [Dolaon sangyong]
* 1982 : Dragon Force
* 1983 : Man from Pyeongyang [Pyeongyang bakchigi]
* 1983 : Lady Blacksmith [Yeoja daejangjaengi]
* 1983 : Hotel at 0 Hour [Yongshi-ui hotel]
* 1984 : Noozles aka The Wondrous Koala Blinky [Fushigi na koala Blinky] (TV Series)
* 1984 : The Chase [Chujeok]
* 1984 : Great Monks of Shaolin [Solim daesa]
* 1984 : The Beggar's Song [Gakseoli pumbataryeong]
* 1984 : Ambition and Challenge [Yamanggwa dojeon]
* 1984 : Fool [Cheolbuji]
* 1985 : Three Evil Spirits [Heuksamgwi]
* 1985 : Last Year's Beggar [Jaknyeone watdeon gakseoli]
* 1985 : Shim Hyeong-Rae's Detective Story [Shim Hyung-rae ui tamjeonggyu]
* 1985 : This Is My Way of Living [Nan ireohge sandawoo]
* 1986 : Note of Heukryeong [Heukryeong tongcheobjang]
* 1986-1990 : Agi kongnyong Doolie (TV Series)
* 1986 : Night Fairy [Bamui yujeong]
* 1987 : Seven Slaps on the Cheek [Dagwi ilgobdae]
* 1987 : Adventures of the Little Koala [Jak un koala ui mohoum] (TV Series)
* 1987 : Five People [Daseot saramdeul]
* 1987 : Seoul Women [Seoul yeojareul johae]
* 1988 : Habgung
* 1989 : Foolish Lovebirds [Baekchiwonang]
* 1989 : Young-gu and Ddaeng-chiri [Young-guwa daengchili]
* 1989 : Ernie and Master Kim [Taekwon sonyeon Ernie wa Master Kim]
* 1989 : Young-Gu and Ddaeng-Chiri Go to Sorim Temple [Young-guwa daengchili solimsa gada]
* 1990 : Detective So Jeok-gung [So Jeok-gung tamjeong]
* 1990 : Superman Iljimae
* 1990 : Young-gu Rambo [Young-guwa daengchili 3tan: Young-gu Rambo]
* 1990 : Two Crazy Heroes [Byeolnan du yeongwoong]
* 1990 : Who Broke the Rose's Stem? [Nuga bulgeun jangmireul geokeotna]
* 1991 : Young-gu and Daengchili 4: Hong Kong Granny Ghost [Young-guwa daengchili 4tan: Hong Kong halmaegwishin]
* 1991 : Please Wait a Little Longer [Jogeumman chamajwoyo]
* 1992 : Love and Tears [Salanggwa nunmul]
* 1992 : The Fool and the Thief [Meojeoriwa doduknom]
* 1993 : A Surrogate Father [Shinaeri]
* 1993 : 18 Years Old [Sonyeo 18se]
* 1994 : Take Off Your Headphones [Headphoneul beosheora]
* 1998 : Zang Ku with a Hammer and Ddaeng Chiri
* 1998 : The Cemetery Under the Moon [Cheonnyeon hwansaeng]
* 1998 : Jang-gu and Daengchili [Mangchireul deun Jangguwa daengchili]
* 2003 : The Galgali Family and Dracula [Galgali familywa Dracula]
* 2005 : Baribari Jjang
==See also==
*Contemporary culture of South Korea
*List of Korean-language films
*Korean cinema
*Korean drama
==References==
*
*, p. 329.
==External links==
*Nam Gi-Nam at soju22.net
*NAM KI NAM interview with <CINE 21> at KOREAN Music & B-movie site
Category:1942 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:South Korean film directors
Category:People from Gwangju
| 421,764
|
Marsupial shrew
|
Genus of marsupials
|
The three species in the genus Phascolosorex, also known as marsupial shrews, are members of the order Dasyuromorphia.
The three species of these dasyurids are:
* Phascolosorex brevicaudata
* Red-bellied marsupial shrew, Phascolosorex doriae (Indonesia)
* Narrow-striped marsupial shrew, Phascolosorex dorsalis (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)
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The three species in the genus Phascolosorex, also known as marsupial shrews, are members of the order Dasyuromorphia.
The three species of these dasyurids are:
* Phascolosorex brevicaudata
* Red-bellied marsupial shrew, Phascolosorex doriae (Indonesia)
* Narrow-striped marsupial shrew, Phascolosorex dorsalis (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)
==References==
*
Category:Dasyuromorphs
| 421,765
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Tony Rudy
|
American politician
|
Tony Charles Rudy (born May 3, 1966) is an American politician. He served in the office of U. S. Representative Tom DeLay (R-TX) from approximately 1995 to 2001, and rose to be his deputy Chief of Staff.
Rudy then began working with Jack Abramoff at Greenberg Traurig. Rudy was implicated in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal as unindicted co-conspirator "Staffer A". In 2006, Rudy pleaded guilty to one charge of conspiracy and agreed to cooperate with investigators. Tom DeLay ("Representative #2") and Bob Ney ("Representative #1") are identified in the plea.Susan Schmidt and James Grimaldi, "Lawmakers Under Scrutiny in Probe of Lobbyist: Ney and DeLay Among the Members of Congress Said to Be a Focus of Abramoff Investigation". Washington Post, November 26, 2005."Star Rainmakers: The Hill's list of top lobbyists," The Hill, March 26, 2003.Ex-DeLay Aide Pleads Guilty, Washington Post, March 31, 2006.Tony Rudy charging document
Rudy pleaded guilty on March 31, 2006, was sentenced on April 20, 2012, and served 5 months with 3 years probation, ordered to repay $100,000 and fined $5,000. | April 20, 2012 | Last sentence handed down in Abramoff probe | MARK SHERMAN, Associated Press |
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Tony Charles Rudy (born May 3, 1966) is an American politician. He served in the office of U. S. Representative Tom DeLay (R-TX) from approximately 1995 to 2001, and rose to be his deputy Chief of Staff.
Rudy then began working with Jack Abramoff at Greenberg Traurig. Rudy was implicated in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal as unindicted co-conspirator "Staffer A". In 2006, Rudy pleaded guilty to one charge of conspiracy and agreed to cooperate with investigators. Tom DeLay ("Representative #2") and Bob Ney ("Representative #1") are identified in the plea.Susan Schmidt and James Grimaldi, "Lawmakers Under Scrutiny in Probe of Lobbyist: Ney and DeLay Among the Members of Congress Said to Be a Focus of Abramoff Investigation". Washington Post, November 26, 2005."Star Rainmakers: The Hill's list of top lobbyists," The Hill, March 26, 2003.Ex-DeLay Aide Pleads Guilty, Washington Post, March 31, 2006.Tony Rudy charging document
Rudy pleaded guilty on March 31, 2006, was sentenced on April 20, 2012, and served 5 months with 3 years probation, ordered to repay $100,000 and fined $5,000. | April 20, 2012 | Last sentence handed down in Abramoff probe | MARK SHERMAN, Associated Press |
==Biography==
Rudy attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the late 1980s. He worked on Capitol Hill for eight years, first for California Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, before leaving to attend law school.
Rudy attended law school at George Mason University, in nearby Arlington, Virginia, between 1992 and 1995. At GMU, he served as head of the Federalist Society. He would later win the 2nd Year Student Moot Court Championship, which was a type of law school debate competition between various two-member teams. After graduating from law school and passing the Virginia bar, Rudy was hired by DeLay, after being recommended by Rohrabacher.
While working for Rohrabacher, Rudy met his future wife, Lisa, who was also employed as a staffer in Rohrabacher's office. The couple would marry in August 1995.
Rudy then went on to work for more than five years in Tom DeLay's office. During his time working for DeLay, Rudy served as press secretary, policy director, and finally deputy chief of staff, while DeLay progressed within the Republican Congressional leadership from congressman to Majority Whip to Majority Leader. DeLay lauded Rudy in a congressional floor speech on December 15, 2000, just before Rudy left to work with Abramoff at Greenberg Traurig, a Washington, D.C. lobbying firm.http://www.saipantribune.com/archives/newsstoryarch.aspx?newsID=11005&cat=3&archdte=12/20/2000%2012:00:00%20AM
Rudy's March 2006 guilty plea on a charge of conspiracy covered payments from Abramoff clients and associates to Liberty Consulting, a political firm founded by Rudy's wife, Lisa. In October 2005, the Washington Post reported that Rudy, while on DeLay's staff, helped scuttle a bill opposed by eLottery Inc., an Abramoff client, and that Abramoff had eLottery pay Toward Tradition to hire Liberty Consulting," Susan Schmidt and James Grimaldi, reported in the November 26, 2005, Washington Post.
On November 17, 2006, the Virginia State Bar Disciplinary Board revoked Rudy's license to practice law.http://www.vsb.org/docs/Rudy_Final_Op_12-05-06.pdf
== References ==
Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
Category:United States congressional aides
Category:American lobbyists
Category:Virginia Republicans
Category:Federalist Society members
Category:Texas politicians convicted of crimes
| 421,768
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Everyday Is Like Sunday
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1988 single by Morrissey
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"Everyday Is Like Sunday" is the third track of Morrissey's debut solo album, Viva Hate, and the second single to be released by the artist. Co-written by Morrissey and former Smiths producer Stephen Street, the song was Morrissey's second release after the Smiths break-up. Morrissey was inspired lyrically by the Mid-Wales coastal town of Borth and Nevil Shute's On the Beach to lament the drudgery of a seaside town. Street, who had originally sought to contribute his musical ideas to Morrissey to use for Smiths B-sides, also contributed bass guitar, which he contends was inspired by Echo & the Bunnymen.
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" was featured on Morrissey's debut album, Viva Hate, and the compilation album Bona Drag. Upon release, the single, featuring the B-sides "Disappointed", "Will Never Marry", and "Sister I'm a Poet", saw commercial and critical success, reaching number nine in the UK and garnering rave reviews for its evocative lyrics and bombastic music. Encouraged by the success of the single, Morrissey would continue working with Street for subsequent singles and the rest of Viva Hate.
Since its release, "Everyday Is Like Sunday" has become one of Morrissey's most successful songs and remains critically acclaimed by modern writers. it has also inspired the cult Canadian film Everyday Is Like Sunday.
|
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" is the third track of Morrissey's debut solo album, Viva Hate, and the second single to be released by the artist. Co-written by Morrissey and former Smiths producer Stephen Street, the song was Morrissey's second release after the Smiths break-up. Morrissey was inspired lyrically by the Mid-Wales coastal town of Borth and Nevil Shute's On the Beach to lament the drudgery of a seaside town. Street, who had originally sought to contribute his musical ideas to Morrissey to use for Smiths B-sides, also contributed bass guitar, which he contends was inspired by Echo & the Bunnymen.
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" was featured on Morrissey's debut album, Viva Hate, and the compilation album Bona Drag. Upon release, the single, featuring the B-sides "Disappointed", "Will Never Marry", and "Sister I'm a Poet", saw commercial and critical success, reaching number nine in the UK and garnering rave reviews for its evocative lyrics and bombastic music. Encouraged by the success of the single, Morrissey would continue working with Street for subsequent singles and the rest of Viva Hate.
Since its release, "Everyday Is Like Sunday" has become one of Morrissey's most successful songs and remains critically acclaimed by modern writers. it has also inspired the cult Canadian film Everyday Is Like Sunday.
==Background==
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" was co-written by Morrissey and Stephen Street, the songwriting team behind Morrissey's debut solo single "Suedehead." Street, who initially believed the Smiths would reunite within a few months of breaking up, initially sent demos of his instrumental tracks to Morrissey as possible ideas for Smiths B-sides. The song's lyrics, which commemorate the dreariness of a seaside town in the off-season, were reportedly inspired by the Mid-Welsh coastal town of Borth, as well as Nevil Shute's On the Beach, a novel about a group of people waiting for nuclear devastation in Melbourne, Australia. Of the song's lyrics, Morrissey commented, "The British holiday resort is just like a symbol of Britain's absurdity really. The idea of a resort in Britain doesn't seem natural."
In addition to composing the song's music, Stephen Street performed bass on the song. He commented, Everyday Is Like Sunday' was me trying to be the bass player of Echo & the Bunnymen! The chords are quite simple, but again the bassline was a big part of the songwriting." Street recruited drummer Andrew Parisi and guitarist Vini Reilly to round out the studio band. Street recalled of the latter, "Vini turned around and said to me 'I'm not playing that song, it's too bloody simple' – well that song was 'Everyday Is Like Sunday'! He's a musical snob in some respects – he's incredibly frustrating."
According to Street, "Everyday Is Like Sunday" was recorded in his second session with Morrissey. The song features a six-piece string section, led by violinist Fenella Barton.
==Release==
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" was, like "Suedehead," noted as a potential single early in the song's recording process. Street recalled, "Obviously ['Sunday'] has such a great classic vibe to it. I think those two songs did kind of stand out as the most single-like tracks on [Viva Hate]."
The single was released in May 1988, with the B-sides "Disappointed", "Will Never Marry", and "Sister I'm a Poet". Written after the Viva Hate sessions, these B-sides would be hailed by Street as him "really getting into gear" and Morrissey as "a progression from Viva Hate" and "quite magical." The single, featuring artwork of Morrissey that Sounds compared to "a stubbleless George Michael", achieved similar commercial success to its predecessor, reaching number nine on the UK Singles Chart. In addition to appearing on his first solo album Viva Hate, "Everyday Is Like Sunday" appeared on the 1990 compilation album Bona Drag. "Disappointed" and "Will Never Marry" also appeared on Bona Drag.
On 27 September 2010, the single was re-issued on CD and two 7-inch formats, including the unreleased "November the Second", an alternative mix of "November Spawned a Monster". This re-issue debuted at number 42 on the UK singles chart. It coincided with the 20th-anniversary re-issue of his 1990 compilation Bona Drag.
==Critical reception==
Upon its release, "Everyday Is Like Sunday" saw critical acclaim. NME praised the song as "glorious, swooning pop," writing, "It's the one song on the album that would stand up as an instrumental and lyrically it confirms its writer's reputation as one of the most skillful chroniclers of all that is shabby and drab and joyless in this sceptered isle". Sounds named it one of the "perfect moments" on Viva Hate calling it "a perfect rebuff to the Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' hit syndrome with its drizzly chorus, 'Everyday is like Sunday/Everyday is silent and grey'."
Since then, the song has been recognized as one of Morrissey's best. Ned Raggett of AllMusic called the song "the unquestioned highlight of Viva Hate" as well as "one of Morrissey's most memorable numbers in and out of the Smiths." He elaborated, "Street's orchestrations fit the melancholic surge of the music to a T, while Morrissey's portrait of a "seaside town that they forgot to bomb" is evocative and given a bravura vocal." Spin listed it as the number one Morrissey solo song, writing, "This is the Platonic ideal of Morrissey songs. ... While some may roll their eyes, few songs illuminate the alienation and boredom of suburbia (or small-town life) better than this." The Guardian also named it first on their list of top Morrissey songs, writing, "The reason it's one of his strongest early singles is because it exists in a masterfully imagined, ennui-laden world of its own. Here, in the seaside town that they forgot to bomb, there’s no acrimony or draining divorce – just drudgery in the world's snooziest holiday destination."
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" has also seen great acclaim from Morrissey's contemporary musicians. In a September 1992 edition of Q magazine, Pretenders frontwoman Chrissie Hynde (who would later record her own version of the song) said that the "lyric to 'Everyday Is Like Sunday' is, to me, a masterful piece of prose." In the same piece, Bananarama's Siobhan Fahey described it as her "all-time top song". In Morrissey's autobiography, he recalls that REM's Michael Stipe told him that he was "very jealous" of "Everyday Is Like Sunday" and that it made him consider going solo.
==Music video==
A music video directed by Tim Broad was created for "Everyday Is Like Sunday." The location used for the video was Southend-on-Sea. Throughout, Morrissey appears in the background of the video in roles such as a cyclist, a cafe customer, and a shop assistant. Author David Bret asserts that this was based on the film Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris, a film where Brel appeared in cameos intermittently throughout performances of his song by other musicians. Billie Whitelaw appears in a supporting role as does Cheryl Murray and Lucette Henderson as a young fan. Henderson had previously appeared in the video for the Smiths' video for "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before," while Whitelaw featured on the single artwork for "William, It Was Really Nothing." The video also features clips from the film Carry On Abroad, a favorite of Morrissey.
==Live performances==
Morrissey performed the song on his solo debut on Top of the Pops, appearing in a The Queen Is Dead T-shirt and a blazer. The song has since been performed live by Morrissey on his 1991, 1992 (Festival Dates), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008 tours, and on his 2012 tour of Australia and New Zealand. In 2004 the song was played in a medley with the first verse of "Subway Train" by the New York Dolls.
==Track listings==
7-inch vinyl
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday"
# "Disappointed"
12-inch vinyl, compact disc and cassette
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday"
# "Sister I'm a Poet"
# "Disappointed"
# "Will Never Marry"
===2010 re-issue===
Compact disc
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday" (2010 digital remaster)
# "November the Second"
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday"
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday" (Top of the Pops - 9 June 1988)
7-inch single 1
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday" (2010 digital remaster)
# "Trash" (Live at Irvine Meadows)
* Although credited as being performed at Irvine Meadows, fans have pointed out that Morrissey did not perform at that venue in 1991, and that the live version of "Trash" is likely to have been recorded at the Pacific Amphitheatre in Costa Mesa, California on 1 June 1991.
7-inch single 2
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday" (2010 digital remaster)
# "Everyday Is Like Sunday" (live at the Hollywood Bowl - 8 June 2007)
==Personnel==
* Morrissey: vocals
* Stephen Street: bass guitar
* Vini Reilly: guitar, piano
* Andrew Paresi: drums
==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1988)
!Peakposition
|-
!scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
|32
|-
|-
|-
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (2010)
!Peakposition
|-
|-
|-
|}
==Release details==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Record label
! Format
! Catalogue number
|-
| UK || HMV || 7-inch vinyl || POP1619
|-
| UK || HMV || 12-inch vinyl || 12POP1619
|-
| UK || HMV || Compact disc || CDPOP1619
|-
| UK || HMV || Cassette || TCPOP1619
|}
==Cover versions==
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" was covered by the Pretenders for the soundtrack to the film Boys on the Side. Morrissey commented at the time, "I do know that Chrissie Hynde is doing 'Everyday Is Like Sunday.' I've heard a demo version and, well, my cheeks are moist." It has also been covered by 10,000 Maniacs (as a B-side to their single "Candy Everybody Wants"), the Armageddon Dildos (on their "Come Armageddon" maxi-single), Estonian 1990s pop group Mr. Lawrence and Mikel Erentxun (on his album Acrobatas). Colin Meloy of The Decemberists also covers the track on his solo album Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey.
A mostly instrumental version (containing only the title lyric) was used in NFL Network's "When all you want is football" television ad campaign.
==See also==
* Morrissey discography
==References==
Category:10,000 Maniacs songs
Category:1987 songs
Category:1988 singles
Category:His Master's Voice singles
Category:Major Minor Records singles
Category:Morrissey songs
Category:Reprise Records singles
Category:Sire Records singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Stephen Street
Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons
Category:Songs written by Morrissey
Category:Songs written by Stephen Street
| 421,769
|
Valka
|
Town in Latvia
|
Valka (; ) is a town and municipality in northern Latvia, on the border with Estonia along both banks of the river Pedele.
Valka and the Estonian town Valga are twins, separated by the Estonian/Latvian border but using the slogan "One Town, Two Countries". The border dividing the Livonian town of Walk was marked out in 1920 by an international jury headed by British Colonel Stephen George Tallents. With the expansion of the Schengen Agreement and abolition of the Estonian/Latvian border in 2007, it was announced that common public bus transport would be established between Valka and Valga. Also, all border crossing-points were removed and roads and fences opened. In 2016 it was announced that due to better welfare and higher salaries in Estonia, many Valka inhabitants have registered themselves as inhabitants of Valga.
|
Valka (; ) is a town and municipality in northern Latvia, on the border with Estonia along both banks of the river Pedele.
Valka and the Estonian town Valga are twins, separated by the Estonian/Latvian border but using the slogan "One Town, Two Countries". The border dividing the Livonian town of Walk was marked out in 1920 by an international jury headed by British Colonel Stephen George Tallents. With the expansion of the Schengen Agreement and abolition of the Estonian/Latvian border in 2007, it was announced that common public bus transport would be established between Valka and Valga. Also, all border crossing-points were removed and roads and fences opened. In 2016 it was announced that due to better welfare and higher salaries in Estonia, many Valka inhabitants have registered themselves as inhabitants of Valga.
==History==
The town of Walk (in German) was first mentioned in 1286 and from 1419 was the seat of the Landtag of the Livonian Confederation. City rights were granted by the Polish-Lithuanian king Stefan Batory in 1584. However, the town gained its importance only at the end of the 19th century when the Vidzeme teacher's seminary was operating here, and the important railway junction was developed. Furthermore, the first narrow-gauge railway line in the territory of modern Latvia was stretched from Valka to Estonian city of Pärnu.
On 15 November 1917 the decision of the Latvian Provisional National Council to proclaim the independent Republic of Latvia was made in Valka. The red-white-red flag of Latvia was raised here for the first time. The town was a subject of a dispute between the newly born Latvian and Estonian states; on 1 July 1920 the town was divided between the two states as a compromise.
==Education==
There is one primary school and a gymnasium in Valka.
The Institute of Latvia-Estonia provides further education.
==Notable people==
*Jānis Cimze (1814–1881), pedagogue, founder of Vidzeme teacher's seminary - first higher education institution in Latvia's territory
*Aigars Fadejevs (born 1975), Olympic race-walker, winner of silver medal at Olympic Games of 2000 in Sydney
*Vents Armands Krauklis (born 1964), musician, politician, former mayor of Valka city (2001–2006), member of Saeima (2006-2010), current mayor of Valka municipality
*Roberts Ķīlis (born 1968), social anthropologist, former Minister of Education and Science (2011-2013)
*Pavel Loskutov (born 1969), Estonian long-distance runner
*Gatis Smukulis (born 1987), road bicycle racer
*Andris Vilks (born 1963), former Minister of Finance (2009-2014)
*Arturs Neikšāns (born 1983), Latvian chess player, commentator, and coach, multiple-time Latvian champion.
==Twin towns — sister cities==
Valka is twinned with:
* Braslaw, Belarus
* Çamlıyayla, Turkey
* I'billin, Israel
* Kutaisi, Georgia
* Marijampolė, Lithuania
* Novoye Devyatkino, Russia
* Valga, Estonia
* Valga, Spain
==Gallery==
File:Valka, Semināra iela (1).JPG|Semināra iela
File:Valka, Rīgas iela (3).JPG|Rīgas iela (Riga Street) at the Estonian border.
File:Valka, Ausekļa iela (4).JPG|Apartment building from the Soviet era.
File:Valka, Pedele (2).JPG|Pedele River in Valka.
File:Valkas pamatskola.JPG|Valka Primary school
==See also==
*Valka Town Theatre
*Valga, Estonia
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:Towns in Latvia
Category:Divided cities
Category:Estonia–Latvia border crossings
Category:1584 establishments in Europe
Category:Kreis Walk
Category:Valka Municipality
| 421,772
|
William John Macleay
|
British naturalist
|
Sir William John Macleay (13 June 1820 – 7 December 1891) was a Scottish-Australian politician, naturalist, zoologist, and herpetologist.
|
Sir William John Macleay (13 June 1820 – 7 December 1891) was a Scottish-Australian politician, naturalist, zoologist, and herpetologist.
==Early life==
Macleay was born at Wick, Caithness, Scotland, second son of Kenneth Macleay of Keiss and his wife Barbara, née Horne. Macleay was educated at the Edinburgh Academy 1834–36 and then to studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh; but when he was 18 years old his widowed mother died, and he decided to go to Australia with his cousin, William Sharp MacLeay. They arrived at Sydney in March 1839 on HMS Royal George. William Macleay took up land at first near Goulburn, and afterwards on the Murrumbidgee River.
He is noted as the last of the naturalists in a family active in this field; his uncle was Alexander Macleay, Colonial Secretary of New South Wales from 1826 to 1836, and a member and fellow of societies concerned with the flora and fauna of the empire's colonies.
==Political career==
On 1 March 1855 Macleay was elected to the old Legislative Council as member for the Lachlan and Lower Darling Pastoral District. After responsible government, on 19 April 1856 Macleay was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Lachlan and Lower Darling serving until 11 April 1859. From 1860 to 1874 he represented Murrumbidgee in the Assembly.
==Zoological career==
Macleay lived in Sydney from 1857, the year he was married to Susan Emmeline Deas-Thomson, daughter of Colonial Secretary and politician, Edward Deas-Thomson, and was now able to develop his interest in science. He had made a small collection of insects, and in 1861 began to extend it considerably. In April 1862 a meeting was held at his house and it was decided to found a local Entomological Society. Macleay was elected president and held the position for two years. The society lasted 11 years and, not only was Macleay the author of the largest number of papers, he also bore most of the expense. He had succeeded to the Macleay collection on the death of W. S. Macleay in 1865, and in 1874 decided to extend it from an entomological collection into a zoological collection. Also in 1874 the Linnean Society of New South Wales was founded, of which Macleay was elected the first president, and in May 1875, having fitted up the barque Chevert, he sailed for New Guinea, where he obtained what he described as "a vast and valuable collection" of zoological specimens.
After his return from New Guinea, Macleay fostered the Linnean Society. He presented many books and materials for scientific work to it, however all were destroyed when the Garden Palace was burnt down in September 1882. In spite of this blow the society continued on its way and gradually built up another library. In 1885 Macleay erected a building for the use of the society in Ithaca road, Elizabeth Bay, and endowed it with the sum of £14,000. He had contributed several papers to the Proceedings of the society, and in 1881 his two-volume Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes was published. Three years later a Supplement to this catalogue appeared, and in the same year his Census of Australian Snakes was reprinted from the Proceedings. Macleay had hoped to make a descriptive catalogue of the Dipterous insects of Australia, but his health began to fail and it was not completed.
==Legacy==
Macleay realized that a lot could be done to prevent diseases like typhoid fever and strongly urged the appointment of a government bacteriologist. Receiving little support he eventually left £12,000 to the University of Sydney for the foundation of a chair or lectureship in bacteriology, but this was rejected by the university senate due to the conditions of the bequest and the money went to the Linnean Society. Nearly 40 years later a professorship in bacteriology was established from the Bosch fund. In 1890 the government having provided a building in the university grounds he handed the valuable Macleay collection to the university, together with an endowment of £6000 to provide for the salary of a curator. Macleay was knighted in 1889. He died on 7 December 1891; his wife, Susan, died in 1903 and there were no children. Macleay left £6000 to the Linnean Society for general purposes and after his wife died, £35,000 was given to the Linnean Society to provide four Linnean Macleay fellowships of £400 per annum each, to encourage and advance research in natural science.
==See also==
*:Category:Taxa named by William John Macleay
==References==
==External links==
*
*1884-1887; Letters received by Sir William John Macleay. Correspondents include Sir George Macleay, Sir Charles Nicholson, Henry Nottidge Moseley, George Barnard, Nikolai de Miklouho-Maclay. Also includes Macleay's commission as captain of the Sydney Volunteer Artillery in 1866 and undated biographical notes, Macleay family - papers, 1811-1887, 1920-1929, 1983-1988, State Library of New South Wales, MLMSS 6116
*Macleay, Sir, William John (1820-1891) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Sir William John Macleay
Category:1820 births
Category:1891 deaths
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Category:Australian zoologists
Category:Australian people of Scottish descent
Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Australian Knights Bachelor
Category:19th-century Australian politicians
| 421,776
|
Esther Roth-Shahamorov
|
Israeli track and field athlete
|
Esther Roth-Shahamorov (; born April 16, 1952) is a former Israeli track and field athlete. She specialized in the 100-meter hurdles and the 100-meter sprint.
|
Esther Roth-Shahamorov (; born April 16, 1952) is a former Israeli track and field athlete. She specialized in the 100-meter hurdles and the 100-meter sprint.
==Early and personal life==
Esther Shahamorov was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family."Track & Field: Women's top-four performances", Jewish Sports Review, Vol. 9, No. 11, Issue 107, p. 17, January/February 2015. In 1973, she married Peter Roth, a gymnast, who became her coach. She has a son, Yaron (born 1974), who was a national champion in fencing, and a daughter, Einat. After she retired from competitive sport she became a sports schoolteacher.
==Track career==
===Records===
She once held simultaneously five Israeli national records. One of them is still a record and two others held for over 20 years.
*Her time of 11.45s in the 100m, set at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, was broken on Sat Apr 19, 2014, by Olga Lansky. Lansky's result though was vacated later the same year due to skipping mandatory drug test after the competition.
*Her time of 12.93s in the 100m hurdles, set in Berlin shortly after the 1976 Summer Olympics, stood as a national record for 26 years, until it was broken by Irina Lenskiy in 2002.
*Her time of 23.57s in the 200m, set in Stuttgart in 1975, held as a record for 29 years, until it was broken, also by Lenskiy, in 2002.
*Her mark of 6.14m in the long jump was a national record from 1971 to 1984.
*Her record of 4837 points in the Women's pentathlon was a national record from 1971 until the format was changed in 1977.
===Asian Games===
Roth won five gold medals and one silver medal in two Asian Games. She won golds in 100m hurdles and pentathlon and a silver in long jump in 1970, and three golds, in 100 m, 200 m, and 100 m hurdles, in 1974.
===Olympics===
At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Roth just barely missed qualifying for the final in the 100-meter sprint. She qualified for the 100-meter hurdles semifinal, but withdrew from the Games, together with the remaining members of the Israel Olympic team, after the murder of her longtime coach, Amitzur Shapira, and ten other members of the Israeli team, by Palestinian terrorists.
In 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal where she was the Israeli flag-bearer, Roth became the first ever Israeli athlete to reach the finals in any Olympic event, and she is still the only Israeli Olympic finalist in track events, when she finished 6th in the 100-meter hurdles with a time of 13.04 seconds.
===Maccabiah Games===
Roth won the long jump in the 1969 Maccabiah Games with a 19-foot, 3/4 inch (5.81 meter) jump.
She won the 100-meter race in the 1973 Maccabiah Games in 11.75, and the 100 m hurdles in 13.5 seconds. She won the 200-meter race in the 1977 Maccabiah Games in 24.03; and the 100-meter hurdles in the same games in 13.50.
==Awards and recognition==
In 1999, Roth was awarded the Israel Prize for sports.
She appears in the 1999 Oscar-winning documentary One Day in September in which she gave her impressions and feelings during the 1972 Munich Athletes hostages crisis.
==See also==
*List of Israel Prize recipients
*Sports in Israel
*List of Israeli records in athletics
==References==
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Tel Aviv
Category:Israeli female sprinters
Category:Israeli female long jumpers
Category:Israeli pentathletes
Category:Israeli female hurdlers
Category:Jewish female athletes (track and field)
Category:Olympic athletes of Israel
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 Asian Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 Asian Games
Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Israel
Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in athletics
Category:Competitors at the 1969 Maccabiah Games
Category:Competitors at the 1973 Maccabiah Games
Category:Competitors at the 1977 Maccabiah Games
Category:Israel Prize in sport recipients
Category:Israel Prize women recipients
Category:Recipients of the Olympic Order
Category:International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Israel
Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Israel
Category:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games
Category:Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
| 421,777
|
Lääne Elu
|
Estonian newspaper
|
Lääne Elu () is an Estonian language newspaper based in the city of Haapsalu, Estonia. The paper was started in 1989.
|
Lääne Elu () is an Estonian language newspaper based in the city of Haapsalu, Estonia. The paper was started in 1989.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1989 establishments in Estonia
Category:Estonian-language newspapers
Category:Lääne County
Category:Mass media in Haapsalu
Category:Newspapers published in Estonia
Category:Newspapers established in 1989
| 421,780
|
Speckled dasyure
|
Species of marsupial
|
The speckled dasyure (Neophascogale lorentzii), also known as the long-clawed marsupial mouse, is a member of the order Dasyuromorphia. It is an inhabitant of Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It is the only member of the genus Neophascogale.
Its weight varies between 200 and 250 g; its body length ranges 16–23 cm, and the tail 16–23 cm. As its name suggested, its dark gray fur is speckled with long white hairs. It has short, powerful limbs with long claws on all toes, used to dig for grubs, worms, and similar prey.
|
The speckled dasyure (Neophascogale lorentzii), also known as the long-clawed marsupial mouse, is a member of the order Dasyuromorphia. It is an inhabitant of Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It is the only member of the genus Neophascogale.
Its weight varies between 200 and 250 g; its body length ranges 16–23 cm, and the tail 16–23 cm. As its name suggested, its dark gray fur is speckled with long white hairs. It has short, powerful limbs with long claws on all toes, used to dig for grubs, worms, and similar prey.
==References==
*
==External links==
*Image at ADW
Category:Dasyuromorphs
Category:Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Category:Mammals of Western New Guinea
Category:Mammals described in 1911
Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
Category:Marsupials of New Guinea
| 421,782
|
Clarence G. Badger
|
Film director (1880–1964)
|
Clarence G. Badger (June 9, 1880 – June 17, 1964) was an American film director of feature films in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. His films include It and Red Hair, more than a dozen features and shorts starring Will Rogers, and two features starring Raymond Griffith, Paths to Paradise and Hands Up!
He moved to Australia to direct Rangle River (1936) and decided to retire there, only making one more feature, That Certain Something (1941).
|
Clarence G. Badger (June 9, 1880 – June 17, 1964) was an American film director of feature films in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. His films include It and Red Hair, more than a dozen features and shorts starring Will Rogers, and two features starring Raymond Griffith, Paths to Paradise and Hands Up!
He moved to Australia to direct Rangle River (1936) and decided to retire there, only making one more feature, That Certain Something (1941).
==Selected filmography==
* The Nick of Time Baby (1916)
* Hearts and Sparks (1916)
* A Social Cub (1916)
* The Danger Girl (1916)
* Haystacks and Steeples (1916)
* Teddy at the Throttle (1917)
* Dangers of a Bride (1917)
* Whose Baby? (1917)
* The Sultan's Wife (1917)
* The Pullman Bride (1917)
* Friend Husband (1918)
* The Kingdom of Youth (1918)
* Day Dreams (1919)
* Sis Hopkins (1919)
* Through the Wrong Door (1919)
* Almost a Husband (1919)
* Leave It to Susan (1919)
* The Strange Boarder (1920)
* Jes' Call Me Jim (1920)
* Cupid the Cowpuncher (1920)
* The Man Who Lost Himself (1920)
* Quincy Adams Sawyer (1922)
* The Dangerous Little Demon (1922)
* Don't Get Personal (1922)
* Potash and Perlmutter (1923)
* Your Friend and Mine (1923)
* Red Lights (1923)
* The Shooting of Dan McGrew (1924)
* One Night in Rome (1924)
* Eve's Secret (1925)
* Paths to Paradise (1925)
* Hands Up! (1926)
* Miss Brewster's Millions (1926)
* The Campus Flirt (1926)
* It (1927)
* A Kiss In A Taxi (1927)
* Senorita (1927)
* Swim Girl, Swim (1927)
* She's a Sheik (1927)
* Red Hair (1928)
* The Fifty-Fifty Girl (1928)
* Hot News (1928)
* Three Weekends (1928)
* Paris (1929)
* No No Nanette (1930)
* The Bad Man (1930)
* Woman Hungry (1931)
* When Strangers Marry (1933)
* Rangle River (1936)
* That Certain Something (1941)
==References==
==External links==
*
*
*Clarence Badger at National Film and Sound Archive
*Clarence Badger(kinotv)
Category:Film directors from San Francisco
Category:1880 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:Screenwriters from California
Category:Film producers from California
Category:20th-century American screenwriters
| 421,783
|
Short-furred dasyure
|
Species of marsupial
|
The short-furred dasyure (Murexia longicaudata), also known as the short-haired marsupial mouse, is a member of the order Dasyuromorphia. It was once recognised as the only species in the genus Murexia, but now five species are recognised. It lives in Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
|
The short-furred dasyure (Murexia longicaudata), also known as the short-haired marsupial mouse, is a member of the order Dasyuromorphia. It was once recognised as the only species in the genus Murexia, but now five species are recognised. It lives in Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
== Description ==
Males weigh 114–434g, while the much smaller females only weigh 57–88g. Its fur is a dull grayish brown on top, and its belly is a light beige. Its long, sparsely haired tail has a few long hairs at the tip.
== Habitat and Behaviour ==
The short-furred dasyure inhabits forests of all types from lowlands to elevations of 2,200 m. It typically nests high in the canopy, but may also shelter on the ground. Females can mate all year round. Up to four young are born per litter, which grow up in the mother's pouch.
== Conservation Status ==
Its population is considered stable, so the species is listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN.
== Systematics ==
The short-furred dasyure used to form the genus Murexia together with the broard-striped dasyure. In 2005, Colin Groves divided the genus Murexia into two monotypic genera, Murexia for the short-furred dasyure and Paramurexia for the broad-striped dasyure, based on cladistic analyses. However, genetic studies continue to support an aggregation of both species in the genus Murexia.
==References==
==External links==
*
* Columbia Encyclopedia entry
Category:Dasyuromorphs
Category:Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Category:Mammals of Western New Guinea
Category:Mammals described in 1866
Category:Marsupials of New Guinea
| 421,784
|
Sophie Lorain
|
Canadian actress
|
Sophie Lorain (born Sophie-Hélène Lorain; 20 November 1957) is a French-Canadian actress, director and producer. She is known for having played Anne Fortier in the highly rated television series Fortier that first aired in Quebec, Canada. She is the daughter of actors Jacques Lorain and Denise Filiatrault."Je veux profiter des moments qu’il me reste »". Le Journal de Montréal, 1 April 2017. Her sister is French-Canadian actress Danièle Lorain.
In addition to her work as an actress, she has directed the films Heat Wave (Les grandes chaleurs) and Slut in a Good Way (Charlotte a du fun),"Charlotte a du fun : le regard de Sophie Lorain sur la sexualité des adolescentes". Ici Radio-Canada, 26 February 2018. as well as episodes of the television series La galère and Nouvelle adresse.
She is married to director and cinematographer Alexis Durand-Brault.
|
Sophie Lorain (born Sophie-Hélène Lorain; 20 November 1957) is a French-Canadian actress, director and producer. She is known for having played Anne Fortier in the highly rated television series Fortier that first aired in Quebec, Canada. She is the daughter of actors Jacques Lorain and Denise Filiatrault."Je veux profiter des moments qu’il me reste »". Le Journal de Montréal, 1 April 2017. Her sister is French-Canadian actress Danièle Lorain.
In addition to her work as an actress, she has directed the films Heat Wave (Les grandes chaleurs) and Slut in a Good Way (Charlotte a du fun),"Charlotte a du fun : le regard de Sophie Lorain sur la sexualité des adolescentes". Ici Radio-Canada, 26 February 2018. as well as episodes of the television series La galère and Nouvelle adresse.
She is married to director and cinematographer Alexis Durand-Brault.
==Awards==
*Gemini Award—Best Actress in a Dramatic Series (2000 - Fortier)
*Gemini Award—Best Supporting Actress (1996 - Omertà: The Code of Silence)
==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1974
|Once Upon a Time in the East (Il était une fois dans l'est)
|Francine
|
|-
| 1982
|Scandale
|Lucille
|
|-
| 1993
|Women in Love (Les Amoureuses)
|Hélène
|
|-
| 1998
|It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux (C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux)
|Madame Tardif
|
|-
| 1998
|In Her Defense
|Debra Turner
|
|-
| 1998
|Home Team
|Karen
|
|-
| 1999
|Who Gets the House?
|Rebecca Reece
|
|-
| 2000
|Stardom
|Italasia Reporter
|
|-
| 2002
|Alice's Odyssey (L'Odysée d'Alice Tremblay)
|Alice Tremblay
|
|-
| 2003
|Mambo Italiano
|Pina Lunetti
|
|-
| 2003
|The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares)
|First Lover
|
|-
| 2005
|Maman Last Call
|Alice Malenfant
|
|-
| 2012
|Before My Heart Falls (Avant que mon cœur bascule)
|Françoise
|
|-
| 2020
| My Very Own Circus (Mon cirque à moi)
| Patricia
|
|}
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|-
|1979
|Chez Denise
| Michèle Dussault
|
|-
|1984
|Le 101, ouest, avenue des Pins
| Michèle
|
|-
|1991
|Lance et Compte: Le crime de Lulu
| Françoise Déry
|
|-
|1991
|Urban Angel
| Sylvie Belanger
|
|-
|1992
|Scoop
| Manon Berthiaume
|
|-
|1996
|Urgence
| Hélène Cote
|
|-
|1996–97
|Omertà: The Code of Silence
| Denise Deslongchamps
|
|-
|1997
|Loss of Faith
| Beth Barker
|
|-
|1998
|Un hiver de tourmente
| Claire/Adoption
|
|-
|1998
|Quai nº 1
|
|
|-
|2000
|Stardom
|
|
|-
|2001
|The Sign of Four
| Mary Morstan
|
|-
|2000–04
|Fortier
|Anne Fortier
|(actress, associate producer)
|-
|2003
|Le petit monde de Laura Cadieux
|
|miniseries (co-producer)
|-
|2005
|Sous les jaquettes
|
|
|-
|2005
|Miss Météo
|
|
|-
|to appear 2006
|Un homme mort
|
|(director)
|-
|2006
|La galère
|
|(director of seven episodes)
|-
|2016
|Au secours de Beatrice
|Beatrice
|
|-
|2021||Portrait-Robot||Maryse Ferron||also series creator
|-
|2021
|Sortez-moi de moi
|Clara St-Amand
|also series creator
|}
==References==
==External links==
*
* Profile page on agent's website
Category:1957 births
Category:Actresses from Montreal
Category:Canadian film actresses
Category:Canadian television actresses
Category:Canadian Screen Award winners
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian women film directors
Category:Film directors from Montreal
Category:Canadian television directors
Category:Canadian women television directors
| 421,785
|
Hamlet Mkhitaryan (footballer, born 1973)
|
Armenian footballer
|
Hamlet Vladimiri Mkhitaryan (;, born 24 November 1973 in Yerevan, Armenia) is a retired Armenian football player. He also played for the Armenia national team.
|
Hamlet Vladimiri Mkhitaryan (;, born 24 November 1973 in Yerevan, Armenia) is a retired Armenian football player. He also played for the Armenia national team.
==Club career==
In 2005, Mkhitaryan was on the verge of signing with Scottish club Hearts, but the contract has not been signed between the two parties due to work permit complications. In October 2006, he joined the Tehran club Pas in the Iran Pro League. In 2007, after Pas was officially dissolved, he signed with another Tehran club, Rah Ahan. After playing for 2 seasons, he joined Armenian Premier League club Banants Yerevan and returned home. He later went back to Iran, where he signed a contract with Damash Gilan. For one season he played on his third Tehran club, Parse Tehran. Mkhitaryan currently plays for Gahar Zagros.
==International career==
Mkhitaryan debuted for Armenia national team in away friendly match against United States on 15 May 1994. Hamlet participated in 56 international matches and scored 2 goals. He left the national team in 2008.
==Honours==
* Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 2001–02
==References==
==External links==
*
*
*
*
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Yerevan
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Armenian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Armenia international footballers
Category:Armenian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel
Category:Expatriate footballers in Lebanon
Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belarus
Category:Expatriate footballers in Iran
Category:Armenian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Category:Armenian expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Category:Armenian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Category:Armenian Premier League players
Category:Liga Leumit players
Category:Israeli Premier League players
Category:FC Ararat Yerevan players
Category:FC Pyunik players
Category:Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Category:Homenmen Beirut players
Category:Tadamon Sour SC players
Category:FC Vostok players
Category:FC Partizan Minsk players
Category:Pas players
Category:Rah Ahan players
Category:FC Urartu players
Category:Damash Gilan players
Category:Gahar Zagros players
Category:Armenian football managers
Category:Armenian expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon
Category:Lebanese Premier League players
Category:Soviet Armenians
Category:Soviet Top League players
| 421,786
|
Arnold Harrison
|
American football player (born 1982)
|
Arnold Harrison II (born September 20, 1982) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at the University of Georgia.
Harrison also played for the Cleveland Browns and Florida Tuskers.
|
Arnold Harrison II (born September 20, 1982) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at the University of Georgia.
Harrison also played for the Cleveland Browns and Florida Tuskers.
==College career==
Harrison played college football at the University of Georgia where he majored in economics.
==Professional career==
===Pittsburgh Steelers===
Harrison was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005, but did not make any appearances for the team in his rookie season.
In 2006, he played in seven games and finished the season with ten tackles. He appeared in 13 games in 2007 and recorded 13 tackles.
After spending the entire 2008 season on injured reserve with a torn ACL, Harrison was non-tendered as a restricted free agent in the 2009 offseason. However, the Steelers re-signed him to a one-year contract on March 16.
Harrison appeared in eight games and recorded seven tackles for the Steelers in 2009 before being waived on November 17 to make room for linebacker Donovan Woods.
===Cleveland Browns===
Harrison was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on November 18. He appeared in four games and recorded five tackles for the Browns before being waived on December 29 when the team re-signed offensive tackle Scott Kooistra.
==External links==
*Just Sports Stats
*Cleveland Browns bio
*Pittsburgh Steelers bio
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Players of American football from Augusta, Georgia
Category:American football linebackers
Category:Georgia Bulldogs football players
Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Florida Tuskers players
Category:Virginia Destroyers players
| 421,789
|
Picrodendraceae
|
Family of flowering plants
|
Picrodendraceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 80 species in 24 genera.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ These are subtropical to tropical and found in New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Madagascar, continental Africa, and tropical America. Its closest relatives are Phyllanthaceae.
This family used to be known as the subfamily Oldfieldioideae of the Euphorbiaceae.
|
Picrodendraceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 80 species in 24 genera.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ These are subtropical to tropical and found in New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Madagascar, continental Africa, and tropical America. Its closest relatives are Phyllanthaceae.
This family used to be known as the subfamily Oldfieldioideae of the Euphorbiaceae.
== Taxonomy ==
The family contains about 80 species organised into three tribes, ten subtribes and 24 genera.
== Genera ==
* Androstachys
* Aristogeitonia
* Austrobuxus
* Celaenodendron
* Choriceras
* Dissiliaria
* Hyaenanche
* Kairothamnus
* Longetia
* Micrantheum
* Mischodon
* Neoroepera
* Oldfieldia
* Paradrypetes
* Parodiodendron
* Petalostigma
* Picrodendron
* Piranhea
* Podocalyx
* Pseudanthus
* Scagea
* Stachyandra
* Stachystemon
* Tetracoccus
* Voatamalo
* Whyanbeelia
==References==
Category:Malpighiales families
| 421,791
|
Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR
|
Polish civil society group (1977–1981)
|
The Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR or KSS KOR (Polish: Komitet Samoobrony Społecznej KOR) was a Polish civil society group that emerged under the communist rule. It was created in 1977-1978 from the Workers' Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników). It was one of the movements whose activities led to the creation of Solidarity. The KOR was absorbed into Solidarity in 1981.
|
The Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR or KSS KOR (Polish: Komitet Samoobrony Społecznej KOR) was a Polish civil society group that emerged under the communist rule. It was created in 1977-1978 from the Workers' Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników). It was one of the movements whose activities led to the creation of Solidarity. The KOR was absorbed into Solidarity in 1981.
==History==
The Committee for Social Self-Defense 'KOR' (with only fourteen members upon its formation in 1978) grew rapidly into an important 'political pressure group' shaping the doctrines of the emerging opposition movement of the 1970s in communist Poland. Their program was adopted on a mass scale in the summer of 1980 constituting the basis for the Solidarity ideology. Over the 5 years of its existence, KSS-KOR wielded tremendous influence on Poland's social self-organization, It aimed to defend "human and civil rights"; "oppose breaches of the law"; "safeguard civil liberties"; "fight political, religious and ideological persecution"; and to "provide help for the persecuted". The KOR members insisted on operating openly in public – wrote Jeremy Brecher – and for that, they were blacklisted by the authorities, beaten by the MO, and often imprisoned. They nonetheless persisted, opposing the communist regime in Poland, and triggering the process of social change which culminated in the collapse of communism two decades later. The creation of KSS KOR was preceded by the massive increases in food prices in 1976, which led to countrywide June 1976 protests in Radom, Ursus, Plock, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Elblag, and in Łódź, with 80,000 strikers. The authorities brought in paramilitary ZOMO battalions to crush the protests. More than 1,000 people were thrown to jail, repeatedly beaten, and even tortured. The KSS-KOR was formed specifically to help them survive the ordeal, they collected donations for legal defense, held public lectures, cultural events, and provided aid to families of the victims.
==Notes==
Category:1977 establishments in Poland
Category:Nonviolent resistance movements
Category:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Category:Organizations established in 1977
Category:Organizations disestablished in 1981
| 421,793
|
Aizpute
|
Town in Latvia
|
Aizpute () is a town in western Latvia's South Kurzeme Municipality in the valley of the Tebra River, northeast of Liepāja.
|
Aizpute () is a town in western Latvia's South Kurzeme Municipality in the valley of the Tebra River, northeast of Liepāja.
==History==
The territory of modern Aizpute was inhabited by ancient Curonians since the 9th century. St. John Lutheran church was built on the Curonian hillfort.
In the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, the territory of Aizpute was conquered by German crusaders. In 1248 the master of the Livonian Order Dietrich von Grüningen ordered the building of a stone castle in Aizpute. The castle and the whole settlement became known as Hasenpoth.
After the partition of Courland in 1253 Aizpute became part of the Bishopric of Courland.
In 1260 Aizpute church was built.
Bishop of Courland Otto granted Magdeburg rights to Aizpute in 1378.
In the second half of the 16th century Aizpute experienced rapid development because the Tebra river was used as the main trade route for the merchants of Aizpute who shipped their cargo down to the sea. After the Polish-Swedish war all trade and shipping infrastructure was destroyed and Aizpute started to experience decline. During the period 1611-1795 it was under the power of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a capital of the semi-autonomous Powiat Piltynski (District of Piltene).
In 1795 Aizpute and the whole of Courland was incorporated into the Russian Empire and became part of the Courland Governorate.
During the Russian revolution of 1905 Aizpute was one of the places where local revolutionists showed armed resistance to Cossack punitive units. It led to the so-called Aizpute War.
During the period of the Republic of Latvia, Aizpute became the centre of a district, but in the Soviet period it became incorporated into Liepāja District.
In 2009 Aizpute became the centre of Aizpute Municipality.
Its current name is the Lettization of the German one and is officially in use since 1917.
==Notable people==
*Heinrich Blumenthal (physician) (1804–1881), Baltic German physician
*Eduard von Keyserling (1855–1918), Baltic German writer, born at nearby Tāšu-Padure Manor
*Tatjana Barbakoff (1899–1944), ballet dancer
*Pēteris Vasks (born 1946), contemporary Latvian composer
*Ingrīda Circene (born 1956), politician, former Latvian Minister of Health
*Mārtiņš Freimanis (1977–2011), musician and actor, spent his childhood in Aizpute
*Anton Zabolotny (born 1991), Russian footballer
==Twin towns — sister cities==
Aizpute is twinned with:
* Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
* Karlskrona, Sweden
==See also==
*List of cities in Latvia
==References==
==External links==
* Photographs of the town in 2007
Category:Towns in Latvia
Category:1378 establishments in Europe
Category:Castles of the Teutonic Knights
Category:Aizpute County
Category:South Kurzeme Municipality
Category:Courland
| 421,796
|
Lendl Simmons
|
West Indian cricketer
|
Lendl Mark Platter Simmons (born 25 January 1985) is a Trinidadian cricketer who played internationally for the West Indies. He is a right-handed batsman, an occasional right-arm medium pace bowler, and a part-time wicket-keeper. His uncle is former West Indian Test cricketer Phil Simmons. In July 2022, Simmons announced his retirement from international cricket.
|
Lendl Mark Platter Simmons (born 25 January 1985) is a Trinidadian cricketer who played internationally for the West Indies. He is a right-handed batsman, an occasional right-arm medium pace bowler, and a part-time wicket-keeper. His uncle is former West Indian Test cricketer Phil Simmons. In July 2022, Simmons announced his retirement from international cricket.
==Early career==
A prominent junior cricketer, he played in both the 2002 Under-19 World Cup in New Zealand and the 2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Bangladesh for the West Indies U-19s. Two years later he made his ODI debut against Pakistan at Faisalabad on 7 December 2006.
Simmons is capable of large scores; with three first class double-centuries to his name, but at the same time he has been prone to inconsistency. His career best of 282, in a first-class match for West Indies A against a touring England XI in January 2009, heralded his Test debut in the final Test of that tour. Simmons scored 24 and 8 as the West Indies secured a series-clinching draw at the Queen's Park Oval, Trinidad. Simmons was retained for the following West Indian tour of England, but has played no further Tests.
==T20 franchise career==
===Indian Premier League===
In April 2014 it was announced that Simmons had been signed by Indian Premier League side Mumbai Indians, replacing Jalaj Saxena. This had the aim of improving the team's fortunes, after they had gone without a win in any of their 4 matches prior to his signing. On 22 May 2014, Simmons scored his maiden IPL century helping his team post a 7 wickets win over Kings XI Punjab.
In August 2014, Simmons was travelling in the USA between games for Guyana Amazon Warriors in the Caribbean Premier League when his bat attracted the attention of US customs officials, who apparently believed that it was being used to smuggle illegal drugs. As a consequence, they drilled several holes into the bat.
Simmons was selected for Mumbai Indians for play 2014 IPL and 2015 IPL seasons. He opened the batting with Indian Parthiv Patel during the 2015 season due to injury of Aaron Finch, where they became the most dangerous opening pair of the IPL 8 with an average over 50. Simmons played a major role in the team guided to the IPL 8 win by Mumbai Indians. It was their second title in IPL. Simmons was benched for more than half of the 2017 season but later got the opportunity to open after the departure of Jos Buttler for international duty. Mumbai went on to win the 2017 season as well marking their 3rd win.
He however has remained unsold in the IPL auctions since 2018.
===Pakistan Super League===
In late 2015 at the 2016 PSL Draft Lendl Simmons was bought and played in the first edition of the tournament for the Karachi Kings. Second & Third picked by Karachi Kings and fourth edition picked by Peshawar Zalmi In 2019 at the 2020 PSL Draft picked by Lahore Qalanders.
===Other leagues===
On 3 June 2018, he was picked to play for the Winnipeg Hawks in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. He was the leading run-scorer in the tournament, with 321 runs in eight matches. In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Brampton Wolves franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Trinbago Knight Riders squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.
==International career==
Simmons made his Test debut against England on 6 March 2009 and ODI debut against Pakistan on 7 December 2006. He has score two ODI centuries. Though he is very good at ODI and T20I, Simmons has failed in Test cricket, where his highest score is 49 runs against Pakistan. He scored his maiden century in ODIs by scoring 122 against Bangladesh at Shere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka. His second century came in 2015 Cricket World Cup against Ireland in Nelson, New Zealand. In fact, Ireland upset the West Indies by winning that match by 4 wickets.
In March 2017, he was named in the West Indies squad for the Twenty20 International (T20I) series against Pakistan. In September 2021, Simmons was named in the West Indies' squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.
==References==
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cricketers from Port of Spain
Category:West Indies Test cricketers
Category:West Indies One Day International cricketers
Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Category:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Category:West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers
Category:Trinidad and Tobago cricketers
Category:Guyana Amazon Warriors cricketers
Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers
Category:Karachi Kings cricketers
Category:Peshawar Zalmi cricketers
Category:St Kitts and Nevis Patriots cricketers
Category:Brisbane Heat cricketers
Category:Rangpur Rangers cricketers
Category:Khulna Titans cricketers
Category:Rajshahi Kings cricketers
Category:Saint Lucia Kings cricketers
Category:West Indies B cricketers
Category:Lahore Qalandars cricketers
Category:Wicket-keepers
| 421,798
|
Robert William Lawrence
|
Australian botanist of the 19th century
|
Robert William Lawrence (1807–1833), first-born son of William Effingham Lawrence, was born and educated in England. In 1825 he arrived in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) (per the Elizabeth). He became acquainted with Sir William Jackson Hooker, the Regius Professor of Botany at the University of Glasgow and later director of the Botanical Gardens at Kew in London, from whose friendship he developed a passion as an amateur botanist, sending many specimens from the Colony to Kew, resulting in Hooker’s "Flora Tasmaniae" in 1860. Lawrence was Tasmania’s first botanist, and introduced Ronald Campbell Gunn to Hooker. The native fuchsia mountain correa was named by Hooker Correa lawrenciana in honour of his young protégé.
Lawrence lived in a house "Vermont" which was built for him by his father near Launceston, later moving to his father’s estate "Formosa" as overseer. In 1832 he married Anne Wedge (1808-1833) but she died the following year giving birth to their daughter Annie Emily Lawrence. Lawrence died weeks later. Gunn wrote to Hooker: "It is with feelings of the deepest regret I have to communicate to you the death of our mutual friend Mr W. R. Lawrence. This melancholy event took place at Formosa on the night of 18 October last, the day on which he attained his 26th year, and the first anniversary day of his marriage. Twelve months ago poor Lawrence married a young and most amiable Lady, with whom he lived in the most happy state it is possible for mortals to enjoy in this world, and on 2 September last I left them, after a short visit both in the enjoyment of excellent health; next day Mrs Lawrence was safely delivered of a daughter, but from delicacy of constitution, or too sudden an exposure after her confinement, she was in a few days seized with a fever which terminated fatally within a month, - fatally to Lawrence’s happiness and peace".
Lawrence died of an apoplectic fit a few weeks later, the coronial jury delivered a verdict of 'died by a visitation of God'. The infant daughter, Annie Emily Lawrence, was raised by her maternal grandparents in Van Diemens Land and later Port Phillip, where she married Monckton Synnot.
|
Robert William Lawrence (1807–1833), first-born son of William Effingham Lawrence, was born and educated in England. In 1825 he arrived in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) (per the Elizabeth). He became acquainted with Sir William Jackson Hooker, the Regius Professor of Botany at the University of Glasgow and later director of the Botanical Gardens at Kew in London, from whose friendship he developed a passion as an amateur botanist, sending many specimens from the Colony to Kew, resulting in Hooker’s "Flora Tasmaniae" in 1860. Lawrence was Tasmania’s first botanist, and introduced Ronald Campbell Gunn to Hooker. The native fuchsia mountain correa was named by Hooker Correa lawrenciana in honour of his young protégé.
Lawrence lived in a house "Vermont" which was built for him by his father near Launceston, later moving to his father’s estate "Formosa" as overseer. In 1832 he married Anne Wedge (1808-1833) but she died the following year giving birth to their daughter Annie Emily Lawrence. Lawrence died weeks later. Gunn wrote to Hooker: "It is with feelings of the deepest regret I have to communicate to you the death of our mutual friend Mr W. R. Lawrence. This melancholy event took place at Formosa on the night of 18 October last, the day on which he attained his 26th year, and the first anniversary day of his marriage. Twelve months ago poor Lawrence married a young and most amiable Lady, with whom he lived in the most happy state it is possible for mortals to enjoy in this world, and on 2 September last I left them, after a short visit both in the enjoyment of excellent health; next day Mrs Lawrence was safely delivered of a daughter, but from delicacy of constitution, or too sudden an exposure after her confinement, she was in a few days seized with a fever which terminated fatally within a month, - fatally to Lawrence’s happiness and peace".
Lawrence died of an apoplectic fit a few weeks later, the coronial jury delivered a verdict of 'died by a visitation of God'. The infant daughter, Annie Emily Lawrence, was raised by her maternal grandparents in Van Diemens Land and later Port Phillip, where she married Monckton Synnot.
==References==
* Government of Western Australia: FloraBase: Lawrencia. Plant named after Lawrence. (See Etymology paragraph.)
* Australian Directory of Biography Online: Ronald Campbell Gunn (1808 - 1881). Mentions Lawrence as plant collector and in connection with Vermont and Formosa.
* Australian Directory of Biography Online: William Effingham Lawrence (1781 - 1841). Biography of Lawrence's father.
* The Tasmanian Herbarium - A Brief History
Category:19th-century Australian botanists
Category:People from Tasmania
Category:1807 births
Category:1833 deaths
| 421,800
|
Mississippi mud pie
|
Chocolate-based dessert pie
|
Mississippi mud pie is a chocolate-based dessert pie that is likely to have originated in the U.S. state of Mississippi, hence the name. It contains a gooey chocolate sauce, brownie and chocolate custard on top of a crumbly chocolate crust. It is usually served with ice cream.
While Mississippi mud pie was originally associated with Southern United States cuisine, the dish is enjoyed throughout the USA and beyond.
The name "Mississippi mud pie" is derived from the dense cake that resembles the banks of the Mississippi River. Its earliest known reference in print is dated 1975.
|
Mississippi mud pie is a chocolate-based dessert pie that is likely to have originated in the U.S. state of Mississippi, hence the name. It contains a gooey chocolate sauce, brownie and chocolate custard on top of a crumbly chocolate crust. It is usually served with ice cream.
While Mississippi mud pie was originally associated with Southern United States cuisine, the dish is enjoyed throughout the USA and beyond.
The name "Mississippi mud pie" is derived from the dense cake that resembles the banks of the Mississippi River. Its earliest known reference in print is dated 1975.
==See also==
* Devil's food cake
* Dirt cake
* List of desserts
* List of regional dishes of the United States
==References==
Category:American pies
Category:Chocolate desserts
Category:Mississippi cuisine
Category:Sweet pies
| 421,803
|
David Masters
|
English cricketer
|
David Daniel Masters (born 22 April 1978) is a former English cricketer who played for Kent, Leicestershire and Essex County Cricket Clubs between 2000 and 2016.
Masters was born at Chatham in Kent in 1978 and educated at Fort Luton High School and Mid-Kent College. He made his senior cricket debut for Kent in 2000 as a seam bowler.David Masters, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-18. He left Kent to join Leicestershire ahead of the 2003 season and was named the county's player of the year in 2005 after taking 45 wickets in all competitions. In August 2007 he agreed to join Essex on a three-year contract, remaining with the county from the start of the 2008 season until he retired at the end of the 2016 season.
Masters took 672 first-class wickets in his 16 year career. He was described as a "nagging medium-paced journeyman" and a "dependable performer" who led the Essex bowling attack in the later years of his career as a "metronomically reliable leader". He bowled a range of seam bowling variations and moved the ball reliably. He was praised on his retirement for his "skill, consistency and longevity".
Masters' best bowling performance was figures of 8/10 taken against Leicestershire at Southend in 2011. During the off-season he worked in the family building firm, initially as a labourer, preferring to keep fit by working rather than in the gym, and in his later career as a contract manager.Polishing Their CVs - David Masters, Boundaries, issue 13, p.20. The Professional Cricketers' Association, 2013. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
Masters' father Kevin played briefly for Kent in the 1980s. His brother Daniel played briefly for Leicestershire between 2009 and 2010.
|
David Daniel Masters (born 22 April 1978) is a former English cricketer who played for Kent, Leicestershire and Essex County Cricket Clubs between 2000 and 2016.
Masters was born at Chatham in Kent in 1978 and educated at Fort Luton High School and Mid-Kent College. He made his senior cricket debut for Kent in 2000 as a seam bowler.David Masters, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-18. He left Kent to join Leicestershire ahead of the 2003 season and was named the county's player of the year in 2005 after taking 45 wickets in all competitions. In August 2007 he agreed to join Essex on a three-year contract, remaining with the county from the start of the 2008 season until he retired at the end of the 2016 season.
Masters took 672 first-class wickets in his 16 year career. He was described as a "nagging medium-paced journeyman" and a "dependable performer" who led the Essex bowling attack in the later years of his career as a "metronomically reliable leader". He bowled a range of seam bowling variations and moved the ball reliably. He was praised on his retirement for his "skill, consistency and longevity".
Masters' best bowling performance was figures of 8/10 taken against Leicestershire at Southend in 2011. During the off-season he worked in the family building firm, initially as a labourer, preferring to keep fit by working rather than in the gym, and in his later career as a contract manager.Polishing Their CVs - David Masters, Boundaries, issue 13, p.20. The Professional Cricketers' Association, 2013. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
Masters' father Kevin played briefly for Kent in the 1980s. His brother Daniel played briefly for Leicestershire between 2009 and 2010.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Kent cricketers
Category:Leicestershire cricketers
Category:Essex cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Chatham, Kent
| 421,808
|
Ahaetulla
|
Genus of snakes
|
Ahaetulla, commonly referred to as Asian vine snakes or Asian whip snakes, is a genus of colubrid snakes distributed throughout tropical Asia. They are considered by some scientists to be mildly venomous and are what is commonly termed as 'rear-fanged' or more appropriately, opisthoglyphous, meaning their enlarged teeth or fangs, intended to aid in venom delivery, are located in the back of the upper jaw, instead of in the front as they are in vipers or cobras. As colubrids, Ahaetulla do not possess a true venom gland or a sophisticated venom delivery system. The Duvernoy's gland of this genus, homologous to the venom gland of true venomous snakes, produces a secretion which, though not well studied, is considered not to be medically significant to humans.
Green-colored members of this genus are often referred to as green vine snakes. They are not to be confused with the "green vine snake" Oxybelis fulgidus, which convergently appears very similar but is found in Central and South America.
|
Ahaetulla, commonly referred to as Asian vine snakes or Asian whip snakes, is a genus of colubrid snakes distributed throughout tropical Asia. They are considered by some scientists to be mildly venomous and are what is commonly termed as 'rear-fanged' or more appropriately, opisthoglyphous, meaning their enlarged teeth or fangs, intended to aid in venom delivery, are located in the back of the upper jaw, instead of in the front as they are in vipers or cobras. As colubrids, Ahaetulla do not possess a true venom gland or a sophisticated venom delivery system. The Duvernoy's gland of this genus, homologous to the venom gland of true venomous snakes, produces a secretion which, though not well studied, is considered not to be medically significant to humans.
Green-colored members of this genus are often referred to as green vine snakes. They are not to be confused with the "green vine snake" Oxybelis fulgidus, which convergently appears very similar but is found in Central and South America.
== Taxonomy ==
Their closest relative is the monotypic genus Proahaetulla, which Ahaetulla diverged from in the mid-Oligocene. From here, the clade containing Proahaetulla and Ahaetulla is a sister group to the genus Dryophiops, and the clade containing all three of these genera is a sister group to the clade containing the bronzeback snakes (Dendrelaphis) and flying snakes (Chrysopelea).
In 2020, an analysis of Ahaetulla nasuta, Ahaetulla dispar, and Ahaetulla pulverulenta throughout their range found them to represent species complexes containing several undescribed or formerly synonymized species, leading to the description of A. borealis, A. farnsworthi, A. malabarica, A. travancorica, and A. sahyadrensis, as well as the resurrection of A. oxyrhyncha and A. isabellina. Ahaetulla nasuta and Ahaetulla pulverulenta, formerly considered to have much wider ranges, are now considered endemic to Sri Lanka.
== Geographic range ==
They are found from Sri Lanka and India to China and much of Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India are major hotspots of diversity for the genus, with 10 of the 17 currently-described species being endemic to these regions.
== Species ==
The taxonomy of vine snakes is not well-documented, and literature varies widely, but there are 18 currently accepted species in the genus Ahaetulla:
*Ahaetulla anomala (Annandale, 1906) - Variable colored vine snake (possibly conspecific with A. oxyrhyncha)
*Ahaetulla borealis Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Northern Western Ghats vine snake
*Ahaetulla dispar (Günther, 1864) - Günther's vine snake
* Ahaetulla farnsworthi Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Farnsworth's vine snake
*Ahaetulla fasciolata (Fischer, 1885) - Speckle-headed whipsnake
*Ahaetulla fronticincta (Günther, 1858) - Burmese vine snake
*Ahaetulla isabellina (Wall, 1910) - Wall's vine snake
*Ahaetulla laudankia Deepak, Narayanan, Sarkar, Dutta & Mohapatra, 2019 - Laudankia vine snake
*Ahaetulla malabarica Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Malabar vine snake
*Ahaetulla mycterizans (Linnaeus, 1758) - Malayan green whipsnake
*Ahaetulla nasuta (Lacépède, 1789) - Sri Lankan green vine snake
*Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha (Bell, 1825) - Indian vine snake
*Ahaetulla perroteti (Duméril & Bibron, 1854) - Nilgiri vine snake
*Ahaetulla prasina (Boie, 1827) - Oriental whipsnake or Asian vine snake
**Ahaetulla prasina prasina (Boie, 1827)
**Ahaetulla prasina medioxima Lazell, 2002
**Ahaetulla prasina preocularis (Taylor, 1922)
**Ahaetulla prasina suluensis Gaulke, 1994
*Ahaetulla pulverulenta (Duméril & Bibron, 1854) - Brown-speckled whipsnake
*Ahaetulla rufusoculara Lam, Thu, Nguyen, Murphy, & Nguyen, 2021
*Ahaetulla sahyadrensis Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020
*Ahaetulla travancorica Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Travancore vine snake
== Description ==
All Ahaetulla species are characterized by thin, elongated bodies, with extremely long tails and a sharply triangular shaped head. They are primarily green in color, but can vary quite a bit to yellows, oranges, greys, and browns. They can have black and/or white patterning, or can be solid in color. Their eyes are almost unique in the reptile world, having keen binocular vision and keyhole shaped pupils, being similar in this aspect with twig snakes, who also have keyhole shaped pupils.
==Etymology==
The genus name Ahaetulla comes from the Sinhalese name ehetulla for Ahaetulla nasuta, which means 'eye plucker' or 'eye striker.
=== Vernacular names ===
The Sinhala name "" or "eye-plucker" forms the taxonomic genus name. In Tamil, it is known as , in Malayalam it is known as , in Telugu it is known as , in Marathi, it is known as , and in Kannada it is known as . There are dozens of other vernacular names for this snake genus within its range.Snakes by Dr. P. J. Deoras, Bombay.Chapter 4 Result and discussion - Shodhganga
* Sinhala: ඇහැටුල්ලා (Pronounced: Aheatulla)
* Telugu: పచ్చారి పాము.
* Bengali: লাউডগা.
* Odia: ଲାଉଡଙ୍କିଆ
* Kannada: ಹಸಿರು ಹಾವು, ಹಸಿರು ಬಳ್ಳಿ ಹಾವು.
* Gujarati: લીલવણ, માળણ.
* Marathi हरणटोळ, शेलाटीAjanta Minerals Dist. Gadchiroli (Maharashtra)
* Tamil: பச்சை பாம்பு
* Malayalam: പച്ചില പാമ്പ്,കൺകൊത്തി
* Telugu: పసరికా పాము
== Behavior ==
They are primarily diurnal and arboreal, living in humid rainforests. Their diet consists mainly of lizards, but sometimes frogs and rodents are also consumed. Ahaetulla fronticincta, however, feeds exclusively on fish, striking its prey from branches overhanging water. Ahaetulla venom is not considered to be dangerous to humans, but serves to cause paralysis in their fast moving prey choices. They are ovoviviparous.
== In captivity ==
Ahaetulla species are not yet frequently captive bred, as are many of the more popular snakes in the reptile keeping hobby. They are suitable for more advanced keepers, requiring a humid arboreal habitat and a diet of lizards as they rarely switch to rodents. Without proper husbandry, they are prone to health issues and stress.
== References ==
== External links ==
*
*Ecology Asia, Snakes of Southeast Asia: Oriental Whip Snake
*Dr. Zoltan Takacs' Homebase
Category:Ahaetulla
Category:Snakes of India
Category:Reptiles of China
Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Category:Snake genera
| 421,810
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Moskon
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3rd century BC Thracian Getic king
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Moskon was a Getic king who ruled in the 3rd century BC the northern parts of Dobruja, probably being the head of a local tribal union, which had close relations with the local Greek colonies and adopted the Greek style of administration.
His existence is proven by silver coins found near Tulcea, all of them featuring the head of a young man with long hair and a tiara and a horseman on the reverse, with the writing ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΟΣΚΩΝΟΣ, Basileos Moskonos, i.e. King Moskon.
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Moskon was a Getic king who ruled in the 3rd century BC the northern parts of Dobruja, probably being the head of a local tribal union, which had close relations with the local Greek colonies and adopted the Greek style of administration.
His existence is proven by silver coins found near Tulcea, all of them featuring the head of a young man with long hair and a tiara and a horseman on the reverse, with the writing ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΟΣΚΩΝΟΣ, Basileos Moskonos, i.e. King Moskon.
==References==
*C. Preda, SCIV XV (1964), 401–410; idem, Fasti Archeologici XVII (1965), p. 237 nr.3353
*Radu Ocheşeanu, Monedele basileului Moskon aflate în colecţiile Muzeului de arheologie Constanţa (=Coins of Basileus Moskon in the collections of the Archaeological Museum at Constantza), în Pontica 3 (1970), p. 125-128.
*Dicţionar de istorie veche a României ("Dictionary of ancient Romanian history") (1976) Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, pp. 416
Category:History of Dobruja
Category:Dacian kings
Category:3rd-century BC rulers
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Defense Depot Ogden
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U.S. military installation in Ogden, Utah, US
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Defense Depot Ogden was a U.S. military installation located in Ogden, Utah, United States. It encompassed with its southwest corner located on 12th Street (1200 South) and Tomlinson Road (1200 West). Its eastern border is the old Utah Northern Railroad, now owned by the Union Pacific Railroad.
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Defense Depot Ogden was a U.S. military installation located in Ogden, Utah, United States. It encompassed with its southwest corner located on 12th Street (1200 South) and Tomlinson Road (1200 West). Its eastern border is the old Utah Northern Railroad, now owned by the Union Pacific Railroad.
==History==
Prior to the establishment of what was known as the Utah General Depot on September 15, 1941, the underlying land was used for pasture and farmland. The Defense Depot Ogden Utah (DDOU) was one of seven similar facilities located around the nation. The property entered the ownership of the United States Army, under the command of the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), an agency of the Department of Defense (DOD). The DDOU was used as logistical supply and administrative support for military installations and other DOD and federal agencies. The mission included the receipt, storage, maintenance, inventory and issue of items that included food, clothing, textiles, packages, petroleum products, pesticides, pressurized gases and general medical, industrial, construction and electronic supplies.
During World War II, the DDOU was also used as an internment camp for both German and Italian prisoners of war.
The Depot had an Officers' Club that allowed Department of the Army civilian employees to enjoy the facility. A set of military houses between the front gate and the Officers' Club made it feel like a neighborhood. There was also an AAFES store, as well as clothing sales. The commander changed from one service to another with each change but the commander was always a pay grade O-6 colonel or captain.
The DDOU was listed in the Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC) of 1995. As a result, the base ceased its functions on September 30, 1997. Management of the facilities was then handed over to the Hill Air Force Base DLA, at which time the official name of the facility changed to Defense Depot Hill Utah (DDHU) Ogden Site.
==Business Depot Ogden==
As early as 1995, the City of Ogden appointed a committee to research the development of the DDHU. Much of this work was towards the conversion of the area into a commercial and industrial park. The Ogden Local Redevelopment Authority (OLRA) is charged with ensuring that the City of Ogden's DDOU Reuse Plan is properly implemented. The transfer of ownership was completed in 2003, giving the facility to Ogden City.
After nearly ten years, and at the expense of $115 million, the DDOU/DDHU became the Business Depot Ogden (BDO). The transition from a former military installation to a commercial park involved many changes to the street layout and buildings.
The local Ogden newspaper, the Ogden Standard-Examiner, moved into a remodeled administrative building in the northeastern side of the BDO, investing in a new and much larger printing press for the new facilities.
==Present==
The City of Ogden and Boyer Co. entered an agreement early in the conversion process that forced any and all profit from the BDO to be diverted directly into investments in the facilities. This has been instrumental in the continuing expansion and development of the BDO. In October 2006, this agreement will expire, giving Ogden City and Boyer Co. even shares of future profits. In 2004, $7 million in revenue was seen, with an expected increase in 2005.
Several notable Federal facilities continue to operate in the BDO. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) maintains a large facility on site as part of its local network of buildings in the Ogden area. The United States Army Reserve continues to operate in its facilities, and a Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS) unit, responsible for the refurbishment and supply of medical units, operated until 2002, when it moved to Hill Air Force Base.
Commercial facilities on site include, among others, Autoliv, Edge Products, Barnes Aerospace, Hersheys, Homedepot, Setpoint, Lofthouse Foods, ICON Fitness, Kenco Logistic Services, and the Standard Examiner.
Two new buildings totaling and nearing completion have already been partially leased.
New road and construction area for several industrial buildings along the park's western border, and a planned cross-dock warehouse will be built on a plot near the center of the park.
==Future==
The BDO is part of a larger plan to entice business to the Ogden area. As of 2005, there are already more employees in the BDO than there were when the facility was still operating as a defense depot. Both Ogden City and Weber County are investing heavily in the hopes that the BDO will be an important part of the health of the city and county for the next 50 years.
Boyer Co. has plans for both commercial and retail offerings along the busy 12th street border. This should include everything from restaurants to office buildings.
==Environmental impact==
Due to soil and groundwater contamination at the site, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designated DDOU as a Superfund site and placed it on the National Priorities List in 1987. Site cleanup activities began in 1989 and continued through the 1990s. Groundwater and soil monitoring continues at the site. The U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
conducted a public health assessment of the site and concluded in 1992 that DDOU poses "no apparent public health hazard."
Included in the site history was the storage of 2,328, 55-gallon drums of hazardous waste in 1993. This was part of a RCRA permit issued by the Utah Solid and Hazardous Waste Control Board. These drums were stored in a facility called the Conforming Storage Building. Storage of these materials ended in 1997, and the building was closed.
As part of the transfer of ownership to the OLRA, two Finding of Suitability to Transfer (FOST) documents were developed and approved by state and federal agencies. A total of of uncontaminated ground were transferred to the OLRA. Further FOST activities are ongoing, and should eventually result in a nearly complete transfer of properties.
==See also==
*HAER documentation of Defense Depot Ogden for a listing of the documentation by the Historic American Engineering Record
==References==
==External links==
*oblique historical air photo
*Defense Depot Ogden at Global Security.org
Category:Buildings and structures in Ogden, Utah
Category:Formerly Used Defense Sites in Utah
Category:Industrial installations of the United States Army
Category:United States Army arsenals during World War II
Category:Military Superfund sites
Category:Superfund sites in Utah
Category:1941 establishments in Utah
Category:1997 disestablishments in Utah
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Utah
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Khmer National Armed Forces
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Military forces of the Khmer Republic (1970-75)
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The Khmer National Armed Forces (; , FANK) were the official armed defense forces of the Khmer Republic, a short-lived state that existed from 1970 to 1975, known today as Cambodia. The FANK was the successor of the Royal Khmer Armed Forces (FARK) which had been responsible for the defense of the previous Kingdom of Cambodia since its independence in 1953 from France.
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The Khmer National Armed Forces (; , FANK) were the official armed defense forces of the Khmer Republic, a short-lived state that existed from 1970 to 1975, known today as Cambodia. The FANK was the successor of the Royal Khmer Armed Forces (FARK) which had been responsible for the defense of the previous Kingdom of Cambodia since its independence in 1953 from France.
==General overview==
Being essentially a continuation of the old Royal armed forces under a new name, the FANK played a more partisan role in the Cambodian Civil War that escalated following the deposition as Head of State of Prince Norodom Sihanouk by a coup d’état in March 1970 orchestrated by his own Prime-Minister General Lon Nol. Although the armed forces of the Kingdom had been involved since April 1967 in the suppression of the Communist Party of Kampuchea's rebellion led by Saloth Sar (better known as Pol Pot), up until Sihanouk's overthrow it was considered to have the consensual backing of the Cambodian society, as the Prince was considered the symbol of the people.
==History==
On November 20, 1953, the French protectorate of Cambodia was granted full independence by France, allowing the young King Norodom Sihanouk to lead the government of the first post-colonial state in French-ruled Indochina. Under the terms of the Geneva Accords signed the following year which ended the Indochina War, French Army and Vietnamese Vietminh guerrilla units still operating in Cambodia were obliged to withdraw from its territory and that a new defense force was to be raised. Trained by the French and equipped by the United States since September 1950,Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 18. the armed forces of the new Kingdom of Cambodia (FARK) were formed mainly by Khmer regular soldiers recently transferred from French colonial units, though ex-Vietminh and former Khmer Issarak guerrillas of Khmer origin were also allowed to join.
Most of the senior members of the Officer corps had been officials in the colonial regime. Lon Nol, for example, served as Commander of the Cambodian Police under the French protectorate. In 1955 Gen. Lon was promoted to Chief-of-Staff of the FARK, and in 1960 was appointed Minister of Defense. Meanwhile, Cambodia was admitted as a protocol state member of the US-sponsored SEATO alliance and under his command the FARK became a bastion of American influence on the Sihanouk regime, particularly because US military aid constituted 30% of the armed forces’ budget until August 1964, when it was renounced by the Cambodian government. Following his faction's seizure of a large number of seats of the ruling Sangkum party's representation at the National Assembly in the 1966 general elections, Gen. Lon was elected Prime-Minister, thereby locking the state institutions under the firm grip of the military, just as Sihanouk had feared. However, he resigned from the post in 1967 after a car accident, only to return two years later when the monarch mounted a renewed purge against leftist dissidents.
As a representative of the conservative Khmer who had supported the French rule, Lon Nol never accepted Sihanouk's neutralist policy of non-alignment. Though the Prince's sporadic purges of leftist movements would quench Lon's wrath at the growing communist insurgency, what truly worried him was Sihanouk's covert deals with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong, which allowed them to establish base-camps on the Cambodian side of the border with South Vietnam and built a massive supply infrastructure. Lon also knew that Sihanouk's balancing appeasement of the US from 1968 onwards by allowing B-52 aerial bombings and ‘hot pursuit’ cross-border raids against NVA/VC base areas within Cambodia would be ineffective in stopping the wider, home-grown insurgency. One of the measures he was able to undertake was the build-up of a strong anti-communist faction within the FARK's officer corps that would back him should Sihanouk shift again towards the left.
===Alignment with the United States===
On March 17, 1970, while Sihanouk was absent from the country on a state visit to China and the USSR, Lon Nol assumed power when the National Assembly in Phnom Penh unanimously voted the Prince out of office. Lon Nol automatically succeeded the latter as Head of State on August 18, and although he claimed that the move was constitutionally legal, it quickly ran afoul of the conservative mentality of the Cambodians, many of whom believed that the Prince ruled through divine favour. To further aggrieve matters, Prince Sihanouk, who had sought refuge in China after being deposed, established a political base in Beijing and entered into an alliance with the increasingly Maoist-oriented Khmer Rouge leadership and other leftist opposition groups. In April 1970 these disparate groups formed the FUNK, an umbrella organization dedicated to the armed overthrow of the pro-western Khmer Republic.
Lon Nol also had to deal with a number of dissident FARK senior officers whom, though sharing most of his views, felt that the overthrow of Sihanouk had been one step too far. Many of these royalist officers resigned in protest from the armed forces' structure when Gen. Lon proceeded to transform with American help the old FARK into the FANK to accommodate the character of the new Republican regime. By contrast, new recruits were readily available from the ranks of the far-right Khmer Serei, a US-backed anti-communist guerrilla group led by the hardline Nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh which had fought against Sihanouk's regime during the 1960s and who always viewed him as a communist crony.
The measures quickly implemented by Lon Nol's administration included the issue of ultimata demanding North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Vietcong units to vacate the bases they had established on Khmer soil, and prevented arms shipments bound to the Vietcong from being unloaded at his sea ports. These same measures however, coupled by the effects of the joint US Army/Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Cambodian Incursion launched that same year against NVA/VC sanctuaries in Cambodia, resulted in a heavy backlash. In reality, the newly created Khmer Republic and its ill-prepared armed forces were soon caught off-guard in the early 1970s by the aggressive reaction of the NVA, which had previously limited its actions to providing support to Vietcong units operating at South Vietnam even after its devastating defeat in the January 1968 Tet Offensive. The outcome was that the period of Lon Nol's rule actually saw an increase of North Vietnamese military presence in the lower Mekong and Bassac corridors and in the north and northeast Cambodia, particularly from 1972 onwards. In response to the earlier FANK's failed ground offensives to expel them, strong NVA units launched in turn throughout 1971-72 ferocious counter-offensives on these areas – using heavy artillery, tanks, and SA-7 Grail surface-to-air missiles for the first time in Cambodia –, which dwarfed the Tet Offensive numerically. These massive-scale operations only served to exhaust both sides however, and led to the signing in January 1973 of the Paris Peace Accords which marked the official end of American direct involvement on combat operations in Vietnam. The Accords hit both the Khmer Republic and South Vietnam hard, as the military and financial aid that they received from the US was cut by over fifty percent (though American military personnel in Cambodia continued to coordinate the various military aid programs, sometimes finding themselves involved in prohibited advisory and combat tasks until 1975.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 10-12.) The FANK, which until that date had been armed, supplied, and maintained by American advisors and technicians, now faced a new reality in which they had to repair their own equipment and train their troops as best as they could with far less of a budget.
===Civil War years===
The creation of the Chinese-sponsored FUNK coalition by Sihanouk and the lending of his popular support to the anti-Republican insurgency gave it greater legitimacy in the eyes of the pro-Sihanoukist Cambodian peasantry, many of whom began to flock into its ranks. This move inadvertently also allowed the Khmer Rouge to recruit peasants from the villages on the rural areas under their control that otherwise would have been uninterested. In addition, many politically moderate Cambodians came to dislike Lon Nol's authoritarian (and unstable) republican regime, due to his corrupt ways and oppressive rule that curbed political and civil rights far more than Sihanouk had done.
In the wake of the January 1973 Paris Peace Accords, Lon Nol proved unable to halt the illegal build-up of North Vietnamese forces in the lower Mekong-Bassac area in preparation for a renewed offensive in neighbouring South Vietnam. He also failed to engage in a properly coordinated war effort with either the American CIA or the Southern Vietnamese Nguyen Van Thieu regime.
Meanwhile, FANK troops committed numerous Human Rights abuses against civilians, particularly the persecution of ethnic Vietnamese (who were accused of supporting the NVA/VC) and the repression of Khmer peasant villagers who rioted in support of Sihanouk, misguided policies that drove the latter into the arms of Pol Pot.
In the remote areas of the country, notably in the highland regions, the FANK proved incapable of restraining the Khmer Rouge's fearsome intimidation campaigns that targeted the peasantry, let alone protecting them. After mid-1971, the Republican government focused on consolidating its hold over the key urban centers, the main garrisons and the lower Mekong-Bassac corridors, thus leaving most of the countryside virtually open to Khmer Rouge recruiting drives.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 7.
Whilst during the 1967–68 operations waged against the Khmer Rouge's Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea (RAK) strongholds in Battambang Province Lon Nol could rely on the peasantry's loyalty to Prince Sihanouk, he was now alone. His deteriorating army, reduced to a garrison force confined to the main cities, was increasingly regarded as the military wing of the Phnom Penh regime rather than of the nation itself.
Facing them was the FUNK's armed wing, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces (CPNLAF) which received arms and ammunition freely from the nation's porous borders. While the CPNLAF was far smaller, the FANK High Command was always faced with the problem of how to provide adequate equipment for the swelling number of volunteers who flocked to fight the NVA and the Khmer Rouge from their dwindling stocks. As the war progressed, weapons and ammunition, not to mention training grounds, became rarer, the FANK was unable to train in-country their new recruits, leaving it an army of raw conscripts and demoralized veterans. The FANK was already placed at a strategic disadvantage since May 1970, following the seizure of the northeastern areas of the country (the provinces of Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, Kratie, and Mondulkiri) by the NVA in response to the Lon Nol ultimatum and the loss to the Khmer Rouge of several peripheral eastern and southwestern Cambodian provinces (Kampot, Koh Kong, Kampong Cham, Preah Vihear, plus portions of Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, Kampong Thom, Prey Veng, and Svay Rieng Provinces) during that same year.
===Collapse===
In January 1975, coinciding with the North Vietnamese winter offensive that shattered the South's defences apart, the Khmer Rouge closed in on Phnom Penh, already overcrowded with 250,000 civilian refugees, and besieged it. President Lon Nol, FANK Commander-in-Chief Gen. Sosthene Fernandez and other Khmer Republic officials could not coordinate an effective resistance and at the same time feed the refugees and residents of Phnom Penh. On April 1, Marshal Lon Nol resigned from the Presidency and left the Country by plane to Thailand, although most of the senior civilian and military government officials decided to stay. Later on April 17, the armed forces’ Chief of the General Staff Lt. Gen. Sak Sutsakhan was evacuated together with his family and relatives of other officials by helicopter to Kampong Thom, thus effectively ending the FANK's existence as a coherent fighting force.Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), pp. 168-170.
The last stand of the army of the ill-fated Khmer Republic in any form took place around the Preah Vihear Temple in the Dângrêk Mountains, close to the Thai border. Remnants of the FANK's 9th Brigade Group occupied the area for a few weeks in late April 1975, following the collapse of the Lon Nol regime.Fenton, J. To the bitter end in Cambodia, New Statesman, 25-04-75. Even though their government had surrendered, FANK soldiers continued to fiercely hold their ground for nearly a month after the fall of Phnom Penh against several unsuccessful attempts by Khmer Rouge forces to reduce this last holdout. The Khmer Rouge finally succeeded on May 22, after shelling the hill where the temple stands, scaling it, and routing the defenders, as Thai officials reported at the time.United Press International, May 23, 1975.
==Command structure==
===Regional Commands===
Prior to the War, Cambodia was divided into seven military districts termed 'Military Regions' (MR, ) encompassing one to ten military sub-districts () of unequal size roughly corresponding to the areas of the country's 23 provinces and districts. They were organized since September 1969 as follows:
*First Military Region () – headquartered at Kampong Cham, capital of Kampong Cham Province, the MR 1 covered the Kampong Cham, Prey Veng, and Svay Rieng military sub-districts.
*Second Military Region () – headquartered at Kampong Speu, capital of Kompong Speu Province, the MR 2 covered the Kampong Speu, Kampot, Takéo, Srakar Neak, Kampong Seila, Thmar Keo, Kirirom, Kep-Bokor, and Koh Kong military sub-districts.
*Third Military Region () – headquartered at Battambang, capital of Battambang Province, the MR 3 covered the Battambang, Pursat, Thmar Pouk, Stung Meanchey, and Kampong Chhnang military sub-districts.
*Fourth Military Region () – headquartered at Siem Reap, capital of Siem Reap Province, the MR 4 covered the Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Oddar Meanchey, and Angkor Chum military sub-districts.
*Fifth Military Region () – headquartered at Stung Treng, capital of Stung Treng Province, the MR 5 covered the Stung Treng and Ratanakiri military sub-districts.
*Sixth Military Region () – headquartered at Kratié, capital of Kratié Province, the MR 6 covered the Kratie and Mondulkiri military sub-districts.
*Phnom Penh Special Military Zone (PPSMZ, ) – headquartered at Phnom Penh, it covered the National Capital zone and its environs, the Udong Meanchey and Kandal military sub-districts.
The 6th MR and its regional HQ at Kratie were lost permanently upon the desertion of the local Cambodian garrison troops to the enemy soon after the beginning of hostilities.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 33.
A special military zone for the lower Mekong River, designated the Special Mekong Zone – SMZ or 12th Tactical Zone (French: Zone Spéciale du Mekong – ZSM; Zone Tactique 12) was established in mid-1971 at Kandal Province, situated between the Cambodian Capital and the South Vietnamese border.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces 1970-1975 (2011), p. 19. Two additional military regions (8th MR and 9th MR) were created in 1973.Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), pp. 48-49.
==Branches==
The FANK's predecessor was first established on November 9, 1953 under the terms of a French-Khmer convention and initially received the designation of Cambodian National Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Nationales Cambodgiennes – FANC), changed in 1955 to Royal Khmer Armed Forces ( – FARK). By the late 1950s, the FARK consisted of ground, air and naval branches of service, respectively the Royal Khmer Army (French: Armée Royale Khmère – ARK), the Royal Khmer Aviation (French: Aviation Royale Khmère – AVRK), and the Royal Khmer Navy (French: Marine Royale Khmère – MRK). Their roles were defined as follows: to guarantee the sovereignty of the nation and that of the King; to ensure internal security by maintaining the social order and the rule of law; and to defend the newly independent Kingdom of Cambodia from external threats. Upon Lon Nol's coup in March 1970, the Cambodian military establishment was renamed FANK, thus becoming the official armed forces of the new regime, the Khmer Republic. The roles defined for the reorganized FANK were essentially the same as before, except that now they had to defend the sovereignty of the Republican Government and not of the deposed Prince, and drive out all the NVA/VC forces from eastern Cambodia. The FANK comprised the following branches:
* Khmer National Army (, ANK)
* Khmer Air Force (, AAK)
* Khmer National Navy (, MNK)
==Elite Forces==
*Cambodian Airborne Brigade
*Cambodian Para-Commando Battalion
*Khmer Special Forces
*Lake Brigade
*Cambodian Marine Corps (French: Corps de Fusiliers-Marins Khmères)
*Cambodian Navy SEALs
==Training Facilities==
The Air Force Academy was transferred from Pochentong to the provincial capital of Battambang whilst the Officer Candidate School was moved from Phnom Penh to Longvek in Kampong Chhnang Province, just north of Oudong.
New infantry training centres were built at Kandal, Kampong Speu, Ream, Sisophon, and Longvek whilst an additional Recondo School run by the Khmer Special Forces was opened near Battambang in November 1972 to train Long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) teams.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 15-17; 46.
To train Khmer National Navy officer cadets, a Naval Academy () was established at Chrui Chhangwar Naval Base in late 1971, and an Enlisted Man Training Center (), which provided specialized courses for junior ranks was set up one Kilometer south of the Cambodian Capital.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 240.
An Air-Ground Operations School – AGOS (French: École des opérations air-sol – EOAS) was opened in May 1973 by the Khmer Air Force to train forward air guides (FAGs) for the Army.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 20.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 220.
===Foreign assistance===
Soon after its creation in 1970, the Khmer Republic requested and received military assistance from the United States, South Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia and New Zealand. To upgrade FANK capabilities, a regimented training programme began in early 1971 in South Vietnam under American auspices. Between February 1971 and November 1972, training centers run by the US Army-Vietnam Individual Training Program (UITG) were set up at the former MIKE Force base camps of Long Hải, Phuc Tuy, and Chi Lang to re-train Cambodian Army, KAF airfield security and MNK Naval Infantry troops in basic light infantry, armour, artillery, and marine tactics.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 255.Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 10-11.
More specialized training was also provided to selected FANK personnel. Paratroops' tactical courses were held at the Australian-operated Van Kiep LRRP Training Center,Rottman and Volstad, Vietnam Airborne (1990), p. 27. and at the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Airborne Training Centers of Long Thanh and Tan Son Nhut Air Base, near Saigon; some 60 Cambodian students were later sent to Indonesia to attend the Para-Commando course at the Batujajar Airborne Commando School, near Bandung in West Java.Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 15. Special Forces' (SF) courses were undertaken at the LLDB Training Center at Dong Ba Thin Base Camp near Cam Ranh Bay, South Vietnam, but also in Thailand, at the Royal Thai Army (RTA) Special Warfare Center at Fort Narai, Lopburi province, while Guerrilla and 'Commando' techniques were taught by the Royal Thai Police (RTP) Police Aerial Resupply Unit (PARU) at their Phitsanulok and Hua Hin training camps.Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), pp. 48-50. Ranger/LRRP courses were conducted at the American-operated Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) Recondo School at Nha Trang, South Vietnam, and at the RTA Recondo School co-located at Ft. Narai, Thailand. Additional SF and SEAL training was undertaken respectively at Fort Bragg, North Carolina and Naval Amphibious Base Coronado in San Diego, California in the United States, and at Subic Bay Naval Base in the Philippines.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 258.
Chinese instructor pilots from Taiwan were posted on loan at the KAF Battambang Air Academy to train its pilots whereas Khmer cadets and air crews were sent for L-19, 0-1, UH-1, T-28, AC-47, EC-47, AU-24, and C-123 training to South Vietnam, Thailand, and the United States. Most of the advanced courses and specialized training of Khmer combat pilots was conducted by Thai instructors at the RTAF
Kamphaeng Saen Flight Training School in Nakhon Pathom Province and by American advisors of Detachment 1, 56th Special Operations Wing at Udorn, U-Tapao and Takhli airbases in Thailand, while others were dispatched to attend observer courses at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam. A small number also went to train with the US Navy at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida and attended courses at the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) East Sale Airbase in Victoria, Australia.
An input of fourteen Cambodian naval officers were sent to the United States to attend advanced courses at various US naval training institutions. Some eight students attended the US Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland, whilst two senior officers went to the Naval War College (NWC) in Newport, Rhode Island and the Navy Supply Corps School (NSCS) in Athens, Georgia; four other students attended the small boat tactics school at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard (MINSY) and the adjacent Naval Inshore Operations Center at Vallejo, California.Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 241.
==See also==
* Cambodian Civil War
* First Indochina War
* Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces
* Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
* Royal Cambodian Armed Forces
* Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia
* Royal Lao Armed Forces
* Vietnam War
* Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War
==Notes==
==References==
* Arnold Issacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos, Boston Publishing Company, Boston 1987.
*Elizabeth Becker, When the War was over Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, Simon & Schuster, New York 1988.
*George Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series), Marine Corps Association, 1990.
*Gordon L. Rottman and Ron Volstad, Vietnam Airborne, Elite Series 29, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1990.
*Kenneth Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975, Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, Djakarta 2011.
*Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, The NVA and Viet Cong, Elite 38 series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1992.
*Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Mike Chappell, The War in Cambodia 1970-75, Men-at-arms series 209, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989.
*Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces, Elite series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1991.
*Kevin Lyles, Vietnam ANZACs – Australian & New Zealand Troops in Vietnam 1962-72, Elite series 103, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2004.
*Sak Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington D.C. 1980. – available online at Part 1Part 2Part 3 Part 4.
*William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia, Andre Deutsch Limited, London 1979.
==External links==
*Khmer National Armed Forces veterans site
Cambodia
Category:Military history of Cambodia
Category:Military units and formations of the Cold War
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1975
Category:Khmer Republic
| 421,816
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Atlantic and Pacific Railroad
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Subsidiary of the Santa Fe Railway
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The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad was a U.S. railroad that owned or operated two disjointed segments, one connecting St. Louis, Missouri with Tulsa, Oklahoma, and the other connecting Albuquerque, New Mexico with Needles in Southern California. It was incorporated by the U.S. Congress in 1866 as a transcontinental railroad connecting Springfield, Missouri and Van Buren, Arkansas with California. The central portion was never constructed, and the two halves later became parts of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway systems, now both merged into the BNSF Railway.
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The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad was a U.S. railroad that owned or operated two disjointed segments, one connecting St. Louis, Missouri with Tulsa, Oklahoma, and the other connecting Albuquerque, New Mexico with Needles in Southern California. It was incorporated by the U.S. Congress in 1866 as a transcontinental railroad connecting Springfield, Missouri and Van Buren, Arkansas with California. The central portion was never constructed, and the two halves later became parts of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway systems, now both merged into the BNSF Railway.
==History==
The A&P's earliest predecessor was the Pacific Railroad, incorporated by the Missouri General Assembly in 1849 to connect St. Louis and a point south of Kansas City across the center of the state. In response to an 1852 federal law granting public lands to Missouri to aid in constructing two cross-state railroads, the state approved an amendment to the 1849 Pacific Railroad law in December 1852, adding a Southwest Branch that would receive the grants. The new branch, defined by state law to lie south of the Osage River, began at Franklin, Missouri,(now Pacific) on the main line and headed west-southwesterly across the state. Construction on from Franklin to Dillon was completed in 1860, and a further to Rolla were opened in 1861. The company graded more to Arlington. After it defaulted on bonds that had been issued for the branch, the state seized the road from Franklin to Rolla and incomplete roadbed to Arlington in March 1866. The property was sold in June for $1.3 million to explorer and politician John C. Frémont, who reorganized it as the Southwest Pacific Railroad in September. (The main line of the Pacific Railroad was not sold, and would later become the Missouri Pacific Railroad.)Interstate Commerce Commission, 41 Val. Rep. 139 (1933): St. Louis-San Francisco Railway CompanyJohn Bell Sanborn, Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1899, pp. 115-126
In July 1866, Congress passed a law incorporating the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad under control of Frémont and associates. The company was given the power to build near the 35th parallel from Springfield, Missouri west to the Pacific, with a branch from Van Buren, Arkansas. In exchange for its completion by 1878, the railroad would receive land grants along its route. The same conditions were applied to the Southern Pacific Railroad of California, which could build a branch to connect to the A&P near the eastern border of that state. The A&P purchased the Southwest Pacific in January 1867, and that year rails were laid on the grade to Arlington. That company defaulted on its payments, and the state of Missouri seized the property in June 1867, selling it to a new South Pacific Railroad in July 1868. Ownership of the A&P was also transferred to the new owners, which included Clinton B. Fisk of St. Louis. Another to Pierce City and of grading to Seneca on the state line were completed in 1870, when, in October, the South Pacific sold its property to the A&P. That company laid rails to Neosho that year and to Seneca, and beyond to Vinita, Oklahoma, in 1871, and in June 1872 it leased the Pacific (later Missouri Pacific) Railroad, which operated a line to Kansas City and branches, including several into Kansas. The A&P's only branch, to a mine near Granby, Missouri, was built in 1875.
But this incarnation had similar financial problems; its Missouri division (Franklin to Seneca) was placed under receivership in November 1875, and the Pacific Railroad lease was canceled. The owners of the A&P incorporated the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway in September 1876, and immediately acquired the property of the Missouri division, and a lease on the Central division (Seneca to Vinita). Extensions beyond Vinita for to Tulsa (1882), to Red Fork (1885), and to Sapulpa (1886) were included in the lease. The SL&SF also constructed a direct line into St. Louis in 1883, ending its dependence on the Missouri Pacific for access to that city.
In January 1880, the SL&SF came to an agreement with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, which had recently entered New Mexico from the north, whereby the two companies would jointly control the A&P. The SL&SF would continue to operate the Central division, and a new Western division would begin on the AT&SF at Isleta, New Mexico and head west to meet the Southern Pacific at Needles, California. Construction began that year, and reached Kingman, Arizona in 1882. The SP began building a branch from Mojave, California that same year, east to Needles, where the two met on August 9, 1883. The A&P, then essentially an operating subsidiary of the AT&SF, leased the line from the SP in August 1884, and in November 1885 the AT&SF-owned California Southern Railroad completed its line over Cajon Pass to the SP's Needles branch at Barstow, giving the AT&SF access to the coast. Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California for the Year Ending December 31, 1889, pp. 11-15 In addition to its lease of the SP to Mojave, the A&P operated via trackage rights over the AT&SF from Isleta to Albuquerque.Interstate Commerce Commission, 127 I. C. C. 1 (1927): Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company
The AT&SF gained control of the SL&SF in 1890, but both companies entered receivership in December 1893 after the Panic of 1893, and the A&P followed in January 1894. That road's Western division was sold to the newly created AT&SF subsidiary Santa Fe Pacific Railroad in June 1897, and the remaining Central division was sold under foreclosure to the reorganized SL&SF, which was again independent of the AT&SF, in December 1897, ending the A&P's existence. Through the Santa Fe Pacific, the AT&SF acquired trackage rights in January 1899 over the SP's Tehachapi Pass line, giving it access to the Central Valley of California and San Francisco Bay Area.Donald Duke and Stan Kistler, Santa Fe: Steel Rails Through California, 1963, p. 51 The Santa Fe Pacific left the SP at Kern Junction, where the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railway - another AT&SF subsidiary - began, and operated into Bakersfield via SF&SJV trackage. The AT&SF bought the railroad property of the Santa Fe Pacific in July 1902, and its non-operating subsidiary California, Arizona and Santa Fe Railway bought the leased Southern Pacific line between Mojave and Needles in December 1911, but the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad continued to own its land grants from the A&P,. the Santa Fe Pacific continued to exist as a subsidiary of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, successor to the AT&SF.BNSF Railway, Class I Railroad Annual Report To The Surface Transportation Board For the Year Ending December 31, 2007, p. 4 The gap across Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico was eventually filled in 1904, when the Arkansas Valley and Western Railway, an SL&SF subsidiary, completed its line from Tulsa to Avard, Oklahoma, on the AT&SF's line through the Texas Panhandle. The line was joined under one company in 1995, when the AT&SF merged with SL&SF successor Burlington Northern Railroad to form the BNSF Railway, and remains a main line.Robert Wegner, Map of the Month: BNSF Predecessors, Trains, September 2003, p. 52
==References==
==Further reading==
*
==External links==
* Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Category:Predecessors of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Category:Predecessors of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway
Category:Defunct California railroads
Category:Defunct Arizona railroads
Category:Defunct New Mexico railroads
Category:Defunct Missouri railroads
Category:Defunct Oklahoma railroads
Category:Rail lines receiving land grants
Category:Railway companies established in 1866
Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1897
Category:Defunct Kansas railroads
Category:1866 establishments in Missouri
Category:American companies established in 1866
Category:American companies disestablished in 1897
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Marcello Dantas
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Brazilian artist
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Marcello Dantas is one of the main figures in the convergence of art and technology in Brazil.
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Marcello Dantas is one of the main figures in the convergence of art and technology in Brazil.
== Biography ==
Marcelo Dantas studied diplomacy in Brasilia, history of art in Florence and graduated in Film and Television at New York University where he also did a post-graduate extension in Interactive Telecommunications He has assumed the role of producer, creator, designer and curator in many initiatives.
He has curated exhibits for Bill Viola, Gary Hill, Jenny Holzer, Shirin Neshat, Tunga, Laura Vinci, Angelo Venosa and Arthur Omar in Brazil. He has successfully created historical exhibitions such as 50 Years of TV and More, Anos Luz (Light Years – 100 years of Cinema), Getulio; CineCaverna (A Travel through Brazilian Pre-History), Resonancias de Brasil among others. He has produced operas by Peter Greenaway and La Fura dels Baus.
His achievements include Best documentary awards in the Bienalle Internationale du Film Sur L'Art - Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, in the FestRio, and the International Film & TV Festival of New York, as well as exhibition design awards at SEGD (Society for Environmental Graphic Design), Art Director's Club of New York and IDEA. In Brazil he has created events and exhibitions in most of the major cultural venues. In 1990, he created Magnetoscópio, a production company for films and cultural events, specializing in the convergence of art, history and technology. Throughout his 30-year career he created more than 250 exhibitions, 15 museums and 12 documentaries.
He was the artistic director of the Museum of the Portuguese Language during its implementation 2001–2006. In 2006 he opened PeléStation in Berlin and a sequence of exhibitions on Anish Kapoor in Brazil. In 2007, Lusa, the Portuguese matriz opened at CCBB in Rio, São Paulo and Brasilia and NO AR, an exhibition about communication in Porto Alegre for Grupo RBS, this exhibition was awarded the Top of Marketing 2008 for Culture. Also in 2007, Mr Dantas was the interior designer for Octavio Café's flagship store which earned him the IDEA award in Brazil for Best Ambient Design. In 2008 Dantas opened a landmark exhibition about Bossa Nova called Bossa na Oca in the OCA pavilion in São Paulo for Banco Itaú.
== References ==
Category:Brazilian artists
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
| 421,820
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Hyperiidea
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Suborder of crustaceans
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The Hyperiidea are a suborder of amphipods, small aquatic crustaceans. Unlike the other suborders of Amphipoda, hyperiids are exclusively marine and do not occur in fresh water. Hyperiids are distinguished by their large eyes and planktonic habitat. Most species of hyperiids are parasites or predators of salps and jellyfish in the plankton, although Themisto gaudichaudii and a few relatives are free-swimming predators of copepods and other small planktonic animals.
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The Hyperiidea are a suborder of amphipods, small aquatic crustaceans. Unlike the other suborders of Amphipoda, hyperiids are exclusively marine and do not occur in fresh water. Hyperiids are distinguished by their large eyes and planktonic habitat. Most species of hyperiids are parasites or predators of salps and jellyfish in the plankton, although Themisto gaudichaudii and a few relatives are free-swimming predators of copepods and other small planktonic animals.
== Gallery ==
==Taxonomy==
According to Vinogradov et al. in 1996, 233 species of Hyperiidea are known.
Some controversy exists as to the number of families in the Hyperiidea, being given as between 20 and 23 depending on whether groups like the Thaumatopsidae are considered distinct or not. The taxonomy of Hyperiidea currently accepted by the World Register of Marine Species is as follows:
;Infraorder Physocephalata Bowman & Gruner, 1973
* Parvorder Physocephalatidira Bowman & Gruner, 1973
** Superfamily Phronimoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Family Bougisidae Zeidler, 2004
*** Family Cystisomatidae Willemöes-Suhm, 1875
*** Family Dairellidae Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Hyperiidae Dana, 1852
*** Family Iulopididae Zeidler, 2004
*** Family Lestrigonidae Zeidler, 2004
*** Family Phronimidae Rafinesque, 1815
*** Family Phrosinidae Dana, 1852
** Superfamily Platysceloidea Spence Bate, 1862
*** Family Amphithyridae Zeidler, 2016
*** Family Anapronoidae Bowman & Gruner, 1973
*** Family Brachyscelidae Stephensen, 1923
*** Family Eupronoidae Zeidler, 2016
*** Family Lycaeidae Claus, 1879
*** Family Lycaeopsidae Chevreux, 1913
*** Family Oxycephalidae Dana, 1852
*** Family Parascelidae Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Platyscelidae Spence Bate, 1862
*** Family Pronoidae Dana, 1852
*** Family Thamneidae Zeidler, 2016
*** Family Tryphanidae Boeck, 1871
** Superfamily Vibilioidea Dana, 1852
*** Family Cyllopodidae Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Paraphronimidae Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Vibiliidae Dana, 1852
;Infraorder Physosomata Pirlot, 1929
* Parvorder Physosomatidira Pirlot, 1929
** Superfamily Lanceoloidea Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Chuneolidae Woltereck, 1909
*** Family Lanceolidae Bovallius, 1887
*** Family Megalanceolidae Zeidler, 2009
*** Family Metalanceolidae Zeidler, 2009
*** Family Microphasmidae Stephensen & Pirlot, 1931
*** Family Mimonecteolidae Zeidler, 2009
*** Family Prolanceolidae Zeidler, 2009
** Superfamily Scinoidea Stebbing, 1888
*** Family Archaeoscinidae K. H. Barnard, 1930
*** Family Microscinidae Zeidler, 2012
*** Family Mimonectidae Bovallius, 1885
*** Family Mimoscinidae Zeidler, 2012
*** Family Scinidae Stebbing, 1888
==Distribution==
Hyperiidea are known from many oceans of the world, including 69 species in the Southern Ocean.
==References==
Category:Amphipoda
Category:Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards
Category:Arthropod suborders
| 421,822
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Prussian thaler
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Currency of Prussia, used until 1857
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The Prussian Thaler (sometimes Prussian Reichsthaler) was the currency of Prussia until 1857. In 1750 Johann Philipp Graumann implemented the Graumannscher Fuß with 14 thalers issued to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 16.704 g per thaler.
Gold coins were called as Fredrickd'or from 1750 to 1857 except for 1797 (Ducant in 1797), and silver coins were called as Thalers. The weight, and finesse of coins had changed as the kings changed.
Until 1821, the thaler was subdivided in Brandenburg into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennige. In Prussia proper, it was subdivided into 3 Polish Gulden = FL = Zloty , each of 30 Groschen (each Groschen = 18 Pfennige) or 90 Schilling. Prussia's currency was unified in 1821, with the Thaler subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennige.
While the predominant North German thaler used in other North German states from 1750 to 1840 was issued 13 to a Mark and appeared in denominations of and 1 thalers, the Prussian thaler was issued 14 to a Mark and appeared as a 1-thaler coin.
From the 1840s several states set the value of the North German thaler to parity with the Prussian thaler, also 14 to a Mark. In 1857, these North German and Prussian thalers were replaced by the Vereinsthaler, having become the standard across much of Germany.
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The Prussian Thaler (sometimes Prussian Reichsthaler) was the currency of Prussia until 1857. In 1750 Johann Philipp Graumann implemented the Graumannscher Fuß with 14 thalers issued to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 16.704 g per thaler.
Gold coins were called as Fredrickd'or from 1750 to 1857 except for 1797 (Ducant in 1797), and silver coins were called as Thalers. The weight, and finesse of coins had changed as the kings changed.
Until 1821, the thaler was subdivided in Brandenburg into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennige. In Prussia proper, it was subdivided into 3 Polish Gulden = FL = Zloty , each of 30 Groschen (each Groschen = 18 Pfennige) or 90 Schilling. Prussia's currency was unified in 1821, with the Thaler subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennige.
While the predominant North German thaler used in other North German states from 1750 to 1840 was issued 13 to a Mark and appeared in denominations of and 1 thalers, the Prussian thaler was issued 14 to a Mark and appeared as a 1-thaler coin.
From the 1840s several states set the value of the North German thaler to parity with the Prussian thaler, also 14 to a Mark. In 1857, these North German and Prussian thalers were replaced by the Vereinsthaler, having become the standard across much of Germany.
== References ==
Category:Economy of Prussia
Category:Currencies of Germany
Category:1857 disestablishments in Germany
Category:Early Modern currencies
Category:Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
| 421,824
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Prostaglandin E2
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Chemical compound
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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with oxytocic properties that is used as a medication. Dinoprostone is used in labor induction, bleeding after delivery, termination of pregnancy, and in newborn babies to keep the ductus arteriosus open. In babies it is used in those with congenital heart defects until surgery can be carried out. It is also used to manage gestational trophoblastic disease. It may be used within the vagina or by injection into a vein.
PGE2 synthesis within the body begins with the activation of arachidonic acid (AA) by the enzyme phospholipase A2. Once activated, AA is oxygenated by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to form prostaglandin endoperoxides. Specifically, prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) is modified by the peroxidase moiety of the COX enzyme to produce prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) which is then converted to PGE2.
Common side effects of PGE2 include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and excessive uterine contraction. In babies there may be decreased breathing and low blood pressure. Caution should be taken in people with asthma or glaucoma and it is not recommended in those who have had a prior C-section. It works by binding and activating the prostaglandin E2 receptor which results in the opening and softening of the cervix and dilation of blood vessels.
Prostaglandin E2 was first synthesized in 1970 and approved for medical use by the FDA in the United States in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Prostaglandin E2 works as well as prostaglandin E1 in babies.
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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with oxytocic properties that is used as a medication. Dinoprostone is used in labor induction, bleeding after delivery, termination of pregnancy, and in newborn babies to keep the ductus arteriosus open. In babies it is used in those with congenital heart defects until surgery can be carried out. It is also used to manage gestational trophoblastic disease. It may be used within the vagina or by injection into a vein.
PGE2 synthesis within the body begins with the activation of arachidonic acid (AA) by the enzyme phospholipase A2. Once activated, AA is oxygenated by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to form prostaglandin endoperoxides. Specifically, prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) is modified by the peroxidase moiety of the COX enzyme to produce prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) which is then converted to PGE2.
Common side effects of PGE2 include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and excessive uterine contraction. In babies there may be decreased breathing and low blood pressure. Caution should be taken in people with asthma or glaucoma and it is not recommended in those who have had a prior C-section. It works by binding and activating the prostaglandin E2 receptor which results in the opening and softening of the cervix and dilation of blood vessels.
Prostaglandin E2 was first synthesized in 1970 and approved for medical use by the FDA in the United States in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Prostaglandin E2 works as well as prostaglandin E1 in babies.
==Physiological effects==
Dinoprostone has important effects in labor by inducing softening of the cervix and causing uterine contraction, and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors that stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Natural prostaglandins, including PGE1 and PGE2, are important in the structure and function of the ductus arteriosus in fetuses and newborns. They allow the ductus arteriosus to remain open, providing the necessary connection between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta that allows the blood to bypass the fetus's underdeveloped lungs and be transported to the placenta for oxygenation. The ductus arteriosus normally begins to close upon birth due to an increase of PGE2 metabolism, but in newborns with congenital heart disease, prostaglandins can be used to keep the ductus arteriosus open longer than normal to sustain healthy oxygen saturation levels in the blood. Although PGE1 is more commonly used in this setting, there has been a report of oral PGE2 being used to treat ductus-dependent congenital heart diseases in newborns to delay surgical treatment until the pulmonary arteries grew. In addition, PGE2 was used in another report to dilate the ductus arteriosus in newborns with various cardiovascular defects to allow for better perfusion of the lungs and kidneys. On the other hand, the post-partal synthesis of PGE2 in newborns is considered one cause of patent ductus arteriosus.
The aerosol form of PGE2 serves as a bronchodilator, but its use in this setting is limited by the fact that it also causes coughing.
PGE2, similarly to PGE1, acts as a direct vasodilator by acting on smooth muscle to cause dilation of blood vessels. In addition, PGE2 inhibits platelet aggregation.
PGE2 also suppresses T cell receptor signaling and proliferation, and may play a role in resolution of inflammation. In addition, PGE2 limits the immune response by preventing B-lymphocyte differentiation and their ability to present antigens.
=== Central and peripheral nervous systems effects ===
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has a variety of functions within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. When PGE2 interacts with EP3 receptors, it increases body temperature, resulting in fever. PGE2 is also a predominant prostanoid that contributes to inflammation via enhancing edema and leukocyte infiltration from increased vascular permeability (allowing more blood flow into an inflamed area of the body) when acting on EP2 receptors. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) blocks the activity of COX-2, resulting in a decrease of PGE2 production. NSAIDs blocking COX-2 and decreasing the production of PGE2 remediates fever and inflammation.
Additionally, PGE2 acting on EP1 and EP4 receptors are a component in feeling pain via inflammatory nociception. When PGE2 binds to EP1 and EP4 receptors, an increase in excitability via cation channels as well as inhibition of hyperpolarizing potassium (K+) channels, increase membrane excitability. As a result, this causes peripheral nerve endings to report painful stimuli.
=== Immunity ===
As mentioned previously, PGE2 contributes to the inflammation when bound to EP2 receptors. In terms of immunity, prostaglandins have the ability to regulate lymphocyte function. PGE2 affect T-lymphocyte formation by regulating apoptosis of immature thymocytes. In addition, it can suppress an immune response by inhibiting B lymphocytes from forming into antibody-secreting plasma cells. When this process is suppressed, it causes a decrease in a humoral antibody response because of the decrease in production of antibodies. PGE2 also has roles in inhibition of cytotoxic T-cell function, cell division of T-lymphocytes, and the development of TH1 lymphocytes.
===Neurological effects===
In response to physiologic and psychologic stress, prostaglandin E2 is involved in several inflammation and immunity pathways. As one of the most abundant prostaglandins in the body, Prostaglandin E2 is involved almost all typical inflammation markers such as redness, swelling, and pain. It regulates these responses through binding to G coupled protein prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4). The activation of these different EP receptors is dependent on the type of triggering stress stimuli and results in the corresponding stress response. Activation of EP1 via PGE2 results in the suppression of impulse behaviors in response to psychological stress. Prostaglandin E2 is involved in regulating illness induced memory impairment via activation of EP2. Prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 results in regulation of illness induced fever. EP4 is functionally similar to EP2 and has also been shown in studies to have a role in hypothermia and anorexia. In addition to inflammatory effects, Prostaglandin E2 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects as well, due to its different actions on varying receptors.
=== Smooth muscle effects ===
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) serves a significant role in vascular smooth muscle tone regulation. It is a vasodilator produced by endothelial cells. It promotes vasodilation of smooth muscles by increasing the activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to decrease intracellular calcium levels via the IP and EP4 receptors. Conversely, Prostaglandin E2 can also induce vasoconstriction via activation of EP1 and EP3 receptors, which activates the Ca2+ pathway and decreased cAMP activity.
Within the gastrointestinal tract, PGE2 activates smooth muscles to cause contractions on longitudinal muscle when acting on EP3 receptors. In contrast, PGE2 effects on respiratory smooth muscle result in relaxation.
=== Kidney effects ===
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), along with other prostaglandins, are synthesized within the cortex and medulla of the kidney. The role of renal COX-2-derived PGE2 within the kidney is to maintain renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through localized vasodilation. COX-2-derived prostanoids work to increase medullary blood flow as well as inhibit sodium reabsorption within kidney tubules. PGE2 also assists the kidneys with systemic blood pressure control by modifying water and sodium excretion. In addition, it is also thought to activate EP4 or EP2 to increase renin release, resulting in an elevation of GFR and sodium retention to raise systemic blood pressure levels within the body.
== Medical uses ==
=== Cervical ripening ===
In the setting of labor and delivery, cervical ripening (also known as cervical effacement) is a natural process that occurs before labor, in which the cervix becomes softer, thinner, and dilated, enabling the fetus to pass through the cervix. A ripe cervix is favorable prior to induction of labor, which is a common obstetric practice, and increases the chances for a successful induction. Pharmacological methods are sometimes required to induce cervical ripening that does not occur naturally. The natural ripening of the cervix is mediated by prostaglandins, thus a common pharmacological method is to use external prostaglandins such as PGE2, or dinoprostone. Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature found that outpatient cervical ripening with dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters did not increase the risk of cesarean deliveries.
PGE2 achieves cervical ripening and softening by stimulating uterine contractions as well as directly acting on the collagenase present in the cervix to soften it. There are currently two formulations of PGE2 analog available for use in cervical ripening: Prepidil, a vaginal gel, and Cervidil, a vaginal insert. PGE2 is similar to oxytocin in terms of successful labor induction and the time from induction to delivery.
=== Termination of intrauterine pregnancy ===
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a common pharmacological method of termination of pregnancy, particularly in the second trimester or for missed abortion, which is a miscarriage in which the fetus did not evacuate the uterus. However, PGE2 is not feticidal, and only induces abortion by stimulating uterine contractions. It is recommended that 20 mg of dinoprostone vaginal suppository be administered every three to five hours to evacuate the uterus. The abortion should occur within 24 hours after the beginning of administration of dinoprostone; if it does not, dinoprostone should no longer be given and other interventions would be required, such as dilation and curettage.
==Side effects==
A common side effect of prostaglandin E2 is its effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle resulting in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Other side effects include headache, shivering, and chills. The suppository form of prostaglandin E2 is associated with increased severity of these symptoms. Fever is also a common side effect with use of prostaglandin E2. Administration of prostaglandin E2 should be stopped if a person experiences side effects such as fever.
The insert and gel forms have been shown to have minimal gastrointestinal effects, but are more associated with increase stimulation of the uterus as well as fetal distress. Uterine hyperstimulation is effectively treated by stopping use of prostaglandin E2. Other monitoring parameters include sustained uterine contractions and fetal distress. In babies there may be decreased breathing and low blood pressure. Care should be taken in people with asthma or glaucoma and it is not recommended in those who have had a prior C-section.
==Mechanism of action==
Prostaglandin E2 binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 to cause various downstream effects to cause direct contractions in the myometrium. In addition, PGE2 inhibits Na+ absorption within the Thick Ascending Limb (TAL) of the Loop of Henle and ADH-mediated water transport in collecting tubules. As a result, blockage of PGE2 synthesis with NSAIDs can limit the efficacy of loop diuretics.
== Administration ==
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) should only be administered by, or under the direct supervision of, a physician and careful monitoring should be performed. PGE2 comes in many dosage forms with varying pharmacokinetic properties. For example PGE2 can come in a gel formulation that requires six hour dosing or it can come as a slow release dinoprostone pessary that does not need to be re-administered and can be taken out if necessary. In a quality improvement project done in UK, the switch from prostaglandin gel to the slow release dinoprostone pessary was able to lower cesarian section rates in women undergoing induction of labor in maternity care.
For the vaginal insert (brand name Cervidil), the manufacturer recommends keeping the medication frozen until use since it does not need to be warmed to room temperature. Once the package is open, a water miscible lubricant may be used to insert the medication, using your finger place the device into the vagina and position the device transversely in the posterior vaginal fornix. The person receiving the drug should remain laying down for two hours after administration of the insert is complete. The manufacturer also recommends waiting 30 minutes after removal of insert before starting oxytocin.
The vaginal gel (brand name Prostin E2, Canada) is administered through a prefilled syringe and the medication is placed in the posterior fornix of the vagina. After administration people should stay laying down for at least 30 minutes after they have received the drug.
== Contraindications ==
Contraindications to a medication are any reasons to not use the drug. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is used to induce labor and should not be used in people that are contraindicated to give birth vaginally or spontaneous labor. PGE2 should not be used in people with allergies to prostaglandins or any components in the drugs formulations. PGE2 should be stopped before other oxytocic agents like oxytocin are given.
Dinoprostone as a vaginal suppository is contraindicated for women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease or active disease of the cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, or renal systems. Caution is required for people with a history of cervical malignancy, hypo- or hypertension, anemia, epilepsy, jaundice, asthma, or pulmonary diseases. The suppository formulation is also not indicated for viable fetus evacuation.
Endocervical gel is contraindicated in those with who have a history of C-sections or major uterine surgery, if the fetus is in distress and delivery is not imminent, vaginal bleeding throughout the pregnancy that is unexplained, history of difficult labors and deliveries, have cephalopelvic disproportion, less than six previous term babies with nonvertex presentation, hyper or hypotonic uterine patterns.
== Toxicity ==
When prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is given in excess, hyper-stimulation of the uterus occurs and immediate discontinuation of the drug usually results in resolution of toxic effects. If symptoms continue a beta adrenergic drug (e.g. terbutaline) can be used.
There are many different dosage forms of PGE2. The pharmacokinetic properties vary between dosage forms and should not be interchanged. A medication error was cited in the Institute for Safe Medication Practices where Prostin E2 was used in place of Cervidil. The hospital had run out of Cervidil which is a 10 mg endocervical insert and the provider decided to use half of a 20 mg Prostin E2 vaginal suppository. Cervidil delivers the drug at a constant rate and can be removed as necessary while Prostin E2 dissolves immediately and can not be removed. This error resulted in an emergency C-section since the fetus's heart rate dropped suddenly.
== Pharmacokinetics ==
The synthetic PGE2 dinoprostone has a plasma half-life of approximately 2.5–5 minutes, after vaginal administration, with most metabolites being excreted in the urine.
== History ==
Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler and British physiologist M.W. Goldblatt, first discovered prostaglandins independently in 1935 as factors contained in human seminal fluid. Prostaglandins were noted for having blood pressure reducing effects and smooth muscle regulation effects. Prostaglandin E2 itself was identified in 1962 by Swedish biochemist Sune Bergström in the seminal fluid of sheep. The structure of prostaglandins is conserved in mammals, but it is also produced by marine organisms which allowed for more research into their biological roles. Prostaglandins were discovered to be products of arachidonic acid and with the ability to radio label arachidonic acid in the early 1960s, American chemist E.J. Corey was able to synthesize prostaglandin E2 in the lab in the 1970. This advancement paved the way for later studies that helped define the actions and response of prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 was approved for medical use in the United States in 1977 and it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Prostaglandin E2 was approved by the FDA in 1977.
== References ==
== External links ==
*
Category:Abortifacients
Category:Alkene derivatives
Category:Aromatase inhibitors
Category:AbbVie brands
Category:Carboxylic acids
Category:Cyclopentanes
Category:Ketones
Category:Obstetric drugs
Category:Prostaglandins
Category:Secondary alcohols
Category:World Health Organization essential medicines
Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
| 421,826
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Cesvaine
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Town in Latvia
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Cesvaine () (Rene Levoll: "The last motor race of the empire (<small>ee:</small> Impeeriumi viimane motovõistlus, <small>de:</small> Das letzte Autorennen des Imperiums)", Tallinn 2014, Estonian Old Technics Museum Foundation, page 81 "list of former and present place names of places") ) is a town in Madona Municipality, Vidzeme Region, Latvia. It is home to the Cesvaine Palace, built in 1896 near the ruins of previous medieval castles.
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Cesvaine () (Rene Levoll: "The last motor race of the empire (<small>ee:</small> Impeeriumi viimane motovõistlus, <small>de:</small> Das letzte Autorennen des Imperiums)", Tallinn 2014, Estonian Old Technics Museum Foundation, page 81 "list of former and present place names of places") ) is a town in Madona Municipality, Vidzeme Region, Latvia. It is home to the Cesvaine Palace, built in 1896 near the ruins of previous medieval castles.
==History==
During the period before the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century, the territory of modern Cesvaine was part of the Principality of Jersika and was inhabited by ancient Latgalians. It was first mentioned in written sources in 1209 (Latin: Urbs Zcessowe) in the treaty between bishop Albert of Riga and Visvaldis of Jersika.
In 1211 the Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of Sword partitioned the lands of Jersika between themselves. The territory of Cesvaine fell under the control of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, however in 1213 some of the lands were exchanged and Cesvaine became property of the Bishop of Riga.
In the beginning of the 15th century, a stone castle was built in Cesvaine and the settlement started to grow.
By the end of the 16th century there were already 80 houses in Cesvaine.
During the Livonian War in 1577, defenders of Cesvaine castle refused to surrender. Consequently, the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered that the castle and whole town be destroyed. After the war in 1582 Cesvaine became part of Duchy of Livonia.
In 1656 during the Second Northern War Russians again seized the castle and destroyed the town.
A new period in the history of Cesvaine started in the year 1815 when the settlement and nearby lands were bought by the baron von Wulf. Cesvaine became centre of the manor and rapid development started in the second half of the 19th century.
In 1932 Cesvaine became a village in the Republic of Latvia. It was granted town rights in 1991. Since 2009, the town has become the official administrative centre of Cesvaine municipality.
==Notable people==
*Jakob Lenz (1751–1792), writer
==Twin towns — sister cities==
Cesvaine is twinned with:
* Coulaines, France
* Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine
* Lagardelle-sur-Lèze, France
* Märjamaa, Estonia
* Volkhov, Russia
* Weyhe, Germany
==Gallery==
File:Cesvaines katoļu baznīca 2001-08-04.jpg|Roman Catholic church in Cesvaine
File:Cesvaines piemineklis represētajiem 2003-04-18.jpg|Monument to victims of Soviet repressions in Cesvaine
File:Cesvaines stacija 25.JPG|Cesvaine railway station
File:Cesvaine Lutheran Church 05.JPG|Cesvaine lutheran church
==See also==
* List of cities in Latvia
==References==
Category:Towns in Latvia
Category:1991 establishments in Latvia
Category:Kreis Wenden
Category:Madona Municipality
Category:Vidzeme
| 421,829
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James Averis
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English cricketer and rugby union footballer
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James Maxwell Michael Averis (born 28 May 1974James Averis Cricket profile Cricinfo.com in Bristol, England) is a retired English cricket player who played for the cricket teams of Oxford University and Gloucestershire. He also played professional rugby for Harlequins and Bristol.
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James Maxwell Michael Averis (born 28 May 1974James Averis Cricket profile Cricinfo.com in Bristol, England) is a retired English cricket player who played for the cricket teams of Oxford University and Gloucestershire. He also played professional rugby for Harlequins and Bristol.
==Early life==
He attended Bristol Cathedral School and afterwards St Cross College, Oxford,James Averis Cricket profile Cricketarchive.com on a Major Stanley's scholarship where he won blues at rugby and cricket in the same academic year.
==Rugby and cricket career==
James Averis built a reputation as a solid one-day performer, and in 2001 was able to make a major breakthrough into the Championship side. A stocky, powerful seam bowler, he was the club's highest wicket-taker in the National League and Championship that year.
One of several graduates in the Gloucestershire squad, Averis gained a prestigious reputation as a sportsman at Oxford. He was awarded Blues in cricket and rugby, and represented Bristol Rugby Club (making his 1st XV debut in 1994, kicking 5 penalties out of 5 against Exeter) and Harlequins before settling on cricket in 2000.
Bristol-born, he found himself thrown into the one-day side at the peak of its success at the turn of the century as the side won 8 trophies in 6 years. He claimed 29 National League victims in 2000, and continued performing very well in a less successful team performance in 2001. He also managed to hold his nerve in tense moments of the cup competitions, including the C&G final of 2004, where he claimed 4-23 including a hat trick.
His pace was a fairly constant 80+ mph, though he developed an excellent slower ball with the help of former team-mate Ian Harvey. He relied on accuracy and late movement, as well as the surprise slower ball and yorker, to claim most of his victims.
An invaluable member of the one day side, he was a reliable fielder and decent lower order batter, who looked as though he genuinely enjoyed his cricket. Averis retired from cricket in 2006 after 15 years at the club, so that he could concentrate on his law degree.
==Outside Sport==
James Averis is now a Housemaster and Geography teacher at Clifton College Preparatory School in Bristol. He continues to coach cricket (coaching the 1st XI) and rugby (coaching the 3rd XV) to the boys there as well as his normal teaching duties in Geography.cliftoncollegeuk.com
==External links==
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of St Cross College, Oxford
Category:Bristol Bears players
Category:Cricketers from Bristol
Category:English cricketers
Category:English rugby union players
Category:Gloucestershire cricketers
Category:Oxford University cricketers
Category:Oxford University RFC players
Category:People educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School
Category:Rugby union players from Bristol
| 421,831
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Rob Leatham
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American sport shooter
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Robert Jennings Leatham (born January 27, 1961 in Mesa, Arizona) is a professional shooter who is a 24-time USPSA National champion and 7-time International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) World Champion.
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Robert Jennings Leatham (born January 27, 1961 in Mesa, Arizona) is a professional shooter who is a 24-time USPSA National champion and 7-time International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) World Champion.
==Biography==
On Leatham's twelfth birthday, he received his first gun. His family surprised him with a new Smith & Wesson Model 34 revolver on one of their trips to shoot in the desert.
He continued desert shooting throughout his teenage years and became involved in other sports such as basketball.
===Competition shooting===
Leatham's first competition took place in the late 1970s at a night shoot at the Mesa Police Department range. He shot a Smith & Wesson Model 27 revolver with a 6-inch barrel loaded with 200-grain round-nose bullets that Leatham loaded himself, including a custom holster made by local leather worker, Jess Bird, who had built holsters for Leatham's father for years. Leatham finished third revolver behind Mike Henry and Charlie Mills and cites this competition for causing his addiction to competitive shooting.
He invented the Modern Isosceles shooting stance in the 1980s. A few years later he began shooting the 9x25 dillon handgun round and brought that cartridge into the mainstream.
Leatham first shot the Steel Challenge and The Bianchi Cup in 1982. In 1985, he won the Triple Crown of practical pistol shooting: the IPSC US Nationals, the Bianchi Cup and the Steel Challenge. He is the only competitor to ever win all three matches in the same year.
In 1989, he was offered a major contract with Springfield Armory, Inc. that enabled him to become a full-time, professional shooter. Since that time, Leatham has been practicing, competing, and conducting live-fire demonstrations for sponsors around the world.
=== Personal life ===
Leatham married fellow Team Springfield member Kippi Boykin, a three-time USPSA National Champion. They have one daughter together, Patience Leatham, and Leatham has 2 sons, Robert and Thomas, from a previous marriage.
==Titles==
*24-Time USPSA National Champion: 1983–1986, 1988, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 (Limited), 2002 (Limited-10), 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 (Single-Stack and Production), 2007 (Single-Stack and Limited), 2008 (Single-Stack), 2009 (Single-Stack), 2010 (Single-Stack)
*6-Time IPSC World Champion as a member of 7-time winning "Team USA":
**1983 - Virginia, USA
**1986 - Florida, USA
**1988 - Caracas, Venezuela,
**2002 - Pietersburg, South Africa
**2005 - Guayaquil, Ecuador
**2014 - Florida, USA (Classic Division)
*16-Time Single Stack Classic Champion: 1995–2010
*7-Time Steel Challenge Champion: 1985, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002 (Limited), 2002 (Open), 2009 (Production)
*6-Time IDPA Custom Defensive Pistol (CDP) National Champion: 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004
*7-Time NRA Bianchi Cup Champion: 1985, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
*3-Time American Handgunner World Shootoff Champion: 1996, 2003, 2004
*Triple Crown Winner: 1985 (Bianchi Cup, Steel Challenge, and the IPSC/USPSA Nationals) - Leatham is the only person to ever achieve this
*Captain, Team Springfield: Since its inception in 1985
== See also ==
* Brian Enos
* Ron Avery
==References==
==External links==
*Rob Leatham's Official Website
*
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:American male sport shooters
Category:IPSC shooters
Category:IPSC World Shoot Champions
Category:Sportspeople from Mesa, Arizona
| 421,832
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Riki Wessels
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Australian-English cricketer
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Mattheus Hendrik "Riki" Wessels (born 12 November 1985) is an Australian-English cricketer who most recently played for Worcestershire County Cricket Club. A right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper, Wessels has played for Marylebone Cricket Club, Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire, and also for the Mid West Rhinos in Zimbabwe and the Sydney Sixers in Australia. He is the son of former South African captain Kepler Wessels, who also played 24 Test matches for Australia.Kepler Wessels Cricinfo. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
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Mattheus Hendrik "Riki" Wessels (born 12 November 1985) is an Australian-English cricketer who most recently played for Worcestershire County Cricket Club. A right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper, Wessels has played for Marylebone Cricket Club, Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire, and also for the Mid West Rhinos in Zimbabwe and the Sydney Sixers in Australia. He is the son of former South African captain Kepler Wessels, who also played 24 Test matches for Australia.Kepler Wessels Cricinfo. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
==Early life==
Wessels was born in Queensland, Australia, where his father was playing domestic cricket at the time. After Kepler decided to return to South Africa, Riki grew up in Port Elizabeth. Cricket was not an automatic choice for him, as he was also a keen hockey player, but at 18 he made the decision to pursue a cricket career in England.
==Cricket career==
In 2004, Wessels joined the staff at Northamptonshire County Cricket Club where he impressed in the second eleven producing several noticeable scores. This led to him being selected for the MCC in 2004 and in the first team of Nottinghamshire for the start of the 2011 season. In 2004, he established himself as a first class player, and scored his first century at the age of 19 against Somerset.Clive Ellis Wessels son shines The Telegraph. 2005-05-28. Retrieved 2010-01-14. In 2007, he became eligible to play for England, which is what he wanted to do from an early age. Being a keen hockey player (playing for Northampton Lions and the University of Northampton teams)University of Northampton notable players Wikidoc. Retrieved 2010-01-14. helps him to play a variety of shots including the reverse sweep for which he is well known. He is a fairly attacking player especially in one-day cricket, where he made one century to date. On 7 November 2008, Wessels signed a contract extension along with fellow Northamptonshire wicket keeper Niall O'Brien, keeping Riki at the club until 2010.Northants tie up wicketkeepers ECB Website. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
He also turned out for Nondescripts Cricket Club in Sri Lanka during the English off-season between 2008 and 2010.
Wessels signed for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club for the 2011 season, where he plies his trade as a specialist batsman.
He was signed as a specialist batsman by the Sydney Sixers in the 2014–15 Big Bash League tournament in Australia.
He now plays his cricket in the city of Stoke on Trent. For the 1 of the most historic sides around Longton Cricket Club.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian cricketers
Category:Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:English sportspeople of South African descent
Category:Northamptonshire cricketers
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Category:Mid West Rhinos cricketers
Category:Nottinghamshire cricketers
Category:Khulna Royal Bengals cricketers
Category:Abahani Limited cricketers
Category:Sydney Sixers cricketers
Category:Karachi Kings cricketers
Category:Khulna Titans cricketers
Category:Peshawar Zalmi cricketers
Category:Kandahar Knights cricketers
Category:Lahore Qalandars cricketers
Category:Worcestershire cricketers
| 421,833
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Uğur Yücel
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Turkish actor and film director
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Uğur Yücel (born 26 May 1957) is a Turkish film actor, producer and director. He graduated from the Theater Department of the Istanbul Municipality Conservatory (İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı Tiyatro Bölümü). He took part in several plays between 1975 and 1984 in Kenter Tiyatrosu (Kenter Theatre), Tef Kabare Theatre, Dormen Theatre, and Şan Müzikholü. He was noticed for his roles in Selamsız Bandosu (1987) and Muhsin Bey (1987), then gained mainstream success when he took part in Eşkıya (1996).
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Uğur Yücel (born 26 May 1957) is a Turkish film actor, producer and director. He graduated from the Theater Department of the Istanbul Municipality Conservatory (İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı Tiyatro Bölümü). He took part in several plays between 1975 and 1984 in Kenter Tiyatrosu (Kenter Theatre), Tef Kabare Theatre, Dormen Theatre, and Şan Müzikholü. He was noticed for his roles in Selamsız Bandosu (1987) and Muhsin Bey (1987), then gained mainstream success when he took part in Eşkıya (1996).
==Filmography==
=== Actor ===
* 1984 – Fahriye Abla
* 1985 – Aşık Oldum
* 1986 – Teyzem
* 1986 – Milyarder
* 1987 – Selamsız Bandosu
* 1987 – Muhsin Bey
* 1988 – Arabesk
* 1994 – Aziz Ahmet
* 1996 – Eşkıya
* 2000 – Balalayka
* 2001 – Karanlıkta Koşanlar
* 2003 – Alacakaranlık
* 2005 – Hırsız Polis
* 2008 – New York, I Love You
* 2008 – Canım Ailem
* 2009 – Soul Kitchen
* 2010 – Ejder Kapanı
* 2012 – Aşk ve Ceza
* 2013 – Benim Dünyam
* 2013 – Aramızda Kalsın
* 2014 – Soğuk
* 2015 – Yaktın Beni
* 2015 – Kötü Kedi Şerafettin
* 2016 – Familya
* 2017 – İçerde
* 2018 – Nefes Nefese
* 2018 – Muhteşem İkili
* 2019 – Yüzleşme
* 2019 – Cinayet Süsü
* 2021 – Kırmızı Oda
* 2021 – Fatma
* 2021 – Eşkıya Dünyaya Hükümdar Olmaz
* 2022 – Uysallar
* 2022 – Hakim
===Director===
* 1999 – İkinci Bahar
* 2001 – Karanlıkta Koşanlar
* 2003 – Yazı Tura
* 2006 – Hayatımın Kadınısın
* 2010 – Ejder Kapanı
* 2013 – Benim Dünyam
* 2014 – Soğuk
===Producer===
* 2003 – Alacakaranlık
* 2003 – Yazı Tura
===Screenwriter===
* 1994 – Aziz Ahmet
* 2001 – Karanlıkta Koşanlar
* 2003 – Yazı Tura
* 2006 – Hayatımın Kadınısın
* 2014 – Soğuk
===Music===
* 1998 – Gemide
* 1998 – Laleli'de Bir Azize
===Editor===
* 2003 – Yazı Tura
==Awards==
* 1987 – 24. Antalya Film Şenliği (Antalya Film Festival), Muhsin Bey, Best actor
* 2004 – 41. Antalya Film Şenliği (Antalya Film Festival), Yazı Tura, Best film
* 2004 – 41. Antalya Film Şenliği (Antalya Film Festival), Yazı Tura, Best screenplay
* 2004 – 41. Antalya Film Şenliği (Antalya Film Festival), Yazı Tura, Best director
* 2005 – 16. Ankara Film Festivali (Ankara Film Festival)]], Yazı Tura, Mahmut Tali Öngören special award
* 2005 – Nürnberg Türkiye/Almanya Film Festivali, Yazı Tura, Best film
* 2005 – 24. İstanbul Film Festivali (Istanbul Film Festival), Yazı Tura, Best director
* 2005 – 24. İstanbul Film Festivali (İstanbul Film Festival), Yazı Tura, Public jury award
* 2005 – 12. Adana Altın Koza Film Şenliği, Yazı Tura, Best director
==External links==
*
; Photographs
* Picture
* Picture (right)
Category:1957 births
Category:Best Director Golden Boll Award winners
Category:Best Director Golden Orange Award winners
Category:Best Screenplay Golden Orange Award winners
Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Orange Award winners
Category:Living people
Category:Film people from Istanbul
Category:Turkish male film actors
Category:Turkish film directors
Category:Turkish male screenwriters
Category:Turkish male television actors
| 421,835
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Joe Sayers (cricketer)
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English cricketer
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Joseph John Sayers (born 5 November 1983) is a former English first-class cricketer, who has played for the Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence, Oxford University and Yorkshire. He is a left-handed opening batsman and right arm off spin bowler. Sayers was educated at St Mary's School, Menston, and Worcester College, Oxford.
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Joseph John Sayers (born 5 November 1983) is a former English first-class cricketer, who has played for the Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence, Oxford University and Yorkshire. He is a left-handed opening batsman and right arm off spin bowler. Sayers was educated at St Mary's School, Menston, and Worcester College, Oxford.
==Early career==
Sayers hit his sixth first-class century, coming off 318 balls and taking over six and a half hours, against Durham at Headingley in the opening home fixture of the 2007 season, as he carried his bat through the first innings, hitting a then personal best score of 149 not out. In June 2007, he surpassed this score against Kent at the Nevill Ground, Royal Tunbridge Wells, scoring 187. Sayers played club cricket for Hoylandswaine Cricket Club in the Huddersfield Premier League. His first-class career with Yorkshire commenced in 2004.
==England Lions==
On 15 August 2009, Sayers replaced Jonathan Trott in the England Lions squad for the tour match against Australia before the fifth Ashes Test match.
==Illness==
In 2010, Sayers was diagnosed with post-viral fatigue syndrome. It meant that his season was over before it had really started, and whilst his playing colleagues made a serious attempt at the County Championship title, Sayers was hardly able to walk at home. His recovery led to him being picked for action in the less successful 2011 campaign.
==Recent times==
In 2012, Sayers signed a new two-year contract with Yorkshire, although he had slipped from regular first team duties.
He has since then turned his hand to writing with Rose-tinted Summer.Rose-tinted Summer. Yorkshire County Cricket Club. Retrieved 18 December 2013
==References==
==External links==
*Cricket Online Profile
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cricketers from Leeds
Category:English cricketers
Category:Yorkshire cricketers
Category:Oxford University cricketers
Category:Oxford MCCU cricketers
Category:People educated at St. Mary's Catholic High School, Menston
Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
| 421,836
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American Blackout
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2006 film by Ian Inaba
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American Blackout (2006) is a documentary film directed by Ian Inaba. It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. The film chronicles the 2002 defeat, and 2004 reelection, of Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney to the U.S. House of Representatives; it also discusses issues surrounding alleged voter disenfranchisement and the use of voting machines in both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections.
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American Blackout (2006) is a documentary film directed by Ian Inaba. It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. The film chronicles the 2002 defeat, and 2004 reelection, of Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney to the U.S. House of Representatives; it also discusses issues surrounding alleged voter disenfranchisement and the use of voting machines in both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections.
==Background==
The film focuses heavily on McKinney, and claims that her 2002 loss in a Democratic primary to Denise Majette (who, like McKinney, is African-American) was part of an effort to disenfranchise minority voters. McKinney claims that Republican voters in her district tipped the primary election to Majette. This itself is legal, as Georgia law opens primaries to all voters irrespective of party. After losing, McKinney filed a lawsuit claiming that open primaries are a violation of the 14th Amendment, but a court dismissed the case.
The film also includes civil rights leader and U.S. Representative John Lewis with a powerful recounting of the march from Selma to Montgomery Alabama across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Also future Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders appears in this documentary speaking about the desire of big money to keep voter turnout low. The documentary won the Special Jury Prize (Documentary Jury) at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
==Reception==
Upon its release, the film received generally favorable reviews from contemporary cinema critics, with a score of 77% on review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews. The New York Times designated the documentary as a "NYT Critics' Pick", with critic Jeannette Catsoulis writing that although it is "occasionally inflammatory", the film is not "a conspiracy rant", but rather "a methodical compilation of questions and irregularities that deserves a wider audience".
===Awards===
The film was awarded a Special Jury Prize at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
==See also==
* Civil rights
* Voting rights
* Guerrilla News Network
* Hacking Democracy
==References==
==External links==
*
*
* American Blackout on Facebook
* American Black Movie viewable in its entirety
* Official Web Site
* Review by Zach Roberts
Category:Sundance Film Festival award winners
Category:2006 films
Category:American documentary films
Category:History of voting rights in the United States
Category:Documentary films about elections in the United States
Category:Films about the 2000 United States presidential election
Category:Cynthia McKinney
Category:Politics of Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Documentary films about Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:2000s English-language films
Category:2000s American films
| 421,843
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Rhemaxos
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Dacian king north of the Danube (c. 200 BC)
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Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja, receiving a tribute from them in exchange of protection against outside attacks. It appears that the links with the Greek cities lasted a rather long time, as several treaties have been found.
Some historians have suggested that he was the chieftain of a Dacian tribal union on the Romanian Plain. Others said he was a Scythian king.
His son Phradmon allocated 600 horsemen to defend the city of Histria at the request of Agathocles, son of Antiphilos.
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Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja, receiving a tribute from them in exchange of protection against outside attacks. It appears that the links with the Greek cities lasted a rather long time, as several treaties have been found.
Some historians have suggested that he was the chieftain of a Dacian tribal union on the Romanian Plain. Others said he was a Scythian king.
His son Phradmon allocated 600 horsemen to defend the city of Histria at the request of Agathocles, son of Antiphilos.
==References==
*Dicţionar de istorie veche a României ("Dictionary of ancient Romanian history") (1976) Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, pp. 504
Category:History of Dobruja
Category:Dacian kings
Category:Scythian rulers
Category:3rd-century BC rulers
| 421,850
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False antechinus
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Genus of marsupials
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The genus Pseudantechinus are members of the order Dasyuromorphia. They are often called false antechinuses, although this genus includes the sandstone dibbler, which was previously assigned to a different genus.
The species of this genus are as follows:
* Sandstone dibbler, Pseudantechinus bilarni
* Fat-tailed false antechinus, Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis
* Alexandria false antechinus, Pseudantechinus mimulus
* Ningbing false antechinus, Pseudantechinus ningbing
* Rory Cooper's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus roryi
* Woolley's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus woolleyae
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The genus Pseudantechinus are members of the order Dasyuromorphia. They are often called false antechinuses, although this genus includes the sandstone dibbler, which was previously assigned to a different genus.
The species of this genus are as follows:
* Sandstone dibbler, Pseudantechinus bilarni
* Fat-tailed false antechinus, Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis
* Alexandria false antechinus, Pseudantechinus mimulus
* Ningbing false antechinus, Pseudantechinus ningbing
* Rory Cooper's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus roryi
* Woolley's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus woolleyae
==Pseudantechinus macdonellensis==
===Taxonomy===
Scientific Name: Pseudantechinus macdonellensis
Common Name: English-Fat-tailed-Antechinus, Fat-tailed Pseudantechinus
===Habitat and geographic range===
The P. macdonellensis is commonly found in the rocky environments of Central Australia.
===General facts===
A P. macdonellensis is a medium-sized dasyurid marsupial that ranges from 18-33 grams, and has a life span of about seven years. It is presumed to have a large population, and generally lives within the confines of protected areas. Therefore, it is unlikely to decline at the rate needed to be listed as an endangered species.
===Diet===
The P. macdonellensis is generally an insectivore whose diet consists of beetles, grasshoppers, and termites. A characteristic specific to this kind of species is its ability to store fat in its tail when food is plentiful.
===Torpor===
In the winter, most free ranging P. macdonellensis go into a state of torpor after midnight within the confines of rock crevices, and stay there until day breaks. In the morning, while they are still torpid, they move from the rock-crevices to basking sites exposed to the sun. Subsequently, this type of basking continues for the rest of the day. It appears that daily torpor is done in order to reduce the amount of daily metabolic expenditure by about 30%, and allows the species to live and reproduce in a challenging environment. It has also been observed that the species goes into a state of torpor at air temperatures ranging from -1 °C to 36 °C, and often occurs under circumstances in which the species finds itself under acute energetic stress.
===Gestation===
Males and females of the subdivision P. macdonellensis reach sexual maturity at about 350 days of age. A single gestation period takes about 43 days in the females, and produces a single litter of about six. The interval in between gestation periods is about 365 days.
==Pseudantechinus mimulus==
===Taxonomy===
Scientific Name: Pseudantechinus mimulus
Common Name: Alexandria False Antechinus, Carpentaria Pseudantechinus
===Habitat and geographic range===
The P. mimulus is endemic to Australia. More specifically, they are restricted to Sir Edward Pellew Group (Northern Territory), Centre and Southwest Islands, and two locations near Queensland. In the 1988 census of the territories, the species was found in the Centre and South West Islands, but in the 2003 census it was not located. It is believed that the P. mimulus stile resides within that area, but is yet to be confirmed. In addition, the habitat in which the species resides in is a rocky one with scattered trees and wood.
===General===
The P. mimulus is classified as an endangered species. Its endangerment is due to the decline in habitat quality and extent as a result of fire, introduced predators, and mining.
===Diet===
While a lot of details about the species diet is unknown, it is believed that they eat mostly invertebrates as well as some small vertebrates.
==References==
*
Category:Dasyuromorphs
| 421,851
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Thomas Maclear
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South African astronomer
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Sir Thomas Maclear (17 March 1794 – 14 July 1879) was an Irish-born South African astronomer who became Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope.
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Sir Thomas Maclear (17 March 1794 – 14 July 1879) was an Irish-born South African astronomer who became Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope.
==Life==
He was born in Newtownstewart, County Tyrone, Ireland, the eldest son of Rev James Maclear and Mary Magrath. In 1808 he was sent to England to be educated in the medical profession. After passing his examinations, in 1815 he was accepted into the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He then worked as house-surgeon in the Bedford Infirmary.
In 1823 he went into partnership with his uncle at Biggleswade, Bedfordshire. Two years later in 1825 he was married to Mary Pearse, the daughter of Theed Pearse, Clerk of the Peace for the county of Bedford.
Maclear had a keen interest in amateur astronomy, and would begin a long association with the Royal Astronomical Society, to which he would be named a Fellow. In 1833, when the post became vacant, he was named as Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived there aboard the Tam O'Shanter with his wife and five daughters, to take up his new duties in 1834. He worked with John Herschel until 1838, performing a survey of the southern sky, and continued to perform important astronomical observations over several more decades. The Maclears and Herschels formed a close friendship, the wives drawn together by the unusual occupations of their husbands and the raising of their large families. Mary Maclear, like Margaret Herschel, was a noted beauty and intelligent, though suffering from extreme deafness.
Between 1841 and 1848, Maclear would be occupied in performing a geodetic survey for the purpose of recalculating the figure of the Earth (its dimensions and shape) via an arc measurement. He caused a beacon to be erected on top of Table Mountain which was used as a triangulation station for the checking of de Lacaille's arc measurement.
He became close friends with David Livingstone, and they shared a common interest in the exploration of Africa. He performed many other useful scientific activities, including collecting meteorological, magnetic and tide data.
In 1861 his wife died.
Two years later he was granted a pension, but did not retire from the observatory until 1870. He lived thereafter at Grey Villa, Mowbray.
By 1876, he had lost his sight, and he died three years later in Cape Town, South Africa. He is buried next to his wife in the grounds of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope.
==Awards and honors==
* Knighted in 1860 for his achievements as an astronomer.
* Lalande Prize (1866)
* Royal Medal of the Royal Society (1869), for his measurement of an arc of the meridian in the 1840s.
* The crater Maclear on the Moon is named after him; as is Maclear's Beacon on Table Mountain; the South African town, Maclear, Eastern Cape; and Cape Maclear in Malawi, so named by his friend David Livingstone.
==See also==
* John Maclear, his son, was an admiral in the Royal Navy, and commander of the 1873–1876 expedition
* Charles Piazzi Smyth
* Edward James Stone
==Notes==
==References==
*
*
==External links==
*
* Thomas Maclear 1794–1879 – SA History
* South African Astronomical Observatory History
Category:1794 births
Category:1879 deaths
Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Irish astronomers
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:People from Newtownstewart
Category:Royal Medal winners
Category:South African astronomers
Category:Ulster Scots people
Category:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
| 421,854
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Ryan ten Doeschate
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Dutch-South African cricketer
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Ryan Neil ten Doeschate (; born 30 June 1980) is a former Dutch–South African cricketer who played for the Netherlands national cricket team in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket. Ten Doeschate was named ICC Associate Player of the Year on a record three occasions, in 2008, 2010, and 2011.
Born and raised in South Africa, ten Doeschate signed with Essex County Cricket Club in England for the 2003 English season, qualifying through his Dutch citizenship as a domestic player. A right-handed all-rounder, he first represented the Dutch national team in the 2005 ICC Trophy, and played a number of tournaments for the side, including the 2009 World Twenty20 and 2011 World Cup. At the latter tournament, ten Doeschate scored 119 runs against England, the first ODI century by a Dutch player against a full member of the ICC.
At domestic level, ten Doeschate first established himself as a regular for Essex during the 2006 season, and was named the team's limited-overs captain for the 2014 season. He has played for a number of professional Twenty20 sides in other countries, including franchises in Australia's Big Bash, the Bangladesh Premier League, the Indian Premier League and in New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
In September 2021, ten Doeschate announced that he would retire from professional cricket at the end of 2021. He played his final international against Namibia on 20 October 2021 during the group match in 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. In December 2021 he was appointed as Kent County Cricket Club's batting coach. In November 2022, he was appointed as the fielding coach of Kolkata Knight Riders.
|
Ryan Neil ten Doeschate (; born 30 June 1980) is a former Dutch–South African cricketer who played for the Netherlands national cricket team in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket. Ten Doeschate was named ICC Associate Player of the Year on a record three occasions, in 2008, 2010, and 2011.
Born and raised in South Africa, ten Doeschate signed with Essex County Cricket Club in England for the 2003 English season, qualifying through his Dutch citizenship as a domestic player. A right-handed all-rounder, he first represented the Dutch national team in the 2005 ICC Trophy, and played a number of tournaments for the side, including the 2009 World Twenty20 and 2011 World Cup. At the latter tournament, ten Doeschate scored 119 runs against England, the first ODI century by a Dutch player against a full member of the ICC.
At domestic level, ten Doeschate first established himself as a regular for Essex during the 2006 season, and was named the team's limited-overs captain for the 2014 season. He has played for a number of professional Twenty20 sides in other countries, including franchises in Australia's Big Bash, the Bangladesh Premier League, the Indian Premier League and in New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
In September 2021, ten Doeschate announced that he would retire from professional cricket at the end of 2021. He played his final international against Namibia on 20 October 2021 during the group match in 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. In December 2021 he was appointed as Kent County Cricket Club's batting coach. In November 2022, he was appointed as the fielding coach of Kolkata Knight Riders.
==Early career==
He matriculated at Fairbairn College in Goodwood, near Cape Town in 1998. While at school, he excelled at both rugby and cricket.
==Domestic and franchise career==
In 2003, Graham Gooch was on tour with Essex in South Africa and saw ten Doeschate play in a match against a Western Province second XI. Against Essex, he first excelled with the ball in a four-day game before impressing with the bat in a one-day match. Gooch's friend Peter Kirsten, one of the Western Province coaches, mentioned ten Doeschate's EU citizenship that would make him eligible to play in England.
In 2008, ten Doeschate became one of the cornerstones of a strong Essex team and enjoyed success with them, winning the Friends Provident Trophy and Pro40 Division 2. During a Clydesdale Bank 40 match against the Derbyshire Falcons, ten Doeschate scored 109 not out In 2010, ten Doeschate led the batting averages for Essex in the Friends Provident t20, scoring 296 runs in six matches at an average of 59.20.
In 2010, he signed with Tasmania for the Twenty20 Big Bash League. In January 2011, ten Doeschate was signed by Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League 2011 Auction, becoming the first Associate player to win an IPL contract.
In 2016 he was appointed captain of Essex in the County Championship. In his first season as captain, he led the side to promotion to the first division. The following season Essex win the Championship. In January 2020, he stepped down as the captain of Essex after leading his club for four straight seasons.
In 2015, he was signed by Dhaka Dynamites for the 2015–16 Bangladesh Premier League.
==International career==
In successive innings in international matches for The Netherlands in the ICC Intercontinental Cup competition in 2005 and 2006 he scored 84, 158, 138, 100 and finally 259 not out, the last innings setting a new record for the competition.
Ten Doeschate was selected in the Netherlands squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup. In a warm-up match he took five wickets against a strong India team. He followed this up by scoring 57 runs off 74 balls. In the opening match of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, he contributed to the shock defeat of the host nation England, taking two wickets and scoring 22 not out.ESPN Cricinfo
In October 2010, ten Doeschate was named the Associate and Affiliate Player of the Year at the ICC Awards in Bangalore. He had previously won this award in 2008. He won the award again in 2011.
On 14 November 2017, ten Doeschate was recalled to the Dutch side after an almost six-year absence in order to help the Dutch qualify for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In February 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named ten Doeschate as one of the ten players to watch ahead of the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament. In September 2019, he was named in the Dutch squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. Ahead of the tournament, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player in the Dutch squad. In September 2021, he was named in the Dutch squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.
==Notes==
==References==
==External links==
*Cricket World Cup 2011 Profile
*
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch cricketers
Category:Dutch people of South African descent
Category:Canterbury cricketers
Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Category:Essex cricketers
Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
Category:Mashonaland cricketers
Category:Netherlands One Day International cricketers
Category:Netherlands Twenty20 International cricketers
Category:Otago cricketers
Category:Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club cricketers
Category:South African cricketers
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:South African people of Dutch descent
Category:Cricketers from Port Elizabeth
Category:Tasmania cricketers
Category:Western Province cricketers
Category:White South African people
Category:Karachi Kings cricketers
Category:Essex cricket captains
Category:Chittagong Vikings cricketers
Category:Dhaka Dynamites cricketers
Category:Adelaide Strikers cricketers
Category:Comilla Victorians cricketers
Category:Balkh Legends cricketers
Category:Rajshahi Kings cricketers
Category:Lahore Qalandars cricketers
Category:Nelson Mandela Bay Giants cricketers
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in Bangladesh
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in India
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in Pakistan
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in Zimbabwe
Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Bangladesh
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in India
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Zimbabwe
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Pakistan
Category:South African cricket coaches
Category:Dutch cricket coaches
| 421,856
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John Maunders
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English cricketer
|
John Maunders (born 4 April 1981, Ashford, Middlesex, England) is an English cricketer.
John Maunders was born in Ashford Middlesex and initially played his cricket for Ashford Cricket Club where he was a key member of a very good colts side.
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John Maunders (born 4 April 1981, Ashford, Middlesex, England) is an English cricketer.
John Maunders was born in Ashford Middlesex and initially played his cricket for Ashford Cricket Club where he was a key member of a very good colts side.
==Career==
Maunders played First Class cricket as an opening batsman, scoring 5 centuries and bowled occasional medium pace yielding 24 wickets.
His career started with Middlesex where he was given limited first team opportunity but performed well at second team level and represented England in U19 Test cricket, participating in the U19 World Cup in India.
Without a regular place in the full Middlesex side John moved to Leicestershire where he became a regular in the Championship side during the 2005 season. He scored a total of 3,544 runs for Leicestershire in 124 innings with 3 Not Outs, at an average of 29.28, which included 5 hundreds and 18 fifties. His 24 wickets were taken at an average of 38.66, with an economy rate of 3.65, and best figures of 4 for 15. He also holds the record for the highest innings in the Leicester 2nd XI for whom he scored 228 not out, declaring as captain to provide his opponents with an achievable target. Despite such promise, he was one of six cricketers to be released by Leicestershire in October 2007.
He was quickly recruited by Essex making his debut against Northants and scored 62 and 26. His contract was extended by a further 12 months after strong performances in the County Championship and the NatWest Pro40.Maunders Signs One-Year Contract Extension, Cricket World, 20 October 2009
He is now the proprietor of Maunders Cricket, based at Sunbury Cricket Club, providing specialist cricket coaching to young and adult players.
==References==
==External links==
* Cricket Online Profile
* Cricinfo
* Cricket Archive
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Leicestershire cricketers
Category:Middlesex cricketers
Category:Essex cricketers
Category:People from Ashford, Surrey
Category:Middlesex Cricket Board cricketers
Category:Shropshire cricketers
Category:NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
| 421,857
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Colin Wallace
|
British Army intelligence officer
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John Colin Wallace (born June 1943) is a British former member of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland and a psychological warfare specialist. He refused to become involved in the Intelligence-led 'Clockwork Orange' project, which was an attempt to smear various individuals including a number of senior British politicians in the early 1970s. He also attempted to draw public attention to the Kincora Boys' Home sexual abuse scandal several years before the Royal Ulster Constabulary finally intervened.
He was wrongly convicted of manslaughter in 1981, for which he spent six years in prison, until 1987. The conviction was later quashed in the light of new forensic and other evidence that raised serious questions about the dubious nature of the evidence used to convict Wallace initially. The Court of Appeal heard that scientific evidence used to convict Wallace was false and that the Home Office pathologist involved in the case admitted that he had received it from an anonymous American security source. The journalist Paul Foot, in his book Who Framed Colin Wallace?, suggested that Wallace may have been framed for the killing, possibly to discredit the allegations he was making. This view was similarly expressed by Alex Carlile QC (now Lord Carlile), who later speculated that this may have been the motive not just for the alleged frameup, but also for murder.
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John Colin Wallace (born June 1943) is a British former member of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland and a psychological warfare specialist. He refused to become involved in the Intelligence-led 'Clockwork Orange' project, which was an attempt to smear various individuals including a number of senior British politicians in the early 1970s. He also attempted to draw public attention to the Kincora Boys' Home sexual abuse scandal several years before the Royal Ulster Constabulary finally intervened.
He was wrongly convicted of manslaughter in 1981, for which he spent six years in prison, until 1987. The conviction was later quashed in the light of new forensic and other evidence that raised serious questions about the dubious nature of the evidence used to convict Wallace initially. The Court of Appeal heard that scientific evidence used to convict Wallace was false and that the Home Office pathologist involved in the case admitted that he had received it from an anonymous American security source. The journalist Paul Foot, in his book Who Framed Colin Wallace?, suggested that Wallace may have been framed for the killing, possibly to discredit the allegations he was making. This view was similarly expressed by Alex Carlile QC (now Lord Carlile), who later speculated that this may have been the motive not just for the alleged frameup, but also for murder.
==Early life==
Wallace was born in Randalstown, Northern Ireland, in 1943 and educated at Ballymena Academy. He was initially commissioned into the Territorial Army in 1961, and later became a marksman in the Ulster Special Constabulary, or 'B Specials'. A former cadet officer in the Irish Guards, he was commissioned in 1972 into the Ulster Defence Regiment, part of the Regular Army, and was immediately granted the rank of captain. He became the Regiment's Psychological Operations officer. He was seconded to the New Zealand SAS before working for British Intelligence as a psychological warfare officer. During the early 1970s he ran the British Army's free-fall parachute display team in Northern Ireland, taking part in a variety of 'Hearts and Minds' projects throughout the Province. Several members of that team were also members of the Special Air Service (SAS) or the Intelligence Corps. In 1969, The Irish Guards Association Journal carried this reference to Wallace: "He is a great training enthusiast and is never happier than when he is on top of one 3,000-foot peak busily engaged in plotting his hop to the next one. He will eventually achieve great fame as he will, no doubt, be the first Brigade officer to visit RHQ without getting salute at the main gate - as knowing him, he will surely parachute in."Irish Guards Association Journal, February 1969, page 35
==Information officer==
Wallace joined the Ministry of Defence on 15 March 1968 as an assistant information officer for the British Army at its Northern Ireland headquarters at Thiepval Barracks in Lisburn. He became an established information officer from 14 December 1971, and a senior information officer with effect from 27 September 1974, having first held this latter post on temporary promotion from 1972.Commons statement on Wallace
As well as carrying out overt information work for the British Army, Wallace was also working for 14 Intelligence Company as a member of the ultra-secret Army Psychological Operations unit (Information Policy), covertly attempting to undermine, disrupt and control paramilitary groups.
In the years following his appointment to the Information Policy unit, Wallace received high praise from the senior staff at Thiepval. In 1971, his Annual Confidential Report concluded: 'This is an officer of the highest calibre. Totally dedicated to the Army, he demonstrates this by a devotion to duty that is truly remarkable.' The counter-signing officer scribbled underneath: 'I heartily agree.' In 1972, the Chief of Staff recorded that enthusiasm and dedication were not his only virtues. His abilities were just as remarkable: 'Continues to demonstrate that his talents are of the very highest standard.'Extracts from Wallace's Annual Confidential Reports released by the MOD in 1975 Wallace's former boss, Major Tony Staughton, confirmed that by 1973 he had twice recommended Wallace for the MBE, and could not understand how and why the recommendations were turned down. "I've never known such a deserving case," he told journalist Paul Foot.
In February 1975, Ian Cameron, senior MI5 officer attached to Army HQ Northern Ireland, wrote a report on Wallace's role in Northern Ireland:
===Clockwork Orange===
In 1973 and 1974, Wallace was involved with an operation called Clockwork Orange. Wallace alleges that this involved right-wing members of the security services in a disinformation campaign aimed not at paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland, but at British MPs. He was supported by a covert specialist military troop (possibly an SAS unit made up of specially-trained Northern Ireland personnel). This group was shrouded in secrecy. Journalists from foreign news organisations would be given briefings and shown forged documents, which purported to show that politicians were speaking at Irish republican rallies or were receiving secret deposits in Swiss bank accounts.
On 16 March 1976 the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, retired suddenly without any apparent reason. In the days leading up to his resignation there had been no hint that he was about to go. Two months later, on 12 May, Wilson invited two BBC reporters, Barrie Penrose and Roger Courtiour to visit him at his home at 5 North Street, near Parliament. He told the reporters that he believed members of MI5 had been involved in a plot to undermine his Government. He said that he had called in the head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield, who told him that there was a section of MI5 that "was unreliable" and that he (Oldfield) was "going to bring it out". Wilson also said that he had called in the head of MI5, Sir Michael Hanley, who confirmed the existence within his Service of a disaffected faction with extreme right-wing views. Later, the two reporters interviewed Sir Michael Hanley at his home and asked him if there had been talk of a coup to overthrow the Wilson Government in the mid 1970s. The former Head of MI5 replied: "I think it is generally accepted. Yes".
On 19 May 1976, The Daily Telegraph published a story under the headline: "Campaign in US to smear MPs". The story claimed that "persistent efforts have been made in recent months to discredit leading members of the three major British political parties by planting derogatory stories about them in news agencies in Washington". One of the news agencies to be given such information said: "So far this year we have been offered similar matter about some eleven MPs, a Conservative, two Liberals and eight Labour".
The Pencourt File by Barrie Penrose and Roger Courtiour, Secker and Warburg1978
In his book, Spycatcher, former senior MI5 officer, Peter Wright stated:
The information appears to bear a striking similarity to some of the material contained in the notes which Colin Wallace had been instructed two years earlier as part of the 'Clockwork Orange' project. People named in Colin Wallace's notes as having been targeted in this manner included Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, Merlyn Rees, Cyril Smith, Jeremy Thorpe, Tony Benn and Ian Paisley.
Despite repeated denials in more recent years by the heads of MI5, it is now clear that members of MI5 did make attempts to undermine Harold Wilson and his Government in the 1970s. The former Cabinet Secretary, Lord Hunt, conducted a secret inquiry into the allegations and, in August 1996, he confirmed to journalist, David Leigh:
"There is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5 . . . a lot of them like Peter Wright who were rightwing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government."
On 20 March 1975, Hugh Mooney, a member of the top secret Information Research Department run by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, wrote a memo to his superiors claiming that the former Head of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland told him that Colin Wallace "had been one of his best sources." MI5 accused Colin Wallace of leaking information to the press about William McGrath, the leader of the Loyalist paramilitary group Tara, who had been sexually abusing children at the Kincora Home. However, official records later showed that he had been instructed by his superiors to draw the attention of the press to McGrath's activities.
Mooney also gave an interview to the Sunday Correspondent on 18 March 1990 about Colin Wallace's attempts to expose the sexual abuse at Kincora,. The Sunday Correspondent report said:
On 21 February 2019, Colin Wallace wrote to the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Karen Bradley MP, and provided her with documentary evidence that three of the official Inquiries into the abuses at Kincora had deliberately misled Parliament. He also queried why the investigations had failed to interview key, identified witnesses from the Intelligence Services. His comments and questions remain unanswered.
==After HQNI==
Wallace resigned from the Ministry of Defence in 1975 in order to avoid disciplinary action, ostensibly for privately briefing journalists with classified information. Wallace always claimed that this action was consistent with his secret job duties as a member of the Intelligence Services and that the real reasons for his dismissal were related to his refusal to continue working on the Clockwork Orange project in October 1974, and his exposure of a child abuse scandal at the Kincora Boys' Home. He claimed his allegations were blocked because the leading perpetrator was both a leading member of a loyalist paramilitary group and an undercover agent for MI5. The government later admitted that Wallace had the authority to take decisions on the release of classified information in support of psychological operations.
In the 1980s, to support his claims, Wallace produced a collection of documents, including a series of handwritten notes on material which formed part of the Clockwork Orange project. The notes were later subjected to an independent forensic analysis by Dr Julius Grant, and the results were consistent with the notes having been made contemporaneously during the 1970s.Foot, Paul (1989) - details below in Bibliography
Wallace was probably the first member of the security forces to attempt to draw public attention to the sexual abuse of children at the Kincora Boys' Home in Belfast. In 1973, at the request of his superior officers, he gave several journalists the name of the loyalist paramilitary leader running the home, together with his address and telephone number. He also pointed out that the man was "a known homosexual" who blackmailed people into homosexual activities which he himself initiated. On 19 July 1976, the New Statesman published a story by Robert Fisk of The Times and based on Wallace's allegations about the sexual allegations surrounding William McGrath, one of the Kincora staff. Although Wallace's superiors later confirmed that they had authorised Wallace to disclose that information, a senior MI5 officer, Ian Cameron, accused Wallace of a breach of security. MI5 later refused to allow the police to question Cameron about Kincora.
None of the newspapers he briefed published the story and the abuse of children continued unabated for several years before the police were finally forced to take action following revelations in the Irish Independent.
Several commentators have pointed to the coincidence that the events which led to Wallace being wrongly convicted of manslaughter took place shortly after Kincora was finally exposed in the Irish Independent.
Writing in the New Statesman in 1986, Duncan Campbell revealed that, at about the time Wallace was charged with manslaughter, intelligence officers wrote to Sir Frank Cooper, Permanent Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence, warning him that "Wallace had both the information and the motivation to reveal the story behind Kincora".
Entries in intelligence notebooks kept during 1974 by former Special Military Intelligence Unit Officer, Captain Fred Holroyd, who had met Colin Wallace in Northern Ireland at that time,New Statesman, 4 May 1984 refer to the Kincora hostel by name, and say of leading Protestant politicians that they are "all queers", as British Army and RUC intelligence officials had had no difficulty coupling information about homosexual Protestant extremist politicians to the Kincora hostel.
Holroyd is also quoted as saying that, while being trained for his Northern Ireland duties, he was told that the Tara organisation was in effect controlled by British intelligence, and was not a real security threat, implying that William McGrath, a former house-father at Kincora and leader of Tara, had come under intelligence control before 1973.
Clive Ponting, a former senior official in the Ministry of Defence, told the Sunday Times that he had attended meetings with MI5 officers at the MOD to discuss how to prevent Wallace and Fred Holroyd from making allegations about 'dirty tricks' in Northern Ireland. Ponting said that MI5 were "genuinely worried about what Wallace might say"."Irish firm in bid to publish Wright book". Sunday Times, 17 May 1987.
In March 1987, a former MI5 agent, James Miller, told the Sunday Times that he knew Wallace when he was working in Northern Ireland during the 1970s. Miller said that his first task for MI5 was to spy on William McGrath. He said that his MI5 handler told him to leave McGrath to them (MI5) and he understood that "they used his information to recruit McGrath as an informer."Sunday Times, 29 March 1987
After the Kincora story was initially exposed in the press, the Northern Ireland Secretary, James Prior, asked Sir George Terry, the Chief Constable of the Sussex Police, to carry out an investigation into the affair. Terry's full report was never shown to Parliament. In a summary of the report, Terry said: "Military sources have been frank, and I am satisfied there is no substance to allegations that Army intelligence had knowledge of homosexual abuse at Kincora."
This inexplicable conclusion almost certainly misled the British Parliament. Moreover, Terry failed to inform Parliament that MI5 had refused to allow one of their senior officers, who had blocked prior military investigations into Kincora, to be questioned by his investigators.'The Kincora Scandal' by Chris Moore
It was, therefore, no surprise that Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly ridiculed the report. John Cushnahan, a spokesman for the non-sectarian Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, was indignant: he found one of the most disturbing aspects of Terry's conclusions was the complete dismissal of any possibility that military circles knew about the scandal. He then referred to a number of people as having been interviewed by British Army people for British military intelligence about William McGrath and Kincora. Cushnahan concluded by saying that it was misleading and blatantly dishonest for Terry to claim that the whole matter had been fully ventilated.The Irish Times, 10 November 1983
Despite the obvious and unexplained weaknesses of the Terry Inquiry, Prior told Parliament that a 1921 Act Inquiry was not justified. Instead, Prior proposed to establish a public inquiry under the powers contained in article 54 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972 to examine the administration of Kincora and of young people's hostels in Northern Ireland. That Inquiry would be led by a retired circuit judge, Judge William HughesHansard.House of Commons Debate 18 January 1984 vol 52 cc319-26 and it was decided that "It will be up to the Inquiry and the eminent judge who will preside over it to examine anything which is relevant to the particular boy's home (Kincora), or to the other five boys' homes, and the circumstances which led up to the problems."Hansard House of Commons Debate 18 January 1984 vol 52 cc319-26
When asked on The World at One (BBC Radio 4, 18 January 1984) if the inquiry would take evidence on the alleged activities of the intelligence agencies, Prior replied that if there was any evidence, it would.'The World at One', BBC Radio 4, 18 January 1984
Despite these assurances given by Prior, Judge Hughes made it clear in his report: "The conduct of the police, or elected representatives, or clergymen, or military intelligence or any other persons who may have been in receipt of allegations, information or rumours relating to Kincora or any other home, was not under scrutiny in this Inquiry."Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Children s Homes and Hostels the Hughes Inquiry 31 12 1985 Colin Wallace's evidence was, therefore, excluded from the Hughes Inquiry.
In July 2014, Exaro News reported that the late Lord Havers, as Attorney General in 1984, limited the terms of reference for the Inquiry to exclude politicians and other key categories of people from investigation.
In 1974, Wallace's Army Annual Confidential Report described his performance in Northern Ireland as "outstanding" and said that he had made "one of the most effective personal contributions of any to the standing and reputation of the Army in these troubles." The Report was signed by the Commander Land Forces, Northern Ireland, Major General Peter Leng.Documents released by the MOD at Wallace's disciplinary hearing in 1975
Later that year, Wallace was promoted to Senior Information Officer and, shortly afterwards, he wrote a lengthy memorandum to his superiors complaining that no action was being taken to stop the sexual abuse of children at the Kincora Home. A few weeks later he was removed from his job on the grounds that his life "was in danger", and posted to an Army HQ in England.
Former BBC journalist, Martin Dillon, who has written several books on the Northern Ireland conflict, says:
One of the ghastly aspects of what became known as 'The Kincora Scandal' was that McGrath and [John] McKeague (another Loyalist paramilitary paedophile), as Intelligence assets, were agents of the State. What Wallace was unaware of was that McGrath and McKeague had virtual immunity from prosecution because of the information they were supplying to their Intelligence bosses. According to Chris Moore's (another BBC journalist) investigations of McGrath, MI5 was the organisation that recruited and funded his political activities. They were fully aware of contacts he made with Rhodesian and South African Intelligence in order to acquire arms for Loyalists.'The Trigger Men' by Martin Dillon
Chris Moore summed up the situation succinctly:
McGrath made it obvious to all those who heard him speak that he was acting on Intelligence. There was a higher authority; McGrath was not alone. Figures like John McKeague spring to mind, and there are other documented episodes like the Colin Wallace affair and the case of Brian Nelson to suggest strongly that British Intelligence had penetrated and was manipulating the loyalist paramilitary underground from the early 1970s onwards. Where was the democratic control over all this unquestionably illegal activity? Why have elected representatives, including MPs from Northern Ireland itself, been so reluctant to become involved in uncovering the truth?'The Kincora Scandal
In 1980, David McKittrick of the Irish Times, reported how he had been briefed by Wallace "many times" during the 1970s:
It was clear that he had access to the highest levels of intelligence data. He had a encyclopaedic memory, which he occasionally refreshed with calls made on his personal scrambler telephone to the headquarters intelligence section a few floors above his office.Irish Times 21 March 1981
Peter Broderick, Head of the Army Information Services at HQ Northern Ireland in 1973, said:
To my knowledge, he (Wallace) worked at least 80 hours a week: coming to his desk every day. He lived in the Officers Mess and regarded himself as always on duty. On my arrival, I found that he had taken virtually no leave for six years. He had a knowledge of the Irish situation which was totally unique in the Headquarters and surpassed that even of most of the Intelligence Branch. As time progressed, he was not only the main briefer for the press, but also the adviser on Irish matters to the whole Headquarters and - because of his personal talents - contributed much creative thought to the Information Policy Unit. In order to do his job, he had constant and free access to information of the highest classification and extreme sensitivity.
===Imprisonment===
In 1980, shortly after the Kincora story appeared in the press, Wallace was arrested and subsequently convicted of the manslaughter of the husband of one of his colleagues. It was reported that Wallace had beaten antiques dealer Jonathan Lewis to death before attending a dinner party with the dead man's wife. Later that night, Wallace was alleged to have dumped the body in the River Arun.The Guardian; Man gaoled for killing, 21 March 1981 He served six years in gaol, from 1981 to 1987.
The conviction was quashed in 1996 in the light of new forensic and other evidence. During the appeal hearing, a Home Office pathologist, Dr Ian West, admitted that some of the evidence that he had used at Wallace's trial had been supplied to him by "an American security source". The journalist Paul Foot, in his book Who Framed Colin Wallace?, suggested that Wallace may have been framed for the killing, possibly by renegade members of the security services in a bid to discredit his allegations about the Kincora scandal, and the fact that members of the intelligence community had attempted to rig the 1974 general election after which Harold Wilson came to power with a minority government.
Wallace himself suggested that Lewis had been murdered by 'rivals in the antiques trade' and that the police had suppressed evidence to that effect.Steve Boggan, 'Wallace faces possibility of new death trial', The Independent, 9 October 1996
In June 1998, a former Special Branch officer who was familiar with the Wallace case wrote to Paul Foot saying:
I sincerely believe that Colin Wallace was 'fitted up' by corrupt members of the Establishment embarrassed by the events described in the early part of your book. I do not suggest for a moment that any Sussex Police officer involved in this enquiry was corrupt, because I do not believe they were, but I feel there was a hidden agenda, and that the senior officers knew a lot more about the matter than they would ever care to reveal.Paul Foot private collection 4 June 1998
As the controversy over the Kincora affair gathered momentum, Alex Carlile QC (now Lord Carlile), the SDP–Liberal Alliance's Legal Affairs spokesman, issued a statement saying: "It is clear that Colin Wallace, a principled man, knew too much about the Kincora Boys' Home scandal."Alliance Party News Release, 2 March 1987
Two months later, Mr Carlile was quoted in the Sunday Today newspaper saying:
I believe there are many people in high places and within the security services who feel ill-will towards Wallace for exposing their activities. The question is that if MI5 was prepared to kill to get even with Wallace, why not kill him? It may be that Wallace's allegations about MI5 officers being involved in activities verging on the treasonable were widely known - so if any harm came to him the finger would point directly at them. I have tried repeatedly in the House to get an adjournment on the conviction and will continue to do so."Sunday Today, 17 May 1987, "I believe there are many people in high places and within the security services who feel ill-will towards Wallace for exposing their activities. The question is that if MI5 was prepared to kill to get even with Wallace, why not kill him? It may be that Wallace's allegations about MI5 officers being involved in activities verging on the treasonable were widely known - so if any harm came to him the finger would point directly at them. I have tried repeatedly in the House to get an adjournment on the conviction and will continue to do so.
In 1987, a former senior Ministry of Defence official, Clive Ponting, was quoted on Channel 4 News about high-level meetings he had taken part in with MI5 officers regarding Wallace's case.
There was never any suspicion that Wallace was making these stories up or that it was totally unfounded and very easy to rubbish. It was very much a matter that, OK the story was being contained at the moment because he was in jail, but that in a few years' time he would be back out again and could be expected to start making the allegations again and then that would be a serious problem.Channel 4 News, 25 June 1987
===After Dark===
In 1987 Wallace appeared on the first programme of the Channel 4 discussion series After Dark alongside Clive Ponting, T. E. Utley, Peter Hain and others.
===Government re-examination===
On 12 December 1989, the then Defence Secretary, Tom King, wrote a memo, classified 'Secret', to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher regarding an internal MoD investigation which examined the nature of Wallace's clandestine role in Psychological Operations in Northern Ireland.MOD memo MO 19/3/19L dated 12 December 1989
That investigation, initiated by Sir Michael Quinlan, the then PUS at the Ministry of Defence, found that Government Ministers had misled Parliament on a number of occasions when answering questions about Wallace and his role in what is referred to as 'the dirty war'. Remarkably, instead of publishing the findings of the MoD's own investigation, Tom King suggested to Mrs Thatcher that the Government should create another, much more limited and less damaging, inquiry to explain away why Parliament had been seriously misled for a period of years.
In his memo, Tom King said:
Mr David Calcutt QC, the Master of Magdalene College Cambridge, has carried out a previous sensitive inquiry most satisfactorily and, if you agree, I would approach him to see if he would be willing to undertake this investigation. I am confident that we could rely on him to approach these very sensitive issues with complete discretion. It would be important to restrict his terms of reference to that handling of Mr Wallace’s CSAB appeal, so that he could avoid getting drawn into Kincora, 'Clockwork Orange', assassinations etc. I envisage that his recommendations and my subsequent decision should be published; but that Mr Calcutt should not make a published report.
The Defence Secretary's suggestion can only be described as both astonishing and deeply worrying. Either the Government genuinely wanted to investigate Wallace's allegations thoroughly, or they did not. In the absence of information to the contrary, it would appear that David Calcutt was being deliberately used as a totally innocent 'fall guy' to get the Government off a very sharp hook. It is not unreasonable to assume, therefore, that had Tom King's memo to Mrs Thatcher been shown to MPs at that time, there would have been a justifiable outcry in the House.
Why, for example, should the Defence Secretary and the Prime Minister want to prevent David Calcutt from investigating Wallace's allegations regarding the sexual abuses of children at Kincora, or the alleged attempts by members of the Intelligence Services to discredit Harold Wilson and other politicians during the 1974 General Elections? What David Calcutt was being asked to do was purely a 'smoke and mirrors' exercise to avoid the whole truth from emerging.
It was no surprise that when Tom King announced the setting up of the Inquiry by David Calcutt, he was strongly challenged by MPs on all sides of the House, including both Nationalist and Unionist politicians from Northern Ireland. For example, Jim Marshall (Member for Leicester, South) challenged Tom King saying:
The argument that we are seeking to put to the Secretary of State and to get him to accept is that, if there is evidence that Mr. Wallace has been telling the truth in this particular, there may well be validity in his general arguments and points. Therefore, for that reason if no other, there is a need for a far wider-scale inquiry than is being proposed at present. The Secretary of State must know that the piddling little inquiry that he has set up is to determine whether Mr. Wallace was fairly or unfairly dismissed in the light of the new evidence - but that just will not do.House of Commons Hansard 1 February 1990
In the end, the Government got its way and no meaningful investigation took place, and so the cover-up continued and the sovereignty of Parliament was undermined yet again.
In a letter to Terence Higgins MP on 30 January 1990, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher referred to earlier statements made by Government Ministers about the Wallace case and said:
I regret to say that a re-examination of departmental papers has brought to light information which shows that there were a number of statements in my letters, and in other Ministerial statements and official correspondence, which were incorrect or require clarification.letter from Margaret Thatcher to Terence Higgins MP dated 30 January 1990
Later that same day, in the House of Commons, the Government did make a very limited admission that Ministers had "inadvertently misled" Parliament over Wallace's role and confirmed that he had been involved in disinformation activities on behalf of the security forces and that he had been authorised to supply, on occasions, classified information to journalists. As Tom King had suggested to Mrs Thatcher in his memo dated 12 December 1989, that account fell far short of any admission regarding the abuses of children at Kincora, 'Clockwork Orange', or other really contentious issues such as attempts to discredit leading politicians during the 1974 General Elections.
The Armed Forces Minister, Mr Archie Hamilton admitted that several key allegations consistently made by Colin Wallace were in fact true.
Papers which have now come to light indicate that, when the case was made to establish Mr. Wallace's post, it was proposed that its duties should include responsibilities for providing unattributable covert briefings to the press ; and it was stated that the incumbent would be required to make on-the-spot decisions on matters of national security during such interviews. It seems that, in the event, the arguments for including these responsibilities in Mr Wallace's job description were made orally rather than in writing to those who approved the establishment of the SIO post. But presumably Mr. Wallace was told what duties he was expected to carry out; and indeed it would appear that he had already been undertaking unattributable briefing activities of this kind, which may have included disinformation.House of Commons Hansard Debates for 30 January 1990
The inquiry undertaken by Sir David Calcutt QC confirmed that Colin Wallace had, indeed, been working for the intelligence services during the 1970s and that his enforced resignation from the Ministry of Defence had been made on the basis of a false job description designed to conceal his covert role in psychological warfare. Sir David Calcutt also found that members of the Security Service (MI5) had manipulated the disciplinary proceedings taken against Wallace. In the light of the Inquiry's findings, Wallace was awarded compensation by the Government. Although Tom King had informed Mrs Thatcher that part of Wallace's role not only involved the dissemination of Intelligence, but also the gathering of Intelligence, and was described by the former heard of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland as one of his "best sources", there was no mention of that critically important fact in Archie Hamilton's statement to Parliament.
Wallace's solicitor, Jim Nicol, referred Sir David Calcutt's report to the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, on the basis that the conclusions indicated that Security Service officers who manipulated the proceedings had attempted to defraud Wallace. The Metropolitan Police referred the matter to the DPP for guidance. The DPP concluded that it would not be in the public interest for the police to pursue the matter.
Despite the findings of the Calcutt Inquiry, the Ministry of Defence refused to allow the Defence Select Committee to have access to Wallace's secret job description. In a letter dated 11 February 1991, the Ministry of Defence said that Wallace's job description contained "sensitive information relating to the security and intelligence matters" and that the provision of such papers, even under the conditions relating to the committee's access to classified information, "would be inconsistent with the conventions"MOD letter D/S of S/PS/20/229J dated 11 February 1991
===Dublin bombings inquiry===
Evidence from Wallace was used by the Barron Report, an Irish government inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.
A letter from Colin Wallace to Tony Staughton, the Chief Information Officer of the Army Information Service at Lisburn, on 14 August 1975 noted the connections between Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) paramilitaries and the Intelligence Corps and RUC Special Branch:
There is good evidence the Dublin bombings [see Dublin and Monaghan bombings] in May last year were a reprisal for the Irish government's role in bringing about the [power sharing] Executive. According to one of Craig's people [Craig Smellie, the top MI6 officer in Northern Ireland at the time], some of those involved, the Youngs, the Jacksons, Mulholland, Hanna, Kerr and McConnell were working closely with SB [Special Branch] and Int [Intelligence] at that time. Craig's people believe the sectarian assassinations were designed to destroy [then Northern Secretary Merlyn] Rees's attempts to negotiate a ceasefire, and the targets were identified for both sides by Int/SB. They also believe some very senior RUC officers were involved with this group. In short, it would appear that loyalist paramilitaries and Int/SB members have formed some sort of pseudo-gangs in an attempt to fight a war of attrition by getting paramilitaries on both sides to kill each other and, at the same time, prevent any future political initiative such as Sunningdale.
In a further letter dated 30 September 1975, Wallace revealed that MI5 was trying to create a split in the UVF in order to foment violence:
because they wanted the more politically minded ones ousted. I believe much of the violence generated during the latter part of last year was caused by some of the new Int people deliberately stirring up the conflict. As you know, we have never been allowed to target the breakaway UVF, nor the UFF, during the past year. Yet they have killed more people than the IRA!Report of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings
In December 2003, the Dáil's Joint Committee on Justice, Equality, Defence and Women's Rights, published the Report of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings which took place in May 1974. The Inquiry was led by a former Irish Supreme Court Judge, Mr Justice Henry Barron. Judge Barron interviewed Wallace on a number of occasions during the Inquiry and comments:
Judge Barron also refers to what he calls "the dubious nature of his (Wallace's) conviction for manslaughter in 1981", and points out that the "conviction was quashed on 21 July 1996."
In his book, Inside Intelligence, former SIS officer Anthony Cavendish confirms that he knew Wallace and says that his story is "frightening and disquieting, but one which ties in with many events to which I have been privy". Cavendish sent Wallace a first edition of his book which contains the following inscription: "Colin - a great help and a true friend."
Cavendish, a close friend over many years of Sir Maurice Oldfield, former Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, says that Wallace's assertion that Oldfield was the target of a black propaganda campaign by MI5, "match closely details which were told to me privately by Maurice."
In his biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield. Richard Deacon [Donald McCormick] writes:
Who were Oldfield's enemies? Who wanted to hound him even in retirement and, if possible, to destroy him totally? These were questions which I felt it imperative to try to answer. I tried to track down the source of these various stories which became embroidered as time passed, but there was nothing positive one could go on other than word of mouth gossip. My information is that the first report came not from the IRA, but from an undisclosed Ulster Defence Regiment source. Later sources suggested the stories came from inside the British Army.'C' A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, by Richard Deacon.Futura Publications.
The intelligence world in which Wallace operated in Northern Ireland was graphically described by Lord Stevens, former Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Lord Stevens had presided over the Stevens Inquiries into collusion between the security forces and loyalist paramilitaries in the murders of Irish nationalists. In May 2011, he gave evidence to the Joint Committee on the Draft Detention of Terrorist Suspects (Temporary Extension) Bills and said:
When you talk about Intelligence, of the 210 people we arrested, only three were not (Intelligence) agents. Some of them were agents for all four of those particular organisations (Army, MI5, MI6 and Special Branch), fighting against each other, doing things and making a large sum of money, which was all against the public interest and creating mayhem in Northern Ireland. Any system that is created in relation to this country and Northern Ireland has to have a proper controlling mechanism. It has to have a mechanism where someone is accountable for what the actions are and that has to be transparent.Minutes of The Joint Committee on the Draft Detention of Terrorist Suspects (Temporary Extension) Bills, 3 May 2011
===The Man Who Knew Too Much===
In 2020 a documentary was produced on the life of Colin Wallace, The Man Who Knew Too Much.Article on "The Man Who Knew Too Much" As of 2021 this film was available on YouTube.YouTube link to documentary "The Man Who Knew Too Much"
==Summary==
To this day, Wallace's full role on behalf of the Army remains a mystery. Former members of the Special Forces admit that Wallace worked with them as far afield as Berlin and the Oman during the Cold War, but the Ministry of Defence and the Intelligence Services still try to distance themselves from what Wallace was doing in Northern Ireland. He had been part of the Army team preparing for the Widgery Tribunal into the Bloody Sunday killings of protesters in Derry, and in 2002 he testified at the Saville Inquiry into the events.
One of Wallace's close friends in the Army described him as follows: "I played golf with the General. That was an accident. Colin was needed by the General. Everyone needed him. They just could not do without him.""Who Framed Colin Wallace" by Paul Foot Page 14
Lieutenant-Colonel Tony Yarnold, who worked with Wallace in Northern Ireland, said: "Let's face it, Colin was the lynchpin of the whole operation. He was terrific - way ahead of us all in his knowledge and his readiness to work. Everyone wanted him all the time, and somehow he was always available.""Who Framed Colin Wallace" by Paul Foot Page 13
A former Ministry of Defence Chief Information Officer commented: "For loyalty and dedication to the Army, Colin Wallace was in a class of his own. I just cannot conceive of any situation in which he would act maliciously against the interests of the Crown or the Army."Formal statement made by Peter Broderick, Chief Information Officer, Ministry of Defence, in support of Colin Wallace at the disciplinary hearing on 17 October 1975
==References==
==External links==
*Archie Hamilton's answers on Wallace, Hansard 30 January 1990
*Article by Wallace in Lobster magazine, December 2019, accessed 18 August 2020.
*A review of the 2020 documentary "The Man Who Knew Too Much" about Colin Wallace.
==Bibliography==
*
**alternative edition:
* Cavendish, Anthony; "Inside Intelligence" (1990)
Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:Army Cadet Force officers
Category:British whistleblowers
Category:Civil servants in the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Category:People from Randalstown
Category:People educated at Ballymena Academy
Category:People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers
Category:Ulster Special Constabulary officers
Category:Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom
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Iain Sutcliffe
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English cricketer
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Iain John Sutcliffe (born 20 December 1974) is a former English cricketer who played for the cricket teams of Oxford University, Combined Universities, Leicestershire, British Universities and Lancashire. He played as a left-handed batsman, primarily as an opener in four-day cricket, and as a very occasional spin bowler. He also represented Oxford University as a middleweight boxer.
Sutcliffe joined Lancashire in 2003 and in the same season was awarded his county cap. Retrieved on 16 August 2008. Sutcliffe joined Northamptonshire County Cricket Club on loan towards the end of the 2007 season, only to injure himself during his first game, thus bringing his loan to a premature end.
Towards the end of the 2008 season Sutcliffe announced his retirement from first-class cricket, stating, "I've been presented with some opportunities away from cricket and I'm at a stage where I need to explore these at the earliest opportunity." Retrieved on 16 August 2008.
He would later teach economics and become a housemaster at Wellington College, Berkshire.
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Iain John Sutcliffe (born 20 December 1974) is a former English cricketer who played for the cricket teams of Oxford University, Combined Universities, Leicestershire, British Universities and Lancashire. He played as a left-handed batsman, primarily as an opener in four-day cricket, and as a very occasional spin bowler. He also represented Oxford University as a middleweight boxer.
Sutcliffe joined Lancashire in 2003 and in the same season was awarded his county cap. Retrieved on 16 August 2008. Sutcliffe joined Northamptonshire County Cricket Club on loan towards the end of the 2007 season, only to injure himself during his first game, thus bringing his loan to a premature end.
Towards the end of the 2008 season Sutcliffe announced his retirement from first-class cricket, stating, "I've been presented with some opportunities away from cricket and I'm at a stage where I need to explore these at the earliest opportunity." Retrieved on 16 August 2008.
He would later teach economics and become a housemaster at Wellington College, Berkshire.
==References==
==External links==
*
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Lancashire cricketers
Category:Leicestershire cricketers
Category:Northamptonshire cricketers
Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Category:Cricketers from Leeds
Category:NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
Category:Oxford University cricketers
Category:British Universities cricketers
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Moses Brings Plenty
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Oglala Lakota actor
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Moses J. Brings Plenty (b. 4 September 1969) is an Oglala Lakota television, film, and stage actor, as well as a traditional drummer and singer. He is best known for his portrayal as “Mo” in the television series Yellowstone.Melmer, David. "Moses Brings Plenty." Native Legacy Magazine. Summer 2008 (retrieved 7 November 2010)
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Moses J. Brings Plenty (b. 4 September 1969) is an Oglala Lakota television, film, and stage actor, as well as a traditional drummer and singer. He is best known for his portrayal as “Mo” in the television series Yellowstone.Melmer, David. "Moses Brings Plenty." Native Legacy Magazine. Summer 2008 (retrieved 7 November 2010)
==Background==
Moses Brings Plenty was born on the Pine Ridge Reservation, in South Dakota. He is a direct descendant of Brings Plenty, an Oglala Lakota warrior who fought in the Battle of Little Big Horn.Elliot 57 His wife is Sara Ann Haney-Brings Plenty.
==Acting career==
As an actor, he has played bit parts in Hidalgo, Thunderheart, and Pirates of the Caribbean. He also played Quanah Parker in the History Channel documentary Comanche Warrior, which was filmed on the Wild Horse Sanctuary in the southern Black Hills, as well as playing Crazy Horse on The History Channel's "Investigating History" documentary, Who Killed Crazy Horse and BBC "Custer's Last Stand". He acted in Rez Bomb, considered to be the first movie with a universal storyline set on a reservation. Rez Bomb has been part on the international film festival circuit instead of playing strictly to Native American film festivals, which is a major breakthrough for Native cinema."‘Rez Bomb’ DVD release February 8." Indian Country Today. 22 January 2010 (retrieved 7 November 2010)
In addition to doing some theater work in Nebraska, he also portrayed an Apache warrior in the 2011 science fiction western film Cowboys & Aliens.Hatcher, Jenn. "Moses with Moccasins." KNOP TV: News 2. (retrieved 7 November 2010)
Brings Plenty is concerned about providing accurate representations of Native peoples in mass media. "Young people told me they don’t see our people on TV. Then it hit me, they are right. Where are our indigenous people, people who are proud of who they are?" he says.
==Music, dance, and modeling career==
Brings Plenty has modeled for Ed Hardy and John Yaeger.
Moses Brings Plenty played drums for the band Brulé, who combines traditional Native American drums and flute with contemporary musical instruments.Groman, Gary. "Brule' a unique special Branson entertainment experience." Branson Courier. 14 July 2009 (retrieved 7 November 2010)
He performs with and drums for the Many Moccasins Dance Troupe,Guzman, Chabella. "Dance troupe brings old and new to performance." Star-Herald. 26 October 2010 (7 November 2010) based in Winnebago, Nebraska that combines modern Native American dance with powwow dances.
He has performed for charity events such as Project Lighthouse, who provides warm clothing and bedding to northern Indian reservations.Floriano, Rachel. "Project Lighthouse brings warmth to those on the reservation." Examiner. 26 March 2010 (retrieved 7 November 2010)
Moses has appeared in several episodes of 2018's Yellowstone (U.S. TV series) series on Paramount Network.
==Television==
Moses Brings Plenty was one of the experts who tested/displayed the weapons and tactics used by Oglala Lakota war leader Crazy Horse on an episode in the third season of Spike TV's Deadliest Warrior. He also appeared in the sixth episode of the fourth season of AMC's Hell on Wheels. He also appears in all seven episodes of the 2020 historical drama miniseries, The Good Lord Bird.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
*Elliott, Michael A. Custerology: The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. .
==External links==
*Homepage
*
Category:Native American male actors
Category:Living people
Category:People from Rapid City, South Dakota
Category:Oglala people
Category:1969 births
Category: Native American actors
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Põltsamaa
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Town in Estonia
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Põltsamaa () is a town in Põltsamaa Parish, Jõgeva County, Estonia. The town is situated on the Põltsamaa River, and features a 13th-century castle.
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Põltsamaa () is a town in Põltsamaa Parish, Jõgeva County, Estonia. The town is situated on the Põltsamaa River, and features a 13th-century castle.
==Gallery==
Põltsamaa Jõgi.jpg|Põltsamaa River
Põltsamaa Vabadussõja mälestussammas.JPG|Monument to the Estonian War of Independence
Põltsamaa Felixi kontorihoone.jpg|Põltsamaa Felix is the biggest local employer
Põltsamaa kalmistu.JPG|Põltsamaa cemetery
==References==
==External links==
Category:Former municipalities of Estonia
Category:Cities and towns in Estonia
Category:Populated places in Jõgeva County
Category:Kreis Fellin
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