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illuin-cde
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500_0	Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir (born 24 October 1950) is a biologist and a professor at the University of
500_1	Iceland.
500_2	Professional career
500_3	Hrefna completed the national standard lower secondary school examination from Kvennaskólinn í
500_4	Reykjavík (Reykjavik Women's Gymnasium) in 1966 and a matriculation examination from the
500_5	Mathematics Department of Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík (Reykjavik Junior College) in the spring of
500_6	1970. She graduated from the University of Iceland (UI) with a BS (90e) in biology in the spring of
500_7	1973. Her final project was on the ecology of insects. A year later, she finished a graduate
500_8	program from the same department (BS 120e), emphasising insects and other land arthropods. She
500_9	investigated their abundance and distribution on the south side and top of Mt. Esja. She pursued
500_10	studies in ecology at University College of North Wales, Bangor, (1975-1976) and completed a
500_11	master's there. The research project was on competition for food between closely related freshwater
500_12	flatworms. She worked under the supervision of Prof. T. Reynoldson. Hrefna started a doctoral
500_13	programme in 1977 in the Zoology Department of the University of Liverpool in England and completed
500_14	it in 1980. Her supervisor there was Professor G.A. Parker who was a pioneer in evolutionary
500_15	studies emphasising reproductive behaviour and evolution of differences between the sexes and had
500_16	worked a great deal on the yellow dung fly. Hrefna's doctoral project was in this field, where the
500_17	emphasis is to interpret animals' behaviour, in the light of ecology and evolution (behaviour
500_18	ecology/sociobiology). The title of the dissertation is Evolutionary Aaspects of Sexual Dimorphism
500_19	in Size: Studies on Dung Flies and Three Groups of Birds. She was the first woman in Iceland to
500_20	complete a doctorate in animal ethology. After returning home, she completed teacher certification
500_21	at the University of Iceland (1982).
500_22	During her years of study, she worked one summer at the Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories (1971). In
500_23	1973 and 1974 she assisted Prof. Arnþór Garðarson (UI) with research on the vegetation in the
500_24	Þjórsá River Wetlands. In the summers of 1975 and 1977, she worked for Prof. Agnar Ingólfsson (UI)
500_25	doing research on the distribution of coastal invertebrates in Iceland. She assisted with practical
500_26	teaching in ecology and zoology with her studies in winter 1974–1975. After finishing her doctoral
500_27	programme, she taught part-time at the Biology Department of the University of Iceland and
500_28	Hamrahlíð Junior College (two years). In the fall of 1982, she was hired as assistant professor in
500_29	biology at Iceland University of Education (KHI) and was promoted to associate professor in 1987
500_30	and then to professor in 1999. With the merger of Iceland University of Education and the
500_31	University of Iceland in 2008, she became professor at UI's School of Education. Her students at
500_32	the School of Education have been pre-service teachers selecting biology/natural science as their
500_33	major and in-service teachers who have been doing continuing education courses in biology,
500_34	environmental education and outdoor education. At the University of Iceland, she was the principal
500_35	teacher in ethology (animal behaviour) first in spring 1981 and then, usually, every other year –
500_36	last in 2018. She has supervised students (Icelandic and French) in master's studies in ethology,
500_37	in addition to many teacher education students in their final projects for B.Ed. and M.Ed. degrees.
500_38	She has also taught a course on the ethology of horses at Hólar University College, Iceland
500_39	(2011-2013).
500_40	Research
500_41	Hrefna's research in biology has focused on ethology (behavioural ecology). For example, she has
500_42	worked on the reproductive behaviour of dung flies and arctic char. Since 1996, she has worked with
500_43	many experts and students on the (social) behaviour of the Icelandic horse, focusing on dominance
500_44	orders, what determines an individual horse's positioning, and friendship patterns, how their
500_45	behaviour (aggression, mutual grooming) is affected by group composition in pastures, their
500_46	behaviour and time budget in the wintertime and with French colleagues on the natural weaning of
500_47	foals. Her research has received support from the Icelandic Centre for Research, UI's Research Fund
500_48	and other parties. In addition, the research has been presented at many conferences and meetings in
500_49	many parts of the world and published in peer reviewed journals.
500_50	Hrefna has participated in studies in natural science education, given talks, written articles and
500_51	chapters in books on educational theory on biology and environmental education, written course
500_52	materials for elementary schools in zoology and made a film on the reproductive behaviour of arctic
500_53	char in Lake Thingvallavatn, along with Karl Gunnarsson. She belonged to a workgroup of the
500_54	National Centre for Educational Materials and was for a long time a counsellor at the centre
500_55	regarding translations and the selection of course materials in biology.
500_56	Other work and projects
500_57	Hrefna has been trusted to serve in various committees where full confidence is needed at the
500_58	University of Iceland and outside it. She was the first woman member of the Student Council's Board
500_59	of Directors 1973–1974. At KHI, for example, she was a department chair, a member of the School
500_60	Council, semester manager, member of the Continuing Education's Faculty Council, and chair of the
500_61	selection committee. After merger of the Universities, she was a member of the Faculty Council of
500_62	the Faculty of Teachers. She was the chair of the Electives Division and is now the School of
500_63	Education's representative on UI's Promotion Committee. She was on the selection committee of the
500_64	Agricultural University of Iceland in Hvanneyri and was appointed to the selection committee for
500_65	the Knowledge Centre in the Faroe Islands. She has been a member of the professional group of
500_66	natural and environmental sciences for The Icelandic Centre for Research. She sat on the
500_67	Professional Council of Hagþenkir, Association of Non-fiction Writers, for several years, and on
500_68	the Allocation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Association of Self-employed Scholars.
500_69	She was a member of the Board of Directors of KHI's Teachers Association and a confidante for six
500_70	years and on the Board of Directors of the Professors Association in Iceland and its representative
500_71	to a consultants group for a wages committee for many years.
500_72	Hrefna has been a member on the boards of directors of professional associations and interest
500_73	associations in the fields of biology and conservation. She sat on the Board of Directors of the
500_74	Biology Association of Iceland and was on the editorial board of Náttúrufræðingur (Natural
500_75	Scientist) for the Icelandic Natural History Association (HÍN = NHA) for 28 years. She was twice a
500_76	member of the Board of Directors of Landvernd, Icelandic Environment Association (7 years). She was
500_77	on the Board of Directors of the Southwest Iceland Nature Conservation Association (4 years). She
500_78	chaired the Board of Directors of Reykjanesfólkvangur (outdoor recreational area) and is now a
500_79	member of NHA's Board of Directors for the second time.
500_80	Childhood and personal life
500_81	Hrefna grew up in Reykjavik but always spent her summers in the countryside as a child and youth.
500_82	Parents: Sigurjón Sigurðsson, banker (b. 1920, d. 2013), and Björg Ólafsdóttir (b. 1921). Her
500_83	husband is Sigurður Sveinn Snorrason, professor in biology at the University of Iceland. They have
500_84	two children, Björg and Snorri.
500_85	Main written works
500_86	Articles
500_87	Sigurjónsdóttir, H and G.A. Parker. 1981. Dung fly struggles: evidence for assessment strategy.
500_88	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 8: 219–230.
500_89	Sigurjónsdóttir, H. and Gunnarsson, K. 1989. Alternative mating tactics of arctic charr, Salvelinus
500_90	alpinus, in Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26: 159–176.
500_91	Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir, M. van Dierendonck, Anna G. Þórhallsdóttir and Sigurður Snorrason. 2003.
500_92	Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion. Behaviour, 140: 783–804.
500_93	Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir and Hans Haraldsson. (2019). Significance of Group Composition for the
500_94	Welfare of Pastured Horses. Animals, 9, 14.
500_95	Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir og Sandra M. Granquist. (2019). Hátterni hesta í haga - Rannsóknir á
500_96	félagshegðun. Náttúrufræðingurinn 89 (3-4) bl. 78–97, 2019.
500_97	Henry, S.; Sigurjónsdóttir, H.; Klapper, A.; Joubert, J.; Montier, G.; Hausberger, M. Domestic Foal
500_98	Weaning: Need for Re-Thinking Breeding Practices? Animals 2020, 10, 361.
500_99	Books

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