Counterexamples in Type Systems: programs that crash, segfault or explode (2021)
I don't think there's a truly safe programming language. When I was an undergraduate talking to somebody at the C. S. department (I was not a C. S. student, but I talked with many C. S. students) somebody there said that the risk of segfaults in C and Java, when the program approaches hundreds of kloc, are about equal. It's only in small, ungeneralizable programs where Java's GC guarantees safety.<p>Some people know how to manage memory and others don't. If you know how to manage memory, even C is a safe language. If you don't, not even the most formally-verified garbage-collected language can save you.