How America Fractured in 1968
&gt; It was also the year of the Tet offensive, an enormous attack by North Vietnamese forces, and of more than 16,000 American deaths in the Vietnam War, more than in any other year.<p>Sigh...half a century later the Tet offensive is called &quot;an enormous attack by North Vietnamese forces&quot;.<p>How about an enormous attack by &quot;South&quot; Vietnamese forces, like the National Liberation Front?  Who took over the American embassy in Saigon, the &quot;North Vietnamese forces&quot;?  It was a local NLF C-10 Sapper batallion.  The North Vietnamese attack had its main thrust toward the Vietnamese border, the ARVN&#x27;s I Corps Tactical Zone.  Further south it mostly aided the NLF (and local populace) uprising.<p>The Tet Offensive was costly to the NLF - after years of fighting the French, the Americans, and their Vietnamese collaborators, the NLF was somewhat worn down, and the Tet Offensive was kind of its last hurrah.  From 1968 on, the resistance in southern Vietnam became more dependent on North Vietnamese aid.<p>Insofar as &quot;North&quot; and &quot;South&quot; Vietnam, these themselves are created entities.  In 1940, Vietnam was under the control of the Vichy French, who were somewhat hostile to the US.  Then it fell to Japanese control.  In March 1945, the Vichy French were completely ousted.  The OSS was arming and supporting Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh, people like Archimedes Patti.<p>At the end of 1945, the French wanted to take colonial control of Vietnam again (Ho Chi Minh had declared independence with a very pro-US speech and policy, seemingly approved by local American government officials).  The French did not have the manpower to take over Vietnam though and asked the English for help, as French&#x2F;English interests were not 100% US-aligned (see Suez crisis).  The English did not have the manpower either so they sent Nepali Gurkhas to take back Vietnam.  Many events took place in the next weeks and months, I can&#x27;t go into it all here, including the British rearming the Japanese to fight against the Vietnamese.<p>So years of guerilla warfare ensue between the Vietnamese and French colonialists, ending in the 1954 Geneva conference.  There, a promise for elections is made.  Also pledged is reunification.  The US is not a party to the conference.<p>Eisenhower says in his memoirs he could not allow elections as Ho Chi Minh would have won.  So the US starts a policy against the promised elections and reunification.  Like the Japanese, French and English, the US at some point invades southern Vietnam.  It begins a war against the mostly southern NLF resistance, which includes not just communists but Buddhist monks, Vietnamese nationalists etc., all of these comprise the NLF.  Of course, on the long war from 1954 to 1975, including things like the Phoenix Program where the CIA went around south Vietnam murdering school teachers, newspaper columnists and anyone seen as being against US forces being in Vietnam.  By 1972 the US began pulling out, and was ousted in 1975.  By then the southern resistance forces had been decimated (along with millions killed in the south) and the &quot;northern&quot; forces had become more prominent.