Taxonomies of Visual Programming (1990) [pdf]
Brad Myers&#x27; paper answers the age-old argument about whether or not spreadsheets are visual programming languages!<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=20425821" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=20425821</a><p>&gt;DonHopkins on July 13, 2019 | on: I was wrong about spreadsheets (2017)<p>&gt;Google sheets (and other google docs) can be programmed in &quot;serverless&quot; JavaScript that runs in the cloud somewhere. It&#x27;s hellishly slow making sheets API calls, though. Feels like some kind of remote procedure call. (Slower than driving Excel via OLE Automation even, and that&#x27;s saying something!) Then it times out on a wall clock (not cpu time) limit, and breaks if you take too long.<p>&gt;A CS grad student friend of mine was in a programming language class, and the instructor was lecturing about visual programming languages, and claimed that there weren&#x27;t any widely used visual programming languages. (This was in the late 80&#x27;s, but some people are still under the same impression.)<p>&gt;He raised his hand and pointed out that spreadsheets qualified as visual programming languages, and were pretty darn common.<p>&gt;They&#x27;re quite visual and popular because of their 2D spatial nature, relative and absolute 2D addressing modes, declarative functions and constraints, visual presentation of live directly manipulatable data, fonts, text attributes, background and foreground colors, lines, patterns, etc. Some even support procedural scripting languages whose statements are written in columns of cells.<p>&gt;Maybe &quot;real programmers&quot; would have accepted spreadsheets more readily had Lotus named their product &quot;Lotus 012&quot;? (But then normal people would have hated it!)<p>I Was Wrong About Spreadsheets And I&#x27;m Sorry:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.reifyworks.com&#x2F;writing&#x2F;2017-01-25-i-was-wrong-about-spreadsheets-and-im-sorry" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.reifyworks.com&#x2F;writing&#x2F;2017-01-25-i-was-wrong-ab...</a><p>HN Discussion:<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=20417967" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=20417967</a><p>Excerpt from &quot;Taxonomies of Visual Programming and Program Visualization&quot;, by Brad A Myers, 1990&#x2F;3&#x2F;1, Journal of Visual Languages &amp; Computing, Volume 1, Issue 1, pages 97-123:<p>Spreadsheets, such as those in VisiCalc or Lotus 1-2-3, were designed to help nonprogrammers manage finances. Spreadsheets incorporate programming features and can be made to do general purpose calculations [71] and therefore qualify as a very-high level Visual Programming Language. Some of the reasons that spreadsheets are so popular are (from [43] and [1]):<p>1. the graphics on the screen use familiar, concrete, and visible representation which directly maps to the user&#x27;s natural model of the data,<p>2. they are nonmodal and interpretive and therefore provide immediate feedback,<p>3. they supply aggregate and high-level operations,<p>4. they avoid the notion of variables (all data is visible),<p>5. the inner world of computation is suppressed,<p>6. each cell typically has a single value throughout the computation,<p>7. they are nondeclarative and typeless,<p>8. consistency is automatically maintained, and<p>9. the order of evaluation (flow of control) is entirely derived from the declared cell dependencies.<p>The first point differentiates spreadsheets from many other Visual Programming Languages including flowcharts which are graphical representations derived from textual (linear) languages. With spreadsheets, the original representation in graphical and there is no natural textual language.<p>Action Graphics [41] uses ideas from spreadsheets to try to make it easier to program graphical animations. The &#x27;Forms&#x27; system [43] uses a more conventional spreadsheet format, but adds sub-sheets (to provide procedural abstraction) which can have an unbounded size (to handle arbitrary parameters).<p>A different style of system is SIL-ICON [49], which allows the user to construct &#x27;iconic sentences&#x27; consisting of graphics arranged in a meaningful two-dimensional fashion, as shown in Figure 5. The SIL-ICON interpreter then parses the picture to determine what it means. The interpreter itself is generated from a description of the legal pictures, in the same way that conventional compilers can be generated from BNF descriptions of the grammar.