Electromagnetism is a property of spacetime itself, study finds
In particles physics, they have a different explanation of electromagnetism that is also very natural, almost inevitable. <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Quantum_electrodynamics#Mathematical_formulation" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Quantum_electrodynamics#Mathem...</a> The explanation in particle physics is compatible with Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity, but no one is sure about how to extend it to General Relativity. I&#x27;m not sure how compatible is it with the proposal in the article discussed here.<p>Non technical version (ELI25):<p>In quantum mechanics the wavefunction Ψ is has complex values. If you multiply everything in the universe by -1, nothing changes because all the physical results use ΨΨ* (where * is the complex conjugation). You can also multiply everything by i or -i. Moreover by any other complex number of modulo 1 because ΨΨ* does not change. (The technical term for this is U(1) global gauge symmetry.)<p>But you can be more ambitious and want to multiply each point of the universe by a different complex number of modulo 1. ΨΨ* does not change but the derivatives of Ψ change and they are also important. (When you use the same complex number everywhere, the derivatives is just a multiple of the original derivative. When you use a different number in each point, it changes.)<p>The only way to fix the problem with the derivative is to add a new field A. When you and multiply each point of the universe by a different complex number of modulo 1, then A changes in a simple to calculate but not obvious way. The change in A fix the problem with the derivatives of Ψ.<p>So now the equations of the universe with Ψ and A don&#x27;t change when you make this change. (The technical term for this is U(1) local gauge symmetry.) When you write carefully how a universe like this look like, the new field A is electromagnetism. (Actually, you can get the electric field and magnetic field using the derivatives of A.)<p>This explanation looks more complicated than the explanation of the article, but the article is full of technical terms that you really don&#x27;t want to know, like:<p>&gt; <i>Riemann curvature tensor is more than just Ricci curvature—electromagnetic fields stretch and bend the spacetime</i>