Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Factors Associated with Seropositivity at the University of Salamanca: The DIANCUSAL Study
J Clin Med. 2021 Jul 21;10(15):3214. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153214.
Antonio Muro 1 , Moncef Belhassen-García 1 , Juan Luís Muñoz Bellido 2 3 4 , Helena Lorenzo Juanes 2 3 4 , Belén Vicente 1 , Josué Pendones 2 3 4 , José Adserias 5 , Gonzalo Sánchez Hernández 6 , Miguel Rodríguez Rosa 7 , José Luis Vicente Villardón 7 , Javier Burguillo 8 , Javier López Andaluz 9 , Jose Angel Martín Oterino 2 10 , Francisco Javier García Criado 2 , Fausto Barbero 9 , Ana Isabel Morales 2 11 , Purificación Galindo Villardón 7 , Rogelio González Sarmiento 2 12 , On Behalf Of The Diancusal Team
1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
2 Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
3 Microbiology & Parasitology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
4 Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
5 IT Department, University of Salamanca Foundation (FGUSAL), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
6 Data Processing Center (CPD), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
7 Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
8 Department of Chemistry-Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
9 Department of Nursing and Phisiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
10 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
11 Toxicology Unit, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
12 Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
Background: Systematic screening for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial tool for surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic. The University of Salamanca (USAL) in Spain designed a project called "DIANCUSAL" (Diagnosis of New Coronavirus, COVID-19, in University of Salamanca) to measure antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among its ~34,000 students and academic staff, as the influence of the university community in the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the city of Salamanca and neighboring towns hosting USAL campuses could be substantial.
Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among USAL students, professors and staff and to evaluate the demographic, academic, clinical and lifestyle and behavioral factors related to seropositivity.
Methodology: The DIANCUSAL study is an ongoing university population-based cross-sectional study, with the work described herein conducted from July-October 2020. All USAL students, professors and staff were invited to complete an anonymized questionnaire. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was detected and quantified by using chemiluminescent assays for IgG and IgM.
Principal findings: A total of 8197 (24.71%) participants were included. The mean age was 31.4 (14.5 SD) years, and 66.0% of the participants were female. The seroprevalence was 8.25% overall and was highest for students from the education campus (12.5%) and professors from the biomedical campus (12.6%), with significant differences among faculties (p = 0.006). Based on the questionnaire, loss of smell and fever were the symptoms most strongly associated with seropositivity, and 22.6% of seropositive participants were asymptomatic. Social distancing was the most effective hygiene measure (p = 0.0007). There were significant differences in seroprevalence between participants with and without household exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.0000), but not between students who lived in private homes and those who lived in dormitories. IgG antibodies decreased over time in the participants with confirmed self-reported COVID-19 diagnoses.
Conclusions: The analysis revealed an overall 8.25% seroprevalence at the end of October 2020, with a higher seroprevalence in students than in staff. Thus, there is no need for tailored measures for the USAL community as the official average seroprevalence in the area was similar (7.8% at 22 June and 12.4 at 15 November of 2020). Instead, USAL members should comply with public health measures.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Salamanca; Spain; antibodies; screening; seroprevalence; university.