metadata

annotations_creators:
  - machine-generated
language_creators:
  - machine-generated
  - expert-generated
language:
  - en
  - it
  - nl
license:
  - apache-2.0
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
  - Unbabel/TowerEval-Data-v0.1
task_categories:
  - translation
pretty_name: qe4pe
tags:
  - machine-translation
  - quality-estimation
  - post-editing
  - translation
  - behavioral-data
  - multidimensional-quality-metric
  - mqm
  - comet
  - qe
configs:
  - config_name: main
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: task/main/processed_main.csv
  - config_name: pretask
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: task/pretask/processed_pretask.csv
  - config_name: posttask
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: task/posttask/processed_posttask.csv
  - config_name: pretask_questionnaire
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: questionnaires/pretask_results.csv
  - config_name: posttask_highlight_questionnaire
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: questionnaires/posttask_highlight_results.csv
  - config_name: posttask_no_highlight_questionnaire
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: questionnaires/posttask_no_highlight_results.csv

Quality Estimation for Post-Editing (QE4PE)

For more details on QE4PE, see our paper and our Github repository

Dataset Description

Source: Github
Paper: Arxiv
Point of Contact: Gabriele Sarti

Gabriele Sarti • Vilém Zouhar • Grzegorz Chrupała • Ana Guerberof Arenas • Malvina Nissim • Arianna Bisazza

QE4PE annotation pipeline

Word-level quality estimation (QE) detects erroneous spans in machine translations, which can direct and facilitate human post-editing. While the accuracy of word-level QE systems has been assessed extensively, their usability and downstream influence on the speed, quality and editing choices of human post-editing remain understudied. Our QE4PE study investigates the impact of word-level QE on machine translation (MT) post-editing in a realistic setting involving 42 professional post-editors across two translation directions. We compare four error-span highlight modalities, including supervised and uncertainty-based word-level QE methods, for identifying potential errors in the outputs of a state-of-the-art neural MT model. Post-editing effort and productivity are estimated by behavioral logs, while quality improvements are assessed by word- and segment-level human annotation. We find that domain, language and editors' speed are critical factors in determining highlights' effectiveness, with modest differences between human-made and automated QE highlights underlining a gap between accuracy and usability in professional workflows.

Dataset Summary

This dataset provides a convenient access to the processed pretask, main and posttask splits and the questionnaires for the QE4PE study. A sample of challenging documents extracted from WMT23 evaluation data were machine translated from English to Italian and Dutch using NLLB 3.3B, and post-edited by 12 translators per direction across 4 highlighting modalities employing various word-level quality estimation (QE) strategies to present translators with potential errors during the editing. Additional details are provided in the main task readme and in our paper. During the post-editing, behavioral data (keystrokes, pauses and editing times) were collected using the GroTE online platform. For the main task, a subset of the data was annotated with Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) by professional annotators.

We publicly release the granular editing logs alongside the processed dataset to foster new research on the usability of word-level QE strategies in modern post-editing workflows.

News 📢

March 2025: The QE4PE paper is available on Arxiv.

January 2025: MQM annotations are now available for the main task.

October 2024: The QE4PE dataset is released on the HuggingFace Hub! 🎉

Repository Structure

The repository is organized as follows:

qe4pe/
├── questionnaires/                       # Configs and results for pre- and post-task questionnaires for translators
│   ├── pretask_results.csv               # Results of the pretask questionnaire, corresponding to the `pretask_questionnaire` configuration
│   ├── posttask_highlight_results.csv    # Results of the posttask questionnaire for highlighted modalities, corresponding to the `posttask_highlight_questionnaire` configuration
│   ├── posttask_no_highlight_results.csv # Results of the posttask questionnaire for the `no_highlight` modality, corresponding to the `posttask_no_highlight_questionnaire` configuration
│   └── ...                               # Configurations reporting the exact questionnaires questions and options.
├── setup/
│   ├── highlights/                       # Outputs of word-level QE strategies used to setup highlighted spans in the tasks
│   ├── qa/                               # MQM/ESA annotations for the main task
│   ├── processed/                        # Intermediate outputs of the selection process for the main task
│   └── wmt23/                            # Original collection of WMT23 sources and machine-translated outputs
└── task/
    ├── example/                          # Example folder with task structure 
    ├── main/                             # Main task data, logs, outputs and guidelines
    │   ├── ...
    │   ├── processed_main.csv            # Processed main task data, corresponds to the `main` configuration
    │   └── README.md                     # Details about the main task
    ├── posttask/                         # Posttask task data, logs, outputs and guidelines
    │   ├── ...
    │   ├── processed_main.csv            # Processed posttask task data, corresponds to the `posttask` configuration
    │   └── README.md                     # Details about the post-task
    └── pretask/                          # Pretask data, logs, outputs and guidelines
        ├── ...
        ├── processed_pretask.csv         # Processed pretask data, corresponds to the `pretask` configuration
        └── README.md                     # Details about the pretask

Languages

The language data of QE4PE is in English (BCP-47 en), Italian (BCP-47 it) and Dutch (BCP-47 nl).

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

The dataset contains two configurations, corresponding to the two tasks: pretask, main and posttask. main contains the full data collected during the main task and analyzed during our experiments. pretask contains the data collected in the initial verification phase before the main task, in which all translators worked on texts highlighted in the supervised modality. posttask contains the data collected in the final phase in which all translators worked on texts in the no_highlight modality.

Data Fields

A single entry in the dataframe represents a segment (~sentence) in the dataset, that was machine-translated and post-edited by a professional translator. The following fields are contained in the training set:

Field	Description
Identification
`unit_id`	The full entry identifier. Format: `qe4pe-{task_id}-{src_lang}-{tgt_lang}-{doc_id}-{segment_in_doc_id}-{translator_main_task_id}`.
`wmt_id`	Identifier of the sentence in the original WMT23 dataset.
`wmt_category`	Category of the document: `biomedical` or `social`
`doc_id`	The index of the document in the current configuration of the QE4PE dataset containing the current segment.
`segment_in_doc_id`	The index of the segment inside the current document.
`segment_id`	The index of the segment in the current configurations (i.e. concatenating all segments from all documents in order)
`translator_pretask_id`	The identifier for the translator according to the `pretask` format before modality assignments: `tXX`.
`translator_main_id`	The identifier for the translator according to the `main` task format after modality assignments: `{highlight_modality}_tXX`.
`src_lang`	The source language of the segment. For QE4PE, this is always English (`eng`)
`tgt_lang`	The target language of the segment: either Italian (`ita`) or Dutch (`nld`).
`highlight_modality`	The highlighting modality used for the segment. Values: `no_highlight`, `oracle`, `supervised`, `unsupervised`.
Text statistics
`src_num_chars`	Length of the source segment in number of characters.
`mt_num_chars`	Length of the machine-translated segment in number of characters.
`pe_num_chars`	Length of the post-edited segment in number of characters.
`src_num_words`	Length of the source segment in number of words.
`mt_num_words`	Length of the machine-translated segment in number of words.
`pe_num_words`	Length of the post-edited segment in number of words.
`num_minor_highlighted_chars`	Number of characters highlighted as minor errors in the machine-translated text.
`num_major_highlighted_chars`	Number of characters highlighted as major errors in the machine-translated text.
`num_minor_highlighted_words`	Number of words highlighted as minor errors in the machine-translated text.
`num_major_highlighted_words`	Number of words highlighted as major errors in the machine-translated text.
Edits statistics
`num_words_insert`	Number of post-editing insertions computed using jiwer.
`num_words_delete`	Number of post-editing deletions computed using jiwer.
`num_words_substitute`	Number of post-editing substitutions computed using jiwer.
`num_words_unchanged`	Number of post-editing hits computed using jiwer.
`tot_words_edits`	Total of all edit types for the sentence.
`wer`	Word Error Rate score computed between `mt_text` and `pe_text` using jiwer.
`num_chars_insert`	Number of post-editing insertions computed using jiwer.
`num_chars_delete`	Number of post-editing deletions computed using jiwer.
`num_chars_substitute`	Number of post-editing substitutions computed using jiwer.
`num_chars_unchanged`	Number of post-editing hits computed using jiwer.
`tot_chars_edits`	Total of all edit types for the sentence.
`cer`	Character Error Rate score computed between `mt_text` and `pe_text` using jiwer.
Translation quality
`mt_bleu_max`	Max BLEU score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_bleu_min`	Min BLEU score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_bleu_mean`	Mean BLEU score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_bleu_std`	Standard deviation of BLEU scores between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_chrf_max`	Max chrF score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_chrf_min`	Min chrF score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_chrf_mean`	Mean chrF score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_chrf_std`	Standard deviation of chrF scores between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_ter_max`	Max TER score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_ter_min`	Min TER score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_ter_mean`	Mean TER score between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_ter_std`	Standard deviation of TER scores between `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`mt_comet_max`	Max COMET sentence-level score for the `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`mt_comet_min`	Min COMET sentence-level score for the `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`mt_comet_mean`	Mean COMET sentence-level score for the `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`mt_comet_std`	Standard deviation of COMET sentence-level scores for the `mt_text` and all `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`mt_xcomet_qe`	`Unbabel/XCOMET-XXL` sentence-level quality estimation score for the mt_text.
`mt_xcomet_errors`	List of error spans detected by `Unbabel/XCOMET-XXL` for the mt_text.
`pe_bleu_max`	Max BLEU score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_bleu_min`	Min BLEU score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_bleu_mean`	Mean BLEU score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_bleu_std`	Standard deviation of BLEU scores between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_chrf_max`	Max chrF score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_chrf_min`	Min chrF score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_chrf_mean`	Mean chrF score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_chrf_std`	Standard deviation of chrF scores between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_ter_max`	Max TER score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_ter_min`	Min TER score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_ter_mean`	Mean TER score between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_ter_std`	Standard deviation of TER scores between `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using SacreBLEU with default parameters.
`pe_comet_max`	Max COMET sentence-level score for the `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`pe_comet_min`	Min COMET sentence-level score for the `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`pe_comet_mean`	Mean COMET sentence-level score for the `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using `Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da` with default parameters.
`pe_comet_std`	Standard deviation of COMET sentence-level scores for the `pe_text` and all other `pe_text` for the corresponding segment using Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da with default parameters.
`pe_xcomet_qe`	`Unbabel/XCOMET-XXL` sentence-level quality estimation score for the pe_text.
`pe_xcomet_errors`	List of error spans detected by `Unbabel/XCOMET-XXL` for the pe_text.
Behavioral data
`doc_num_edits`	Total number of edits performed by the translator on the current document. Only the last edit outputs are considered valid.
`doc_edit_order`	Index corresponding to the current document edit order. If equal to `doc_id`, the document was edited in the given order.
`doc_edit_time`	Total editing time for the current document in seconds (from `start` to `end`, no times ignored)
`doc_edit_time_filtered`	Total editing time for the current document in seconds (from `start` to `end`, >5m pauses between logged actions ignored)
`doc_keys_per_min`	Keystrokes per minute computed for the current document using `doc_edit_time_filtered`.
`doc_chars_per_min`	Characters per minute computed for the current document using `doc_edit_time_filtered`.
`doc_words_per_min`	Words per minute computed for the current document using `doc_edit_time_filtered`.
`segment_num_edits`	Total number of edits performed by the translator on the current segment. Only edits for the last edit of the doc are considered valid.
`segment_edit_order`	Index corresponding to the current segment edit order (only first `enter` action counts). If equal to `segment_in_doc_id`, the segment was edited in the given order.
`segment_edit_time`	Total editing time for the current segment in seconds (summed time between `enter`-`exit` blocks)
`segment_edit_time_filtered`	Total editing time for the current segment in seconds (>5m pauses between logged actions ignored).
`segment_keys_per_min`	Keystrokes per minute computed for the current segment using `segment_edit_time_filtered`.
`segment_chars_per_min`	Characters per minute computed for the current segment using `segment_edit_time_filtered`.
`segment_words_per_min`	Words per minute computed for the current segment using `segment_edit_time_filtered`.
`num_enter_actions`	Number of `enter` actions (focus on textbox) performed by the translator on the current segment during post-editing.
`remove_highlights`	If True, the Clear Highlights button was pressed for this segment (always false for `no_highlight` modality).
Texts and annotations
`src_text`	The original source segment from WMT23 requiring translation.
`mt_text`	Output of the `NLLB-3.3B` model when translating `src_text` into `tgt_lang` (default config, 5 beams)
`mt_text_highlighted`	Highlighted version of `mt_text` with potential errors according to the `highlight_modality`.
`pe_text`	Post-edited version of `mt_text` produced by a professional translator with `highlight_modality`.
`mt_pe_word_aligned`	Aligned visual representation of word-level edit operations (I = Insertion, D = Deletion, S = Substitution) (replace `\
`with`
` to show the three aligned rows).
`mt_pe_char_aligned`	Aligned visual representation of character-level edit operations (I = Insertion, D = Deletion, S = Substitution) (replace `\
`with`
` to show the three aligned rows).
`highlights`	List of dictionaries for highlighted spans with error severity and position, matching XCOMET format for word-level error annotations.
MQM annotations (`main` config only)
`qa_mt_annotator_id`	Annotator ID for the MQM evaluation of `qa_mt_annotated_text`.
`qa_pe_annotator_id`	Annotator ID for the MQM evaluation of `qa_pe_annotated_text`.
`qa_mt_esa_rating`	0-100 quality rating for the `qa_mt_annotated_text` translation, following the ESA framework.
`qa_pe_esa_rating`	0-100 quality rating for the `qa_pe_annotated_text` translation, following the ESA framework.
`qa_mt_annotated_text`	Version of `mt_text` annotated with MQM errors. Might differ (only slightly) from `mt_text`, included since `qa_mt_mqm_errors` indices are computed on this string.
`qa_pe_annotated_text`	Version of `pe_text` annotated with MQM errors. Might differ (only slightly) from `pe_text`, included since `qa_pe_mqm_errors` indices are computed on this string.
`qa_mt_fixed_text`	Proposed correction of `mqm_mt_annotated_text` following MQM annotation.
`qa_pe_fixed_text`	Proposed correction of `mqm_pe_annotated_text` following MQM annotation.
`qa_mt_mqm_errors`	List of error spans detected by the MQM annotator for the `qa_mt_annotated_text`. Each error span dictionary contains the following fields: `text`: the span in `mqm_mt_annotated_text` containing an error. `text_start`: the start index of the error span in `qa_mt_annotated_text`. -1 if no annotated span is present (e.g. for omissions) `text_end`: the end index of the error span in `qa_mt_annotated_text`. -1 if no annotated span is present (e.g. for omissions) `correction`: the proposed correction in `qa_mt_fixed_text` for the error span in `qa_mt_annotated_text`. `correction_start`: the start index of the error span in `mqm_mt_fixed_text`. -1 if no corrected span is present (e.g. for additions) `correction_end`: the end index of the error span in `qa_mt_fixed_text`. -1 if no corrected span is present (e.g. for additions) `description`: an optional error description provided by the annotator. `mqm_category`: the error category assigned by the annotator for the current span. One of: Addition, Omission, Mistranslation, Inconsistency, Untranslated, Punctuation, Spelling, Grammar, Inconsistent Style, Readability, Wrong Register. `severity`: the error severity for the current span. One of: Minor, Major, Neutral. `comment`: an optional comment provided by the annotator for the current span. `edit_order`: index of the edit in the current segment edit order (starting from 1).
`qa_pe_mqm_errors`	List of error spans detected by the MQM annotator for the `qa_pe_annotated_text`. Each error span dictionary contains the following fields: `text`: the span in `qa_pe_annotated_text` containing an error. `text_start`: the start index of the error span in `qa_pe_annotated_text`. -1 if no annotated span is present (e.g. for omissions) `text_end`: the end index of the error span in `qa_pe_annotated_text`. -1 if no annotated span is present (e.g. for omissions) `correction`: the proposed correction in `qa_pe_fixed_text` for the error span in `qa_pe_annotated_text`. `correction_start`: the start index of the error span in `qa_pe_fixed_text`. -1 if no corrected span is present (e.g. for additions) `correction_end`: the end index of the error span in `qa_pe_fixed_text`. -1 if no corrected span is present (e.g. for additions) `description`: an optional error description provided by the annotator. `mqm_category`: the error category assigned by the annotator for the current span. One of: Addition, Omission, Mistranslation, Inconsistency, Untranslated, Punctuation, Spelling, Grammar, Inconsistent Style, Readability, Wrong Register. `severity`: the error severity for the current span. One of: Minor, Major, Neutral. `comment`: an optional comment provided by the annotator for the current span. `edit_order`: index of the edit in the current segment edit order (starting from 1).

Data Splits

`config`	`split`
`main`	`train`	8100 (51 docs i.e. 324 sents x 25 translators)
`pretask`	`train`	950 (6 docs i.e. 38 sents x 25 translators)
`posttask`	`train`	1200 (8 docs i.e. 50 sents x 24 translators)
`pretask_questionnaire`	`train`	26 (all translators, including replaced/replacements)
`posttask_highlight_questionnaire`	`train`	19 (all translators for highlight modalities + 1 replacement)
`posttask_no_highlight_questionnaire`	`train`	6 (all translators for `no_highlight` modality)

Train Split

The train split contains the totality of triplets (or pairs, when translation from scratch is performed) annotated with behavioral data produced during the translation.

The following is an example of the subject oracle_t1 post-editing for segment 3 of doc20 in the eng-nld direction of the main task. The fields mt_pe_word_aligned and mt_pe_char_aligned are shown over three lines to provide a visual understanding of their contents.

{
    # Identification
    "unit_id": "qe4pe-main-eng-nld-20-3-oracle_t1",
    "wmt_id": "doc5",
    "wmt_category": "biomedical",
    "doc_id": 20,
    "segment_in_doc_id": 3,
    "segment_id": 129,
    "translator_pretask_id": "t4",
    "translator_main_id": "oracle_t1",
    "src_lang": "eng",
    "tgt_lang": "nld",
    "highlight_modality": "oracle",
    # Text statistics
    "src_num_chars": 104,
    "mt_num_chars": 136,
    "pe_num_chars": 106,
    "src_num_words": 15,
    "mt_num_words": 16,
    "pe_num_words": 16,
    # Edits statistics
    "num_words_insert": 0,
    "num_words_delete": 0,
    "num_words_substitute": 1,
    "num_words_unchanged": 15,
    "tot_words_edits": 1,
    "wer": 0.0625,
    "num_chars_insert": 0,
    "num_chars_delete": 0,
    "num_chars_substitute": 6,
    "num_chars_unchanged": 100,
    "tot_chars_edits": 6,
    "cer": 0.0566,
    # Translation quality
    "mt_bleu_max": 100.0,
    "mt_bleu_min": 7.159,
    "mt_bleu_mean": 68.687,
    "mt_bleu_std": 31.287,
    "mt_chrf_max": 100.0,
    "mt_chrf_min": 45.374,
    "mt_chrf_mean": 83.683,
    "mt_chrf_std": 16.754,
    "mt_ter_max": 100.0,
    "mt_ter_min": 0.0,
    "mt_ter_mean": 23.912,
    "mt_ter_std": 29.274,
    "mt_comet_max": 0.977,
    "mt_comet_min": 0.837,
    "mt_comet_mean": 0.94,
    "mt_comet_std": 0.042,
    "mt_xcomet_qe": 0.985,
    "mt_xcomet_errors": "[]",
    "pe_bleu_max": 100.0,
    "pe_bleu_min": 11.644,
    "pe_bleu_mean": 61.335,
    "pe_bleu_std": 28.617,
    "pe_chrf_max": 100.0,
    "pe_chrf_min": 53.0,
    "pe_chrf_mean": 79.173,
    "pe_chrf_std": 13.679,
    "pe_ter_max": 100.0,
    "pe_ter_min": 0.0,
    "pe_ter_mean": 28.814,
    "pe_ter_std": 28.827,
    "pe_comet_max": 0.977,
    "pe_comet_min": 0.851,
    "pe_comet_mean": 0.937,
    "pe_comet_std": 0.035,
    "pe_xcomet_qe": 0.984,
    "pe_xcomet_errors": "[]",
    # Behavioral data
    "doc_num_edits": 103,
    "doc_edit_order": 20,
    "doc_edit_time": 118,
    "doc_edit_time_filtered": 118,
    "doc_keys_per_min": 52.37,
    "doc_chars_per_min": 584.24,
    "doc_words_per_min": 79.83,
    "segment_num_edits": 9,
    "segment_edit_order": 3,
    "segment_edit_time": 9,
    "segment_edit_time_filtered": 9,
    "segment_keys_per_min": 60.0,
    "segment_chars_per_min": 906.67,
    "segment_words_per_min": 106.67,
    "num_enter_actions": 2,
    "remove_highlights": False,
    # Texts and annotations
    "src_text": "The speed of its emerging growth frequently outpaces the development of quality assurance and education.",
    "mt_text": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.",
    "mt_text_highlighted": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak <minor>sneller</minor> dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en <major>onderwijs.</major>",
    "pe_text": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en opleiding.",
    "mt_pe_word_aligned": "MT: De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.\n" \
                          "PE: De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en opleiding.\n" \
                          "                                                                                                             S",
    "mt_pe_char_aligned": "MT: De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.\n" \
                          "PE: De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en opleiding.\n" \
                          "                                                                                                     SS SS SS ",
    "highlights": """[
      {
        'text': 'sneller',
        'severity': 'minor',
        'start': 43,
        'end': 50
      },
      {
        'text': 'onderwijs.',
        'severity': 'major',
        'start': 96,
        'end': 106
      }
    ]"""
    # QA annotations
    "qa_mt_annotator_id": 'qa_nld_3',
    "qa_pe_annotator_id": 'qa_nld_1',
    "qa_mt_esa_rating": 100.0,
    "qa_pe_esa_rating": 80.0,
    "qa_mt_annotated_text": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.",
    "qa_pe_annotated_text": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en opleiding.",
    "qa_mt_fixed_text": "De snelheid van de opkomende groei is vaak sneller dan de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.",
    "qa_pe_fixed_text": "De snelheid van de ontluikende groei overtreft vaak de ontwikkeling van kwaliteitsborging en onderwijs.",
    "qa_mt_mqm_errors": "[]",
    "qa_pe_mqm_errors": """[
      {
        "text": "opkomende",
        "text_start": 19,
        "text_end": 28,
        "correction":
        "ontluikende",
        "correction_start": 19,
        "correction_end": 30,
        "description": "Mistranslation - not the correct word", 
        "mqm_category": "Mistranslation",
        "severity": "Minor",
        "comment": "",
        "edit_order": 1
      }
    ]"""

}

The text is provided as-is, without further preprocessing or tokenization.

Dataset Creation

The datasets were parsed from GroTE inputs, logs and outputs for the QE4PE study, available in this repository. Processed dataframes using the qe4pe process_task_data command. Refer to the QE4PE Github repository for additional details. The overall structure and processing of the dataset were inspired by the DivEMT dataset.

QA Annotations

MQM annotations were collected using Google Sheets and highlights were parsed from HTML exported output, ensuring their compliance with well-formedness checks. Out of the original 51 docs (324 segments) in main, 24 docs (10 biomedical, 14 social, totaling 148 segments) were samples at random and annotated by professional translators.

Additional Information

Metric signatures

The following signatures correspond to the metrics reported in the processed dataframes:

# Computed using SacreBLEU: https://github.com/mjpost/sacrebleu
BLEU:   case:mixed|eff:yes|tok:13a|smooth:exp|version:2.3.1
ChrF:   case:mixed|eff:yes|nc:6|nw:0|space:no|version:2.3.1
TER:    case:lc|tok:tercom|norm:no|punct:yes|asian:no|version:2.3.1

# Computed using Unbabel COMET: https://github.com/Unbabel/COMET
Comet:  Python3.11.9|Comet2.2.2|fp32|Unbabel/wmt22-comet-da
XComet: Python3.10.12|Comet2.2.1|fp32|Unbabel/XCOMET-XXL

Dataset Curators

For problems related to this 🤗 Datasets version, please contact me at [email protected].

Citation Information

@misc{sarti-etal-2024-qe4pe,
      title={{QE4PE}: Word-level Quality Estimation for Human Post-Editing}, 
      author={Gabriele Sarti and Vilém Zouhar and Grzegorz Chrupała and Ana Guerberof-Arenas and Malvina Nissim and Arianna Bisazza},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2503.03044},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.03044}, 
}