Datasets:

gsarti
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mt_geneval

The MT-GenEval benchmark evaluates gender translation accuracy on English -> {Arabic, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish}. The dataset contains individual sentences with annotations on the gendered target words, and contrastive original-invertend translations with additional preceding context.

Disclaimer: The MT-GenEval benchmark was released in the EMNLP 2022 paper MT-GenEval: A Counterfactual and Contextual Dataset for Evaluating Gender Accuracy in Machine Translation by Anna Currey, Maria Nadejde, Raghavendra Pappagari, Mia Mayer, Stanislas Lauly, Xing Niu, Benjamin Hsu, and Georgiana Dinu and is hosted through Github by the Amazon Science organization. The dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Machine Translation

Refer to the original paper for additional details on gender accuracy evaluation with MT-GenEval.

Languages

The dataset contains source English sentences extracted from Wikipedia translated into the following languages: Arabic (ar), French (fr), German (de), Hindi (hi), Italian (it), Portuguese (pt), Russian (ru), and Spanish (es).

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

The dataset contains two configuration types, sentences and context, mirroring the original repository structure, with source and target language specified in the configuration name (e.g. sentences_en_ar, context_en_it) The sentences configurations contains masculine and feminine versions of individual sentences with gendered word annotations. Here is an example entry of the sentences_en_it split (all sentences_en_XX splits have the same structure):

{
{
  "orig_id": 0,
  "source_feminine": "Pagratidis quickly recanted her confession, claiming she was psychologically pressured and beaten, and until the moment of her execution, she remained firm in her innocence.",
  "reference_feminine": "Pagratidis subito ritrattò la sua confessione, affermando che era aveva subito pressioni psicologiche e era stata picchiata, e fino al momento della sua esecuzione, rimase ferma sulla sua innocenza.",
  "source_masculine": "Pagratidis quickly recanted his confession, claiming he was psychologically pressured and beaten, and until the moment of his execution, he remained firm in his innocence.",
  "reference_masculine": "Pagratidis subito ritrattò la sua confessione, affermando che era aveva subito pressioni psicologiche e era stato picchiato, e fino al momento della sua esecuzione, rimase fermo sulla sua innocenza.",
  "source_feminine_annotated": "Pagratidis quickly recanted <F>her</F> confession, claiming <F>she</F> was psychologically pressured and beaten, and until the moment of <F>her</F> execution, <F>she</F> remained firm in <F>her</F> innocence.",
  "reference_feminine_annotated": "Pagratidis subito ritrattò la sua confessione, affermando che era aveva subito pressioni psicologiche e era <F>stata picchiata</F>, e fino al momento della sua esecuzione, rimase <F>ferma</F> sulla sua innocenza.",
  "source_masculine_annotated": "Pagratidis quickly recanted <M>his</M> confession, claiming <M>he</M> was psychologically pressured and beaten, and until the moment of <M>his</M> execution, <M>he</M> remained firm in <M>his</M> innocence.",
  "reference_masculine_annotated": "Pagratidis subito ritrattò la sua confessione, affermando che era aveva subito pressioni psicologiche e era <M>stato picchiato</M>, e fino al momento della sua esecuzione, rimase <M>fermo</M> sulla sua innocenza.",
  "source_feminine_keywords": "her;she;her;she;her",
  "reference_feminine_keywords": "stata picchiata;ferma",
  "source_masculine_keywords": "his;he;his;he;his",
  "reference_masculine_keywords": "stato picchiato;fermo",
}
}

The context configuration contains instead different English sources related to stereotypical professional roles with additional preceding context and contrastive original-inverted translations. Here is an example entry of the context_en_it split (all context_en_XX splits have the same structure):

{
  "orig_id": 0,
  "context": "Pierpont told of entering and holding up the bank and then fleeing to Fort Wayne, where the loot was divided between him and three others.",
  "source": "However, Pierpont stated that Skeer was the planner of the robbery.",
  "reference_original": "Comunque, Pierpont disse che Skeer era il pianificatore della rapina.",
  "reference_flipped": "Comunque, Pierpont disse che Skeer era la pianificatrice della rapina."
}

Data Splits

All sentences_en_XX configurations have 1200 examples in the train split and 300 in the test split. For the context_en_XX configurations, the number of example depends on the language pair:

Configuration	# Train	# Test
`context_en_ar`	792	1100
`context_en_fr`	477	1099
`context_en_de`	598	1100
`context_en_hi`	397	1098
`context_en_it`	465	1904
`context_en_pt`	574	1089
`context_en_ru`	583	1100
`context_en_es`	534	1096

Dataset Creation

From the original paper:

In developing MT-GenEval, our goal was to create a realistic, gender-balanced dataset that naturally incorporates a diverse range of gender phenomena. To this end, we extracted English source sentences from Wikipedia as the basis for our dataset. We automatically pre-selected relevant sentences using EN gender-referring words based on the list provided by Zhao et al. (2018).

Please refer to the original article MT-GenEval: A Counterfactual and Contextual Dataset for Evaluating Gender Accuracy in Machine Translation for additional information on dataset creation.

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

The original authors of MT-GenEval are the curators of the original dataset. For problems or updates on this 🤗 Datasets version, please contact [email protected].

Licensing Information

The dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 International License.

Citation Information

Please cite the authors if you use these corpora in your work.

@inproceedings{currey-etal-2022-mtgeneval,
    title = "{MT-GenEval}: {A} Counterfactual and Contextual Dataset for Evaluating Gender Accuracy in Machine Translation",
    author = "Currey, Anna  and
      Nadejde, Maria  and
      Pappagari, Raghavendra  and
      Mayer, Mia  and
      Lauly, Stanislas,  and
      Niu, Xing  and
      Hsu, Benjamin  and
      Dinu, Georgiana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2022",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01355",
}

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Size of downloaded dataset files:

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Number of rows:

25,196

orig_id int32 0 791	context stringlengths 0 524	source stringlengths 28 299	reference_original stringlengths 19 322	reference_flipped stringlengths 18 321
0	He continued to gain recognition as an applied artist due to his success at the Paris International Exhibit of the Decorative Arts in 1925.	After these wins, Brodovitch's career as an applied artist took off.	بعد هذه الانتصارات، انطلقت مسيرة Brodovitch المهنية كفنان تطبيقي.	بعد هذه الانتصارات، انطلقت مسيرة Brodovitch المهنية كفنانة تطبيقية.
1	He worked on the topic until 1889, the knowledge he gathered being evaluated as particularly important for the period.	A good painter and drawer, Kanitz was also the author of a number of black and white drawings related to the life in the Balkans.	علاوة على كونه رسام ومصور جيد، كان لـ Kanitz عدد من الرسومات الأبيض والأسود المتعلقة بالحياة في البلقان.	علاوة على كونها رسامة ومصورة جيدة، كان لـ Kanitz عدد من الرسومات الأبيض والأسود المتعلقة بالحياة في البلقان.
2	He appeared in stage productions throughout college and continued on stage long after his tour of duty in Vietnam.	Savini served as a combat photographer during the Vietnam War.	عمل سافيني كمصور حرب خلال حرب الفيتنام.	عملت سافيني كمصورة حرب خلال حرب الفيتنام.
3	As a result of his family's hunting activities, motifs of dissection started to appear in his works around 2011, with some aspects of it already evident in works from previous years.	The work Fur Skin Skeleton is considered the first to bare such style, according to the artist.	وفقا للفنان، يُعتبر العمل هيكل عظمي من جلد الفراء (Fur Skin Skeleton) أول من يكشف عن هكذا أسلوب.	وفقا للفنانة، يُعتبر العمل هيكل عظمي من جلد الفراء (Fur Skin Skeleton) أول من يكشف عن هكذا أسلوب.
4	He sat down, took a couple of rolls, and he had it.	The original concept was to paint the picture from edge to edge, with no bleeding, title or artist credit – a concept that went against music industry practice and was immediately vetoed by EMI.	كان التصور الأصلي هو رسم الصورة من الحافة إلى الحافة بدون هوامش أو عنوان أو ذِكر للفنان - تصوّر يتعارض مع ممارسات مجال صناعة الموسيقى، وتم رفضه على الفور من قبل شركة الصناعات الكهربائية والموسيقية (EMI).	كان التصور الأصلي هو رسم الصورة من الحافة إلى الحافة بدون هوامش أو عنوان أو ذِكر للفنانة - تصوّر يتعارض مع ممارسات مجال صناعة الموسيقى، وتم رفضه على الفور من قبل شركة الصناعات الكهربائية والموسيقية (EMI).
5	He soon made a career change to costume and wardrobe.	Plunkett's first credited work as a costume designer was the 1927 film Hard-Boiled Haggerty.	كان أول عمل موثق لبلونكيت كمصمم أزياء هو فيلم عام 1927، هاجرتي المسلوقة (Hard-Boiled Haggerty).	كان أول عمل موثق لبلونكيت كمصممة أزياء هو فيلم عام 1927، هاجرتي المسلوقة (Hard-Boiled Haggerty).
6	Welles' main objection to the generally accepted translations of Nostradamus' quatrains (so called because Nostradamus organized all his works into a series of four lined prose, which were then collected into centuries, or groups of 100 such works) relates in part to the translation efforts.	While many skilled linguists have worked on the problem of translating the works of Nostradamus, all have struggled with the format the author used.	في حين أن العديد من اللغويين المهرة قد عملوا على مشكلة ترجمة أعمال نوستراداموس، إلا أنهم عانوا جميعا مع البنية التي استخدمها المؤلف.	في حين أن العديد من اللغويين المهرة قد عملوا على مشكلة ترجمة أعمال نوستراداموس، إلا أنهم عانوا جميعا مع البنية التي استخدمتها المؤلفة.
7	The story of GPA's downfall is told by Christopher Brown, aviation lawyer and GPA Senior Vice-President, in his 2009 book Crash Landing – An Inside Account of the Fall of GPA.	It is based on a contemporaneous diary of events kept by the author from 1990 to 1996 while employed by GPA and subsequently GECAS.	استندت على مذكرات معاصرة للأحداث التي احتفظ بها الكاتب منذ عام 1990 وحتى 1996 أثناء توظيفه من قبل شركة GPA ولاحقاً شركة GECAS.	استندت على مذكرات معاصرة للأحداث التي احتفظت بها الكاتبة منذ عام 1990 وحتى 1996 أثناء توظيفها من قبل شركة GPA ولاحقاً شركة GECAS.
8	Since a journal is written from the perspective of each day, Mountstuart's moods change as events affect him.	The form lends itself to plotlessness, since the author/narrator inevitably cannot see the overall structure of the story.	يُعرّض الشكل نفسه للافتقار إلى الحبكة لأن المؤلف/الراوي حتما لا يستطيع رؤية البنية العامة للقصة.	يُعرّض الشكل نفسه للافتقار إلى الحبكة لأن المؤلفة/الراوية حتما لا تستطيع رؤية البنية العامة للقصة.
9	In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthdays.	Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification.	تأجيلات الطالب انتهت فيما عدا طلاب اللاهوت، الذين تلقوا تصنيف اختياري للخدمة 2-D.	تأجيلات الطالبة انتهت فيما عدا طلاب اللاهوت، الذين تلقوا تصنيف اختياري للخدمة 2-D.
10	Bligh served as Cook's Sailing Master on his third and final voyage, the aim of which was discovery of the Northwest Passage.	Upon reaching the head of Cook Inlet in 1778, Bligh was of the opinion that both Knik Arm and Turnagain Arm were the mouths of rivers and not the opening to the Northwest Passage.	عندما وصل بليغ إلى رأس منطقة كوك إنليت في عام 1778، كان يرى أن كِلا من كنيك أرم (Knik Arm) وتورن أغان أرم (Turnagain Arm) كانا مصابّ الأنهار وليسا مدخل الممر الشمال الغربي.	عندما وصلت بليغ إلى رأس منطقة كوك إنليت في عام 1778، كانت ترى أن كِلا من كنيك أرم (Knik Arm) وتورن أغان أرم (Turnagain Arm) كانا مصابّ الأنهار وليسا مدخل الممر الشمال الغربي.
11	For a brief period after his graduation, he worked as a stonemason, producing gravestones in Berlin.	Hartwig accepted the offer going on to serve as a teacher and head of the sculpture department from 1921 to 1925.	قَبِل Hartwig العرض وذهب للعمل كمعلم ورئيس قسم النحت منذ عام 1921 وحتى عام 1925.	قَبِلت Hartwig العرض وذهبت للعمل كمعلم ورئيس قسم النحت منذ عام 1921 وحتى عام 1925.
12	His father was a merchant.	Rudow began working as a teacher in 1865.	بدأ رودو العمل كمدرس في عام 1865.	بدأت رودو العمل كمدرسة في عام 1865.
13	Motl is described as having a natural talent for drawing cartoons – sometimes getting into trouble with people feeling insulted by his depiction of them.	Some episodes indicate that the author intended to have the character enter a journalistic career.	تشير بعض الحلقات إلى أن المؤلف كان ينوي إلحاق الشخصية بمهنة الصحافة.	تشير بعض الحلقات إلى أن المؤلفة كانت تنوي إلحاق الشخصية بمهنة الصحافة.
14	Golwalkar was the only surviving son of nine children.	Golwalkar studied science and was apt and apolitical as a student.	درس Golwalkar العلوم وكان ملائم وسياسي مثل تلميذ.	درست Golwalkar العلوم وكانت ملائمة وسياسية مثل تلميذة.
15	Similarly, he has found that people look to external behavior in evaluating biases in others, but engage in introspection when evaluating their own.	Gilovich was an early author in the clustering illusion, which is closely related to the hot hand fallacy, and is the tendency to see clusters of data in a random sequence of data as nonrandom.	كان Gilovich كاتب مبكر في الخداع المجمع والتي تقترب من وهم اليد الساخنة والميل لرؤية مجموعات البيانات في متوالية عشوائية للبيانات على أنها غير عشوائية.	كانت Gilovich كاتبة مبكرة في الخداع المجمع والتي تقترب من وهم اليد الساخنة والميل لرؤية مجموعات البيانات في متوالية عشوائية للبيانات على أنها غير عشوائية.
16	Charles E. Dvorak of the C.A.A. then demonstrated his class, and from the 11-foot mark he competed alone, the other four men being tied at that mark.	After retiring from athletic competition, Dvorak worked over the next 35 years as a lawyer, apple farmer, civil servant, athletic coach and teacher.	بعد الاعتزال من المنافسة الرياضية، عمل Dvorak على مدار 35 عاماً مقبلة كمحام ومزارع تفاح وموظف مدني ومدرب رياضي ومعلم.	بعد الاعتزال من المنافسة الرياضية، عملت Dvorak على مدار 35 عاماً مقبلة كمحامية ومزارعة تفاح وموظفة مدنية ومدربة رياضية ومعلمة.
17	While computer golf games traditionally used a meter to execute the golf swing, Cook and his team experimented with new ways to perform the swing, including a top-down perspective.	Ultimately, Cook devised the idea of players using the computer mouse to swing the golf club.	في النهاية، ابتكر كوك فكرة أن يستخدم اللاعبون فأرة الكمبيوتر لأرجحت مضرب الغولف.	في النهاية، ابتكرت كوك فكرة أن يستخدم اللاعبون فأرة الكمبيوتر لأرجحت مضرب الغولف.
18	If this was a court of law, there would have been nothing proven, Goldstone said, emphasizing that his conclusion that war crimes had been committed was always intended as conditional.	Nevertheless, the report itself is replete with bold and declarative legal conclusions seemingly at odds with the cautious and conditional explanations of its author.	رغماً عن ذلك،يعج التقرير نفسه بالاستنتاجات القانونية التصريحية والجريئة التي يبدو وكأنها في نزاع مع التفسيرات المشروطة والحذرة لكاتبها.	رغماً عن ذلك،يعج التقرير نفسه بالاستنتاجات القانونية التصريحية والجريئة التي يبدو وكأنها في نزاع مع التفسيرات المشروطة والحذرة لكاتبتها.
19	Aside from his work as a musician, Mickelson has worked as a writer for Scream Magazine in addition to his work as a graphic designer.	Mickelson is the lead designer for Scream Magazine and the Inferno Metal Festival.	ميكلسون هو المصمم الرئيسي لمجلة سكريم (Scream) ومهرجان إنفرنو ميتال (Inferno Metal).	ميكلسون هي المصممة الرئيسية لمجلة سكريم (Scream) ومهرجان إنفرنو ميتال (Inferno Metal).
20	He then went to Sydney and then Melbourne holding exhibitions of his work, and died of cancer in Melbourne on 3 January 1939.	Evergood was a capable artist, who mostly painted landscapes in oil with affinities to the post impressionists.	كان Evergood فنان ذو موهبة تقريباً رسم المناظر الطبيعية بالزيت مع بعض الصلات بما بعد الانطباعية.	كانت Evergood فنانة ذو موهبة تقريباً رسمت المناظر الطبيعية بالزيت مع بعض الصلات بما بعد الانطباعية.
21	Today, the ordinary uniform for male undergraduate students consists of a plain white shirt with long or short sleeves and black (or dark blue) trousers.	However, a black tie with a silver phra kiao pin is usually used by upperclass student in some faculties.	مع ذلك، استخدم طلاب من الطبقة العليا رابطة عنق سوداء بدبوس رأس تويج فضي في بعض الكليات.	مع ذلك، استخدمت طالبات من الطبقة العليا رابطة عنق سوداء بدبوس رأس تويج فضي في بعض الكليات.
22	For Being There, Tweedy wanted to blend the experiences he had making music with the ones he had listening to music.	One of the first songs that Tweedy wrote was Misunderstood, a song about a tortured musical artist from the point of view of a fan.	كانت أولى الأغاني التي كتبها تويدي هي "سوء الفهم"، وهي أغنية عن فنان موسيقي مٌعذّب من وجهة نظر أحد المعجبين.	كانت أولى الأغاني التي كتبتها تويدي هي "سوء الفهم"، وهي أغنية عن فنان موسيقي مٌعذّب من وجهة نظر أحد المعجبين.
23	In the ensuing months, he conceded parts of the allegations, telling Christianity Today that there had been only thirteen members of his coven, not 1,500 as originally claimed, and that of those thirteen, the whereabouts of five were unknown to him, while the other eight had since died.	Initially, Word Records stated that they would stand by their artist.	أولاً، أخبرت شركة Word Records أنها تساند فنانها.	أولاً، أخبرت شركة Word Records أنها تساند فنانتها.
24	In 1964 he became the first Executive Director of (as it was then) the Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues, now known as Liberal Judaism.	Brichto was also a prolific author, having written extensively in the Jewish and national press.	كان Brichto كاتب ذو انتاج غزيز وقد كتب باستفاضة في الصحافة اليهودية والقومية.	كانت Brichto كاتبة ذات انتاج غزيز وقد كتبت باستفاضة في الصحافة اليهودية والقومية.
25	Fernando Virgili (Cerreto Sannita, 6 September 1913 – Naples, 2007), first Duke of Castelvenere, is an Italian professor, veteran and artist.	Virgili attended technical studies and engineering and was a self-taught artist.	درس Virgili الدراسات التقنية والهندسة وكان فنان علم نفسه بنفسه.	درست Virgili الدراسات التقنية والهندسة وكانت فنانة علمت نفسها بنفسها.
26	In the 1950s, Mazniashvili's son, a World War II veteran of the Soviet army, submitted a request for a political rehabilitation of his father, but this was turned down by the authorities.	Maznashvili is the author of the popular Soldier’s Memoirs.	مازنشفيلي هو مؤلف مذكرات الجندي الشهيرة.	مازنشفيلي هي مؤلفة مذكرات الجندي الشهيرة.
27	As Patriarch of Venice, Scola put Summorum pontificum into effect.	Scola is the author of numerous theological and pedagogical works on topics such as bio-medical ethics, theological anthropology, human sexuality and marriage and the family, which have been translated into several languages.	سكولا مؤلف العديد من الأعمال اللاهوتية والتربوية التي ترجمت إلى عدة لغات في مواضيع مثل، أخلاقيات الطب الحيوي والأنثروبولوجيا اللاهوتية والعلاقات الجنسية الإنسانية والزواج والأسرة.	سكولا مؤلفة العديد من الأعمال اللاهوتية والتربوية التي ترجمت إلى عدة لغات في مواضيع مثل، أخلاقيات الطب الحيوي والأنثروبولوجيا اللاهوتية والعلاقات الجنسية الإنسانية والزواج والأسرة.
28	In 1957, he went to the United States to study at the University of California, Berkeley, and was a research assistant to Seymour Martin Lipset.	Etzioni is the author of over 30 books.	Etzioni مؤلف أكثر من 30 كتاب.	Etzioni مؤلفة أكثر من 30 كتاب.
29	In 1996, Bowie reflected on his time with Tin Machine: For better or worse it helped me to pin down what I did and didn’t enjoy about being an artist.	It helped me, I feel, to recover as an artist.	ساعدتني وأشعر بالتحسن كفنان.	ساعدتني وأشعر بالتحسن كفنانة.
30	Schmeling briefly appears as himself in the film The Zurich Engagement (1957) The American-German film Joe and Max (2002) tells the true story of Joe Louis and Max Schmeling and their enduring friendship.	The author hints that it probably wasn't, as Schmeling should have been fighting in Poland at the time.	ينوه الكاتب أنها غير محتملة، لأن Schmeling لابد وأنه كان يحارب في بولندا في ذلك الحين.	ينوه الكاتب أنها غير محتملة، لأن Schmeling لابد وأنها كانت تحارب في بولندا في ذلك الحين.
31	Born in East Centreville, New Brunswick he served overseas in the Canadian Army during the Second World War.	A teacher at the age of sixteen, Cogswell gained a BA(Hons) and MA at the University of New Brunswick and received a PhD from Edinburgh University.	حصل Cogswell، المعلم في سن السادسة عشرة، على درجة البكالوريوس (مع مرتبة الشرف) والماجستير في جامعة New Brunswick وحصل على درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة Edinburgh.	حصلت Cogswell، المعلمة في سن السادسة عشرة، على درجة البكالوريوس (مع مرتبة الشرف) والماجستير في جامعة New Brunswick وحصلت على درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة Edinburgh.
32	At the center of his music is the sound of what is real.	The sum total of these varying components is an awesome knowledge, consumed and then shared by an artist who is free enough to do both.	مجموع هذه المكونات المتنوعة هو معرفة رائعة، تم استهلاكها وبعد ذلك مشاركتها من قبل فنان لديه ما يكفي من الوقت للقيام بالأمرين معا.	مجموع هذه المكونات المتنوعة هو معرفة رائعة، تم استهلاكها، وبعد ذلك مشاركتها من قبل فنانة لديها ما يكفي من الوقت للقيام بالأمرين معا.
33	As an infant Balzac was sent to a wet nurse; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home.	When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly.	عندما عاد أطفال بلزاك إلى المنزل، أصبحت علاقتهم بوالديهم مُتحفّظة مما أثر على المؤلف بشكل كبير.	عندما عاد أطفال بلزاك إلى المنزل، أصبحت علاقتهم بوالديهم مُتحفّظة مما أثر على المؤلفة بشكل كبير.
34	He dissected and illustrated numerous creatures; his anatomical drawing of a sea urchin is the earlier extant depiction of an invertebrate and he found important anatomical similarities between dolphins, pigs and humans.	Rondelet was a popular and effective teacher and lecturer and was elected chancellor of Montpellier University in 1556.	كان رونديليت مدرسا ومحاضرا مشهورا وماهرا، وتم انتخابه رئيسا لجامعة مونبلييه عام 1556.	كانت رونديليت مدرسة ومحاضرة مشهورة وماهرة، وتم انتخابها رئيسة لجامعة مونبلييه عام 1556.
35	In 1994–95, he conducted a research project for the New York Times on how to transform the print newspaper into a multimedia publication.	Ritchin is a prolific author and curator, focusing on digital media and the rapid changes occurring in photography.	Ritchin كاتب غزير الانتاج وقيّم يركز على وسائل الإعلام الرقمية والتغيرات السريعة التي تحدث في مجال التصوير.	Ritchin كاتبة غزيرة الانتاج وقيّمة تركز على وسائل الإعلام الرقمية والتغيرات السريعة التي تحدث في مجال التصوير.
36	He enjoyed the best goalscoring form of his career here, which earned him a move to English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers in 2009, where he made just ten appearances before returning to Austria.	Maierhofer was initially trained as a restaurant specialist/cook.	تدرب Maierhofer بشكل أساسي كطاه/ اختصاصي مطعم.	تدربت Maierhofer بشكل أساسي كطاهية/ اختصاصية مطعم.
37	He was able to use this talent effectively when he became manager of the South African government's Native Labour Bureau and adviser to the Native Recruiting Corporation for the Chamber of Mines at a time of increasing industrial unrest.	Taberer was the Secretary for Zululand in 1894, an acting magistrate in Eshowe, Zululand in 1895.	كان تابيرر سكرتير زولولاند عام 1894، و قاضيا بالنيابة في إيشو، زولاند عام 1895.	كانت تابيرر سكرتيرة زولولاند عام 1894، و قاضية بالنيابة في إيشو، زولاند عام 1895.
38	Again on Wright's report, Lowin is supposed to have originated the role of Bosola in The Duchess of Malfi, and he was probably also the original Flaminius in Philip Massinger's Believe as You List.	Lowin was the author of a single literary work (as far as is known), a brief pamphlet titled Conclusions upon Dances that was first printed in 1607.	كان Lowin مؤلف عمل أدبي مفرد ( كما يُعرف) وكتيب مختصر بعنوان Conclusions upon Dances طُبعت لأول مرة عام 1607.	كانت Lowin مؤلفة عمل أدبي مفرد ( كما يُعرف) وكتيب مختصر بعنوان Conclusions upon Dances طُبعت لأول مرة عام 1607.
39	The author himself had no very high opinion of the work, remarking that he had written it chiefly for young students.	The Shulchan Aruch achieved its reputation and popularity not only against the wishes of the author, but, perhaps, through the very scholars who criticized it.	حقق شولشان أروش شهرة وشعبية ليس فقط عكس رغبات المؤلف، ولكن ربما عن طريق العلماء الذين انتقدوه.	حقق شولشان أروش شهرة وشعبية ليس فقط عكس رغبات المؤلفة، ولكن ربما عن طريق العلماء الذين انتقدوه.