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In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge
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[context document] | I'm middle-aged, never smoked, had my ears blown out in the war, get a case of the sads pretty regular, and eat mostly garbage. What are my risk factors for dementia? What does cognitive engagement have to do with it? | high blood pressure
People who have consistent high blood pressure (hypertension) in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) are more likely to develop dementia compared to those with normal blood pressure.
High blood pressure can increase the risk of developing dementia, particularly vascular dementia, because of its effect on the heart, the arteries, and blood circulation.
Smoking
The evidence is strong and consistent that smokers are at a higher risk of developing dementia vs. non-smokers or ex-smokers.
It’s never too late to quit! Smokers who quit can reduce their risk of developing dementia.
diabetes
People with type 2 diabetes in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) are at an increased risk of developing dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.
Obesity
Obesity in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) increases the risk of developing dementia. Obesity also increases the risk of developing other risk factors such as type 2 diabetes.
lack of physical activity
Physical inactivity in later life (ages 65 and up) increases the risk of developing dementia.
poor diet
An unhealthy diet, high in saturated fat, sugar, and salt, can increase the risk of developing many illnesses, including dementia and cardiovascular disease.
high alcohol consumption
Drinking excessively (more than 12 drinks per week), can increase your risk of developing dementia
low cognitive engagement
Cognitive engagement is thought to support the development of a
“cognitive reserve”. This is the idea that people who actively use their brains throughout their lives may be more protected against brain cell damage caused by dementia.
depression
People who experience depression in mid- or later life have a higher risk of developing dementia. However, the relationship between depression and dementia is still unclear.
Many researchers believe that depression is a risk factor for dementia, whereas others believe it may be an early symptom of the disease, or both.
traumatic brain injury
People who experience severe or repeated head injuries are at increased risk of developing dementia. Brain injuries may trigger a process that might eventually lead to dementia.
This particularly affects athletes in boxing, soccer, hockey, and football, which often have repeated head injuries.
Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury. Falling is especially dangerous for older adults.
hearing loss
Mild levels of hearing loss increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Though it is still unclear how exactly it affects cognitive decline, hearing loss can lead to social isolation, loss of independence, and problems with everyday activities.
social isolation
Social isolation can increase the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, depression, and dementia.
Staying socially active may reduce the risk of dementia. Social interaction may also help slow down the progression of the disease.
air pollution
The relationship between air pollution and dementia is still unclear. However, it’s estimated that those living close to busy roads have a higher risk of dementia because they may be exposed to higher levels of air pollution from vehicle emissions.
It’s never too soon, or too late, to make changes that will maintain or improve your brain health. Learn more about managing some of these risk factors. | {instruction}
==========
In your answer, refer only to the context document. Do not employ any outside knowledge
{question}
==========
I'm middle-aged, never smoked, had my ears blown out in the war, get a case of the sads pretty regular, and eat mostly garbage. What are my risk factors for dementia? What does cognitive engagement have to do with it?
{passage 0}
==========
high blood pressure
People who have consistent high blood pressure (hypertension) in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) are more likely to develop dementia compared to those with normal blood pressure.
High blood pressure can increase the risk of developing dementia, particularly vascular dementia, because of its effect on the heart, the arteries, and blood circulation.
Smoking
The evidence is strong and consistent that smokers are at a higher risk of developing dementia vs. non-smokers or ex-smokers.
It’s never too late to quit! Smokers who quit can reduce their risk of developing dementia.
diabetes
People with type 2 diabetes in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) are at an increased risk of developing dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.
Obesity
Obesity in mid-life (ages 45 to 65) increases the risk of developing dementia. Obesity also increases the risk of developing other risk factors such as type 2 diabetes.
lack of physical activity
Physical inactivity in later life (ages 65 and up) increases the risk of developing dementia.
poor diet
An unhealthy diet, high in saturated fat, sugar, and salt, can increase the risk of developing many illnesses, including dementia and cardiovascular disease.
high alcohol consumption
Drinking excessively (more than 12 drinks per week), can increase your risk of developing dementia
low cognitive engagement
Cognitive engagement is thought to support the development of a
“cognitive reserve”. This is the idea that people who actively use their brains throughout their lives may be more protected against brain cell damage caused by dementia.
depression
People who experience depression in mid- or later life have a higher risk of developing dementia. However, the relationship between depression and dementia is still unclear.
Many researchers believe that depression is a risk factor for dementia, whereas others believe it may be an early symptom of the disease, or both.
traumatic brain injury
People who experience severe or repeated head injuries are at increased risk of developing dementia. Brain injuries may trigger a process that might eventually lead to dementia.
This particularly affects athletes in boxing, soccer, hockey, and football, which often have repeated head injuries.
Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury. Falling is especially dangerous for older adults.
hearing loss
Mild levels of hearing loss increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Though it is still unclear how exactly it affects cognitive decline, hearing loss can lead to social isolation, loss of independence, and problems with everyday activities.
social isolation
Social isolation can increase the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, depression, and dementia.
Staying socially active may reduce the risk of dementia. Social interaction may also help slow down the progression of the disease.
air pollution
The relationship between air pollution and dementia is still unclear. However, it’s estimated that those living close to busy roads have a higher risk of dementia because they may be exposed to higher levels of air pollution from vehicle emissions.
It’s never too soon, or too late, to make changes that will maintain or improve your brain health. Learn more about managing some of these risk factors.
https://alzheimer.ca/en/about-dementia/how-can-i-reduce-risk-dementia/risk-factors-dementia?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw3P-2BhAEEiwA3yPhwN2aQl6V8InKOUxaehsfGBSWmuIpGEoeJdWNsl5fH_T9LOUlOk7-gxoCHcYQAvD_BwE |
You formulate answers based solely on the material provided by the user without reference to external facts or knowledge. | Can you list all the knife brands that sell knives suitable for sharpening at a 14-degree angle? List them according to the minimum angle at which their knives can be sharpened, starting with the smallest. | Knife sharpening angles
Manufacturer´s recommendations
The recommended angle of your knife is often written on the knife’s packaging. If you
don’t find it there you can often find it on the manufacturer’s website. Below you’ll find
the angle recommendations from some “well-known” knife manufacturers.
Please note that despite the fact that the vast majority of knives are dual-bevel, knife
manufacturers list their edge angles based on the number of degrees of a single bevel.
For example, dual bevel listed as 15 degrees is actually two 15-degree angles, or 30
degrees total. Therefore, all angles in this document is listed as single bevel angles.
Cangshan
Cangshan knives are sharpened to an Asian-style 16-degree edge. Learn more at their website.
Chroma
A Chroma knife should be sharpened to 10-20 degrees. Learn more at their website.
F. DICK (Friedr. DICK)
Dick recommends 15-20 degrees for their DICK Hoof Knives. Learn more at their website.
Fischer-Bargoin
Fischer-Bargoin recommends an angle of 15-20 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Global
Global recommends an angle of 10-15 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Korin
Korin knives recommends a 10-20 degrees angle on their Western style knives. For their traditional
Japanese knife see please go to the website. Learn more at their website.
MAC
MAC knives have factory edges of 15 degrees. Their recommendation is 10-15 degrees. Learn more
at their website.
Messermeister
Messermeister Elité and Park Plaza knives have a 15-degree angle. Learn more at their website.
Starting in 2018, the Four Seasons knife collection now features a 15-degree angle. Learn more at
their website.
Shun and Kai
Shun recommends a 16-degree angle of Shun and Kai double-beveled knives. Learn more at their
website.
Victorinox
Victorinox indicates the total cutting angle. Sharpening a Victorinox should be between 30 to 40
degrees, which is 15-20 degrees on each side. Learn more at their website.
Wüsthof
The sharpening angle for standard blades is 14 degrees, and for Asian-style blades (Santokus, Nakiris, Chai Daos) it’s 10 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Zwilling J. A. Henckels and Miyabi
The angle between the blade and the steel should be approximately 15 degrees for ZWILLING
knives. Santoku knives and all MIYABI and Kramer made by ZWILLING knives need to be 9-12 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Set the existing knife angle using Tormek Marker Method
If you want to repeat an existing angle but don’t know the angle of your knife, the easiest
way is to use the Tormek Marker Method with a black permanent marker. By following three
simple steps you can quickly get the correct angle.
1. Color the bevel, mount the knife in the jig and place it onto the Universal Support.
2. Turn the grinding wheel by hand and check where the coloring is removed,
3. Raise or lower the Universal Support until the coloring is removed from the tip to the
heel. Now, the angle is just right and it’s time to start sharpening! | You formulate answers based solely on the material provided by the user without reference to external facts or knowledge.
Can you list all the knife brands that sell knives suitable for sharpening at a 14-degree angle? List them according to the minimum angle at which their knives can be sharpened, starting with the smallest.
Knife sharpening angles
Manufacturer´s recommendations
The recommended angle of your knife is often written on the knife’s packaging. If you
don’t find it there you can often find it on the manufacturer’s website. Below you’ll find
the angle recommendations from some “well-known” knife manufacturers.
Please note that despite the fact that the vast majority of knives are dual-bevel, knife
manufacturers list their edge angles based on the number of degrees of a single bevel.
For example, dual bevel listed as 15 degrees is actually two 15-degree angles, or 30
degrees total. Therefore, all angles in this document is listed as single bevel angles.
Cangshan
Cangshan knives are sharpened to an Asian-style 16-degree edge. Learn more at their website.
Chroma
A Chroma knife should be sharpened to 10-20 degrees. Learn more at their website.
F. DICK (Friedr. DICK)
Dick recommends 15-20 degrees for their DICK Hoof Knives. Learn more at their website.
Fischer-Bargoin
Fischer-Bargoin recommends an angle of 15-20 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Global
Global recommends an angle of 10-15 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Korin
Korin knives recommends a 10-20 degrees angle on their Western style knives. For their traditional
Japanese knife see please go to the website. Learn more at their website.
MAC
MAC knives have factory edges of 15 degrees. Their recommendation is 10-15 degrees. Learn more
at their website.
Messermeister
Messermeister Elité and Park Plaza knives have a 15-degree angle. Learn more at their website.
Starting in 2018, the Four Seasons knife collection now features a 15-degree angle. Learn more at
their website.
Shun and Kai
Shun recommends a 16-degree angle of Shun and Kai double-beveled knives. Learn more at their
website.
Victorinox
Victorinox indicates the total cutting angle. Sharpening a Victorinox should be between 30 to 40
degrees, which is 15-20 degrees on each side. Learn more at their website.
Wüsthof
The sharpening angle for standard blades is 14 degrees, and for Asian-style blades (Santokus, Nakiris, Chai Daos) it’s 10 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Zwilling J. A. Henckels and Miyabi
The angle between the blade and the steel should be approximately 15 degrees for ZWILLING
knives. Santoku knives and all MIYABI and Kramer made by ZWILLING knives need to be 9-12 degrees. Learn more at their website.
Set the existing knife angle using Tormek Marker Method
If you want to repeat an existing angle but don’t know the angle of your knife, the easiest
way is to use the Tormek Marker Method with a black permanent marker. By following three
simple steps you can quickly get the correct angle.
1. Color the bevel, mount the knife in the jig and place it onto the Universal Support.
2. Turn the grinding wheel by hand and check where the coloring is removed,
3. Raise or lower the Universal Support until the coloring is removed from the tip to the
heel. Now, the angle is just right and it’s time to start sharpening! |
Provide your response in a professional and formal tone.
Use the information given in the document without referring to external sources or requiring additional context.
Avoid using technical jargon or acronyms that are not explained within the document. | What are some tips on saving money? | Money Management Tips: 55 Ways to Save Money
Recreation and Entertainment:
1. Instead of paying for a fitness club
membership fee, buy some weights or go to
the ARC.
2. Don’t smoke. Cigarettes are expensive and
the money adds up quickly. Also you’ll be
fined if you smoke near school facilities.
3. Wait until after half-time at sport events
and get in for free!
4. When eating out, look for coupons or
special deals- many restaurants offer them!
Also, order water. Drinks are highly
overpriced.
5. At the beginning of the semester, many
local businesses give out coupon books.
Grab one!
6. There are hundreds of free activities on
campus. Join clubs, attend student
concerts, or go to church-sponsored events
for cheap fun. There is usually food
involved, too!
7. Illinites, student activities, happen at the
Illini Union every Friday night for free.
8. Experience some more cultures while in
college and attend a show at Krannert.
Student tickets are $10 or less. It’s FREE
sometimes!
9. If you’re throwing a party, have your guests
pay a little money or bring things to offset
your cost.
10. Don’t purchase a book unless you think you
really want to keep it. You can check out
books for free at libraries.
11. Rent movies with a group of friends or go to
second-run theaters for $1 or $2 a ticket.
12. Bring your student ID when you go out for a
movie. Most theaters will give discount for
students.
Food and Basic Needs:
13. Be a savvy consumer. Before making a
major purchase, do some researches on the
product quality through Consumer Reports
magazine.
14. Sometimes the cheaper product works just
as well as the expensive one.
15. Ask for generic medications at the
pharmacy.
16. Ladies, ditch the salon and get your hair
done at a cosmetology school.
17. Buying in bulk is usually a good option, but
try to shop for items by the per unit price.
Often times, the biggest options is not the
best way to get the most of your money.
18. Scout out garage/yard sales for
housewares, furniture, and stuff to
decorate your college dorm or apartment.
At the beginning of each semester, the
YMCA has a dump and run where they sell
items collected from various dorms and
apartment on campus.
19. Make things for gifts- it’s cheaper and the
time you invest shows you care.
20. Take advantage of sales by buying holiday
and birthday gifts throughout the year.
21. Get a job at a place where you already
spend a lot of money, so you can get
employee discounts.
22. Use mail-in rebates or coupons for groceries
or health and beauty items.
23. Don’t buy bottled water. Buy a water
filtration pitcher.
24. Don’t buy something just because it is one
sale. Consider it’s a need for you before
buying.
25. If you shop at a favorite store, apply for
their discount card if they have one.
Modified by Joe Pleshar, Yuanhang Fan, and Maggie Benson, Peer Educators of Spring 2015.
University of Illinois Extension Financial Wellness for College Students Program.
Source: National Student Loan Program’s Budget Handout #6: “Money Management
Options: 75 Ways to Save Money”, 2002.
Money Management Tips: 55 Ways to Save Money
26. Make home cooked meals. A home cooked
stead dinner is often cheaper than a fast
food binge. Eating at home will save you a
lot of money!
27. Pack a lunch instead of eating out.
Clothing:
28. Buy clothes at the end of the season when
they’re on sales.
29. If you don’t wear certain clothes anymore,
take them to a consignment shop or sell
them online. You can get part of the profit
and free up room in your closet.
30. Share dresses and tuxes with friends for
special occasions.
31. If you buy more than one of something, like
2 or 3 shirts, always ask for a discount.
32. Invest in durable clothes, shoes, etc. rather
than buying many cheap pairs.
Budgeting/ Spending Plan:
33. Set goals for your spending and saving.
34. Keep track of your spending to avoid
overspent. There are apps for that!
35. Don’t use a credit card if it will lead you to
make more purchases! On average, people
have credit cards spend 34% more.
36. Before going out to spend, set a limit for
yourself and stick to it!
37. Wait at least two hours before making a big
purchase to be sure it’s something you
really need.
Transportation:
38. Obey traffic laws. Speeding tickets will cost
more than just the ticket. It will raise your
insurance premiums.
39. Keep your tires inflated properly- you’ll get
better gas mileage.
40. Get good grades. Insurance companies offer
low rates to student with 3.0+ GPA.
41. Carpool with friend!
42. Search for dependable cards that offer good
gas mileage.
43. Drive an older car- the insurance payments
and taxes will be less.
44. Walk, bike, or ride to school- it’s good for
you to saves on gas.
45. Look around for cheapest gas price before
filling up. There are apps for that!
Savings:
46. Only use ATM’s of your bank. Other bank’s
ATM fees add up!
47. Always put part of our paycheck into a
savings account.
48. Spare change adds up! Get a piggy bank or
change jar and don’t underestimate the
value of your spare changes.
49. Volunteer! If you’re busy, you can’t spend
month and it’s a resume booster, too! It’s
always make you feel good to help and give
back to the community.
50. Use plastic grocery bags for trash can liners.
Conserving Resources:
51. Turn off the water while brushing your
teeth.
52. Unplug electronics when you aren’t using
them. Even while turned off, they still use
up costly energy.
53. Use items like shampoo, toothpaste, and
paper towels sparingly- enough to do the
job without waste.
54. Pay your bills online. Save paper and money
on stamps.
55. Ask your landlord to seal gaps between
door and windows to prevent heat leaks
over the winter.
Modified by Joe Pleshar, Yuanhang Fan, and Maggie Benson, Peer Educators of Spring 2015.
University of Illinois Extension Financial Wellness for College Students Program.
Source: National Student Loan Program’s Budget Handout #6: “Money Management
Options: 75 Ways to Save Money”, 2002.
| Provide your response in a professional and formal tone.
Use the information given in the document without referring to external sources or requiring additional context.
Avoid using technical jargon or acronyms that are not explained within the document.
What are some tips on saving money?
Money Management Tips: 55 Ways to Save Money
Recreation and Entertainment:
1. Instead of paying for a fitness club
membership fee, buy some weights or go to
the ARC.
2. Don’t smoke. Cigarettes are expensive and
the money adds up quickly. Also you’ll be
fined if you smoke near school facilities.
3. Wait until after half-time at sport events
and get in for free!
4. When eating out, look for coupons or
special deals- many restaurants offer them!
Also, order water. Drinks are highly
overpriced.
5. At the beginning of the semester, many
local businesses give out coupon books.
Grab one!
6. There are hundreds of free activities on
campus. Join clubs, attend student
concerts, or go to church-sponsored events
for cheap fun. There is usually food
involved, too!
7. Illinites, student activities, happen at the
Illini Union every Friday night for free.
8. Experience some more cultures while in
college and attend a show at Krannert.
Student tickets are $10 or less. It’s FREE
sometimes!
9. If you’re throwing a party, have your guests
pay a little money or bring things to offset
your cost.
10. Don’t purchase a book unless you think you
really want to keep it. You can check out
books for free at libraries.
11. Rent movies with a group of friends or go to
second-run theaters for $1 or $2 a ticket.
12. Bring your student ID when you go out for a
movie. Most theaters will give discount for
students.
Food and Basic Needs:
13. Be a savvy consumer. Before making a
major purchase, do some researches on the
product quality through Consumer Reports
magazine.
14. Sometimes the cheaper product works just
as well as the expensive one.
15. Ask for generic medications at the
pharmacy.
16. Ladies, ditch the salon and get your hair
done at a cosmetology school.
17. Buying in bulk is usually a good option, but
try to shop for items by the per unit price.
Often times, the biggest options is not the
best way to get the most of your money.
18. Scout out garage/yard sales for
housewares, furniture, and stuff to
decorate your college dorm or apartment.
At the beginning of each semester, the
YMCA has a dump and run where they sell
items collected from various dorms and
apartment on campus.
19. Make things for gifts- it’s cheaper and the
time you invest shows you care.
20. Take advantage of sales by buying holiday
and birthday gifts throughout the year.
21. Get a job at a place where you already
spend a lot of money, so you can get
employee discounts.
22. Use mail-in rebates or coupons for groceries
or health and beauty items.
23. Don’t buy bottled water. Buy a water
filtration pitcher.
24. Don’t buy something just because it is one
sale. Consider it’s a need for you before
buying.
25. If you shop at a favorite store, apply for
their discount card if they have one.
Modified by Joe Pleshar, Yuanhang Fan, and Maggie Benson, Peer Educators of Spring 2015.
University of Illinois Extension Financial Wellness for College Students Program.
Source: National Student Loan Program’s Budget Handout #6: “Money Management
Options: 75 Ways to Save Money”, 2002.
Money Management Tips: 55 Ways to Save Money
26. Make home cooked meals. A home cooked
stead dinner is often cheaper than a fast
food binge. Eating at home will save you a
lot of money!
27. Pack a lunch instead of eating out.
Clothing:
28. Buy clothes at the end of the season when
they’re on sales.
29. If you don’t wear certain clothes anymore,
take them to a consignment shop or sell
them online. You can get part of the profit
and free up room in your closet.
30. Share dresses and tuxes with friends for
special occasions.
31. If you buy more than one of something, like
2 or 3 shirts, always ask for a discount.
32. Invest in durable clothes, shoes, etc. rather
than buying many cheap pairs.
Budgeting/ Spending Plan:
33. Set goals for your spending and saving.
34. Keep track of your spending to avoid
overspent. There are apps for that!
35. Don’t use a credit card if it will lead you to
make more purchases! On average, people
have credit cards spend 34% more.
36. Before going out to spend, set a limit for
yourself and stick to it!
37. Wait at least two hours before making a big
purchase to be sure it’s something you
really need.
Transportation:
38. Obey traffic laws. Speeding tickets will cost
more than just the ticket. It will raise your
insurance premiums.
39. Keep your tires inflated properly- you’ll get
better gas mileage.
40. Get good grades. Insurance companies offer
low rates to student with 3.0+ GPA.
41. Carpool with friend!
42. Search for dependable cards that offer good
gas mileage.
43. Drive an older car- the insurance payments
and taxes will be less.
44. Walk, bike, or ride to school- it’s good for
you to saves on gas.
45. Look around for cheapest gas price before
filling up. There are apps for that!
Savings:
46. Only use ATM’s of your bank. Other bank’s
ATM fees add up!
47. Always put part of our paycheck into a
savings account.
48. Spare change adds up! Get a piggy bank or
change jar and don’t underestimate the
value of your spare changes.
49. Volunteer! If you’re busy, you can’t spend
month and it’s a resume booster, too! It’s
always make you feel good to help and give
back to the community.
50. Use plastic grocery bags for trash can liners.
Conserving Resources:
51. Turn off the water while brushing your
teeth.
52. Unplug electronics when you aren’t using
them. Even while turned off, they still use
up costly energy.
53. Use items like shampoo, toothpaste, and
paper towels sparingly- enough to do the
job without waste.
54. Pay your bills online. Save paper and money
on stamps.
55. Ask your landlord to seal gaps between
door and windows to prevent heat leaks
over the winter.
Modified by Joe Pleshar, Yuanhang Fan, and Maggie Benson, Peer Educators of Spring 2015.
University of Illinois Extension Financial Wellness for College Students Program.
Source: National Student Loan Program’s Budget Handout #6: “Money Management
Options: 75 Ways to Save Money”, 2002.
|
You must only use the context to answer the question. You must respond in a bullet point list. The list can be divided into sections. | What are all the contexts when it is right for testing for leptospirosis in dogs specifically? | Description of the disease: Leptospirosis is a transmissible disease of animals and humans caused
by infection with any of the pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira. Acute leptospirosis should
be suspected in the following cases: sudden onset of agalactia (in adult milking cattle and sheep);
icterus and haemoglobinuria, especially in young animals; meningitis; and acute renal failure or
jaundice in dogs. Chronic leptospirosis should be considered in the following cases: abortion,
stillbirth, birth of weak offspring (may be premature); infertility; chronic renal failure or chronic active
hepatitis in dogs; and cases of periodic ophthalmia in horses. | System instruction: You must only use the context to answer the question. You must respond in a bullet point list. The list can be divided into sections.
Question: What are all the contexts when it is right for testing for leptospirosis in dogs specifically?
Context: Description of the disease: Leptospirosis is a transmissible disease of animals and humans caused
by infection with any of the pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira. Acute leptospirosis should
be suspected in the following cases: sudden onset of agalactia (in adult milking cattle and sheep);
icterus and haemoglobinuria, especially in young animals; meningitis; and acute renal failure or
jaundice in dogs. Chronic leptospirosis should be considered in the following cases: abortion,
stillbirth, birth of weak offspring (may be premature); infertility; chronic renal failure or chronic active
hepatitis in dogs; and cases of periodic ophthalmia in horses. |
Do not use any information other than that contained in the context block to answer the question. Use concise, easy-to-understand language. | can you summarise all the important information relevant to Annex 1 nationals and refugees? | This Regulation provides for full harmonisation as regards the third countries whose nationals are subject to a requirement to be in possession of a visa for the crossing of Member States' external borders (also referred to herein as ‘the visa requirement’) and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. The determination of the third countries whose nationals are subject to, or exempt from, the visa requirement should be made on the basis of a considered, case-by-case assessment of a variety of criteria. That assessment should be made periodically and could lead to legislative proposals to amend Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are required to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, and Annex II to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States for stays of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period, notwithstanding the possibility of having country-specific amendments to those Annexes in particular circumstances, for instance as a result of a visa liberalisation process or as the ultimate consequence of a temporary suspension of the exemption from the visa requirement (also referred to herein as ‘the visa exemption’). The composition of the lists of third countries in Annexes I and II should be, and should remain, consistent with the criteria set out in this Regulation. References to third countries in respect of which the situation has changed as regards those criteria should be transferred from one Annex to the other. Developments in international law entailing changes in the status or designation of certain States or entities should be reflected in Annexes I and II. As the Agreement on the European Economic Area exempts nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway from the visa requirement, those countries should not be included in the list in Annex II. Since the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other part, on the free movement of persons provides for free movement without visas for nationals of Switzerland and of the Member States, Switzerland should not be included in the list in Annex II. As regards recognised refugees and stateless persons, without prejudice to obligations under international agreements signed by the Member States and in particular the European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees of the Council of Europe, signed at Strasbourg on 20 April 1959, the decision as to the visa requirement or exemption should be based on the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents. However, given the differences in the national law applicable to recognised refugees and to stateless persons, Member States should be able to decide whether those categories of persons should be exempted, where the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents is a third country whose nationals are exempt from the visa requirement. | system instruction: [Do not use any information other than that contained in the context block to answer the question. Use concise, easy-to-understand language.]
question: [can you summarise all the important information relevant to Annex 1 nationals and refugees?]
context block: [This Regulation provides for full harmonisation as regards the third countries whose nationals are subject to a requirement to be in possession of a visa for the crossing of Member States' external borders (also referred to herein as ‘the visa requirement’) and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. The determination of the third countries whose nationals are subject to, or exempt from, the visa requirement should be made on the basis of a considered, case-by-case assessment of a variety of criteria. That assessment should be made periodically and could lead to legislative proposals to amend Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are required to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, and Annex II to this Regulation, which lists the third countries whose nationals are exempt from the requirement to be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States for stays of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period, notwithstanding the possibility of having country-specific amendments to those Annexes in particular circumstances, for instance as a result of a visa liberalisation process or as the ultimate consequence of a temporary suspension of the exemption from the visa requirement (also referred to herein as ‘the visa exemption’). The composition of the lists of third countries in Annexes I and II should be, and should remain, consistent with the criteria set out in this Regulation. References to third countries in respect of which the situation has changed as regards those criteria should be transferred from one Annex to the other. Developments in international law entailing changes in the status or designation of certain States or entities should be reflected in Annexes I and II. As the Agreement on the European Economic Area exempts nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway from the visa requirement, those countries should not be included in the list in Annex II. Since the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other part, on the free movement of persons provides for free movement without visas for nationals of Switzerland and of the Member States, Switzerland should not be included in the list in Annex II. As regards recognised refugees and stateless persons, without prejudice to obligations under international agreements signed by the Member States and in particular the European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees of the Council of Europe, signed at Strasbourg on 20 April 1959, the decision as to the visa requirement or exemption should be based on the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents. However, given the differences in the national law applicable to recognised refugees and to stateless persons, Member States should be able to decide whether those categories of persons should be exempted, where the third country in which those persons reside and which issued their travel documents is a third country whose nationals are exempt from the visa requirement.] |
This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Limit your response to 100 words. Do not use bullet points. Limit your answer to six sentences. | Summarize the five overarching principles of tax policy. | 2.1 Overarching principles of tax policy
In a context where many governments have to cope with less revenue,
increasing expenditures and resulting fiscal constraints, raising revenue
remains the most important function of taxes, which serve as the primary
means for financing public goods such as maintenance of law and order and
public infrastructure. Assuming a certain level of revenue that needs to be
raised, which depends on the broader economic and fiscal policies of the
country concerned, there are a number of broad tax policy considerations
that have traditionally guided the development of taxation systems. These
include neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and
fairness, as well as flexibility. In the context of work leading up to the Report
on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce (see Annex A for further detail),
these overarching principles were the basis for the 1998 Ottawa Ministerial
Conference, and are since then referred to as the Ottawa Taxation Framework
Conditions. At the time, these principles were deemed appropriate for an
evaluation of the taxation issues related to e-commerce. Although most of
the new business models identified in Chapter 4 did not exist yet at the time,
these principles, with modification, continue to be relevant in the digital
economy, as discussed in Chapter 8. In addition to these well-recognised
principles, equity is an important consideration for the design of tax policy.
• Neutrality: Taxation should seek to be neutral and equitable
between forms of business activities. A neutral tax will contribute
to efficiency by ensuring that optimal allocation of the means
of production is achieved. A distortion, and the corresponding
deadweight loss, will occur when changes in price trigger different
changes in supply and demand than would occur in the absence of
tax. In this sense, neutrality also entails that the tax system raises
revenue while minimising discrimination in favour of, or against,
any particular economic choice. This implies that the same principles
of taxation should apply to all forms of business, while addressing
specific features that may otherwise undermine an equal and neutral
application of those principles.
• Efficiency: Compliance costs to business and administration costs
for governments should be minimised as far as possible.
• Certainty and simplicity: Tax rules should be clear and simple to
understand, so that taxpayers know where they stand. A simple tax
system makes it easier for individuals and businesses to understand
their obligations and entitlements. As a result, businesses are more
likely to make optimal decisions and respond to intended policy
choices. Complexity also favours aggressive tax planning, which may
trigger deadweight losses for the economy.
ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014
2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION – 31
• Effectiveness and fairness: Taxation should produce the right
amount of tax at the right time, while avoiding both double taxation
and unintentional non-taxation. In addition, the potential for
evasion and avoidance should be minimised. Prior discussions in
the Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs) considered that if there is
a class of taxpayers that are technically subject to a tax, but are
never required to pay the tax due to inability to enforce it, then the
taxpaying public may view the tax as unfair and ineffective. As
a result, the practical enforceability of tax rules is an important
consideration for policy makers. In addition, because it influences
the collectability and the administerability of taxes, enforceability is
crucial to ensure efficiency of the tax system.
• Flexibility: Taxation systems should be flexible and dynamic
enough to ensure they keep pace with technological and commercial
developments. It is important that a tax system is dynamic and
flexible enough to meet the current revenue needs of governments
while adapting to changing needs on an ongoing basis. This means
that the structural features of the system should be durable in a
changing policy context, yet flexible and dynamic enough to allow
governments to respond as required to keep pace with technological
and commercial developments, taking into account that future
developments will often be difficult to predict.
Equity is also an important consideration within a tax policy framework.
Equity has two main elements; horizontal equity and vertical equity.
Horizontal equity suggests that taxpayers in similar circumstances should
bear a similar tax burden. Vertical equity is a normative concept, whose
definition can differ from one user to another. According to some, it suggests
that taxpayers in better circumstances should bear a larger part of the tax
burden as a proportion of their income. In practice, the interpretation of
vertical equity depends on the extent to which countries want to diminish
income variation and whether it should be applied to income earned in
a specific period or to lifetime income. Equity is traditionally delivered
through the design of the personal tax and transfer systems.
Equity may also refer to inter-nation equity. As a theory, inter-nation
equity is concerned with the allocation of national gain and loss in the
international context and aims to ensure that each country receives an
equitable share of tax revenues from cross-border transactions (OECD,
2001). The tax policy principle of inter-nation equity has been an important
consideration in the debate on the division of taxing rights between source
and residence countries. At the time of the Ottawa work on the taxation of
electronic commerce, this important concern was recognised by stating that
“any adaptation of the existing international taxation principles should be
ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014
32 – 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
structured to maintain fiscal sovereignty of countries, […] to achieve a fair
sharing of the tax base from electronic commerce between countries…”
(OECD, 2001: 228).
Tax policy choices often reflect decisions by policy makers on the relative
importance of each of these principles and will also reflect wider economic
and social policy considerations outside the field of tax. | This task requires you to answer questions based solely on the information provided in the prompt. You are not allowed to use any external resources or prior knowledge. Limit your response to 100 words. Do not use bullet points. Limit your answer to six sentences.
Summarize the five overarching principles of tax policy.
2.1 Overarching principles of tax policy
In a context where many governments have to cope with less revenue,
increasing expenditures and resulting fiscal constraints, raising revenue
remains the most important function of taxes, which serve as the primary
means for financing public goods such as maintenance of law and order and
public infrastructure. Assuming a certain level of revenue that needs to be
raised, which depends on the broader economic and fiscal policies of the
country concerned, there are a number of broad tax policy considerations
that have traditionally guided the development of taxation systems. These
include neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and
fairness, as well as flexibility. In the context of work leading up to the Report
on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce (see Annex A for further detail),
these overarching principles were the basis for the 1998 Ottawa Ministerial
Conference, and are since then referred to as the Ottawa Taxation Framework
Conditions. At the time, these principles were deemed appropriate for an
evaluation of the taxation issues related to e-commerce. Although most of
the new business models identified in Chapter 4 did not exist yet at the time,
these principles, with modification, continue to be relevant in the digital
economy, as discussed in Chapter 8. In addition to these well-recognised
principles, equity is an important consideration for the design of tax policy.
• Neutrality: Taxation should seek to be neutral and equitable
between forms of business activities. A neutral tax will contribute
to efficiency by ensuring that optimal allocation of the means
of production is achieved. A distortion, and the corresponding
deadweight loss, will occur when changes in price trigger different
changes in supply and demand than would occur in the absence of
tax. In this sense, neutrality also entails that the tax system raises
revenue while minimising discrimination in favour of, or against,
any particular economic choice. This implies that the same principles
of taxation should apply to all forms of business, while addressing
specific features that may otherwise undermine an equal and neutral
application of those principles.
• Efficiency: Compliance costs to business and administration costs
for governments should be minimised as far as possible.
• Certainty and simplicity: Tax rules should be clear and simple to
understand, so that taxpayers know where they stand. A simple tax
system makes it easier for individuals and businesses to understand
their obligations and entitlements. As a result, businesses are more
likely to make optimal decisions and respond to intended policy
choices. Complexity also favours aggressive tax planning, which may
trigger deadweight losses for the economy.
ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014
2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION – 31
• Effectiveness and fairness: Taxation should produce the right
amount of tax at the right time, while avoiding both double taxation
and unintentional non-taxation. In addition, the potential for
evasion and avoidance should be minimised. Prior discussions in
the Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs) considered that if there is
a class of taxpayers that are technically subject to a tax, but are
never required to pay the tax due to inability to enforce it, then the
taxpaying public may view the tax as unfair and ineffective. As
a result, the practical enforceability of tax rules is an important
consideration for policy makers. In addition, because it influences
the collectability and the administerability of taxes, enforceability is
crucial to ensure efficiency of the tax system.
• Flexibility: Taxation systems should be flexible and dynamic
enough to ensure they keep pace with technological and commercial
developments. It is important that a tax system is dynamic and
flexible enough to meet the current revenue needs of governments
while adapting to changing needs on an ongoing basis. This means
that the structural features of the system should be durable in a
changing policy context, yet flexible and dynamic enough to allow
governments to respond as required to keep pace with technological
and commercial developments, taking into account that future
developments will often be difficult to predict.
Equity is also an important consideration within a tax policy framework.
Equity has two main elements; horizontal equity and vertical equity.
Horizontal equity suggests that taxpayers in similar circumstances should
bear a similar tax burden. Vertical equity is a normative concept, whose
definition can differ from one user to another. According to some, it suggests
that taxpayers in better circumstances should bear a larger part of the tax
burden as a proportion of their income. In practice, the interpretation of
vertical equity depends on the extent to which countries want to diminish
income variation and whether it should be applied to income earned in
a specific period or to lifetime income. Equity is traditionally delivered
through the design of the personal tax and transfer systems.
Equity may also refer to inter-nation equity. As a theory, inter-nation
equity is concerned with the allocation of national gain and loss in the
international context and aims to ensure that each country receives an
equitable share of tax revenues from cross-border transactions (OECD,
2001). The tax policy principle of inter-nation equity has been an important
consideration in the debate on the division of taxing rights between source
and residence countries. At the time of the Ottawa work on the taxation of
electronic commerce, this important concern was recognised by stating that
“any adaptation of the existing international taxation principles should be
ADDRESSING THE TAX CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY © OECD 2014
32 – 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
structured to maintain fiscal sovereignty of countries, […] to achieve a fair
sharing of the tax base from electronic commerce between countries…”
(OECD, 2001: 228).
Tax policy choices often reflect decisions by policy makers on the relative
importance of each of these principles and will also reflect wider economic
and social policy considerations outside the field of tax. |
Only use the provided text to answer the question. Do not use outside resources. The entire answer should be short. | According to the provided text, what is the typical maximum range for Infrared (IR)? | **Robotics Sensors and Actuators**
Robot Sensors
• Sensors are devices that can sense and measure
physical properties of the environment,
• e.g. temperature, luminance, resistance to touch, weight,
size, etc.
• The key phenomenon is transduction
• Transduction (engineering) is a process that converts one
type of energy to another
• They deliver low-‐level information about the
environment the robot is working in.
– Return an incomplete description of the world
• This information is noisy (imprecise).
• Cannot be modelled completely:
– Reading = f(env) where f is the model of the sensor
– Finding the inverse:
• ill posed problem (solution not uniquely deEined)
• collapsing of dimensionality leads to ambiguity
Types of Sensor
• General classification:
– active versus passive
• Active: emit energy in environment
– More robust, less efEicient
• Passive: passively receive energy from env.
– Less intrusive, but depends on env. e.g. light for camera
• Example: stereo vision versus range Einder.
– contact versus non-‐contact
Sensors
• Proprioceptive Sensors
(monitor state of robot)
– IMU (accels & gyros)
– Wheel encoders
– Doppler radar …
• Exteroceptive Sensors
(monitor environment)
– Cameras (single, stereo, omni,
FLIR …)
– Laser scanner
– MW radar
– Sonar
– Tactile…
Sensor Characteristics
All sensors are characterized by various
properties that describe their capabilities
– Sensitivity:
(change of output) ÷ (change of input)
– Linearity: constancy of (output ÷ input)
• Exception: logarithmic response cameras ==
wider dynamic range.
– Measurement/Dynamic range:
difference between min. and max.
Response Time: time required for a change
in input to cause a change in the output
– Accuracy: difference between measured &
actual
– Repeatability: difference between repeated
measures
– Resolution: smallest observable increment
– Bandwidth: result of high resolution or cycle
time
Types of Sensor
Specific examples
– tactile
– close-‐range proximity
– angular position
– infrared
– Sonar
– laser (various types)
– radar
– compasses, gyroscopes
– Force
– GPS
– vision
Tactile Sensors
There are many different technologies
– e.g. contact closure, magnetic, piezoelectric, etc.
• For mobile robots these can be classiEied as
– tactile feelers (antennae) often some form of metal wire
passing through a wire loop -‐ can be active (powered to
mechanically search for surfaces)
§ tactile bumpers
solid bar / plate acts on some form of contact switch
e.g. mirror deElecting light beam, pressure bladder,
wire loops, etc.
§ Pressure-‐sensitive rubber with scanning
array
Vibrassae/whiskers of rats
– Surface texture information.
– Distance of deElection.
– Blind people using a cane.
Proximity Sensors
Tactile sensors allow obstacle detection
– proximity sensors needed for true obstacle
avoidance
• Several technologies can detect the presence of
particular Eields without mechanical contact
– magnetic reed switches
• two thin magnetic strips of opposite polarity not
quite touching
• an external magnetic Eield closes the strip &
makes contact
Hall effect sensors
• small voltage generated across a conductor
carrying current
– inductive sensors, capacitive sensors
• inductive sensors can detect presence of metallic
objects
• capacitive sensors can detect metallic or
dielectric materials
Infrared Sensors
Infrared sensors are probably the simplest type of non-contact sensor
– widely used in mobile robotics to avoid obstacles
• They work by
– emitting infrared light
• to differentiate emitted IR from ambient IR (e.g. lights, sun,
etc.), the signal is modulated with a low frequency (100 Hz)
– detecting any reElections off nearby surfaces
• In certain environments, with careful calibration, IR
sensors can be used for measuring the distance to the
object
– requires uniform surface colours and structures
Infrared Sensors (Sharp)
Measures the return angle of the infrared beam.
Infrared Problems
If the IR signal is detected, it is safe to assume that an
object is present
• However, the absence of reElected IR does not mean that
no object is present!
– “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”
C. Sagan
– certain dark colours (black) are almost invisible to IR
– IR sensors are not absolutely safe for object detection
• In realistic situations (different colours & types of
objects) there is no accurate distance information
– it is best to avoid objects as soon as possible
• IR are short range
– typical maximum range is 50 to 100 cm
Sonar Sensors
• The fundamental principle of robot sonar sensors is the same as
that used by bats
– emit a chirp (e.g. 1.2 milliseconds)
• a short powerful pulse of a range of frequencies of sound
– its reElection off nearby surfaces is detected
• As the speed of sound in air is known (≈ 330 m·s-‐1) the distance to
the object can be computed from the elapsed time between chirp
and echo
– minimum distance = 165 tchirp (e.g. 21 cm at 1.2 ms)
– maximum distance = 165 twait (e.g. 165 m at 1 s)
• Usually referred to as ultrasonic sensors
Sonar Problems
• There are a number of problems and uncertainties
associated with readings from sonar sensors
– it is difEicult to be sure in which direction an object is
because the 3D sonar beam spreads out as it travels
– specular re5lections give rise to erroneous readings
• the sonar beam hits a smooth surface at a shallow angle and so
reElects away from the sensor
• only when an object further away reElects the beam back does
the sensor obtain a reading -‐ but distance is incorrect
– arrays of sonar sensors can experience crosstalk
• one sensor detects the reElected beam of another sensor
– the speed of sound varies with air temp. and pressure
• a 16° C temp. change can cause a 30cm error at 10m
Laser Range Finders
• Laser range Einders commonly used to measure the
distance, velocity and acceleration of objects
– also known as laser radar or lidar
• The operating principle is the same as sonar
– a short pulse of (laser) light is emitted
– the time elapsed between emission and detection is
used to determine distance (using the speed of light)
• Due to the shorter wavelengths of lasers, the chance of
specular reElections is much less
– accuracies of millimetres (16 -‐ 50mm) over 100m
– 1D beam is usually swept to give a 2D planar beam
• May not detect transparent surfaces (e.g. glass!) or dark
objects
RADAR
• Radar usually uses electromagnetic energy in the 1 -‐
12.5 GHz frequency range
– this corresponds to wavelengths of 30 cm -‐ 2 cm
• microwave energy
– unaffected by fog, rain, dust, haze and smoke
• It may use a pulsed time-‐of-‐Elight methodology of
sonar and lidar, but may also use other methods
– continuous-‐wave phase detection
– continuous-‐wave frequency modulation
• Continuous-‐wave systems make use of Doppler effect
to measure relative velocity of the target
Angular Position: Rotary Encoder
• Potentiometer
– Used in the Servo on the boebots
• Optical Disks (Relative)
– Counting the slots
– Direction by having pars of emitters/receivers out of
phase: Quadrature decoding
– Can spin very fast: 500 kHz
• Optical Disks (Absolute)
– Grey encoding for absolute:
• 0:0000, 1:1000, 2:1100, 3:0100, 4:0110,
• 5:1110, 6:1010, 7:0010, 8:0011
• 9:1011, 10:1111, 11:0111, 12:0101, 13:1101, 14:1001,
15:0001
Compass Sensors
• Compass sensors measure the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic Eield
– some birds use the vertical component too
• The earth’s magnetic Eield is very weak and
non-‐uniform, and changes over time
– indoors there are likely to be many other Eield
sources
• steel girders, reinforced concrete, power lines,
motors, etc.
– an accurate absolute reference is unlikely, but the
Eield is approx. constant, so can be used for local
reference
Gyroscopes
• A gyroscope is a spinning wheel with most of its mass
concentrated in the outer periphery
– e.g. a bicycle wheel
• Due to the law of conservation of momentum
– the spinning wheel will stay in its original orientation
– a force is required to rotate the gyroscope
• A gyro. can thus be used to maintain orientation or to
measure the rate and direction of rotation
• In fact there are different types of mechanical gyro.
– and even optical gyro’s with no moving parts!
• these can be used in e.g. space probes to maintain
orientation
Ring Gyro's
• Use standing waves set up
– between mirrors (laser ring gyro)
– within a Eiber optic cable (Eibre optic ring gyro)
• Measure rotation by observing beats in standing
wave as the mirrors "rotate through it".
IMU's
• Gyro, accelerometer combination.
• Typical designs (e.g. 3DM-‐GX1™)
use tri-‐axial gyros to track
dynamic orientation and tri-‐axial
DC accelerometers along with the
tri-‐axial magnetometers to track
static orientation.
• The embedded microprocessors
contains programmable Eilter
algorithms, which blend these
static and dynamic responses in
real-‐time.
GPS
• GPS uses a constellation of between 24 and 32
Medium Earth Orbit satellites.
• Satellite broadcast their position + time.
• Use travel time of 4 satellites and trilateration.
• Suffers from “canyon” effect in cities.
WiFi
• Using the SSID and database.
Odor Sensing
Smell is ubiquitous in nature
… both as a active and a passive sensor.
Why is it so important?
Advantages: evanescent, controllable, multi-‐valued,
useful.
What is an actuator?
• Device for moving or controlling a system.
• “Robot Muscles
Hydraulic Actuators
• Pros:
– Powerful
– Fast
– Stiff
• Cons
– Messy
– Maintenance
– External Pump
Pneumatic Actuators
• Pros:
– Powerful
– Cheap
• Cons
– Soft/Compliant
– External Compressor
Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
• Works by warming and cooling Nitinol wires.
• Pros:
– Light
– Powerful
• Cons:
– Slow (cooling)
Electric Actuators
• Pros
– Better position precision
– Well understood
– No separate power source
– Cheap
• Cons
– Heavy
– Weaker/slower than hydraulics
– Cooling issue
• Stepper motors
• DC motors
– Servos
• Continuous
• Position
• Others (not discussed)
– Linear actuators
– AC motors | <System Instruction>
Only use the provided text to answer the question. Do not use outside resources. The entire answer should be short.
----------------
<Question>
According to the provided text, what is the typical maximum range for Infrared (IR)?
----------------
<Text>
**Robotics Sensors and Actuators**
Robot Sensors
• Sensors are devices that can sense and measure
physical properties of the environment,
• e.g. temperature, luminance, resistance to touch, weight,
size, etc.
• The key phenomenon is transduction
• Transduction (engineering) is a process that converts one
type of energy to another
• They deliver low-‐level information about the
environment the robot is working in.
– Return an incomplete description of the world
• This information is noisy (imprecise).
• Cannot be modelled completely:
– Reading = f(env) where f is the model of the sensor
– Finding the inverse:
• ill posed problem (solution not uniquely deEined)
• collapsing of dimensionality leads to ambiguity
Types of Sensor
• General classification:
– active versus passive
• Active: emit energy in environment
– More robust, less efEicient
• Passive: passively receive energy from env.
– Less intrusive, but depends on env. e.g. light for camera
• Example: stereo vision versus range Einder.
– contact versus non-‐contact
Sensors
• Proprioceptive Sensors
(monitor state of robot)
– IMU (accels & gyros)
– Wheel encoders
– Doppler radar …
• Exteroceptive Sensors
(monitor environment)
– Cameras (single, stereo, omni,
FLIR …)
– Laser scanner
– MW radar
– Sonar
– Tactile…
Sensor Characteristics
All sensors are characterized by various
properties that describe their capabilities
– Sensitivity:
(change of output) ÷ (change of input)
– Linearity: constancy of (output ÷ input)
• Exception: logarithmic response cameras ==
wider dynamic range.
– Measurement/Dynamic range:
difference between min. and max.
Response Time: time required for a change
in input to cause a change in the output
– Accuracy: difference between measured &
actual
– Repeatability: difference between repeated
measures
– Resolution: smallest observable increment
– Bandwidth: result of high resolution or cycle
time
Types of Sensor
Specific examples
– tactile
– close-‐range proximity
– angular position
– infrared
– Sonar
– laser (various types)
– radar
– compasses, gyroscopes
– Force
– GPS
– vision
Tactile Sensors
There are many different technologies
– e.g. contact closure, magnetic, piezoelectric, etc.
• For mobile robots these can be classiEied as
– tactile feelers (antennae) often some form of metal wire
passing through a wire loop -‐ can be active (powered to
mechanically search for surfaces)
§ tactile bumpers
solid bar / plate acts on some form of contact switch
e.g. mirror deElecting light beam, pressure bladder,
wire loops, etc.
§ Pressure-‐sensitive rubber with scanning
array
Vibrassae/whiskers of rats
– Surface texture information.
– Distance of deElection.
– Blind people using a cane.
Proximity Sensors
Tactile sensors allow obstacle detection
– proximity sensors needed for true obstacle
avoidance
• Several technologies can detect the presence of
particular Eields without mechanical contact
– magnetic reed switches
• two thin magnetic strips of opposite polarity not
quite touching
• an external magnetic Eield closes the strip &
makes contact
Hall effect sensors
• small voltage generated across a conductor
carrying current
– inductive sensors, capacitive sensors
• inductive sensors can detect presence of metallic
objects
• capacitive sensors can detect metallic or
dielectric materials
Infrared Sensors
Infrared sensors are probably the simplest type of non-contact sensor
– widely used in mobile robotics to avoid obstacles
• They work by
– emitting infrared light
• to differentiate emitted IR from ambient IR (e.g. lights, sun,
etc.), the signal is modulated with a low frequency (100 Hz)
– detecting any reElections off nearby surfaces
• In certain environments, with careful calibration, IR
sensors can be used for measuring the distance to the
object
– requires uniform surface colours and structures
Infrared Sensors (Sharp)
Measures the return angle of the infrared beam.
Infrared Problems
If the IR signal is detected, it is safe to assume that an
object is present
• However, the absence of reElected IR does not mean that
no object is present!
– “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”
C. Sagan
– certain dark colours (black) are almost invisible to IR
– IR sensors are not absolutely safe for object detection
• In realistic situations (different colours & types of
objects) there is no accurate distance information
– it is best to avoid objects as soon as possible
• IR are short range
– typical maximum range is 50 to 100 cm
Sonar Sensors
• The fundamental principle of robot sonar sensors is the same as
that used by bats
– emit a chirp (e.g. 1.2 milliseconds)
• a short powerful pulse of a range of frequencies of sound
– its reElection off nearby surfaces is detected
• As the speed of sound in air is known (≈ 330 m·s-‐1) the distance to
the object can be computed from the elapsed time between chirp
and echo
– minimum distance = 165 tchirp (e.g. 21 cm at 1.2 ms)
– maximum distance = 165 twait (e.g. 165 m at 1 s)
• Usually referred to as ultrasonic sensors
Sonar Problems
• There are a number of problems and uncertainties
associated with readings from sonar sensors
– it is difEicult to be sure in which direction an object is
because the 3D sonar beam spreads out as it travels
– specular re5lections give rise to erroneous readings
• the sonar beam hits a smooth surface at a shallow angle and so
reElects away from the sensor
• only when an object further away reElects the beam back does
the sensor obtain a reading -‐ but distance is incorrect
– arrays of sonar sensors can experience crosstalk
• one sensor detects the reElected beam of another sensor
– the speed of sound varies with air temp. and pressure
• a 16° C temp. change can cause a 30cm error at 10m
Laser Range Finders
• Laser range Einders commonly used to measure the
distance, velocity and acceleration of objects
– also known as laser radar or lidar
• The operating principle is the same as sonar
– a short pulse of (laser) light is emitted
– the time elapsed between emission and detection is
used to determine distance (using the speed of light)
• Due to the shorter wavelengths of lasers, the chance of
specular reElections is much less
– accuracies of millimetres (16 -‐ 50mm) over 100m
– 1D beam is usually swept to give a 2D planar beam
• May not detect transparent surfaces (e.g. glass!) or dark
objects
RADAR
• Radar usually uses electromagnetic energy in the 1 -‐
12.5 GHz frequency range
– this corresponds to wavelengths of 30 cm -‐ 2 cm
• microwave energy
– unaffected by fog, rain, dust, haze and smoke
• It may use a pulsed time-‐of-‐Elight methodology of
sonar and lidar, but may also use other methods
– continuous-‐wave phase detection
– continuous-‐wave frequency modulation
• Continuous-‐wave systems make use of Doppler effect
to measure relative velocity of the target
Angular Position: Rotary Encoder
• Potentiometer
– Used in the Servo on the boebots
• Optical Disks (Relative)
– Counting the slots
– Direction by having pars of emitters/receivers out of
phase: Quadrature decoding
– Can spin very fast: 500 kHz
• Optical Disks (Absolute)
– Grey encoding for absolute:
• 0:0000, 1:1000, 2:1100, 3:0100, 4:0110,
• 5:1110, 6:1010, 7:0010, 8:0011
• 9:1011, 10:1111, 11:0111, 12:0101, 13:1101, 14:1001,
15:0001
Compass Sensors
• Compass sensors measure the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic Eield
– some birds use the vertical component too
• The earth’s magnetic Eield is very weak and
non-‐uniform, and changes over time
– indoors there are likely to be many other Eield
sources
• steel girders, reinforced concrete, power lines,
motors, etc.
– an accurate absolute reference is unlikely, but the
Eield is approx. constant, so can be used for local
reference
Gyroscopes
• A gyroscope is a spinning wheel with most of its mass
concentrated in the outer periphery
– e.g. a bicycle wheel
• Due to the law of conservation of momentum
– the spinning wheel will stay in its original orientation
– a force is required to rotate the gyroscope
• A gyro. can thus be used to maintain orientation or to
measure the rate and direction of rotation
• In fact there are different types of mechanical gyro.
– and even optical gyro’s with no moving parts!
• these can be used in e.g. space probes to maintain
orientation
Ring Gyro's
• Use standing waves set up
– between mirrors (laser ring gyro)
– within a Eiber optic cable (Eibre optic ring gyro)
• Measure rotation by observing beats in standing
wave as the mirrors "rotate through it".
IMU's
• Gyro, accelerometer combination.
• Typical designs (e.g. 3DM-‐GX1™)
use tri-‐axial gyros to track
dynamic orientation and tri-‐axial
DC accelerometers along with the
tri-‐axial magnetometers to track
static orientation.
• The embedded microprocessors
contains programmable Eilter
algorithms, which blend these
static and dynamic responses in
real-‐time.
GPS
• GPS uses a constellation of between 24 and 32
Medium Earth Orbit satellites.
• Satellite broadcast their position + time.
• Use travel time of 4 satellites and trilateration.
• Suffers from “canyon” effect in cities.
WiFi
• Using the SSID and database.
Odor Sensing
Smell is ubiquitous in nature
… both as a active and a passive sensor.
Why is it so important?
Advantages: evanescent, controllable, multi-‐valued,
useful.
What is an actuator?
• Device for moving or controlling a system.
• “Robot Muscles
Hydraulic Actuators
• Pros:
– Powerful
– Fast
– Stiff
• Cons
– Messy
– Maintenance
– External Pump
Pneumatic Actuators
• Pros:
– Powerful
– Cheap
• Cons
– Soft/Compliant
– External Compressor
Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
• Works by warming and cooling Nitinol wires.
• Pros:
– Light
– Powerful
• Cons:
– Slow (cooling)
Electric Actuators
• Pros
– Better position precision
– Well understood
– No separate power source
– Cheap
• Cons
– Heavy
– Weaker/slower than hydraulics
– Cooling issue
• Stepper motors
• DC motors
– Servos
• Continuous
• Position
• Others (not discussed)
– Linear actuators
– AC motors |
Answer prompts only using the information provided by the context sources associated with the prompt. If the user asks for medical advice, inform the user that you are unable to provide medical advice as an AI model, and direct them to the proper sources to get medical advice from. If the user asks for medical information, provide a medical disclaimer to the user before answering the prompt. | What should I know about treatments for Scarlet Fever? | Scarlet Fever This leaflet offers more information about Scarlet Fever. If you have any further questions or concerns, please speak to the staff member in charge of your child’s care. What is Scarlet Fever? Scarlet Fever is a bacterial infection that affects children. It is caused by the streptococcus bacteria which are found in our throats and on our skin. Scarlet Fever is easily treated with antibiotics. If antibiotic treatment is started early, the chance of children developing complications is rare. What are the signs and symptoms? • Sore throat • Flushed cheeks • Red, swollen tongue • Fever • Typical red, rough (sandpaper) rash appears a couple of days after the sore throat. The rash often starts on the chest and stomach before spreading to the rest of the body. Does my child need any tests to confirm the diagnosis? The doctor will usually be able to diagnose scarlet fever by seeing the typical rash and hearing what symptoms your child has. A swab from your child’s throat may be taken. This will be sent to the laboratory to see if the streptococcus bacteria grow. Your doctor may start treatment while waiting for the result of this swab. What treatments are available? Scarlet fever is easily treated with antibiotics. Liquid penicillin is often used to treat children. These must be taken for seven days, even though most people get better after four to five days. Your child will still be infectious for 24 hours after antibiotic treatment has started and they shouldn't attend nursery or school during this period. What happens if I do not get treatment? Without antibiotic treatment, your child will be infectious for one to two weeks after they became unwell. Rare, but serious complications (rheumatic fever, pneumonia and sepsis) are more likely to occur if antibiotics are not taken. Is there anything I can do to help my child? • Encourage them to drink a lot • Give paracetamol for fever if your child is upset • Use calamine lotion to soothe itchy skin. How to prevent spread? • Encourage coughing and sneezing into tissues and wash hands after sneezing and coughing • Keep children off school for 24 hours after starting antibiotics (or two weeks if antibiotics are not used) • Avoid sharing bed linen, towels, clothes, drinks with people with scarlet fever. For more information leaflets on conditions, procedures, treatments and services offered at our hospitals, please visit www.stgeorges.nhs.uk Additional services Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) PALS can offer you on-the-spot advice and information when you have comments or concerns about our services or the care you have received. You can visit the PALS office between 9.30am and 4.30pm, Monday to Friday in the main corridor between Grosvenor and Lanesborough wings (near the lift foyer). Tel: 020 8725 2453 Email: [email protected] NHS Choices NHS Choices provides online information and guidance on all aspects of health and healthcare, to help you make decisions about your health. Web: www.nhs.uk NHS 111 You can call 111 when you need medical help fast but it’s not a 999 emergency. NHS 111 is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Calls are free from landlines and mobile phones. Tel: 111 AccessAble You can download accessibility guides for all our services by searching ‘St George’s Hospital’ on the AccessAble website (www.accessable.co.uk). The guides are designed to ensure everyone – including those with accessibility needs – can access our hospital and community sites with confidence. | System Instructions: Answer prompts only using the information provided by the context sources associated with the prompt. If the user asks for medical advice, inform the user that you are unable to provide medical advice as an AI model, and direct them to the proper sources to get medical advice from. If the user asks for medical information, provide a medical disclaimer to the user before answering the prompt.
Question: What should I know about treatments for Scarlet Fever?
Context Block: Scarlet Fever This leaflet offers more information about Scarlet Fever. If you have any further questions or concerns, please speak to the staff member in charge of your child’s care. What is Scarlet Fever? Scarlet Fever is a bacterial infection that affects children. It is caused by the streptococcus bacteria which are found in our throats and on our skin. Scarlet Fever is easily treated with antibiotics. If antibiotic treatment is started early, the chance of children developing complications is rare. What are the signs and symptoms? • Sore throat • Flushed cheeks • Red, swollen tongue • Fever • Typical red, rough (sandpaper) rash appears a couple of days after the sore throat. The rash often starts on the chest and stomach before spreading to the rest of the body. Does my child need any tests to confirm the diagnosis? The doctor will usually be able to diagnose scarlet fever by seeing the typical rash and hearing what symptoms your child has. A swab from your child’s throat may be taken. This will be sent to the laboratory to see if the streptococcus bacteria grow. Your doctor may start treatment while waiting for the result of this swab. What treatments are available? Scarlet fever is easily treated with antibiotics. Liquid penicillin is often used to treat children. These must be taken for seven days, even though most people get better after four to five days. Your child will still be infectious for 24 hours after antibiotic treatment has started and they shouldn't attend nursery or school during this period. What happens if I do not get treatment? Without antibiotic treatment, your child will be infectious for one to two weeks after they became unwell. Rare, but serious complications (rheumatic fever, pneumonia and sepsis) are more likely to occur if antibiotics are not taken. Is there anything I can do to help my child? • Encourage them to drink a lot • Give paracetamol for fever if your child is upset • Use calamine lotion to soothe itchy skin. How to prevent spread? • Encourage coughing and sneezing into tissues and wash hands after sneezing and coughing • Keep children off school for 24 hours after starting antibiotics (or two weeks if antibiotics are not used) • Avoid sharing bed linen, towels, clothes, drinks with people with scarlet fever. For more information leaflets on conditions, procedures, treatments and services offered at our hospitals, please visit www.stgeorges.nhs.uk Additional services Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) PALS can offer you on-the-spot advice and information when you have comments or concerns about our services or the care you have received. You can visit the PALS office between 9.30am and 4.30pm, Monday to Friday in the main corridor between Grosvenor and Lanesborough wings (near the lift foyer). Tel: 020 8725 2453 Email: [email protected] NHS Choices NHS Choices provides online information and guidance on all aspects of health and healthcare, to help you make decisions about your health. Web: www.nhs.uk NHS 111 You can call 111 when you need medical help fast but it’s not a 999 emergency. NHS 111 is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Calls are free from landlines and mobile phones. Tel: 111 AccessAble You can download accessibility guides for all our services by searching ‘St George’s Hospital’ on the AccessAble website (www.accessable.co.uk). The guides are designed to ensure everyone – including those with accessibility needs – can access our hospital and community sites with confidence. |
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8 of the best bedside cribs and cosleepers for safe sleeping for your baby
We've tried, tested and reviewed the best bedside cribs, for a
brilliant way to sleep closely and safely with your baby
Gemma Cartwright
Published: March 5, 2024 at 3:20 PM
Save
A bedside crib is one of the most popular choices for newborn sleep, as it
allows you to keep your baby close while still following safe sleep
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guidelines. In the first 6 months, when the risk of sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS) is at its highest, the safest place for a baby to sleep is on
their back in their own sleep space, be that a cot, crib or moses basket.
Advertisement
A bedside crib fastens to the frame of your bed on one side, so you're
effectively lying next to your baby. The side can usually be dropped down
so you can see and reach over to your child. They're sometimes referred
to as side-sleepers or co-sleepers, but the key difference is that you're not
sharing a sleep surface or bedding. You and your baby can maximise the
soothing benefits that proximity brings while minimising the risks
associated with bed sharing. Having your baby at arm's reach also makes
night feeds much easier.
Best bedside cribs and co-sleepers at a glance
Jump to our list of the best bedside cribs and cosleepers
•
Best bedside crib with an easy drop-down side: Chicco Next2Me
Magic, £189
•
Best bedside crib with a removable bassinet: SnuzPod 4 Bedside
Crib, £199.95
•
Best bedside crib for smooth rocking: Tutti Bambini CoZee Air
Bedside Crib, £225
•
Best bedside crib for longevity: Shnuggle Air Bedside Crib, £180 •
There are a wide range of options, so at MadeForMums we’ve analysed
the bedside crib market closely to bring you the very best choices. We’ve
used feedback from our expert journalist reviewers and parent testers,
combined with results from in-house MadeForMums testing, which looked
at key features such as breathability, mattress firmness, ease of building
as well as functionality.
For each bedside crib we’ve listed the key technical features to help you
compare across brands and models so you can find the best design to suit
your needs.
If your baby is struggling to sleep through the night, take a look at our best
sleep aids and white noise machines, best nightlights and best baby
swaddles.
More like this
Silver Cross Voyager Co-Sleeper Bedside Crib
review
What is the new safety standard for bedside cribs?
All new bedside cribs manufactured since November 2020 have to meet a
new safety standard (with the catchy name BS EN 1130:2019) that
introduced new and more rigorous safety requirements for bedside cribs.
However, you may find some older versions of cribs are still on sale that
only match the previous safety standard. Slowly these will disappear from
stores and the only ones available will meet the new standard.
The most significant new requirement for BS EN 1130:2019 is for a 120mm
Best bedside crib for extra storage: Maxi-Cosie Iora Bedside
Sleeper, £149
•
Best bedside crib for one-handed operation: Joie Roomie GO, £180 •
Best value bedside crib: Red Kite Cozysleep Bedside Crib, £84.99 •
Best bedside crib with 360° swivel: Halo BassiNest Premiere Swivel
Sleeper, £248.29
•
high barrier to be present around the sides of the crib, to ensure your
baby is not able to roll off their own mattress onto yours. This means that
new bedside cribs can no longer have complete drop-down sides – many
now have 'half-height' walls instead.
This allows your baby to be positioned next to you with the crib lined up to
your bed, but their mattress will be sunk a little lower, providing more of a
protective barrier. All the cribs featured in our list comply with these new
BS EN 1130:2019 safety requirements.
What to look for when buying a bedside crib
Will it work with your bed? – Certain bed frames can be trickier to use
with a bedside crib. For example, if you have a divan bed you will need
longer straps, and may not be able to tuck the legs of the crib underneath
the bed and may need to look for a model that has foldable legs or works
with your bed style.
Height of your bed – Most bedside cribs have adjustable heights to give
you an almost perfect fit on most bed frames, but if your bed is
particularly low or high, do check the measurements. Also check the size
of the crib and whether it will fit next to your bed while allowing you to get
in and out easily and safely. This is particularly important for those first
few days and weeks after giving birth when your body is still recovering.
Mattress – The mattress needs to be firm, flat and breathable – this is a
key safety feature. Don’t be tempted by a super soft mattress – your baby
will sleep deeply and most importantly safely on a firm mattress.
Drop-down side – How easy is it to remove the side? Can you do it with
one hand? As you may be doing this in the middle of the night, are there
lots of noisy zips and clips? Can it safely be left down while you sleep? Do
check this as the rules differ depending on the product.
How easy is it to assemble – Are there lots of parts to screw together? Will
you need 2 people to build it? We’ve tested how easy different bedside
cribs are to build in our reviews.
How easy is it to keep clean – Does the mattress have a waterproof cover
to protect from leaky nappies, baby sick and dribbles? Is the fabric
machine washable or will you have to hand wash it?
Portability – Is the crib light enough to move around your house? If you
want to take it away with you does it crib fold flat and/or come with a
storage bag?
Extra features – Does it rock (useful for fussy sleepers), tilt (remember to
use tilting with care), detach to become a moses basket or turn into an
older baby cot or playpen? These extra features may not be necessary, but
they could be useful.
For more safety information we've also covered breathability, bedding and
how to use the tilting function here.
What are the benefits of using a bedside crib?
Safe sleep charity The Lullaby Trust, advises that the safest place for your
baby to sleep is on their own sleep surface, in the same room as you, for
at least the first 6 months. Bedside cribs allow you to have your baby
sleeping right next to you at night, but in the safety of their own crib. This
means you can still be close to your baby without bed-sharing, which
carries a risk of suffocation and overheating.
Bedside cribs enable you to lean over and easily pick up your baby when
feeding at night. This is especially useful if you’ve had a difficult birth or a
c-section and find getting out of bed painful. You can also easily comfort
your baby if they are fussing and have a good view of them while they are
sleeping.
How to do the baby mattress firmness test
Press your hand on the centre and the sides of the mattress •
A firm mattress shouldn’t mould to the shape of your hand and
you’ll feel resistance – it will obviously move beneath the
pressure but your hand shouldn’t sink in
•
When you remove your hand, the mattress should snap back
and regain its shape
•
From a practical perspective, bedside cribs are smaller and more compact
than most cots, which means they take up less space in your bedroom
than a full-sized cot or cotbed.
Do I need a bedside crib for my baby?
You don’t have to buy a bedside crib. It's completely safe to put a baby in a
regular cot from birth. But they’re a great option if you want your baby as
close to you as possible at night, and for saving space. The downside is
that most of these cribs only last up to 6 months and you’ll then need to
move your baby into a full-sized cot or cotbed. A moses basket is a more
economical option, but these can last even less time, and do not have the
added features of a bedside crib such as a drop-down side, tilt, or multiple
heights.
How much does a bedside crib cost?
It is possible to buy budget bedside cribs for under £100 but the majority
we have reviewed are between £150-£300. Certain features, such as a
rocking function or one-handed drop down side, tend to push the price up
slightly.
How did we choose these bedside cribs?
Our 10 of the Best lists are compiled by qualified and experienced
parenting journalists. They rely on a number of sources, including our
independent reviews, testing undertaken during the MadeForMums
Awards, and feedback from our home testing panel and Top Testers
Club. Each year thousands of products are put through their paces by
hundreds of parents across the country on behalf of MadeForMums,
to ensure we’re bringing you honest and true reviews and
recommendations.
When testing bedside cribs, we consider size, ease of build and fitting,
mattress quality and breathability, ease and safety of the drop-down
side mechanism and other features, comfort for baby, design and
quality, and whether it's worth the money.
Our list is not an ordered ranking from 1-10, instead it is a carefully
Here are our top 10 bedside cribs for 2024
1. Chicco Next2Me Magic, £189
– Best for easy drop-down side
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 13.1kg | Crib size: H66.5-
82.4cm x W73cm x L99.5cm | Mattress size: L83cm x W50.5cm | Tilt: Yes
| Rocks: Yes | Height positions: 11 | Washable mattress cover: Hand
wash
The Chicco Next2Me Magic is the latest update to the original Next2Me
side-sleeping crib, which has won fans for its versatility. It can be used
from birth as a bedside co-sleeper, as a standalone crib or possibly as a
travel cot, but at over 13kg it's not a light carry.
It is slightly more expensive than some other models, but standout
features include a really easy drop-side that can be operated with one
hand, 11 height levels, a lockable rocking function, 4 tilt options to help
reduce reflux, and wheels to make it easy to move around your home.
selected group of tried-and-tested products, each of which we believe
is best for a different situation or requirement. We don’t just tell you
what is best, we help you discover what is best for your family.
A large sleeping area means more room for a bigger baby, plus a travel
bag is included.
MFM tester Lucy said, “I found the Chicco Next2Me Magic a breeze to
move around and set up, but also substantial and sturdy. The clever onehanded drop-down mechanism on the side panel can be used while
holding your baby in your arms, which is brilliant.
"I've even used the Chicco in my kitchen for safe day naps when I need to
be more focused on my older child.”
Pros: Firm and breathable mattress, retractable legs to fit any bed, quiet
side zip, easy to transport
Cons: Tricky to initially assemble, mattress cover is hand wash only
Read our full MadeForMums Chicco Next2Me Magic bedside crib review
Available from: John Lewis and Mamas & Papas
John Lewis & Partners £229.00 Buy now
Mamas & Papas £229.00 Buy now
2. SnuzPod 4 Bedside Crib, £199.95
– Best for removable bassinet
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 11.5kg | Crib size: H95cm
x W49cm x L100cm | Mattress size: L75cm x W40cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks:
Yes | Height positions: 7 | Washable mattress cover: Machine washable
The latest iteration of Snuz's much-loved bedside crib, the Snuzpod4
features a new breathable system (called ComfortAir) that aids the flow of
air around the crib and your baby. It offers more side vents, breathable
mesh liner and mattress, plus a ventilated base.
But the key thing that we're delighted to see is that the Snuzpod4 has a
firmer mattress than previous versions – as well as good breathability.
Plus Snuz claims that the SnuzPod4 fits more bed heights than any rival, as
it will now work with beds up to a maximum adult mattress height of
73cm. It's also designed to be compatible with a range of bed types –
divan, ottoman and framed bed bases.
Made from sustainably sourced beech solid wood, the Snuzpod4 looks
good. MFM mum home tester Mehack commented on "how stylish and
contemporary the design is," praising how it "fits perfectly with the room
decor".
We love its versatility – the two-part design includes a lift-off bassinet that
can be moved around the house so you have a portable safe sleeping
space for your baby, whichever room you're in. The bassinet also has a
manual rocking function, as does the crib and the bassinet. There's an
optional riser that can be added to create a slight incline to help babies
with reflux, but for safety reasons, when the cot is tilted this stops the
rocking function from working.
Pros: Stylish, removable bassinet, great storage
Cons: Can be difficult to put together
Read our full MadeForMums SnuzPod 4 bedside crib review
Available from: Snuz, Samuel Johnston and Amazon
Very.co.uk £159.99 Buy now
Samuel Johnston £190.18 Buy now
Amazon UK £199.95 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £199.95 Buy now
3. Tutti Bambini CoZee Air Bedside Crib, £225
– Best for smooth rocking
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 11kg | Crib size: H92cm x
W12cm x L56cm | Mattress size: L80.5cm x W51cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks: Yes
| Height positions: 6 | Washable mattress cover: Sponge, only machine
wash if necessary
While it is at the more expensive end of the market, what makes the
CoZee Air stand out from the competition is its smooth rocking function. It
comes with easy-to-remove caster wheels that you can switch with rocking
bars, which easily attach to the legs of the crib. As a safety feature, the
CoZee can also only be rocked when it is set up as a standalone crib –
when used as a bedside crib, it has flip-out feet that prevent it from doing
so. “The rocking feature is fantastic and really helped me to settle my baby
when she was overtired and fussing,” said MFM tester Tara.
MFM testers also rated the crib highly for its portability – it is ideal as a
travel cot, as despite its large size, it is compact when folded. A 30-second
open-fold mechanism allows for a quick set up and it comes with a travel
bag for easy transportation.
While the multiple mesh windows are great for breathability and being
able to see your little one, there's a curtain attached to one side of the crib
that you can roll down to protect your baby from draughts during colder
months. This still leaves one mesh side open to allow for plenty of air flow.
When it comes to cleaning, the fabric lining can be removed and put in the
washing machine, while the foam mattress can be machine washed if
necessary. We also like the addition of a storage shelf that is useful for
holding essentials such as baby wipes, nappies, clothes and muslins.
Pros: Smooth rocking, quick to collapse down, storage shelf
Cons: Higher price point
Read our full MadeForMums Tutti Bambini CoZee Air Bedside Crib review
Available from: Boots, Kiddies Kingdom and Tutti Bambini
Kiddies Kingdom £165.00 Buy now
For Your Little One £180.00 Buy now
Wayfair £186.63 Buy now
Dunelm £219.00 Buy now
4. Shnuggle Air Bedside crib, £180
– Best for longevity
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg (up to 2 years with conversion kit) |
Weight: 13.4kg | Crib size: H68.5–83cm x W56cm x L94cm | Mattress size:
L83cm x W50cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks: No | Height positions: 7 | Washable
mattress cover: Hand wash
While most bedside cribs on the market are only suitable for babies up to
6 months old, the Shnuggle Air stands out by offering 3 products in 1. It
can be used as a standalone cot or bedside sleeper and then it transforms
after 6 months into a full-sized cot when you buy the additional
conversion kit (£109.95) and cot mattress (£50), which will last your child
up until around 2 years old. This makes it a great long-term investment.
MFM judges and testers were particularly impressed with the firmness of
its hypo-allergenic airflow mattress. This crib has dual-view mesh sides,
giving it maximum breathability; this also means you can easily see your
baby when both sides are up. This was also a feature that stood out to
MFM reviewer Tara, who used it with her 6-month-old daughter Elodie.
She said, “Elodie slept very soundly and she loved being able to see
through the mesh sides.”
The drop-down sides are easily removed for nighttime access by releasing
the safety catch on the top bar and undoing the zips. However, during the
awards testing, it was noted that the safety catch makes a loud click. This
was echoed by a MFM user reviewer who said: “The side makes a noise
when you click it back in and that can wake up baby!” Unlike most of the
others on this list, the side of the Shnuggle Air cannot be left down during
sleep, it's simply there for access.
The Shnuggle Air is relatively heavy at 13.4kg, and doesn't have wheels, so
it's not easy to move around your home. “I’d say once the Shnuggle Air is
set up, it’s staying put,” Tara added.
Pros: Long-lasting, highly breathable, spacious
Cons: Not easily portable, side is noisy when released, hand wash only
Read our full MadeForMums Shnuggle Air Bedside Crib review
Available from: Amazon, John Lewis and Shnuggle
John Lewis & Partners £180.00 Buy now
Amazon UK £199.95 Buy now
Kiddies Kingdom £299.00 Buy now
5. Maxi-Cosi Iora bedside sleeper, £149
– Best for extra storage
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 10.8kg | Crib size:
H74.5cm x W55.5cm x L93cm | Mattress size: L80cm x W58.5cm | Tilt: Yes
| Rocks: No | Height positions: 5 | Washable mattress cover: Hand wash
With its choice of muted colours, sleek design and quality materials, the
Maxi-Cosi Iora is sure to fit in with most room schemes. The large storage
basket at the bottom of the crib is great for parents who are short on
space as it can easily hold numerous blankets, baby sleeping bags,
nappies, wipes and spare clothes.
The Iora’s easy-to-adjust height (5 positions in total) and slide function (2
positions in total) also means it can fit snugly against most types of bed
when used with the straps. “Our iron-frame bed is somewhat lower than
average,” said MFM reviewer Georgina. “But the Iora also sat in the correct
position with our mattress.”
One feature that our reviewer Georgina particularly liked was that when
the side is down, there is a 7-inch (18cm) barrier to stop your baby rolling
out. She said: “The Iora allowed me to sleep as close to my daughter as
possible, but I was also safe in the knowledge that she was in her own
sleeping area and I wasn't going to squash her!”
This crib is extremely straightforward to assemble (one of the quickest
during MFM testing) and MFM reviewer Georgina managed to put it
together speedily without using the instructions. She explained: “It was
obvious which pieces go together, simple to build and had neat zips to
keep everything in place.” A handy bag also means it can easily be used as
a travel cot, especially as it folds down flat. Keep in mind that Georgina did
find the outer fabric was prone to creasing when unpacked from the travel
bag.
Pros: Extra storage, easy height and slide adjustments, portable, smart
appearance
Cons: Mattress cover hand wash only, outer fabric prone to creasing, not
as many height options as other cribs, only mesh on one side
Read our full MadeForMums Maxi-Cosi Iora review
Available from: Samuel Johnston, John Lewis and Amazon
Kiddies Kingdom £169.00 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £199.99 Buy now
Mamas & Papas £199.99 Buy now
Very.co.uk £199.99 Buy now
6. Joie Roomie GO, £180
– Best for one-handed operation
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 9.5kg | Crib size: H74.8-
82.2cm x W68.5cm x L90.3cm | Mattress size: H6cm x W51cm x L84cm |
Tilt: Yes | Rocks: No | Height positions: 5 | Washable mattress cover:
Machine washable | Awards: Gold – Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib,
MadeForMum Awards 2023
Awarded Gold in Best Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib, MadeForMums Awards
2023, the Joie Roomie Go packs in a lot of features for its mid-range price.
Offering mesh windows on both sides, providing plenty of ventilation as
well as making it easy to keep an eye on your baby, the stylish crib is
available in a choice of chic grey or classic black. Our MFM home testers
were impressed with the Roomie Go’s aesthetic, with one commenting, “It
looks great, is made with good quality material and will look stylish in any
room.”
The one-handed drop-down panels on both sides of the crib mean you
can easily switch which side of the bed you attach it to. You should be able
to simply click the handle to lift and lower, although one of our home
testers commented that the first couple of times they attempted this the
mechanism was a little sticky.
Its simple, compact fold means you can pack the crib away in less than a
minute and take it with you in the travel bag included, for holidays or trips
to the grandparents’.
The Joie Roomie Go is also on (lockable) wheels so you can move it around
the home during the daytime. It has a tummy tilt for reflux/colic, and there
are 5 height adjustments to fit most beds. Praised across the board by our
MFM home testers for its comfy mattress and ease of assembly, it’s a great
all-rounder both when at home and away.
Pros: One-handed operation, tilt function for reflux, comfortable for baby,
drop-down panels on both sides, travel bag included
Cons: No storage, not as many height options as other cribs
Available from: John Lewis, Joie and Argos
Very.co.uk £179.99 Buy now
argos.co.uk £180.00 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £180.00 Buy now
Kiddies Kingdom £180.00 Buy now
7. Red Kite Cozysleep Crib, £84.99
– Best for value
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 9kg | Crib size: H74-87cm
x W57-61cm x L88cm | Mattress size: W80cm x L50cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks:
No | Height positions: 7 | Washable mattress cover: No, wipeable only |
Awards: Silver – Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib, MadeForMum Awards 2023
Coming in at just under £85 the Red Kite Cozysleep crib offers really
fantastic value. However, the great price doesn't mean there's a
compromise on features or style. “It’s a well-made product that looks
modern and would easily suit all bedrooms,” said MFM home tester Kiran,
who appreciated the simple, yet contemporary look.
The crib has a drop-down side, 7 adjustable height positions, a tilt function
(great for helping with reflux) and a handy storage shelf for things like
nappies and wipes. It's on wheels, so it can be moved around the room or
away from the bed with ease, and it also folds down to a more compact
size for travel. There’s even a handy storage bag included, which our
testers felt helps you to get even more use out of the Cozysleep as a travel
cot.
One feature that really impressed our home testers was the quality of the
soft, quilted mattress, with one MFM home tester commenting, “The
mattress is brilliant! I have used other makes of co-sleepers/cribs and this
mattress is triple the thickness. It feels soft but firm and very comfy.”
Pros: Great value, tilt function, good quality mattress, handy storage shelf,
travel bag included
Cons: Only mesh on one side
Available from: Amazon and Kiddies Kingdom
Kiddies Kingdom £79.99 Buy now
Samuel Johnston £104.40 Buy now
8. Halo BassiNest Premiere Swivel Sleeper, £248.29
– Best for 360° swivel
Suitable from: Birth to 5 months/10kg | Weight: 14.8kg | Crib size:
H94cm x W61cm x L114cm | Mattress size: L85cm x W55.8cm | Tilt: No |
Rocks: Battery-powered vibrations | Height positions: Customisable
between 61cm-84cm | Washable mattress cover: Machine-washable
sheet included
This is American brand Halo's updated version of its popular BassiNest
Essentia swivel sleeper. Offering a slightly different way to sleep closely
but safely with your baby, the BassiNest Premiere is a standalone crib with
a central stand that slides beneath the bed, rather than fastening on to
the side of the bed.
Parents can then swivel the crib 360° for easy access, with one MFM home
tester pointing out this also "makes it easy to get in and out of bed without
disturbing the baby". There's no drop-down side, instead the mesh side
has enough give that you can push it down to reach and get your baby
before it automatically returns to the upright position.
Compared to cribs with open sides that sit flush with the bed, the
BassiNest is more of a hybrid product, sitting somewhere between a
moses basket and a bedside crib. While the BassiNest Premiere doesn't
have a rock or tilt function, it does have a built-in “soothing centre” that
features an amber nightlight, floorlight, 2 vibration levels and 4 soothing
sounds, all with auto shutoff. To use this function you will need 3 x AA
batteries (not included).
Pros: Flexible, useful when recovering from birth, customisable height to
fit most beds, built-in soothing centre
Cons: Not a true bedside crib, very heavy, need batteries to access the
soothing centre functions, expensive
Available from: Halo, John Lewis and Boots
John Lewis & Partners £249.00 Buy now
How do you use a bedside crib safely?
The most important piece of advice for safe sleeping is to lie your baby on
their back to sleep. Indeed, since the Back To Sleep campaign was
launched in the UK 30 years ago, cases of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome) have fallen by 80%.
When using a bedside crib, you should ensure there is no gap between the
adult's and baby's mattress. Your baby’s mattress should be firm and flat,
and sit snugly in the crib with no gaps.
Also look for a mattress that is breathable. There's a simple test you can
do for this:
Most cribs come with a mattress as standard, but if you are given the crib
by someone else or buy one second-hand you will need to buy a new
mattress – even if the existing one appears to be in good condition.
Second-hand mattresses may increase the risk of SIDS and are less likely
to be supportive after losing their shape over time. Always use the
mattress designed to fit your bedside crib – most retailers sell them
separately should you need a replacement.
When it comes to a safe sleeping position, place your baby in the crib with
their feet at the end of the crib – called the feet-to-foot position. This
reduces the risk of their face or head slipping down under the covers if
you're using a blanket.
How to use tilting and rocking features safely
Some bedside cribs offer a tilt option, which may help babies with
digestive issues, colic or reflux. If you are going to tilt your baby, you must
do so with great care and only at a slight angle, to avoid your baby slipping
down. We recommend speaking to your GP or health visitor for advice
before using the tilt function.
Tilting (and rocking) can only be used when the bedside crib is set up as a
Our at-home mattress breathability test
Pick up the mattress and place it close to your mouth •
Breathe in and see how easy it is to breathe out with the
mattress near your mouth
•
If it’s easier this should mean the mattress offers good
ventilation
•
standalone crib – for safety reasons, you should not tilt or rock the crib
when the side is down as there is a chance your baby could fall out.
What bedding can I use with a bedside crib?
The Lullaby Trust advises, “Firmly tucked-in sheets and blankets (not above
shoulder height) or a baby sleep bag are safe for a baby to sleep in.” Make
sure you buy the correct size sheets that exactly fit your mattress. You
may also choose to swaddle a newborn. The Lullaby Trust does not advise
for or against swaddling, but it does have some basic swaddling guidance.
You must stop using a swaddle as soon as your baby learns to roll.
Not all baby sleeping bags and swaddles are created equal, so make sure
the brand you buy adheres to safety standards, is the correct tog for the
room temperature and season, and is the right size for your baby, so they
can't slip down inside.
Don’t use any soft or bulky bedding and never use pillows, duvets, baby
bumpers or baby positioners. You should also remove any soft toys from
the crib before your baby sleeps.
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Gemma Cartwright
Group Digital Editor
Gemma has two decades of experience in digital content. She is mum to a
preschooler, and aunt to 4 children under 4. She is particularly passionate about
sleep (for babies and parents) and loves testing out gadgets, technology and
innovation in the parenting world.
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8 of the best bedside cribs and cosleepers for safe sleeping for your baby
We've tried, tested and reviewed the best bedside cribs, for a
brilliant way to sleep closely and safely with your baby
Gemma Cartwright
Published: March 5, 2024 at 3:20 PM
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A bedside crib is one of the most popular choices for newborn sleep, as it
allows you to keep your baby close while still following safe sleep
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guidelines. In the first 6 months, when the risk of sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS) is at its highest, the safest place for a baby to sleep is on
their back in their own sleep space, be that a cot, crib or moses basket.
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A bedside crib fastens to the frame of your bed on one side, so you're
effectively lying next to your baby. The side can usually be dropped down
so you can see and reach over to your child. They're sometimes referred
to as side-sleepers or co-sleepers, but the key difference is that you're not
sharing a sleep surface or bedding. You and your baby can maximise the
soothing benefits that proximity brings while minimising the risks
associated with bed sharing. Having your baby at arm's reach also makes
night feeds much easier.
Best bedside cribs and co-sleepers at a glance
Jump to our list of the best bedside cribs and cosleepers
•
Best bedside crib with an easy drop-down side: Chicco Next2Me
Magic, £189
•
Best bedside crib with a removable bassinet: SnuzPod 4 Bedside
Crib, £199.95
•
Best bedside crib for smooth rocking: Tutti Bambini CoZee Air
Bedside Crib, £225
•
Best bedside crib for longevity: Shnuggle Air Bedside Crib, £180 •
There are a wide range of options, so at MadeForMums we’ve analysed
the bedside crib market closely to bring you the very best choices. We’ve
used feedback from our expert journalist reviewers and parent testers,
combined with results from in-house MadeForMums testing, which looked
at key features such as breathability, mattress firmness, ease of building
as well as functionality.
For each bedside crib we’ve listed the key technical features to help you
compare across brands and models so you can find the best design to suit
your needs.
If your baby is struggling to sleep through the night, take a look at our best
sleep aids and white noise machines, best nightlights and best baby
swaddles.
More like this
Silver Cross Voyager Co-Sleeper Bedside Crib
review
What is the new safety standard for bedside cribs?
All new bedside cribs manufactured since November 2020 have to meet a
new safety standard (with the catchy name BS EN 1130:2019) that
introduced new and more rigorous safety requirements for bedside cribs.
However, you may find some older versions of cribs are still on sale that
only match the previous safety standard. Slowly these will disappear from
stores and the only ones available will meet the new standard.
The most significant new requirement for BS EN 1130:2019 is for a 120mm
Best bedside crib for extra storage: Maxi-Cosie Iora Bedside
Sleeper, £149
•
Best bedside crib for one-handed operation: Joie Roomie GO, £180 •
Best value bedside crib: Red Kite Cozysleep Bedside Crib, £84.99 •
Best bedside crib with 360° swivel: Halo BassiNest Premiere Swivel
Sleeper, £248.29
•
high barrier to be present around the sides of the crib, to ensure your
baby is not able to roll off their own mattress onto yours. This means that
new bedside cribs can no longer have complete drop-down sides – many
now have 'half-height' walls instead.
This allows your baby to be positioned next to you with the crib lined up to
your bed, but their mattress will be sunk a little lower, providing more of a
protective barrier. All the cribs featured in our list comply with these new
BS EN 1130:2019 safety requirements.
What to look for when buying a bedside crib
Will it work with your bed? – Certain bed frames can be trickier to use
with a bedside crib. For example, if you have a divan bed you will need
longer straps, and may not be able to tuck the legs of the crib underneath
the bed and may need to look for a model that has foldable legs or works
with your bed style.
Height of your bed – Most bedside cribs have adjustable heights to give
you an almost perfect fit on most bed frames, but if your bed is
particularly low or high, do check the measurements. Also check the size
of the crib and whether it will fit next to your bed while allowing you to get
in and out easily and safely. This is particularly important for those first
few days and weeks after giving birth when your body is still recovering.
Mattress – The mattress needs to be firm, flat and breathable – this is a
key safety feature. Don’t be tempted by a super soft mattress – your baby
will sleep deeply and most importantly safely on a firm mattress.
Drop-down side – How easy is it to remove the side? Can you do it with
one hand? As you may be doing this in the middle of the night, are there
lots of noisy zips and clips? Can it safely be left down while you sleep? Do
check this as the rules differ depending on the product.
How easy is it to assemble – Are there lots of parts to screw together? Will
you need 2 people to build it? We’ve tested how easy different bedside
cribs are to build in our reviews.
How easy is it to keep clean – Does the mattress have a waterproof cover
to protect from leaky nappies, baby sick and dribbles? Is the fabric
machine washable or will you have to hand wash it?
Portability – Is the crib light enough to move around your house? If you
want to take it away with you does it crib fold flat and/or come with a
storage bag?
Extra features – Does it rock (useful for fussy sleepers), tilt (remember to
use tilting with care), detach to become a moses basket or turn into an
older baby cot or playpen? These extra features may not be necessary, but
they could be useful.
For more safety information we've also covered breathability, bedding and
how to use the tilting function here.
What are the benefits of using a bedside crib?
Safe sleep charity The Lullaby Trust, advises that the safest place for your
baby to sleep is on their own sleep surface, in the same room as you, for
at least the first 6 months. Bedside cribs allow you to have your baby
sleeping right next to you at night, but in the safety of their own crib. This
means you can still be close to your baby without bed-sharing, which
carries a risk of suffocation and overheating.
Bedside cribs enable you to lean over and easily pick up your baby when
feeding at night. This is especially useful if you’ve had a difficult birth or a
c-section and find getting out of bed painful. You can also easily comfort
your baby if they are fussing and have a good view of them while they are
sleeping.
How to do the baby mattress firmness test
Press your hand on the centre and the sides of the mattress •
A firm mattress shouldn’t mould to the shape of your hand and
you’ll feel resistance – it will obviously move beneath the
pressure but your hand shouldn’t sink in
•
When you remove your hand, the mattress should snap back
and regain its shape
•
From a practical perspective, bedside cribs are smaller and more compact
than most cots, which means they take up less space in your bedroom
than a full-sized cot or cotbed.
Do I need a bedside crib for my baby?
You don’t have to buy a bedside crib. It's completely safe to put a baby in a
regular cot from birth. But they’re a great option if you want your baby as
close to you as possible at night, and for saving space. The downside is
that most of these cribs only last up to 6 months and you’ll then need to
move your baby into a full-sized cot or cotbed. A moses basket is a more
economical option, but these can last even less time, and do not have the
added features of a bedside crib such as a drop-down side, tilt, or multiple
heights.
How much does a bedside crib cost?
It is possible to buy budget bedside cribs for under £100 but the majority
we have reviewed are between £150-£300. Certain features, such as a
rocking function or one-handed drop down side, tend to push the price up
slightly.
How did we choose these bedside cribs?
Our 10 of the Best lists are compiled by qualified and experienced
parenting journalists. They rely on a number of sources, including our
independent reviews, testing undertaken during the MadeForMums
Awards, and feedback from our home testing panel and Top Testers
Club. Each year thousands of products are put through their paces by
hundreds of parents across the country on behalf of MadeForMums,
to ensure we’re bringing you honest and true reviews and
recommendations.
When testing bedside cribs, we consider size, ease of build and fitting,
mattress quality and breathability, ease and safety of the drop-down
side mechanism and other features, comfort for baby, design and
quality, and whether it's worth the money.
Our list is not an ordered ranking from 1-10, instead it is a carefully
Here are our top 10 bedside cribs for 2024
1. Chicco Next2Me Magic, £189
– Best for easy drop-down side
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 13.1kg | Crib size: H66.5-
82.4cm x W73cm x L99.5cm | Mattress size: L83cm x W50.5cm | Tilt: Yes
| Rocks: Yes | Height positions: 11 | Washable mattress cover: Hand
wash
The Chicco Next2Me Magic is the latest update to the original Next2Me
side-sleeping crib, which has won fans for its versatility. It can be used
from birth as a bedside co-sleeper, as a standalone crib or possibly as a
travel cot, but at over 13kg it's not a light carry.
It is slightly more expensive than some other models, but standout
features include a really easy drop-side that can be operated with one
hand, 11 height levels, a lockable rocking function, 4 tilt options to help
reduce reflux, and wheels to make it easy to move around your home.
selected group of tried-and-tested products, each of which we believe
is best for a different situation or requirement. We don’t just tell you
what is best, we help you discover what is best for your family.
A large sleeping area means more room for a bigger baby, plus a travel
bag is included.
MFM tester Lucy said, “I found the Chicco Next2Me Magic a breeze to
move around and set up, but also substantial and sturdy. The clever onehanded drop-down mechanism on the side panel can be used while
holding your baby in your arms, which is brilliant.
"I've even used the Chicco in my kitchen for safe day naps when I need to
be more focused on my older child.”
Pros: Firm and breathable mattress, retractable legs to fit any bed, quiet
side zip, easy to transport
Cons: Tricky to initially assemble, mattress cover is hand wash only
Read our full MadeForMums Chicco Next2Me Magic bedside crib review
Available from: John Lewis and Mamas & Papas
John Lewis & Partners £229.00 Buy now
Mamas & Papas £229.00 Buy now
2. SnuzPod 4 Bedside Crib, £199.95
– Best for removable bassinet
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 11.5kg | Crib size: H95cm
x W49cm x L100cm | Mattress size: L75cm x W40cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks:
Yes | Height positions: 7 | Washable mattress cover: Machine washable
The latest iteration of Snuz's much-loved bedside crib, the Snuzpod4
features a new breathable system (called ComfortAir) that aids the flow of
air around the crib and your baby. It offers more side vents, breathable
mesh liner and mattress, plus a ventilated base.
But the key thing that we're delighted to see is that the Snuzpod4 has a
firmer mattress than previous versions – as well as good breathability.
Plus Snuz claims that the SnuzPod4 fits more bed heights than any rival, as
it will now work with beds up to a maximum adult mattress height of
73cm. It's also designed to be compatible with a range of bed types –
divan, ottoman and framed bed bases.
Made from sustainably sourced beech solid wood, the Snuzpod4 looks
good. MFM mum home tester Mehack commented on "how stylish and
contemporary the design is," praising how it "fits perfectly with the room
decor".
We love its versatility – the two-part design includes a lift-off bassinet that
can be moved around the house so you have a portable safe sleeping
space for your baby, whichever room you're in. The bassinet also has a
manual rocking function, as does the crib and the bassinet. There's an
optional riser that can be added to create a slight incline to help babies
with reflux, but for safety reasons, when the cot is tilted this stops the
rocking function from working.
Pros: Stylish, removable bassinet, great storage
Cons: Can be difficult to put together
Read our full MadeForMums SnuzPod 4 bedside crib review
Available from: Snuz, Samuel Johnston and Amazon
Very.co.uk £159.99 Buy now
Samuel Johnston £190.18 Buy now
Amazon UK £199.95 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £199.95 Buy now
3. Tutti Bambini CoZee Air Bedside Crib, £225
– Best for smooth rocking
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 11kg | Crib size: H92cm x
W12cm x L56cm | Mattress size: L80.5cm x W51cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks: Yes
| Height positions: 6 | Washable mattress cover: Sponge, only machine
wash if necessary
While it is at the more expensive end of the market, what makes the
CoZee Air stand out from the competition is its smooth rocking function. It
comes with easy-to-remove caster wheels that you can switch with rocking
bars, which easily attach to the legs of the crib. As a safety feature, the
CoZee can also only be rocked when it is set up as a standalone crib –
when used as a bedside crib, it has flip-out feet that prevent it from doing
so. “The rocking feature is fantastic and really helped me to settle my baby
when she was overtired and fussing,” said MFM tester Tara.
MFM testers also rated the crib highly for its portability – it is ideal as a
travel cot, as despite its large size, it is compact when folded. A 30-second
open-fold mechanism allows for a quick set up and it comes with a travel
bag for easy transportation.
While the multiple mesh windows are great for breathability and being
able to see your little one, there's a curtain attached to one side of the crib
that you can roll down to protect your baby from draughts during colder
months. This still leaves one mesh side open to allow for plenty of air flow.
When it comes to cleaning, the fabric lining can be removed and put in the
washing machine, while the foam mattress can be machine washed if
necessary. We also like the addition of a storage shelf that is useful for
holding essentials such as baby wipes, nappies, clothes and muslins.
Pros: Smooth rocking, quick to collapse down, storage shelf
Cons: Higher price point
Read our full MadeForMums Tutti Bambini CoZee Air Bedside Crib review
Available from: Boots, Kiddies Kingdom and Tutti Bambini
Kiddies Kingdom £165.00 Buy now
For Your Little One £180.00 Buy now
Wayfair £186.63 Buy now
Dunelm £219.00 Buy now
4. Shnuggle Air Bedside crib, £180
– Best for longevity
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg (up to 2 years with conversion kit) |
Weight: 13.4kg | Crib size: H68.5–83cm x W56cm x L94cm | Mattress size:
L83cm x W50cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks: No | Height positions: 7 | Washable
mattress cover: Hand wash
While most bedside cribs on the market are only suitable for babies up to
6 months old, the Shnuggle Air stands out by offering 3 products in 1. It
can be used as a standalone cot or bedside sleeper and then it transforms
after 6 months into a full-sized cot when you buy the additional
conversion kit (£109.95) and cot mattress (£50), which will last your child
up until around 2 years old. This makes it a great long-term investment.
MFM judges and testers were particularly impressed with the firmness of
its hypo-allergenic airflow mattress. This crib has dual-view mesh sides,
giving it maximum breathability; this also means you can easily see your
baby when both sides are up. This was also a feature that stood out to
MFM reviewer Tara, who used it with her 6-month-old daughter Elodie.
She said, “Elodie slept very soundly and she loved being able to see
through the mesh sides.”
The drop-down sides are easily removed for nighttime access by releasing
the safety catch on the top bar and undoing the zips. However, during the
awards testing, it was noted that the safety catch makes a loud click. This
was echoed by a MFM user reviewer who said: “The side makes a noise
when you click it back in and that can wake up baby!” Unlike most of the
others on this list, the side of the Shnuggle Air cannot be left down during
sleep, it's simply there for access.
The Shnuggle Air is relatively heavy at 13.4kg, and doesn't have wheels, so
it's not easy to move around your home. “I’d say once the Shnuggle Air is
set up, it’s staying put,” Tara added.
Pros: Long-lasting, highly breathable, spacious
Cons: Not easily portable, side is noisy when released, hand wash only
Read our full MadeForMums Shnuggle Air Bedside Crib review
Available from: Amazon, John Lewis and Shnuggle
John Lewis & Partners £180.00 Buy now
Amazon UK £199.95 Buy now
Kiddies Kingdom £299.00 Buy now
5. Maxi-Cosi Iora bedside sleeper, £149
– Best for extra storage
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 10.8kg | Crib size:
H74.5cm x W55.5cm x L93cm | Mattress size: L80cm x W58.5cm | Tilt: Yes
| Rocks: No | Height positions: 5 | Washable mattress cover: Hand wash
With its choice of muted colours, sleek design and quality materials, the
Maxi-Cosi Iora is sure to fit in with most room schemes. The large storage
basket at the bottom of the crib is great for parents who are short on
space as it can easily hold numerous blankets, baby sleeping bags,
nappies, wipes and spare clothes.
The Iora’s easy-to-adjust height (5 positions in total) and slide function (2
positions in total) also means it can fit snugly against most types of bed
when used with the straps. “Our iron-frame bed is somewhat lower than
average,” said MFM reviewer Georgina. “But the Iora also sat in the correct
position with our mattress.”
One feature that our reviewer Georgina particularly liked was that when
the side is down, there is a 7-inch (18cm) barrier to stop your baby rolling
out. She said: “The Iora allowed me to sleep as close to my daughter as
possible, but I was also safe in the knowledge that she was in her own
sleeping area and I wasn't going to squash her!”
This crib is extremely straightforward to assemble (one of the quickest
during MFM testing) and MFM reviewer Georgina managed to put it
together speedily without using the instructions. She explained: “It was
obvious which pieces go together, simple to build and had neat zips to
keep everything in place.” A handy bag also means it can easily be used as
a travel cot, especially as it folds down flat. Keep in mind that Georgina did
find the outer fabric was prone to creasing when unpacked from the travel
bag.
Pros: Extra storage, easy height and slide adjustments, portable, smart
appearance
Cons: Mattress cover hand wash only, outer fabric prone to creasing, not
as many height options as other cribs, only mesh on one side
Read our full MadeForMums Maxi-Cosi Iora review
Available from: Samuel Johnston, John Lewis and Amazon
Kiddies Kingdom £169.00 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £199.99 Buy now
Mamas & Papas £199.99 Buy now
Very.co.uk £199.99 Buy now
6. Joie Roomie GO, £180
– Best for one-handed operation
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 9.5kg | Crib size: H74.8-
82.2cm x W68.5cm x L90.3cm | Mattress size: H6cm x W51cm x L84cm |
Tilt: Yes | Rocks: No | Height positions: 5 | Washable mattress cover:
Machine washable | Awards: Gold – Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib,
MadeForMum Awards 2023
Awarded Gold in Best Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib, MadeForMums Awards
2023, the Joie Roomie Go packs in a lot of features for its mid-range price.
Offering mesh windows on both sides, providing plenty of ventilation as
well as making it easy to keep an eye on your baby, the stylish crib is
available in a choice of chic grey or classic black. Our MFM home testers
were impressed with the Roomie Go’s aesthetic, with one commenting, “It
looks great, is made with good quality material and will look stylish in any
room.”
The one-handed drop-down panels on both sides of the crib mean you
can easily switch which side of the bed you attach it to. You should be able
to simply click the handle to lift and lower, although one of our home
testers commented that the first couple of times they attempted this the
mechanism was a little sticky.
Its simple, compact fold means you can pack the crib away in less than a
minute and take it with you in the travel bag included, for holidays or trips
to the grandparents’.
The Joie Roomie Go is also on (lockable) wheels so you can move it around
the home during the daytime. It has a tummy tilt for reflux/colic, and there
are 5 height adjustments to fit most beds. Praised across the board by our
MFM home testers for its comfy mattress and ease of assembly, it’s a great
all-rounder both when at home and away.
Pros: One-handed operation, tilt function for reflux, comfortable for baby,
drop-down panels on both sides, travel bag included
Cons: No storage, not as many height options as other cribs
Available from: John Lewis, Joie and Argos
Very.co.uk £179.99 Buy now
argos.co.uk £180.00 Buy now
John Lewis & Partners £180.00 Buy now
Kiddies Kingdom £180.00 Buy now
7. Red Kite Cozysleep Crib, £84.99
– Best for value
Suitable from: Birth to 6 months/9kg | Weight: 9kg | Crib size: H74-87cm
x W57-61cm x L88cm | Mattress size: W80cm x L50cm | Tilt: Yes | Rocks:
No | Height positions: 7 | Washable mattress cover: No, wipeable only |
Awards: Silver – Bedside/Co-Sleeper Crib, MadeForMum Awards 2023
Coming in at just under £85 the Red Kite Cozysleep crib offers really
fantastic value. However, the great price doesn't mean there's a
compromise on features or style. “It’s a well-made product that looks
modern and would easily suit all bedrooms,” said MFM home tester Kiran,
who appreciated the simple, yet contemporary look.
The crib has a drop-down side, 7 adjustable height positions, a tilt function
(great for helping with reflux) and a handy storage shelf for things like
nappies and wipes. It's on wheels, so it can be moved around the room or
away from the bed with ease, and it also folds down to a more compact
size for travel. There’s even a handy storage bag included, which our
testers felt helps you to get even more use out of the Cozysleep as a travel
cot.
One feature that really impressed our home testers was the quality of the
soft, quilted mattress, with one MFM home tester commenting, “The
mattress is brilliant! I have used other makes of co-sleepers/cribs and this
mattress is triple the thickness. It feels soft but firm and very comfy.”
Pros: Great value, tilt function, good quality mattress, handy storage shelf,
travel bag included
Cons: Only mesh on one side
Available from: Amazon and Kiddies Kingdom
Kiddies Kingdom £79.99 Buy now
Samuel Johnston £104.40 Buy now
8. Halo BassiNest Premiere Swivel Sleeper, £248.29
– Best for 360° swivel
Suitable from: Birth to 5 months/10kg | Weight: 14.8kg | Crib size:
H94cm x W61cm x L114cm | Mattress size: L85cm x W55.8cm | Tilt: No |
Rocks: Battery-powered vibrations | Height positions: Customisable
between 61cm-84cm | Washable mattress cover: Machine-washable
sheet included
This is American brand Halo's updated version of its popular BassiNest
Essentia swivel sleeper. Offering a slightly different way to sleep closely
but safely with your baby, the BassiNest Premiere is a standalone crib with
a central stand that slides beneath the bed, rather than fastening on to
the side of the bed.
Parents can then swivel the crib 360° for easy access, with one MFM home
tester pointing out this also "makes it easy to get in and out of bed without
disturbing the baby". There's no drop-down side, instead the mesh side
has enough give that you can push it down to reach and get your baby
before it automatically returns to the upright position.
Compared to cribs with open sides that sit flush with the bed, the
BassiNest is more of a hybrid product, sitting somewhere between a
moses basket and a bedside crib. While the BassiNest Premiere doesn't
have a rock or tilt function, it does have a built-in “soothing centre” that
features an amber nightlight, floorlight, 2 vibration levels and 4 soothing
sounds, all with auto shutoff. To use this function you will need 3 x AA
batteries (not included).
Pros: Flexible, useful when recovering from birth, customisable height to
fit most beds, built-in soothing centre
Cons: Not a true bedside crib, very heavy, need batteries to access the
soothing centre functions, expensive
Available from: Halo, John Lewis and Boots
John Lewis & Partners £249.00 Buy now
How do you use a bedside crib safely?
The most important piece of advice for safe sleeping is to lie your baby on
their back to sleep. Indeed, since the Back To Sleep campaign was
launched in the UK 30 years ago, cases of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome) have fallen by 80%.
When using a bedside crib, you should ensure there is no gap between the
adult's and baby's mattress. Your baby’s mattress should be firm and flat,
and sit snugly in the crib with no gaps.
Also look for a mattress that is breathable. There's a simple test you can
do for this:
Most cribs come with a mattress as standard, but if you are given the crib
by someone else or buy one second-hand you will need to buy a new
mattress – even if the existing one appears to be in good condition.
Second-hand mattresses may increase the risk of SIDS and are less likely
to be supportive after losing their shape over time. Always use the
mattress designed to fit your bedside crib – most retailers sell them
separately should you need a replacement.
When it comes to a safe sleeping position, place your baby in the crib with
their feet at the end of the crib – called the feet-to-foot position. This
reduces the risk of their face or head slipping down under the covers if
you're using a blanket.
How to use tilting and rocking features safely
Some bedside cribs offer a tilt option, which may help babies with
digestive issues, colic or reflux. If you are going to tilt your baby, you must
do so with great care and only at a slight angle, to avoid your baby slipping
down. We recommend speaking to your GP or health visitor for advice
before using the tilt function.
Tilting (and rocking) can only be used when the bedside crib is set up as a
Our at-home mattress breathability test
Pick up the mattress and place it close to your mouth •
Breathe in and see how easy it is to breathe out with the
mattress near your mouth
•
If it’s easier this should mean the mattress offers good
ventilation
•
standalone crib – for safety reasons, you should not tilt or rock the crib
when the side is down as there is a chance your baby could fall out.
What bedding can I use with a bedside crib?
The Lullaby Trust advises, “Firmly tucked-in sheets and blankets (not above
shoulder height) or a baby sleep bag are safe for a baby to sleep in.” Make
sure you buy the correct size sheets that exactly fit your mattress. You
may also choose to swaddle a newborn. The Lullaby Trust does not advise
for or against swaddling, but it does have some basic swaddling guidance.
You must stop using a swaddle as soon as your baby learns to roll.
Not all baby sleeping bags and swaddles are created equal, so make sure
the brand you buy adheres to safety standards, is the correct tog for the
room temperature and season, and is the right size for your baby, so they
can't slip down inside.
Don’t use any soft or bulky bedding and never use pillows, duvets, baby
bumpers or baby positioners. You should also remove any soft toys from
the crib before your baby sleeps.
Advertisement
Read more...
Gemma Cartwright
Group Digital Editor
Gemma has two decades of experience in digital content. She is mum to a
preschooler, and aunt to 4 children under 4. She is particularly passionate about
sleep (for babies and parents) and loves testing out gadgets, technology and
innovation in the parenting world.
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co-sleeper
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You can only respond to the prompt using the information in the context block and no other sources. Give your answer in bullet points and follow each one with an explanation. | In simple terms, what are key components of US strategic goals related to subsea cables? | Transatlantic Tech Bridge: Digital Infrastructure and Subsea Cables, a US Perspective
1. US strategic interests in digital infrastructure and its industrial policy
The United States’ overarching strategic goal is an open, secure, interoperable and
global internet, one where US digital leaders can compete (and win). This requires
trusted digital infrastructure. US investment in digital infrastructure reveals
both domestic and international priorities. The 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure
Bill provides 65 billion US dollars for high-speed internet deployment.6 Its focus
is on providing connectivity for low-income households through the Affordable
Connectivity Program and reaching underserved rural, agricultural and tribal
areas.7 The “Internet for All” initiative manages grants for infrastructure and
training.8 In the international development space, digital infrastructure is one of
three pillars of USAID’s digital strategy and its digital ecosystem framework.9
US firms retain a leading position in the ownership of subsea cables, and along with
Japanese and French firms continue to supply the equipment for most projects.
Cables were traditionally owned by a consortium of telecom firms, but this model
has seen its share diminish with the influx of cables owned by content providers
(the hyperscalers). Unlike other digital technologies, the supply chain for the raw
materials that make up the cables is not dependent on China.10 Global cooperation
takes place through formats like the UN’s International Telecommunications
Union and multistakeholder arrangements like the International Cable Protection
Committee. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
provides an important legal framework for ocean policy and undersea cables,
including cable protection zones and a dispute resolution framework. The US,
however, has failed to ratify UNCLOS for decades and even in the case of US
ratification, credible enforcement would be difficult.11
Geopolitics and rising concerns about China have upended the world of subsea
cables. Digital infrastructure, and undersea cables in particular, fit into a wider
strategy for the US and are a key element of “outcompeting” China. This is leading
to what has been dubbed a “subsea cold war”.12 Concerns are multifaceted and
overlapping, including the physical security of infrastructure, espionage, economic
competitiveness and support for domestic firms, fears of technology leakage and
geopolitical competition. In promoting the view that “the digital backbones of the
modern economy must be open, trusted, interoperable, reliable, and secure”,13 US
strategy is highly focused on countering China’s “digital silk road”.
Digital infrastructure is critical, but also a potential vector for insecurity and
subject to disruptions, both accidental and deliberate. But attribution and assessing
conflicting motivations among potential adversaries can be difficult. There is
still significant uncertainty around cyberthreats and subsea cables, with limited
publicly available information or attribution. The majority of cable faults – around
a hundred per year – are attributable to accidental errors, such as damage from
fishing vessels, or geologic incidents.14 But the risk and fear of state-directed cyber
attacks or physical sabotage is rising. Many examples remain hypothetical; and
concrete details or attribution are classified or unknown. One of the few known
events, a 2022 cyber-attack in Hawaii that the Department of Homeland Security
claimed to have foiled, was merely attributed to an “international hacking group”.15
Chinese ships have been accused of damaging cables in the Taiwan straits as part
of a pressure campaign on the island.16
The US is particularly concerned about potential for espionage from adversaries
like China and Russia. Tapping into and filtering the enormous quantities of
information on subsea cables is extremely difficult, especially at great depths,
and only a few countries likely have such capabilities. Landing stations where
cables come ashore, however, have been identified as potential vulnerabilities,
where lax security could allow for monitoring or tapping of the cables. The US can
illustrate its concerns about growing control of infrastructure by adversaries by
pointing to cases like the Federated States of Micronesia, where China pressured
the government to grant it control of cables and telecom infrastructure via a
Memorandum of Understanding.17 The point here is that Chinese infrastructure
investments through the digital silk road will lead to de-facto control and facilitate
espionage. Cost-reduction measures by cable owners have also led to increased
deployment of remote network management systems, which introduce new
vulnerabilities to hacking or sabotage since they are connected to the internet.18
The US has responded to these concerns with legislation like the Secure and
Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, which charged the Federal
Communications Commission with carrying out the complex rip-and-replace
process for Huawei-made infrastructure domestically.19 The US has also expressed
concerns about Europe’s reliance on 5G infrastructure from Huawei.20 The National
Security Strategy released in October 2022 warns that autocratic governments
“leverage access to their markets and control of global digital infrastructure for
coercive purposes” and cites China as a source of “untrusted digital infrastructure”.21
The US has also acted to ensure continued market dominance by US and allied
firms. Between 2015 and 2019, Chinese investments through the digital silk road
led to control by Huawei Marine (which became HMN Tech in 2019) of about 15
per cent of the global market.22 Sanctions were placed on HMN Tech in 2021, citing
its “intention to acquire American technology to help modernize China’s People’s
Liberation Army”.23 This issue also predates the current Biden Administration.
In addition to sanctions placed on Huawei, President Trump’s “Executive Order
on Establishing the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in
the United States Telecommunications Services Sector” provided structure to
an interagency team known as “Team Telecom” charged with reviewing foreign
investment in telecom and broadcast firms.24 Run by the Department of Justice’s
National Security Division, it makes licensing recommendations to the Federal
Communications Commission with the goal of ensuring that no cable directly
connects the US and the Chinese mainland or Hong Kong.25 The US Congress has
also been somewhat vocal on the issue. For example, the Undersea Cable Control
Act passed the House in March 2023.26
Recent years have therefore seen significant shifts in undersea cable investment,
with many new cables rerouted to avoid China and the South China Sea.27 While
warnings of an undersea splinternet may be exaggerated, the sector is nevertheless
seeing important shifts in investment, particularly for transpacific cables. From
2016 to 2020, 75 per cent of cables included at least one Chinese owner. Projections
for 2021–2025 plummet to 0 per cent (see Figure 2). Significant reductions are
apparent in other Asia connections as well.
The US government has also intervened in cases of Chinese involvement in
infrastructure projects and exerted pressure which has led to cancellation of
cable initiatives or contracts if awarded to Chinese firms. For example, a 2018
proposed consortium led by Amazon, Meta and China Mobile met with opposition
from Washington. US security concerns remained even following China Mobile’s
departure, and the project was shelved despite much of the cable having already
been laid.28 The 600 million US dollar SeaWeMe-6 cable connecting Singapore to
France was awarded to the US’s SubCom over HMN Tech following diplomatic
pressure and incentives like training grants to local telecom firms from the US
Trade and Development Agency.29 At the same time, this pressure, along with
sanctions, has influenced cable-building endeavours that do not include US
investors or connect geographically to the US.30
Such events illustrate the strategic competitive and economic interests at stake,
as technology becomes a key site of geopolitical competition. In order to counter
China, the United States is working to build a network of partnerships on digital
infrastructure. The US CABLES programme provides capacity building and
technical assistance to members of the Quad alliance in the Indo-Pacific.31 The
Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) through the G7 aims
to offer an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Investments,32 and included cables
as part of a recent PGII announcement on the sidelines of the G20.33 The US also
launched the Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment with Australia
and Japan in 2018.34 The NATO undersea infrastructure coordination cell, launched
in 2023, coordinates between military, civilian and industry interests in subsea
infrastructure to increase security.35 The State Department’s 2020 Clean Network
Initiative, whose scope extends beyond subsea cables, created a set of shared
principles and practices for countries and companies with the goal of blocking
Chinese market dominance.36 | System instruction: You can only respond to the prompt using the information in the context block and no other sources. Give your answer in bullet points and follow each one with an explanation.
Question: In simple terms, what are key components of US strategic goals related to subsea cables?
Context block:
Transatlantic Tech Bridge: Digital Infrastructure and Subsea Cables, a US Perspective
1. US strategic interests in digital infrastructure and its industrial policy
The United States’ overarching strategic goal is an open, secure, interoperable and
global internet, one where US digital leaders can compete (and win). This requires
trusted digital infrastructure. US investment in digital infrastructure reveals
both domestic and international priorities. The 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure
Bill provides 65 billion US dollars for high-speed internet deployment.6 Its focus
is on providing connectivity for low-income households through the Affordable
Connectivity Program and reaching underserved rural, agricultural and tribal
areas.7 The “Internet for All” initiative manages grants for infrastructure and
training.8 In the international development space, digital infrastructure is one of
three pillars of USAID’s digital strategy and its digital ecosystem framework.9
US firms retain a leading position in the ownership of subsea cables, and along with
Japanese and French firms continue to supply the equipment for most projects.
Cables were traditionally owned by a consortium of telecom firms, but this model
has seen its share diminish with the influx of cables owned by content providers
(the hyperscalers). Unlike other digital technologies, the supply chain for the raw
materials that make up the cables is not dependent on China.10 Global cooperation
takes place through formats like the UN’s International Telecommunications
Union and multistakeholder arrangements like the International Cable Protection
Committee. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
provides an important legal framework for ocean policy and undersea cables,
including cable protection zones and a dispute resolution framework. The US,
however, has failed to ratify UNCLOS for decades and even in the case of US
ratification, credible enforcement would be difficult.11
Geopolitics and rising concerns about China have upended the world of subsea
cables. Digital infrastructure, and undersea cables in particular, fit into a wider
strategy for the US and are a key element of “outcompeting” China. This is leading
to what has been dubbed a “subsea cold war”.12 Concerns are multifaceted and
overlapping, including the physical security of infrastructure, espionage, economic
competitiveness and support for domestic firms, fears of technology leakage and
geopolitical competition. In promoting the view that “the digital backbones of the
modern economy must be open, trusted, interoperable, reliable, and secure”,13 US
strategy is highly focused on countering China’s “digital silk road”.
Digital infrastructure is critical, but also a potential vector for insecurity and
subject to disruptions, both accidental and deliberate. But attribution and assessing
conflicting motivations among potential adversaries can be difficult. There is
still significant uncertainty around cyberthreats and subsea cables, with limited
publicly available information or attribution. The majority of cable faults – around
a hundred per year – are attributable to accidental errors, such as damage from
fishing vessels, or geologic incidents.14 But the risk and fear of state-directed cyber
attacks or physical sabotage is rising. Many examples remain hypothetical; and
concrete details or attribution are classified or unknown. One of the few known
events, a 2022 cyber-attack in Hawaii that the Department of Homeland Security
claimed to have foiled, was merely attributed to an “international hacking group”.15
Chinese ships have been accused of damaging cables in the Taiwan straits as part
of a pressure campaign on the island.16
The US is particularly concerned about potential for espionage from adversaries
like China and Russia. Tapping into and filtering the enormous quantities of
information on subsea cables is extremely difficult, especially at great depths,
and only a few countries likely have such capabilities. Landing stations where
cables come ashore, however, have been identified as potential vulnerabilities,
where lax security could allow for monitoring or tapping of the cables. The US can
illustrate its concerns about growing control of infrastructure by adversaries by
pointing to cases like the Federated States of Micronesia, where China pressured
the government to grant it control of cables and telecom infrastructure via a
Memorandum of Understanding.17 The point here is that Chinese infrastructure
investments through the digital silk road will lead to de-facto control and facilitate
espionage. Cost-reduction measures by cable owners have also led to increased
deployment of remote network management systems, which introduce new
vulnerabilities to hacking or sabotage since they are connected to the internet.18
The US has responded to these concerns with legislation like the Secure and
Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, which charged the Federal
Communications Commission with carrying out the complex rip-and-replace
process for Huawei-made infrastructure domestically.19 The US has also expressed
concerns about Europe’s reliance on 5G infrastructure from Huawei.20 The National
Security Strategy released in October 2022 warns that autocratic governments
“leverage access to their markets and control of global digital infrastructure for
coercive purposes” and cites China as a source of “untrusted digital infrastructure”.21
The US has also acted to ensure continued market dominance by US and allied
firms. Between 2015 and 2019, Chinese investments through the digital silk road
led to control by Huawei Marine (which became HMN Tech in 2019) of about 15
per cent of the global market.22 Sanctions were placed on HMN Tech in 2021, citing
its “intention to acquire American technology to help modernize China’s People’s
Liberation Army”.23 This issue also predates the current Biden Administration.
In addition to sanctions placed on Huawei, President Trump’s “Executive Order
on Establishing the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in
the United States Telecommunications Services Sector” provided structure to
an interagency team known as “Team Telecom” charged with reviewing foreign
investment in telecom and broadcast firms.24 Run by the Department of Justice’s
National Security Division, it makes licensing recommendations to the Federal
Communications Commission with the goal of ensuring that no cable directly
connects the US and the Chinese mainland or Hong Kong.25 The US Congress has
also been somewhat vocal on the issue. For example, the Undersea Cable Control
Act passed the House in March 2023.26
Recent years have therefore seen significant shifts in undersea cable investment,
with many new cables rerouted to avoid China and the South China Sea.27 While
warnings of an undersea splinternet may be exaggerated, the sector is nevertheless
seeing important shifts in investment, particularly for transpacific cables. From
2016 to 2020, 75 per cent of cables included at least one Chinese owner. Projections
for 2021–2025 plummet to 0 per cent (see Figure 2). Significant reductions are
apparent in other Asia connections as well.
The US government has also intervened in cases of Chinese involvement in
infrastructure projects and exerted pressure which has led to cancellation of
cable initiatives or contracts if awarded to Chinese firms. For example, a 2018
proposed consortium led by Amazon, Meta and China Mobile met with opposition
from Washington. US security concerns remained even following China Mobile’s
departure, and the project was shelved despite much of the cable having already
been laid.28 The 600 million US dollar SeaWeMe-6 cable connecting Singapore to
France was awarded to the US’s SubCom over HMN Tech following diplomatic
pressure and incentives like training grants to local telecom firms from the US
Trade and Development Agency.29 At the same time, this pressure, along with
sanctions, has influenced cable-building endeavours that do not include US
investors or connect geographically to the US.30
Such events illustrate the strategic competitive and economic interests at stake,
as technology becomes a key site of geopolitical competition. In order to counter
China, the United States is working to build a network of partnerships on digital
infrastructure. The US CABLES programme provides capacity building and
technical assistance to members of the Quad alliance in the Indo-Pacific.31 The
Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) through the G7 aims
to offer an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Investments,32 and included cables
as part of a recent PGII announcement on the sidelines of the G20.33 The US also
launched the Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment with Australia
and Japan in 2018.34 The NATO undersea infrastructure coordination cell, launched
in 2023, coordinates between military, civilian and industry interests in subsea
infrastructure to increase security.35 The State Department’s 2020 Clean Network
Initiative, whose scope extends beyond subsea cables, created a set of shared
principles and practices for countries and companies with the goal of blocking
Chinese market dominance.36
|
You may only use information contained within the provided content block. | What benefits do nasal cannula have over non-rebreathe masks? | Oxygen is a drug with a correct dosage
When administered correctly may be life saving.
Aim is to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation
(without causing a significant decrease in ventilation and
consequent hypercapnia or oxygen toxicity)
Need to treat
• Tissue hypoxia is difficult to recognize as clinical features
are nonspecific –include dyspnoea cyanosis, tachypnoea,
arrhythmias, altered mental state, coma.
• Treatment of tissue hypoxia should correct any arterial
hypoxemia (Cardiopulmonary defect/shunt e.g.-asthma,
pneumonia, PE), any transport deficit (anaemia, low
cardiac output), and underlying causes.
• SaO2/PaO2 can be normal when tissue hypoxia is
caused by low cardiac output states.
Oxygen administration Equipment
The method of delivery will depend on the type and severity
of respiratory failure, breathing pattern, respiratory rate,
risk of CO2 retention, need for humidification and patient
compliance.
Each oxygen delivery device comprises
• An oxygen supply(>4L/min)
• Flow rate
07.Oxygen administration
20 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
• Tubing
• Interface + humidification
1) Nasal cannula
These direct oxygen via 2 short prongs up the nasal passage
They:
• Can be used for long periods of time.
• Prevent rebreathing.
• Can be used during eating and talking.
2) Low flow oxygen masks
These deliver oxygen concentrations that vary depending
on the patient’s minute volume. Some rebreathing of
exhaled gases.
3) Fixed performance masks
These deliver constant concentration of oxygen independent
of the patient’s minute volume.
The masks contain ‘venturi’ barrels where relatively low
rates of oxygen are forced through a narrow orifice producing
a greater flow rate.
4) Partial and non-rebreathe masks
This mask have a ‘reservoir’ bag that is filled with pure
oxygen and depend on a system of valves which prevent
mixing of exhaled gases with the incoming oxygen.
Dr.M.Umakanth Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure 21
5) High flow Oxygen
Masks or nasal prongs that generate flows of 50-120ml/
min using a high flow regulator to entrain air and oxygen
at specific concentrations.
It should always be used with humidification.
Procedure
• Introduce yourself, confirm patient’s identity, explain
the condition, Obtain Verbal consent.
• Choose an appropriate oxygen delivery device
• Choose an initial dose…
o Cardiac or respiratory arrest:100%.
o Hypoxaemia with PaCO2 <5.3kPa:40-60%.
o Hypoxaemia with PaCO2 >5.3kPa:24% initially.
• Decide on the acceptable level of SaO2 or PaO2 and
titrate oxygen accordingly.
• If possible, try to measure a PaO2 in room air prior to
giving supplementary oxygen.
• Liaise with nursing staff, physiotherapist or outreach
for support in setting up equipment.
• Apply the oxygen and monitor via oxymetry(SaO2)
and/or repeat ABG(PaO2) in 30 minutes.
• If hypoxemia continue, then the patient may require
respiratory support either invasively or non-invasivelyliaise with your seniors and/or the respiratory doctors.
• Stop supplementary oxygen when tissue hypoxia or
arterial hypoxaemia has resolved.
22 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
Equipment Required
• NG tube
• Disposable gloves
• Lubricant gel
• Cup of water
• 50ml Syringe
• Drainage bag (If necessary)
• Adhesive tape
• Paper towel
• Plastic apron.
Indication
• Feeding (Ryle’s tube)
• Patients who have an increased risk of aspiration
• Decompression of stomach during bowel obstruction
• Gastric larvage
Contraindication
• Severe Facial trauma
• Basal skull fracture
• Suspected oesophageal perforation
• Grossly abnormal nasal anatomy
Procedure
• Introduce yourself, confirm patient’s identity, explain
the procedure, and obtain verbal consent
• Wash hands thoroughly, put on gloves and plastic apron.
08.Nasogastric(NG) tube Insertion
Dr.M.Umakanth Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure 23
• Sit the patient up, slightly extending the neck.
• Examine patient’s nose for deformity.
• Use the tube to measure the length from the nares to
the stomach, (Xiphisternum-earlobe-tip of nose) and
note the distance.
• Lubricate the tip(4-8cm) of the tube, avoiding blocking
the lumen.
• Insert into the nostril and advance directly posteriorly
• Whilst advancing, ask the patient to take sip of water
and hold it in their mouth.
• Request the patient to swallow and, as the patient
swallows, advance the tube down oesophagus.
• Continue to advance the tube until 10-20cm beyond
pre-measured distance to stomach (60-70cm total).
• To confirm correct place ment
o Aspirate some gastric contents with syringe and
check fluid’s acidic pH(with litmus paper)
confirmatory
o If unsure, obtain a chest X-ray(CXR) with a view of
the stomach.
o Although commonly done on wards, injecting
5-10ml air into the tube whilst auscultating for
babbling with stethoscope placed over stomach.
• Remove guidewire if present
• Either Place cap into the end of NG tube or attach a
drainage bag.
• Secure the tube in place by taping to nose.
o
24 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
Complication
• Discomfort, pain, gagging
• Bleeding (at any site, but particularly nose)
• Failure to correctly place tube e.g. Placement in trachea
or bronchi
• Perforation of esophagus and stomach
• Electrolyte imbalance if rapid decompression of stomach.
• Esophagitis
• Nasal or retropharyngeal necrosis | You may only use information contained within the provided content block.
Question: What benefits do nasal cannula have over non-rebreathe masks?
Oxygen is a drug with a correct dosage
When administered correctly may be life saving.
Aim is to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation
(without causing a significant decrease in ventilation and
consequent hypercapnia or oxygen toxicity)
Need to treat
• Tissue hypoxia is difficult to recognize as clinical features
are nonspecific –include dyspnoea cyanosis, tachypnoea,
arrhythmias, altered mental state, coma.
• Treatment of tissue hypoxia should correct any arterial
hypoxemia (Cardiopulmonary defect/shunt e.g.-asthma,
pneumonia, PE), any transport deficit (anaemia, low
cardiac output), and underlying causes.
• SaO2/PaO2 can be normal when tissue hypoxia is
caused by low cardiac output states.
Oxygen administration Equipment
The method of delivery will depend on the type and severity
of respiratory failure, breathing pattern, respiratory rate,
risk of CO2 retention, need for humidification and patient
compliance.
Each oxygen delivery device comprises
• An oxygen supply(>4L/min)
• Flow rate
07.Oxygen administration
20 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
• Tubing
• Interface + humidification
1) Nasal cannula
These direct oxygen via 2 short prongs up the nasal passage
They:
• Can be used for long periods of time.
• Prevent rebreathing.
• Can be used during eating and talking.
2) Low flow oxygen masks
These deliver oxygen concentrations that vary depending
on the patient’s minute volume. Some rebreathing of
exhaled gases.
3) Fixed performance masks
These deliver constant concentration of oxygen independent
of the patient’s minute volume.
The masks contain ‘venturi’ barrels where relatively low
rates of oxygen are forced through a narrow orifice producing
a greater flow rate.
4) Partial and non-rebreathe masks
This mask have a ‘reservoir’ bag that is filled with pure
oxygen and depend on a system of valves which prevent
mixing of exhaled gases with the incoming oxygen.
Dr.M.Umakanth Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure 21
5) High flow Oxygen
Masks or nasal prongs that generate flows of 50-120ml/
min using a high flow regulator to entrain air and oxygen
at specific concentrations.
It should always be used with humidification.
Procedure
• Introduce yourself, confirm patient’s identity, explain
the condition, Obtain Verbal consent.
• Choose an appropriate oxygen delivery device
• Choose an initial dose…
o Cardiac or respiratory arrest:100%.
o Hypoxaemia with PaCO2 <5.3kPa:40-60%.
o Hypoxaemia with PaCO2 >5.3kPa:24% initially.
• Decide on the acceptable level of SaO2 or PaO2 and
titrate oxygen accordingly.
• If possible, try to measure a PaO2 in room air prior to
giving supplementary oxygen.
• Liaise with nursing staff, physiotherapist or outreach
for support in setting up equipment.
• Apply the oxygen and monitor via oxymetry(SaO2)
and/or repeat ABG(PaO2) in 30 minutes.
• If hypoxemia continue, then the patient may require
respiratory support either invasively or non-invasivelyliaise with your seniors and/or the respiratory doctors.
• Stop supplementary oxygen when tissue hypoxia or
arterial hypoxaemia has resolved.
22 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
Equipment Required
• NG tube
• Disposable gloves
• Lubricant gel
• Cup of water
• 50ml Syringe
• Drainage bag (If necessary)
• Adhesive tape
• Paper towel
• Plastic apron.
Indication
• Feeding (Ryle’s tube)
• Patients who have an increased risk of aspiration
• Decompression of stomach during bowel obstruction
• Gastric larvage
Contraindication
• Severe Facial trauma
• Basal skull fracture
• Suspected oesophageal perforation
• Grossly abnormal nasal anatomy
Procedure
• Introduce yourself, confirm patient’s identity, explain
the procedure, and obtain verbal consent
• Wash hands thoroughly, put on gloves and plastic apron.
08.Nasogastric(NG) tube Insertion
Dr.M.Umakanth Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure 23
• Sit the patient up, slightly extending the neck.
• Examine patient’s nose for deformity.
• Use the tube to measure the length from the nares to
the stomach, (Xiphisternum-earlobe-tip of nose) and
note the distance.
• Lubricate the tip(4-8cm) of the tube, avoiding blocking
the lumen.
• Insert into the nostril and advance directly posteriorly
• Whilst advancing, ask the patient to take sip of water
and hold it in their mouth.
• Request the patient to swallow and, as the patient
swallows, advance the tube down oesophagus.
• Continue to advance the tube until 10-20cm beyond
pre-measured distance to stomach (60-70cm total).
• To confirm correct place ment
o Aspirate some gastric contents with syringe and
check fluid’s acidic pH(with litmus paper)
confirmatory
o If unsure, obtain a chest X-ray(CXR) with a view of
the stomach.
o Although commonly done on wards, injecting
5-10ml air into the tube whilst auscultating for
babbling with stethoscope placed over stomach.
• Remove guidewire if present
• Either Place cap into the end of NG tube or attach a
drainage bag.
• Secure the tube in place by taping to nose.
o
24 Hand book of Basic Medical Procedure Dr.M.Umakanth
Complication
• Discomfort, pain, gagging
• Bleeding (at any site, but particularly nose)
• Failure to correctly place tube e.g. Placement in trachea
or bronchi
• Perforation of esophagus and stomach
• Electrolyte imbalance if rapid decompression of stomach.
• Esophagitis
• Nasal or retropharyngeal necrosis
|
System Instructions: Only use the provided text. Do not use any outside sources. Do not use any prior knowledge. | Question: What is the Ghon's complex? | Context:
Tuberculosis (TB), which is a curable and preventable disease, is the second most common infectious cause of mortality after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It affects close to 10 million people per year[1].Despite the diagnosis of TB often being a diagnostic dilemma in kidney disease patients, kidney transplant candidates (KTC) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) have a 3.62- and 11.35 times higher risk of developing TB, respectively, compared to the general population[2]. They also have a higher rate of mortality due to TB. Treatment of TB also poses unique challenges in these patients due to renal dose modifications, drug interactions, and nephrotoxicity of anti-tubercular agents.EPIDEMIOLOGYIncidence of TB in dialysis patients and transplant candidatesThe incidence of TB in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) ranges between 60-19, 270 per 100000 population in various countries (highest incidence in the African region and lowest in the Americas), the pooled incidence being 3718 per 100000[3]. In general, extrapulmonary TB is more common than pulmonary TB in this population[2,3]. Amongst patients with CKD, those on dialysis, who are conventionally considered transplant candidates, are at a higher risk of developing TB as compared to earlier stages of CKD. Patients on hemodialysis have a higher incidence than those on peritoneal dialysis (5611/100000 vs 3533/100000 respectively)[3].Incidence of TB in KTRTB incidence is said to be 7-27 times higher than the general population in solid organ transplant recipients[4]. KTR have a 4.59 times higher risk of developing TB compared to the general population[5]. The incidence of TB in KTR was 2700/100000 population in a pooled systemic analysis[3] from across the world with a range of 340-14680/100000[6,7].NATURAL HISTORY OF TB IN TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES AND RECIPIENTSMycobacterium tuberculosis acquisitionThe primary transmission route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is through aerosols, with the lungs being the primary site of host-pathogen interaction. The innate immune system tends to clear the M. tuberculosis bacilli immediately through phagocytosis. However, there is a possibility of the following four distinct outcomes because of complex host-pathogen interplay[8]: (1) Immediate clearance of bacilli; (2) Chronic or latent infection; (3) Rapidly progressive TB; or (4) Reactivation after a prolonged period.Granuloma formationIf the bacilli are not removed immediately, granulomas are formed, where inflammatory cells and cytokines come together and generate a localized response, known as the "Ghon's complex". It includes organ parenchymal involvement along with regional adenopathy. Effective cell-mediated immunity usually develops in 4-6 weeks and halts further infection progression[8].Progression and disseminationWhen the host cannot produce a sufficient cell-mediated immune response, the infection spreads and destroys the tissue. Arterial erosion promotes hematogenous spread, which results in disseminated TB that eventually affects multiple organs.Reactivation and immunosuppressed statesIn immunocompromised states, there may be a reactivation of M. tuberculosis CKD, specifically kidney failure, is one such condition where reactivation of previous infection is the most common cause of TB. Earlier, this reactivation was typically limited to a single organ, the most common site being the upper lobe of the lung[8]. However, now extrapulmonary TB is seen to be more common in these patients. Extrapulmonary involvement can affect various other organs and appear with a myriad of clinical symptoms. Almost every organ being involved has been described, including the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin, orbit, genitourinary tract, lymph nodes, pericardium, larynx, kidneys, and adrenal glands[8,9].
Prasad P et al. TB in kidney transplantationWJT https://www.wjgnet.com 3September 18, 2024 Volume 14 Issue 3Natural history in transplant recipientsBecause of the immunosuppression, the natural history of TB infection is more complex in transplant patients. In developing countries, reactivation from previously acquired infections is more common than re-infection[8,9]. With a median time of onset of 9 months, most active TB cases are recognized during the first year post-transplantation[10-13]. Also, although pulmonary TB is the most common presentation in KTR, they are more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB compared to the general population[12,14,15].MODES OF TRANSMISSIONFor primary prevention, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment, understanding the various modes of transmission of TB is crucial. The various modes of transmission among transplant candidates and recipients are illustrated in Figure 1 and enlisted below[16,17]: (1) Airborne transmission: Aerosol transmission remains the predominant mechanism, particularly in enclosed and congested environments; (2) Reactivation from latent infection: In areas where TB is highly prevalent, reactivation of latent TB is a frequent mechanism of transmission; (3) Nosocomial transmission: The possibility of nosocomial transmission is a worry in healthcare environments. Strict infection control procedures are necessary in transplant units, where immunocompromised patients are concentrated, to stop TB from spreading among recipients; (4) Donor-derived transmission: Rarely, transmission can occur directly from the donor organ. Thorough screening of potential organ donors is essential to avoid unintentionally spreading TB during transplant procedures; and (5) Unusual routes of transmission: Environmental sources have been reported to host viable and infectious TB for long periods. These sources include soil, rivers, wastewater, fomites, dust, and even cadavers. There have been reports of TB transmission through topical wound site contamination, aerosolization during surgery, and intake of water tainted with sanatorium effluent. Also, the incidence of pediatric cases due to intestinal TB is showing an increasing trend, probably due to the ingestion of contaminated milk or sputum[16].Factors influencing transmissionThe probability that an individual with TB will transmit M. tuberculosis to others is determined by many factors, including the number and rate of infectious droplet production and virulence of the disease of the original host who transmits the infection[18]. Environmental factors include duration and extent of contact. Better air circulation and increased ultraviolet (UV) light exposure in the space of contact decrease the chances of transmission. Host factors include the type of induction and maintenance immunosuppression among transplant patients[18]. | System Instructions: Only use the provided text. Do not use any outside sources. Do not use any prior knowledge.
Question: What is the Ghon's complex?
Context:
Tuberculosis (TB), which is a curable and preventable disease, is the second most common infectious cause of mortality after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It affects close to 10 million people per year[1].Despite the diagnosis of TB often being a diagnostic dilemma in kidney disease patients, kidney transplant candidates (KTC) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) have a 3.62- and 11.35 times higher risk of developing TB, respectively, compared to the general population[2]. They also have a higher rate of mortality due to TB. Treatment of TB also poses unique challenges in these patients due to renal dose modifications, drug interactions, and nephrotoxicity of anti-tubercular agents.EPIDEMIOLOGYIncidence of TB in dialysis patients and transplant candidatesThe incidence of TB in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) ranges between 60-19, 270 per 100000 population in various countries (highest incidence in the African region and lowest in the Americas), the pooled incidence being 3718 per 100000[3]. In general, extrapulmonary TB is more common than pulmonary TB in this population[2,3]. Amongst patients with CKD, those on dialysis, who are conventionally considered transplant candidates, are at a higher risk of developing TB as compared to earlier stages of CKD. Patients on hemodialysis have a higher incidence than those on peritoneal dialysis (5611/100000 vs 3533/100000 respectively)[3].Incidence of TB in KTRTB incidence is said to be 7-27 times higher than the general population in solid organ transplant recipients[4]. KTR have a 4.59 times higher risk of developing TB compared to the general population[5]. The incidence of TB in KTR was 2700/100000 population in a pooled systemic analysis[3] from across the world with a range of 340-14680/100000[6,7].NATURAL HISTORY OF TB IN TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES AND RECIPIENTSMycobacterium tuberculosis acquisitionThe primary transmission route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is through aerosols, with the lungs being the primary site of host-pathogen interaction. The innate immune system tends to clear the M. tuberculosis bacilli immediately through phagocytosis. However, there is a possibility of the following four distinct outcomes because of complex host-pathogen interplay[8]: (1) Immediate clearance of bacilli; (2) Chronic or latent infection; (3) Rapidly progressive TB; or (4) Reactivation after a prolonged period.Granuloma formationIf the bacilli are not removed immediately, granulomas are formed, where inflammatory cells and cytokines come together and generate a localized response, known as the "Ghon's complex". It includes organ parenchymal involvement along with regional adenopathy. Effective cell-mediated immunity usually develops in 4-6 weeks and halts further infection progression[8].Progression and disseminationWhen the host cannot produce a sufficient cell-mediated immune response, the infection spreads and destroys the tissue. Arterial erosion promotes hematogenous spread, which results in disseminated TB that eventually affects multiple organs.Reactivation and immunosuppressed statesIn immunocompromised states, there may be a reactivation of M. tuberculosis CKD, specifically kidney failure, is one such condition where reactivation of previous infection is the most common cause of TB. Earlier, this reactivation was typically limited to a single organ, the most common site being the upper lobe of the lung[8]. However, now extrapulmonary TB is seen to be more common in these patients. Extrapulmonary involvement can affect various other organs and appear with a myriad of clinical symptoms. Almost every organ being involved has been described, including the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin, orbit, genitourinary tract, lymph nodes, pericardium, larynx, kidneys, and adrenal glands[8,9].
Prasad P et al. TB in kidney transplantationWJT https://www.wjgnet.com 3September 18, 2024 Volume 14 Issue 3Natural history in transplant recipientsBecause of the immunosuppression, the natural history of TB infection is more complex in transplant patients. In developing countries, reactivation from previously acquired infections is more common than re-infection[8,9]. With a median time of onset of 9 months, most active TB cases are recognized during the first year post-transplantation[10-13]. Also, although pulmonary TB is the most common presentation in KTR, they are more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB compared to the general population[12,14,15].MODES OF TRANSMISSIONFor primary prevention, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment, understanding the various modes of transmission of TB is crucial. The various modes of transmission among transplant candidates and recipients are illustrated in Figure 1 and enlisted below[16,17]: (1) Airborne transmission: Aerosol transmission remains the predominant mechanism, particularly in enclosed and congested environments; (2) Reactivation from latent infection: In areas where TB is highly prevalent, reactivation of latent TB is a frequent mechanism of transmission; (3) Nosocomial transmission: The possibility of nosocomial transmission is a worry in healthcare environments. Strict infection control procedures are necessary in transplant units, where immunocompromised patients are concentrated, to stop TB from spreading among recipients; (4) Donor-derived transmission: Rarely, transmission can occur directly from the donor organ. Thorough screening of potential organ donors is essential to avoid unintentionally spreading TB during transplant procedures; and (5) Unusual routes of transmission: Environmental sources have been reported to host viable and infectious TB for long periods. These sources include soil, rivers, wastewater, fomites, dust, and even cadavers. There have been reports of TB transmission through topical wound site contamination, aerosolization during surgery, and intake of water tainted with sanatorium effluent. Also, the incidence of pediatric cases due to intestinal TB is showing an increasing trend, probably due to the ingestion of contaminated milk or sputum[16].Factors influencing transmissionThe probability that an individual with TB will transmit M. tuberculosis to others is determined by many factors, including the number and rate of infectious droplet production and virulence of the disease of the original host who transmits the infection[18]. Environmental factors include duration and extent of contact. Better air circulation and increased ultraviolet (UV) light exposure in the space of contact decrease the chances of transmission. Host factors include the type of induction and maintenance immunosuppression among transplant patients[18]. |
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in Dataset Viewer.
FACTS Grounding 1.0 Public Examples
860 public FACTS Grounding examples from Google DeepMind and Google Research
FACTS Grounding is a benchmark from Google DeepMind and Google Research designed to measure the performance of AI Models on factuality and grounding.
▶ FACTS Grounding Leaderboard on Kaggle
▶ Technical Report
▶ Evaluation Starter Code
▶ Google DeepMind Blog Post
Usage
The FACTS Grounding benchmark evaluates the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate factually accurate responses grounded in provided long-form documents, encompassing a variety of domains. FACTS Grounding moves beyond simple factual question-answering by assessing whether LLM responses are fully grounded to the provided context and correctly synthesize information from a long context document. By providing a standardized evaluation framework, FACTS Grounding aims to promote the development of LLMs that are both knowledgeable and trustworthy, facilitating their responsible deployment in real-world applications.
Dataset Description
This dataset is a collection 860 examples (public set) crafted by humans for evaluating how well an AI system grounds their answers to a given context. Each example is composed of a few parts:
- A system prompt (
system_instruction) which provides general instructions to the model, including to only answer the question provided based on the information in the given context - A task (
user_request) which includes the specific question(s) for the system to answer e.g. "What are some tips on saving money?" - A long document (
context_document) which includes information necessary to answer to question e.g. an SEC filing for a publicly traded US company
This dataset also contains evaluation prompts (evaluation_prompts.csv) for judging model generated responses to the examples. See the Technical Report for methodology details.
Limitations
While this benchmark represents a step forward in evaluating factual accuracy, more work remains to be done. First, this benchmark relies on potentially noisy automated LLM judge models for evaluation. By ensembling a range of frontier LLMs and averaging judge outputs, we attempt to mitigate this. Second, the FACTS benchmark focuses only on evaluating grounded responses to long-form text input and could potentially be extended.
Questions, comments, or issues? Share your thoughts with us in the discussion forum.
Citation
If you use this dataset in your research, please cite our technical report:
@misc{kaggle-FACTS-leaderboard,
author = {Alon Jacovi, Andrew Wang, Chris Alberti, Connie Tao, Jon Lipovetz, Kate Olszewska, Lukas Haas, Michelle Liu, Nate Keating, Adam Bloniarz, Carl Saroufim, Corey Fry, Dror Marcus, Doron Kukliansky, Gaurav Singh Tomar, James Swirhun, Jinwei Xing, Lily Wang, Michael Aaron, Moran Ambar, Rachana Fellinger, Rui Wang, Ryan Sims, Zizhao Zhang, Sasha Goldshtein, Yossi Matias, and Dipanjan Das},
title = {FACTS Leaderboard},
year = {2024},
howpublished = {\url{https://kaggle.com/facts-leaderboard}},
note = {Google DeepMind, Google Research, Google Cloud, Kaggle}
}
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