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Where was the wife of Francis I Rรกkรณczi born?
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Passage 1:
Waldrada of Lotharingia
Waldrada was the mistress, and later the wife, of Lothair II of Lotharingia.
Biography
Waldrada's family origin is uncertain. The prolific 19th-century French writer Baron Ernouf suggested that Waldrada was of noble Gallo-Roman descent, sister of Thietgaud, the bishop of Trier, and niece of Gunther, archbishop of Cologne. However, these suggestions are not supported by any evidence, and more recent studies have instead suggested she was of relatively undistinguished social origins, though still from an aristocratic milieu.
The Vita Sancti Deicoli states that Waldrada was related to Eberhard II, Count of Nordgau (included Strasbourg) and the family of Etichonids, though this is a late 10th-century source and so may not be entirely reliable on this question.In 855 the Carolingian king Lothar II married Teutberga, a Carolingian aristocrat and the daughter of Bosonid Boso the Elder. The marriage was arranged by Lothar's father Lothar I for political reasons. It is very probable that Waldrada was already Lothar II's mistress at this time.Teutberga was allegedly not capable of bearing children and Lothar's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour. Lothair, whose desire for annulment was arguably prompted by his affection for Waldrada, put away Teutberga. However, Hucbert took up arms on his sister's behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858. Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862. However, Pope Nicholas I was suspicious of this and sent legates to investigate at the Council of Metz in 863. The Council found in favour of Lothair's divorce, which led to rumours that the papal legates may have bribed and thus meant that Nicholas order Lothair to take Teutberga back or face excommunication.
With the support of Charles the Bald and Louis the German, Teutberga appealed the annulment to Pope Nicholas. Nicholas refused to recognize the annulment and excommunicated Waldrada in 866, forcing Lothair to abandon Waldrada in favour of Teutberga. Lothair accepted this begrudgingly for a time, but shortly afterward at the end of 867 Pope Nicholas I died. Thus, Lothair began to seek the permission of the newly appointed Pope Adrian II to again put Teutberga aside and marry Waldrada, riding to Rome to speak with him on the matter in 869. However, on his way home, Lothair died.
Children
Waldrada and Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all of whom were declared illegitimate:
Hugh (c. 855โ895), Duke of Alsace (867โ885)
Gisela (c. 865โ908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885
Bertha (c. 863โ925), who married Theobald of Arles (c. 854โ895), count of Arles, nephew of Teutberga. They had two sons, Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany. After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c. 875โ915) They had at least three children: Guy, who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany, Lambert succeeded his brother in 929, but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard.
Ermengarde (d. 90?)
Odo (d. c.879)
Passage 2:
Francis I Rรกkรณczi
Francis I Rรกkรณczi (February 24, 1645, Gyulafehรฉrvรกr, Transylvania โ July 8, 1676, Zborรณ, Royal Hungary) was a Hungarian aristocrat, elected prince of Transylvania and father of Hungarian national hero Francis Rรกkรณczi II.Francis Rรกkรณczi was the son of George Rรกkรณczi II, prince of Transylvania, and Sophia Bรกthory. He was elected prince by the Transylvanian Diet in 1652, during his father's life. However, because of the disastrous Polish campaign of 1657 and its consequences, the Ottoman Empire removed his father from the throne in 1660, and prohibited any Rรกkรณczi to ascend the Transylvanian throne. This left Francis unable to come by his father's legacy; he therefore withdrew to his estates in Royal Hungary.
Notably, the Rรกkรณczi family was Calvinist, and they were staunch supporters of the Reformed Church in Hungary. However, Francis' mother, Sophia Bรกthory, had converted to Calvinism merely for the sake of her marriage. After her husband's death, she returned to Catholicism and supported the Counter Reformation. Francis Rรกkรณczi also became a Catholic, thus acquiring favour with the Catholic Habsburg Court. His mother converted him to Catholicism. He was made a count in 1664.
In 1666 Francis married Jelena Zrinska (Hungarian: Zrรญnyi Ilona), a Croatian countess, and joined the Wesselรฉnyi conspiracy (Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy in Croatia), one leader of which was Jelena's father, Petar Zrinski (Hungarian: Zrรญnyi Pรฉter). Francis soon became the leader of the conspiracy, and, as a culmination of their anti-Habsburg stratagems, started an armed uprising of nobles in Upper Hungary, while the other conspirators were supposed to start the fight in Croatia. Due to poor organization and discord between the conspirators, however, the Austrian authorities were well informed; they quickly suppressed the Croatian branch of the revolt.
When Rรกkรณczi learned that Petar Zrinski had been captured by the Austrians, he laid down his arms and applied for mercy. All other leaders of the conspiracy were executed for high treason; Rรกkรณczi, due to his mother's intervention, and for a ransom of 300,000 forints and several castles, was pardoned.
Issue
Francis I had three children:
Gyรถrgy (1667)
Julianna Borbรกla (1672โ1717), married Count Ferdinand Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden (1643-1708)
Francis Rรกkรณczi II (1676โ1735)Francis II was born only three months before his father's death. He led a rebellion against Austrian rule (Rรกkรณczi's War of Independence) and died in exile.
Passage 3:
Mary Fiennes (lady-in-waiting)
Mary Fiennes (1495โ1531) was an English courtier. She was the wife of Henry Norris. Norris was executed for treason as one of the alleged lovers of her cousin, Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England. Mary lived for six years at the French court as a Maid of Honour to queens consort Mary Tudor, wife of Louis XII; and Claude of France, wife of Francis I.
Family and early years
Mary was born at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex in 1495, the only daughter of Thomas Fiennes, 8th Baron Dacre and Anne Bourchier. By both her father and mother she was descended from Edward III. She had two younger brothers, Sir Thomas and John. Her mother was an elder half-sister of Elizabeth Howard and Lord Edmund Howard, making queen consorts Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard a cousin of Mary. Her paternal grandmother, Alice FitzHugh, was sister to Elizabeth FitzHugh, grandmother of Catherine Parr, making her cousin to yet another queen consort of Henry VIII.
In 1514, Mary was appointed a Maid of Honour to Princess Mary Tudor and accompanied her to France when the latter married King Louis XII of France; afterwards she served in the capacity to Queen Mary's successor, Queen Claude, consort of the new king Francis I of France. Among her fellow Maids of Honour were her cousins, Mary (a mistress of Henry VIII) and Anne Boleyn.
Marriage and issue
In 1520 upon her return to England, she married the courtier, Henry Norreys (1491 โ 17 May 1536) of Yattendon in Berkshire, whom she had met that same year at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in France.
Norris served King Henry VIII of England as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and was held in high favour by the King. He was later appointed Groom of the Stool and continued to enjoy the King's favour. According to biographer Eric Ives, Norris was "perhaps the nearest thing Henry had to a friend." Norris had control of King Henry's Privy chamber.
Henry and Mary had three children:
Edward Norris (died 1529)
Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys (c.โ1525 โ 1601), married Margaret Williams of Rycote, by whom he had issue.
Mary Norris, married firstly Sir George Carew, and secondly Sir Arthur Champernowne, by whom she had issue.
Death
Mary died in 1531, a year after her mother. Five years later her husband was attainted and executed for treason as one of the five alleged lovers of her cousin Queen Anne Boleyn, who herself was beheaded at the Tower of London on 19 May 1536.
Their four orphaned children were raised by Norris's brother Sir John Norris.
Ancestry
Passage 4:
Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)
Agatha (Bulgarian: ะะณะฐัะฐ, Greek: ฮฮณฮฌฮธฮท; fl.โlate 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria.
Biography
According to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios. Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife. On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife. According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium. According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca. 998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II.Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava. Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son.Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil.
Passage 5:
Empress Shลken
Empress Dowager Shลken (ๆญๆฒ็ๅคชๅ, Shลken-kลtaigล, 9 May 1849 โ 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijล (ไธๆกๅๅญ, Ichijล Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan. She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shลken (ๆญๆฒ็ๅ, Shลken-kลgล). She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War.
Early life
Lady Masako Ichijล was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyล, Japan. She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijล, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijล branch. Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijล family. Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox. As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashลซ by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5. By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy. By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama. She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony.The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850. They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (็พๅญ), which was intended to reflect her
serene beauty and diminutive size.
The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryล in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered. The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kลmei, for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868.
Empress of Japan
Lady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869. She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyลgล and of kลgล (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as "empress consort"), in several hundred years. However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children. Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince. On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo. In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations.
Influence
On 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing. On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert.From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887
Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times.In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S. Grant during his visit to Japan. She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalฤkaua in 1881. Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia.On 26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers. From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers. When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University. In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto. While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines.Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894โ95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society. She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross. Renamed "The Empress Shลken Fund", it is presently used for international welfare activities. After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895. While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay.
Death
After Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (็ๅคชๅ, Kลtaigล) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishล. She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East Mound of the Fushimi Momoyama Ryo in Fushimi, Kyoto, next to her husband. Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo. On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Shลken Kลtaigล (ๆญๆฒ็ๅคชๅ). Her railway-carriage can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture.
Honours
National
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1 November 1888
Foreign
She received the following orders and decorations:
Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Catherine, 13 December 1887
Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 29 November 1889
Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 12 October 1899
German Empire: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class, 19 May 1903
Kingdom of Bavaria: Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa, 29 February 1904
Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Auspicious Phoenix, 27 July 1908
Ancestry
See also
Empress of Japan
ลmiya Palace
Notes
Passage 6:
Eunoรซ (wife of Bogudes)
Eunoรซ Maura was the wife of Bogudes, King of Western Mauretania. Her name has also been spelled Euries or Euryes or Eunoa.
Biography
Early life
Eunoรซ Maura was thought to be descended from Berbers, but her name is Greek so it appears she might have been from there or had Greek ancestry. She was likely of very high status, as she is mentioned by historian Suetonius in the same context as Cleopatra.
Marriage
At an unspecified early date in her marriage to her husband Bogud he mounted an expedition along the Atlantic coast, seemingly venturing into the tropics. When he returned he presented his wife Eunoรซ with gigantic reeds and asparagus he had found on the journey.She is believed to have been a mistress of Julius Caesar. She may have replaced Cleopatra in Caesar's affections, when he arrived in North Africa prior to the Battle of Thapsus on 6 April 46 BC, the two were among several queens courted by Caesar. It is also possible that they first met in Spain if she accompanied her husband there on a campaign. Only a brief romance for the Roman, both Eunoe and Bogudes profited through gifts bestowed on them by Caesar. Caesar departed from Africa in June 46 BC, five and a half months after he landed.
Cultural depictions
Eunoรซ and Caesar's affair is greatly exaggerated and expanded on in the Medieval French prose work Faits des Romains. Jeanette Beer in her book A Medieval Caesar states that the Roman general is "transformed into Caesar, the medieval chevalier" in the text, and that the author is more interested in Caesar's sexual dominance over the queen than the political dominance he held over her husband Bogud. The text describes her; "Eunoe was the most beautiful woman in four kingdoms โ nevertheless, she was Moorish", which Beer further analysed as being indicative of the fact that it was unimaginable to audiences of the time to believe that a lover of Caesar could be ugly, but that Moors still represented everything that was ugly to them.Eunoรซ has also been depicted in several novels about Caesar, as well as serialized stories in The Cornhill Magazine. In such fiction her character often serves as a foil for the relationship between Caesar and another woman, mostly Cleopatra, such as in The Memoirs of Cleopatra, The Bloodied Toga and When We Were Gods. In Song of the Nile she also plays a posthumous role as a person of interest for Cleopatra's daughter Selene II who became queen of Mauritania after her.Eunoe has also been depicted in a numismatic drawing by Italian artist and polymath Jacopo Strada, who lived in the 16th century. There is however no archaeological evidence of a coin that bears her name or picture.
See also
Women in ancient Rome
Passage 7:
Catherine Exley
Catherine Exley (1779โ1857) was an English diarist. She was the wife of a soldier who accompanied her husband when he served in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. Exley is best known as the author of a diary that gives an account of military life in that era from the viewpoint of the wife of a common soldier.
Background
Catherine Whitaker was born at Leeds in 1779 and married Joshua Exley there in 1806. Between 1805 and 1815, Joshua served in the Second Battalion of the 34th Regiment of Foot, initially as a private and then for a little over two years, as a corporal. Exley accompanied her husband for a substantial portion of this time and in due course wrote an account that is probably unique in that it records and reflects on life in the British Army from the perspective of the wife of a soldier who did not reach the rank of an officer.
The diary
Catherine's diary was first published as a booklet issued shortly after her death. A single copy of the booklet is known to exist, it was also reprinted in The Dewsbury Reporter during August 1923. The text of the diary is included in full in a more recently issued book, edited by Professor Rebecca Probert, along with essays on its military and religious context, the treatment of prisoners of war and the role of women in the British, French and Spanish armed forces during the Peninsular War.
The diary unfolds the hardships that both Catherine and her husband suffered during his military service, including one period when they both wrongly thought that the other had died. There are detailed accounts of the births and deaths of children, the cold, hunger and filthy conditions of military life and the horror of the aftermaths of battles. Details of the author's religious experiences which led her to membership of the Methodist church also appear. Exley wrote the diary during the last 20 years before her death, which took place in 1857 at Batley, Yorkshire.
Passage 8:
Ilona Zrรญnyi
Countess Ilona Zrรญnyi (Croatian: Jelena Zrinska, Hungarian: Zrรญnyi Ilona) (1643, Ozalj โ 18 February 1703, Izmit) was a noblewoman and heroine. She was one of the last surviving members of the Croatian-Hungarian Zrinski/Zrรญnyi noble family. She was the daughter of Petar Zrinski, Ban (viceroy) of Croatia, the niece of both Miklรณs Zrรญnyi and Fran Krsto Frankopan and the wife of Francis Rรกkรณczi I and Imre Thรถkรถly, as well as the mother of Francis Rรกkรณczi II. She is remembered in history for her Defense of Palanok Castle against the Imperial army in 1685-1688, an act for which she was regarded a heroine in Hungary.
Life
Early years and family
Ilona was born Ilona Zrรญnyi in Ozalj, present day Croatia. She was the eldest child of Croatian Ban, Peter Zrinyi, and his wife Katarina Zrinyi nรฉe Frankopan, a Croatian poet. Later her parents had two daughters, Judita Petronila (1652-1699), and Aurora Veronika (1658-1735), as well as a son, Ivan Antun (1651-1703). Ilona and her siblings were the last generation of descendants of the once-powerful Zrinski family.
From her childhood, she was known for her beauty and good education. There is little information on her schooling; it is known though that she acquired a high level of knowledge within her family, not only from her father and mother, Croatian writers and erudite persons but from her uncle Nikola VII Zrinski as well.
Marriages
On 1 March 1666, she married Francis Rรกkรณczi, with whom she had three children: Gyรถrgy, born in 1667, who died in infancy; Julianna, born in 1672; and Ferenc (commonly known as Francis Rรกkรณczi II), born in 1676. On June 8, 1676, not long after Francis II's birth, the elder Francis died. The widowed Ilona requested guardianship of her children and was granted it, against the advice of Emperor Leopold I's advisers and against Francis I's will. In this way she also retained control over the vast Rรกkรณczi estates, which included among them the castles of Regรฉc, Sรกrospatak, Makovica, and Munkรกcs. In 1682 she married Imre Thรถkรถly and became an active partner in her second husband's Kuruc uprising against the Habsburgs.
Defense of Munkรกcs (Palanok) Castle
After their defeat at the 1683 Battle of Vienna, both the Ottoman forces and Thรถkรถly's allied Kuruc fighters had no choice but to retreat, and Thรถkรถly quickly lost one Rรกkรณczi castle after another. At the end of 1685, the Imperial army surrounded the last remaining stronghold, Munkacs Castle in today's Ukraine. Ilona Zrรญnyi alone defended the castle for three years (1685โ1688) against the forces of General Antonio Caraffa.
Internment, exile and death
After the recapture of Buda, the situation became untenable, and on 17 January 1688, Ilona had no choice but to surrender the castle, with the understanding that the defenders would receive amnesty from the Emperor, and that the Rรกkรณczi estates would remain in her children's name. Under this agreement, she and her children traveled immediately to Vienna, where in violation of the pact the children were taken from her. Ilona lived until 1691 in the convent of the Ursulines, where her daughter Julianna was also raised. Her son Francis was immediately taken to the Jesuit school in Neuhaus.
At the time, her husband, Thรถkรถly, was still fighting with his Kuruc rebels against the Habsburg army in Upper Hungary. When Habsburg General Heisler was captured by Thรถkรถly, a prisoner exchange was arranged, and Ilona joined her husband in Transylvania. In 1699, however, after the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed, both spouses, having found themselves on the losing side, had to go into exile in the Ottoman Empire. The countess lived in Galata, district of Constantinople, and later in Izmit, where she died on 18 February 1703. She was buried in the French church of Saint Benoit in Galata.
Descendants
From her first marriage with Francis Rรกkรณczi, Ilona had three children:
Gyรถrgy (1667โ1667)
Julianna Borbรกla (September 1672 โ 1717); married Count Ferdinand Gobert von Aspremont-Lynden (1643-1708)
Francis II (27 March 1676 โ 8 April 1735)From her second marriage with Imre Thรถkรถly, Ilona had three children, all of whom died at a young age (including one she was pregnant with during the siege of Munkรกcs).
Legacy
Ilona Zrรญnyi is celebrated in Croatia and Hungary as one of the greatest national heroines, patriots and fighters for freedom, who opposed, although unsuccessfully, the autocracy and absolutism aspirations of the Habsburgs. Her even more famous son Francis II Rรกkรณczi continued the struggle for the independence of Hungary (1703โ1711).
In October 1906 the remains of the Croatian countess were reinterred with her son's in the St Elisabeth Cathedral in present-day Koลกice, Slovakia.
Honors
Postage stamp issued by Hungary on 28 September 1952.
See also
House of Zrinski
Zrinski family tree
ZrinskiโFrankopan conspiracy
Kuruc
Rรกkรณczi's War for Independence
Wesselรฉnyi conspiracy
Passage 9:
Artaynte
Artaynte (f. 478 BC), was the wife of the Crown Prince Darius.
Life
Daughter of an unnamed woman and Prince Masistes, a marshall of the armies during the invasion of Greece in 480-479 BC, and the brother of King Xerxes I.
During the Greek campaign Xerxes developed a passionate desire for the wife of Masistes, but she would constantly resist and would not bend to his will. Upon his return to Sardis, the king endeavoured to bring about the marriage of his son Daris to Artaynte, the daughter of this woman the wife of Masistes, supposing that by doing so he could obtain her more easily.
After moving to Susa he brought Artaynte to the royal house with him for his son Daris, but fell in love with her himself, and after obtaining her they became lovers.
At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes). When queen Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance. On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well. On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons.
Passage 10:
Hafsa Hatun
Hafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: ุญูุตู ุฎุงุชูู, "young lioness") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Life
Hafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids. She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids. Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid. Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died. Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families.
Charities
Hafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid. She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry.
See also
Ottoman dynasty
Ottoman Empire
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ุฃูู ููุฏุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู ุฑุงููุชุดูุ
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ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:
ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ู
ู ููุซุงุฑููุฌูุง
ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ุนุดููุฉุ ุซู
ุฒูุฌุฉุ ููุซูุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ู
ูู ููุซุงุฑููุฌูุง.
ุณูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ
ุฃุตู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ุบูุฑ ู
ุคูุฏ. ุงูุชุฑุญ ุงููุงุชุจ ุงููุฑูุณู ุบุฒูุฑ ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌ ูู ุงููุฑู ุงูุชุงุณุน ุนุดุฑ ุจุงุฑูู ุฅุฑููู ุฃู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูุงูุช ู
ู ุฃุตู ุฌุงูู ุฑูู
ุงูู ูุจููุ ูุฃุฎุช ุซูุชุฌูุฏุ ุฃุณูู ุชุฑูุฑุ ูุงุจูุฉ ุฃุฎุช ุบููุชุฑุ ุฑุฆูุณ ุฃุณุงููุฉ ููููููุง. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงูุงูุชุฑุงุญุงุช ุบูุฑ ู
ุฏุนูู
ุฉ ุจุฃู ุฏูููุ ูุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุฐูู ุฃุดุงุฑุช ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉ ุฅูู ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ู
ู ุฃุตูู ุงุฌุชู
ุงุนูุฉ ุบูุฑ ู
ู
ูุฒุฉ ูุณุจููุงุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃููุง ูุง ุชุฒุงู ู
ู ุจูุฆุฉ ุฃุฑุณุชูุฑุงุทูุฉ.
ุชูุต Vita Sancti Deicoli ุนูู ุฃู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูุงู ุนูู ุตูุฉ ุจุฅุจุฑูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุซุงููุ ูููุช ููุฑุฏุบุงู (ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ุณุชุฑุงุณุจูุฑุบ) ูุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฅูุชุดูููุฏุฒุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃู ูุฐุง ู
ุตุฏุฑ ูุนูุฏ ุฅูู ุฃูุงุฎุฑ ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุงุดุฑ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฏ ูุง ูููู ู
ูุซูููุง ุชู
ุงู
ูุง ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุณุคุงู. ุชุฒูุฌ ุงูู
ูู ููุซุงุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ู
ู ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุงุ ููู ุฃุฑุณุชูุฑุงุทู ูุงุฑููููุฌู ูุงุจูุฉ ุจูุณูููุฏ ุจูุณู ุงูุฃูุจุฑ. ุชู
ุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูุฒูุงุฌ ู
ู ูุจู ูุงูุฏ ููุซุงุฑ ููุซุงุฑ ุงูุฃูู ูุฃุณุจุงุจ ุณูุงุณูุฉ. ู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ุฌุฏูุง ุฃู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูุงูุช ุจุงููุนู ุนุดููุฉ ููุซุงุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุช. ููุฒุนู
ุฃู ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง ูู
ุชูู ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุฅูุฌุงุจ ุงูุฃุทูุงู ููุงู ุนูุฏ ููุซุงุฑ ู
ุดุบูููุง ุจุดูู ุฃุณุงุณู ุจุฌููุฏู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ูุณุฎ ุฒูุงุฌูู
ุงุ ูุนูุงูุงุชู ู
ุน ุฃุนู
ุงู
ู ุชุดุงุฑูุฒ ุงูุฃุตูุน ู ุชุฃุซุฑ ูููุณ ุงูุฃูู
ุงูู ุจุฑุบุจุชู ูู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฏุนู
ูู
ููุฐุง ุงูู
ุณุนู. ููุซูุฑุ ุงูุฐู ูู
ูู ุงูููู ุฅู ุฑุบุจุชู ูู ุงูุฅูุบุงุก ูุงูุช ู
ุฏููุนุฉ ุจุญุจู ููุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุงุ ูุงู
ุจุทุฑุฏ ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุญู
ู ููุจุฑุช ุงูุณูุงุญ ููุงุจุฉ ุนู ุฃุฎุชูุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุงุณุชุณูู
ุช ุจูุฌุงุญ ูู
ุญูุฉ ุงูู
ูุงูุ ุงุถุทุฑ ููุซูุฑ ุฅูู ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุชูุง ูู ุนุงู
858. ูู
ุน ุงุณุชู
ุฑุงุฑู ูู ุชุญููู ูุฏููุ ุญุตู ุนูู ุฏุนู
ุดูููู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ูููุณ ุงูุซุงููุ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุชูุงุฒู ุนู ุงูุฃุฑุงุถู ูุญุตู ุนูู ู
ูุงููุฉ ุฑุฌุงู ุงูุฏูู ุงูู
ุญูููู ุนูู ูุณุฎ ุฒูุงุฌู ู
ู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูุงูุฐู ุชู
ุนุงู
862. ููู ุงูุจุงุจุง ูููููุงุณ ุงูุฃูู ูุงู ู
ุชุดูููุง ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูุฃุฑุณู ู
ูุฏูุจูู ููุชุญููู ูู ู
ุฌูุณ ู
ูุชุฒ ุนุงู
863. ุญูู
ุงูู
ุฌูุณ ูุตุงูุญ ุทูุงู ููุซูุฑุ ู
ู
ุง ุฃุฏู ุฅูู ุดุงุฆุนุงุช ู
ูุงุฏูุง ุฃู ุงูู
ูุฏูุจูู ุงูุจุงุจูููู ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงู
ูุง ุจุฑุดูุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุนูู ุฃู ูููููุงุณ ูุฃู
ุฑ ููุซูุฑ ุจุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง ุฃู ู
ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุญุฑู
ุงู ุงูููุณู.
ูุจุฏุนู
ู
ู ุชุดุงุฑูุฒ ุงูุฃุตูุน ููููุณ ุงูุฃูู
ุงููุ ุงุณุชุฃูู ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง ุงูุฅูุบุงุก ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูุจุงุจุง ูููููุงุณ. ุฑูุถ ูููููุงุณ ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจุงูุฅูุบุงุก ูุญุฑู
ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ููุณููุง ูู ุนุงู
866ุ ู
ู
ุง ุฃุฌุจุฑ ููุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูุชุฎูู ุนู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูุตุงูุญ ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง. ูุจู ููุซูุฑ ูุฐุง ุนูู ู
ุถุถ ูุจุนุถ ุงูููุชุ ูููู ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑูุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ูู ููุงูุฉ ุนุงู
867 ุชููู ุงูุจุงุจุง ูููููุง ุงูุฃูู. ูููุฐุงุ ุจุฏุฃ ููุซูุฑ ูู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฅุฐู ู
ู ุงูุจุงุจุง ุงูู
ุนูู ุญุฏูุซูุง ุฃุฏุฑูุงู ุงูุซุงูู ููุถุน ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง ุฌุงูุจูุง ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูุงูุฒูุงุฌ ู
ู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุงุ ุซู
ุฐูุจ ุฅูู ุฑูู
ุง ููุชุญุฏุซ ู
ุนู ุญูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุน ูู ุนุงู
869. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุชููู ููุซูุฑ ูู ุทุฑููู ุฅูู ุงูู
ูุฒู.
ุฃุทูุงู
ูุงู ููุงูุฏุฑุงุฏุง ูููุซุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุจูุงุก ูุฑุจู
ุง ุซูุงุซ ุจูุงุชุ ุชู
ุฅุนูุงููู
ุฌู
ูุนูุง ุบูุฑ ุดุฑุนููู:
ููู (ุญูุงูู 855โ895)ุ ุฏูู ุงูุฃูุฒุงุณ (867โ885)
ุฌูุฒููุง (ุญูุงูู 865โ908)ุ ุงูุชู ุชุฒูุฌุช ุนุงู
883 ู
ู ุฌูุฏูุฑูุ ุฒุนูู
ุงููุงูููุฌ ุงูุญุงูู
ูู ูุฑูุฒูุงุ ูุงูุฐู ููุชู ุนุงู
885
ุจูุฑุซุง (ุญูุงูู 863โ925)ุ ุงูุชู ุชุฒูุฌุช ุซููุจุงูุฏ ู
ู ุขุฑู (ุญูุงูู 854โ895)ุ ูููุช ุขุฑูุ ุงุจู ุดููู ุชููุชุจูุฑุฌุง. ูุงู ูุฏููู
ููุฏุงูุ ููู ู
ู ุฅูุทุงููุง ูุจูุณู ู
ู ุชูุณูุงูุง. ุจุนุฏ ููุงุฉ ุซููุจุงูุฏุ ุชุฒูุฌุช ุจูู ุนุงู
ู 895 ู898 ู
ู ุฃุฏุงูุจุฑุช ุงูุซุงูู ู
ูู ุชูุณูุงูุง (ุญูุงูู 875โ915) ูุฃูุฌุจุง ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงู ุนูู ุงูุฃูู: ุฌุงูุ ุงูุฐู ุฎูู ูุงูุฏู ูู ู
ูุตุจ ุงููููุช ูุฏูู ูููุง ูู
ุงุฑุบุฑูู ุชูุณูุงูุงุ ูุฎูู ูุงู
ุจุฑุช ุดูููู ูู 929ุ ูููู ุฎุณุฑ ุงูุฃููุงุจ ูู 931 ูุตุงูุญ ุฃุฎูู ุบูุฑ ุงูุดููู ุจูุณู ู
ู ุชูุณูุงูุง ูุฅุฑู
ูุบุงุฑุฏ.
ุฅุฑู
ูุบุงุฑุฏ (ุช. ูฉู ุ)
ุฃูุฏู (ุช. 879)
ุงูู
ูุทุน 2:
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู ุฑุงููุชุดู
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู ุฑุงููุชุดู (24 ูุจุฑุงูุฑ 1645ุ ุฌูููุงูููุฑูุงุฑุ ุชุฑุงูุณูููุงููุง - 8 ููููู 1676ุ ุฒุจูุฑูุ ุงูู
ุฌุฑ ุงูู
ูููุฉ) ูุงู ุฃุฑุณุชูุฑุงุทููุง ู
ุฌุฑููุงุ ุฃู
ูุฑูุง ู
ูุชุฎุจูุง ูุชุฑุงูุณูููุงููุง ูุฃุจ ุงูุจุทู ุงููุทูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑู ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุซุงูู. ูุงู ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงุจู ุฌูุฑุฌ ุฑุงููุชุดู. ุงูุซุงููุ ุฃู
ูุฑ ุชุฑุงูุณูููุงููุงุ ูุตูููุง ุจุงุชูุฑู. ุชู
ุงูุชุฎุงุจู ุฃู
ูุฑูุง ู
ู ูุจู ุงููุธุงู
ุงูุบุฐุงุฆู ุงูุชุฑุงูุณููุงูู ุนุงู
1652ุ ุฃุซูุงุก ุญูุงุฉ ูุงูุฏู. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุญู
ูุฉ ุงูุจูููุฏูุฉ ุงููุงุฑุซูุฉ ุนุงู
1657 ูุนูุงูุจูุงุ ุฃุฒุงุญุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ ูุงูุฏู ู
ู ุงูุนุฑุด ูู ุนุงู
1660ุ ูู
ูุนุช ุฃู ุฑุงููุชุดู ู
ู ุงุนุชูุงุก ุนุฑุด ุชุฑุงูุณูููุงููุง. ุชุฑู ูุฐุง ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุบูุฑ ูุงุฏุฑ ุนูู ุงูุงูุชุฒุงู
ุจุฅุฑุซ ูุงูุฏู. ูุฐูู ุงูุณุญุจ ุฅูู ู
ู
ุชููุงุชู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ ุงูู
ูููุฉ.
ูุงูุฌุฏูุฑ ุจุงูุฐูุฑ ุฃู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฑุงููุชุดู ูุงูุช ูุงูููููุฉุ ููุงููุง ู
ู ุฃุดุฏ ุงูู
ุคูุฏูู ูููููุณุฉ ุงูุฅุตูุงุญูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุฅู ูุงูุฏุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณุ ุตูููุง ุจุงุชูุฑูุ ุชุญููุช ุฅูู ุงููุงูููููุฉ ููุท ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุฒูุงุฌูุง. ุจุนุฏ ููุงุฉ ุฒูุฌูุงุ ุนุงุฏุช ุฅูู ุงููุงุซูููููุฉ ูุฏุนู
ุช ุงูุฅุตูุงุญ ุงูู
ุถุงุฏ. ุฃุตุจุญ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุฃูุถูุง ูุงุซููููููุงุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุญุตู ุนูู ุชุฃููุฏ ู
ุญูู
ุฉ ูุงุจุณุจูุฑุบ ุงููุงุซูููููุฉ. ุญููุชู ูุงูุฏุชู ุฅูู ุงููุงุซูููููุฉ. ุชู
ุฅุญุตุงุกู ุนุงู
1664.
ูู ุนุงู
1666 ุชุฒูุฌ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ู
ู ููููุง ุฒุฑููุณูุง (ุจุงูููุบุงุฑูุฉ: Zrรญnyi Ilona)ุ ููู ูููุชูุณุฉ ูุฑูุงุชูุฉุ ูุงูุถู
ุฅูู ู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉ ููุณููููู (ู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉ ุฒุฑููุณูู-ูุฑุงูููุจุงู ูู ูุฑูุงุชูุง)ุ ููุงู ุฃุญุฏ ุฒุนู
ุงุฆูุง ูุงูุฏ ููููุงุ ุจูุช.ุฒุฑููุณูู (ุจุงูููุบุงุฑูุฉ: Zrรญnyi Pรฉter). ุณุฑุนุงู ู
ุง ุฃุตุจุญ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฒุนูู
ุงูู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉุ ููุชุชููุฌ ูุญูููู
ุงูู
ูุงูุถุฉ ููุงุจุณุจูุฑุบุ ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุชูุงุถุฉ ู
ุณูุญุฉ ูููุจูุงุก ูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ ุงูุนููุงุ ุจููู
ุง ูุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู ูุจุฏุฃ ุงูู
ุชุขู
ุฑูู ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ุงููุชุงู ูู ูุฑูุงุชูุง. ูููู ุจุณุจุจ ุณูุก ุงูุชูุธูู
ูุงูุฎูุงู ุจูู ุงูู
ุชุขู
ุฑููุ ูุงูุช ุงูุณูุทุงุช ุงููู
ุณุงููุฉ ุนูู ุนูู
ุฌูุฏ ุจุงูุฃู
ุฑุ ูุณุฑุนุงู ู
ุง ูู
ุนูุง ุงููุฑุน ุงููุฑูุงุชู ู
ู ุงูุซูุฑุฉ.
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุนูู
ุฑุงููุชุดู ุฃู ุจูุชุงุฑ ุฒุฑููุณูู ูุฏ ุชู
ุงููุจุถ ุนููู ู
ู ูุจู ุงููู
ุณุงููููุ ุฃููู ุฐุฑุงุนูู ูุทูุจ ุงูุฑุญู
ุฉ. ุชู
ุฅุนุฏุงู
ุฌู
ูุน ูุงุฏุฉ ุงูู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉ ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ุจุชูู
ุฉ ุงูุฎูุงูุฉ ุงูุนุธู
ู. ุชู
ุงูุนูู ุนู Rรกkรณczi ุจุณุจุจ ุชุฏุฎู ูุงูุฏุชู ูุจูุฏูุฉ ูุฏุฑูุง 300000 ููุฑูุช ูุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูููุงุน.
ู
ุดููุฉ
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ูุงู ูุฏู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงู:
ุฌููุฑุฌู (1667)
ุฌูููุงูุง ุจูุฑุจุงูุง (1672โ1717)ุ ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุงููููุช ูุฑุฏููุงูุฏ ุฌูุจูุฑุช ููู ุฃุณุจุฑูู
ููุช ูููุฏู (1643โ1708)
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุซุงูู (1676โ1735) ููุฏ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุซุงูู ูุจู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ููุท ู
ู ููุงุฉ ูุงูุฏู. ูุงุฏ ุชู
ุฑุฏูุง ุถุฏ ุงูุญูู
ุงููู
ุณุงูู (ุญุฑุจ ุงูุงุณุชููุงู ุงูุชู ูุงู
ุจูุง ุฑุงููุชุดู) ูุชููู ูู ุงูู
ููู.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 3:
ู
ุงุฑู ููููุณ (ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ุงูู
ูุชุธุฑุฉ)
ู
ุงุฑู ููููุณ (1495โ1531) ูุงูุช ุฅุญุฏู ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงูุจูุงุท ุงูุฅูุฌููุฒู. ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ููุฑู ููุฑูุณ. ุชู
ุฅุนุฏุงู
ููุฑูุณ ุจุชูู
ุฉ ุงูุฎูุงูุฉ ุงูุนุธู
ู ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุง ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนุดุงู ุงูู
ุฒุนูู
ูู ูุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ูุง ุขู ุจููููุ ุงูุฒูุฌุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ููู
ูู ููุฑู ุงูุซุงู
ู ู
ูู ุฅูุฌูุชุฑุง. ุนุงุดุช ู
ุงุฑู ูู
ุฏุฉ ุณุช ุณููุงุช ูู ุงูุจูุงุท ุงููุฑูุณู ูุฎุงุฏู
ุฉ ุดุฑู ููุฑููุฉ ุงูู
ููุฉ ู
ุงุฑู ุชููุฏูุฑุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ูููุณ ุงูุซุงูู ุนุดุฑุ ููููุฏ ูุฑูุณุงุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู.
ุงูุฃุณุฑุฉ ูุงูุณููุงุช ุงูุฃููู
ููุฏุช ู
ุงุฑู ูู ููุนุฉ ููุฑุณุชู
ููุณูููุณ ูู ุณุงุณูุณ ุนุงู
1495ุ ููู ุงูุงุจูุฉ ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ูุชูู
ุงุณ ููููุณุ ุงูุจุงุฑูู ุฏุงูุฑ ุงูุซุงู
ู ูุขู ุจูุฑุดูุฑ. ุชูุญุฏุฑ ู
ู ูุงูุฏูุง ููุงูุฏุชูุง ู
ู ุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุซุงูุซ. ูุงู ูุฏููุง ุดูููุงู ุฃุตุบุฑ ู
ููุงุ ุงูุณูุฑ ุชูู
ุงุณ ูุฌูู. ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุชูุง ุงูุฃุฎุช ุงููุจุฑู ุบูุฑ ุงูุดูููุฉ ูุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ููุงุฑุฏ ูุงูููุฑุฏ ุฅุฏู
ููุฏ ููุงุฑุฏุ ู
ู
ุง ุฌุนู ุงูู
ููุฉ ุขู ุจูููู ููุงุชุฑูู ููุงุฑุฏ ุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ู
ุงุฑู. ุฌุฏุชูุง ูุฃุจูุงุ ุฃููุณ ููุชุฒูููุ ูุงูุช ุฃุฎุช ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ููุชุฒูููุ ุฌุฏุฉ ูุงุซุฑูู ุจุงุฑุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฌุนููุง ุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ูู
ููุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูููุฑู ุงูุซุงู
ู.
ูู ุนุงู
1514ุ ุชู
ุชุนููู ู
ุงุฑู ูุตููุฉ ุงูุดุฑู ููุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ู
ุงุฑู ุชููุฏูุฑ ูุฑุงููุชูุง ุฅูู ูุฑูุณุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุฒูุฌ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ูู ูููุณ ุงูุซุงูู ุนุดุฑ ู
ูู ูุฑูุณุงุ ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุนู
ูุช ุจุตูุชูุง ุฎูููุฉ ุงูู
ููุฉ ู
ุงุฑูุ ุงูู
ููุฉ ูููุฏุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุงูู
ูู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู ู
ูู ูุฑูุณุง. ููุงู ู
ู ุจูู ุฒู
ูุงุฆูุง ุฎุงุฏู
ุงุช ุงูุดุฑู ุฃุจูุงุก ุนู
ูู
ุชูุงุ ู
ุงุฑู (ุนุดููุฉ ููุฑู ุงูุซุงู
ู) ูุขู ุจูููู.
ุงูุฒูุงุฌ ูุงููุถูุฉ
ูู ุนุงู
1520 ู
ุนูุฏ ุนูุฏุชูุง ุฅูู ุฅูุฌูุชุฑุงุ ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุฑุฌู ุงูุจูุงุท ููุฑู ููุฑูุณ (1491 - 17 ู
ุงูู 1536) ู
ู ูุงุชููุฏูู ูู ุจูุฑูุดุงูุฑุ ูุงูุฐู ุงูุชูุช ุจู ูู ููุณ ุงูุนุงู
ูู ุญูู ูู
ุงุด ุงูุฐูุจ ูู ูุฑูุณุง.
ุฎุฏู
ููุฑูุณ ุงูู
ูู ููุฑู ุงูุซุงู
ู ู
ูู ุฅูุฌูุชุฑุง ุจุตูุชู ุฑุฌู ูุจูู ูู ุญุฌุฑุฉ ุงูููู
ุ ููุงู ูุญุธู ุจุชูุฏูุฑ ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูู
ูู. ุชู
ุชุนูููู ูุงุญููุง ุนุฑูุณ ุงููุฑุณู ูุงุณุชู
ุฑ ูู ุงูุชู
ุชุน ุจุชูุถูู ุงูู
ูู. ููููุง ููุงุชุจ ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงูุฐุงุชูุฉ ุฅุฑูู ุขููุฒุ ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงู ููุฑูุณ "ุฃูุฑุจ ุดูุก ูุงู ูุฏู ููุฑู ูุตุฏูู". ูุงู ููุฑูุณ ูุณูุทุฑ ุนูู ุงูุบุฑูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ููู
ูู ููุฑู.
ูุงู ูุฏู ููุฑู ูู
ุงุฑู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงู:
ุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ููุฑูุณ (ุชููู 1529)
ููุฑู ููุฑูุณุ ุจุงุฑูู ููุฑูุณ ุงูุฃูู (ุญูุงูู 1525 - 1601)ุ ุชุฒูุฌ ู
ู ู
ุงุฑุบุฑูุช ููููุงู
ุฒ ู
ู ุฑูููุชุ ูุงูุชู ูุงู ูุฏูู ู
ุดููุฉ ู
ููุง.
ู
ุงุฑู ููุฑูุณุ ุชุฒูุฌุช ุฃููุงู ู
ู ุงูุณูุฑ ุฌูุฑุฌ ูุงุฑูุ ูุซุงูููุง ู
ู ุงูุณูุฑ ุขุฑุซุฑ ุชุดุงู
ุจุฑููุ ุงูุฐู ุฃูุฌุจุช ู
ูู.
ู
ูุช
ุชูููุช ู
ุงุฑู ุนุงู
1531ุ ุจุนุฏ ุนุงู
ู
ู ููุงุฉ ูุงูุฏุชูุง. ูุจุนุฏ ุฎู
ุณ ุณููุงุชุ ุชู
ุงููุจุถ ุนูู ุฒูุฌูุง ูุฅุนุฏุงู
ู ุจุชูู
ุฉ ุงูุฎูุงูุฉ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุนุดุงู ุงูุฎู
ุณุฉ ุงูู
ุฒุนูู
ูู ูุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ูุง ุงูู
ููุฉ ุขู ุจููููุ ุงูุชู ุชู
ูุทุน ุฑุฃุณูุง ูู ููุณูุง ูู ุจุฑุฌ ููุฏู ูู 19 ู
ุงูู 1536.
ูุงู
ุดููู ููุฑูุณ ุจุชุฑุจูุฉ ุฃุทูุงููู
ุงูุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงูุฃูุชุงู
ุ ุงูุณูุฑ ุฌูู ููุฑูุณ.
ุฃุณูุงู
ุงูู
ูุทุน 4:
ุฃุฌุงุซุง (ุฒูุฌุฉ ุตู
ูุฆูู ุงูุจูุบุงุฑู)
ุฃุฌุงุซุง (ุงูุจูุบุงุฑูุฉ: ะะณะฐัะฐุ ุงููููุงููุฉ: ฮฮณฮฌฮธฮทุ ูููุฑูุฏุง. ุฃูุงุฎุฑ ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุงุดุฑ) ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ุตู
ูุฆูู ุจูุบุงุฑูุง.
ุณูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ
ููููุง ูุฅุถุงูุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุฅูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุงูู
ุคุฑุฎ ุงูุจูุฒูุทู ูู ุฃูุงุฎุฑ ุงููุฑู ุงูุญุงุฏู ุนุดุฑ ุฌูู ุณููููุชุฒูุณุ ูุงูุช ุฃุฌุงุซุง ุฃุณูุฑุฉ ู
ู ูุงุฑูุณุงุ ูุงุจูุฉ ูุทุจ ุฏูุฑูุงุชุดููู
ุ ุฌูู ูุฑูุณููููุณ. ุชุดูุฑ ุฅูููุง ุณูุงูููุชุฒูุณ ุตุฑุงุญุฉ ุนูู ุฃููุง ูุงูุฏุฉ ูุฑูุซ ุตู
ูุฆูู ุบุงูุฑูู ุฑุงุฏูู
ูุฑุ ู
ู
ุง ูุนูู ุฃููุง ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ุตู
ูุฆูู. ู
ู ูุงุญูุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูุ ูุฐูุฑ ุณูุงูููุชุฒูุณ ูุงุญููุง ุฃู ุฌุงูุฑูู ุฑุงุฏูู
ูุฑ ููุณู ุฃุฎุฐ ุฃูุถูุง ุฃุณูุฑุฉ ุฌู
ููุฉ ู
ู ูุงุฑูุณุง ุชุฏุนู ุฅูุฑูู. ููููุง ูู
ุญุฑุฑู Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeitุ ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงู ูุฐุง ู
ุตุฏุฑ ุงุฑุชุจุงู ูููุงุณุฎ ุงููุงุญูุ ููู
ููู ุฃุตู ุฃุฌุงุซุง ุงูุญูููู ูุงุฑูุณุงุ ุจู Dyrrhachium. ููููุง ูููุณ ุงูุนู
ูุ ูู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ุฃููุง ู
ุงุชุช ูู ูุงููููุฑููุง. 998ุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุณูู
ูุงูุฏูุง ุฏูุฑูุงุชุดููู
ุฅูู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ุงูุจูุฒูุทู ุจุงุณูู ุงูุซุงูู. ุงุซูุงู ููุท ู
ู ุฃุจูุงุก ุตู
ูุฆูู ูุฃุฌุงุซุง ู
ุนุฑููุงู ุจุงูุงุณู
ุจุงูุชุฃููุฏ: ุฌุงูุฑูู ุฑุงุฏูู
ูุฑ ูู
ูุฑูุณูุงูุง. ุชู
ุฐูุฑ ุงุจูุชูู ุฃุฎุฑูููุ ูู
ูุชู
ุฐูุฑ ุฃุณู
ุงุฆูู
ุงุ ูู ุนุงู
1018ุ ุจููู
ุง ุชู
ุชุณุฌูู ุตู
ูุฆูู ุฃูุถูุง ุนูู ุฃูู ูุงู ูุฏูู ุงุจู ุบูุฑ ุดุฑุนู. ุฃุฌุงุซุง ูู ุฅุญุฏู ุงูุดุฎุตูุงุช ุงูู
ุฑูุฒูุฉ ูู ุฑูุงูุฉ ุฏูู
ูุชุงุฑ ุชุงููู ุตู
ูุฆูู.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 5:
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุดููู
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุฑู
ูุฉ ุดูููู (ๆญๆฒ็ๅคชๅุ Shลken-kลtaigลุ9 ู
ุงูู 1849 - 9 ุฃุจุฑูู 1914)ุ ููุฏุช ู
ุงุณุงูู ุฅูุชุดูุฌู (ไธๆกๅๅญุ ุฅูุชุดูุฌู ู
ุงุณุงูู)ุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ุงููุงุจุงู ู
ูุฌู. ููู ู
ุนุฑููุฉ ุฃูุถูุง ุจุงูุงุณู
ุบูุฑ ุงูุตุญูุญ ู
ู ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงููููุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุดูููู (ๆญๆฒ็ๅุ Shลken-kลgล). ูุงูุช ุฃุญุฏ ู
ุคุณุณู ุฌู
ุนูุฉ ุงูุตููุจ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ุงููุงุจุงููุฉุ ุงูุชู ุงุดุชูุฑุช ุฃุนู
ุงููุง ุงูุฎูุฑูุฉ ุทูุงู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุตูููุฉ ุงููุงุจุงููุฉ ุงูุฃููู.
ููุช ู
ุจูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุญูุงุฉ
ููุฏุช ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ู
ุงุณุงูู ุฅูุชุดูุฌู ูู 9 ู
ุงูู 1849 ูู ูููุงู ููู ุจุงููุงุจุงู. ูุงูุช ุงูุงุจูุฉ ุงูุซุงูุซุฉ ูุชุงุฏุงููุดู ุฅูุชุดูุฌูุ ูุฒูุฑ ุงููุณุงุฑ ุงูุณุงุจู ูุฑุฆูุณ ูุฑุน ุฅูุชุดูุฌู ุงูุชุงุจุน ูุนุดูุฑุฉ ููุฌููุงุฑุง. ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุชูุง ุจุงูุชุจูู ุฅุญุฏู ุจูุงุช ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ููุดูู
ู ููููุ ููู ูุงูุฏุชูุง ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ูุงูุช ุชุงู
ููู ูููุงุชุงุ ุงุจูุฉ ุทุจูุจ ู
ู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฅูุชุดูุฌู. ูุนูู ุบูุฑ ุงูุนุงุฏุฉ ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุชุ ุชู
ุชุทุนูู
ูุง ุถุฏ ู
ุฑุถ ุงูุฌุฏุฑู. ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงูุช ุทููุฉุ ูุงูุช ู
ุงุณุงูู ู
ุนุฌุฒุฉ ุฅูู ุญุฏ ู
ุง: ููุฏ ูุงูุช ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุดุนุฑ ู
ู ููููู ูุงูุงุดู ูู ุณู ุงูุฑุงุจุนุฉ ููุชุจุช ุจุนุถ ุฃุจูุงุช ุงููุงูุง ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูุง ูู ุณู ุงูุฎุงู
ุณุฉ. ููู ุณู ุงูุณุงุจุนุฉุ ูุงูุช ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงููุฑุงุกุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงููุตูุต ุจุงููุบุฉ ุงูุตูููุฉ ุงูููุงุณูููุฉ ู
ุน ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููุงู ูุฏุฑุณ ุงูุฎุท ุงููุงุจุงูู. ูู ุณู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุนุดุฑุฉุ ูุงูุช ูุฏ ุฏุฑุณุช ุงูููุชู ููุงูุช ู
ููุนุฉ ุจุฏุฑุงู
ุง ุงูููู. ุชูููุช ูู ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงูุดุคูู ุงูู
ุงููุฉ ูุงูุฅูููุจุงูุง ูู
ุฑุงุณู
ุงูุดุงู ุงููุงุจุงููุฉ. ูุงูุช ุงูุนูุจุฉ ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉ ุฃู
ุงู
ุฃูููุฉ ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ู
ุงุณุงูู ูุชุตุจุญ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูู ุญูููุฉ ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ุจุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุชุ ูููู ุชู
ุญู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุชุบููุฑ ุชุงุฑูุฎ ู
ููุงุฏูุง ุงูุฑุณู
ู ู
ู 1849 ุฅูู 1850. ุชู
ุช ุฎุทุจุชูู
ุง ูู 2 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1867ุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุจูุช ุงูุงุณู
ุงูุฃูู ูุงุฑููู (็พๅญ)ุ ูุงูุฐู ูุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู ูุนูุณูุง.
ุงูุฌู
ุงู ุงููุงุฏุฆ ูุงูุญุฌู
ุงูุตุบูุฑ.
ูุนุฏุช ุชูููุบุงูุง ุจุงูููู ุจู
ุจูุบ 15000 ุฑูู ู
ู ุงูุฐูุจ ูุญูู ุงูุฒูุงู ูุฎุตุตุช ููุง ุฏุฎููุง ุณููููุง ูุฏุฑู 500 ููููุ ูููู ุจู
ุง ุฃู ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ู
ูุฌู ุญุฏุซุช ูุจู ุงูุชู
ุงู ุญูู ุงูุฒูุงูุ ูู
ูุชู
ุชุณููู
ุงูู
ุจุงูุบ ุงูู
ูุนูุฏุฉ ุฃุจุฏูุง. ุชุฃุฎุฑ ุญูู ุงูุฒูุงู ุฌุฒุฆููุง ุจุณุจุจ ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุญุฏุงุฏ ุนูู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ููู
ูุ ูุนูู ุดููููุง ุณุงูููุดูุ ูุงูุงุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช ุงูุณูุงุณูุฉ ุญูู ูููุชู ุจูู ุนุงู
ู 1867 ู1868.
ุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุงููุงุจุงู
ุฃุฎูุฑูุง ุชู
ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุฑุณู
ููุง ุจุฒูุงู ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ูุงุฑููู ูุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ูู 11 ููุงูุฑ 1869. ููุงูุช ุฃูู ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุชุญุตู ุนูู ููุจ ูู ู
ู nyลgล ูkลgล (ุญุฑูููุงุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุ ูุงูุชู ุชูุฑุฌู
ุช ุจุงุณู
"ูุฑููุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ")ุ ู
ูุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ู
ุฆุงุช ู
ู ุงูุณููู. . ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุณุฑุนุงู ู
ุง ุฃุตุจุญ ู
ู ุงููุงุถุญ ุฃููุง ุบูุฑ ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฅูุฌุงุจ. ูุงู ูุฏู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ุจุงููุนู 12 ุทูููุง ู
ู 5 ู
ุญุธูุงุชุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฐูู: ูู
ุง ูู ุงูุนุงุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู
ูููุฉ ุงููุงุจุงููุฉุ ุชุจูุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ููุดูููุชูุ ุงูุงุจู ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ูุฒูุฌูุง ู
ู ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ูุง.ูุงุฌููุงุฑุง ูุงุฑููู ุงูุฐู ุฃุตุจุญ ููู ุงูุนูุฏ. ูู 8 ูููู
ุจุฑ 1869ุ ุบุงุฏุฑ ุงูุจูุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑู ูููุชู ุฅูู ุงูุนุงุตู
ุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุทูููู. ูู ุฎุฑูุฌ ุนู ุงูุชูุงููุฏุ ุฃุตุฑ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ุนูู ุฃู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ููุจุงุฑ ุงูุณูุฏุงุช ูู ุงูุงูุชุธุงุฑ ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุญุถุฑูุง ุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงูุชุซููููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุนุทู ููุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ุจุดูู ู
ูุชุธู
ุญูู ุงูุธุฑูู ุงููุทููุฉ ูุงูุชุทูุฑุงุช ูู ุงูุฏูู ุงูุฃุฌูุจูุฉ.
ุชุฃุซูุฑ
ูู 30 ููููู 1886ุ ุญุถุฑุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ุญูู ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู
ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงููุจูุงุก ุจุงูู
ูุงุจุณ ุงูุบุฑุจูุฉ. ูู 10 ุฃุบุณุทุณุ ุงุณุชูุจู ุงูุฒูุฌุงู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุงู ุถููููุง ุฃุฌุงูุจ ุจู
ูุงุจุณ ุบุฑุจูุฉ ูุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงุณุชุถุงูุฉ ุญูู ููู
ูุณููู ุงูุบุฑุจูุฉ. ูู
ู ูุฐู ุงูููุทุฉ ูุตุงุนุฏูุงุ ุงุฑุชุฏู ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุจุณ ุฐุงุช ุงูุทุฑุงุฒ ุงูุบุฑุจู ููุท ูู ุงูุฃู
ุงูู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉุ ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃูู ูู ููุงูุฑ 1887
ุฃุตุฏุฑุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ู
ุฐูุฑุฉ ุญูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุน: ูู
ููู ุงููุจุงุณ ุงููุงุจุงูู ุงูุชูููุฏู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุงุณุจ ููุญูุงุฉ ุงูุนุตุฑูุฉ ูุญุณุจุ ุจู ูุงู ุงููุจุงุณ ุฐู ุงูุทุฑุงุฒ ุงูุบุฑุจู ุฃูุฑุจ ู
ู ุงูููู
ููู ุฅูู ุงูู
ูุงุจุณ ุงูุชู ุชุฑุชุฏููุง ุงููุณุงุก ุงููุงุจุงููุงุช ูู ุงูุนุตูุฑ ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ. ููู ุงูู
ุฌุงู ุงูุฏุจููู
ุงุณูุ ุงุณุชุถุงูุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ุงูุฒูุฌุฉ ููุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุฃู
ุฑููู ุงูุณุงุจู ููููุณูุณ ุณ. ุฌุฑุงูุช ุฎูุงู ุฒูุงุฑุชู ูููุงุจุงู. ูุงูุช ุฃูุถูุง ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูู ุงุฌุชู
ุงุนุงุช ุฒูุฌูุง ู
ุน ู
ูู ูุงูุงู ูุงูุงููุง ูู ุนุงู
1881. ููู ููุช ูุงุญู ู
ู ููุณ ุงูุนุงู
ุ ุณุงุนุฏุช ูู ุงุณุชุถุงูุฉ ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุฃุจูุงุก ุงูู
ูู ุงูุจุฑูุทุงูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจูู ุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุณุงุจุน: ุงูุฃู
ุฑุงุก ุฃูุจุฑุช ูููุชูุฑ ูุฌูุฑุฌ (ุฌูุฑุฌ ุงูุฎุงู
ุณ ุงูู
ุณุชูุจูู)ุ ุงูุฐูู ูุฏู
ูุง ููุง ุฒูุฌ ู
ู ุญููุงูุงุช ุงูููุจ ุงูุฃูููุฉ ู
ู ุฃุณุชุฑุงููุง. ูู 26 ูููู
ุจุฑ 1886ุ ุฑุงููุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ุฒูุฌูุง ุฅูู ููููุณููุงุ ูุงูุงุบุงูุง ูู
ุฑุงูุจุฉ ุทุฑุงุฏุงุช ุงูุจุญุฑูุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงููุงุจุงููุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุงูููุง ูุชุงูุงุชุดููู ููู
ุง ูุทููุงู ุทูุฑุจูุฏุงุช ููููู
ุงู ุจู
ูุงูุฑุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู. ู
ูุฐ ุนุงู
1887ุ ูุงูุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุบุงูุจูุง ู
ุง ุชููู ุฅูู ุฌุงูุจ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ูู ุงูุฒูุงุฑุงุช ุงูุฑุณู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุงูุฑุงุช ุงูุฌูุด. ุนูุฏู
ุง ู
ุฑุถ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ุนุงู
1888ุ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ู
ูุงูู ูู ุงูุชุฑุญูุจ ุจุงูู
ุจุนูุซูู ู
ู ุณูุงู
ุ ูุฃุทููุช ุงูุณูู ุงูุญุฑุจูุฉ ูุฒุงุฑุช ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุทูููู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ. ูู ุนุงู
1889ุ ุฑุงููุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ูู ุฒูุงุฑุชู ุงูุฑุณู
ูุฉ ุฅูู ูุงุบููุง ููููุชู. ุจููู
ุง ูุงุตู ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุงูููุงุนุฏ ุงูุจุญุฑูุฉ ูู ููุฑู ูุณุงุณูุจูุ ุฐูุจุช ุฅูู ูุงุฑุง ููุนุจุงุฏุฉ ูู ู
ุฒุงุฑุงุช ุงูุดูุชู ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉ. ุงุดุชูุฑุช ุทูุงู ูุชุฑุฉ ุนู
ููุง ุจุฏุนู
ูุง ููุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุฎูุฑูุฉ ูุชุนููู
ุงูู
ุฑุฃุฉ ุฎูุงู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุตูููุฉ ุงููุงุจุงููุฉ ุงูุฃููู (1894-1895). ุนู
ูุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ูู ุชุฃุณูุณ ุฌู
ุนูุฉ ุงูุตููุจ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ุงููุงุจุงูู. ุดุงุฑูุช ูู ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูู
ูุธู
ุฉุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ุฃูุดุทุชูุง ูู ุฒู
ู ุงูุณูู
ุ ุญูุซ ุฃูุดุฃุช ุตูุฏูููุง ู
ุงูููุง ููุตููุจ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ุงูุฏููู. ุชู
ุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุณู
ูุชู ุจู "ุตูุฏูู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุดููู"ุ ููุณุชุฎุฏู
ุญุงูููุง ููุชุฑุญูุจ ุงูุฏูููุฃูุดุทุฉ ุงูุฃุฌุฑุฉ. ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ููู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ู
ูุฑู ุงูุนุณูุฑู ู
ู ุทูููู ุฅูู ููุฑูุดูู
ุง ููููู ุฃูุฑุจ ุฅูู ุฎุทูุท ุงูุงุชุตุงูุงุช ู
ุน ููุงุชูุ ุงูุถู
ุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ุฅูู ุฒูุฌูุง ูู ู
ุงุฑุณ 1895. ูุฃุซูุงุก ูุฌูุฏูุง ูู ููุฑูุดูู
ุงุ ุฃุตุฑุช ุนูู ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุงูู
ุณุชุดููุงุช ุงูู
ููุฆุฉ ุจุงูุฌููุฏ ุงูุฌุฑุญู ูู ููู
ูู ู
ู ุฃูุงู
ูุง. ููุถู.
ู
ูุช
ุจุนุฏ ููุงุฉ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ู
ูุฌู ูู ุนุงู
1912ุ ู
ููุญุช ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑููู ููุจ ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุฑู
ูุฉ (็ๅคชๅุ Kลtaigล) ู
ู ูุจู ุงุจููุง ุจุงูุชุจูู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ุชุงูุดู. ุชูููุช ุนุงู
1914 ูู ุงููููุง ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ูู ููู
ุงุฒูุ ุดูุฒููุง ูุฏูููุช ูู ุงูุชู ุงูุดุฑูู ูููุดูู
ู ู
ูู
ููุงู
ุง ุฑูู ูู ููุดูู
ูุ ูููุชูุ ุจุฌูุงุฑ ุฒูุฌูุง. ุชู
ุชูุฑูุณ ุฑูุญูุง ูู ุถุฑูุญ ู
ูุฌู ูู ุทูููู. ูู 9 ู
ุงูู 1914ุ ุญุตูุช ุนูู ุงูุงุณู
ุจุนุฏ ููุงุชูุง ุดูููู ููุชุงูุบู (ๆญๆฒ็ๅคชๅ). ููู
ูู ุฑุคูุฉ ุนุฑุจุฉ ุงูุณูู ุงูุญุฏูุฏูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูุง ุงูููู
ูู ู
ุชุญู ู
ูุฌู ู
ูุฑุงุ ูู ุฅููููุงู
ุงุ ู
ุญุงูุธุฉ ุขูุชุดู.
ู
ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงูุดุฑู
ูุทูู
ุงููุดุงุญ ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ููุณุงู
ุงูุชุงุฌ ุงูุซู
ููุ 1 ูููู
ุจุฑ 1888
ุฃุฌูุจู
ูุญุตูุช ุนูู ุงูุฃูุณู
ุฉ ูุงูุฃูุณู
ุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ:
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุฑูุณูุฉ: ุงูุตููุจ ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ููุณุงู
ุณุงูุช ูุงุชุฑููุ ูกูฃ ุฏูุณู
ุจุฑ ูกูจูจูง
ุฅุณุจุงููุง: ุณูุฏุฉ ูุณุงู
ุงูู
ููุฉ ู
ุงุฑูุง ูููุฒุงุ 29 ูููู
ุจุฑ 1889
ุณูุงู
: ุณูุฏุฉ ูุณุงู
ุงูุจูุช ุงูู
ููู ุดุงูุฑูุ 12 ุฃูุชูุจุฑ 1899
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุฃูู
ุงููุฉ: ุณูุฏุฉ ูุณุงู
ูููุฒ ู
ู ุงูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุฃูููุ 19 ู
ุงูู 1903
ู
ู
ููุฉ ุจุงูุงุฑูุง: ุณูุฏุฉ ุงูุดุฑู ู
ู ูุณุงู
ุชูุฑูุฒุงุ 29 ูุจุฑุงูุฑ 1904
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูููุฑูุฉ: ุงููุดุงุญ ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ููุณุงู
ุงูุนููุงุก ุงูู
ูู
ููุ 27 ููููู 1908
ุฃุณูุงู
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุฉ ุงููุงุจุงู
ูุตุฑ ุงูู
ูุง
ู
ูุญูุธุงุช
ุงูู
ูุทุน 6:
ุฅููููู (ุฒูุฌุฉ ุจูุบูุฏูุณ)
ุฅููููู ู
ูุฑุง ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ุจูุบุฏูุณุ ู
ูู ู
ูุฑูุชุงููุง ุงูุบุฑุจูุฉ. ุชู
ุช ูุชุงุจุฉ ุงุณู
ูุง ุฃูุถูุง Euries ุฃู Euryes ุฃู Eunoa.
ุณูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ
ููุช ู
ุจูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุญูุงุฉ
ููุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุฅููููู ู
ูุฑุง ุชูุญุฏุฑ ู
ู ุงูุจุฑุจุฑุ ููู ุงุณู
ูุง ูููุงูู ูุฐุง ูุจุฏู ุฃููุง ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงูุช ู
ู ููุงู ุฃู ูุงู ููุง ุฃุตู ูููุงูู. ูู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ุฐุงุช ู
ูุงูุฉ ุนุงููุฉ ุฌุฏูุงุ ุญูุซ ุฐูุฑูุง ุงูู
ุคุฑุฎ ุณูุชููููุณ ูู ููุณ ุงูุณูุงู ุงูุฐู ุฐูุฑุช ููู ููููุจุงุชุฑุง.
ุฒูุงุฌ
ูู ููุช ู
ุจูุฑ ุบูุฑ ู
ุญุฏุฏ ู
ู ุฒูุงุฌูุง ู
ู ุฒูุฌูุง ุจูุบูุฏุ ูุงู
ุจุฑุญูุฉ ุงุณุชูุดุงููุฉ ุนูู ุทูู ุณุงุญู ุงูู
ุญูุท ุงูุฃุทูุณูุ ููุจุฏู ุฃูู ูุบุงู
ุฑ ุจุงูุฏุฎูู ุฅูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุงุณุชูุงุฆูุฉ. ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุนุงุฏ ูุฏู
ูุฒูุฌุชู ุฅูููู ุงููุตุจ ูุงูููููู ุงูุนู
ูุงููู ุงููุฐูู ูุฌุฏูู
ุง ูู ุงูุฑุญูุฉ. ูููุนุชูุฏ ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ุนุดููุฉ ูููููุณ ููุตุฑ. ุฑุจู
ุง ุชููู ูุฏ ุญูุช ู
ุญู ููููุจุงุชุฑุง ูู ู
ุญุจุฉ ููุตุฑุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูุตู ุฅูู ุดู
ุงู ุฅูุฑูููุง ูุจู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุซุงุจุณูุณ ูู 6 ุฃุจุฑูู 46 ู.ู
.ุ ูุงูุช ุงูุงุซูุชุงู ู
ู ุจูู ุนุฏุฉ ู
ููุงุช ุชูุฏุฏ ุฅูููุง ููุตุฑ. ูู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃูุถูุง ุฃู ููููุง ูุฏ ุงูุชููุง ูุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ูู ุฅุณุจุงููุง ุฅุฐุง ุฑุงููุชูุงุฏ ุฒูุฌูุง ููุงู ูู ุญู
ูุฉ. ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ูุตุฉ ุญุจ ูุตูุฑุฉ ููุฑูู
ุงูุ ุงุณุชูุงุฏ ูู ู
ู Eunoe ูBogudes ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงููุฏุงูุง ุงูุชู ู
ูุญูุง ููู
ููุตุฑ. ุบุงุฏุฑ ููุตุฑ ุฃูุฑูููุง ูู ููููู 46 ูุจู ุงูู
ููุงุฏุ ุจุนุฏ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ููุตู ู
ู ูุตููู.
ุชุตููุฑ ุซูุงูู
ููุฏ ุชู
ุงูู
ุจุงูุบุฉ ูู ูุถูุฉ Eunoรซ ูููุตุฑ ุฅูู ุญุฏ ูุจูุฑ ูุชู
ุชูุณูุนูุง ูู ุงูุนู
ู ุงููุซุฑู ุงููุฑูุณู ูู ุงูุนุตูุฑ ุงููุณุทู Faits des Romains. ุชุฐูุฑ ุฌุงููุช ุจูุฑ ูู ูุชุงุจูุง ููุตุฑ ู
ู ุงูุนุตูุฑ ุงููุณุทู ุฃู ุงูุฌูุฑุงู ุงูุฑูู
ุงูู "ุชุญูู ุฅูู ููุตุฑุ ูุงุฑุณ ุงููุฑูู ุงููุณุทู" ูู ุงููุตุ ูุฃู ุงูู
ุคูู ู
ูุชู
ุจุงูููู
ูุฉ ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ ูููุตุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ููุฉ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุงูููู
ูุฉ ุงูุณูุงุณูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุงู ูู
ุงุฑุณูุง ุนูู ุฒูุฌูุง. ุจูุฌุฏ. ูุตููุง ุงููุตุ "ูุงูุช ุฅูููู ุฃุฌู
ู ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ูู ุฃุฑุจุน ู
ู
ุงูู - ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุงูุช ู
ุบุงุฑุจูุฉ"ุ ููู ู
ุง ุญููู ุจูุฑ ุฃูุถูุง ุนูู ุฃูู ู
ุคุดุฑ ุนูู ุญูููุฉ ุฃูู ูู
ููู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ูุชุฎูู ุงูุฌู
ููุฑ ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุช ุงูุงุนุชูุงุฏ ุจุฃู ุนุงุดู ููุตุฑ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ูุจูุญูุงุ ููู ุฐูู ูุง ูุฒุงู ุงูู
ุบุงุฑุจุฉ ูู
ุซููู ูู ู
ุง ูู ูุจูุญ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู
. ูู
ุง ุชู
ุชุตููุฑ ุฅููููู ูู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฑูุงูุงุช ุนู ููุตุฑุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุตุต ุงูู
ุชุณูุณูุฉ ูู ู
ุฌูุฉ ููุฑูููู. ูู ู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุฑูุงูุงุชุ ุบุงูุจูุง ู
ุง ุชููู ุดุฎุตูุชูุง ุจู
ุซุงุจุฉ ุฅุญุจุงุท ููุนูุงูุฉ ุจูู ููุตุฑ ูุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูุ ู
ุนุธู
ูุง ููููุจุงุชุฑุงุ ูู
ุง ูู ุงูุญุงู ูู ู
ุฐูุฑุงุช ููููุจุงุชุฑุงุ ูุชูุฌุง ุงูุฏู
ููุฉุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ุขููุฉ. ูู ุฃุบููุฉ ุงููููุ ูุนุจุช ุฃูุถูุง ุฏูุฑูุง ุจุนุฏ ููุงุชูุง ูุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ุญู ุงูุชู
ุงู
ุงุจูุฉ ููููุจุงุชุฑุง ุณูููู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุตุจุญุช ู
ููุฉ ู
ูุฑูุชุงููุง ุจุนุฏูุง. ูู
ุง ุชู
ุชุตููุฑ ุฅููููู ูู ุฑุณู
ูููุฏู ููููุงู ุงูุฅูุทุงูู ูุงูุนุงูู
ุงูู
ูุณูุนู ุฌุงููุจู ุณุชุฑุงุฏุงุ ุงูุฐู ุนุงุด ูู ู
ูุฑูุชุงููุง. ุงููุฑู ุงูุณุงุฏุณ ุนุดุฑ. ููู ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุฏููู ุฃุซุฑู ุนูู ูุฌูุฏ ุนู
ูุฉ ู
ุนุฏููุฉ ุชุญู
ู ุงุณู
ูุง ุฃู ุตูุฑุชูุง.
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ุงููุณุงุก ูู ุฑูู
ุง ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ
ุงูู
ูุทุน 7:
ูุงุซุฑูู ุงูุณูู
ูุงุซุฑูู ุฅูุณูู (1779โ1857) ูุงูุช ูุงุชุจุฉ ููู
ูุงุช ุฅูุฌููุฒูุฉ. ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฌูุฏู ุฑุงูู ุฒูุฌูุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฎุฏู
ูู ุงูุจุฑุชุบุงู ูุฅุณุจุงููุง ูุฃูุฑููุฏุง ุฎูุงู ุงูุญุฑูุจ ุงููุงุจูููููุฉ. ุงุดุชูุฑ ุฅูุณูู ุจุฃูู ู
ุคูู ู
ุฐูุฑุงุช ุชูุฏู
ูุตููุง ููุญูุงุฉ ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉ ูู ุชูู ุงูุญูุจุฉ ู
ู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฌูุฏู ุนุงุฏู.
ุฎูููุฉ
ููุฏุช ูุงุซุฑูู ููุชุงูุฑ ูู ููุฏุฒ ุนุงู
1779 ูุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุฌูุดูุง ุฅูุณูู ููุงู ุนุงู
1806. ุจูู ุนุงู
ู 1805 ู1815ุ ุฎุฏู
ุฌูุดูุง ูู ุงููุชูุจุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ู
ู ุงูููุฌ 34 ูููุฏู
ุ ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ูุฌูุฏู ุซู
ูู
ุฏุฉ ุชุฒูุฏ ููููุงู ุนู ุนุงู
ูู ูุนุฑูู. . ุฑุงููุช ุฅูุณูู ุฒูุฌูุง ูุฌุฒุก ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ูุฐุง ุงูููุช ููู ุงูููุช ุงูู
ูุงุณุจ ูุชุจุช ุฑูุงูุฉ ุฑุจู
ุง ุชููู ูุฑูุฏุฉ ู
ู ููุนูุง ู
ู ุญูุซ ุฃููุง ุชุณุฌู ูุชุนูุณ ุงูุญูุงุฉ.ูู ูู ุงูุฌูุด ุงูุจุฑูุทุงูู ู
ู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฌูุฏู ูู
ูุตู ุฅูู ุฑุชุจุฉ ุถุงุจุท.
ุงูููู
ูุงุช
ููุดุฑุช ู
ุฐูุฑุงุช ูุงุซุฑูู ูุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ูู ุดูู ูุชูุจ ุตุฏุฑ ุจุนุฏ ููุช ูุตูุฑ ู
ู ููุงุชูุง. ูู
ู ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ูุฌูุฏ ูุณุฎุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงููุชูุจุ ูุฃุนูุฏ ุทุจุนู ุฃูุถูุง ูู The Dewsbury Reporter ุฎูุงู ุฃุบุณุทุณ 1923. ุชู
ุชุถู
ูู ูุต ุงูู
ุฐูุฑุงุช ุจุงููุงู
ู ูู ูุชุงุจ ุตุฏุฑ ู
ุคุฎุฑูุงุ ูุญุฑุฑุชู ุงูุฃุณุชุงุฐุฉ ุฑูุจููุง ุจุฑูุจุฑุชุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ู
ูุงูุงุช ุนู ุงููุชูุจ. ุงูุณูุงู ุงูุนุณูุฑู ูุงูุฏูููุ ูู
ุนุงู
ูุฉ ุฃุณุฑู ุงูุญุฑุจ ูุฏูุฑ ุงูู
ุฑุฃุฉ ูู ุงูููุงุช ุงูู
ุณูุญุฉ ุงูุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ูุงููุฑูุณูุฉ ูุงูุฅุณุจุงููุฉ ุฎูุงู ุญุฑุจ ุดุจู ุงูุฌุฒูุฑุฉ.
ุชูุดู ุงูู
ุฐูุฑุงุช ุงูู
ุตุงุนุจ ุงูุชู ุนุงูู ู
ููุง ูู ู
ู ูุงุซุฑูู ูุฒูุฌูุง ุฃุซูุงุก ุฎุฏู
ุชู ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉุ ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ูุชุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุงุนุชูุฏ ููุงูู
ุง ุฎุทุฃู ุฃู ุงูุขุฎุฑ ูุฏ ู
ุงุช. ููุงู ุฑูุงูุงุช ู
ูุตูุฉ ุนู ู
ูุงููุฏ ููููุงุช ุงูุฃุทูุงูุ ูุงูุจุฑุฏ ูุงูุฌูุน ูุงูุฃูุถุงุน ุงููุฐุฑุฉ ููุญูุงุฉ ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉ ูุฑุนุจ ุขุซุงุฑ ุงูู
ุนุงุฑู. ุชุธูุฑ ุฃูุถูุง ุชูุงุตูู ุงูุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ููู
ุคููุฉ ูุงูุชู ูุงุฏุชูุง ุฅูู ุนุถููุฉ ุงููููุณุฉ ุงูู
ูุซูุฏูุฉ. ูุชุจุช ุฅูุณูู ู
ุฐูุฑุงุชูุง ุฎูุงู ุงูุนุดุฑูู ุนุงู
ูุง ุงูู
ุงุถูุฉ ูุจู ููุงุชูุงุ ูุงูุชู ุญุฏุซุช ุนุงู
1857 ูู ุจุงุชููุ ููุฑูุดุงูุฑ.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 8:
ุฅููููุง ุฒุฑููู
ุงููููุชูุณุฉ ุฅููููุง ุฒุฑููู (ุจุงููุฑูุงุชูุฉ: ููููุง ุฒุฑููุณูุงุ ุจุงูู
ุฌุฑูุฉ: ุฒุฑููู ุฅููููุง) (1643ุ ุฃูุฒุงูุฌ - 18 ูุจุฑุงูุฑ 1703ุ ุฅุฒู
ูุช) ูุงูุช ูุจููุฉ ูุจุทูุฉ. ูุงูุช ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุขุฎุฑ ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก ุงูุจุงููู ุนูู ููุฏ ุงูุญูุงุฉ ู
ู ุนุงุฆูุฉ Zrinski / Zrรญnyi ุงููุจููุฉ ุงููุฑูุงุชูุฉ ุงูู
ุฌุฑูุฉ. ูุงูุช ุงุจูุฉ ุจูุชุงุฑ ุฒุฑููุณููุ ุจุงู (ูุงุฆุจ ุงูู
ูู) ูู ูุฑูุงุชูุงุ ูุงุจูุฉ ุฃุฎุช ูู ู
ู ู
ููููุณ ุฒุฑููู ููุฑุงู ูุฑุณุชู ูุฑุงูููุจุงู ูุฒูุฌุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุฃูู ูุฅูู
ุฑู ุซูููููุ ููุฐูู ูุงูุฏุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุซุงูู. ููุฐูุฑูุง ุงูุชุงุฑูุฎ ูุฏูุงุนูุง ุนู ููุนุฉ ุจุงูุงููู ุถุฏ ุงูุฌูุด ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑู ูู 1685-1688ุ ููู ุงูุนู
ู ุงูุฐู ุงุนุชุจุฑุช ุจุทูุฉ ููู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ.
ุญูุงุฉ
ุงูุณููุงุช ุงูุฃููู ูุงูุฃุณุฑุฉ
ููุฏุช ุฅููููุง ุฅููููุง ุฒุฑููู ูู ุฃูุฒุงููุ ูุฑูุงุชูุง ุญุงูููุง. ูุงูุช ุงูุงุจูุฉ ุงููุจุฑู ูุจุงู ุงููุฑูุงุชู ุจูุชุฑ ุฒุฑููู ูุฒูุฌุชู ูุงุชุงุฑููุง ุฒุฑููู ูู ูุฑุงูููุจุงูุ ููู ุดุงุนุฑุฉ ูุฑูุงุชูุฉ. ูู ููุช ูุงุญูุ ุฃูุฌุจ ูุงูุฏุงูุง ุงุจูุชุงูุ ุฌูุฏูุชุง ุจุชุฑููููุง (1652-1699)ุ ูุฃูุฑูุฑุง ููุฑููููุง (1658-1735)ุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงุจู ุฅููุงู ุฃูุทูู (1651-1703). ูุงูุช ุฅููููุง ูุฅุฎูุชูุง ุงูุฌูู ุงูุฃุฎูุฑ ู
ู ุฃุญูุงุฏ ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฒุฑููุณูู ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ูููุฉ ุฐุงุช ููู
.
ุนุฑูุช ู
ูุฐ ุทูููุชูุง ุจุฌู
ุงููุง ูุญุณู ุชุนููู
ูุง. ููุงู ุงููููู ู
ู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุนู ุชุนููู
ูุง. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูู
ู ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ุฃููุง ุงูุชุณุจุช ู
ุณุชูู ุนุงูู ู
ู ุงูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ุนุงุฆูุชูุงุ ูููุณ ููุท ู
ูุฐ ูุงูุฏูุงูู ูุฃู
ูุง ููุชุงุจ ูุฑูุงุชููู ูุฃุดุฎุงุต ู
ุซูููู ูููู ู
ู ุนู
ูุง ูููููุง ุงูุณุงุจุน ุฒุฑููุณูู ุฃูุถูุง.
ุงูุฒูุฌุงุช
ูู 1 ู
ุงุฑุณ 1666ุ ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดูุ ูุฃูุฌุจุช ู
ูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงู: ุฌููุฑุฌูุ ุงูู
ูููุฏ ุนุงู
1667ุ ูุงูุฐู ุชููู ูู ุณู ุงูุฑุถุงุนุฉุ ุฌูููุงูุงุ ููุฏุช ุนุงู
1672ุ ูููุฑููู (ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ุจุงุณู
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุซุงูู)ุ ููุฏ ุนุงู
1676. ููู 8 ููููู 1676ุ ุจุนุฏ ููุช ูุตูุฑ ู
ู ููุงุฏุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุซุงููุ ุชููู ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูุจุฑ. ุทูุจุช ุงูุฃุฑู
ูุฉ ุฅููููุง ุงููุตุงูุฉ ุนูู ุฃุทูุงููุง ูุชู
ู
ูุญูุง ููุงุ ุฎูุงููุง ููุตูุญุฉ ู
ุณุชุดุงุฑู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑ ูููุจููุฏ ุงูุฃูู ูุถุฏ ุฅุฑุงุฏุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู. ูุจูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉุ ุงุญุชูุธุช ุฃูุถูุง ุจุงูุณูุทุฑุฉ ุนูู ุนูุงุฑุงุช ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงูุดุงุณุนุฉุ ูุงูุชู ุชุถู
ูุช ู
ู ุจูููุง ููุงุน ุฑูุฌููุ ูุณุงุฑูุณุจุงุชุงูุ ูู
ุงูููููุงุ ูู
ูููุงุชุด. ูู ุนุงู
1682 ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุฅูู
ุฑู ุซููููู ูุฃุตุจุญุช ุดุฑูููุง ูุดุทูุง ูู ุงูุชูุงุถุฉ ููุฑูู ุงูุชู ูุงู
ุจูุง ุฒูุฌูุง ุงูุซุงูู ุถุฏ ุขู ูุงุจุณุจูุฑุบ.
ุงูุฏูุงุน ุนู ููุนุฉ ู
ูููุงุชุด (ุจุงูุงููู).
ุจุนุฏ ูุฒูู
ุชูู
ูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ููููุง ุนุงู
1683ุ ูู
ููู ุฃู
ุงู
ูู ู
ู ุงูููุงุช ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ ูู
ูุงุชูู ููุฑูู ุงูู
ุชุญุงูููู ู
ุน Thรถkรถly ุฎูุงุฑ ุณูู ุงูุชุฑุงุฌุนุ ูุณุฑุนุงู ู
ุง ุฎุณุฑ Thรถkรถly ููุนุฉ Rรกkรณczi ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุชูู ุงูุฃุฎุฑู. ูู ููุงูุฉ ุนุงู
1685ุ ุญุงุตุฑ ุงูุฌูุด ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑู ุขุฎุฑ ู
ุนูู ู
ุชุจููุ ููู ููุนุฉ ู
ูููุงูุณ ูู ุฃููุฑุงููุง ุงูุญุงููุฉ. ุฏุงูุนุช ุฅููููุง ุฒุฑููู ูุญุฏูุง ุนู ุงูููุนุฉ ูู
ุฏุฉ ุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุช (1685-1688) ุถุฏ ููุงุช ุงูุฌูุฑุงู ุฃูุทูููู ูุงุฑุงูุง.
ุงูุงุนุชูุงู ูุงูููู ูุงูู
ูุช
ุจุนุฏ ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุจูุฏุงุ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงููุถุน ุบูุฑ ู
ูุจููุ ููู 17 ููุงูุฑ 1688ุ ูู
ููู ุฃู
ุงู
ุฅููููุง ุฎูุงุฑ ุณูู ุชุณููู
ุงูููุนุฉุ ุนูู ุฃุณุงุณ ุฃู ุงูู
ุฏุงูุนูู ุณูุญุตููู ุนูู ุนูู ู
ู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑุ ูุฃู ุนูุงุฑุงุช ุฑุงููุชุดู ุณุชุจูู ูู ุฃูุฏู ุฃุทูุงููุง. ุงุณู
. ูุจู
ูุฌุจ ูุฐู ุงูุงุชูุงููุฉุ ุณุงูุฑุช ูู ูุฃุทูุงููุง ุนูู ุงูููุฑ ุฅูู ููููุงุ ุญูุซ ุชู
ุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุฃุทูุงู ู
ููุง ูู ุงูุชูุงู ููุงุชูุงููุฉ. ุนุงุดุช ุฅููููุง ุญุชู ุนุงู
1691 ูู ุฏูุฑ ุฃูุฑุณููููุ ุญูุซ ูุดุฃุช ุฃูุถูุง ุงุจูุชูุง ุฌูููุงูุง. ุชู
ููู ุงุจููุง ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุนูู ุงูููุฑ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงููุณูุนูุฉ ูู ููููุงูุณ.
ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุชุ ูุงู ุฒูุฌูุง ุซููููู ูุง ูุฒุงู ููุงุชู ู
ุน ู
ุชู
ุฑุฏู ููุฑูู ุถุฏ ุฌูุด ูุงุจุณุจูุฑุบ ูู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ ุงูุนููุง. ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ุงููุจุถ ุนูู ุฌูุฑุงู ูุงุจุณุจูุฑุบ ููุณูุฑ ู
ู ูุจู Thรถkรถlyุ ุชู
ุชุฑุชูุจ ุชุจุงุฏู ุงูุฃุณุฑูุ ูุงูุถู
ุช ุฅููููุง ุฅูู ุฒูุฌูุง ูู ุชุฑุงูุณูููุงููุง. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูู ุนุงู
1699ุ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชูููุน ุนูู ู
ุนุงูุฏุฉ ูุงุฑูููุชุฒุ ูุฌุฏ ููุง ุงูุฒูุฌูู ููุณููู
ุง ูู ุงูุฌุงูุจ ุงูุฎุงุณุฑุ ูุงุถุทุฑุง ุฅูู ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุงูู
ููู ูู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ. ุนุงุดุช ุงููููุชูุณุฉ ูู ุบูุทุฉุ ู
ูุทูุฉ ุงููุณุทูุทูููุฉุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ูู ุฅุฒู
ูุชุ ุญูุซ ุชูููุช ูู 18 ูุจุฑุงูุฑ 1703. ูุฏูููุช ูู ูููุณุฉ ุงููุฏูุณ ุจูููู ุงููุฑูุณูุฉ.ุฑ ูู ุบูุทุฉ.
ุฃุญูุงุฏ
ู
ูุฐ ุฒูุงุฌูุง ุงูุฃูู ู
ู ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุฑุงููุชุดูุ ุฃูุฌุจุช ุฅููููุง ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงู:
ุฌููุฑุฌู (1667โ1667)
ุฌูููุงูุง ุจูุฑุจุงูุง (ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1672 โ 1717)ุ ุชุฒูุฌุง ู
ู ุงููููุช ูุฑุฏููุงูุฏ ุฌูุจูุฑุช ููู ุฃุณุจุฑูู
ููุช ูููุฏู (1643-1708)
ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุซุงูู (27 ู
ุงุฑุณ 1676 - 8 ุฃุจุฑูู 1735) ู
ู ุฒูุงุฌูุง ุงูุซุงูู ุจุฅูู
ุฑู ุซูููููุ ุฃูุฌุจุช ุฅููููุง ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุทูุงูุ ู
ุงุชูุง ุฌู
ูุนูุง ูู ุณู ู
ุจูุฑุฉ (ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ุทูู ูุงูุช ุญุงู
ูุงู ุจู ุฃุซูุงุก ุญุตุงุฑ ู
ูููุงุชุด).
ุฅุฑุซ
ูุชู
ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุจุฅููููุง ุฒุฑููู ูู ูุฑูุงุชูุง ูุงูู
ุฌุฑ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุง ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฃุนุธู
ุงูุจุทูุงุช ุงููุทููุงุช ูุงููุทููุงุช ูุงูู
ูุงุชูุงุช ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุญุฑูุฉุ ุงููุงุชู ุนุงุฑุถูุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุนุฏู
ูุฌุงุญููุ ุชุทูุนุงุช ุงูุงุณุชุจุฏุงุฏ ูุงูุงุณุชุจุฏุงุฏ ูุนุงุฆูุฉ ูุงุจุณุจูุฑุบ. ูุงุตู ุงุจููุง ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุดูุฑุฉ ูุฑุงูุณูุณ ุงูุซุงูู ุฑุงููุชุดู ุงููุถุงู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงุณุชููุงู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ (1703-1711).
ูู ุฃูุชูุจุฑ 1906ุ ุฃุนูุฏ ุฏูู ุฑูุงุช ุงููููุชูุณุฉ ุงููุฑูุงุชูุฉ ู
ุน ุงุจููุง ูู ูุงุชุฏุฑุงุฆูุฉ ุณุงูุช ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูู ููุดูุชุณู ุงูุญุงููุฉุ ุณูููุงููุง.
ู
ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงูุดุฑู
ุทุงุจุน ุจุฑูุฏู ุฃุตุฏุฑุชู ุงูู
ุฌุฑ ูู 28 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1952.
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ุจูุช ุฒุฑููุณูู
ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฒุฑููุณูู
ู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉ ุฒุฑููุณูู-ูุฑุงูููุจุงู
ููุฑูู
ุญุฑุจ ุฑุงููุชุดู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุงุณุชููุงู
ู
ุคุงู
ุฑุฉ ููุณููููู
ุงูู
ูุทุน 9:
ุงุฑุชุงููุชู
Artaynte (f. 478 ูุจู ุงูู
ููุงุฏ)ุ ูุงูุช ุฒูุฌุฉ ููู ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุฏุงุฑููุณ.
ุญูุงุฉ
ุงุจูุฉ ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ูู
ูุฐูุฑ ุงุณู
ูุง ูุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณุ ูุงุฆุฏ ุงูุฌููุด ุฃุซูุงุก ุบุฒู ุงููููุงู ุนุงู
480-479 ูุจู ุงูู
ููุงุฏุ ูุดููู ุงูู
ูู ุฒุฑูุณูุณ ุงูุฃูู.
ุฎูุงู ุงูุญู
ูุฉ ุงููููุงููุฉุ ุทูุฑ ุฒุฑูุณูุณ ุฑุบุจุฉ ุนุงุทููุฉ ูู ุฒูุฌุฉ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณุ ููููุง ูุงูุช ุชูุงูู
ุจุงุณุชู
ุฑุงุฑ ููู ุชูุญูู ูุฅุฑุงุฏุชู. ุนูุฏ ุนูุฏุชู ุฅูู ุณุงุฑุฏุณุ ุณุนู ุงูู
ูู ุฅูู ุฒูุงุฌ ุงุจูู ุฏุงุฑุณ ู
ู ุฃุฑุชููุชูุ ุงุจูุฉ ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑุฃุฉ ุฒูุฌุฉ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณุ ุนูู ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุฃูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู ูู
ููู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูููุง ุจุณูููุฉ ุฃูุจุฑ.
ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชูุงูู ุฅูู ุณูุณุฉ ุฃุญุถุฑ ุฃุฑุชููุชู ู
ุนู ุฅูู ุงูุจูุช ุงูู
ููู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงุจูู ุฏุงุฑุณุ ูููู ููุน ูู ุญุจูุง ุจููุณูุ ูุจุนุฏ ุญุตูููุง ุนูููุง ุฃุตุจุญุง ุนุงุดููู.
ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ุทูุจ ุฒุฑูุณูุณุ ุงุฑุชูุจ ุฃุฑุชุงููุชู ุงูุฒูุง ู
ุนู (ุฒุฑูุณูุณ). ุนูุฏู
ุง ุนูู
ุช ุงูู
ููุฉ ุฃู
ุณุชุฑูุณ ุจุงูุฃู
ุฑุ ูู
ุชุณุนู ููุงูุชูุงู
ู
ู ุฃุฑุชููุชูุ ุจู ู
ู ูุงูุฏุชูุงุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณุ ุญูุซ ุงุนุชูุฏุช ุฃู
ุณุชุฑูุณ ุฃู ุฐูู ูุงู ุชูุงุทุคูุง. ูู ุนูุฏ ู
ููุงุฏ ุฒุฑูุณูุณุ ุฃุฑุณู ุฃู
ุณุชุฑูุณ ูู ุงุณุชุฏุนุงุก ุญุฑุงุณู ูุดูู ุฒูุฌุฉ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณ ุจูุทุน ุซุฏูููุง ูุฅููุงุฆูู
ุง ููููุงุจุ ูุฃูููุง ูุฃุฐูููุง ูุดูุชููุง ุฃูุถูุงุ ููุทุน ูุณุงููุง ุฃูุถูุง. ุนูุฏ ุฑุคูุฉ ุฐููุ ูุฑุจ ู
ุงุณูุณุชุณ ุฅูู ุจุงูุชุฑูุง ูุจุฏุก ุงูุชู
ุฑุฏุ ููู ุฌูุด ุฒุฑูุณูุณ ุงุนุชุฑุถู ููุชูู ูู ูุฃุจูุงุฆู.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 10:
ุญูุตุฉ ุฎุงุชูู
ุญูุตุฉ ุฎุงุชูู (ุงูุชุฑููุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ: ุญูุตู ุฎุงุชููุ "ุงููุจุคุฉ ุงูุดุงุจุฉ") ูุงูุช ุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุชุฑููุฉุ ููุฑููุฉ ุจุงูุฒูุฏ ุงูุฃููุ ุณูุทุงู ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ.
ุญูุงุฉ
ุญูุตุฉ ุฎุงุชูู ูู ุงุจูุฉ ุนูุณู ุจู ุญุงูู
ุงูุนูุฏููููู. ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุจุงูุฒูุฏ ุนุงู
1390 ุจุนุฏ ุบุฒูู ููุนูุฏููููู. ููุงู ูุงูุฏูุง ูุฏ ุงุณุชุณูู
ุฏูู ูุชุงูุ ูุชู
ุชุฑุชูุจ ุฒูุงุฌ ุจูููุง ูุจูู ุจุงูุฒูุฏ. ุจุนุฏ ุฐููุ ุชู
ุฅุฑุณุงู ุนูุณู ุฅูู ุงูู
ููู ูู ุฅุฒูููุ ุจุนุฏ ุชุฌุฑูุฏู ู
ู ุณูุทุชูุ ุญูุซ ุชููู ููู
ุง ุจุนุฏ. ุฒูุงุฌูุง ุนุฒุฒ ุงูุฑูุงุจุท ุจูู ุงูุนุงุฆูุชูู.
ุฌู
ุนูุงุช ุฎูุฑูุฉ
ุชูุน ุฃุดุบุงู ุญูุตุฉ ุฎุงุชูู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ุถู
ู ุฃุฑุงุถู ูุงูุฏูุง ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชู
ุจูุงุคูุง ูุจู ุฒูุงุฌูุง ู
ู ุจุงูุฒูุฏ. ูุงู
ุช ุจุฅูุดุงุก ูุงููุฑุฉ ูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ุตูุฑ ูู
ุญุจุณุฉ ูู ุงูุจุฏู
ูุฉ ูู
ุณุฌุฏ ูุนุฑู ุจุงุณู
"ู
ุณุฌุฏ ุญูุตุฉ ุฎุงุชูู" ุจูู ุนุงู
ู 1390 ู1392 ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุชู ุชููุชูุง ูู ู
ูุฑูุง.
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ุงูุณูุงูุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ
ุงูุฅู
ุจุฑุงุทูุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุซู
ุงููุฉ
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Who is Sobe (Sister Of Saint Anne)'s grandchild?
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Passage 1:
Jim Ramel Kjellgren
Jim Love Ramel Kjellgren, (born 18 July 1987) is a Swedish actor. He is the son of Lotta Ramel and Johan H:son Kjellgren and the grandchild of Povel Ramel. He is perhaps best known as the character Jonte in the SVT series Eva & Adam, he reprised the role in the film Eva & Adam โ fyra fรถdelsedagar och ett fiasko.In 2020, Jim married Bernadette Gisele Hutson, who is French-American.
Filmography
1999โ2000 โ Eva & Adam (TV-series)
2001 โ Eva & Adam โ fyra fรถdelsedagar och ett fiasko
2001 โ Days Like This
2004 โ Kyrkogรฅrdsรถn
2005 โ Storm
Passage 2:
Tulasi (actress)
Tulasi (or Tulasi Shivamani) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil cinema. She started her career as a child actress. Later she appeared in lead actress and supporting actress roles. She has acted in over 300 films in Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, and Bhojpuri languages. She won two Nandi Awards and one Filmfare Award.
Career
Tulasi made her debut in the Telugu language when she was three months old in 1967. For a song in a film, a baby was needed and Tulasi was placed in the cradle after actress Savitri had requested Tulasi's mother, who was a friend of her. She was featured in a song when she was three-and-half years old in Jeevanatarangalu and said that she became a full-fledged actor when she was four. She had never been to school.She got married at age 28 to Kannada director Sivamani. She stated, "I met him in the morning and by evening we tied the knot". They have one son, Sai Tarun. Tulasi decided to quit acting after getting married, working only occasionally as a voice actor in Telugu films, including ones by Mani Ratnam. When her son was around six years old, she received several mother character roles. She initially declined them all, but finally signed on one Kannada film, Excuse Me, in which she played mother to Divya Spandana and which became a big hit. After that she was doing three films a year in Kannada.
She began to act mainly in mother roles in Telugu and Tamil film industries. Her notable supporting roles include performances in Sasirekha Parinayam, Mr. Perfect, Darling, Srimanthudu, Iddarammayilatho, Nenu Local, Mahanati & Dear Comrade in Telugu and Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu, Easan, Mankatha, Sundarapandian, Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer and Pandiya Naadu in Tamil. Tulasi has said that Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer, in which she had played mother to Manisha Yadav's character, changed her life and brought her an "identity as a screen mother". Her portrayal of Chellamma in Pannaiyarum Padminiyum was praised too, with critics stating that she was "brilliant", and had given her "career best performance".
Partial filmography
Awards
Nandi AwardsBest Child Actress - Seetamalakshmi (1978)
Best Child Actress - Sankarabharanam (1980)Filmfare Awards SouthFilmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada - Josh
Passage 3:
Stokkseyrar-Dรญsa
Thordis Markusdottir (รรณrdรญs Markรบsdรณttir), known as Stokkseyrar-Dรญsa (1668โ1728), was an Icelandic magician (Galdrmaster). She is known in history for her alleged magical powers. She is the subject of a least ten different folk sagas depicting her experiments within magic or Galdr.
Thordis Markusdottir belonged to the elite of the Iceland and was the grandchild of sheriff Torfi Erlendsson of Stafnes and related to Thormodus Torfรฆus, historian of the King of Denmark. She lived in Stokkseyri, thereby the name Stokkseyrar-Dรญsa. Some of the sagas around her centers on her magical duels with Eirรญkur รญ Vogsรณsum.
Passage 4:
Elizabeth (biblical figure)
Elizabeth (also spelled Elisabeth; Hebrew: ืึฑืึดืืฉึถืืึทืข / ืึฑืึดืืฉึธืืึทืข "My God has sworn", Standard Hebrew: Eliลกรฉvaสฟ / Eliลกรกvaสฟ, Tiberian Hebrew: สพฤlรฎลกรฉแธaสฟ / สพฤlรฎลกฤแธaสฟ; Greek: แผฮปฮนฯฮฌฮฒฮตฯ Elisabet / Elisavet) was the mother of John the Baptist, the wife of Zechariah, and maternal aunt of Mary, mother of Jesus, according to the Gospel of Luke and in Islamic tradition. She was past normal child-bearing age when she conceived and gave birth to John.
Biblical narrative
According to the Gospel of Luke chapter 1, Elizabeth was "of the daughters of Aaron". She and her husband Zechariah/Zachariah were "righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless" (1:5โ7), but childless. While he was in the temple of the Lord (1:8โ12), Zachariah was visited by the angel Gabriel:
But the angel said to him: โDo not be afraid, Zechariah; your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you are to call him John. He will be a joy and delight to you, and many will rejoice because of his birth, for he will be great in the sight of the Lord. He is never to take wine or other fermented drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even before he is born.
Zachariah doubted whereby he could know this since both he and his wife were old. The angel identified himself as Gabriel and told Zachariah that he would be "dumb, and not able to speak" until the words were fulfilled, because he did not believe. When the days of his ministry were complete, he returned to his house (Luke 1:16โ23).
After this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant and for five months remained in seclusion. โThe Lord has done this for me,โ she said. โIn these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace among the people.โ
According to the account, the angel Gabriel was then sent to Nazareth in Galilee to her relative Mary, a virgin, betrothed to a man called Joseph, and informed her that she would conceive by the Holy Spirit and bring forth a son to be called Jesus. Mary was also informed that her "relative Elizabeth" had begun her sixth month of pregnancy, and Mary traveled to "a town in the hill country of Judah", to visit Elizabeth (Luke 1:26โ40).
When Elizabeth heard Maryโs greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. In a loud voice she exclaimed: "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? As soon as the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy. Blessed is she who has believed that the Lord would fulfill his promises to her!"
Matthew Henry comments, "Mary knew that Elizabeth was with child, but it does not appear that Elizabeth had been told anything of her relative Mary's being designed for the mother of the Messiah; and therefore what knowledge she appears to have had of it must have come by a revelation, which would be a great encouragement to Mary." After Mary heard Elizabeth's blessing, she spoke the words now known as the Magnificat (Luke 1:46โ55).
Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about three months and then returned home.When it was time for Elizabeth to have her baby, she gave birth to a son. Her neighbors and relatives heard that the Lord had shown her great mercy, and they shared her joy.On the eighth day they came to circumcise the child, and they were going to name him after his father Zechariah, but his mother spoke up and said, โNo! He is to be called John.โThey said to her, โThere is no one among your relatives who has that name.โThen they made signs to his father, to find out what he would like to name the child. He asked for a writing tablet, and to everyoneโs astonishment he wrote, โHis name is John.โ Immediately his mouth was opened and his tongue set free, and he began to speak, praising God.
That is the last mention of Elizabeth, who is not mentioned in any other chapter in the Bible. The chapter continues with the prophecy of Zachariah (known as the Benedictus,) and ends with the note that John "grew, and became strong in spirit, and was in the deserts" until his ministry to Israel began; so it is unknown how long Elizabeth and her husband lived after that (Luke 1:65โ80).
Since the Medieval era, Elizabeth's greeting, "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb," has formed the second part of the Hail Mary prayer.A traditional "tomb of Elizabeth" is shown in the Franciscan Monastery of Saint John in the Wilderness near Jerusalem.
Apocrypha
Elizabeth is mentioned in several books of the Apocrypha, most prominently in the Protevangelion of James, in which the birth of her son, the subsequent murder of her husband, as well as her and John's miraculous escape during the Massacre of the Innocents are chronicled.
Sainthood
Elizabeth is revered as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church on 5 November, and in the Orthodox and Anglican traditions on 5 September, on the same day with her husband Zacharias/Zechariah. She is commemorated as a matriarch in the Calendar of Saints (5 September) of the Lutheran ChurchโMissouri Synod and Zacharias is commemorated as a prophet.She is also commemorated on 30 March in Eastern Orthodox Church (Visitation).
Islam
Elizabeth (Arabic: Isha', daughter of Faqudh), the wife of Zakaria, the mother of Yahya, is an honored woman in Islam. Although Zachariah himself is frequently mentioned by name in the Qur'an, Elizabeth, while not mentioned by name, is referenced. She is revered by Muslims as a wise, pious and believing person who, like her relative Mary, was exalted by God to a high station. She lived in the household of Imran, and is said to have been a descendant of the prophet and priest Harun.Zachariah and his wife were both devout and steadfast in their duties. They were, however, both very old and they had no son. Therefore, Zachariah would frequently pray to God for a son. This was not only out of the desire to have a son but also because the great Jesus wanted someone to carry on the services of the Temple of prayer and to continue the preaching of the Lord's message before his death.
God cured Elizabeth's barrenness and granted Zachariah a son, Yahya (John the Baptist), who became a prophet. God thus granted the wishes of the couple because of their faith, trust and love for God. In the Qur'an, God speaks of Zachariah, his wife, and John, and describes the three as being humble servants of the Lord:
So We listened to him: and We granted him John: We cured his wife's (Barrenness) for him. These (three) were ever quick in emulation in good works; they used to call on Us with love and reverence, and humble themselves before Us.
In Sunni Islamic reports of al-Tabari and al-Masudi, Elizabeth is said to have been a daughter of Imran, and thus, a sister of Mary. Therefore, their children Jesus (Isa) and John (Yahya) are believed to have been cousins. In other accounts, Elizabeth is said to be a daughter of Fakudh, and a sister of Imran's wife Hannah.In Shia hadith she is named Hananah, and is identified as a sister of Mary's mother Hannah. Abu Basir recorded that Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the great grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, had stated: "Hannah, the wife of Imran, and Hananah, the wife of Zechariah, were sisters. He goes on to say that Mary was born from Hannah and John was born from Hananah. Mary gave birth to Jesus and he was the son of the daughter of John's aunt. John was the son of the aunt of Mary, and the aunt of one's mother is like one's aunt."
Mandaeism
In Mandaeism, Eniลกbai (Classical Mandaic: เกเกเกเกเกเกเก, romanized: สฟniลกbai) is the Mandaic name for Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist. Eniลกbai is mentioned in chapters 18, 21, and 32 of the Mandaean Book of John.
See also
Gospel of Luke
Visitation (Catholic feast)
Ein Kerem, traditional home town of Elizabeth, Zechariah and John
Biblical figures in Islamic tradition
Saint Elizabeth, patron saint archive
Notes and references
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hail Mary". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
Stained glass depiction of Elizabeth and Zachary, Cathรฉdrale Saint-Etienne de Bourges
Passage 5:
Sobe (sister of Saint Anne)
Sobe, also known as Sovin, was the mother of St. Elizabeth and sister of St. Anne.The Bible records only that Elizabeth was a descendant of Aaron and a cousin (or relative) of Mary. The name of Sobe first appears in writings of about the 7th century by Hippolytus of Thebes, Andrew of Crete, and Epiphanius Monachus, and later in Nicephorus Callistus and Andronicus. All recount essentially the same passage, given by the last two as follows:
There were three sisters of Bethlehem, daughters of Matthan the priest, and Mary his wife, under the reign of Cleopatra and Sosipatrus, before the reign of Herod, the son of Antipater: the eldest was Mary, the second was Sobe, the youngest's name was Anne. The eldest being married in Bethlehem, had for daughter Salome the midwife; Sobe the second likewise married in Bethlehem, and was the mother of Elizabeth; last of all the third married in Galilee, and brought forth Mary the mother of Christ.
The 19th-century mystic Anne Catherine Emmerich claims that according to her visions (which give a detailed genealogy of Mary), Sobe was a sister of Anne, but the mother of Elizabeth was Emerentia, Sobe and Anne's maternal aunt.
See also
List of names for the biblical nameless
Passage 6:
Constance Anne Herschel
Constance Anne Herschel (1855 - 1939), later known as Lady Lubbock, was a scientist and mathematician.
Herschel held the post of resident lecturer in natural sciences and mathematics at Girton College, Cambridge.She was the child of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, and the grandchild of William Herschel. She wrote a family history of the famous scientific dynasty by compiling family sources, 'The Herschel Chronicle'.She married Sir Neville Lubbock.
Passage 7:
Albina du Boisrouvray
Countess Albina du Boisrouvray (born 1941) is a former journalist and film producer who has become a global philanthropist and social entrepreneur working with AIDS victims and impoverished communities around the world. She is the founder of FXB International, a non-governmental organization established in memory of her son, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud.Du Boisrouvray is a grandchild of the Bolivian King of Tin, Simรณn Patiรฑo. She is a second cousin of Prince Rainier of Monaco and godmother to Charlotte Casiraghi, daughter of Princess Caroline of Monaco.
Early life and education
She is the daughter of Count Guy de Jacquelot du Boisrouvray (1903-1980) and Luz Mila Patiรฑo Rodrรญguez (1909-1958) (her name is also reported as Luzmila). Her paternal grandmother was born countess Josรฉphine Marie Louise de Polignac, sister of Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois, the maternal grandfather of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. Her maternal grandfather was Simรณn Patiรฑo, one of the wealthiest men in the world at the time of her birth.Her father was part of the Free French movement and her family left the country while she was an infant. Du Boisrouvray grew up in New York City and lived at the Plaza Hotel. Her family later moved to Argentina, and du Boisrouvray lived alone in Switzerland, Morocco, England and back to France.Du Boisrouvray attended University of Sorbonne in Paris where she studied psychology and philosophy.
Career
Du Boisrouvray began her career as a journalist. She worked as a freelance journalist for Le Nouvel Observateur, covering international stories such as the death of Che Guevara. She later co-founded the literary magazine Libre with Juan Goytisolo.In 1978, du Boisrouvray ran as a candidate for the Friends of the Earth party in parliamentary elections.She founded a film production company, Albina Productions, in 1969 and is credited with producing 22 films over a period of 17 years. These films include Pascal Thomas' first film, Les Zozos (1972), L'important c'est d'aimer and Une Femme a sa fenรชtre, both of which starred Romy Schneider, and Fort Saganne (1984), directed by Alain Corneau and starring Gรฉrard Depardieu, Catherine Deneuve and Sophie Marceau. Police Python 357 (1976) notably was one of the few films which starred Yves Montand and Simone Signoret, a well-known couple, in the same film. Du Boisrouvray began serving as the chairperson of SEGH, her family's real estate and hotel management group, in 1980.
FXB International
Following the death of her only child, du Boisrouvray sold three-quarters of her assets including a jewelry collection auctioned by Sotheby's in New York for $31.2 million, an art collection of $20 million, and a substantial part of her family real-estate business which garnered $50 million. The Sotheby's auction was the largest jewelry sale since the Duchess of Windsor's auction. The sale included pre-Columbian gold, jade and other notable pieces accumulated by the noble French family. Du Boisrouvray allocated part of the profits to the FXB Foundation to create programs, including an at home palliative care program for the terminally ill in Switzerland and France, a rescue helicopter control centre in the Swiss Alps, and a professorship at the University of Michigan (her son's alma mater). The rest of the funds were used to found FXB International in memory of her son, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud, a search-and-rescue pilot who died while serving as a transport pilot in Mali during the Paris-Dakar rally in 1986.Du Boisrouvray founded FXB International is to fight poverty and AIDS, and support orphans and vulnerable children left in the wake of the AIDS pandemic. FXB International offers comprehensive support to the families and communities that care for these children, and advocates for their fundamental rights. The organization has helped over 17 million people from programs in more than 100 countries, with a staff of over 450. Du Boisrouvray broadened its work from supporting children impacted by AIDS to also include all families needing support to emerge from extreme poverty and become self-sufficient through the FXBVillage methodology. In 1991, she developed the FXBVillage Methodology, a community-based, sustainable approach to overcoming the AIDS orphans crisis and extreme poverty. Each FXBVillage supports 80-100 families, comprising approximately 500 individuals, mostly children. Over a three-year period, FXB provides communities with the resources and training needed to become physically, financially and socially independent. According to FXB, the FXBVillage program has graduated over 69,500 participants from eight countries and has over 12,500 current participants.In 1993, du Boisrouvray founded the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University, the first academic center to focus exclusively on health and human rights.
Awards and recognition
Du Boisrouvray was made Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 1985. In 1993, the University of Michigan conferred upon her a "Doctor of Humane Letters Degree," and she was made a "John Harvard Fellow" by Harvard University in 1996.
She received a Special Recognition Award for "Responding to the HIV/AIDS Orphan crisis" at the second conference on Global Strategies for the prevention of HIV transmission from mothers to infants in Montreal, in September 1999. In 2001, Harvard students presented her with the "Harvard Project for International Health and Development Award".Her philanthropy and humanitarian efforts earned her a knighthood of the Lรฉgion d'Honneur in 2001 for her pioneering work in home palliative care projects. Also in 2001, because of the innovative cost-effective projects that she formulated and directed within FXB, she was selected as a member of the Social Entrepreneurs Group of the Schwab Foundation. This recognition enables the 54 social entrepreneurs of the group to participate in the Davos World Economic Forum and to present and to share their expertise with world business leaders in the civil and public sectors.She was awarded the 2002 North-South Prize by the Council of Europe. In November 2003, du Boisrouvray received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the 4th International Conference on AIDS in India, in recognition for the projects that she initiated in the 35 States and Territories of India. In 2007, the French Fรฉdรฉration nationale des Clubs Convergences gave her an award for her activities on behalf of orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS in the world.
In 2004, Albina received the Thai Komol Keemthong Foundation Award for Outstanding Personality for the year 2004. The award was given in appreciation of her contributions to Thailand and Burma in the fields of protecting children and women's rights, education, vocational training and support of HIV/AIDS-affected children and their families.In April 2009, French President Nicolas Sarkozy presented du Boisrouvray with the insignia of Officer in l'Ordre National du Mรฉrite. The President honoured Albina and her work, saying "Your NGO is a model throughout the world. You are a woman involved. Your solidarity is exemplary and that is why the Republic will distinguish you." She is the first film producer to be awarded L'Ordre National du Mรฉrite. In June 2009, du Boisrouvray received the BNP Paribas Jury's Special Prize.
In 2013, the Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) awarded du Boisrouvray their KISS Humanitarian Award which recognizes individuals with exceptionally high contribution to society and who have distinguished themselves as humanitarians.
Personal life
Du Boisrouvray was married twice, first to Swiss aviator Bruno Bagnoud and second to French film producer Georges Casati, whom she divorced in 1982. She met Bagnoud while living in Valais. They were married for four years and had one son together, Franรงois-Xavier Bagnoud, born in 1961.She lives in Portugal, near Lisbon, part of the year and has homes in Paris, New York and Switzerland.
Passage 8:
Diana Weston
Diana Weston (born 13 November 1953) is a Canadian-British actress who has been on British television since 1975. She is a grandchild of Charles Basil Price.
Biography
Career
Weston's first role was in a 1975 episode of Thriller, and parts in Raffles, The Sweeney, The Professionals, Agony, Shoestring and Bless Me, Father soon followed. She also appeared in the video for the 1984 Ultravox hit single Dancing with Tears in My Eyes. Since the late 1980s, she has appeared in The New Statesman, Boon, A Bit of a Do, About Face, Nightingales, Jonathan Creek, Casualty, Emmerdale, My Family, New Tricks and a main role in the 2000 sitcom Pay and Display.However, it is for the role of Caroline in the sitcom The Upper Hand that she is best known, starring alongside Joe McGann and Honor Blackman, with the show being produced for ITV from 1990 to 1996.
Filmography
Film
Television
Personal life
Diana Weston had a long relationship with the actor Robert Lindsay, and they had one daughter, Sydney (born 1988), who has also made television appearances. She and Lindsay separated after he started a relationship with actress/presenter Rosemarie Ford, although she continued to work with him on occasion.
Passage 9:
Merlin Holland
Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland (born December 1945) is a British biographer and editor. He is the only grandchild of Oscar Wilde, whose life he has researched and written about extensively.
Biography
Born in London in December 1945, Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland is the son of the author Vyvyan Holland and his second wife, Thelma Besant. He is the only grandchild of Oscar Wilde and Constance Lloyd.His mother Thelma was an Australian cosmetician who became the personal beauty adviser to Queen Elizabeth II for about 10 years from the mid-1940s. His paternal grandmother, Constance, had changed her and her children's surname to Holland (an old family name) in 1895, after Wilde had been convicted of homosexual acts and imprisoned, in order to gain some privacy for the boys and distance from the scandal.
Work
Holland has studied and researched Wilde's life for more than thirty years. He is the co-editor, with Rupert Hart-Davis, of The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde. He is the editor of Irish Peacock and Scarlet Marquess, the first uncensored version of his grandfather's 1895 trials. (The book is titled The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde for release in the US.)Holland has criticised Richard Ellmann's 1987 biography, Oscar Wilde, as inaccurate, particularly his claim that Wilde had syphilis and transmitted it to Constance. According to The Guardian, Holland has "unearthed medical evidence within private family letters, which has enabled a doctor to determine the likely cause of Constance's death. The letters reveal symptoms nowadays associated with multiple sclerosis but apparently wrongly diagnosed by her two doctors. One, an unnamed German 'nerve doctor', resorted to dubious remedies and the other, Luigi Maria Bossi, conducted a botched operation that days later claimed her life."Holland has also written The Wilde Album, a small volume that included hitherto unpublished photographs of Wilde. The book focuses on how the scandal caused by Wilde's trials affected his family, most notably his wife, Constance, and their children, Cyril and Vyvyan.
In 2006, his book Oscar Wilde: A Life in Letters was published, and his volume Coffee with Oscar Wilde, an imagined conversation with Wilde, was released in the autumn of 2007. Holland also wrote A Portrait of Oscar Wilde (2008), which reveals Wilde through manuscripts and letters from the Lucia Moreira Salles collection, located at The Morgan Library & Museum in New York City.In addition, Holland has also worked as a wine writer and occasionally written features for Country Life, and The Oldie.In July 2013, Holland gave the keynote address for a symposium on Oscar Wilde presented by The Santa Fe Opera. The address surveyed the popular and critical attitudes towards Wilde and his work from the end of his life to the present day. The symposium was given in conjunction with the opera company's world premiere presentations of Oscar, composed by Theodore Morrison with a libretto written by John Cox and the composer.Holland's play The Trials of Oscar Wilde, co-authored with John O'Connor and re-enacting the 1895 trials of Lord Queensberry for libel and Oscar Wilde for gross indecency, toured the United Kingdom in 2014 in a production by the European Arts Company.
Personal life
Holland lives in Burgundy, France, with his second wife. His son, Lucian Holland (born 1979 to Merlin's first wife Sarah), studied classics at Magdalen College. He occupied rooms that his great-grandfather Wilde had occupied. He is a computer programmer, living in London.Merlin Holland briefly toyed with the idea of changing his name back to Wilde. He told The New York Times in 1998, โBut if I did it, it would have to be not just for Oscar, but for his father and mother, too, for the whole family. It was an extraordinary family before he came along, so if I put the family name back on the map for the right reasons, then it's all right.โ
Published works
1998 โ The Wilde Album
2003 โ Irish Peacock and Scarlet Marquess: The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde
2004 โ The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde
Passage 10:
Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain
Princess Elizabeth Caroline of Great Britain (10 January 1741 โ 4 September 1759) was one of the children of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. She was a granddaughter of King George II and sister of King George III.
Life
Princess Elizabeth was born at Norfolk House, St James's Square, Westminster. Her father was The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach. Her mother was The Princess of Wales (nรฉe Augusta of Saxe-Gotha). She was christened twenty-five days later at Norfolk House, by The Bishop of Oxford, Thomas Secker โ her godparents were The Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (her first cousin once-removed by marriage; for whom The Lord Baltimore (Gentleman of the Bedchamber to her father) stood proxy), The Queen of Denmark (for whom Anne, Viscountess Irwin stood proxy) and the Duchess of Saxe-Gotha (her maternal aunt by marriage, for whom Lady Jane Hamilton stood proxy).Little is known of her short life other than a fragment preserved in the Letters of Walpole.
We have lost another Princess, Lady Elizabeth. She died of an inflammation in her bowels in two days. Her figure was so very unfortunate, that it would have been difficult for her to be happy, but her parts and application were extraordinary. I saw her act in "Cato" at eight years old, (when she could not stand alone, but was forced to lean against the side-scene,) better than any of her brothers and sisters. She had been so unhealthy, that at that age she had not been taught to read, but had learned the part of Lucia by hearing the others study their parts. She went to her father and mother, and begged she might act. They put her off as gently as they couldโshe desired leave to repeat her part, and when she did, it was with so much sense, that there was no denying her.
She died on 4 September 1759 at Kew Palace, London and was buried at Westminster Abbey.
Ancestors
See also
List of British princesses
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ู
ู ูู ุญููุฏ ุณูุจู (ุฃุฎุช ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุขู)ุ
|
[
"ููุญูุง ุงูู
ุนู
ุฏุงู"
] |
ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:
ุฌูู
ุฑุงู
ูู ูููุฌุฑูู
ุฌูู
ููู ุฑุงู
ูู ูููุฌุฑูู (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 18 ููููู 1987) ูู ู
ู
ุซู ุณููุฏู. ููู ุงุจู ููุชุง ุฑุงู
ูู ููููุงู ุฅุชุด: ุงุจู ูููุฌุฑูู. ุฑุจู
ุง ุงุดุชูุฑ ุจุดุฎุตูุฉ Jonte ูู ุณูุณูุฉ SVT Eva & Adamุ ูุฃุนุงุฏ ุชู
ุซูู ุงูุฏูุฑ ูู ุงููููู
Eva & Adam - ุนูุฏ ู
ููุงุฏ ุงูุตุจู ูุงููุดู ุงูุฐุฑูุน. ูู ุนุงู
2020ุ ุชุฒูุฌ ุฌูู
ู
ู ุจุฑูุงุฏูุช ุฌูุฒูู ููุชุณููุ ููู ุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ูุฑูุณูุฉ.
ูููู
ูุบุฑุงููุง
1999-2000 โ ุญูุงุก ูุขุฏู
(ู
ุณูุณู ุชููุฒูููู)
2001 - ุฅููุง ูุขุฏู
- ุนูุฏ ู
ููุงุฏ ุงูุฑุฌููู ููุดู ุฐุฑูุน
2001 โ ุฃูุงู
ู
ุซู ูุฐุง
2004 โ ู
ุฌูุณ ุงููููุณุฉ
2005 โ ุงูุนุงุตูุฉ
ุงูู
ูุทุน 2:
ุชููุงุณู (ู
ู
ุซูุฉ)
ุชููุงุณู (ุฃู ุชููุงุณู ุดููุงู
ุงูู) ูู ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ููุฏูุฉ ุชุนู
ู ุจุดูู ุฃุณุงุณู ูู ุงูุณููู
ุง ุงูุชููุฌู ูุงููุงูุงุฏูุฉ ูุงูุชุงู
ูููุฉ. ุจุฏุฃุช ุญูุงุชูุง ุงูู
ูููุฉ ูู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุทููุฉ. ุธูุฑุช ูุงุญููุง ูู ุฃุฏูุงุฑ ุงูู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉ ูุงูู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุงูุฏุงุนู
ุฉ. ุนู
ูุช ูู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 300 ูููู
ุจุงููุบุงุช ุงูุชูููุฌููุฉ ูุงููุงูุงุฏูุฉ ูุงูุชุงู
ูููุฉ ูุงูู
ุงูุงูุงูุงู
ูุฉ ูุงูุจูุฌุจูุฑูุฉ. ูุงุฒุช ุจุฌุงุฆุฒุชู ูุงูุฏู ูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ูููู
ููุฑ ูุงุญุฏุฉ.
ุญูุงุฉ ู
ูููุฉ
ุธูุฑุช ุชููุงุณู ูุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ุจูุบุฉ ุงูุชููุฌู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงู ุนู
ุฑูุง ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ูู ุนุงู
1967. ูุฃุบููุฉ ูู ูููู
ุ ูุงูุช ููุงู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุทูู ูุชู
ูุถุน ุชููุงุณู ูู ุงูู
ูุฏ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุทูุจุช ุงูู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุณุงููุชุฑู ูุงูุฏุฉ ุชููุงุณูุ ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุตุฏููุฉ ููุง. ุธูุฑุช ูู ุฃุบููุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงูุช ูู ุงูุซุงูุซุฉ ูุงููุตู ู
ู ุนู
ุฑูุง ูู ุฌููุงูุงุชุงุฑุงูุฌุงูู ููุงูุช ุฅููุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ูุงู
ูุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงูุช ูู ุงูุฑุงุจุนุฉ ู
ู ุนู
ุฑูุง. ูู
ุชุฐูุจ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฏุฑุณุฉ ู
ุทูููุง. ุชุฒูุฌุช ูู ุณู 28 ุนุงู
ูุง ู
ู ู
ุฏูุฑ ุงููุงูุงุฏุง ุณููุงู
ุงูู. ูุงูุช: ุงูุชููุชู ูู ุงูุตุจุงุญ ููู ุงูู
ุณุงุก ุนูุฏูุง ูุฑุงููุง. ูุฏููู
ุงุจู ูุงุญุฏุ ุณุงู ุชุงุฑูู. ูุฑุฑุช ุชููุงุณู ุชุฑู ุงูุชู
ุซูู ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฒูุงุฌุ ูุนู
ูุช ููุท ู
ู ุญูู ูุขุฎุฑ ูู
ู
ุซู ุตูุชู ูู ุฃููุงู
ุงูุชููุฌูุ ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ุฃููุงู
ู
ุงูู ุฑุงุชูุงู
. ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงู ุงุจููุง ูุจูุบ ู
ู ุงูุนู
ุฑ ุณุช ุณููุงุช ุชูุฑูุจูุงุ ุญุตูุช ุนูู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุฃุฏูุงุฑ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ุงูุฃู
. ููุฏ ุฑูุถุชูู
ุฌู
ูุนูุง ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉุ ููููุง ููุนุช ุฃุฎูุฑูุง ุนูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃููุงู
ุงููุงูุงุฏูุฉุ Excuse Meุ ูุงูุชู ูุนุจุช ูููุง ุฏูุฑ ุงูุฃู
ูุฏูููุง ุณุจุงูุฏุงูุง ูุงูุชู ุญููุช ูุฌุงุญูุง ูุจูุฑูุง. ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ูุงูุช ุชุตูุน ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃููุงู
ุณููููุง ูู ุงููุงูุงุฏุง.
ุจุฏุฃุช ุงูุชู
ุซูู ุจุดูู ุฑุฆูุณู ูู ุฃุฏูุงุฑ ุงูุฃู
ูู ุตูุงุนุงุช ุงูุฃููุงู
ุงูุชููุฌู ูุงูุชุงู
ูููุฉ. ุชุดู
ู ุฃุฏูุงุฑูุง ุงูุฏุงุนู
ุฉ ุงูุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุงูุนุฑูุถ ูู Sasirekha Parinayamุ Mr. ุฃูุถู ู
ุง ูู Perfectุ Darlingุ Srimanthuduุ Iddarammayilathoุ Nenu Localุ Mahanati & ุนุฒูุฒู ุงูุฑููู ูู ุงูุชููุฌู ูPillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veeduุ Easanุ Mankathaุ Sundarapandianุ Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer ูPandiya Naadu ูู ุงูุชุงู
ูู. ูุงูุช ุชููุงุณู ุฅู Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveerุ ุงูุชู ูุนุจุช ูููุง ุฏูุฑ ุงูุฃู
ูุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ุงููุดุง ูุงุฏุงูุ ุบูุฑุช ุญูุงุชูุง ูุฌูุจุช ููุง "IDEN".tity ูุฃู
ุดุงุดุฉ". ุชู
ุงูุฅุดุงุฏุฉ ุฃูุถูุง ุจุชุตููุฑูุง ูู Chellamma ูู Pannaiyarum Padminiyumุ ุญูุซ ุฐูุฑ ุงูููุงุฏ ุฃููุง ูุงูุช "ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ"ุ ูุฃุนุทุชูุง "ุฃูุถู ุฃุฏุงุก ูู ู
ุณูุฑุชูุง ุงูู
ูููุฉ".
ูููู
ูุบุฑุงููุง ุฌุฒุฆูุฉ
ุงูุฌูุงุฆุฒ
ุฌูุงุฆุฒ ูุงูุฏู ุฃูุถู ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุทูู โ ุณูุชุงู
ุงูุงูุดู
ู (1978)
ุฃูุถู ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ุทููุฉ โ ุณุงููุงุฑุงุจุงุฑุงูุงู
(1980) ุฌูุงุฆุฒ Filmfare ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ SouthFilmfare ูุฃูุถู ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ โ ุงููุงูุงุฏุง โ ุฌูุด
ุงูู
ูุทุน 3:
ุณุชููุณูุฑุง ุฏูุณุง
Thordis Markusdottir (รรณrdรญs Markรบsdรณttir)ุ ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ุจุงุณู
Stokkseyrar-Dรญsa (1668โ1728)ุ ูุงู ุณุงุญุฑูุง ุฃูุณููุฏููุง (Galdrmaster). ููู ู
ุนุฑููุฉ ูู ุงูุชุงุฑูุฎ ุจููุงูุง ุงูุณุญุฑูุฉ ุงูู
ุฒุนูู
ุฉ. ุฅููุง ู
ูุถูุน ู
ุง ูุง ููู ุนู ุนุดุฑ ู
ูุงุญู
ุดุนุจูุฉ ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุชุตูุฑ ุชุฌุงุฑุจูุง ูู ุงูุณุญุฑ ุฃู ุฌุงูุฏุฑ.
ููุชู
ู Thordis Markusdottir ุฅูู ูุฎุจุฉ ุฃูุณููุฏุง ููุงู ุญููุฏ ุงูุดุฑูู Torfi Erlendsson of Stafnes ููุฑุชุจุท ุจู Thormodus Torfรฆusุ ู
ุคุฑุฎ ู
ูู ุงูุฏูู
ุงุฑู. ุนุงุดุช ูู Stokkseyriุ ูู
ู ููุง ุฌุงุก ุงุณู
Stokkseyrar-Dรญsa. ุชุชู
ุญูุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ูุงุญู
ุญูููุง ุญูู ู
ุจุงุฑุฒุงุชูุง ุงูุณุญุฑูุฉ ู
ุน Eirรญkur รญ Vogsรณsum.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 4:
ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ (ุดุฎุตูุฉ ุชูุฑุงุชูุฉ)
ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ (ู
ูุชูุจุฉ ุฃูุถูุง ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ ุงูุนุจุฑูุฉ: ะฐััะฐะปะฐะนัะตะทะฐะฑะฐะฝ ะทะฐ "ุฃูุณู
ุฅููู"ุ ุงูุนุจุฑูุฉ ุงูููุงุณูุฉ: Eliลกรฉvaสฟ / Eliลกรกvaสฟุ ุงูุนุจุฑูุฉ ุงูุทุจุฑูุฉ: สพฤlรฎลกรฉแธaสฟ โโ/ ฤพฤlรฎลกฤแธaสฟุ ุงููููุงููุฉ: แผะปฮนฯฮฌฮฒ ฮตฯ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ / ุฅููุณุงููุช) ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุฉ ููุญูุง ุงูู
ุนู
ุฏุงู ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฒูุฑูุงุ ูุฎุงูุฉ ู
ุฑูู
ุฃู
ูุณูุนุ ูู ุฅูุฌูู ูููุง ููู ุงูุชุฑุงุซ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ู. ููุฏ ุชุฌุงูุฒุช ุณู ุงูุฅูุฌุงุจ ุงูุทุจูุนู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุญู
ูุช ูุฃูุฌุจุช ุฌูู.
ุฑูุงูุฉ ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ
ูุจุญุณุจ ุฅูุฌูู ูููุง ุงูุฅุตุญุงุญ ุงูุฃููุ ูุฅู ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุงูุช "ู
ู ุจูุงุช ูุฑูู". ูุงูุช ูู ูุฒูุฌูุง ุฒูุฑูุง/ุฒูุฑูุง "ุตุงูุญูู ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูููุ ุณุงูููู ูู ุฌู
ูุน ูุตุงูุง ุงูุฑุจ ูุฃุญูุงู
ู ุจูุง ููู
" (1: 5-7)ุ ูููู ููุณ ูุฏููู
ุง ุฃุทูุงู. ูุจููู
ุง ูุงู ูู ูููู ุงูุฑุจ (ูก: ูจ-ูกูข)ุ ุฒุงุฑ ุฒูุฑูุง ุงูู
ูุงู ุฌุจุฑุงุฆูู:
ููุงู ูู ุงูู
ูุงู: ยซูุง ุชุฎู ูุง ุฒูุฑูุง. ุณุชูุฏ ูู ุฒูุฌุชู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ุงุจููุงุ ูุณุชุณู
ูู ููุญูุง. ููููู ูู ุณุฑูุฑูุง ูุจูุฌุฉุ ููุซูุฑูู ุณููุฑุญูู ุจููุงุฏุชูุ ูุฃูู ูููู ุนุธูู
ูุง ูู ุนููู ุงูุฑุจ. ููุง ูุฌูุฒ ูู ุฃุจุฏูุง ุฃู ูุชูุงูู ุฎู
ุฑูุง ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุดุฑูุจ ู
ูุฎู
ุฑ ุขุฎุฑุ ูุณูู ูู
ุชูุฆ ู
ู ุงูุฑูุญ ุงููุฏุณ ุญุชู ูุจู ููุงุฏุชู.
ูุดู ุฒูุฑูุง ูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุฐูู ูุฃูู ูู ูุฒูุฌุชู ูุจูุฑุงู ูู ุงูุณู. ุนุฑูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุนู ููุณู ุจุฃูู ุฌุจุฑุงุฆูู ูุฃุฎุจุฑ ุฒูุฑูุง ุฃูู ุณูููู "ุฃุฎุฑุณ ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ูุชููู
" ุญุชู ุชุชู
ุงูููู
ุงุชุ ูุฃูู ูู
ูููุตุฏู. ููู
ุง ูู
ูุช ุฃูุงู
ุฎุฏู
ุชู ุฑุฌุน ุฅูู ุจูุชู (ูููุง 1: 16-23).
ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุญู
ูุช ุฒูุฌุชู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุจููุช ูู ุนุฒูุฉ ูู
ุฏุฉ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ. ููุงูุช: "ููุฏ ูุนู ุงูุฑุจ ูุฐุง ู
ุนู". "ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฃูุงู
ุตูุน ูุนู
ุฉ ูุฃุฒุงู ุฎุฒูู ูู ุงูุดุนุจ."
ูุจุญุณุจ ุงูุฑูุงูุฉุ ุฃูุฑุณู ุงูู
ูุงู ุฌุจุฑุงุฆูู ุฅูู ุงููุงุตุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุฌููู ุฅูู ูุฑูุจุชูุง ู
ุฑูู
ุงูุนุฐุฑุงุก ุงูู
ุฎุทูุจุฉ ูุฑุฌู ููุฏุนู ููุณูุ ูุฃุฎุจุฑูุง ุฃููุง ุณุชุญุจู ุจุงูุฑูุญ ุงููุฏุณ ูุชูุฏ ุงุจูุงู ููุฏุนู ูุณูุน. . ุฃูุจูุบุช ู
ุฑูู
ุฃูุถูุง ุฃู "ูุณูุจุชูุง ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช" ูุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ุดูุฑูุง ุงูุณุงุฏุณ ู
ู ุงูุญู
ูุ ูุณุงูุฑุช ู
ุฑูู
ุฅูู "ู
ุฏููุฉ ูู ุฌุจู ูููุฐุง" ูุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุฅููุตุงุจุงุช (ูููุง 1: 26-40).
ููู
ุง ุณู
ุนุช ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ุณูุงู
ู
ุฑูู
ุ ุงุฑุชูุถ ุงูุฌููู ูู ุจุทููุงุ ูุงู
ุชูุฃุช ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ู
ู ุงูุฑูุญ ุงููุฏุณ. ูุตุฑุฎุช ุจุตูุช ุนุงูู: "ู
ุจุงุฑูุฉ ุฃูุช ูู ุงููุณุงุกุ ูู
ุจุงุฑูุฉ ุซู
ุฑุฉ ุจุทูู. ูููู ูู
ุงุฐุง ุงูุนู
ุนูู ุญุชู ุชุฃุชู ุฃู
ุฑุจู ุฅููุ ุญุงูู
ุง ุจูุบ ุตูุช ุณูุงู
ู". ุฃุฐููุ ุงุฑุชูุถ ุงูุฌููู ุจุงุจุชูุงุฌ ูู ุจุทููุ ุทูุจู ููุชู ุขู
ูุช ุฃู ุงูุฑุจ ุณูุชู
ู
ููุง ู
ูุงุนูุฏูยป.
ูุนูู ู
ุงุซูู ููุฑู ูุงุฆูุงู: "ูุงูุช ู
ุฑูู
ุชุนุฑู ุฃู ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุงูุช ุญุจููุ ููู ูุง ูุจุฏู ุฃู ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุฏ ุฃูุฎุจุฑุช ุจุฃู ุดูุก ุนู ุฃู ูุฑูุจุชูุง ู
ุฑูู
ู
ุตู
ู
ุฉ ูุชููู ุฃู
ุงูู
ุณูุญุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅู ุงูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุจุฏู ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ูุฏููุง ุนู ุฐูู ูุง ุจุฏ ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ." ูุฃุชู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงููุญูุ ุงูุฐู ุณูููู ุจู
ุซุงุจุฉ ุชุดุฌูุน ูุจูุฑ ูู
ุฑูู
". ูุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุณู
ุนุช ู
ุฑูู
ุจุฑูุฉ ุฃููุตุงุจุงุชุ ูุทูุช ุจุงูููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ุนุฑููุฉ ุงูุขู ุจุงุณู
ุงูุชุนุธูู
(ูููุง 1: 46-55).
ูุจููุช ู
ุฑูู
ู
ุน ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ุญูุงูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ุซู
ุนุงุฏุช ุฅูู ุงูุจูุช. ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุญุงู ููุช ููุงุฏุฉ ุฅููุตุงุจุงุชุ ุฃูุฌุจุช ููุฏุงู. ูุณู
ุน ุฌูุฑุงููุง ูุฃูุงุฑุจูุง ุฃู ุงูุฑุจ ุตูุน ููุง ุฑุญู
ุฉ ุนุธูู
ุฉุ ูุดุงุฑูููุง ูุฑุญูุง. ููู ุงูููู
ุงูุซุงู
ู ุฌุงุคูุง ููุฎุชููุง ุงูุตุจูุ ููุงููุง ู
ุฒู
ุนูู ุฃู ูุณู
ูู ุนูู ุงุณู
ุฃุจูู ุฒูุฑูุงุ ูุฃุฌุงุจุช ุฃู
ู ููุงูุช: ุ "ูุง! ูุฐุง ูุณู
ู ููุญูุง.ููุงููุง ููุง: ููุณ ุฃุญุฏ ูู ุนุดูุฑุชู ูุญู
ู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุณู
.ูุฃุดุงุฑูุง ุฅูู ุฃุจูู ููุนุฑููุง ู
ุงุฐุง ูุฑูุฏ ุฃู ูุณู
ู ุงูุตุจู. ูุทูุจ ููุญูุง ูููุชุงุจุฉุ ููุชุจุ ูุฏูุดุฉ ุงูุฌู
ูุน: ยซุงุณู
ู ููุญูุงยป. ููู ุงูุญุงู ุงููุชุญ ูู
ู ูุงูุทูู ูุณุงููุ ูุชููู
ูุณุจุญ ุงููู.
ููุฐุง ูู ุขุฎุฑ ุฐูุฑ ูุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ ุงูุชู ูู
ูุฑุฏ ุฐูุฑูุง ูู ุฃู ูุตู ุขุฎุฑ ู
ู ุงููุตููู ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ. ูุณุชู
ุฑ ุงููุตู ุจูุจูุฉ ุฒูุฑูุง (ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ุจุงุณู
ุจูุฏููุชูุณ)ุ ูููุชูู ุจู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุฃู ููุญูุง "ูู
ุง ูุชููู ุจุงูุฑูุญุ ููุงู ูู ุงูุจุฑูุฉ" ุญุชู ุจุฏุฃุช ุฎุฏู
ุชู ูุฅุณุฑุงุฆููุ ูุฐูู ู
ู ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ุนุฑูู ูู
ุนุงุดุช ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุฒูุฌูุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู (ูููุง 1: 65-80).
ู
ูุฐ ุงูุนุตูุฑ ุงููุณุทูุ ุดููุช ุชุญูุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ "ู
ุจุงุฑูุฉ ุฃูุช ูู ุงููุณุงุกุ ูู
ุจุงุฑูุฉ ุซู
ุฑุฉ ุจุทูู"ุ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุซุงูู ู
ู ุตูุงุฉ ุงูุณูุงู
ุนููู ูุง ู
ุฑูู
. ูุธูุฑ "ูุจุฑ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ" ุงูุชูููุฏู ูู ุฏูุฑ ุงููุฑูุณูุณูุงู ูู ุงููุฏูุณ ููุญูุง ูู ุงูุจุฑูุฉ ุจุงููุฑุจ ู
ู ุงููุฏุณ.
ุงุจููุฑููุง
ุชู
ุฐูุฑ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูู ุนุฏุฉ ูุชุจ ู
ู ุงูุฃุจููุฑููุงุ ุฃุจุฑุฒูุง ูู ุจุฑูุชูุงูุฌููููู ุฌูู
ุณุ ุญูุซ ุชู
ุชุฃุฑูุฎ ููุงุฏุฉ ุงุจููุงุ ูู
ูุชู ุฒูุฌูุง ูุงุญููุงุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ูุฑูุจูุง ููุฑูุจ ููุญูุง ุงูู
ุนุฌุฒู ุฎูุงู ู
ุฐุจุญุฉ ุงูุฃุจุฑูุงุก.
ุงููุฏุงุณุฉ
ูุชู
ุชุจุฌูู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ููุฏูุณุฉ ูู ุงููููุณุฉ ุงูุฑูู
ุงููุฉ ุงููุงุซูููููุฉ ูู 5 ูููู
ุจุฑุ ููู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงูุฃุฑุซูุฐูุณูุฉ ูุงูุฃูุฌูููุงููุฉ ูู 5 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑุ ูู ููุณ ุงูููู
ู
ุน ุฒูุฌูุง ุฒูุฑูุง/ุฒูุฑูุง. ูุชู
ุฅุญูุงุก ุฐูุฑุงูุง ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุง ุฃู
ูุง ูู ุชูููู
ุงููุฏูุณูู (5 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ) ูู ู
ุฌู
ุน ุงููููุณุฉ ุงูููุซุฑูุฉ โ ู
ูุณูุฑู ููุชู
ุฅุญูุงุก ุฐูุฑู ุฒูุฑูุง ููุจู. ูู
ุง ูุชู
ุฅุญูุงุก ุฐูุฑุงูุง ูู 30 ู
ุงุฑุณ ูู ุงููููุณุฉ ุงูุฃุฑุซูุฐูุณูุฉ ุงูุดุฑููุฉ (ุงูุฒูุงุฑุฉ).
ุฏูู ุงูุงุณูุงู
ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ (ุนุฑุจู: ุนุดุงุก ุจูุช ูููุถ)ุ ุฒูุฌุฉ ุฒูุฑูุง ุฃู
ูุญููุ ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ู
ูุฑู
ุฉ ูู ุงูุฅุณูุงู
. ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃู ุฒูุฑูุง ููุณู ูุซูุฑูุง ู
ุง ููุฐูุฑ ุจุงูุงุณู
ูู ุงููุฑุขูุ ุฅูุง ุฃูู ุชู
ุช ุงูุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุฅูู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุนุฏู
ุฐูุฑูุง ุจุงูุงุณู
. ููุฌููุง ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุง ุฅูุณุงูุฉ ุญููู
ุฉ ูุชููุฉ ูู
ุคู
ูุฉุ ุฑูุนูุง ุงููู ู
ุซู ูุฑูุจุชูุง ู
ุฑูู
ุฅูู ู
ูุงูุฉ ุนุงููุฉ. ุนุงุดุช ูู ุจูุช ุนู
ุฑุงูุ ูููุงู ุฅููุง ู
ู ูุณู ุงููุจู ูุงููุงูู ูุงุฑูู. ููุงู ุฒูุฑูุง ูุฒูุฌุชู ู
ุชุฏูููู ูุซุงุจุชูู ูู ูุงุฌุจุงุชูู
. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุงูุง ููุงูู
ุง ูุจูุฑูู ูู ุงูุณู ููู
ููู ููู
ุง ุงุจู. ููุฐูู ูุงู ุฒูุฑูุง ูุฏุนู ุงููู ู
ุฑุงุฑุงู ูุชูุฑุงุฑุงู ุฃู ูุฑุฒูู ููุฏุงู. ููู
ููู ูุฐุง ููุท ู
ู ุจุงุจ ุงูุฑุบุจุฉ ูู ุฅูุฌุงุจ ุงุจูุ ุจู ุฃูุถูุง ูุฃู ูุณูุน ุงูุนุธูู
ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุดุฎุตูุง ูุณุชู
ุฑ ูู ุฎุฏู
ุฉ ูููู ุงูุตูุงุฉ ููุณุชู
ุฑ ูู ุงููุฑุงุฒุฉ ุจุฑุณุงูุฉ ุงูุฑุจ ูุจู ู
ูุชู.
ุดูู ุงููู ุนูู
ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุฑุฒู ุฒูุฑูุง ููุฏุง ุงุณู
ู ูุญูู (ููุญูุง ุงูู
ุนู
ุฏุงู) ุงูุฐู ุตุงุฑ ูุจูุง. ูููุฐุง ุญูู ุงููู ุฑุบุจุงุช ุงูุฒูุฌูู ุจุณุจุจ ุฅูู
ุงููู
ุง ูุซูุชูู
ุง ูู
ุญุจุชูู
ุง ููู. ูุชุญุฏุซ ุงููู ูู ุงููุฑุขู ุนู ุฒูุฑูุง ูุฒูุฌุชู ูููุญูุงุ ููุตู ุงูุซูุงุซุฉ ุจุฃููู
ุจุดุฑ.ุนุจูุฏ ุงูุฑุจ ุงูุตุงูุญูู:
ูุงุณุชู
ุนูุง ูู: ูููุจูุง ูู ูุญูู: ูุดูููุง ูู ุงู
ุฑุฃุชู. ููุคูุงุก (ุงูุซูุงุซุฉ) ูุงููุง ุณุฑูุนูู ูู ุงูุงูุชุฏุงุก ุจุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุตุงูุญุฉุ ูุงููุง ูุฏุนูููุง ุจุงูุญุจ ูุงูุฎุดูุนุ ููุชูุงุถุนูู ููุง.
ูู ุงูุฑูุงูุงุช ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูุณููุฉ ููุทุจุฑู ูุงูู
ุณุนูุฏูุ ููุงู ุฅู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุงูุช ุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ุฑุงูุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุฃุฎุช ู
ุฑูู
. ูุฐููุ ููุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุงุจูููู
ุง ูุณูุน (ุนูุณู) ูููุญูุง (ูุญูู) ูุงูุง ุฃุจูุงุก ุนู
ูู
ุฉ. ููู ุฑูุงูุงุช ุฃุฎุฑูุ ููุงู ุฅู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูู ุงุจูุฉ ูุงููุฏุ ูุฃุฎุช ูุงูุง ุฒูุฌุฉ ุนู
ุฑุงู. ููู ุงูุญุฏูุซ ุงูุดูุนู ุงุณู
ูุง ุญูุงูุฉุ ูุชูุนุฑู ุนูู ุฃููุง ุฃุฎุช ูุงูุง ูุงูุฏุฉ ู
ุฑูู
. ุณุฌู ุฃุจู ุจุตูุฑ ุฃู ุงูุฅู
ุงู
ุฌุนูุฑ ุงูุตุงุฏูุ ุญููุฏ ุงููุจู ู
ุญู
ุฏุ ูุงู: "ุญูุฉ ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ุนู
ุฑุงูุ ูุญูุงุฉ ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ุฒูุฑูุง ูุงูุชุง ุฃุฎูุงุช. ููู
ุถู ูู ุงูููู ุฃู ู
ุฑูู
"ููุฏ ู
ู ุญูุฉุ ูููุญูุง ููุฏ ู
ู ุญูุงูุฉุ ูููุฏุช ู
ุฑูู
ุนูุณูุ ููู ุงุจู ุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ุฉ ููุญูุงุ ูุฎุงูุฉ ุฃู
ู ูุนู
ุชู".
ุงูู
ูุฏุงุฆูุฉ
ูู ุงูู
ูุฏุงุฆูุฉุ ุฅููุดุจุงู (ุงูู
ุงูุฏุงุฆูุฉ ุงูููุงุณูููุฉ: เกเกเกเกเกเกเกุ ุจุงูุญุฑูู ุงููุงุชูููุฉ: สฟniลกbai) ูู ุงูุงุณู
ุงูู
ูุฏุงุฆู ูุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ ูุงูุฏุฉ ููุญูุง ุงูู
ุนู
ุฏุงู. ุชู
ุฐูุฑ ุฅููุดุจุงู ูู ุงููุตูู 18 ู21 ู32 ู
ู ูุชุงุจ ููุญูุง ุงูู
ูุฏุงุฆู.
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ุฅูุฌูู ูููุง
ุงูุฒูุงุฑุฉ (ุงูุนูุฏ ุงููุงุซููููู)
ุนูู ูุงุฑู
ุ ุงูู
ูุทู ุงูุชูููุฏู ูุฃููุตุงุจุงุช ูุฒูุฑูุง ูููุญูุง
ุดุฎุตูุงุช ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ ูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ
ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซุ ุฃุฑุดูู ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุงูุดููุนุฉ
ู
ูุงุญุธุงุช ูู
ุฑุงุฌุน
ุชุชุถู
ู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุงูุฉ ูุตูุง ู
ู ู
ูุดูุฑ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงูุขู ูู ุงูู
ูููุฉ ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "ุงูุณูุงู
ุนููู ูุง ู
ุฑูู
". ุงูู
ูุณูุนุฉ ุงููุงุซูููููุฉ. ูููููุฑู: ุดุฑูุฉ ุฑูุจุฑุช ุฃุจููุชูู.
ุฑูุงุจุท ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ
ุชุตููุฑ ุงูุฒุฌุงุฌ ุงูู
ููู ูุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุฒุงูุงุฑูุ ูุงุชุฏุฑุงุฆูุฉ ุณุงูุช ุฅุชูุงู ุฏู ุจูุฑุฌูู
ุงูู
ูุทุน 5:
ุณูุจู (ุฃุฎุช ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุขู)
ุณูุจูุ ุงูู
ุนุฑููุฉ ุฃูุถูุง ุจุงุณู
ุณููููุ ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุฉ ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุฃุฎุช ุงููุฏูุณุฉ ุขู. ูุณุฌู ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ ููุท ุฃู ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุงูุช ู
ู ูุณู ูุงุฑูู ูุงุจูุฉ ุนู
(ุฃู ูุฑูุจุฉ) ู
ุฑูู
. ุธูุฑ ุงุณู
ุณูุจู ูุฃูู ู
ุฑุฉ ูู ูุชุงุจุงุช ุญูุงูู ุงููุฑู ุงูุณุงุจุน ูุชุจูุง ููุจูููุชูุณ ุงูุทูุจูุ ูุฃูุฏุฑู ุงููุฑูุชูุ ูุฅุจููุงูููุณ ู
ููุงุดูุณุ ููุงุญููุง ูู ููุณููุฑูุณ ูุงููุณุชูุณ ูุฃูุฏุฑูููููุณ. ุฌู
ูุนูู
ูุฑููู ููุณ ุงูู
ูุทุน ุจุดูู ุฃุณุงุณูุ ุงููุงุฑุฏ ูู ุงูู
ูุทุนูู ุงูุฃุฎูุฑูู ุนูู ุงููุญู ุงูุชุงูู:
ูุงู ููุงู ุซูุงุซ ุฃุฎูุงุช ู
ู ุจูุช ูุญู
ุ ุจูุงุช ู
ุชุงู ุงููุงูู ูู
ุฑูู
ุงู
ุฑุฃุชูุ ูู ู
ูู ููููุจุงุชุฑุง ูุณูุณูุจุงุชุฑูุณุ ูุจู ู
ูู ููุฑูุฏุณ ุจู ุฃูุชูุจุงุชุฑ.: ุงููุจุฑู ูุงูุช ู
ุฑูู
ุ ูุงูุซุงููุฉ ุณูุจูุ ูุงูุงุณู
ุงูุฃุตุบุฑ ูุงู ุขู. ููุงู ุฃูุจุฑูู
ู
ุชุฒูุฌูุง ูู ุจูุช ูุญู
ุ ูุฃูุฌุจ ุงุจูุฉ ุณุงููู
ู ุงููุงุจูุฉุ ูุชุฒูุฌุช ุณูุจู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุฃูุถูุง ูู ุจูุช ูุญู
ุ ููุงูุช ุฃู
ุฃููุตุงุจุงุช. ูุงูุซุงูุซ ุชุฒูุฌ ูู ุงูุฌููู ูุฃูุฌุจ ู
ุฑูู
ุฃู
ุงูู
ุณูุญ.
ุชุฏุนู ุตูููุฉ ุงููุฑู ุงูุชุงุณุน ุนุดุฑ ุขู ูุงุซุฑูู ุฅู
ูุฑูุด ุฃูู ููููุง ูุฑุคุงูุง (ุงูุชู ุชุนุทู ุณูุณูุฉ ูุณุจ ู
ูุตูุฉ ูู
ุฑูู
)ุ ูุงูุช ุณูุจู ุฃุฎุช ุขูุ ููู ูุงูุฏุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุงูุช ุฅูู
ุฑููุชูุง ูุณูุจู ูุฎุงูุฉ ุขู.
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ูุงุฆู
ุฉ ุฃุณู
ุงุก ู
ุฌูููู ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ
ุงูู
ูุทุน 6:
ูููุณุชุงูุณ ุขู ููุฑุดู
ูุงูุช ูููุณุชุงูุณ ุขู ููุฑุดู (1855 - 1939)ุ ูุงูุชู ุนูุฑูุช ููู
ุง ุจุนุฏ ุจุงุณู
ุงูููุฏู ููุจููุ ุนุงูู
ุฉ ูุนุงูู
ุฉ ุฑูุงุถูุงุช.
ุดุบู ููุฑุดู ู
ูุตุจ ู
ุญุงุถุฑ ู
ููู
ูู ุงูุนููู
ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ูุงูุฑูุงุถูุงุช ูู ูููุฉ ุฌูุฑุชููุ ูุงู
ุจุฑูุฏุฌ. ูุงูุช ุงุจูุฉ ุงูุณูุฑ ุฌูู ูุฑูุฏุฑูู ููููุงู
ููุฑุดูุ ูุญููุฏ ููููุงู
ููุฑุดู. ูุชุจุช ุชุงุฑูุฎูุง ุนุงุฆูููุง ููุณูุงูุฉ ุงูุนูู
ูุฉ ุงูุดููุฑุฉ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุชุฌู
ูุน ุงูู
ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงูุนุงุฆููุฉุ "The Herschel Chronicle". ุชุฒูุฌุช ู
ู ุงูุณูุฑ ููููู ููุจูู.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 7:
ุฃูุจููุง ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุง
ุงููููุชูุณุฉ ุฃูุจููุง ุฏู ุจูุงุณุฑููุฑุงู (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 1941) ูู ุตุญููุฉ ูู
ูุชุฌุฉ ุฃููุงู
ุณุงุจูุฉ ุฃุตุจุญุช ูุงุนูุฉ ุฎูุฑ ุนุงูู
ูุฉ ูุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ุฃุนู
ุงู ุงุฌุชู
ุงุนูุฉ ุชุนู
ู ู
ุน ุถุญุงูุง ุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุนุงุช ุงููููุฑุฉ ูู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุงูุนุงูู
. ููู ู
ุคุณุณุฉ FXB Internationalุ ููู ู
ูุธู
ุฉ ุบูุฑ ุญููู
ูุฉ ุชุฃุณุณุช ุชุฎููุฏูุง ูุฐูุฑู ุงุจููุง ูุฑุงูุณูุง ูุฒุงูููู ุจุงุบููุฏ. ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑุงู ูู ุญููุฏ ู
ูู ุชูู ุงูุจูููููุ ุณูู
ูู ุจุงุชูููู. ููู ุงุจูุฉ ุนู
ุซุงููุฉ ูุฃู
ูุฑ ู
ููุงูู ุฑููููู ูุงูุนุฑุงุจุฉ ูุดุงุฑููุช ูุงุณูุฑุงุบูุ ุงุจูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ูุงุฑูููู ู
ููุงูู.
ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูู
ุจูุฑุฉ ูุงูุชุนููู
ูู ุงุจูุฉ ุงููููุช ุบู ุฏู ุฌุงูููุช ุฏู ุจููุงุฑููุฑุงู (1903-1980) ูููุฒ ู
ููุง ุจุงุชูููู ุฑูุฏุฑูุบูุฒ (1909-1958) (ูุฑุฏ ุงุณู
ูุง ุฃูุถูุง ุจุงุณู
ููุฒู
ููุง). ููุฏุช ุฌุฏุชูุง ูุฃุจูุง ุงููููุชูุณุฉ ุฌูุฒููู ู
ุงุฑู ูููุฒ ุฏู ุจูููุฌูุงูุ ุฃุฎุช ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุจููุฑุ ุฏูู ูุงููุชูููุงุ ุฌุฏ ุฃู
ุฑููููู ุงูุซุงูุซุ ุฃู
ูุฑ ู
ููุงูู. ูุงู ุฌุฏูุง ูุฃู
ูุง ุณูู
ูู ุจุงุชููููุ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุบูู ุงูุฑุฌุงู ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ููุช ููุงุฏุชูุง. ูุงู ูุงูุฏูุง ุฌุฒุกูุง ู
ู ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ุงููุฑูุณูุฉ ุงูุญุฑุฉ ูุบุงุฏุฑุช ุนุงุฆูุชูุง ุงูุจูุงุฏ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุงูุช ุทููุฉ ุฑุถูุนุฉ. ูุดุฃ ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑุงู ูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ูููููุฑู ูุนุงุด ูู ููุฏู ุจูุงุฒุง. ุงูุชููุช ุนุงุฆูุชูุง ูุงุญููุง ุฅูู ุงูุฃุฑุฌูุชููุ ูุนุงุดุช ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ุจู
ูุฑุฏูุง ูู ุณููุณุฑุง ูุงูู
ุบุฑุจ ูุฅูุฌูุชุฑุง ุซู
ุนุงุฏุช ุฅูู ูุฑูุณุง. ุงูุชุญูุช ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ุจุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุงูุณูุฑุจูู ูู ุจุงุฑูุณุญูุซ ุฏุฑุณุช ุนูู
ุงูููุณ ูุงูููุณูุฉ.
ุญูุงุฉ ู
ูููุฉ
ุจุฏุฃุช ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑุงู ุญูุงุชูุง ุงูู
ูููุฉ ูุตุญููุฉ. ุนู
ูุช ูุตุญููุฉ ู
ุณุชููุฉ ูู ุตุญููุฉ ูู ููููู ุฃูุจุณูุฑูุงุชูุฑุ ุญูุซ ูุงูุช ุชุบุทู ูุตุตูุง ุฏูููุฉ ู
ุซู ููุงุฉ ุชุดู ุฌููุงุฑุง. ุดุงุฑูุช ูุงุญููุง ูู ุชุฃุณูุณ ุงูู
ุฌูุฉ ุงูุฃุฏุจูุฉ Libre ู
ุน ุฎูุงู ุฌููุชูุณููู. 22 ูููู
ุง ุนูู ู
ุฏู 17 ุนุงู
ุง. ุชุดู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุฃููุงู
ุงููููู
ุงูุฃูู ูุจุงุณูุงู ุชูู
ุงุณุ Les Zozos (1972)ุ ูL'important c'est d'aimerุ ูUne Femme a sa fenรชtreุ ูููุงูู
ุง ู
ู ุจุทููุฉ ุฑูู
ู ุดูุงูุฏุฑุ ูFort Saganne (1984)ุ ู
ู ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุขูุงู ููุฑูู ู ุจุทููุฉ ุฌูุฑุงุฑ ุฏูุจุงุฑุฏูู ููุงุชุฑูู ุฏูููู ูุตููู ู
ุงุฑุณู. ูุงู ูููู
Police Python 357 (1976) ูุงุญุฏูุง ู
ู ุงูุฃููุงู
ุงูููููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุงู
ุจุจุทููุชูุง ุฅูู ู
ููุชุงูุฏ ูุณูู
ูู ุณูููุฑูุชุ ููู
ุง ุฒูุฌุงู ู
ุดููุฑุงูุ ูู ููุณ ุงููููู
. ุจุฏุฃุช ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑุงู ุงูุนู
ู ูุฑุฆูุณุฉ ูุดุฑูุฉ SEGHุ ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุนูุงุฑุงุช ูุงูููุงุฏู ุงูุชุงุจุนุฉ ูุนุงุฆูุชูุงุ ูู ุนุงู
1980.
ุดุฑูุฉ ุงู ุงูุณ ุจู ุงูุฏูููุฉ
ุจุนุฏ ููุงุฉ ุทููุชูุง ุงููุญูุฏุฉุ ุจุงุนุช ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุงุน ุฃุตูููุง ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ุฌููุฑุงุช ุจุงุนุชูุง ุฏุงุฑ ุณูุซุจู ููู
ุฒุงุฏุงุช ูู ูููููุฑู ู
ูุงุจู 31.2 ู
ูููู ุฏููุงุฑุ ูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ูููุฉ ุจููู
ุฉ 20 ู
ูููู ุฏููุงุฑุ ูุฌุฒุก ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ุฃุนู
ุงู ุนุงุฆูุชูุง ุงูุนูุงุฑูุฉ. ุญุตู ุนูู 50 ู
ูููู ุฏููุงุฑ. ูุงู ู
ุฒุงุฏ ุณูุซุจู ุฃูุจุฑ ุนู
ููุฉ ุจูุน ููู
ุฌููุฑุงุช ู
ูุฐ ู
ุฒุงุฏ ุฏููุฉ ููุฏุณูุฑ. ูุดู
ู ุงูุจูุน ุงูุฐูุจ ูุงููุดู
ูุบูุฑูุง ู
ู ุงููุทุน ุงูุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุงูุชู ุฌู
ุนุชูุง ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ ุงููุฑูุณูุฉ ุงููุจููุฉ. ุฎุตุต ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑู ุฌุฒุกูุง ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑุจุงุญ ูู
ุคุณุณุฉ FXB ูุฅูุดุงุก ุจุฑุงู
ุฌุ ุจู
ุง ูู ุฐูู ุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ ุงูุฑุนุงูุฉ ุงูุชูุทูููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ูุฒู ููู
ุฑุถู ุงูู
ูุคูุณ ู
ู ุดูุงุฆูู
ูู ุณููุณุฑุง ููุฑูุณุงุ ูู
ุฑูุฒ ุงูุชุญูู
ุจุทุงุฆุฑุงุช ุงููููููุจุชุฑ ุงูุฅููุงุฐ ูู ุฌุจุงู ุงูุฃูุจ ุงูุณููุณุฑูุฉุ ูุงูุฃุณุชุงุฐูุฉ ูู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ู
ูุดูุบุงู ( ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุงุจููุง ุงูุฃู
). ุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุจุงูู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ูุชุฃุณูุณ ุดุฑูุฉ FXB International ุชุฎููุฏูุง ูุฐูุฑู ุงุจููุง ูุฑุงูุณูุง ูุฒุงูููู ุจุงุบููุฏุ ุทูุงุฑ ุงูุจุญุซ ูุงูุฅููุงุฐ ุงูุฐู ุชููู ุฃุซูุงุก ุนู
ูู ูุทูุงุฑ ููู ูู ู
ุงูู ุฎูุงู ุฑุงูู ุจุงุฑูุณ-ุฏุงูุงุฑ ุนุงู
1986. ุชุฃุณุณุช ุดุฑูุฉ FXB International ุจูุฏู ู
ูุงูุญุฉ ุงูููุฑ ูุงูุฅูุฏุฒุ ูุฏุนู
ุงูุฃูุชุงู
ูุงูุฃุทูุงู ุงูุถุนูุงุก ุงูุฐูู ุชุฑููุง ูู ุฃุนูุงุจ ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ ุงูุฅูุฏุฒ. ุชูุฏู
FXB International ุฏุนู
ูุง ุดุงู
ูุงู ููุนุงุฆูุงุช ูุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุนุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุนุชูู ุจูุคูุงุก ุงูุฃุทูุงูุ ูุชุฏุงูุน ุนู ุญููููู
ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ. ุณุงุนุฏุช ุงูู
ูุธู
ุฉ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 17 ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต ู
ู ุงูุจุฑุงู
ุฌ ูู ู
ูุฑุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 100 ุฏููุฉุ ููุนู
ู ุจูุง ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 450 ู
ูุธููุง. ููุณุนุช ุดุฑูุฉ Du Boisrouvray ุนู
ููุง ู
ู ุฏุนู
ุงูุฃุทูุงู ุงูู
ุชุฃุซุฑูู ุจุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูุชุดู
ู ุฃูุถูุง ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฃุณุฑ ุงูุชู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุงูุฏุนู
ููุฎุฑูุฌ ู
ู ุงูููุฑ ุงูู
ุฏูุน ูุชุญููู ุงูุงูุชูุงุก ุงูุฐุงุชู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ู
ููุฌูุฉ FXBVillage. ูู ุนุงู
1991ุ ูุงู
ุช ุจุชุทููุฑ ู
ููุฌูุฉ FXBVillageุ ููู ููุฌ ู
ุฌุชู
ุนู ู
ุณุชุฏุงู
ููุชุบูุจ ุนูู ุฃุฒู
ุฉ ุฃูุชุงู
ุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูุงูููุฑ ุงูู
ุฏูุน. ุชุฏุนู
ูู ูุฑูุฉ FXBVillage ู
ุง ุจูู 80 ุฅูู 100 ุนุงุฆูุฉุ ุชุถู
ุญูุงูู 500 ูุฑุฏุ ู
ุนุธู
ูู
ู
ู ุงูุฃุทูุงู. ุนูู ู
ุฏู ุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุชุ ุชููุฑ FXB ููู
ุฌุชู
ุนุงุช ุงูู
ูุงุฑุฏ ูุงูุชุฏุฑูุจ ุงููุงุฒู
ูุชุตุจุญ ู
ุณุชููุฉ ุฌุณุฏููุง ูู
ุงูููุง ูุงุฌุชู
ุงุนููุง. ููููุง ูู FXBุ ูุงู
ุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ FXBVillage ุจุชุฎุฑูุฌ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 69,500 ู
ุดุงุฑู ู
ู ุซู
ุงููุฉ ุฏูู ููุถู
ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 12,500 ู
ุดุงุฑู ุญุงูููุง. ูู ุนุงู
1993ุ ุฃุณุณ ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ู
ุฑูุฒ FXB ููุตุญุฉ ูุญููู ุงูุฅูุณุงู ูู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุงุฑุฏุ ููู ุฃูู ู
ุฑูุฒ ุฃูุงุฏูู
ู ูุฑูุฒ ุญุตุฑููุง ุนูู ุงูุตุญุฉ ูุญููู ุงูุฅูุณุงู. ุญููู ุงูุงูุณุงู.
ุงูุฌูุงุฆุฒ ูุงูุชูุฏูุฑ
ุญุตูุช ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑุงู ุนูู ููุจ ูุงุฑุณ ุงููููู ูุงูุขุฏุงุจ ูู ุนุงู
1985. ููู ุนุงู
1993ุ ู
ูุญุชูุง ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ู
ูุดูุบุงู "ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุงู ูู ุงูุขุฏุงุจ ุงูุฅูุณุงููุฉ"ุ ูุญุตูุช ุนูู "ุฒู
ุงูุฉ ุฌูู ูุงุฑูุงุฑุฏ" ู
ู ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุงุฑุฏ ูู ุนุงู
1996.
ุญุตูุช ุนูู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุชูุฏูุฑ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุนู "ุงูุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ูุฃุฒู
ุฉ ุงูุฃูุชุงู
ุจุณุจุจ ููุฑูุณ ููุต ุงูู
ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ/ุงูุฅูุฏุฒ" ูู ุงูู
ุคุชู
ุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ุญูู ุงูุงุณุชุฑุงุชูุฌูุงุช ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉ ููููุงูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุชูุงู ููุฑูุณ ููุต ุงูู
ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุงุช ุฅูู ุงูุฑุถุน ูู ู
ููุชุฑูุงูุ ูู ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1999. ููู ุนุงู
2001ุ ูุฏู
ููุง ุทูุงุจ ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ูุงุฑูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ "ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ู
ุดุฑูุน ูุงุฑูุงุฑุฏ ููุตุญุฉ ูุงูุชูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ". ุฃูุณุจุชูุง ุฌููุฏูุง ุงูุฎูุฑูุฉ ูุงูุฅูุณุงููุฉ ูุณุงู
ุฌููุฉ ุงูุดุฑู ูู ุนุงู
2001 ูุนู
ููุง ุงูุฑุงุฆุฏ ูู ู
ุดุงุฑูุน ุงูุฑุนุงูุฉ ุงูุชูุทูููุฉ ุงูู
ูุฒููุฉ. ููู ุนุงู
2001 ุฃูุถูุงุ ูุจุณุจุจ ุงูู
ุดุงุฑูุน ุงูู
ุจุชูุฑุฉ ูุงููุนุงูุฉ ู
ู ุญูุซ ุงูุชูููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุงู
ุช ุจุตูุงุบุชูุง ูุชูุฌูููุง ุฏุงุฎู FXBุ ุชู
ุงุฎุชูุงุฑูุง ูุนุถู ูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุฑูุงุฏ ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุนููู ูู ู
ุคุณุณุฉ ุดูุงุจ. ูู
ููู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุฑูุงุฏ ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุนููู ุงูุจุงูุบ ุนุฏุฏูู
54 ูู ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ ูู ู
ูุชุฏู ุฏุงููุณ ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏู ุงูุนุงูู
ู ูุชูุฏูู
ุฎุจุฑุงุชูู
ูู
ุดุงุฑูุชูุง ู
ุน ูุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุนุงูู
ููู ูู ุงููุทุงุนูู ุงูู
ุฏูู ูุงูุนุงู
. ููุฏ ุญุตูุช ุนูู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุงูุดู
ุงู ูุงูุฌููุจ ูุนุงู
2002 ู
ู ูุจู ู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุนุงูู
. ุฃูุฑูุจุง. ูู ูููู
ุจุฑ 2003ุ ุญุตูุช ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ุนูู "ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุงูุฅูุฌุงุฒ ู
ุฏู ุงูุญูุงุฉ" ูู ุงูู
ุคุชู
ุฑ ุงูุฏููู ุงูุฑุงุจุน ูู
ูุงูุญุฉ ุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูู ุงูููุฏุ ุชูุฏูุฑูุง ููู
ุดุงุฑูุน ุงูุชู ุจุฏุฃุชูุง ูู 35 ููุงูุฉ ูุฅูููู
ูุง ูู ุงูููุฏ. ููู ุนุงู
2007ุ ุชู
ุฅูุดุงุก ุงูุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงููุทูู ุงููุฑูุณู ููุฃูุฏูุฉ ุงูู
ุชูุงุฑุจุฉููุฏ ู
ูุญุชูุง ุงูุฌู
ุนูุฉ ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ูุฃูุดุทุชูุง ูุตุงูุญ ุงูุฃูุชุงู
ูุงูุฃุทูุงู ุงูุถุนูุงุก ุงูู
ุตุงุจูู ุจุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูู ุงูุนุงูู
.
ูู ุนุงู
2004ุ ุญุตูุช ุฃูุจููุง ุนูู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ู
ุคุณุณุฉ ููู
ูู ููู
ุซููุฌ ุงูุชุงููุงูุฏูุฉ ููุดุฎุตูุฉ ุงูู
ุชู
ูุฒุฉ ูุนุงู
2004. ููุฏ ู
ููุญุช ุงูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุชูุฏูุฑูุง ูุฅุณูุงู
ุงุชูุง ูู ุชุงููุงูุฏ ูุจูุฑู
ุง ูู ู
ุฌุงูุงุช ุญู
ุงูุฉ ุญููู ุงูุฃุทูุงู ูุงููุณุงุก ูุงูุชุนููู
ูุงูุชุฏุฑูุจ ุงูู
ููู ูุฏุนู
ููุฑูุณ ููุต ุงูู
ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ. / ุงูุฃุทูุงู ุงูู
ุชุฃุซุฑูู ุจุงูุฅูุฏุฒ ูุฃุณุฑูู
. ูู ุฃุจุฑูู 2009ุ ูุฏู
ุงูุฑุฆูุณ ุงููุฑูุณู ูููููุง ุณุงุฑููุฒู ูุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุงู ุดุงุฑุฉ ุถุงุจุท ูุณุงู
ุงูุงุณุชุญูุงู ุงููุทูู. ููุฑูู
ุงูุฑุฆูุณ ุฃูุจููุง ูุนู
ููุง ูุงุฆูุงู: "ุฅู ู
ูุธู
ุชูู
ุบูุฑ ุงูุญููู
ูุฉ ูู ูู
ูุฐุฌ ูู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุงูุนุงูู
. ุฃูุชู
ุงู
ุฑุฃุฉ ู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ. ูุชุถุงู
ููู
ู
ุซุงูู ูููุฐุง ุงูุณุจุจ ุณุชู
ูุฒูู
ุงูุฌู
ููุฑูุฉ". ููู ุฃูู ู
ูุชุฌุฉ ุฃููุงู
ุชุญุตู ุนูู ูุณุงู
ุงูุงุณุชุญูุงู ุงููุทูู. ูู ููููู 2009ุ ุญุตู ุฏู ุจูุงุฒุฑููุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ููุฌูุฉ ุชุญููู
ุจูู ุจู ุฅู ุจู ุจุงุฑูุจุง.
ูู ุนุงู
2013ุ ู
ูุญ ู
ุนูุฏ ูุงูููุฌุง ููุนููู
ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุนูุฉ (KISS) ุฏู ุจูุงุณุฑููุฑุงู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ KISS ุงูุฅูุณุงููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชููุฑูู
ุงูุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุฐูู ุงูู
ุณุงูู
ุฉ ุงูุนุงููุฉ ุจุดูู ุงุณุชุซูุงุฆู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ูุงูุฐูู ู
ูุฒูุง ุฃููุณูู
ูุนุงู
ููู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุงู ุงูุฅูุณุงูู.
ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ
ุชุฒูุฌุช ุฏู ุจููุณุฑููุฑู ู
ุฑุชููุ ุงูุฃููู ู
ู ุงูุทูุงุฑ ุงูุณููุณุฑู ุจุฑููู ุจุงููู ูุงูุซุงููุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ูุชุฌ ุงูุณููู
ุงุฆู ุงููุฑูุณู ุฌูุฑุฌ ูุงุณุงุชูุ ุงูุฐู ุทููุชู ุนุงู
1982. ุงูุชูุช ุจุจุงููุฏ ุฃุซูุงุก ุฅูุงู
ุชูุง ูู ูุงููู. ุชุฒูุฌุง ูู
ุฏุฉ ุฃุฑุจุน ุณููุงุช ูุฃูุฌุจุง ุงุจููุง ูุงุญุฏูุงุ ูุฑุงูุณูุง ูุฒุงูููู ุจุงุบููุ ุงูู
ูููุฏ ุนุงู
1961. ุชุนูุด ูู ุงูุจุฑุชุบุงูุ ุจุงููุฑุจ ู
ู ูุดุจููุฉุ ุฌุฒุกูุง ู
ู ุงูุนุงู
ููุฏููุง ู
ูุงุฒู ูู ุจุงุฑูุณ ููููููุฑู ูุณููุณุฑุง.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 8:
ุฏูุงูุง ููุณุชูู
ุฏูุงูุง ููุณุชูู (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 13 ูููู
ุจุฑ 1953) ูู ู
ู
ุซูุฉ ููุฏูุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ุธูุฑุช ุนูู ุงูุชููุฒููู ุงูุจุฑูุทุงูู ู
ูุฐ ุนุงู
1975. ููู ุญููุฏุฉ ุชุดุงุฑูุฒ ุจุงุณูู ุจุฑุงูุณ.
ุณูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ
ุญูุงุฉ ู
ูููุฉ
ูุงู ุฏูุฑ ููุณุชูู ุงูุฃูู ูู ุญููุฉ ุนุงู
1975 ู
ู ู
ุณูุณู ุชุดูููุ ูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูู ุฑุงููุฒุ ูุณููููุ ูุงูู
ุญุชุฑูููุ ูุงูุนุฐุงุจุ ููุชุฑููุบุ ูุจุงุฑููู ูุง ุฃุจุงูุงุ ูุณุฑุนุงู ู
ุง ุชุจุนู. ุธูุฑุช ุฃูุถูุง ูู ุงูููุฏูู ูุฃุบููุฉ Ultravox ุงููุงุฌุญุฉ ุนุงู
1984 Dancing with Tears in My Eyes. ู
ูุฐ ุฃูุงุฎุฑ ุงูุซู
ุงููููุงุชุ ุธูุฑุช ูู The New Statesmanุ Boonุ A Bit of a Doุ About Faceุ Nightingalesุ Jonathan Creekุ Casualtyุ Emmerdaleุ My Familyุ New Tricks ูุฏูุฑ ุฑุฆูุณู ูู ุงูู
ุณุฑุญูุฉ ุงููุฒููุฉ ูุนุงู
2000 Pay and Display. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุฅู ุฏูุฑ ูุงุฑูููู ูู ุงูู
ุณุฑุญูุฉ ุงููุฒููุฉ The Upper Hand ูู ุงูุฐู ุงุดุชูุฑุช ุจูุ ุญูุซ ูุนุจุช ุฏูุฑ ุงูุจุทููุฉ ุฅูู ุฌุงูุจ ุฌู ู
ุงูุบุงู ูููููุฑ ุจูุงูู
ุงูุ ุญูุซ ุชู
ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุงูุนุฑุถ ูููุงุฉ ITV ู
ู ุนุงู
1990 ุฅูู ุนุงู
1996.
ูููู
ูุบุฑุงููุง
ูููู
ุงูุชููุงุฒ
ุดุฎุตุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูููุงุฆูุฉ
ูุงูุช ูุฏู ุฏูุงูุง ููุณุชูู ุนูุงูุฉ ุทูููุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ู
ุซู ุฑูุจุฑุช ูููุฏุณุงูุ ูุฃูุฌุจุง ุงุจูุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉุ ุณูุฏูู (ู
ูุงููุฏ 1988)ุ ูุงูุชู ุธูุฑุช ุฃูุถูุง ุนูู ุดุงุดุฉ ุงูุชููุฒููู. ุงููุตูุช ูู ููููุฏุณู ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุจุฏุฃ ุนูุงูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ู
ุซูุฉ/ุงูู
ูุฏู
ุฉ ุฑูุฒู
ุงุฑู ููุฑุฏุ ุฑุบู
ุฃููุง ุงุณุชู
ุฑุช ูู ุงูุนู
ู ู
ุนู ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุญูุงู.
ุงูู
ูุทุน 9:
ู
ูุฑููู ูููุงูุฏ
ูุฑูุณุชููุฑ ู
ูุฑููู ููููุงู ูููุงูุฏ (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ ุฏูุณู
ุจุฑ 1945) ูู ูุงุชุจ ุณูุฑุฉ ูู
ุญุฑุฑ ุจุฑูุทุงูู. ููู ุงูุญููุฏ ุงููุญูุฏ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏุ ุงูุฐู ุจุญุซ ููุชุจ ุนู ุญูุงุชู ุนูู ูุทุงู ูุงุณุน.
ุณูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ
ููุฏ ูุฑูุณุชููุฑ ู
ูุฑููู ููููุงู ูููุงูุฏ ูู ููุฏู ูู ุฏูุณู
ุจุฑ 1945ุ ููู ุงุจู ุงูู
ุคูู ููููุงู ูููุงูุฏ ูุฒูุฌุชู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุซููู
ุง ุจูุณุงูุช. ููู ุงูุญููุฏ ุงููุญูุฏ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ ููููุณุชุงูุณ ูููุฏ. ููุงูุช ูุงูุฏุชู ุซููู
ุง ุฎุจูุฑุฉ ุชุฌู
ูู ุฃุณุชุฑุงููุฉ ุฃุตุจุญุช ู
ุณุชุดุงุฑุฉ ุงูุชุฌู
ูู ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ ููู
ููุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ูู
ุฏุฉ 10 ุณููุงุช ุชูุฑูุจูุง ู
ูุฐ ู
ูุชุตู ุงูุฃุฑุจุนูููุงุช. ูุงู
ุช ุฌุฏุชู ูุฃุจููุ ูููุณุชุงูุณุ ุจุชุบููุฑ ููุจูุง ูููุจ ุฃุทูุงููุง ุฅูู ูููุงูุฏ (ุงุณู
ุนุงุฆูุฉ ูุฏูู
) ูู ุนุงู
1895ุ ุจุนุฏ ุฅุฏุงูุฉ ูุงููุฏ ุจุงุฑุชูุงุจ ุฃูุนุงู ู
ุซููุฉ ูุณุฌููุ ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฎุตูุตูุฉ ููุฃููุงุฏ ูุงูุงุจุชุนุงุฏ ุนู ุงููุถูุญุฉ.
ุนู
ู
ูุงู
ุช ููููุฏุง ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูุจุญุซ ุญูุงุฉ ูุงููุฏ ูุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุซูุงุซูู ุนุงู
ูุง. ููู ุงูู
ุญุฑุฑ ุงูู
ุดุงุฑู ู
ุน ุฑูุจุฑุช ูุงุฑุช ุฏูููุณ ููุชุงุจ ุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ุงููุงู
ูุฉ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ. ููู ู
ุญุฑุฑ ู
ุฌูุฉ ุงูุทุงููุณ ุงูุฃูุฑููุฏู ูุงูู
ุฑููุฒ ุงููุฑู
ุฒูุ ููู ุฃูู ูุณุฎุฉ ุบูุฑ ุฎุงุถุนุฉ ููุฑูุงุจุฉ ู
ู ู
ุญุงูู
ุงุช ุฌุฏู ุนุงู
1895. (ูุญู
ู ุงููุชุงุจ ุนููุงู "ุงูู
ุญุงูู
ุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ" ููุชู
ุฅุตุฏุงุฑู ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ). ุงูุชูุฏุช ููููุฏุง ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงูุฐุงุชูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชุจูุง ุฑูุชุดุงุฑุฏ ุฅููู
ุงู ุนุงู
1987ุ "ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ"ุ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุง ุบูุฑ ุฏูููุฉุ ููุง ุณูู
ุง ุงุฏุนุงุฆู ุจุฃู ูุงููุฏ ูุงู ู
ุตุงุจูุง ุจู
ุฑุถ ุงูุฒูุฑู ููููู ุฅูู ูููุณุชุงูุณ. ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุงูุญุงุฑุณุ ุงูุชุดูุช ููููุฏุง "ุฃุฏูุฉ ุทุจูุฉ ุถู
ู ุฑุณุงุฆู ุนุงุฆููุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉุ ูุงูุชู ู
ููุช ุงูุทุจูุจ ู
ู ุชุญุฏูุฏ ุงูุณุจุจ ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ูููุงุฉ ูููุณุชุงูุณ. ูุชูุดู ุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ุนู ุงูุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุงูู
ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุญุงูููุง ุจุงูุชุตูุจ ุงูู
ุชุนุฏุฏ ูููู ูุจุฏู ุฃู ุทุจูุจููุง ูุฏ ุชู
ุชุดุฎูุตูู
ุง ุจุดูู ุฎุงุทุฆ. ุฃููุงูุ "ุทุจูุจ ุฃุนุตุงุจ" ุฃูู
ุงูู ูู
ูุฐูุฑ ุงุณู
ูุ ูุฌุฃ ุฅูู ุนูุงุฌุงุช ู
ุดููู ูููุงุ ุจููู
ุง ุฃุฌุฑุช ุงูุฃุฎุฑูุ ูููุฌู ู
ุงุฑูุง ุจูุณูุ ุนู
ููุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญูุฉ ูุงุดูุฉ ุฃูุฏุช ุจุญูุงุชูุง ุจุนุฏ ุฃูุงู
. . ูุฑูุฒ ุงููุชุงุจ ุนูู ููููุฉ ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงููุถูุญุฉ ุงูุชู ุณุจุจุชูุง ู
ุญุงูู
ุงุช ูุงููุฏ ุนูู ุนุงุฆูุชูุ ูุฃุจุฑุฒูุง ุฒูุฌุชู ูููุณุชุงูุณ ูุทููููู
ุง ุณูุฑูู ูููููุงู.
ูู ุนุงู
2006ุ ููุดุฑ ูุชุงุจู ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ: ุญูุงุฉ ูู ุงูุญุฑูู ูู
ุฌูุฏูุชู
ุฅุตุฏุงุฑ "ุงููููุฉ ู
ุน ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ"ุ ููู ู
ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ู
ุชุฎููุฉ ู
ุน ูุงููุฏุ ูู ุฎุฑูู ุนุงู
2007. ูู
ุง ูุชุจุช ูููุงูุฏ ุฃูุถูุง "ุตูุฑุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ" (2008)ุ ูุงูุชู ุชูุดู ุนู ูุงููุฏ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู
ุฎุทูุทุงุช ูุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ู
ู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ููุณูุง ู
ูุฑูุฑุง ุณุงููุณุ ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ููุฏู ู
ูุฑุบุงู. ุงูู
ูุชุจุฉ ูุงูู
ุชุญู ูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ูููููุฑู. ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุฐููุ ุนู
ูุช ูููุงูุฏ ุฃูุถูุง ููุงุชุจุฉ ูุจูุฐ ููุชุจุช ุฃุญูุงููุง ู
ูุงูุงุช ูู Country Life ูThe Oldie. ูู ููููู 2013ุ ุฃููุช ููููุฏุง ุงูููู
ุฉ ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉ ูู ูุฏูุฉ ุญูู ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ ูุฏู
ูุง ุณุงูุชุง ุฃูุจุฑุง ูู. ุงุณุชุนุฑุถ ุงูุฎุทุงุจ ุงูู
ูุงูู ุงูุดุนุจูุฉ ูุงูููุฏูุฉ ุชุฌุงู ูุงููุฏ ูุนู
ูู ู
ูุฐ ููุงูุฉ ุญูุงุชู ูุญุชู ููู
ูุง ูุฐุง. ุฃููู
ุช ุงููุฏูุฉ ุจุงูุชุฒุงู
ู ู
ุน ุงูุนุฑุถ ุงูุนุงูู
ู ุงูุฃูู ูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุงูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ุงูุชู ุชูุฏู
ูุง ุดุฑูุฉ ุงูุฃูุจุฑุงุ ู
ู ุชุฃููู ุชููุฏูุฑ ู
ูุฑูุณูู ู
ุน ูุต ู
ู ุชุฃููู ุฌูู ูููุณ ูุงูู
ูุญู. ู
ุณุฑุญูุฉ ููููุฏูุฉ ู
ุญุงูู
ุงุช ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏุ ุงูุชู ุดุงุฑู ูู ุชุฃููููุง ุฌูู ุฃูููููุฑ ูุฃุนูุฏ ุชุฃููููุง. ุณู ู
ุญุงูู
ุงุช ุงูููุฑุฏ ููููุฒุจุฑู ุนุงู
1895 ุจุชูู
ุฉ ุงูุชุดููุฑ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ ุจุชูู
ุฉ ุงููุญุด ุงููุงุฏุญุ ููุงู
ุจุฌููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ูู ุนุงู
2014 ูู ุฅูุชุงุฌ ูุดุฑูุฉ ุงููููู ุงูุฃูุฑูุจูุฉ.
ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ
ูุนูุด ููููุฏุง ูู ุจูุฑุฌููุฏู ุจูุฑูุณุง ู
ุน ุฒูุฌุชู ุงูุซุงููุฉ. ุฏุฑุณ ุงุจูู ููุณูุงู ูููุงูุฏ (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 1979 ูุฒูุฌุฉ ู
ูุฑููู ุงูุฃููู ุณุงุฑุฉ) ุงูููุงุณูููุงุช ูู ูููุฉ ู
ุฌุฏููู. ููุฏ ุงุญุชู ุงูุบุฑู ุงูุชู ูุงู ูุดุบููุง ุฌุฏู ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ูุงููุฏ. ููู ู
ุจุฑู
ุฌ ูู
ุจููุชุฑ ูุนูุด ูู ููุฏู. ููุฑ ู
ูุฑููู ูููุงูุฏ ููุชุฑุฉ ูุฌูุฒุฉ ูู ููุฑุฉ ุชุบููุฑ ุงุณู
ู ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ุฅูู ูุงููุฏ. ููุงู ูุตุญููุฉ ูููููุฑู ุชุงูู
ุฒ ูู ุนุงู
1998: "ููู ุฅุฐุง ูุนูุช ุฐููุ ููู ูููู ุฐูู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุญุณุจุ ุจู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ูุงูุฏู ูุฃู
ู ุฃูุถูุงุ ูุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุฃุณุฑุฉ. ููุฏ ูุงูุช ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุบูุฑ ุนุงุฏูุฉ ูุจู ูุฏูู
ูุ ูุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ูู
ุช ุจูุถุน ุงุณู
ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ุนูู ุงูุฎุฑูุทุฉ ููุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงูุตุญูุญุฉุ ููุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุฐูู."
ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูู
ูุดูุฑุฉ
1998 โ ุฃูุจูู
ูุงููุฏ
2003 - ุงูุทุงููุณ ุงูุฃูุฑููุฏู ูุงูู
ุงุฑููุฒ ุงููุฑู
ุฒู: ุงูู
ุญุงูู
ุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ
2004 โ ุงูู
ุญุงูู
ุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ ูุฃูุณูุงุฑ ูุงููุฏ
ุงูู
ูุทุน 10:
ุงูุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ู
ููุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุง ุงูุนุธู
ู
ุงูุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูุงุฑูููู ู
ููุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุง ุงูุนุธู
ู (10 ููุงูุฑ 1741 - 4 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1759) ูุงูุช ุฅุญุฏู ุฃุจูุงุก ูุฑูุฏุฑูู ุฃู
ูุฑ ูููุฒ ูุงูุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุฃูุบุณุชุง ุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุณุงูุณ-ุบูุชุง. ูุงูุช ุญููุฏุฉ ุงูู
ูู ุฌูุฑุฌ ุงูุซุงูู ูุฃุฎุช ุงูู
ูู ุฌูุฑุฌ ุงูุซุงูุซ.
ุญูุงุฉ
ููุฏุช ุงูุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ ูู ููุฑูููู ูุงูุณุ ุณุงุญุฉ ุณุงูุช ุฌูู
ุณุ ูุณุชู
ูุณุชุฑ. ูุงู ูุงูุฏูุง ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ูุฑูุฏุฑููุ ุฃู
ูุฑ ูููุฒุ ุงูุงุจู ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ููู
ูู ุฌูุฑุฌ ุงูุซุงูู ููุงุฑูููู ุฃูุณุจุงุฎ. ูุงูุช ูุงูุฏุชูุง ุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ูููุฒ (nรฉe ุฃูุบูุณุชุง ุณุงูุณ-ุบูุชุง). ุชู
ุชุนู
ูุฏูุง ุจุนุฏ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ูุนุดุฑูู ููู
ูุงุซุงูุซูุง ูู ู
ูุฒู ููุฑููููุ ุจููู
ุฃุณูู ุฃูุณููุฑุฏุ ุชูู
ุงุณ ุณููุฑ - ูุงู ุนุฑุงุจููุง ูู
ู
ุฑุบุฑูู ุจุฑุงูุฏูุจูุฑุบ-ุฃูุณุจุงุฎ (ุงุจู ุนู
ูุง ุงูุฃูู ุงูุฐู ุชู
ุนุฒูู ุฐุงุช ู
ุฑุฉ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูุฒูุงุฌุ ูุงูุฐู ูุงู ุงูููุฑุฏ ุจุงูุชูู
ูุฑ (ุฑุฌู ุบุฑูุฉ ุงูููู
ููุงูุฏูุง) ูููููุง ุนูู) ุ ู
ููุฉ ุงูุฏูู
ุงุฑู (ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุขูุ ุงููููููุชุฉ ุฅูุฑููู ููููุฉ ุนููุง) ูุฏููุฉ ุณุงูุณ-ุฌูุชุง (ุฎุงูุชูุง ุจุงูุฒูุงุฌุ ูุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ุฌูู ูุงู
ููุชูู ููููุฉ ุนููุง). ูุง ููุนุฑู ุณูู ุงููููู ุนู ุญูุงุชูุง ุงููุตูุฑุฉ ุจุฎูุงู ุฌุฒุก ู
ุญููุธ ูู ุฑุณุงุฆู ูุงูุจูู.
ููุฏ ููุฏูุง ุฃู
ูุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูุ ุงูุณูุฏุฉ ุฅููุฒุงุจูุซ. ุชูููุช ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุชูุงุจ ูู ุฃู
ุนุงุฆูุง ูู ููู
ูู. ูุงู ุดูููุง ู
ุคุณููุง ููุบุงูุฉุ ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃูู ูุงู ู
ู ุงูุตุนุจ ุนูููุง ุฃู ุชููู ุณุนูุฏุฉุ ููู ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆูุง ูุชุทุจูููุง ูุงู ุงุณุชุซูุงุฆููุง. ุฑุฃูุชูุง ุชู
ุซู ูู ูููู
"ูุงุชู" ููู ูู ุงูุซุงู
ูุฉ ู
ู ุนู
ุฑูุง (ุนูุฏู
ุง ูู
ุชูู ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงููููู ุจู
ูุฑุฏูุงุ ููููุง ุงุถุทุฑุช ุฅูู ุงูุงุชูุงุก ุนูู ุงูู
ุดูุฏ ุงูุฌุงูุจู)ุ ุฃูุถู ู
ู ุฃู ู
ู ุฅุฎูุชูุง ูุฃุฎูุงุชูุง. ููุฏ ูุงูุช ู
ุฑูุถุฉ ููุบุงูุฉุ ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃููุง ูู ุชูู ุงูุณู ูู
ุชูู ุชุชุนูู
ุงููุฑุงุกุฉุ ูููููุง ุชุนูู
ุช ุฏูุฑ ููุณูุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุณู
ุงุน ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ูุฏุฑุณูู ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆูู
. ุฐูุจุช ุฅูู ูุงูุฏูุง ูุฃู
ูุง ูุชูุณูุช ุฅูููุง ุฃู ุชุชุตุฑู. ููุฏ ุฃุจุนุฏููุง ุจูุทู ูุฏุฑ ุงุณุชุทุงุนุชูู
โ ููุฏ ุฃุฑุงุฏุช ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฅุฐู ูุชูุฑุงุฑ ุฏูุฑูุงุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูุนูุช ุฐููุ ูุงู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ู
ูุทูููุง ููุบุงูุฉุ ููู
ููู ููุงู ู
ู ูููุฑูุง.
ุชูููุช ูู 4 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1759 ูู ูุตุฑ ููู ุจููุฏู ูุฏูููุช ูู ูููุณุฉ ูุณุชู
ูุณุชุฑ.
ุฃุณูุงู
ุฃูุธุฑ ุฃูุถุง
ูุงุฆู
ุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑุงุช ุงูุจุฑูุทุงููุงุช
|
Where does the director of film Man At Bath work at?
| "Passage 1:\nJason Moore (director)\nJason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of (...TRUNCATED) |
[
"Cahiers du cinรฉma"
] | 4,274 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
2c952e3e1ca394df975103b3135b3c38e0ee16e25d860258
|
ุฃูู ูุนู
ู ู
ุฎุฑุฌ ูููู
Man At Bathุ
|
[
"ุฏูุงุชุฑ ุงูุณููู
ุง"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุฌูุณูู ู
ูุฑ (ู
ุฎุฑุฌ)\nุฌูุณูู ู
ูุฑ (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 22 ุฃูุชูุจุฑ(...TRUNCATED) |
"Do both Beauty And The Bad Man and Wild Child (Film) films have the directors from the same country(...TRUNCATED) | "Passage 1:\nBetty Hall\nBeatrice Perin Barker Hall (March 18, 1921 โ April 26, 2018) was an Ameri(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"no"
] | 8,125 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
aec83da1f2faf6ec8badfd53d632f525c9ef2090d99d1c6c
| "ูู ูุถู
ูููู
ู Beauty And The Bad Man ู Wild Child (ูููู
) ู
ุฎุฑุฌูู ู
ู ููุณ ุง(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"ูุง"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุจูุชู ููู\nุจูุงุชุฑูุณ ุจูุฑูู ุจุงุฑูุฑ ููู (18 ู
ุงุฑุณ 1921 - 2(...TRUNCATED) |
What is the date of birth of William Paulet, 3Rd Marquess Of Winchester's father?
| "Passage 1:\nHenry, Lord Paulet\nLord Henry Paulet (1602โ1672) was an English courtier who sat bri(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"1510"
] | 4,621 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
4b28d517ce1c1e3cfec9282ca7b212c1cb87c254781d7c86
| "ู
ุง ูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ู
ููุงุฏ ููููุงู
ุจูููุช ุ ูุงูุฏ ู
ุฑููุฒ ูููุดุณุชุฑ ุงู(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"1510"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nููุฑูุ ุงูููุฑุฏ ุจูููุช\nุงูููุฑุฏ ููุฑู ุจูููุช (1602โ1672)(...TRUNCATED) |
Who is Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes's paternal grandfather?
| "Passage 1:\nEdward Watson, Viscount Sondes\nEdward Watson, Viscount Sondes (3 July 1686 โ 20 Marc(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"Edward Watson"
] | 4,625 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
81cd47ec621f2228d8bb4ec351ffd6b23d23107e5b287ffb
|
ู
ู ูู ุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ูุงุชุณููุ ุฌุฏ ุงููููููุช ุณููุฏุณ ูุฃุจุ
|
[
"ุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ูุงุชุณูู"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ูุงุชุณููุ ุงููููููุช ุณููุฏุณ\nุฅุฏูุงุฑุฏ ูุงุชุณูู(...TRUNCATED) |
What is the date of death of Humphrey De Bohun, 7Th Earl Of Hereford's father?
| "Passage 1:\nHenry de Bohun\nSir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, of Anglo-(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"16 September 1360"
] | 5,001 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
048e82b64b5651b74d452db7151c2110a718128dfd12a774
| "ู
ุง ูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ููุงุฉ ูู
ูุฑู ุฏู ุจูููู ุ ูุงูุฏ ุฅูุฑู ููุฑูููุฑุฏ ุงู(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"16 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ 1360"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nููุฑู ุฏู ุจูููู\nุงูุณูุฑ ููุฑู ุฏู ุจูููู (ุชููู ูู 23 ู(...TRUNCATED) |
Who is Helmichis's father-in-law?
| "Passage 1:\nBill Dundee\nWilliam Cruickshanks (born 24 October 1943) is a retired Scottish-born Aus(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"Cunimund"
] | 7,639 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
c8fd8db4d295aef41a9434299a8eeffb9af5e2bbcde4f13a
|
ู
ู ูู ูุงูุฏ ุฒูุฌุฉ ูููู
ูุชุดูุณุ
|
[
"ููููู
ููุฏ"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุจูู ุฏูุฏู\nููููุงู
ูุฑููุดุงููุณ (ู
ู ู
ูุงููุฏ 24 ุฃูุชูุจ(...TRUNCATED) |
Where did Helena Carroll's father study?
| "Passage 1:\nDonnie Elbert\nDonnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 โ January 26, 1989) was an American soul s(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"St Patrick's College"
] | 3,964 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
4db5bcd1d49fce674507d9128850eb71b808b7dc4246e882
|
ุฃูู ุฏุฑุณ ูุงูุฏ ูููููุง ูุงุฑููุ
|
[
"ูููุฉ ุณุงูุช ุจุงุชุฑูู"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุฏููู ุฅูุจุฑุช\nุฏููู ุฅูุจุฑุช (25 ู
ุงูู 1936 - 26 ููุงูุฑ 1989) (...TRUNCATED) |
Where does the director of film Wine Of Morning work at?
| "Passage 1:\nDana Blankstein\nDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director o(...TRUNCATED) |
[
"Bob Jones University"
] | 5,162 |
2wikimqa
|
en
| null |
be97290f663a83ba27007dd262ca2a6072c9156f775a24ad
|
ุฃูู ูุนู
ู ู
ุฎุฑุฌ ูููู
Wine Of Morningุ
|
[
"ุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุจูุจ ุฌููุฒ"
] | "ุงูู
ูุทุน 1:\nุฏุงูุง ุจูุงููุณุชูู\nุฏุงูุง ุจูุงููุดุชุงูู ููููู (ู
ู ู
ูุง(...TRUNCATED) |
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