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With AlphaGo, DeepMind demonstrated the power of machine-learning to beat humans. And it is not only in games where we come up short
Put simply, AI refers to technologies that try to replicate core human functions. Peet van Biljon, formerly of McKinsey and now one of the leading innovation specialists engaging with the topic, sums it up neatly: “It’s about computers doing things ever smarter than we used to expect of machines, and ever closer to what we thought only humans could do.” The resemblance to human intelligence is no coincidence, he says, as “recent advances all involve some sort of neural network, which is modelled on how we think the human brain works.”
At the heart of the excitement over AI is the concept of machine learning: computers working things out for themselves without being explicitly programmed to do so. Instead, they progress by processing and analysing huge amounts of data, identifying patterns and improving their performance as they do so.
The classic example is the AlphaGo system, developed by Google-owned DeepMind, which in 2017 beat the reigning (human) world champion of the game Go. Impressive in itself, this became more so when a second machine, AlphaGo Zero, which had merely been programmed with the game’s rules, trained itself to play without any human prompting at all, and within six weeks had learned... | <urn:uuid:50d9afc0-0542-44bd-b958-89790c9bcb6f> | {
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Exbourne Primary School Vision and Values
Our Vision Statement
To achieve each day a step towards excellence in learning and teaching which will enable all pupils to realise their full potential in an inspiring, friendly, healthy, safe and secure environment.
- Democracy – We can influence School and society through the democratic process.
- Self Responsibility – We take responsibility for our actions.
- Openness and Honesty – We are honest about what we do and the way we do it. Nobody is perfect; we will not hide it when we are not.
- Social Responsibility – We encourage people to take responsibility for their own community and work together to improve it.
- Caring for others – We care for all members of our learning community and actively support those who; experience difficulties; or who are upset.
- The Rule of Law – We know the difference between right and wrong: We respect civil and criminal law
- Individual Liberty and Mutual Respect – We respect other people in school and in the wider society. We oppose prejudice and discrimination.
- Tolerance of Others who have Different Faiths and Beliefs – We promote tolerance and harmony between people of different cultures, traditions and faith.
- All children feel safe, secure, happy and valued.
- All children show respect for themselves, others and their world.
- All children are confident, resilient and independent.
- All children are curious about the world they live in and have a love of learning!
- All children are proactive members of their community and the wider world. | <urn:uuid:ceb8d949-fd7d-4d6a-95c6-f4b3e1eee536> | {
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We all have heard about the GMO controversy. It has been suggested that 80% of our food in this country is derived from genetically altered food sources. The most common GMOs are soy, cotton, canola, corn, sugar beets, Hawaiian papaya, alfalfa, and squash (zucchini and yellow).
When I think about GMOs my thoughts automatically go to the basic fruits, and vegetables. What I didn’t know is how some companies are using them to create the ingredients used in packaged food. Checkout the list of some of these Common Ingredients Derived from GMO Risk Crops as listed by The Non-GMO Project:
Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Ethanol, Flavorings (“natural” and “artificial”), High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products.
The biggest, and yet unsolved issue is how these GMO foods are affecting us when we consume them. Don’t forget, it’s not just not our fruits, veggies that can affect us, but what about the meat products we consume? Most of our meat supply is being fed with GMO containing feeds.
We just don’t know all the ramifications of ingesting genetically altered foods. Some suggest that GMOs can be toxic, less nutritious, and cause allergy based illness such as asthma, auto-immume disorders, digestive problems, etc. The fact is that there has not been enough research before the onslaught to the American consumer. But there is plenty of information out there to show us that we should take care in what we feed our family and our animals. You can read for yourself the extensive report GMO Truths and Myths from Earth Open Source.
And for those of you still not convinced that we are actually exposed to so much genetically altered foods, here is a bit of information that may help change your mind. Monsanto is trying to corner the market with their variety of GMO for Sweet Corn, which swept the county by storm hitting the grocery stores, farmers markets and farmstands in 2012. It is being being sold not only as fresh corn, but you can find it as frozen and canned products. According to the Non-GMO project, GMO sweet corn is genetically engineered to be herbicide resistant (Roundup Ready) and to produce its own insecticide (Bt Toxin). Like all GMOs, genetically modified sweet corn has not been thoroughly tested to ensure that it is safe for consumption.
Want to know what brands and products are verified Non-GMO products? Check this out at the Non-GMO Project… it’s one of the things they provide for us! And then make sure you buy Heirloom, Organic, Non-GMO seeds for your garden and create your own harvest for your table! | <urn:uuid:f67f4337-e662-4f6f-9a78-07a6b7ff5224> | {
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Our homework diaries have been rebranded as Learning Journals. It is hoped that this will support our approach to achieving continuous profiling and reporting of pupil progress.
One of the most powerful ways of helping pupils to reflect on how they are learning is by having them compile a learning journal.
This encourages pupils to keep a record of their thoughts and feelings about what they have achieved and what they have learned. It can also help them to set short term targets for themselves which describe what they need to do to improve and how they can improve.
Each week the journal will be looked at by the class teacher to gather valuable information for progress reports. The class teacher will give a verbal or written response to what each pupil has drawn or written. Parents are welcome to respond also.
Pupils will use their learning journal on average no more than once or twice a week at most but not necessarily at the same times each week.
A typical use of the journal is towards the end of the school day when the teacher puts two questions up on the board which relate to what pupils have learned that day. The emphasis is
very much on what they have learned rather than what they have done.
Journals can be used to track the progress of individuals in the class.
The depth of a pupil’s reflection and their ability to articulate their understanding give an indication of the depth of their knowledge and understanding of a concept. This information can then be used to plan effective next steps. The phrasing of the pupil’s reflection can give an indication of the learner’s mind-set e.g. mastery of performance.
Journals can be used to probe, prompt and challenge pupils to reflect more deeply on their learning.
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JSP (Jackson Structured Programming) was the first software development method that Michael Jackson developed. It is a program design method, and was described in his book Principles of Program Design. JSP covers the design of individual programs, but not systems.
JSD (Jackson System Development) was the second software development method that Michael Jackson developed. JSD is a system development method not just for individual programs, but for entire systems. JSD is most readily applicable to information systems, but it can easily be extended to the development of (for example) real-time embedded systems. JSD was described in his book System Development.
Problem Analysis or the Problem Frames Approach was the third software development method that Michael Jackson developed. It concerns itself with aspects of developing all kinds of software, not just information systems. It was first sketched described in his book Software Requirements and Specifications, and much more fully in the book Problem Frames.
Each of these methods covers a wider scope than the previous one, and builds on ideas that appeared, but were not fully developed, in the previous one. So there was a real evolution... one set of ideas evolved into another. | <urn:uuid:ef451817-830c-49be-8837-4c0e0476147b> | {
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Stretching around 360,000 square miles across Botswana,
Namibia and South Africa, the Kalahari Desert is not a desert in the
strictest sense of the word.
It receives too much rainfall - between 5 and 10 inches
Only its vast expanses of sand, through which
precipitation filters rapidly, leaving nothing on the surface, have made the
Kalahari into the "thirstland" that early European settlers
The desert is part of the 970,000-square-mile Kalahari Basin, which includes the Okavango
River Delta and other wetter areas.
The basin encompasses virtually all of Botswana and more than half of Namibia.
The Kalahari sand dunes, some of which stretch west to the Namib Desert, compose the largest
continuous expanse of sand on earth. That is because although the Sahara Desert is larger overall, sand dunes make
up only about 15% of its area.
These dunes are covered with a relative abundance of vegetation, including grass tussocks,
shrubs, and deciduous trees that have evolved to make use of the area's infrequent precipitation and wild swings in
temperature. In summer, the heat can top 45 degrees Celsius (115 degrees Fahrenheit); on winter nights, lows can
drop to -15 degrees Celsius (seven degrees Fahrenheit).
In the wetter north and east, open woodlands exist, made up mainly of a type of acacia known
as the camelthorn tree. Endemic to the Kalahari, the camelthorn is a crucial part of the desert ecosystem,
manufacturing nutrients that encourage other plants to grow around its base and providing shade for
See more about
Other trees that grow in this area include shepherd's tree, blackthorn, and silver
cluster-leaf. In the drier southwest, vegetation and wildlife are much more sparse, but Hoodia cactus - used for
thousands of years by the San people to ease hunger and thirst during long hunting trips - still maintains a
Flora and fauna
Animals that have adapted to the extremely dry conditions in the Kalahari include meerkats;
gemsbok, a large member of the antelope family; social weavers, a type of bird; and the Kalahari lion.
The Kalahari's endemic wildlife species have adapted either to survive many days without
water, or to obtain water from plants. Many reptiles also live in the Kalahari, including Cape cobras, puff adders,
and rock monitors.
Numerous other birds and mammals utilize the desert, but most are migratory, venturing into
the Kalahari only when adequate water is present. In addition to the Hoodia cactus, other edible plants - used by
both animals and humans - include creeping tsamma melons, gemsbok cucumbers, and wild cucumbers.
Kalahari Lion (Panthera
Large Lizard - found in Kalahari Botswana with SA
Kalahari Bush Robin Etosha - Found in
Melierax canorus, Kalahari
Desert, South Africa
(Sagittarius serpentarius) Kalahari, South-Africa
Southern Yellow billed
Domesticated camels -Tshabong, Botswana, Kalahari
Gemsbock, Kalahari National Park, South Africa
Oryx Gazella, Kruger National
Such resources have made life in the Kalahari possible
for the San people, a diverse collection of nomadic hunter-gatherers who have
lived in this desert for more than 20,000 years and are believed to be the
oldest continuous residents of southern Africa.
When European settlers arrived in the region, many San
were killed or enslaved during various wars; more detrimental to their way of
life, however, was the large-scale killing of wild animals the San had
previously hunted and the grazing of wild edible plants by cattle.
Today, few San survive exclusively by hunting and foraging; many have adopted sedentary
lifestyles in towns. However, about 100,000 members of this ethnic group still live along the fringes of the
Their continued presence—and the desire of many San to return to their traditional way of
life in the desert—has sparked major disputes with the Botswanan government over indigenous rights to hunt and live
within the boundaries of national parks and protected areas. One San group, the Basarwa, won the right to live
Central Kalahari Game Reserve in 2006. Disputes have continued, however, over water
rights—particularly whether the San can tap a well within the reserve that was drilled by the world's largest
diamond-mining company, De Beers, when it was prospecting in the area in the 1980s.
In addition to diamonds, deposits of nickel, copper, and coal have been discovered within
the Kalahari, though most of these remain undeveloped. Livestock grazing is considered the largest threat to the
Kalahari ecosystem, as it has resulted in changes to plant communities and increased erosion, but even this
practice remains relatively limited.
The largest protected areas within the Kalahari are the adjacent Central Kalahari and Khutse
game reserves in Botswana, and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, which joined South Africa's Kalahari Gemsbok
National Park and Botswana's Gemsbok National Park to create the continent's first Peace Park in 2000. Kgalagadi,
which means "place of thirst," covers 15,000 square miles in and around the Kalahari.
Bushmen woman portrait
Burchell San Kraal-early19 centrury
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- Write the alphabet on the board and go through the letters. Write food on the board. Choose a letter and encourage the children to name food or drinks which begin with that letter, eg A: apple; B: biscuit, bread, banana; S: spaghetti, salad, etc.
- Ask the children which kinds of food they like/don’t like.
Completing Food: A healthy diet Worksheet 1
- Draw two columns on the board: 1 Food from animals. 2 Food from plants.Say meat and/or show the children the flashcard of meat and ask Animal or plant? Does meat come from animals or plants? Meat comes from animals.Write meat in column 1. Do one or two more examples asking Do vegetables come from animals or plants? Encourage the children to make complete answers if possible, eg Vegetables come from plants.
- Children complete the table in Activity 1. Check their answers by asking questions as above.
Answers: Food from animals: meat, cheese, fish chicken, yoghurt, eggs, milk; food from plants: vegetables, spaghetti, fruit, beans, bread, rice.
Get the children to write one or two more words in each column and then to test each other, eg Child 1: Eggs? Child 2: Animals. Fruit? Child 1:Plants.
- Explain in L1 or L2 that some food is good for us and some food is not very good. Show the class one of the pictures of food and ask if this food is good for you, eg What’s this? An apple! Yes, it’s an apple. Are apples good for you?(with happy face) Or OK? (expressing doubt). When a child says Good! sayYes, apples are good for you! Continue with other types of food. Use Good orOK, eg Vegetables are good for you. Ice cream is OK. Pizza is OK. Bread is good for you. Explain in L1 or L2 that ice cream and pizza are OK if we eat them one or two days a week. If we eat them every day they are bad for us. Fruit is good for us and we should eat fruit every day.
- Write A healthy diet on the board and draw a diagram like the one in Activity 2. Write every day, 3 or 4 days and 1 or 2 days in the three sections. If you have a picture of a doctor or a nurse show it to the children and put it up on the board and explain that we are going to talk about a good, healthy diet. Say Cakes! Seven days? Three or four days? One or two days a week? and point to the doctor or to the title ‘A healthy diet’. Cakes? (pause) One or two days a week. Fruit? How many days a week? Seven. Chocolate? One or two days a week. Milk? Seven days a week/every day. Explain that every day = seven days a week. Meat or fish? Every day. Vegetables? Every day, etc. Write the foods in the appropriate sections of the diagram.
- Ask the children to write the names of the different types of food in Activity 2 in the right places in the diagram. They can then compare answers in L1 or L2.
Answers: One or two days: chocolate, cakes; three or four days: eggs, pasta or rice; Every day: fruit, vegetables, milk, meat or fish, water.
- Show the class some pictures of food. Tell the children how many days a week you eat each kind of food and ask them if it’s good for you or not, according to the diagram in Activity 2, eg I eat rice or pasta four days a week. I drink water every day. I eat cakes five days a week. I drink milk two days a week.
- Encourage the children to look at the food in Activity 2 and make sentences about their diet using I eat (pizza) (three) days a week. You can write some of their sentences on the board.
- Ask the children to write some sentences in Activity 3: they should write in the left-hand column if it’s good for them and in the right-hand column if it isn’t.
- The children make a chart showing their weekly diet in their notebooks.Draw an example on the board (seven columns for the days of the week and three rows for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner). | <urn:uuid:252c2af3-dfaa-4f22-90cb-07309fe5f264> | {
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What is coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease (a disease of the cardiac arteries) is the leading cause of morbidity and death in Israel and in the Western world. The disease appears when arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the cardiac muscle are sclerosized and narrowed due to atherosclerotic plaques adhering to their inner wall. These plaques are formed over the course of many years and their development is more rapid in people with various risk factors. Coronary heart disease is a silent, slowly developing disease and it's first manifestation may be in the form of a heart attack or even sudden death. A heart attack occurs when a blood clot occludes a formerly narrowed coronary artery, thus causing interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart muscle. This condition can also cause chest pain (a manifestation of lack of oxygen in the muscle), heart rhythm disturbances and heart failure.
Each year, about 30,000 heart attacks occur in Israel and approximately 4,200 of them are fatal.
The risk of cardiac disease increases proportionally to the existence of several risk factors.
Direct risk factors for cardiac diseases:
Indirect risk factors for cardiac diseases:
- Lack of physical activity
- High homocystein levels
- Severe mental or emotional stress
It has been proven that early diagnosis of coronary heart disease can save lives!
CT examination of the coronary arteries can identify the incidence, location and severity of coronary artery stenoses. Recently, a computerized tomography system was developed that can very rapidly (in approximately 20 seconds) scan the heart in a multitude of very thin sections, less than 1 mm each. Simultaneously with the scanning process an ECG is recorded. The huge amount of collated information is processed by the computer in order to render a sharp and distinct image of the coronary arteries. The examination is non-invasive and is associated with intravenous iodine containing a contrast medium injection, just as in conventional CT examinations.
Course of the examination
During the examination, the patient lies on the CT bed for 20 minutes while his cardiac rhythm is recorded by a monitor. By means of a needle inserted into a forearm vein (similarly to an infusion), the patient is connected to a device (“perfusor”) injecting the contrast medium at a precise and constant rate during the actual scanning procedure, which lasts approximately 20 seconds.
A few minutes after the scan is completed, the patient is free to resume normal activities. The heart CT is a routine examination with few complications, the majority of which are associated with the contrast medium.
Who is this examination designed for?
The examination is intended for people with increased risk of coronary heart disease and for those who suffer from chest pain or from typical angina pectoris symptoms. After you have applied to our CT Institute, a questionnaire will be sent to you, to be filled in and delivered to a cardiologist for a review of whether you are eligible for this examination. An appointment will be made and the examination will be performed by an expert radiologist who has undergone specialization in this field of imaging. The images will be interpreted by a radiologist, who will assess the results together with a cardiology catheterization expert. The next day you will be invited to meet with the consultant cardiologist, and the results will be presented and explained to you. You will also receive a detailed expert opinion from the cardiologist based on your results and including recommendations for further evaluation and treatment. If you suffer from: rhythm disturbances [arrhythmia], renal insufficiency, renal function impairment or severe hypersensitivity to iodine, you will not be eligible to undergo this examination.
Can this examination replace cardiac catheterization?
Only if the result is negative and depending on the consent of the cardiologist who will meet you for a discussion of the results and taking into consideration any other health problems that you may have. Should a significant finding be diagnosed in the CT examination, it is possible that the cardiologist will suggest an additional examination, such as a scintigraphy scan. The reliability of this examination is 85-90% as compared to invasive cardiac catheterization (performed under hospitalization conditions, with a catheter tube introduced into the heart).
For further details and clarifications please call: | <urn:uuid:f4ddfed6-4359-44d3-939a-55426a0ed191> | {
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Vision Rehabilitation is Part of AMD Care
AbstractAMD does not just affect the retina. It severely affects people’s lives. Paying attention to this aspect will only become more important as the population ages and more otherwise healthy individuals become affected. This paper will discuss the need for teamwork to overcome the difference between medical care, which addresses the causes of AMD, and rehabilitative care, which addresses the consequences. Different aspects and different degrees of vision loss ask for different interventions. Loss of detailed vision can be addressed by a wide variety of magnification devices. The means to address this aspect are well recognized. Surround vision is largely processed pre-attentively. Its loss cannot be remediated by devices, but must be addressed through patient education to bring previously subconscious reactions to conscious awareness. Loss of contrast vision is an aspect that is not sufficiently studied. It is important for early detection, and for the safety of the patient. When the eye condition cannot be modified, environmental modifications provide the most effective remediation. View Full-Text
Share & Cite This Article
Colenbrander, A. Vision Rehabilitation is Part of AMD Care. Vision 2018, 2, 4.
Colenbrander A. Vision Rehabilitation is Part of AMD Care. Vision. 2018; 2(1):4.Chicago/Turabian Style
Colenbrander, August. 2018. "Vision Rehabilitation is Part of AMD Care." Vision 2, no. 1: 4.
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Any discussion of reparations for African-Americans should always begin with an important historical fact: such reparations were, in fact, once begun, at a time when they were most easily administered and had the best chance of achieving their desired goals. And then, abruptly, the process was stopped.
Late in the Civil War, a group of African-American leaders petitioned United States General William Sherman at Savannah, Georgia to help secure the well-being and future of the thousands of former African captives freed by Sherman’s western armies on their march from Atlanta to the sea. Sherman was no abolitionist, and certainly no “nigger lover” (to use the common phrase of the day), but he was concerned about freed African captives—“contrabands of war” as they were called—fleeing the plantations and clogging the roads behind and alongside his army on his drive north through South Carolina, as they had done during his march through Georgia. Sherman needed some incentive to keep the African-Americans in place. The African-American leaders wanted the same thing, but for distinctly different reasons. They wanted land for their people, and the resources to work it.
What resulted was Sherman’s Special Field Orders No. 15. Issued in the field by a commanding general as a wartime measure, it had the force of law. The order commanded, in part, that the Georgia and South Carolina sea islands and abandoned rice-fields running thirty miles inland in those states were to be “reserved and set apart for the settlement of the Negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States.” Each family was to be given a plot of “not more than forty acres” (the origin of the 40 acres and a mule promise). The general further ordered that “in the settlements hereafter to be established, no white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers detailed for duty, will be permitted to reside; and the sole and exclusive management of affairs will be left to the freed peoples themselves, subject only to the United States military authority, and the acts of Congress.”
Field Order No. 15 was put in effect, and many of the islands and plantation lands measured off and parceled out to the people formerly held on them in slavery. In all, some 400,000 acres were divided up.
Might Have Beens
Had Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 been allowed to stand and been expanded to the other slavery states, and had the Union Army remained stationed in the former Confederacy until a generation had passed to ensure both the freemen’s vote and to protect their property ownership, a stable, African-American landowning class would have been established. The ravages of race and violence of the following 150 years might have been avoided, and the history of this nation changed for the better.
But Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 was not allowed to stand. Following President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in the spring of 1865, President Andrew Johnson rescinded Sherman’s order in his attempt to pacify the former Confederate rebel plantation owners and induce them to swear allegiance to the federal government. Shortly before Lincoln’s death, abolitionist Congressmember Thaddeus Stevenson tried to put a Black land-dispersal provision into the first Freedmen’s Bureau Act, proposing to give the newly-created agency “authority to set apart for use of loyal refugees and freedmen such tracts of land within the insurrectionary states as shall have been abandoned or to which the United States shall have acquired title by confiscation or sale, or otherwise; and to every male citizen, whether refugee or freedman, as aforesaid there shall be assigned not more than 40 acres of such land.” Congress voted that provision down.
The result was that most African-Americans freed from slavery did not receive land, most of the land promised in Sherman’s field order was not dispersed, and large portions of the land already dispersed to African-American families was summarily taken back. Instead of becoming a landowning class that could have protected themselves, African-Americans were plunged into displacement, servitude, and a Hundred Years of Terror—of anti-black racism—the bloody and shameful results of which remain America’s legacy and reality to this day.
150 Years—Plus Interest
Nothing that has happened in the years following that spring of disappointment almost 150 years ago—when both President Johnson and Congress failed to follow up on Sherman’s reparations actions—has changed the fact that reparations for African slavery in America were never paid, and remain due and payable. The arguments to the contrary are easily rebutted.
Lincoln himself believed that the long continuation of the bloody Civil War may have been God’s retribution on both the North and the South for slavery, saying in his second inaugural address during the fourth year of that war, “Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said ‘the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.’” During recent discussions on African-American reparations, you hear a sort of bastardization on that theme: the idea that the blood of Union soldiers fighting to end slavery in the Civil War constituted a payment of reparations to the former captives. This argument neatly leaves out the work of the soldiers from Confederatet states—once and current members of the United States—who fought to preserve slavery.
A second argument is that the various civil rights measures of the 1960s—the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, for example—constitute a substitute for reparations. But reparations are given for specific offenses to the specific populations damaged by those offenses. As we have seen in so many recent court decisions, the various civil rights acts of the 1960s and beyond are not currently judged to be solely for the benefit of those damaged by African slavery in America and, in fact, it is often the case that those acts are used by plaintiffs and the courts to retard African-American advancement, rather than enhance it. If these are reparations, they sound suspiciously familiar to the reparations of 1865, taken away almost as quickly as they were given.
Reparations to African-Americans descendant from those held in captivity in America continue to be owed, both for slavery itself, and for the Hundred Years of Terror that followed between 1865 and 1965. Unfortunately, to have anything but an esoteric meaning, a debt must not only be owed, it must be collectable.
The problem is two-fold and encompasses two simple questions that pose complicated dilemmas. What form should reparations take, and who should get them? In my opinion, regardless of the continued justness of African-American reparations, the complications surrounding the answers to those questions are fatal to the process.
In 1865, the logical form of post-slavery reparations was land redistribution. Most African-Americans in 1865 were farmers who would have immediately been in a position to put that land to use, and for those who were not farmers—the artisans and skilled workers and others—some other accommodation could have been made. Today, even if enough land could be made available in the United States to redistribute to African-Americans as a reparations payment, it could not provide the same sustainable economic benefit it would have 150 years ago, and most of it almost certainly would be immediately sold off. A cash payment would, in fact, be the easiest form of reparations to calculate and deliver, but to what end? With the business infrastructure of the African-American community long since shattered by the integration movement, most of the cash reparations payments would be quickly spent leaving most African-American citizens in little better shape than they were before.
Other Forms of Reparations
There have been suggestions, in the alternative, of reparations taking other forms.
One suggestion is to have a massive educational “Marshall Plan” designed to overcome the phenomenon popularly known as the “achievement gap.” In statistics measured two years ago, African-American 4th graders trail 28 and 36 percentage points behind whites in performance below grade level in reading (86 vs. 58 percent) and math (85 vs. 49 percent). The numbers are just as dismal for their older brothers and sisters in the 8th grade where African-Americans trail whites 88 vs. 62 percent in reading below grade level and 89 vs. 59 percent in math below grade level.
The problem is, even if the nation committed to the enormous amounts of money needed to bridge this gap, there is little current agreement among educators—black, white, or in mixed-group settings—as to what methods should be adopted to close the gap or even if that goal is achievable at all under the current national social system.
Another alternative to cash is some combination of projects aimed at raising up specific sectors of the African-American population. One could look at reversing the rolling trend of the loss of African-American-owned agriculture land, making African-Americans more food-independent. In 1999, African-Americans constituted 2 percent of agricultural landowners in the country, with 0.9 percent of the land at 1.2 percent of the total agricultural land value. It is almost certain that those numbers have gone down since then.
Another such sector might be African-American businesses. The Minority Business Development Agency of the United States Department of Commerce estimated that if African-Americans had a parity share of American business 10 years ago, the number of such African-American-owned firms would be 2.6 million (instead of the actual 0.8 million), with $2.4 trillion in receipts (instead of the actual $70 million), and employing 13.13 million (instead of the actual 0.7 million).
There are other reparations-alternative suggestions that would address similar black-white disparities in such areas as criminal justice and home ownership; some might work, some appear more fanciful. One could go on and on within every important aspect of American economic and social life, and somewhere in this morass of programs, there is perhaps some combination that might, once and for all, make whole the debt owed to African-Americans by this country. Perhaps. But aside from any other complications, this opens the question of who would decide what the combination should be. With no conceivable group of leaders or organizations to speak for African-Americans—as might have been possible even as late as the early 1970s—the political squabbling over the form of reparations would dwarf any other single political battle we have seen in this country in our lifetimes.
But far more difficult—probably even impossible—than the question of what form is the question of who should receive reparations. In 1865, sorting out those who had previously been enslaved but were then freed would have been complicated, but manageable. Five generations later, how could such decisions be made as to who was descendant from enslaved people? The troubling part would be that while many of these applications would be shams, many would be accurate and legitimate, and sorting the one from the other would be a national mess.
It is bitterly unfair that the United States is unwilling and perhaps politically unable to pay the debt of slavery to those of this nation descendant from the enslaved people. But life is often unfair and, as President Lincoln once opined, perhaps that payment will of necessity come in other ways.
1. Children’s Defense Fund, “The State Of America’s Children, 2008.”
2. Gilbert, Jess, Wood, Spencer D., and Sharp, Gwen. “Who Owns The Land? Agricultural Land Ownership By Race/Ethnicity.” Rural America. Winter 2002.
J. Douglas Allen-Taylor writes for the Berkeley Daily Planet, Alternet, and numerous print and web publications. He lives in Oakland. | <urn:uuid:ec2592af-be8b-477a-8a5f-81a994d6388f> | {
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THE FORT WORTH AVANT- GARDE ROTATING EXHIBIT
The formation of the Fort Worth Avant-Garde jazz movement was ultimately the product of the innovative genius of Ornette Coleman. Coleman, born and raised in Fort Worth, created a major break in jazz during the late 1950s. With his famous West Coast quartet—which included Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, Billy Higgins, and Ed Blackwell—he began to experiment with a new basis for improvisation. Instead of improvising scales on top of the harmonies of a song, as had been done since the advent of bebop in the mid-1940s, he allowed himself and his musicians to choose their own harmonic structures. This gave soloists and their accompanists greater flexibility in what they performed and significantly altered the general textures of the way that jazz sounded. Coleman would further develop these principles over the career and later call them “Harmolodics.”leman’s ideas became the foundation for a whole jazz style—often called Free Jazz—and he is recognized as one of a handful of the most important innovators in jazz history. It is difficult to overstate Coleman’s significance in twentieth century music.
Despite his revolutionary reputation, Coleman’s own playing was still very rooted in the Texas saxophone tradition. Before his residence in California, he performed in travelling R&B bands during the late 1940s and early 1950s. His style, in fact, incorporates and transforms many of the staple characteristics of the Texas Tenors: honking and overblowing.
Coleman inspired also a generation of musicians from the Fort Worth area. Many came from Coleman’s high school—I. M. Terrell—and many would play in his own bands during the 1960s and 1970s. Prince Lasha, Dewey Redman, John Carter, Ronald Shannon Jackson, and Julius Hemphill all attended Terrell and Bobby Bradford (born in Dallas), Redman, and Jackson played in Coleman’s bands. As a group, these musicians extended and worked out many of Coleman’s ideas and their collective body of work offers a compelling tradition of advanced Texas music. | <urn:uuid:1551c20e-caad-4bc9-b462-8a78ee87fe01> | {
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Life at Sea in the Time of Magellan
by Ralph Heymsfeld
In 1519, when Magellan departed on his famous voyage to circumnavigate the globe, a sailor's daily life was not an easy one. Out at sea for months at a time, a ship's crew confronted on a nearly daily basis life-threatening danger, malnutrition, vermin, disease, filth, and exhaustion. The work of a seaman was hard and punishment for disobedience was brutal.
There are no reliable surviving pictures of the five ships of Magellan's armada, so what is known about them is drawn from conjecture and written descriptions from ships' logs and other contemporary manuscripts. The ships ranged in weight from 75 to 120 tons. Santiago, the smallest of the ships, was a caravel (Columbus' Pinta and Nina were both caravels as well). It is not known what types the remaining ships were, but they were likely either caravels or carracks, two ships commonly seen on the Iberian peninsula. Both caravels and carracks were three masted. Caravels were smaller and lighter with a shallow draught, while carracks had a deeper draught. Carracks were less maneuverable but could hold more cargo and therefore were useful on expeditions for storing provisions.
Regardless of whether a caravel or a carrack, the ships offered little in the way of creature comforts for the crew. The various ships would have had a small cabin for the captain and officers, but not for the seamen. Although the hammock would soon be a mainstay of sailors throughout the world, they were not yet in use on Magellan's voyage. Hammocks had only recently been brought to Europe by Columbus who had discovered them in the Bahamas. The shipmen would have bed down on the deck wherever they might find a bare plank or coil of rope. Regardless, they would not have been able to get much sleep. The sea never rests and therefore seldom could the crew. The crew was divided into three watches which would rotate throughout the night.
A strict hierarchy was maintained among the crew, and the duties of a sailor varied according to his position. At the bottom of this hierarchy were the pages, young boys who ranged in age from about 8 to 15 years old. There were actually two classes of page: peasant pages and privileged pages. Predictably the daily lives of the two classes of page were strikingly different. The peasant pages led a hard existence scrubbing the decks, cleaning up after meals, and in general performing any menial tasks that might arise. Life was kinder to the privileged pages who were assigned to officers and under their protection. The privileged pages came from well-connected families and were expected to be training for a career at sea. One of their duties was to maintain the sand clocks on which the ship relied for both timekeeping and navigation.
Next after pages in the ship's hierarchy would be the apprentices or grumetes. Apprentices would range in age from about seventeen to twenty. Among the ship's crew, they did some of the hardest and most dangerous work. The ambition of the apprentices was to receive a document signed by the ship's officers, and be certified as sailors, or marineros. The tasks of the grumetes and marineros were diverse and depended on circumstance as well as their individual skills. Onboard a ship one might be called to climb the lookout post, furl and unfurl the sails, or worst of all man the bilge pumps.
The bilge pump was an absolute necessity and a good example of the many Renaissance technologies which enabled the Age of Discovery. Even when they were in the best repair, ships of the day would take on water. Prior to the invention of the suction pump, this bilge water would have to be bailed with buckets, and if a ship was taking on water too fast the sailors might not have been able to keep up. The first suction pumps were made of a tube - likely a hollowed out log - with a plunger that had a handle attached at one end and a leather flange at the other. The pump moved water more effectively than the buckets ever could have hoped too, but the work was exhausting. Even worse, the bilge water was notoriously vile and sailors would be overcome by the stench.
In addition to the general crew there were a number of specialists at sea. The pilot was in charge of navigation. The boatswain would have been the most experienced sailor, in charge of the sails and in general charge of the crew making sure the orders of the officers were carried out. The gunner was an expert in the ship's armaments and the ways of gunpowder, and he would tend to the cannons throughout the voyage taking care that they were clean and free of rust. The carpenter did what he could to keep the ship in good repair, while the cooper had the all-important task of keeping the ship's barrels and casks together. As would have been typical at the time, the barber was also the ship's dentist and surgeon; he would have had vast responsibilities for the well-being of the crew, and little in the way of skills or equipment with which to meet this obligation.
With such hardships and terror at sea, it was difficult to keep order aboard a ship. To maintain authority punishments were swift and severe. The most common form of punishment was flogging or whipping with a rope. The number of strikes was proportioned to the degree of the offense. Stealing food might earn as many as 99 strikes. There were other forms of punishment borrowed from the tortures of the Spanish Inquisition. In the strappado the offender was suspended from the ceiling by the wrists which were tied behind the back. In the toca, similar to waterboarding, the offender had a cloth placed over his mouth while water spilled from a jar created the impression of drowning. The most severe infractions at sea - notably mutiny - were punishable by death.
Diet aboard a 16th century Spanish vessel would have consisted primarily of salted meat and hardtack. Also known as sea biscuit or ship biscuit, hardtack was the staple of countless generations of sailors before and after Magellan's time. It was a cracker made of flour and water with perhaps a little lard (or perhaps not). Other foods would have included fish, oil, cheese, and beans. It was difficult for ships of the day to carry enough provisions to last an entire voyage so rationing was common. It was also difficult to keep food fresh and free from vermin. Weevils, mice, and rats would infest the hardtack and what they didn't eat would be contaminated with feces and urine.
Of the many effects of malnutrition, by far the most devastating was scurvy. Scurvy is caused by vitaman C deficiency but at the time of Magellan this relationship was not understood. Vitamin C is necessary for the production of collagen. Scurvy begins with fatigue, spots on the skin, and bleeding from the gums and mucous membranes. As the disease progresses, the victim becomes increasingly weak to the point of being immobilized, teeth fall out, and old scars reopen. Although the condition is easily cured with fresh fruits and vegatables or citrus juice, left untreated the result is death. It is believed that more sailors in the Age of Discovery succumbed to scurvy than to storms, shipwrecks, and hostile encounters combined.
Bergreen, Laurence, Over the edge of the world: Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe, New York, HarperCollins, 2004, Print
McDougall, Walter A., Let the Sea Make a Noise, New York, HarperCollins, 1993, Print
Nell, Grant Sebastian, Ships in the Age of Discovery, historicalresources.suite101.com/article.cfm/ships_in_the_age_of_discovery, retrieved November 24, 2009
Christopher Columbus Santa Maria, The Mariners' Museum | EXPLORATION through the AGES, ww2.mariner.org/exploration/index.php?type=webpage&id=51. Retrieved November 18, 2009
The Dollar Steamship Company
At its height in the 1920s, the Dollar Steamship Company was the largest and most successful United States shipping firm, and its signature white dollar sign mounted on red-banded stacks was known around the world.
The Canton System of Trade
The Canton System of regulating foreign trade with China operated from the late 17th century until 1842. The system was restrictive by design, keeping foreigners confined to a small commercial district in Canton known as the Factories and prohibiting direct contact between foreigners and the Chinese. As the setting in which the Opium War erupted, the Canton System is a topic of frequent study and even debate.
The Antikythera Mechanism and the History of Clockwork
Discovered in an ancient shipwreck on the southern periphery of the Aegean Sea, the Antikythera Mechanism is a 2,000 year old astronomical computer. Its discovery turned conventional wisdom on its head and forced scholars to rewrite the history of ancient technology and the origins of complex clockwork devices.
The Discovery of Rotuma
Rotuma, a Fijian Dependency, is a group of volcanic islands, consisting of one main island and eight small rocky islets surrounding it.
The Death of Captain Cook
Captain James Cook was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, credited with numerous accomplishments over the course of three voyages to the Pacific Ocean.
The pre-history of the Polynesian people has been the subject of great study and debate. Since the time of Cook's voyages, explorers, archeologists and anthropologists have wondered about this rich culture which flourished scattered across many islands in some of the most remote, inaccessible places on earth.
Whaleship Visits to the Marshall Islands
Whaling was a significant American industry in the 19th Century. In addition to oil that was used both as a fuel for lamps and as a machine lubricant, the animals were harvested for the baleen which filter feeding whales have in place of teeth.
About the Author: Ralph Heymsfeld is a prolific writer and an avid hobbyist. Connect with Ralph on LinkedIn. You can find more of Ralph's writing on his website at ralph.heymsfeld.com | <urn:uuid:60319f1a-c0ba-464d-902b-98638207d637> | {
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Design basically refers to the creation of a structure or model for the construction of an object or for achievement of a unique objective. It refers to planning of various constructions such as engineering drawings, blueprints of architecture, circuit drawings, tailoring patterns and business procedures. A person involved in the process of designing will be referred to as a designer.
Designing is done using a process where a number of things are considered. They include economic, aesthetic and functional dimensions of the object and process design. This field encompasses a wide range of industries; from clothing and apparel, graphical user interfaces, buildings, machines to business processes and even corporate identities. Design usually involves a substantial amount of research, modeling, redesign and careful thought before the desirable outcome is achieved.
Design can be applied to a multitude of disciplines. Most of the popular disciplines include applied arts, architecture, engineering, fashion, graphic design, product design, software design and even web design. Experts of these fields use various approaches as guides to the overall objective of the design process. One such approach is the KISS approach (keep it simple stupid) which aims to do away with undue complications. There is also the user-centered and use-centered design, the service design and the critical design.
There are specific design methods applied by designers in order to achieve the desired outcome. These methods include exploration, redefinition, management, prototyping and trend spotting in order to better comprehend the emerging trends in the design market. All in all, design requires creativity and a dynamic mind in order to come up with unique products that stand out. | <urn:uuid:a20c93c0-75f1-4595-a610-a0693695565f> | {
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The definition of a participant is someone who takes part in something.
An example of a participant is a person dancing at a dance party.
Origin of participantClassical Latin participans, present participle of participare: see participate
a person who participates or shares in something
One that participates, shares, or takes part in something.
Sharing in or taking part; participating.
- one who participates
- Sharing; participating; having a share of part. | <urn:uuid:445647f6-aa9f-4876-b518-2eb97b4de9cc> | {
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Researchers at the University of Minnesota for the first time successfully printed 3D electronic components directly on human skin. The team uses a cheap, portable, desktop 3D printer that costs less than $400, using a special motion sensing system that prevents printing during printing. Any mistakes made in the hand movements. This technology can be used in the future to install temporary sensors on the human body to detect chemical or biological agents, and even solar cells to charge basic electronic equipment. The team also directs biological cells directly Print on mouse skin.
First, the discrete electronic components are placed on the subject's hand, and then the 3D printed electronic products are printed around these components. As a demonstration of completing the circuit, the LED is successfully powered on. After the printed electronic components complete their functions, they can Easily peel off with a tweezers or rinse off with water.
One of the key breakthroughs in this 3D printing technology is the creation of a special ink made from silver. Unlike other 3D printing inks that require curing at high temperatures and burn hands during printing, the ink can be at room temperature. It is solidified and able to conduct. The team also developed a system to allow the subject's hand to move slightly during 3D printing. The mark was placed on the skin and scanned in 3D to create a map. With computer vision, the printer can Use this diagram to guide the printing process and adjust the movement of small hands in real time.
To further study the application of 3D printing technology on the skin, the same engineering team collaborated with Jakub Tolar, a pediatrician and medical school dean of the University of Minnesota. He is a world-renowned expert in the treatment of rare skin diseases. They use a special type of bio-ink. Wounds on mouse skin print organic cells. In the future, the development of this technology may promote advanced new medical treatment methods to improve wound healing and direct 3D printing of skin grafts, suitable for skin lesions and other skin diseases. crowd.
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Authors larry ferlazzo and katie hull sypnieski share tips for using the picture word inductive model and others for teaching ell students though the origin of this popular adage is unclear, one thing is clear: using photos with english-language students can choose a photo and record. Unlock shooting a photo essay in 60 minutes and thousands more photojournalist paul taggart rises to the challenge and shoots a photo essay in only an hour but the point of this course was to teach you guys a skill that i find incredibly useful as a photo journalist for newspapers and. Sample student work : photo essays, podcasts, digital portfolios, and morethis section of my teaching portfolio contains some samples of recent multimodal work from first-year students in my engl 1101 and 1102 classes student photo essays. Betsy sergeant abraham lincoln high school san francisco, calif lesson title: making photo essays easy overview and rationale: this lesson is divided into two parts part i is a creative exercise to get students to generate ideas about what makes a good story and a photograph part ii requires. Photo by us army the huge atomic cloud 6 august, 1945 a uranium bomb, the first nuclear weapon in the world, was dropped in hiroshima city. In this unit, you will work with media professionals to learn the basics of creating a photo essay during the unit you will hone your writing skills and learn how to create, select units are offered as on-campus where the majority of teaching will occur at the campus identified.
Eng112 - summer 2012 hashmi page 1 the photo essay the assignment prepare a photo essay that reflects upon your memories or experiences with food, family, and. Photo essays from new internationalist easier english wiki jump to: navigation photo essay: hong kong dreams of democracy photo essay: looking for palestine photo story: more teaching ideas quizzes arguments country profiles photo essays categories recent changes about. This presentation is designed to introduce your students to three major elements that constitute the writing process (invention, composition, revision) and the strategies for inventing, composing, reviewing, and proofreading the eighteen slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator. Writing worksheets - story pictures students can write stories to go along with these pictures each worksheet includes a fun cartoon picture even more worksheets to help teach writing skills persuasive essay writing prompts. Photo courtesy cybrarian77 via flickr many say that teaching is the most noble profession in the world and a lot of teachers also say it's the world's hardest sign up for our free, weekly podcast of featured essays.
The photo tells it all essay writing effective teaching strategies and student activities b : 's board writing - descriptive on pinterest | see more ideas about teaching writing, teaching ideas and teaching handwriting discover recipes, home ideas. A photo essay on the great depression photo essay - in this picture there are men a photo essay - a photo essay by debbie elliott re 5130 teaching the language arts dr frye this is a typical scene where large numbers of unemployed men are in desperate need of. What i wish i could tell them about teaching in a across the country and i wish that the policy-makers up in the sky would actually spend some time in schools beyond a photo i would ask them, those that make these laws, to write a 5-paragraph essay in japanese tomorrow. Photo essay ideas and some great tips for creating your own.
A photo essay on the great depression read a belorussian translation of this page by uta bayer read a danish translation by excellent worlds the trading floor of the new york stock exchange just after the crash of 1929. This is not exactly a post about how to teach the video essay (or the audiovisual essay, or the essay video [cc-licensed flickr photo by jakob montrasio] return to top this entry was posted in teaching and tagged reflection, video, video essay. How to write an introduction for an essay while the essay is the most common type of paper assigned to students, this doesn't make it any easier to write the same goes for its introduction order now the tricky part here is that there are so many different types of essays.
Use this lesson plan to teach your students about the photo essay students will read our informational text outlining what a photo essay is and. The expository writing interactive activities in this lesson offer the teacher classroom ideas that include a menu for small groups and large group discussion and activities on the internet educators can teach expository essays with interactive activities photo credit: kellie hayden. We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7 enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Teaching how to write effectively is one of the most important life-long skills educators impart to their students when teaching writing when students read the essay in its final. | <urn:uuid:08ba138a-b65e-447b-9ed0-088e93833ab5> | {
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The most widespread ideal was sacred monarchy, with very considerable variations several cultures produced an idea of the state greece, india, and china produced theories of the origin and purpose of the state justice was proclaimed everywhere, with widely different meanings, but usually. Psychological schools of thought timeline structuralism structuralism is generally thought of as the first school of thought in psychology the main focus is on the similarities and differences in psychological functioning across cultures and ethnic groups. The two earliest schools of thought in psychology were structuralism and functionalism structuralism and functionalism were not so different let's take a closer look at each one what was structuralism. Handouts | overview of psychological science | history of psychology political and economic systems, religion, folk art and music examines similarities and differences between modern societies-also studies these are schools of thought or perspectives that people shared. In this lesson, we'll look at the similarities of and differences between for let's look closer at the similarities and differences in the humanistic and existential theories and treatments in psychology similarities existential vs humanistic theories: comparing two major theories. Freud vs jung - similarities and differences by harley therapy february 20, 2014 counselling this means that the contents of the collective unconscious are the same for each individuals within a culture what are the main schools of thought psychological projection.
5 major perspectives in psychology psychology is the biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive and humanistic perspectives let's look at each of these five main psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood. Yet despite any differences between schools, all schools of buddhist thought, like western psychology, have an underlying ambition to alleviate suffering (bodhi but despite the underlying similarities. Similarities and differences in therapies for each school of thought in psychology major schools of thought in psychology major schools of thought in psychology desirae carrion kaplan university abstract several researchers contributed to the development of psychology as a separate field of study. Difference between behavioral psychology and cognitive psychology behavioral psychology dominated much of psychological thought therapeutic techniques in behavioral psychology behavioral therapy is effective in treating people with phobias or obsessive behaviors. Approach to therapy to the current integrative psychotherapy movement in particular, i direct individual psychology as each therapist claimed therapy with different concepts and techniques. In this article we explain the differences between psychology and psychiatry psychology versus psychiatry: similarities and differences - a major misunderstanding that much of the lay in private practice psychiatrists can engage in various schools of 'talk therapy' and even long-term.
Since psychology first emerged as a separate science, different schools of thought have dominated the field learn more about some of the major schools of thought in psychology. Men and women: no big difference consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis, gender differences had either no or a very small effect on most of the psychological variables examined boys and girls perform equally well in math until high school, at which point boys do gain a. Extracts from this document introduction kevin(tingjun ye) approaches to psychology --discuss similarities and differences between comparative psychology and biology psychology the essay will begin with an introduction to each approach, giving main assumptions and supporting evidence. Primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology understanding the differences and similarities between the three psychology, cyber therapy]:: 8 works cited : 554. Major psychological schools of thought were also born out of the behaviourist school of thought and are frequently applied in behavior modification and the treatment of some psychological disorders humanistic psychology with the rise of each school of thought mentioned previously.
The following web pages describe 15 helping professions both within and outside psychology for each of the work as well as information about similarities and differences between clinical and hours of experience with occupational therapy practice admission to ot school is. Abnormal psychology and therapy group paper- the therapies for these disorders are different in each case treatment for mental disorders and illnesses vary between each psychological school of thought. The basis of cognitive therapy is that thoughts can influence feelings although behavioral therapies are different from disorder to disorder school refusal (video) self-injurious behavior. Start studying ap psychology ch 1 learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards a psychological school of thought that emerged in the early 1900's study many other species besides the human to investigate similarities and differences. Describe the differences and similarities among therapies for at least 3 schools of thought in psychology - answered by a verified mental health professional.
Cognitive behavioral therapy an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements and they are taught to recognize observe and monitor their own thoughts the behavior part of the therapy involves setting homework for the client to do. | <urn:uuid:9dbea2d6-a8e7-4e57-a84f-34b982f93ee6> | {
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Propolis: benefits, harvest and extraction
Propolis is a sticky mixture of resins that bees collect from plants, particularly leaf and flower buds, and beeswax. Bees use it to line the inside of their nests, to close cracks and reduce hive entrances, and to line or repair brood combs. Intruding animals that get killed by bees but are too large to be taken outside may be “mummified” with propolis. It’s also used in a mix with wax to seal brood cells. All these applications take advantage of the antibacterial and antifungal effects of propolis and help the hive against diseases. | <urn:uuid:ce3a27a3-e29a-4a59-9814-81004dd7646b> | {
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What is Nicotine?
Nicotine is a chemical compound present in tobacco that is absorbed by the body when tobacco is smoked, sniffed, or chewed. When you use tobacco products, nicotine quickly enters the bloodstream and is circulated to the brain, where it causes adrenaline to be released and an instant ‘buzz’ is felt.
Why is Nicotine So Addictive?
Nicotine’s effects are felt by the body almost immediately because of its ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier. This barrier normally acts as a protective filter on the brain and its sensitive receptors, but nicotine (and other drugs like it) are able to sneak through, activating otherwise regulated pleasure sensors and reward pathways. In simpler terms, nicotine causes the brain to release chemicals that make you feel good, as well as associate this positive sensation with the source – tobacco. The effects of nicotine are felt instantaneously but dissipate very quickly, causing the smoker to continue smoking to maintain pleasurable effects and prevent withdrawal.
Nicotine withdrawal symptoms typically begin within a few hours after the last dose, and can include:
- Cognitive and attention deficits
- Trouble sleeping
- Increased appetite
Another factor that makes Nicotine so addictive is not physical, but behavioral. Because nicotine’s effects are fast-acting and fast-fading, tobacco users tend to develop behavioral habits associated with their addiction, such as smoking while driving. When a smoker tries to quit, not only are they physically craving the nicotine itself, but they are also psychologically craving the experience associated with it. These habits become an integral part of their daily routine, and breaking them takes more than just a patch on the arm.
If you or someone you know is struggling with Nicotine Addiction, the skilled therapists at A New Start, Inc. can help. With behavioral therapy as part of an addiction management program at A New Start, Inc., you will learn how to change these addictive “routines” and work past old habits. To learn more about Nicotine Addiction Treatment with A New Start, Inc. please call us at (844) TALK-ANS. | <urn:uuid:518c9f67-22db-4d1f-afe4-d4e1305aa017> | {
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Connective tissue is a critical component of all organs and has special importance in the musculoskeletal system. In specialist tissues, such as bone, cartilage of muscle an in vascular structures and internal organs there is a mixture of less specialized connective tissue together with the specific tissue and organ specific cellular components. In addition to physiological function there are two other areas in which it plays a central role. Normal embryonic an postnatal growth and development, and tissue repair in response to injury. It has emerged that there are shared pathways, mediators and mechanisms in these different processes and that multifactorial tissue growth factors have an important role. In this way, these proteins can have a profound influence on multiple cell types and provide a mechanistic link in many complex chronic diseases. It is notable that pathways that are perturbed in one chronic disease, such as atherosclerosis or osteoarthritis may be similarly disrupted in different context in conditions such as lung fibrosis or scleroderma. Transforming growth factor beta family members are prototypic examples of this class of protein. This included TGFbeta isoforms but also the related bone morphogenetic (BMP) and activin family of proteins. They share chemical structure and an ability to regulate multiple cell types in a context specific way. In addition, there is remarkable complexity in their regulation with intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms to protect from inappropriate biological activity. Their role in repair means that activation of preformed protein may regulate biological effects. Proteins regulated by the TGFbeta family, such as the CCN family of matricellular proteins and some for the cardinal growth factors and cytokines share properties. There is functional and signaling redundancy and cross talk. Conceptually it is interesting to envisage dysfunctional networks of cytokines in disease that may be attenuated by extracellular blocking or antagonism. Insights for many areas of developmental biology and pathology have informed about this challenging area of molecular medicine.
Disclosure of Interest C. Denton Grant/research support from: Inventiva, CSL Behring, GSK, Bayer, Consultant for: GSK, Actelion, Inventiva, Roche
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If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | <urn:uuid:b611ffca-42f9-4352-a647-00876fb370f7> | {
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Percent Formative Assessment with Number Sense Review
Lesson 12 of 16
Objective: SWBAT show what they understand and mastered in solving multi-step, real world problems involving percents.
As students walk in, hand them the quiz. You may opt to want this to be an announced quiz, unannounced quiz, oral quiz, etc. How you administer this quiz is up to you. You may create a smartboard game using the quiz, or have it as a formal no talking paper/pencil assessment. This is set up to be a quick snap shot of what your students have mastered up to the point of teaching sales tax and discount. | <urn:uuid:3e4d077a-f915-4518-a335-6640a2a0e0db> | {
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Marburg is a virus from the same family as Ebola. It is transmitted to humans via infected animals and bat feces.
The confirmed case was a health care worker who developed the disease on Sept. 11. The patient was treated at Mpigi District Health Center on Sept. 17 and transferred to Mengo Hospital on Sept. 23 with initial symptoms of fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea.
The patient, who died on Sept. 28, had no reported history of travel beyond Mpigi, no contact with a person with similar symptoms and had not eaten bush meat or had contact with bats in the last four weeks.
A total of 146 contacts of the initial patient have been identified and are being monitored, but none have tested positive for the disease. The Ministry of Health of Uganda has activated a National Task Force, which is meeting regularly to be prepared for what may lie ahead. WHO, Médecins Sans Frontières and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are assisting Ugandan authorities with emergency response and preparedness training. | <urn:uuid:afb8715b-a942-4deb-9627-5b85fc456d3d> | {
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The War on Drugs got it wrong. When President Nixon launched the “War on Drugs” in 1971, he framed the way we would view drug epidemics moving forward: as a moral issue. The “war” cast people struggling with addiction as criminals and degenerates to be dealt with by the criminal justice system. But law enforcement solutions have failed to curb addiction, and have further contributed to harming communities already experiencing deep levels of trauma, particularly communities of color.
Every day the news is flooded with stories of different types of violence. On what seems like a daily basis, we’re bombarded with relentless reports of violence in this country. Our register of national tragedies keeps growing: hate crimes, mass shootings, and #Metoo headlines are only the most recent outbreaks of an epidemic of violence in our homes, public spaces, and communities.
Hacked corporate emails that expose Coca-Cola’s efforts to quash local health initiatives, a long-awaited statement from the World Health Organization expressing strong support for taxes on sugary drinks, and upcoming votes on four local soda tax proposals are keeping the grassroots movement to protect health over beverage industry profits front and center this fall. | <urn:uuid:3badae1b-7cf3-41a4-bcf2-feb55bbc1703> | {
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Sun in the City
Sun in the City
Seeing is believing: that’s the idea behind our Sun in the City initiative (“Zon in de Stad” in Dutch) that encourages city dwellers to power their houses and apartments by solar panels. In small towns across Europe, rooftop solar panels spread quickly when people get inspired by the panels on their neighbour’s roof. That’s however not the case in many cities, where solar panels on rooftops often cannot be seen from the street. Sun in the City is bringing the “neighbour mechanism” from the countryside to the city.
As a first step, Sun in the City is distributing little shields that owners and users of solar panels can attach to their door posts to show neighbours and passers-by that there are solar panels on the roof. People interested in solar panels will find it easier to connect with neighbours and get first-hand information and learn about their experiences.
Secondly, a number of solar hubs installed in streets, parks and squares offers the benefits of solar power directly to everyone passing by. The solar hubs provide charging facilities for phones and electric bikes, internet hotspots or light art at night. A solar hub invites people to make use of the public space, connects neighbours and makes them experience the positive impact of solar power together.
Finally, technical and practical information made available in the neighbourhoods will further support local resident’s enhanced enthusiasm for solar energy.
Sun in the City is piloted and launched in Rotterdam. It is an initiative of Climate Focus and Personal Architecture and is supported by the City of Rotterdam and the Province of South Holland.
For more information (in Dutch) please visit: zonindestad.nl | <urn:uuid:2a489314-0806-4cce-8af2-cff777cfeb25> | {
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|On break for the July 4th celebration in Flat Alaska. Dr. Paul Graff stands on running board of the|
Flat Alaska hotel limo adjacent to the Flat recreation seen in the photo to the left.
To get some concept on how big this deposit is, try comparing it to one of the more extraordinary world-class gold deposits in history - the Homestake mine in South Dakota. The Homestake operated for 123 years, making it one of the longest lived gold mines in history. Production at the Homestake began in 1878 and ceased in 2001 after the mine produced 39.8 million ounces of gold. The Homestake was also one of the longest listed stocks on the NYSE in history! The Northern Miner also reported the Donlin Creek to be the largest undeveloped gold deposit in the world!
Just how big is this monster gold deposit? Here are some statistics to think about. To help put this one, single, gold deposit in the proper perspective, let's look at the other gold states and their production.
The known gold reserves at Donlin Creek (excluding the potential resources):
- contain 3 times more gold mined in the entire mining history of Arizona from 1774 to the present! And this doesn't even include the 140 million ounce resource estimate at Donlin Creek.
- It has more gold than mined in all of Alaska from 1848 to the present!
- Donlin Creek has more than a third of all gold mined in California!
- It contains as much as 86% of all gold mined in Colorado!
- It has 49 times more gold mined in Georgia from 1839 to the present!
- In contains twice as much gold that has been mined in Montana from 1852 to present!
- It has 40 times more gold than was mined in North Carolina from 1799 to the present (1.2 million ounces)!
- Donlin Creek has 25% as much gold that has been mined in Nevada from 1852 to the present (152 million ounces)! Combining the reserves and gold resources together at Donlin Creek indicates that Donlin Creek has at least 30 million ounces more than all of the gold mined in the entire history of Nevada!
- It also has 4.6 times as much gold that was mined in Oregon (9.3 million ounces of historical production)!
- It has more than twice the amount of gold mined in Utah (more than 17.7 million ounces)!
- It contains 120 times more gold mined in all of Wyoming (385,000 ounces). And if we include the gold resource at Donlin Creek, this amounts to 468 times more gold than mined during the entire mining history of Wyoming!
- Even the Klondike can't compare. All of the gold mined in the Klondike (18.3 million ounces) in the past only amounts to a little less than half as much gold drilled at Donlin Creek!!! If we again combined all of the Donlin Creek reserves and resources, this would amount to essentially 10 times more gold than was mined from the Kondike! And remember, once mining begins at Donlin Creek, more gold will be found!
I thank God that WestGold hired me and Paul Graff and Mark Bronson recommend me for my mapping skills. I feel blessed that I had the opportunity to work with some incredible people for those two summers of 1988 and 1989, and I also got to drive them nuts with my pranks! And, you would think the operators of the mine would invite us to the grand opening and give each of us a stack of gold bars as a thank you.
Anyway, WestGold (Western Gold Exploration and Mining) also operated the Bima Dredge off Nome, Alaska and thus the company was a major company that could have built itself into a major mining company. But somewhere at the top, things were not to be. | <urn:uuid:de484117-bdf8-4447-b64d-3858c9b3a7c6> | {
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Special metal alloys like nickel, cobalt and titanium alloys, carbides and Inconel® are designed for harsh conditions like high temperatures, oxidation, and corrosion. That makes them expensive to produce, so reusing and recycling them is common, and scrap yards will pay excellent prices for recycling them.
These special metal alloys are often used in boats, planes, turbines, furnaces, nuclear reactors, combustion chambers, other marine and aircraft equipment, and anywhere else extreme strength against high temperatures, stress, and water is needed.
Greener Recycling buys high temperature alloy scrap such as carbides, nickel alloys, Inconel®, and titanium. Contact us online, by phone, or visit us for more information on the alloy scrap we buy and how to prepare them for recycling so you get the best price. It’s important to prepare alloys correctly because they have different melting points due to their composition and chemical components that determine how they can be processed and reused as well as how much you will be paid for them. | <urn:uuid:da9bea5b-b43d-4c75-86d0-3995ae245fe0> | {
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A History of WalesBook - 2007
"Stretching from the Ice Ages to the present day, this masterful account traces the political, social and cultural history of the land that has come to be called Wales. Spanning prehistoric hill forts and Roman ruins to the Reformation, the Industrial Revolution and the series of strikes by Welsh miners in the late twentieth century, this is the definitive history of an enduring people: a unique and compelling exploration of the origins of the Welsh nation, its development and its role in the modern world. This new edition brings this remarkable history into the new era of the Welsh Assembly."--Publisher's description.
Publisher: London : Penguin, 2007.
Edition: Revised and updated edition.
Characteristics: x, 767 pages :,illustrations, maps ;,20 cm
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Kristofer Covey (Forestry & Environmental Studies) and colleagues discovered that sick trees are exacerbating global warming by producing huge quantities of methane. He was awarded third prize for his research presentation at the Society of American Foresters’ annual conference in Spokane, Washington, this past October.
Kris’s work was published in Geophysical Research Letters. “Microbial infection of one of the largest, biogenic sinks for carbon dioxide, living trees, might result in substantial, biogenic production of methane,” the article states. Sixty trees sampled at Yale Myers Forest in northeastern Connecticut contained concentrations of methane that were as high as 80,000 times ambient levels. Normal air concentrations are less than two parts per million, but the Yale researchers found average levels of 15,000 parts per million inside these trees. To measure the level of methane, they drilled small holes in the trees and withdrew gas that they bottled and tested using a gas chromatograph. They also took wood samples, which they incubated in jars from which the oxygen was removed. These samples also produced methane.
“Because the conditions thought to be driving this process are common throughout the world’s forests, we believe we have found a globally significant new source of this potent greenhouse gas,” Kris says. The estimated emission rate from an upland site at the Yale forest is roughly equivalent to burning 40 gallons of gasoline per hectare of forest per year. (A hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square meters.) The authors estimate the methane release has a global warming potential equivalent to 18 percent of the carbon being sequestered by these forests.
“If we extrapolate these findings to forests globally, the methane produced in trees represents 10 percent of global emissions,” said Xuhui Lee, the Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor of Meteorology and a co-author of the study.
Among the tested trees, red maples had the highest methane concentrations, but other common species, including oak, birch, and pine also produced the gas. The rate of methane emissions was 3.1 times higher in the summer, suggesting that warmer temperatures may lead to increasing levels of forest methane that, in turn, lead to ever-higher temperatures.
The trees producing methane are between 80 and 100 years old and although outwardly healthy, they are being hollowed out by a common fungal infection that slowly eats through the trunk.
“No one until now has linked the idea that fungal rot of timber trees, a production problem in commercial forestry, might also present a problem for greenhouse gas and climate change mitigation,” said Mark Bradford, a co-author and assistant professor of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology at F&ES.
The other co-authors of the paper, “Elevated Methane Concentrations in Trees of an Upland Forest,” are Stephen Wood (MESc, 2011), now a graduate student at Columbia University; and Robert Warren, former postdoctoral researcher at Yale and now an assistant professor at Buffalo State (SUNY).
The methane research is the focus of his dissertation, advised by Chadwick Oliver, the Pinchot Professor of F&ES and director of the Global Institute of Sustainable Forests. In addition to identifying this new source of methane, Kris is exploring ways to better quantify its magnitude by directly measuring release through bark. He is also working on studies that look at different species and forest types across various age classes and pairing his field observations with laboratory studies.
Kris is from the southern edge of the Adirondack Park in upstate New York. His early interest in forestry dates from camping in the national parks of the western U.S. He continued to camp and explore the outdoors while earning his undergraduate degree in physics from the State University of New York at Potsdam. Prior to Yale, Kris taught science and environmental science in the Mount Everett Regional School District in western Massachusetts, where he founded the Southern Berkshire Regional Arboretum, a K-12 student-led urban forestry project. As an environmental technician, he monitored ground water for the Hudson River Dredging Project in Saratoga Springs, New York.
Kris is a past president and active member of the Yale student chapter of the Society of American Foresters. He manages the Landscape Management Laboratory, the Greeley Memorial Laboratory greenhouse, and is the director of New Initiatives at the Yale School Forests. In 2009, he was primary investigator for a project that studied a variety of evergreen oak forest in Bhutan. He was also primary investigator for a field project studying ice storm damage in southern New England oak forests.
In addition to his scientific interests, Kris has been a professional whitewater kayaker and guide and continues to kayak and ski when he finds time. | <urn:uuid:2bd0c654-4255-48ec-bbc9-6cf44a589450> | {
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17 May 2018 | Various Sources | Hawkins Bay Dispatch
The word Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramiḍa or ar-ramaḍ, which means scorching heat or dryness.Fasting is fard (obligatory) for adult Muslims, except those who are suffering from an illness, travelling, are elderly, pregnant, breastfeeding, diabetic, chronically ill or menstruating
16 May 2018 | Staff | The New Arab
Millions around the world will begin the fasting month of Ramadan on Thursday, according to religious leaders in various Muslim-majority states.
Saudi Arabia and other large Muslim nations, including Indonesia, declared Ramadan would not begin on Wednesday based on a customary moon-sighting methodology. That means the dawn-to-dusk fasting is expected to begin on Thursday.
Muslims shun food and even water during the month, which this year falls on especially long summer days for those who live in northern countries.
Fasting is meant to bring the faithful closer to God and remind them of those less fortunate.
Fasting is considered one of the five pillars of Islam. During the day, Muslims must abstain from eating, drinking, sex, gossip and cursing, and are encouraged to focus on meditative acts like prayer, reading the Quran and charity. There are exceptions to fasting for children, the elderly, the sick, women who are pregnant, nursing or menstruating, and people travelling.
Because Muslims follow a lunar calendar, countries often declare the start of Ramadan a day or two apart. Traditionally, countries announce if their moon-sighting council spots the Ramada crescent in the evening before fasting begins. The news of Thursday’s fast was made on Saudi state TV and in other countries.
In many Muslim majority countries, the wealthy distribute food and money to the poor, with mosques and volunteers passing out drinks and foods to passersby in need of aid or simply to break their fast.
Ramadan is also a time for feasting with family and friends. Nighttime is buzzing in many Muslim majority countries in Ramadan, and millions watch Ramadan television specials.
Muslims celebrate the end of Ramadan with a three-day holiday called Eid al-Fitr.
16 May 2018 | Salim Al Afifi | Times of Oman
Ramadan is a much-awaited celebration for Muslims around the world, who seek rewards from the Almighty and love the peaceful vibe that comes with it. It is a month full of warmth and interesting traditions that bring about good changes of the heart.
Ramadan is an opportunity for individuals to rejoice and be more spiritual, while creating memorable moments with loved ones. As you get your heart ready to receive the light of this month, I would like to shed light on how Ramadan is welcomed and celebrated here in Oman.
In the Holy Quran, there is a verse that explains the importance of this month: “O Muslims! A noble and generous month has come to you. A month in which a night is better than one thousand months and this month is the month of charity, patience, and mercy. In this month, the gates of Paradise become wide open and the gates of Hell are shut, and the devils are chained…” (An-Nasa’i).
As the verse suggests, there is something spiritually unparalleled and quite peaceful about Ramadan that makes for a pleasant experience. This is the case even for my expatriate friends who seem to enjoy every bit of it and even take part in some of the traditions, which makes it an exciting month-long holy celebration.
How do we welcome Ramadan?
The atmosphere begins to change a week in advance, when parents tweak their reading habits and focus on religious books, bring out Ramadan-only recipes for the whole family to enjoy, and, most importantly, give up grudges and other bad habits that we, humans, tend to latch on to.
As the first day approaches, a sense of calm descends, and mosques become filled with Muslims who race to catch the Taraweh prayers, performed only during Ramadan.
Unlike other sacred seasons, there aren’t many decorations that scream Ramadan in an Omani household. There are no lanterns hung on walls around the house, or hanging light tucked in trees, but the ambience and our attitudes change drastically to become more empathetic and positive with the drive to do good.
In Oman, the traditions take us back to the olden ages, when modern means of living were slightly on the lower end of the spectrum, but retain a great deal of fun. Let’s explore them.
Ramadan is the one month that brings families together, especially in today’s society when everyone is busy on their own. After work, folks drive straight home to be with the family. They exchange conversation about religion, and have friendly and useful discussion about Islam, culture, and life in general.
After Iftar and prayers, some people gather with their loved ones for a much-needed tales-from-the-past, told by grandparents who are quite the imaginative storytellers. And sometimes, parents discuss interesting topics on religion and educate (or in some cases remind) the kids about their religion and culture.
Amid the talks and life lessons, you won’t find a single bit of gossip, as it is a sinful habit.
Some people enjoy the company of their friends, so they head out in packs and meet at their favourite spot for a cup of kahwa and a good, gossip-free conversation.
This is the most exciting part about Ramadan: The mouthwatering food that comes out of Omani kitchens. Though doctors keep urging us to adopt a healthy lifestyle, it’s difficult to go through Ramadan without indulging in some delicious treats.
Popular dishes include Thareed, a traditional Arabian dish made from pieces of bread in a meat or chicken broth. It is also popular in other Middle Eastern countries. Mashed dates, Asabe Mariyam (deep-fried, cheese-filled pastry), Luqaimat (sweet dumplings), and Khaliat Nahal (honeycomb dessert) are also some of the Ramadan favourites.
One of my absolute favourite traditions is sharing the food with neighbours. Every day, interesting and delicious dishes are exchanged between neighbours as an act of kindness. The tradition used to be practised daily, throughout the year, but now it remains widely practised during Ramadan.
If having a talk with family and friends is not top of your list of things to do during Ramadan, then you might want to opt for other activities, such as volunteering for a cause.
There are countless charity groups and organisations spread across town. From charities that lend a helping hand to the needy, to those focused on cleaning the streets of Muscat and taking care of orphans.
As you may already know, the rewards are doubled during Ramadan, which makes volunteering a favourite activity among the residents of Oman. And, it brings a sense of purpose to one’s heart (at least for me).
Aside from charitable work, many gentlemen enjoy a friendly match that stretches till midnight, or relax at a cafe near their homes to kill time while waiting for Suhoor (a meal consumed at dawn during Ramadan). Women enjoy meeting their friends for coffee or a quick exercise session, too.
Ramadan is that one month that we wish lasted longer, as it brings a unique atmosphere that is cherished by Omanis and celebrated by expatriates. Let the light in and enjoy a month full of grace and lots of love. — [email protected]
16 May 2018 | Kaamil Ahmed | The Middle East Eye
16 May 2018 | Sami Rahman | The New Arab
Every year, as the month of Ramadan arrives, my colleagues will ask with eager curiosity what fasting entails and why I do it. I’ll happily answer their questions as it allows me to impart some knowledge on Islam and about my beliefs and lifestyle.
However, not everyone’s reaction is the same. Here are some of the most common comments that get thrown at me. If you know of a Muslim co-worker who’s fasting this year please avoid saying any of the following:
I don’t know how you can fast, I could NEVER do that:
Although this may come across as a compliment, the unnecessary praise makes me feel a little uncomfortable.
Fasting is not the same as living through a drought or in poverty. I’m fortunate enough to be able to eat a nutritious and filling meal at the end of every single day. Yes, fasting requires a certain amount of discipline, but like dieting and exercising, anyone can do, if they try.
Surely you can drink water though, right?
A quick Google search on fasting during Ramadan will reveal that no, you can’t drink water, yet this is the most frequently asked question.
My answer to this is usually met with gasps of horror and admiration. It’s worth remembering that Muslims only fast during the daylight hours, so I won’t dehydrate myself or die.
That’s not safe – you’re starving yourself!
This is probably the most condescending remark because it’s said so flippiantly. In fact, there are numerous health benefits of fasting, if you do it correctly.
Take me for instance – I’ve been doing this for 20 years and guess what, I’m still alive and healthy(ish)!
Why don’t you just eat? No one will know…
Statements like this undermine the sacrifices that millions of Muslims make when they fast. The reward of fasting lies solely on the fact that it is an act that only God will know about, as you can easily pretend to fast in front of others.
Hence, eating secretly makes a mockery of the entire concept. Stop trying to be the devil on my shoulder – it won’t work.
I feel so bad eating in front of you!
Bearing in mind that most non-Muslims don’t believe in the evil eye, this is the most puzzling statement of all. Please don’t eat your desk lunch secretly in fear that a starving Muslim will yank it out of your hand – they’re fasting not starving lions.
You’re so lucky, you’re going to lose so much weight!
Yes, there are studies to show fasting can help aid weight loss but that’s not why we do it. A seemingly positive statement like this might sound fine but again, it undermines the sanctity of Ramadan by implying there are only superficial benefits to doing it.
What you could say instead…
Why do Muslims fast?
I really enjoy discussing Ramadan and the wisdom behind fasting and welcome genuine questions about it. It’s only through conversations like these that Muslims can educate others and remove stereotypes and presumptions.
Do you need any support during this month?
Fasting at work can be hard, especially if you’re the only Muslim in the team so by offering support you are taking off some of the load.
What are you going to eat tonight?
There’s nothing a fasting person loves more than to talk about food. Chances are they’ve been daydreaming about the iftar meal from the moment that got into the office so they’ll be more than happy to indulge you with their meal plans.
Sami Rahman is a freelance writer based in London.
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A few years ago at Hearing International we had a post about the aural rehabilitation of deaf dogs, We discussed some of the breeds that are prone to deafness. Additionally, we presented how dogs were tested for deafness and a bit about how to care for them. This was 6 years ago and the evaluation of dogs and other animals by audiologists specially trained in animal assessment and becoming more common adjuncts to veterinary care. Some audiologists even work with a few vets in the evaluation of animals, specifically dogs and cats. This week’s guest author, Adam Conrad is a specialist in dog care and presents some tips for living with deaf dogs. Many thanks to Adam and his insights into how to care for deaf dogs! RMT
Many people feel overwhelmed at the news that their dog is deaf. Just like humans, dogs may be born deaf due to a congenital defect or lose their hearing as a result of illness, injury, or old age. The news is understandably concerning, but the fact is that dogs rely on their senses of smell and sight far more than their ability to hear. While you will need to make some specific accommodations for your dog’s welfare, taking care of a deaf dog can be just as fun and rewarding as caring for a dog that is not deaf.
While it may be tempting to look into hearing aids as a way to avoid the problem altogether, most dogs won’t tolerate objects in their ears. And if the nerves needed for hearing are damaged beyond repair then hearing aids will not help anyway. Instead, here are five tips that can help you prepare for life with a deaf dog.
1. Physical Security
Even dogs with great hearing are at risk of getting hit by cars or lost if they escape from their leash. For deaf dogs, these dangers are an even greater threat. No matter how smart or attentive your deaf dog may be, it is much harder for them to avoid dangers that they simply cannot hear. If they are distracted by a fascinating scent, they may follow it too far and too fast to notice when they are in unfamiliar territory – and they will not be able to follow their owner’s voice home. You can decrease this risk by using a secondary connection to keep your dog from running off in case you drop the leash or have it pulled from your hand.
Fenced-in yards or a long line with a stake provide safe places to exercise and play. It’s also a good idea to make sure your dog has a tag stating that they are deaf, along with a bell so that it is easier to know where they are at all times. To keep your dog safe while indoors when out of your sight, use baby gates to control where they can go – and to limit the mischief they can get into.
2. Sleep Safety
All animals can be aggressive when awoken suddenly. It’s a natural reflex, since sleep is a very vulnerable activity. Deaf dogs have no warning that someone is approaching when they sleep, and may snap automatically if they are startled awake.
Try to wake up a deaf dog using the scent of their food or a treat (and don’t hold the snack too close to their face in case they wake up more quickly than you expect and dive straight for the food). If you must touch your dog to wake them up, be sure to gently touch a part of their body far from their face.
Since even dogs born with hearing may develop hearing loss as they get older, it’s a good idea to train any dog to associate a sudden awakening with something positive, like receiving a treat. Starting as early as possible, practice waking your puppy or dog up by touching them gently, and then giving them a treat as soon as they are awake. This will make it less likely that they will snap at someone (such as a small child) who accidentally startles them while they are sleeping.
3. Emotional Security
Dogs are just as adaptive as humans, so you might be more distressed at your dog’s loss of hearing than your dog actually is. But there is a risk of your dog feeling isolated, anxious, or stressed by a lack of hearing. If your dog was born able to hear but becomes partially or fully deaf as an adult, they may feel emotionally insecure – especially if you primarily relied on voice commands and vocal cues to communicate with them.
Dogs feel stressed or anxious if they are confused by their owner’s attempts to communicate. Luckily, body language is the primary form of communication dogs use with each other, so even if your dog can hear, it’s a good idea to develop signals using your body and not your voice. Not only will this help your dog get in the habit of checking in with you visually, but it will also help them to feel connected if they lose their ability to hear.
Resist the temptation to play tricks such as sneaking out of the house while your dog is sleeping. This can cause stress and even cause separation anxiety.
4. All Signal, No Noise
Speaking of communication, hand signals are some of the easiest ways to communicate with your dog – whether they are deaf or not. As mentioned earlier, body language is something all dogs are attuned to, although deaf dogs are even more attentive. So, be extra mindful of what signals you may be unintentionally sending.
Using hand signals to train your dog may sound difficult, but the key is simply consistency. Pick hand signals that are easy for you to remember and distinct from each other so your dog doesn’t confuse one signal for another. Many people use American Sign Language, but any gesture can work as long as you are careful to use the same signal for the same command every time. Many people find that a “thumbs up” is a great signal that your dog did something well or is about to get a treat.
5. Long Distance Calls
Perhaps the greatest challenge is getting your dog’s attention when they are not close enough for you to touch or wave a hand in front of them. Some people recommend using a flashlight, but certain breeds of dog may become obsessed with tracking lights. If you are nearby, knocking on a wall or stomping on the ground can cause a vibration strong enough to alert your dog. But in many situations a flashlight and stomping will simply not work. That’s where a vibration collar can make a world of difference.
Not to be confused with shock collars, a vibration collar simply buzzes as a way to get your dog’s attention. It cannot be used by itself to give a command, but can alert your dog to look at you and follow a command from a hand signal or body gesture.
The Dogs are All Right
Being deaf does not mean your dog is prone to any other unusual health conditions. Although it is tempting to feel sorry for a deaf dog, they do not need to be pitied, because they can still have a life full of love, adventure, and fun. With a few accommodations and some lifestyle adjustments, a deaf dog will be just as happy, healthy, and obedient as a dog who can hear.
It’s understandable that these adjustments can be intimidating for owners who have never lived with a deaf dog, and finding an obedience trainer who specializes in working with deaf dogs can be a radically useful resource. Don’t give up on a canine companion just because their needs may require extra effort on your part; their loyalty and friendship are well worth it.
Adam Conrad is a dad of 5 Shih Tzu pups. His passion for helping people in all aspects of dog care flows through in the coverage he provides about dog health issues like CDV (Canine Distemper Virus), pet containment systems, dog grooming, and best food for dogs. In his spare time he is an avid scuba diver. Adam is founder of www.ShihTzuExpertpert.com and available at [email protected].
Strain, G. (2018). Dog Breeds With Reported Congenital Deafness. Louisiana State University. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
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Is your glass half-empty or half-full? How you answer this age-old question about positive thinking may reflect your outlook on life, your attitude toward yourself, and whether you're optimistic or pessimistic.
In fact, some studies show that these personality traits — optimism and pessimism — can affect many areas of your health and well-being. Positive thinking also is a key part of effective stress management. Positive thinking doesn't mean that you keep your head in the sand and ignore life's less pleasant situations. It just means that you approach the unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way.
With all this in mind, take a refresher course in positive thinking. Learn how to put positive thinking into action in your own life, and reap the benefits.
Understanding positive thinking and self-talk
Self-talk is the endless stream of thoughts that run through your head every day. These automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. Some of your self-talk comes from logic and reason. Other self-talk may arise from misconceptions that you create because of lack of information.
If the thoughts that run through your head are mostly negative, your outlook on life is more likely pessimistic. If your thoughts are mostly positive, you're likely an optimist — someone who practices positive thinking.
The health benefits of positive thinking
Researchers continue to explore the effects of positive thinking and optimism on health. Health benefits that positive thinking may provide include:
- Increased life span
- Lower rates of depression
- Lower levels of distress
- Greater resistance to the common cold
- Better psychological and physical well-being
- Reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease
- Better coping skills during hardships and times of stress
It's unclear why people who engage in positive thinking experience these health benefits. One theory is that having a positive outlook enables you to cope better with stressful situations, which reduces the harmful health effects of stress on your body. It's also thought that positive and optimistic people live healthier lifestyles — they get more physical activity, follow a healthier diet, and have reduced rates of smoking and alcohol consumption.
Positive thinking: Reduce stress, enjoy life more
Identifying negative thinking
Some common forms of negative self-talk include:
- Filtering. You magnify the negative aspects of a situation and filter out all of the positive ones. For example, say you had a great day at work. You completed your tasks ahead of time and were complimented for doing a speedy and thorough job. But you forgot one minor step. That evening, you focus only on your oversight and forget about the compliments you received.
- Personalizing. When something bad occurs, you automatically blame yourself. For example, you hear that an evening out with friends is canceled, and you assume that the change in plans is because no one wanted to be around you.
- Catastrophizing. You automatically anticipate the worst. You refuse to go out with friends for fear that you'll make a fool of yourself. Or one change in your daily routine leads you to think the entire day will be a disaster.
- Polarizing. You see things only as either good or bad, black or white. There is no middle ground. You feel that you have to be perfect or that you're a total failure.
Focusing on positive thinking
- Check yourself. Periodically during the day, stop and evaluate what you're thinking. If you find that your thoughts are mainly negative, try to find a way to put a positive spin on them.
- Be open to humor. Give yourself permission to smile or laugh, especially during difficult times. Seek humor in everyday happenings. When you can laugh at life, you feel less stressed.
- Follow a healthy lifestyle. Exercise at least three times a week to positively affect mood and reduce stress. Follow a healthy diet to fuel your mind and body. And learn to manage stress.
- Surround yourself with positive people. Make sure those in your life are positive, supportive people you can depend on to give helpful advice and feedback. Negative people, those who believe they have no power over their lives, may increase your stress level and may make you doubt your ability to manage stress in healthy ways.
- Practice positive self-talk. Start by following one simple rule: Don't say anything to yourself that you wouldn't say to anyone else. Be gentle and encouraging with yourself. If a negative thought enters your mind, evaluate it rationally and respond with affirmations of what is good about yourself.
Examples of typical negative self-talk and how you might apply a positive twist include:
|Negative self-talk||Positive spin|
|I've never done it before.||It's an opportunity to learn something new.|
|It's too complicated.||I'll tackle it from a different angle.|
|I don't have the resources.||Necessity is the mother of invention.|
|I'm too lazy to get this done.||I wasn't able to fit it into my schedule but can re-examine some priorities.|
|There's no way it will work.||I can try to make it work.|
|It's too radical a change.||Let's take a chance.|
|No one bothers to communicate with me.||I'll see if I can open the channels of communication.|
|I'm not going to get any better at this.||I'll give it another try.|
Practicing positive thinking every day
If you tend to have a negative outlook, don't expect to become an optimist overnight. But with practice, eventually your self-talk will contain less self-criticism and more self-acceptance. You may also become less critical of the world around you. Plus, when you share your positive mood and positive experience, both you and those around you enjoy an emotional boost.
Practicing positive self-talk will improve your outlook. When your state of mind is generally optimistic, you're able to handle everyday stress in a more constructive way. That ability may contribute to the widely observed health benefits of positive thinking.
"Waste your money and you're only out of money,but waste your time and you're lost part of your life" | <urn:uuid:5d126586-d3c8-447d-851f-8d93181dca4d> | {
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Managed bumble bees are viable as pollinators in netted kiwifruit orchards
Protected cropping can increase orchard productivity; however, enclosed environments can be disruptive to pollinators. Bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) forage under covers, but industries lack guidelines for using them as pollinators. Here conservative stocking rates for bumble bees in covered kiwifruit orchards were identified using empirical manipulation of bee density and theoretical calculations based on bee behaviour. Bumble bee pollination at two bee densities (24 and 72 colonies/ha) was assessed within two fully netted sections (1/25 ha each) in a Gold3 kiwifruit orchard. Predictive modelling was used to estimate total bees required for pollination while actual pollination in the two blocks was measured directly. There was no difference in flower visitation rate between stocking densities but a 20% increase in seed set was found at high bee density. It was estimated that 90% of a Gold3 crop could be pollinated by 914 foraging bees/ha, or between 22 and 48 colonies/ha at the strengths used in this study. Bumble bees are effective pollinators in protected cropping environments and provide a viable tool for managed pollination under nets. A theoretical approach to refining stocking rates is a good option when manipulating pollinator densities is not possible.
Castilla N 2002. Current situation and future prospects of protected crops in the Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mediterranean Horticulture: Issues and Prospects, pp. 135-147. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.11
Cook R, Calvin L 2005. Greenhouse tomatoes change the dynamics of the North American fresh tomato industry. Economic Research Report No. ERR-2. United States Department of Agriculture. 86 p. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45477
Dag A 2008. Bee pollination of crop plants under environmental conditions unique to enclosures. Journal of Apicultural Research 47: 162-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2008.11101444
Evans E 2017. From humble bee to greenhouse pollination workhorse: can we mitigate risks for bumble bees? Bee World, 94: 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2017.1290892
Hanan JJ, Holly WD, Goldsberry KL 1978. Greenhouse management. Springer Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66778-7
Howlett BG, Read SFJ, Jesson LK, Benoist A, Evans LE, Pattemore DE 2017a. Diurnal insect visitation patterns to ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit flowers in New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection 70: 52-57. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.27
Howlett BG, Evans LJ, Pattemore DE, Nelson WR 2017b. Stigmatic pollen delivery by flies and bees: Methods comparing multiple species within a pollinator community. Basic and Applied Ecology 19: 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.12.002
Jones JB 2007. Tomato plant culture: In the field, greenhouse, and home garden. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 216 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007398
Pomeroy N, Fisher RM 2012. Pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by bumble bees (Bombus terrestris): effects of bee density and patterns of flower visitation., New Zealand Entomologist, 25(1): 41-49 https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2002.9722093
Pomeroy N, Stoklosinski SR 1990. Measuring the foraging strength of bumble bee colonies. In: Shriva P ed. Proceedings of the XIth Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects: 252-253. Bangalore, India.
Reddy PP 2016. Sustainable crop protection under protected cultivation. Springer, Singapore, 434 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-952-3 | <urn:uuid:9c316b83-422d-4187-b735-9220df7424ad> | {
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Yesterday, I wrote a quick post as I was trying to decide which of two number talks I should do with a 1st grade class. I got some great feedback and went with the first one in the post! It was amazing and completely evident that the teacher, Ms. Williams, does a great job asking students to share their thinking regularly. The students were so clear in explaining their reasoning and asking questions of one another.
The first problem drew out exactly what I was hoping and more. One student shared counting on and a few students shared how they decomposed the 4 and added 2 and then 2 more. I was not expecting the use of a double, but two students used 8+8 in their reasoning. The use of their “double fact” reminded me of the solving equations conversations I have with Michael Pershan but in a much more sense-making way than I personally think about it. The students said they “knew 4 and 4 made 8 so they took 4 away and that changed the answer.” I tried to get out of them that they subtracted the 4 from the 16 as well, but it just made sense to them the 16 changed to 12 because he subtracted 4 from the 8. I am so glad I videoed this talk because I want to talk more about it after I re-watch it!
The second problem was as tricky, as I anticipated, and split the class between the answers 1 and 9. The students seemed very used to having the difference on the lefthand side of the equal sign which is great, but some still wanted to add 1 to the 4 instead of subtract the 4 from the missing number. I moved on to the final question because we were at a bit of a standstill at this point. Hindsight, I wish I did that problem last, but I had them journal about it after the talk.
The final problem, which I wish was my first problem – what was I thinking in this order? – was great! They decomposed the 5, made 10 and talked their way through the two incorrect responses.
I asked them to journal about the second problem when we finished. The prompt was to explain which answer, 9 or 1, they thought it was and why. Here are few examples:
I think I would love to post the following string (all at once) on the board to start tomorrow’s lesson:
? – 4 = 5
5 = ? – 4
? + 4 = 5
5 = ? + 4
Ask what the question mark is in each one and which equations seem most similar.
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Epoxy can be a handy tool for all kinds of home projects. This video explains what epoxy is and some basic tips for how to use it.
As this video, from Make’s YouTube channel, explains, epoxy can used to pour castings, fill holes and gaps in wood, and create protective coverings for almost any surface. You’ll also learn about the two parts that make an epoxy (the resin and the hardener), how important it is to know the setting and cure times for specific types. that you can dye epoxy different colors, and that you can remove bubbles with heat gun. Not all epoxies are the same, so make sure you always check the instructions for the specific type you’re using.
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Questions of Public Law (1737)
Cornelius van Bynkershoek
Miscellaneous Questions about Taxes, Revenues, and Tax Collectors
QUESTIONS of taxes and revenues particularly concern those who govern a state, for experience would teach us even though Tacitus had not said that ‘nations cannot be kept at peace without armies, armies cannot exist without pay, pay cannot be furnished without tribute’. Though it is difficult to distinguish in meaning between the words tributum and vectigal, yet for the sake of attempting a definition we call by the word tributum (tax) the returns that are collected on account of property owned or acquired or levied on the person, while we apply the word vectigal (revenue) to returns that are collected on account of imports, exports, and fungibles that we buy. This is the distinction that Tacitus employs between tributa and portoria or vectigalia.
It is an ancient complaint that contributions are exceedingly burdensome in the Netherlands and especially in Holland. Some think that this is a misfortune common to republics that are governed by many; for these administrators convince themselves that the more numerous they are, the larger must be the revenues to support them like so many princes, as it were. But I am not now concerned with the question whether subjects of despots are more fortunate in this respect. This is at least true that whatever has ever been taxed for revenue in any other nation is taxed here, and one would not be far wrong if one granted that our taxes are even greater. At Rome a tax was imposed upon celibacy in order to encourage an increase in population; in Holland and Zealand there is even a tax on marriage; indeed here we may not even die with impunity. There is even a different form of greed which in some places exacts a revenue from the dead, for the churches demand an offering for the bodies that are carried past them for burial elsewhere. Peckius inveighs against this practice calling it wholly illegal. One might suppose from the Digest that the practice was in vogue among the Romans, for the expenses of the funeral are mentioned si qua vectigalia sunt (if there be any rent). But since there is no other authority for it and none exists so far as I know there is good reason for assuming a more generous attitude among the Romans for their dead; and we may refer these vectigalia to the dues exacted on account of the horses, ships, men, and whatever else is in the funeral train proceeding to another place. For on this score tribute could doubtless be exacted as readily as if they were going elsewhere for any other purpose. Furthermore, the readings in the passage vary; however, I am not now concerned with this matter. In the Netherlands at any rate the practice cannot be approved, for here prayers are not said for the dead in the churches past which the body is carried; in fact according to the Calvinistic faith they may not be said for the dead and that would seem to be the origin of the practice, as others have already observed. But the Calvinists have long been guilty of pursuing the profits that the papal priests secured by their services, although they do not perform the same services. I also would put an end to this greedy practice by applying section 39 of the so-called Politicque Ordonnantie which the Estates of Holland issued on April 1, 1580. For this privilege, such as it is, which the churches exercise may be treated as a kind of jurisdiction. And it should be curbed all the more because of the ease with which the priests can make their exaction, for no one will permit the funeral train to be detained in order not to pay the toll. This practice is not unlike the deed of brigandage that Suetonius relates of the people of Pollentia.
We know from Roman law that an itemized list of properties is made in census-taking. But in Holland and in some other places this practice is not looked upon with approval. We have a decree of the Estates of Holland (January 22, 1675) which on account of hard times then prevailing, required that the one-half per cent. tax be paid even on property owned in foreign lands; and yet this very decree prohibited the requirement of a description of the property. The Court of Holland likewise forbade this with a threat of penalty in the Mandate of October 21, 1677, when a certain man was charged with having given false census returns. In this decree of January 22, 1675, the Estates hold that, in view of conditions existing in these regions, it is wrong to exact a description of property, and accordingly the state must rely upon the oath of the taxpayer; and yet burgomasters of cities and counsellors of the Estates are ordered to inform themselves as well as they can about the property holdings of each individual, and to undertake to prosecute for the public account those who make false declarations. This practice of relying upon the oath is not unlike the ancient custom of the Germans which Machiavelli lauds as a striking illustration of true integrity. He there says that the Germans in place of tribute pay a one per cent. or two per cent. tax upon their property, and that when they have taken oath that they would pay the due amount, they do so without any investigation of accounts or compulsion. But even more honourable was the behaviour of some Hollanders of the early days of the republic, for I have heard that when the taxes were being collected without any definite system, very many of them complained that less was being exacted than should be, and they accordingly offered and paid a greater sum to the state. As Machiavelli attributed the behaviour of the Germans to their love of liberty, so it is very true in the Netherlands that those who were most devoted to the cause of liberty were the most ready and willing to pay even the heaviest taxes, knowing well, as they did, that a good man does not surrender liberty except with the breath of life, so that it is a small matter to give a part of one’s property in its defence. Public property is immune from tax; and though the mints of Holland formerly paid taxes, the Estates decreed on February 25, 1667, that the mints should not be liable to tax since they belonged to the Estates. The question, however, has been raised whether the public property belonging to the States-General should also be exempt from taxes in the several provinces. When the admiralty board of Rotterdam had built an arsenal at Hellevoetsluis, and asked the Estates of Holland on March 19, 1658, that this be exempt from taxes in Holland, then and for the future, the Estates refused the request on April 1, 1658. On the same day they decreed that all the arsenals of the States-General were and would remain subject to taxation. However, this hardly agrees with the later decree of August 5, 1667; for at that time when the Estates of Holland had levied a tax upon carriages, yachts, and similar properties, and the collector who had engaged to farm this tax decided also to collect on the properties of this kind at Rotterdam which belonged to the States-General and their college, the counsellors of the States-General wrote (July 21, 1667) to the Estates of Holland asking them to interfere, ‘since the yachts and other vessels belonging to these, were not the property of any individual inhabitant of the state but were absolutely the property of the state’. The Estates of Holland decided accordingly on August 5, 1667, giving as reason, ‘since the aforesaid yachts are not pleasure vessels nor the property of private persons, but on the contrary are all used in the service of the whole state’. Are we to conclude then, that the arsenals of the States-General which pay taxes to Holland according to the decree of April 1, 1658, are private property, or that they were not built for the purposes of the whole state? It is evident that the two decrees are inconsistent. From a purely legal point of view the earlier decree can be defended since the sovereign can rightly impose taxes on all property within his domain. But we should consider whether it is a friendly act to impose taxes to our own advantage upon property of a confederate state when more than half of that property belongs to us and when the confederation could not exist without the use of that property. This is a consideration that can very frequently be urged when we are taking things that pertain to transportation and to war.
At Rome taxes and revenues were collected not only for the Emperor but also for certain cities. As Suetonius relates, Tiberius deprived many cities of their right to these, but Alexander Severus restored them again for the support of their factories, according to Lampridius. And Ammianus Marcellinus relates that the right of taxing was in general restored to the cities by Julian. In Holland revenues are collected not only by the Estates but also by certain cities, the latter of course on the basis of special grants. For as among the Romans no one but the Emperor could impose a tribute, so also Charles V decreed on July 6, 1515l and again on September 8, 1518, that no city or township in Holland should impose a new revenue tax on wine, beer, or any other thing, or change the old tax, without the special permission of the Count. In fact the later Counts so merged all revenues in their own hands that not even the Estates seem to have imposed any new taxes or revenues without special permission, even though the tax was payable to the Count. Examples of this kind of grant are the concessions which Charles V gave to the Estates of Holland on January 5, 1543 and April 16, 1543.
Jurists discuss the question whether it is lawful for cities and townships to impose taxes and dues upon the citizens and inhabitants for the sake of paying off debts, building or repairing public buildings, and for other necessary disbursements. The question must be answered with reference to the form of the government in each case. In ancient times in Holland even the meaner lords of domains seem to have done so, whence arose the frequent practice of the inhabitants to agree upon terms with the lords so that the exactions should be limited. This right is even now exercised in various ways. For instance, those who have charge of the construction and the repair of the dikes still levy certain tolls for this purpose, and various lords of no high station impose them almost without pretext. However, since the power and influence of the Counts became all important, it was not lawful to levy such taxes and tolls without a grant from them especially after the above-mentioned edicts of Charles V, dated 1515 and 1518. Accordingly, when the Lord of Brederode attended the coronation of Charles V at Aachen and, to defray the expenses of the journey, levied a tax upon the people of Bodegraven, these refused, insisting that no one had the right to levy tributes in Holland without permission of the Counts, and they were sustained by the Court of Holland on February 25, 1524. Again the bailiffs and others formerly exacted moneys in the form of taxes and tolls, not alleging any law but merely usage, and they successfully maintained the custom because individuals did not find it convenient to carry cases to court when often only a small sum was involved. But this form of robbery was restricted by the Estates of Holland by means of section 39 of De Politicque Ordonnantie passed April 1, 1580. And yet even to-day there are an abundance of offences of this nature.
At Rome a release from a part of the pledged amount in a contract was allowed in case of unforeseen disasters, and this also obtained in contracts of revenue-collectors. At any rate Ulpian enumerates certain conditions in which the tax is remitted or lowered, and I read in Polybius that the Roman Senate remitted a part of the contracted sum to the tax collectors on account of disasters. This remission in whole or in part is particularly appropriate if the loss which the tax farmer sustains results from some act of the party letting the contract, as for instance if he exempts certain people from tax after the contract has been made, or prohibits the importation or exportation of goods that are liable to duty, or forbids the use of articles which produce revenue. This for instance is said to be the reason why Pope Innocent XII could not carry through his sumptuary laws in 1694, since theologians and jurists expressed the opinion that the Pope would be bound to reimburse the tax farmers for the losses they would suffer.
However, we are rather concerned with the law of Holland in the matter. Now the counsellors of the Estates of Holland are not able to make any remissions to tax farmers according to section 11 of their ordinance adopted October 4, 1670, not, to be sure, because no remissions are allowed, but because the counsellors are “not empowered to give any. In section 16 of the ordinance which the Estates of Holland gave their college on February 19, 1585, the statement is made that the Estates alone can consider cases of remission of moneys which the tax farmers owe the state. Hence it is apparent that remission was then possible if the Estates considered that the reasons justified it. And no grounds could be more just than if, as I said, the Estate themselves had done something which entailed losses to the tax farmers after the contract had been made. I therefore am surprised, that according to sections 33 and 35 of the Formulary of public revenues, no remissions are allowed the tax farmers in Holland if the export is prohibited of merchandise or other things upon which a duty is levied, or if exemption from taxes is granted some individuals after the contract has been let. The only ground for remission, according to the section in question, is the occupation by the enemy of places whose revenues are due the tax farmers, and this exemption is estimated in proportion to the time of occupancy. For this same cause the States-General in 1640 and 1668 decided to remit to the Estates of the several provinces the amount of damage these had sustained in the loss of revenues during the time certain parts of the provinces had been occupied and devastated by the enemy. This ground is of course wholly just; but no less just are the two reasons which I have mentioned. The States-General finally adopted one of the two reasons in section 23 of the most recent revenue-ordinance passed March 11, 1723. That is, they allow remissions in case the importation of certain goods is prohibited (the case of exports ought to be treated on the same grounds), but the other reason, which involves cases of personal exemption from taxes, they do not mention. However, they accept three new reasons for remission, namely inundations, great conflagrations, and plagues. Apparently, therefore, all other possible reasons are excluded.
We must accordingly reject a statement made by some authorities that tax contractors in Holland have the same rights of remission as the contractors dealing in other affairs. Hitherto not even the plague has been considered a justification for remission but only of a deferring of payment, as appears in Casus XLIII, of the Political Disquisitions. The counsellors of Holland and those of the Netherlands have given the general advice that if the Estates cause damage to the tax collectors by new decrees they ought to make good the losses, and this is the correct position in my opinion. In this whole matter, if we would follow the Roman law which places public contractors on the same legal basis as others, it would be better than, as at present, to reject arbitrarily certain reasons there accepted, and fail to admit others that are equally worthy or even more so. The reasons enumerated in sections 15, 25, and 95 of the ordinance which the Estates of Holland imposed upon their treasury officials on March 12, 1593, agree on the whole with Roman law. | <urn:uuid:451c4d7a-7bcd-44a0-964e-a43c58a7600d> | {
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Species Detail - Inocybe dulcamara - Species information displayed is based on the dataset "General Biodiversity Records from Ireland".
Terrestrial Map - 10kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 10km grid square (ITM).
Marine Map - 50kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 50km grid square (WGS84).
Agaricus dulcamarus nom. illegit., non Pers. (1801), Agaricus uniformis, Inocybe delecta, Inocybe dulcamara forma squamosoannulata, Inocybe dulcamara var. axantha, Inocybe dulcamara var. homomorpha
5 September (recorded in 1989)
5 October (recorded in 2012)
Collated by the National Biodiversity Data Centre from different sources, General Biodiversity Records from Ireland, National Biodiversity Data Centre, Ireland, Inocybe dulcamara, accessed 16 August 2018, <https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Dataset/7/Species/164793> | <urn:uuid:bf19066a-1af5-4496-ad6d-95607a39535d> | {
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On April 22, something truly remarkable happened. Scientists and non-scientists alike marched in protest in more than six hundred locations around the world, including Stockholm. Never before have the advocates of science been so united, and so public in their concern. What prompted this extraordinary event?
Story by: Matthijs Dorst
The troubled history of Science
Let’s take a step back. Science has always had its opponents: when Galileo reasserted that the heavens did not revolve around the Earth, the inquisition was less than pleased. John Snow’s germ theory on the cholera outbreaks in London was received as “peculiar”. When Sir Ronald Fisher proposed that smoking could cause cancer, it took decades before this was generally accepted. The list of controversial scientific views goes on: from genetically modified foods to the idea of a flat earth, someone, somewhere, will disagree with scientific consensus.
“Anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that ‘my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge”
Of course, disagreeing with scientific consensus in itself is not always a bad thing: if Einstein did not question Newton’s law of universal gravitation, our sci-fi movies would have far fewer wormholes. Trying to disproof a theory is practically the definition of the scientific method. And even when dissent is not based on proof, its effects may be harmless: if your crazy uncle thinks the earth is flat, at worst the family Christmas dinner will get a bit more awkward.
But what if your crazy uncle also believes that vaccines should be avoided? In Romania, 17 children died in a recent measles outbreak, after vaccine coverage dropped from 97% in 2007 to just 86% in 2015 (1). And what if your crazy uncle is a senator? A congressman? A president? What if policy is being on unfounded believes, rather than scientific fact?
Science, not Silence.
“This isn’t just about jobs to us, if we cared about money we wouldn’t be in this field in the first place. This is about the future of every organism on earth, many that haven’t even been born yet. We have to fight.”
User retardcharzard on Reddit
The initial spark happened in that marvellous but unlikely corner of the internet known as Reddit, on the day of Trump’s inauguration. As is custom, the White House website was updated that day, and soon it became apparent that all references to climate change had been scrubbed. When this story from Motherboard appeared on Reddit, it quickly gained tens of thousands of upvotes, and calls for action by many of its users.
In the days that followed, more worrying news emerged: the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency, banned its scientists from speaking directly with the press. Existing data would be made inaccessible, possibly even deleted. A similar policy was enacted in Canada years before, when former prime minister Stephan Harper severely limited how environmental research could be communicated. This blatant censorship rubbed many scientists the wrong way, and this time they were ready for it. They were prepared. The rogue Parks and Recreations twitter account was not having any of it, and inspired by the Women’s March on Washington earlier, the call came for a Science March on Washington.
Since various scientists generally get along about as well as a sack full of cats, it must have come as a surprise to be greeted with approval. The organizers soon found willing organizers everywhere to march in solidarity, even in countries like Sweden where public trust in science is high. Ere long, satellite marches were organized everywhere, from the North Pole to the Antarctic(2). Scientists, never particularly vocal in matters of policy, had decided to make the biggest political statement in the history of science. The responses started rolling in soon after.
Does marching for science risk being a political statement, wondered many aloud? “Yes”, came the answer, “that’s sort of the point”. It remained a difficult topic throughout: scientists did not want to be seen as “anti-Trump”, yet they clearly marched against the policies he enacted. The organizers explicitly stated that they have no intention of promoting one political party over another, so we must assume any semblance between their mission statement and the manifest of certain political parties was entirely coincidental(3).
Vigilant as the organizers were to condemn any form of partisanship, their attention to diversity left something to be desired. That is to say, many people felt they should try having some. [#ZQ4] Simultaneously, some scientists like Steven Pinker publically criticized the march for being too “anti-science PC/identity politics/hard-left rhetoric”.
Science has a long and somewhat embarrassing history of slightly exhibiting systematic racism and discrimination. Eugenics for example was directly inspired by Darwin’s theory of evolution, and advocated by many famous scientists (4). Similarly, sexual harassment and sexual discrimination are rife to this day, with famous scientists like John Searle receiving accusations of misconduct and their administrations shielding them from prosecution. “Could we perhaps make a statement to condone this racial and sexual discrimination, and to stand up for marginalised scientists”, some asked? Surprisingly, “diversity is a distraction from the real work of the march” was not the answer many were hoping for. Eventually, early organizers who were pushing for more inclusiveness, like Jacquelyn Gill, left the organizing committee and bannered under the #marginsci hashtag. In an extreme example, the city of Memphis, Tennessee saw two separate marches for science: one striving to be as unpartisan as possible, and one organized directly to support marginalized communities in STEM. Scientists, as it turns out, really cannot agree on anything after all (5).
The Future of Science
Where will Science go from here? Ultimately, the goal of the March for Science is to ensure the continuation of scientific research, to promote science-based policy making, and to enable scientists to work on important issues even when politicians would prefer them not to. But how do you go from holding up a sign on the streets, to affecting the mind-set of, essentially, everyone?
A study in 2013 (6) reported that Americans watching conservative media like Fox News were less likely to trust scientists. In turn, this decreased their belief in scientific consensus on issues like global warming and vaccinations. More recent studies found similar results: the less people trust scientists, the more likely they are to doubt scientific findings. Many science advocates have called for more and better scientific education. But the main problem is not scientific illiteracy. Many climate chance deniers know very well that scientists believe humans caused global warming. They simply don’t trust those scientists.
Whatever good the march may have done, it was only a first step in regaining trust in science. Now is the time for scientists to reach out, to convince their local community that science helps people, and that science-based policy helps everyone. Perhaps more importantly, to show everyone what a real living scientist looks like, and what scientists try to accomplish. We cannot expect people to trust in science without first convincing them to trust in scientists. Hopefully, with the help of good science communicators, more people will trust scientists to act for the good of all of us. With time, policy may follow.
(1) The recommended interrupt transmission threshold for measles is 95%.
(2) Presumably, the penguins observing the march were very impressed.
(3) Narrator: It was not.
(4) For a local reminder, visit one of the statues of Gustav Retzius on the Karolinska campus!
(5) Much to the relief of fortune-tellers everywhere, who assumed that any group of scientists agreeing and collaborating with each other for so long must surely herald the impending apocalypse.
(6) Hmielowski, Jay D., et al. “An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming.” Public Understanding of Science 23.7 (2014): 866-883.
This article was previously published in Medicor 2017 #2
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Summary: Researchers say dietary fats, not sugars or proteins, are the only cause of weight gain.
Source: University of Aberdeen.
Scientists from the University of Aberdeen and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have undertaken the largest study of its kind looking at what components of diet – fat, carbohydrates or protein – caused mice to gain weight.
Since food consists of fat, protein and carbs, it has proven difficult to pinpoint exactly what aspect of the typical diet leads to weight gain.
Part of the problem is that it is very difficult to do studies on humans where what they eat is controlled for long enough periods to work out what are the most important factors, however studies on animals that are similar to us can help point in the right direction.
The study was published in the journal Cell Metabolism and includes 30 different diets that vary in their fat, carbohydrate (sugar) and protein contents.
The mice were fed these diets for three months, which is equivalent to nine years in humans. In total over 100,000 measurements were made of body weight changes and their body fat was measured using a micro MRI machine.
Professor John Speakman, who led the study, said: “The result of this enormous study was unequivocal – the only thing that made the mice get fat was eating more fat in their diets.
“Carbohydrates including up to 30% of calories coming from sugar had no effect. Combining sugar with fat had no more impact than fat alone. There was no evidence that low protein (down to 5%) stimulated greater intake, suggesting there is no protein target. These effects of dietary fat seemed to be because uniquely fat in the diet stimulated the reward centres in the brain, stimulating greater intake.
“A clear limitation of this study is that it is based on mice rather than humans. However, mice have lots of similarities to humans in their physiology and metabolism, and we are never going to do studies where the diets of humans are controlled in the same way for such long periods. So the evidence it provides is a good clue to what the effects of different diets are likely to be in humans.”
Source: Laura Graham – University of Aberdeen
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Abstract for “Dietary Fat, but Not Protein or Carbohydrate, Regulates Energy Intake and Causes Adiposity in Mice” by Sumei Hu, Lu Wang, Dengbao Yang, Li Li, Jacques Togo, Yingga Wu7, Quansheng Liu, Baoguo Li, Min Li, Guanlin Wang, Xueying Zhang, Chaoqun Niu, Jianbo Li, Yanchao Xu, Elspeth Couper, Andrew Whittington-Davies, Mohsen Mazidi, Lijuan Luo, Shengnan Wang, Alex Douglas, and John R. Speakman in Cell Metabolism. Published July 12 2018.
Dietary Fat, but Not Protein or Carbohydrate, Regulates Energy Intake and Causes Adiposity in Mice
•Energy intake was linked only to dietary fat levels and not protein or sucrose
•Adiposity increased with increasing fat content to 60% but thereafter declined
•Hypothalamic hunger pathways were unresponsive to dietary protein content
•Dopamine, opioid, and serotonin pathways were all stimulated by fat intake
The impacts of different macronutrients on body weight regulation remain unresolved, with different studies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased carbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein may all stimulate overconsumption and drive obesity. We exposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets varying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate, 5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose. Only increased dietary fat content was associated with elevated energy intake and adiposity. This response was associated with increased gene expression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine and opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. We replicated the core findings in four other mouse strains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate their food consumption primarily to meet an energy rather than a protein target, but this system can be over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but not sucrose, consumption. | <urn:uuid:96623a46-3045-43eb-9979-aca8b184bdbc> | {
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Matthew Green is an assistant professor of physics at NC State. He is part of a multi-institutional research project that is housed deep within a mountain in South Dakota. The project is aimed at detecting a process called neutrinoless double-beta decay, which could be key to explaining why there is more matter than anti-matter in the universe. The group has published its latest findings in Physical Review Letters. Green agreed to a Q&A with The Abstract on the project and its results so far.
Abstract: What is the Majorana Demonstrator, and what are you looking for?
Green: The Majorana Demonstrator is one of the most sensitive radiation detectors ever constructed; it looks for an ultra-rare form of nuclear decay that has yet to be observed. This process, called neutrinoless double-beta decay, has been predicted to occur if neutrinos, subatomic elementary particles that permeate our universe, are their own antiparticles, a property that would set them apart from the other basic building blocks of matter, help to explain their unusual properties, and may even explain why we live in a universe that has so much matter in it and so little anti-matter. We look for this decay in a specific isotope of germanium, germanium-76. Germanium is a semi-conductor, and germanium detectors are some of the best radiation detectors available. We’ve constructed germanium detectors from material that is enriched in germanium-76; our germanium serves as both the source of the decay and the detector of the decay’s radiation.
Abstract: Why does the experiment need to be housed a mile under a mountain?
Green: Our planet is under constant bombardment from high-energy particles from space called cosmic rays. While we never notice them in our day-to-day lives, a sensitive radiation detector like the Majorana Demonstrator would be completely overwhelmed by them and prevent us from being able to find the extremely rare process that we’re looking for. We operate the demonstrator in a former gold mine in South Dakota, nearly a mile underground so that we can place a mile of rock between our experiment and the cosmic rays at the Earth’s surface. It’s much easier than constructing a building with a mile-thick roof!
Abstract: Why is it important to shield the detector from background radioactivity?
Green: Everything around us contains trace amounts of radioactive materials. The Earth’s crust contains uranium and thorium isotopes which are still mostly present from when the Earth was formed, and every so often these isotopes decay and produce radiation. Again, we typically never notice these things, and the amounts in which we encounter them in our day-to-day lives are completely harmless to people. When looking for an extremely rare nuclear decay process like neutrinoless double-beta decay, however, we would be overwhelmed by the natural radioactivity in the materials we used to construct the detector itself if we weren’t very careful. We produce our own ultra-pure copper in a chemistry lab underground to ensure that it doesn’t contain radioactive impurities. We carefully select insulating materials for their radio-purity, and we test everything before considering it for use in the detector. Then we surround the detector with low-radioactivity shielding materials: low-background copper and approximately 70 tons of lead bricks to shield the experiment from the radioactivity present in the room.
Abstract: What is neutrinoless double-beta decay, and what can it tell us about the universe?
Green: One of the big mysteries of neutrino physics is why the masses of neutrinos are so small compared to the other matter particles of the Standard Model of Particle Physics: the quarks, electrons, and the electrons’ heavier cousins muons and tau particles. Of these, neutrinos are the only matter particles which are capable of being their own anti-particles. It’s easy to distinguish a particle with an electric charge from its anti-particle: The anti-particle has opposite electric charge. For neutrinos, which are electrically neutral, the picture is less clear. If neutrinos are their own antiparticles, a different mechanism could be generating their masses, and that would go a long way toward explaining why neutrinos are so light.
Abstract: What have you found so far, and what are the next steps?
Green: We haven’t observed neutrinoless double-beta decay yet, but we have constructed an experiment as low-background as we predicted it would be. There are good physics motivations for building an experiment about 40 times larger than the Demonstrator, and we have teamed up with international collaborators to begin designing LEGEND, a neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment that will look for this process in a ton of germanium material. | <urn:uuid:a631b670-ffc8-42a6-bcb8-e0d5afb0f703> | {
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If you keep fish, you've almost certainly heard of Ichthyophthirius Multifillis...or, more simply, Ich. Though many amateur aquarists misdiagnose their afflicted fish with Ich because of the presence of any kind of white spot, once your fish actually have the real disease it's unmistakable.
Ich is a parasite that first appears as a bunch of small white cysts on the fish's skin, generally concentrated around the gills and fins. These spots are "clean" and compact, looking much like someone sprinkled salt over your fish. If this does not describe the spots on your fish, it's not Ich...fin rot, columnaris and a multitude of other parasites and infections have some form of white or grey spotting. Ich can be deadly to the fish, though surprisingly most fish that have Ich do not die because of the parasites. Instead, most die from secondary infections from having less-than-pristine water or even from the harsh medications meant to treat Ich.
How do the fish get Ich? Sometimes it's from infected new fish, sometimes there are even parasites already living in the aquarium that you never know about until conditions are right for them to infect the fish. So what do you do? Simple...you keep your fish as healthy as humanly possible. If a fish is active with a strong immune system and a healthy slime coat, their chances of being infected are minimal. In the event that such a healthy fish does get infected, they have a very good chance of fighting off the parasite and avoiding secondary infections.
The first step to keeping fish healthy is to feed them a high-quality, varied diet. The food sold at most pet stores do not qualify as high-quality, though if it's all that's available it will do for maintenance care as long as they have some dietary variation. It's easy to cultivate live food such as brine shrimp, vinegar eels, mosquito larvae or grindal worms to add necessary protein and variety into the diet. There are plenty of online sources of healthy fish food as well as recipes for creating your own top-of-the-line food for your finned pets.
The next - and most important - step to keeping fish healthy and preventing secondary infections in afflicted fish is to have a clean aquarium. Just because the water is clear, doesn't mean it's clean or healthy. A healthy tank will require a partial water change at least every two weeks, depending on stocking levels (though water maintenance products such as EcoBio-Stones can significantly reduce these), and nitrate levels need to be kept below 20ppm. Most books and sites will recommend no more than 40ppm nitrates, however some types of fish and invertebrates such as snails, shrimp, smaller tetras and angels do not like the higher levels, so it's always best to err on the side of caution.
Water changes help keep the parameters within acceptable limits, help remove excess organic material such as waste and uneaten food, and also replenish required minerals in the water that the fish use up over time. If you prefer not to do as many water changes or are physically unable to, there are alternatives to doing so many. My favorite is the aforementioned EcoBio-Stone, which is a water maintenance product that introduces beneficial bacteria into the aquarium (which keeps the biological filter healthy) and slowly leaches necessary minerals into the water to keep fish healthy. You'll still need to do a gravel vacuum occasionally to remove excess organic material or stir your substrate to get rid of potentially harmful gas pockets and bring the organic material up where your mechanical filter can remove it from the aquarium.
Finally, if your fish do get Ich, avoid commercial medications if possible. Most Ich medications contain Malachite Green, a chemical that is very toxic in concentrated amounts and is often used as a dye. This is very effective at killing parasites, but is also very hard on the fish and you run a risk of killing them too. Invertebrates and plants are at special risk with these products. Instead, make sure your water parameters are ideal (this may require a partial water change) and then treat with aquarium salt and a topical antibiotic such as Melafix. Exactly how much of each of these will depend on the size of your tank and whether you have invertebrates or scale-less fish such as tetras. While any medication is being used you should remove activated carbon from the filter. If you have EcoBio-Stone, vacation food, calcium blocks or any other leave-in or time-released products they will need to be removed before treating the aquarium. Keep EcoBio-Stone in de-chlorinated water if you'd like to avoid any extra re-starting time.
If you wish to decrease treatment time, raising the temperature will speed up the life cycle of the parasites so they can be killed sooner, but be careful if you decide to do this. Many sources suggest heating the water to 80F which is great for tetras, guppies and the like, but the safe temperature varies widely for each fish. The temperature of the water determines how much dissolved oxygen the water can hold, so it's safe to heat the water to the upper comfortable limit for each fish but not much warmer. This means that for many hardy community fish 80F works well, but for some goldfish or mosquito fish it shouldn't be any warmer than 75F while some types of cichlids may be able to handle 83F without a problem. Do some research on all the species of fish in your aquarium to determine how much you can safely heat the water.
Bear in mind that the salt will kill the parasites, but it cannot harm them while they are inside the fish. It can take up to two weeks for the cysts to burst and another couple of weeks after that for all of them to die. The aquarium should remain treated for the entire time, about 4-5 weeks. The antibiotic helps prevent deadly secondary infections. After the treatment phase is over the salt and medication may be removed by water changes or with activated carbon; then you just need to examine your feeding and maintenance habits to keep the infestation from happening again.
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If you whent to the MOON!
Transcript of If you whent to the MOON!
air craft Luna 2 in 1969. The first landing was on July 20, 1969. The moon has been known since prehistoric times. The moon has bee kown since preitoric times. The moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun. The moon orbits the earth once per month. The time between successive new moon is 29.5 day. The moon is known for the first foot
prints fom th first people
on the moon. When the moon was formed the surface was molten rock. The moon is about 4,600,000,000
years old. Some craters are so small that 100 of them could fit on
your finger. Some craters can get to be 54mi. across. The moon is 2,160miles(3,476) across. The End | <urn:uuid:20f86369-501a-4eaa-b3fb-d34f3921ed86> | {
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What is a sarcoid? Should I be worried if my horse has one? What is the best way to treat sarcoids? These are the questions many horse owners ask if their equine companion is diagnosed with a sarcoid.
A sarcoid is a skin neoplasia (abnormal growth). A characteristic that differentiates sarcoids from other skin growths is that there is a proliferative epithelial component1. This means that there is excessive growth of the outermost layer of the skin. Sarcoids are typically considered benign tumors because most are slow growing and do not affect the overall health of the horse, however there are very rare exceptions which can become malignant. Sarcoids are classified into different types based on how they look and act. These types range from occult saroids, which appear as a flat hairless region of skin that may be unchanged for many years, to malevolent sarcoids that infiltrate under the skin and grow rapidly. Verrucous or wart-like sarcoids and nodular or round, spherical sarcoids are other common types. Mixed sarcoids contain characteristics of multiple types of sarcoids. For example they may be round with a wart-like surface. Many sarcoids can be accurately diagnosed based on what they look like, however in order to be completely certain of a diagnosis, a section of the suspected sarcoid must be submitted and evaluated under the microscope.
Extensive research has gone into determining the cause of equine sarcoids. The development of a sarcoid is likely due to a combination of factors including genetics, exposure to certain viruses, and trauma. Certain breeds of horses and the presence of particular genes within a horse breed have been shown to be associated with increased incidence. In one study Quarter horses were found to be at increased risk, while Standardbreds had a much lower risk2. Exposure to bovine papilloma virus, a virus that causes warts in cattle, has also been shown to be associated with the development of sarcoids, although only certain horses affected with this virus will develop a sarcoid3. Sarcoids are often found at the site of a previous wound, suggesting that trauma may also play a role in their development. It is likely a combination of multiple factors that results in the development of a sarcoid.
Treatment of sarcoids can be challenging. No one treatment is fool proof and often multiple treatments are combined. Sarcoids can re-occur with a vengeance, so continued dedication to treatment on the part of the owner and veterinarian is very important. Many scientific studies have been conducted to evaluate treatment methods for sarcoids. It can be difficult to compare these studies as they often look at different types of sarcoids. You can imagine that the success rate published with one technique that reports removal of small sarcoids that have never been treated before would have better results that a study looking at a different treatment that was used on large sarcoids that have already been treated many times and have re-occurred. If your horse is diagnosed with a sarcoid, you and your veterinarian will weigh multiple factors to determine the best course of action for your horse.
Some small, flat sarcoids that are not in a location that causes a problem for the horse or that interferes with riding may just be left alone and monitored. It is important to keep a close eye on these sarcoids. If they start to grow, they should be treated before they are allowed to become large.
Simply removing the sarcoid is one of the least successful treatment methods. Often the sarcoid rapidly returns and is even larger than before it was removed. Studies looking at surgical removal alone report re-occurance rates (the sarcoid comes back) of up to 82%4.
Removal with a surgical laser has a much better reported success rate. The laser causes less trauma and reduces the spread of abnormal tumor cells. This procedure is quick and often does not require general anesthesia (where the horse is laid down and kept completely asleep for the procedure). It does however require that the horse be transported to a veterinary hospital for treatment. A large study reported a re-occurance rate of 38%5.
Cryotherapy or freezing of the sarcoid tissue has been one of the most common treatment methods. This treatment involves freezing the tumor tissue with a probe chilled by liquid nitrogen. It can often be done on the farm, but multiple treatments are necessary especially if the sarcoid is large. Early studies reported good success rates, but a more recent study that looked at outcomes over a longer time period reported high re-occurance rates4.
Sarcoids can also be treated by injection with the chemotherapy drug cisplatin. This treatment can also be combined with surgical removal or surgical laser removal. Reported reoccurrence rates vary between 13-66%1. Topical application of the chemotherapy drug 5-flurouracil was shown to be successful when applied daily for 15 days on small sarcoids. This cream also causes significant inflammation and discomfort to the site where it is applied, so repeated application can be challenging as the horse is often resentful of its application4. Xterra a product that contains bloodroot has also been reported to be successful, however there are no current scientific studies evaluating this product for the treatment of sarcoids.
Immunotherapies have also been used to treat sarcoids. One type involves the injection of the cell wall of a certain type of bacteria. This does not cause an infection with that type of bacteria, but does cause the body’s immune system to be super stimulated. The immune system then recognizes the sarcoid as a tumor cell and attacks it. These therapies require multiple injections and result in severe tissue swelling at the site of the sarcoid. In rare instances severe and even life threatening anaphylactic (allergic) reactions can occur4.
Various types of radiation therapy have been used with very good results. Reoccurrence rates are as low as 1- 12.5% of cases. Radiation therapy is very expensive and can only be performed at a few university hospitals. Depending on the type of radiation therapy it can require multiple episodes of general anesthesia per week for 3-4 weeks or complete isolation of the horse for several days to weeks6.
After reading this long list of treatment options, it is easier to appreciate why it is important to discuss the multiple options with your veterinarian and determine the best course of action for your horse. The good news about sarcoids is that they are very rarely life threatening and the majority do not affect a horse’s athletic potential. With appropriate therapy most sarcoids can be successfully treated and your horse can go on to live a long, happy, productive life.
- Carr, EA. Skin Conditions Amenable to Surgery. Equine Surgery
- Angelos J, Oppenheim Y, Rebhun W, et al: Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for sarcoid and uveitis in horses. Anim Genet 19:417, 1988.
- Carr EA, Theon AP, Madewell BR, et al: Presence of bovine papilloma virus DNA in equine sarcoids in horses living in the Western United States. Am J Vet Res 62:742, 2001.
- Knottenbelt DC, Kelly DF, The diagnosis and treatment of periorbital sarcoid in the horse: 445 cases from 1974-1999. Vet Ophthalmol 3:169, 2000.
- Carstanjen B, Jordan P, Lepage OM: Carbon dioxide laser as a surgical instrument for sarcoid therapy: A retrospective study on 60 cases. Can Vet J 38:773, 1997.
- Byam-Cook KL, Henson FM. Slater, JD: Treatment of periocular and non-ocular sarcoids in 18 horses by intersitisal brachytherapy with iridium-192. Vet Rec 159:337, 2006. | <urn:uuid:1a17e662-09b4-407d-9011-58bec9fd619f> | {
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I believe that all children have the right to a quality education that will prepare them for a life of their choosing.
Across the nation and in South Dakota, while we’re making progress, we haven’t yet achieved that vision, particularly amongst Native students. Among students living on reservations, less than one in three reads on grade level.
Despite these alarming statistics, I am encouraged every day by the ability, talent and determination of our students. By updating and strengthening the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), Congress has the opportunity to strengthen schools in South Dakota and across the country.
As a parent, it’s always nice to hear that my child is doing well or performing at the top of her class. But when I learned how far behind our kids are in the state, I began to ask the tougher questions — my child may be performing well in her third-grade class, but compared to whom? How is my child performing in relation to other students across South Dakota? Many Native families I talk to ask the same questions.
Statewide annual assessments help ensure that parents, educators and policymakers have the information they need to make good decisions about resources and opportunities for our students.
Testing data doesn’t always paint the complete picture of Native students, and we know that test scores don’t measure everything our tribal vision wants for our kids, but it can help us better understand how they are performing in the classroom and enable us to take action if they aren’t receiving the education they deserve.
Having access to testing data that shows the performance of low-income, minority, special needs, English-language learners and other student subgroups can help us see where inequities and gaps exist in our communities and provide opportunities for improvement.
It is critical that our nation’s education policies work to ensure that parents are informed about how their children and schools are progressing, and that there is real accountability when they are not.
We hear complaints about low-parent involvement in schools. Understanding student data is a way to empower us as parents and as tribal nations to be involved. If my daughter is behind in reading or math, I deserve to know that.
Native students often encounter bias and inequity in many areas of life, including their education, but change is possible. Congress owes it to our Native students, families and communities to pass a reauthorization of ESEA that ensures all children, regardless of what they look like, where they come from or how they learn, have the opportunity to succeed. | <urn:uuid:076e3d61-a6b1-417d-ab43-ca338301b1ee> | {
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Winning Friends of Other Faiths
The West London Synagogue of British Jews was built in 1870, in the middle of the Jewish West End of London, close to the Baker Street of Sherlock Holmes. By 1998, when I became its senior rabbi, the area had become the epicenter for the city's Arab population, a neighborhood many Londoners derisively called "Londonistan."
Our synagogue leadership made the location an advantage, ramping up interfaith activities to fulfill the talmudic teaching that one who makes peace in one's neighborhood is viewed as having made peace in the entire world (Sanhedrin 29a).
Here is what we learned about effective interfaith relations along the way.
Responding to Prejudice
Dealing with anti-Islamic prejudice plays the principal role in most Muslims' lives, as dealing with anti-Semitism once did in ours. When Jews protest Islamophobia, we can build friendships.
Sheikh Dr. Mohamed Salamouny, an imam who'd visited our synagogue, was attacked in his Central Mosque sanctuary during the scheduled conversion of a young Christian he'd been tutoring in Islam. The supposed convert took hold of his crucifix, wielded it as a dagger, and blinded the imam.
My speaking out publicly against the religious hatred that had seemingly given a deranged Christian "permission" to brutally attack the imam led to an unprecedented gathering of healing. Twenty-five synagogue members joined together with an equal number of Central Mosque members to break our respective Yom Kippur and Ramadan fasts together with a sumptuous feast of Arab and Indian delicacies. It was a one-in-30-years opportunity, for only once in three decades does Yom Kippur fall during Ramadan, the holiest month of the Muslim year. The Church of England's Bishop of London, the Lord Mayor of Westminster, and most of Central London's top interfaith leaders attended the festivities.
The Central Mosque's director general, Dr. Ahmad Al-Dubayan, recounted the Quran's story of the Prophet Muhammed's entry into Medina as the Jews of Medina completed their Yom Kippur fast. According to the Quran, Muhammed was so moved by Jewish piety, he declared that day in the Muslim calendar "Ashurah" ("tenth" in Arabic, corresponding to the 10th day of that month), a Muslim holy day celebrating Muslims' relationship to Jews (Quran 2:185).
Afterwards, we all discussed, debated, laughed, and made friends across what had once seemed insuperable barriers.
Sometimes when disputes occur between Christians and Muslims, Jews—acting as disinterested third parties—can mediate conflicts and thereby strengthen interfaith bonds.
About 10 years ago, Muslim parents in Central London demanded that their children who were attending Church of England-sponsored schools receive Halal food. In Great Britain, where separation of church and state doesn't exist, the government provides equal funding to religious schools of all denominations: Anglican, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu. Many Muslim parents had enrolled their children in Anglican schools, because they were considered academically superior, to the point that the majority of the Anglican schools' student body was Muslim. Anglican officials, however, asserted they did not have an obligation to furnish Halal meals because their schools were not Muslim.
Warm, personal Christian-Muslim-Jewish relationships nurtured over years were key to resolving the issue. At a critical point in a high-level meeting, I put my hand on the shoulder of William Jacob, head of the Church of England in Central London, smiled, and said, "Come on, Bill, what would Jesus say?"
Shortly thereafter, the Church of England obtained pre-packaged, certified Halal food, at government expense, to feed the Muslim students.
And the word on the Muslim street was, "The rabbi did it."
Forming "Rapid Response Teams"
The day before 9/11, Sheik Dr. Zaki Badawi, imam of the Muslim College, Nicolas (Nick) Holtam, then Vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, and I were enjoying lunch at one of our favorite Arabic restaurants. Little did we know then that we had in effect formed our own "rapid response team" to speak out together against the wave of Islamophobia and religious bigotry that would ensue just a day later.
On the Friday following 9/11, St. Paul's Cathedral broadcast a national service of solidarity with America in the presence of the royal family and government cabinet. Zaki and I marched shoulder to shoulder in St. Paul's as the representatives of Islam and Judaism. That Sunday we preached the sermon together from the pulpit of St. Martin-in-the Fields as part of the 9/11 BBC worship service, led by Father Nick, broadcast worldwide. The three of us emphasized our warm personal friendship and called upon everyone to redouble efforts to build mutual respect, celebrate differences, and partner in interreligious dialogue to defeat extremism.
If clergy would pro-actively form such teams in every locality, we might all be ready to combat religious bigotry together should the need arise.
Fostering Mutual Respect
Genuine interfaith reconciliation arises not out of tolerance, but mutual respect. Tolerance implies allowing the other to exist; respect requires understanding others as others understand themselves. This encompasses learning the others' customs, beliefs, texts, anxieties, even language.
Arabs in our neighborhood were amazed that a rabbi would take time to learn Arabic phrases and study Islam. They'd all ask me the same question: "How can you, a Jew, show such interest and respect for us?"
When Arabs interpreted my interest in Islam and Arab culture as evidence that I was "not a Zionist," I'd respond, "On the contrary, I am a Zionist, devoted to the revival and survival of the Jewish homeland. Understanding what Israel means to us as Jews, I believe that you deserve similar dignity and respect. Loving Israel's democracy and political vibrancy, I want you to experience democracy as well." And when they asked my opinion of an Israeli policy or action I disagreed with, I'd criticize it—while simultaneously praising the democratic vigor of Israeli society. My goal was to bolster their moderate backbones, hoping they'd stand up to their extremists. The worst problem in the Muslim world today is not the presence of Islamic fundamentalists, but the unwillingness of the moderate majority to challenge the fanatics among them.
In appreciation of my study of Islam, some of my Arab friends reciprocated. In the course of informal, daily interaction, we compared Muslim and Jewish beliefs and practices; Hebrew and Arabic. As friends, we taught each other.
Getting to Know People
The key to interfaith dialogue is to get to know each other as individuals. When you understand a person from his/her vantage point, navigating religious challenges becomes possible.
My wife Suellen conducted text study and dialogue between Muslim and Jewish women in our flat, from which, as a male, I was banished for the evening. The Muslim women removed their hijabs (head-coverings) and all the women opened their hearts to each other. One later confided in me that she wished to be a Muslim like Suellen was a Jew.
The women-only discussions led to many interfaith projects, including tri-partite dialogues at the West London Synagogue, Central Mosque, and the Church of England's St. Ethelburga's Centre. We also held interfaith services at the West London Synagogue and at St. Ethelburga's, though never at the Central Mosque.
In Islam, as in Judaism and Christianity, there are sharp divisions. London's Central Mosque, for instance, was under administrative control of the Islam's Wahabi sect as practiced strictly in Saudi Arabia, but the imams were all Egyptians, trained at Al-Azhar, the premiere Muslim university in Cairo. There's a significant difference in Islamic rigidity between Saudi Arabia and Egypt. At least a few of the Egyptian imams would, it seemed, have felt comfortable with interfaith worship on their premises, but because of Saudi control, the mosque could never host it. Instead, the Central Mosque sent members, even imams, to participate in our interreligious services. The imams comfortably chanted passages from the Koran in Arabic or recited them in English for us all to experience.
Dialoguing with Adversaries
In interreligious peacemaking, dialoguing with one's friends will maintain positive relations, but only engaging with adversaries will produce breakthroughs toward peaceful partnerships.
Take my relationship with Dr. Ahmad, director general of the Central Mosque. He is a Wahabi, one of the most extreme sects of Islam. By birth he's connected to the Sauds, the Royal Family of Saudi Arabia. By profession, he is a Saudi diplomat.
Dr. Ahmad was fascinated by biblical Hebrew's similarity to classical Arabic. We spent many hours together comparing Islamic and Jewish theology and texts.
Many times, tensions arose between us, such as when the bookstore at the Central Mosque was selling an Arabic translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Czarist anti-Semitic screed depicting a fabricated meeting of Jews plotting to take over the world. I protested vigorously that stocking such a vicious, fictitious piece of anti-Semitism undermined everything we were working for. Ahmad responded weakly that the bookstore was in fact a concession stand and that the mosque had no control over what was sold there. Challenged by the question, "What would you say if we were selling a nasty piece of Islamophobic literature in our synagogue bookstore?" he promised to see what he could do.
It was crucial to realize the radically different culture Dr. Ahmad lives in. Whereas everyone in our congregation supported interfaith initiatives, he faced active opposition in his community. A prominent Saudi had officially complained to the Saudi king about his friendly interaction with Jews and Christians.
Of course, Dr. Ahmad is not everything a rabbi might want in a Muslim partner in dialogue. How could he be, and still keep his job?
After the Protocols incident, many other Jewish leaders might have terminated all relationships with him and the mosque. But had there been a litmus test on Dr. Ahmad's attitudes or actions regarding Judaism and Israel before building a relationship with him, our communities never would have achieved all the good work we did.
And, as it happened, in 2009 Dr. Ahmad became the interfaith chair of the Mosques and Imams National Advisory Board, making him the most important Muslim in national interreligious programs in the UK and a central player in Saudi interfaith activity worldwide.
Historically, breakthroughs in Christian-Jewish relations have been led by such Christian leaders as Popes John XXIII, John Paul II, and Francis, all of whose personal encounters with Jews earlier in their lives gave them a different perspective about Judaism than that of many of their peers. The collegiality Dr. Ahmad and I developed may also pay dividends for the Jewish people.
Appreciating Ritual Diversity
An appreciation of ritual diversity can also lead to interfaith opportunities.
Canon Robert Wright of Westminster Abbey, who also served as Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, invited me to present a Jewish perspective on the Eucharist at his monthly Eucharist Study Breakfast for members of the House of Commons and House of Lords. At the breakfast, I spoke to the Members of Parliament about how, when younger, I was mystified by the whole "body of Christ, blood of Christ" language in the traditional Eucharist ritual—but later, my misgivings had evolved into "holy envy." Bishop Krister Stendahl originated this concept to describe when one observes the devotion of the adherents of another religion, feels religiously moved, and says to oneself, "We don't do that, and that's something wonderful." My holy envy was that every Christian partakes in the Eucharist ritual.
Then I asked, "Is there anything in Judaism you feel holy envy about?" Several Parliamentarians mentioned feeling holy envy regarding bar/bat mitzvah, explaining how they agonized over developing programs to make young people want to be more socially responsible. In bar and bat mitzvah they saw an ancient tradition which could imbue in young people that very sense of ownership.
A number of Parliamentarians particularly envied the Passover seder, because it enabled communal participation and responsibility. So I wondered aloud, Perhaps the MPs would like us to arrange a Passover seder in Parliament? They were enthusiastic!
It took a couple of years to pull everything together. We created our own Haggadah featuring the traditional seder text in gender-neutral language and "echoes"—selections from other religious literature and other sources which paralleled the Haggadah liturgy. Commemorative souvenir seder plates with all the seder symbols and "Seder in Parliament, 12 March 2008" written in the middle were produced for all participants. The Passover menu, supervised by Suellen, was cooked by the House of Lords chef for 150 seder guests, including the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords.
The Bishop of London and an imam from the Central Mosque helped me lead the seder, and the country's national legislators left with a greater appreciation of Jews and Judaism. Indeed, sharing such holy celebrations strengthens social cohesion and the larger society's embrace of difference as a source of strength.
Taking the Long View
In interfaith relations, it is crucial to take the long view. The Islamic world is undergoing a painful internal revolution. For some, the "Arab Spring" signals a new Islamic relationship with the modern world, but in reality, culture and religion transform very slowly. We may well see at least another 50 years of convulsion, internal conflict, and sectarian violence.
And yet, having met great numbers of well-educated Muslims, I'm also optimistic about the eventual emergence of a strong moderate, modern Islam. It won't happen overnight, but it will happen.
Islam's transformation cannot be imposed by outsiders. It must and will be demanded by Muslims themselves. All over the vast Muslim world, that demand is a growing movement.
That gives us openings to reach out in friendship. And when we do, together we help "repair the world."
Rabbi Mark L. Winer is president of FAITH: the Foundation to Advance Interfaith Trust and Harmony, director of the Center for Ecumenical and Interreligious Studies of St. Thomas University in Miami, affiliated with Temple Beth El in Boca Raton, FL, and former senior rabbi of the West London Synagogue. In 2014, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for his work in "promoting interfaith dialogue and social cohesion in London and the UK." | <urn:uuid:4e946ad0-585d-42e6-91c7-759ed8bd66db> | {
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Over the last handful of years we have seen an explosion in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. And, coinciding with this movement has been an influx of new STEM-related products that are school friendly. Some of the more popular merchandise includes littleBits, Snap Circuits, and Spheros.
While there is no doubt in my mind many of our students will benefit from these products, and I do wish they had been invented while I was still teaching fourth grade…something is missing if we’re not doing much than placing these items in the hands of our students and teachers, crossing our fingers, and hoping for change.
At the end of the day, these are tools or resources that can help in shifting mindsets and culture, but I do believe an overreliance on them means too much time and energy is being spent in the wrong place.
Latest posts by Ross Cooper (see all)
- Project Based Learning: Six Hours of Professional Development (a free mini-course) - August 12, 2018
- Four Reasons to Tackle Flexible Learning Spaces - August 5, 2018
- How Do We Assess (And Possibly, Grade) Project Based Learning? #HackingPBL - July 20, 2018 | <urn:uuid:b789ba8e-64d2-4070-b2b5-5f8e46766b63> | {
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The South African National Travel Health Network (SaNTHNet) was formed by the Department of Health (DoH), the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) and the South African Society of Travel Medicine (SASTM).
The Network will focus primarily on communicable diseases in compliance with the International Health Regulations and will provide an authoritative platform for the following functions and activities:
- The development of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travel -related diseases
- To develop consistent and authoritative national guidance on general health matters for health professionals advising the public travelling locally and abroad, and to disseminate this information widely.
- The provision of relevant travel information for South African and international travellers with destinations in South Africa and abroad.
- Act as a resource for travel-related health problems
- Gather the necessary data as stipulated in the Yellow Fever regulations
- Provide input and submit expert information to the Department of Health regarding the Yellow Fever regulations
- Provide the necessary information to professionals dealing with travellers to ensure appropriate investigation and treatment when requested.
- Provide surveillance for selected travel-related diseases and imported infections e.g. Dengue fever.
- To define short-term and long-term research priorities in relation to the above
- Act as a WHO collaborative centre for Mass Gatherings | <urn:uuid:95ae8156-8fb4-4c68-8ddf-890d65fd3c61> | {
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The Internet of Things (IoT), the interconnection of billions of objects and devices that will be communicating with each other, has been the topic of many futurists’ projections. However, getting the engineering sorted out with the aim of fully realizing the myriad visions for IoT is another story. One key issue to address: How do you get the electronics onto these devices efficiently and economically?
A team of researchers from Purdue University and the University of Virginia has developed a new manufacturing process that could make equipping a device with all the sensors and other electronics that will make it Internet capable as easily as putting a piece of tape on it.
In research described in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers were able to produce thin-film electronic circuits that could be peeled from a surface. The process the scientists developed cuts out some manufacturing steps that would otherwise be needed to get thin-film electronics onto these surfaces and, in addition, makes these objects capable of communicating with each other.
The technique the researchers came up with is based on transfer printing. Conventional transfer printing methods typically use chemical etching that dissolves an interfacial sacrificial layer.
But this new approach makes use of a water environment at room temperature to control the interfacial debonding process. This allows clean, intact delamination of prefabricated thin film devices when they’re pulled away from the original wafer.
The use of mechanical peeling in water rather than etching solution provides a number of benefits in the manufacturing scheme. Among them are simplicity, controllability, and cost effectiveness, says Chi Hwan Lee, assistant professor at Purdue University and coauthor of the paper chronicling the research.
Another benefit beyond simplifying the manufacturing process is that the new approach may improve the final product. The presence of liquid could also decrease the deformation stress/strain of some integrated sensor/material components and increase the reliability of delivery via the proposed transfer printing process, according to Lee.
“This process is completely controllable, thus it can be used in a large scale, as we demonstrated in wafer size in the paper,” said Baoxing Xu, assistant professor at the University of Virginia and coauthor the research.
The researchers believe that this method of transferring the electronics onto the devices via tape will prove much more efficient and economical than trying to embed the electronics directly into the objects during the manufacturing process.
“Embedding sensors directly into devices or objects requires modifying the manufacturing processes and also is limited by its versatility and customizations,” said Lee. “This stickerlike electronics or sensors can be directly attached onto the surface of existing objects in order to provide the electronic capability in a deterministic manner.”
Xu added: “This transfer printing technique allows a one-time delivery of a large area circuit that could integrate multiple types of sensors, materials, and layouts in one platform, thus meeting potential multifunctional requirements for applications in IoT.” | <urn:uuid:c591a278-74e0-49a8-93ff-698d279394c5> | {
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21st Century Transportation
Efficient public transportation systems like intercity rail and clean bus systems would make America’s transportation future better for everyone by reducing traffic congestion and pollution, and increasing our options for getting around.
Public transit, biking and walking for the future
Americans are increasingly looking for more and better options to get around — options like expanded public transit, better biking alternatives, walkable neighborhoods and high-performance intercity trains. But while our transportation preferences are changing, too often our transportation policies are stuck in the past.
Our work has helped to educate the public about the changing ways we get around and the need for policy reform to respond to and encourage further transformation. Our nation’s highway-focused transportation system leaves too many communities isolated from opportunity, creates too much pollution, causes health problems, and does a poor job of getting Americans where they want to go. While Americans increasingly want to live in communities with other ways to travel, our vision for a national transportation system is largely stuck in the 1950s. Instead of simply lurching from one funding crisis to the next, our nation needs to make smart choices that will prepare us for the 21st century. These include a forward-looking 21st century transportation system that serves more places, is more reliable, creates less pollution and reduces global warming emissions.
Some communities across the country are responding, implementing a vision for transportation that includes things like bridges designed for walkers, bikers, trains and streetcars, but not automobiles; bus stations that are also digital hot spots; smart traffic lights that communicate with cars, and other innovative solutions.
Through a series of well researched and eye opening reports, public outreach, and work with local coalitions and public officials, we've pushed for more forward-looking reforms. We’ve turned the tide against wasteful highway expansion boondoggles. We've encouraged Departments of Transportation to recognize and plan for a shift toward more balanced travel choices. We’ve demonstrated the enormous benefits that have been gained so far with reductions in the nation’s volume of driving. There’s much work ahead to promote new planning and policy approaches that accomplish these goals and U.S. PIRG Education Fund is hard at work already.
Check out our video showcasing our work to bring about better transportation options for America's future.
Tools & Resources
Your tax-deductible donation supports U.S. PIRG Education Fund’s work to educate consumers on the issues that matter, and the powerful interests that are blocking progress.
You can also support U.S. PIRG Education Fund’s work through bequests, contributions from life insurance or retirement plans, securities contributions and vehicle donations. | <urn:uuid:892f5f5e-59fb-4102-b155-959bebbbdeed> | {
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Calcium is essential for the growth, maintenance & repair of teeth and bones. It is a mineral that strengthens bone in growing & mature users. A calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis in later life.
Vitamin D supports calcium absorption. As we have been limiting our exposure to sunlight low vitamin D levels have been observed in high percentage in general population. Vitamin D3 appears to be more effective than Vitamin D2 in raising blood levels of Vitamin D.
Calcium citrate 1580mg
- Equiv. to 380mg of element Calcium
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 8.5μg (340IU)
No added sugar, yeast, gluten, salt, artificial colours or preservatives.
Directions:Adults take 2 tablets a day with meal, or as professionally prescribed. | <urn:uuid:7a9197ce-627a-4e1b-abdd-5a746e83eb09> | {
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Subsets and Splits