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In general, modal verbs syntax is the same for all:
Subject + [can/could+ verb(simple form)] + Complement
Subject + [can't/couldn't+ verb(simple form)] + Complement
Question word + [Can/Could + verb (simple form)] + Complement
A) Ability ( Can : present , Could : past )
To express an ability we use can/could
- Sheila can play the guitar very well
- When I was a child I could play all day.
- Greg can't cook at all.
- Can you speak French?
- Pete could sing when he was in college.
Remember that when you talk about ability, can is used for present and could or past abilities
B)Possibility: (Can = Could)
When you express possibility can = could.
- I think it (can/could) rain.
- I (can/could) buy a new car because I have a good job.
C) Other uses:
- Can - to ask permission: Can I go to the Bathroom? (May : formal)
- Can / Could you bring me some Coffee? : Ask Favor (Pedir favores) | <urn:uuid:4149e102-0dbf-461a-a5dc-f75d4b72c1f4> | {
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An optical bandpass filter has a transmission band surrounded by two blocking bands that allow only a portion of the spectrum to pass. These optical bandpass filters have broad spectral bandwidths in either the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared spectrums.
- UV, VIS, IR Ranges
- Circular and Square Sizes Available
Longpass filters are designed to have a sharp transition from reflection to transmission, making them ideal for various applications. Available in a variety of cut-on wavelengths, these filters are designed for fluorescence and order sorting applications.
Neutral Density (ND) Filters
ND Filters, also known as Neutral Density Filters, are often used in imaging or laser applications where excessive light can be damaging to camera sensors or other optical components. ND Filters are also ideal for preventing excessive light from causing inaccurate results in photometer applications.
Shortpass Edge Filters
Shortpass Edge Filters are used to transmit wavelengths shorter than the cut-off wavelength of the filter. Shortpass Edge Filters are commonly use in life science applications including fluorescence microscopy or for integration into a variety of instrumentation.
Imaging Filters are Optical Filters designed to improve the image quality in imaging or other machine vision applications. Imaging Filters are often offered mounted to ease integration onto Imaging Lenses | <urn:uuid:dc17d5ea-ab18-4231-88cc-9ccd44876e76> | {
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Researchers identified two novel genes that affect bone-formation cells relevant to fractures and osteoporosis; understanding these genes could lead to more effective treatments.
Orthopaedic surgeons sometimes use the procedure for patients missing a portion of bone. U-M researchers are working on ways to improve the technique.
A powerful protein inside the body helps naturally repair bone injuries. Increasing it in some patients could jump-start the process, a new rodent study finds. | <urn:uuid:a7f0f5f6-9cc0-4fa5-af3a-f7c6a028b7b6> | {
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Agathosma ciliaris (L.) Druce
Common names: mountain buchu (Eng.); bergboegoe (Afr.)
This is a hardy, easy-growing, aromatic shrublet, which is suitable for pots and the harsh coasts and mountains in the fynbos.
A dense, rounded shrublet to 450 mm. The leaves are fine with oval, hairy points. White or mauve flowers are borne in terminal clusters, with bracteoles on the flower stalk. Each flower possesses 5 petals, sepals, stamens and staminodes. The flowering period is in winter and spring, from May to December. The ovary and fruits are 3-segmented. Oil glands present in the leaves, as well as the fruits, release an aromatic, aniseed-like fragrance when crushed.
According to the website http://redlist.sanbi.org, checked on 13 June 2016, the conservation status of this plant is Least Concern (LC). Despite having lost lowland subpopulations to farming and urban development, this species is still widespread and very common.
Distribution and habitat
It is found on coastal flats to lower sandstone slopes and on shale bands in the Western Cape from the Cape Peninsula to Potberg and in the De Hoop Nature Reserve between Bredasdorp and Swellendam.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
The genus name Agathosma, is derived from the Greek, agathos, which means ‘good’ and osme, which refers to ‘fragrance’. This indicates the distinctive aromatic foliage so typical of the genus. The specific epithet, ciliaris, is Latin and means ‘fringed with hairs’, referring to the hairs on the leaves and petals.
There are currently 150 species of Agathosma known. Most of them are confined to the Western Cape.
As with many other buchus, the flowering period sees this species become abuzz with bees. The bees can be observed covering large parts of the plant as they move from one flower to the next.
No cultural or medicinal uses have been recorded. This species is well suited to cultivation in pots or as a shrub in fynbos gardens.
Growing Agathosma ciliaris
Sow the seed in autumn in a light, well-draining medium such as coarse river sand or equal parts of sand and compost. Cover seeds with a thin layer of either bark or sand, and then water. Place the seed tray in a covered area that provides enough good light and ventilation. The medium must never be allowed to dry out completely or be overwatered. Germination can take between 4 and 9 weeks, and the appearance of the first 4 true leaves indicate that the seedlings are ready for pricking out. The fine roots are extremely fragile and must be handled with care. Place the potted seedlings in a shady area for 3–4 weeks to harden them off, before placing them in full sun. This will also be a good time to pinch out the growing tips of the seedlings to encourage a more bushy growth habit. Regularly feed the young seedlings with some balanced nutrient products.
This species can also be propagated by vegetative means, by taking cuttings. Prepare cuttings of between 25 and 55 mm, taken from fresh material of the current year’s growth; remove about a third of the foliage and cut them below the node. Dip the cuttings in a rooting hormone and place in trays with a medium consisting of coarse river sand or equal parts of bark and polystyrene. Place the cuttings in a mist-unit with heated benches. Pot the rooted cuttings into a well-drained mix and then move them to a shady area for 2–4 weeks, to harden off. After this, plants can be moved into full sun. After 7–8 months plants can be planted in the garden.
Agathosma ciliaris will thrive in full sun and well-drained, sandy soil, and is best planted amongst other fynbos species. The ideal time for planting is in the rainy season between autumn and winter. This allows plants to have a better chance of establishing themselves in the garden before they have to cope with the harsh, dry conditions in summer. Planting-intervals of 200–300 mm, usually provide ample space to encourage growth. This relatively dense planting is preferred by buchus, since it assists with retaining soil moisture. Provide a good thorough watering in autumn and winter. In summer irrigation should just be moderate; however, plants must never be allowed to dry out completely. Mulching also helps in keeping the roots and soil cool during summer.
Plant this buchu with other fynbos plants such as: Lampranthus amoenus and L. aureus, Leucospermum muirii, Felicia filifolia and F. aethiopica, Coleonema album and Pelargonium cucculatum, P. capitatum and P. betulinum.
- Bean, A. & Johns, A. 2005. Stellenbosch to Hermanus South African wild flower guide 5. Botanical Society of south Africa, Cape Town.
- Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J. 2000. Cape Plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria & Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri.
- Gould, M. 1992. The buchus: cultivation and propagation. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
- Powrie, F. 1998. Grow South African Plants. A gardener's companion to indigenous plants. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
- Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Government Printer, Pretoria.
- Stearn, W. 2002. Stearn's dictionary of plant names for gardeners. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
Plant Type: Shrub
SA Distribution: Western Cape
Soil type: Sandy, Loam
Flowering season: Spring, Winter
Flower colour: White, Mauve/Lilac
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Easy | <urn:uuid:8b18df6f-27ae-478e-988b-b8ceb42b2b4b> | {
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Social indicators suggest that African American adolescents are in the highest risk categories of those contracting HIVIAIDS (CDC, 2001). The dramatic impact ofHIVIAIDS on urban African American youth have influenced community leaders and policy makers to place high priority on programming that can prevent youth's exposure to the virus (Pequegnat & Szapocznik, 2000). Program developers are encouraged to design programs that reflect the developmental ecology of urban youth (Tolan, Gorman-Smith, & Henry, 2003). This often translates into three concrete programmatic features: (1) Contextual relevance; (2) Developmental- groundedness; and (3) Systenl,fC Delivery. Because families are considered to be urban youth's best hope to grow up and survive multiple dangers in urban neighborhoods (Pequegnat & Szapocznik, 2000), centering prevention within families may ensure that youth receive ongoing support, education, and messages that can increase their capacity to negotiate peer situations involving sex.
This paper will present preliminary data from an HIVIAIDS prevention program that is contextually relevant, developmentally grounded and systematically- delivered. The collaborative HIVIAIDS Adolescent Mental Health Project (CHAMP) is aimed at decreasing HIV/AIDS risk exposure among a sample of African American youth living in a poverty-stricken, inner-city community in Chicago. This study describes results from this family-based HIV preventive intervention and involves 88 African American pre-adolescents and their primary caregiverso We present results for the intervention group at baseline and post intervention. We compare post test results to a community comparison group of youth. Suggestions for future research are provided.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Title of host publication||Community Collaborative Partnerships|
|Subtitle of host publication||The Foundation for HIV Prevention Research Efforts|
|Publisher||Taylor and Francis|
|Number of pages||18|
|State||Published - Jan 1 2012|
- Chicago African American youth
- Contextual relevance
- Developmental ecology of urban youth
- Developmental groundedness
- Prevent youth exposure to HIV
- Systemic delivery
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Social Sciences(all) | <urn:uuid:be47e230-c7ab-44d4-80c9-6e31d19bda5f> | {
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Oddizzi: where the world comes to life
What it is: I love those serendipitous moments in life where the stars seem to align and everything that comes your way is tailor made to meet your needs. This resource filled those needs for me this week! At Anastasis, our primary students are working on an inquiry unit about how transportation has changed over time and how transportation is used in different locations in the world. What should appear in my inbox than a little note from the people over at Oddizzi inviting me to take a look at their content. Serendipitous I tell you. Oddizzi is a paid-for service but they have sample content on their site to give you a taste of what you can expect. That sample content is free and has made my day. It may make yours too, you should head over and have a look! Oddizzi brings the world to life in a way I have seen few other resources pull off. Students have access to their very own interactive map where they can view places, physical features, global features, places of interest, my story and class pals. Students can click on each feature on the map to learn more in popup bubble. The content below the map is rich including student-friendly text, videos, “secret” facts, images and more. Oddizzi is a great way to teach about geography, global issues, math, citizenship and multicultural topics. One feature that I have found to be really useful is the “Sneak-a-Peak” option which condenses a page of content down to one page of easy to read sentences. Perfect for differentiating for your different reading levels while maintaining a topic thread for the whole class. Odd and Izzi are fun characters that lead students through the site revealing hidden secrets as they go.
How to integrate Oddizzi into the classroom: Oddizzi is a fantastic way for students to explore geography and culture. Use Oddizzi sample content to introduce a lesson or unit, as a place for students to gather research, or as a center activity on classroom computers. In the Sample Content you will find information on Egypt, transportation in India, Rivers and Games (flags from around the world and a game about Egypt).
Oddizzi is a great place to spur interest in geography and encourages students to learn more. We will use the Transport in India content to help students think about questions they can ask about how transportation is used in other countries.
Geography is a subject that is often overlooked in schools in the United States. Oddizzi helps bridge the gap between geography and other disciplines such as reading, writing, communicating, math, social studies, history, etc. No excuses!
Use Oddizzi as a starting point for students to gather facts, information and gain a general understanding of geography and culture. Students can use that information to create a poem about the country or location. At Anastasis, @leadingwlove did an incredible project with students where they each chose a country they wanted to learn more about. After learning about the country, they wrote a poem. Each made a large thumbprint on an 8.5 x 11 piece of paper and inside the thumbprint left a negative space of the outline of the country. They wrote their poems on the lines of the fingerprint. The result was incredible! Students learned a lot, practiced writing poetry and created a masterpiece to boot! Since our students are in a one-to-one iPad environment, they took this a step further and took pictures of their finished products and added special photo effects to make a one-of-a-kind digital masterpiece for their e-portfolios. SO awesome! You can see the beginning of one of these poems below…
Tips: In the subscription version of Oddizzi, you can connect with other classes around the globe in a secure learning environment. This allows your students to send online postcards to other students around the world so that they can learn first hand what life is like around the globe. Neat! A curriculum zone offers teachers resources for integrating Oddizzi across multiple disciplines for transdiciplinary learning. In addition, the subscription version has “Over to you” where students can contribute content to the site. If you are interested in testing out these additional features, request a free trial of Oddizzi for your class here.
Please leave a comment and share how you are using Oddizzi in your classroom! | <urn:uuid:f08297c3-bcda-4012-a99e-ca75868675bb> | {
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Smelting is a method widely used to extract metals from their ores after mining. There are many variations of smelting, and equally as many for extracting the many metals used in modern society. However. many of these processes have also been known to cause environmental damage and pollution.
Metals Extracted Through Smelting
Smelting is a process of extracting metals from their ores at high temperatures. Ores are mostly chemical compounds of metal with other elements, like oxygen sulfur. Smelting utilizes heat, and a reduction agent like coal, to extract the other elements from the metal according to Cornish Mining World Heritage. This results in a more refined metal product. Among the metals extracted by smelting are copper, lead, nickel, zinc, silver, cobalt, cadmium, gold, aluminum, and others. Primary smelting processes the mine ore and concentrates, and secondary smelting processes recover the scraps.
History of Smelting
The 14th Century is when smelting first began to be practiced in Europe. At that time, the blast furnace was introduced, which used greater air volumes, and layered the iron ore with charcoal, according to Jays Roman History. Prior to that, ancient blacksmiths could never heat the iron to the point of it flowing as a liquid. That meant they could not shape the iron to the shapes they wanted using molds, but the blast furnace eliminated these problems. Still other historical accounts suggest smelting, was first done on tin and lead, before advent of written records, according to BacTech Green Resource Center. The Inca tribe and others in the Andes territories are believed to have engaged in smelting, in the Bronze Age and at the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC. Lead is believed to have first been smelted 9000 years ago in 3500 BC. Tin was also first smelted in combination with copper in 3500 BC, to make bronze according to Makin Metals Powders.
Methods and Processes
Various metals have processes of smelting. For iron, once the ore is obtained through open cast or underground mining, it’s conveyed up to the surface for crushing, washing, and then taken to the smelter. At the smelter, the crushed ore is put into a blast furnace along with limestone and coke, and subjected to hot air blasting and heat, and it turns to molten iron. Then its tapped from the bottom of the furnace into mold called pigs, and allowed to solidify to pig iron according to Bright Hub Engineering. Its then converted to wrought iron, or processed into steel. The most used processes to smelt copper are reverberation and oxygen flash smelting. For both processes, the resultant molten copper is again processed to achieve the purest copper.
Human Health Risks
Continued exposure of airborne pollutants generated by metal processing and smelting has been known to cause chronic diseases. Immediate exposure causes the eyes, nose and throat to be irritated. In the long term, it causes heart and lung problems, and eventually premature death according to Worst Polluted (WP), by the Blacksmith Institute. Toxic elements from smelters have been documented as causing birth defects, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract problems, as well as damage to respiratory, nervous, and reproductive systems damage. In La Oroya, Peru, according to Worst Polluted, a lead smelter that has operated since 1922 caused high levels of lead to be found among children there. Lead poisoning in children causes mental and physical impairment, according to Health Line Media.
Smelting causes much pollution and damage to the environment. Release of gases like sulfur dioxide from sulfide ores into the atmosphere, has been reported as causing acid rain. In the long term, acid rains cause acidity in lakes and soils thereby negatively interfering with vegetation and wildlife. In Sudbury in the Ontario Province of Canada, pollution from smelters has resulted in acid damaged lakes, vegetation decimation, and widespread ecological damage. Experts attribute much of the environmental damage to old smelters with poor emissions controls. They argue for mining companies to get new smelters and processing plants, designed to keep emissions at low levels. For these companies new smelters and processing plants are costly and are ignored, in countries where enforcement of emissions regulations is lax, also according to Worst Polluted. | <urn:uuid:cb45b667-fd8a-42bd-b1df-a715c03b5a46> | {
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The Crown of the Continent contains the wildest part of Montana's Rocky Mountains and is just as wild today as when Lewis and Clark traveled through it more than 200 years ago. We're working to protect all of this.
The Crown encompasses Glacier National Park and the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex and is one of only two intact ecosystems remaining in the lower 48 states where grizzlies, elk, moose and wolves still thrive. But development and climate change threaten this vulnerable ecosystem.
Discover the Crown of the Continent through the stories of local residents who rely on the wildland.
The Crown of the Continent is a world-class gateway to adventure in a land that stands still in time.
We protect the most deserving wild places by employing conservation solutions that are long-lasting.
The Crown is a natural laboratory for scientists to study climate change.
After years of dedicated conservation work, we are more prepared than ever to protect the Crown of the Continent, but we can only do it with your help.
Learn more about issues affecting the places we work to protect with our Notes from the Field.
Add your voice to important wilderness causes and take action to stop threats to our wildlands by joining our community of wilderness activists.
Find fact sheets, reports and other resources related to wilderness policy and conservation. | <urn:uuid:2f464ac5-c039-4611-9568-36659baa8c35> | {
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A new randomised controlled trial of EasyPeasy, conducted by the University of Oxford’s Department of Education and published by the Sutton Trust, suggests that the EasyPeasy app had moderate positive effects on children’s concentration levels, determination and ability to make their own decisions, as well as parents’ sense of control.
EasyPeasy is a smartphone app for the parents and caregivers of children ages 2 – 6 that aims to improve school readiness by encouraging positive play and parent–child interaction. A total of 302 families with children ages 3 – 4 were recruited from eight children’s centres in the London borough of Newham. The eight centres were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or comparison group. All families in the intervention centres were given access to the EasyPeasy app, and games were sent via the app once a week over the three-month duration of the intervention.
Families in the intervention group scored higher than those in the comparison group on two parent-reported outcomes: children’s cognitive self-regulation (effect size = +0.35) and parents’ sense of control (effect size = +0.26). Parents reported that they felt more able to get their child to behave well and respond to boundaries, as well as feeling more able to stay calm when facing difficulties.
However, because of the self-report measures used in the evaluation, the researchers note that caution must be exercised when interpreting the results from the study.
These findings build on similar results from an earlier evaluation of EasyPeasy, which showed some positive benefits for children’s cognitive self-regulation and parents’ sense of control.
Source: EasyPeasy: Evaluation in Newham findings from the Sutton Trust Parental Engagement Fund (PEF) project (April 2018), The Sutton Trust
A randomised controlled trial carried out by the University of Oxford’s Department of Education and published by the Sutton Trust tested EasyPeasy, a smartphone app for the parents and carers of two- to six-year-old children. EasyPeasy aims to improve school readiness by encouraging positive play and interaction with young children.
The trial, which lasted 18 weeks, was carried out in eight children’s centres in Bournemouth with 144 families taking part. Games were sent directly to parents’ mobiles via an app once a week along with tailored prompts, encouragement, reminders, and information on child development.
The study reported significant findings for two out of seven outcome measures. Parents who took part in the intervention reported improvements in their children’s persistence and concentration (cognitive self-regulation). Parental consistency with discipline and boundaries also increased in the intervention group with parents feeling more comfortable setting limits for behaviour and following through on expectations. Both showed positive effect sizes; 0.51 and 0.44 respectively.
Source: EasyPeasy parenting app: Findings from an efficacy trial on parent engagement and school readiness skills (2016), The Sutton Trust
The Education Endowment Foundation has published a new review of the evidence on written marking. Researchers from Oxford University found that there were very few robust studies – too few to conduct a formal systematic review or to make definitive recommendations. Based on the limited evidence, the review makes the following tentative suggestions:
- Careless mistakes should be marked differently to errors resulting from misunderstanding. The latter may be best addressed by providing hints or questions which lead pupils to underlying principles; the former by simply marking the mistake as incorrect, without giving the right answer.
- Awarding grades for every piece of work may reduce the impact of marking, particularly if pupils become preoccupied with grades at the expense of a consideration of teachers’ formative comments.
- The use of targets to make marking as specific and actionable as possible is likely to increase pupil progress.
- Pupils are unlikely to benefit from marking unless some time is set aside to enable pupils to consider and respond to marking.
- Some forms of marking, including acknowledgement marking, are unlikely to enhance pupil progress. Schools should mark less in terms of the number of pieces of work marked, but mark better.
The researchers argue that there is an urgent need for more studies so that teachers have better information about the most effective marking approaches.
Source: A Marked Improvement? (2016), Education Endowment Foundation.
A new systematic review from the University of Oxford has shown that although children in foster care lag behind their peers in a number of educational outcomes, this is not simply the result of being in care.
The authors considered all studies undertaken in English and published since 1990, with 28 studies meeting their inclusion criteria. These showed that children in foster or kinship care had poorer outcomes than their peers on a number of measures of educational attainment, including grades, literacy and numeracy test scores, attendance, and exclusions.
However, the studies reviewed suggest that the relationship between being in such care and low educational outcomes is partly explained by pre-care experiences, such as mistreatment and neglect. Also, the strength of the relationship between being in care and educational outcomes was also reduced when other individual characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, and special educational needs, known to be linked to attainment, were taken into consideration.
The authors conclude that being in care does not appear to be harmful in itself to children’s academic performance, and recommend that more needs to be done to help those in care to succeed and thrive.
Source: What is the Relationship Between Being in Care and the Educational Outcomes of Children? An International Systematic Review (2015), Rees Centre for Research in Fostering and Education.
A new report from The Sutton Trust and Oxford University reviews the evidence on early childhood education and care for children under three, and finds that developmental benefits will only be achieved if children are able to attend good-quality preschool. The findings, which draw on research from the UK, US, and Australia on both centre-based care and home-based care provided by childminders, identify four key dimensions of good-quality pedagogy for all children under three:
- Stable relationships and interactions with sensitive and responsive adults;
- A focus on play-based activities and routines which allow children to take the lead in their own learning;
- Support for communication and language; and
- Opportunities to move and be physically active.
The report provides recommendations for policy and practice, which focus in particular on helping children from poorer backgrounds overcome early disadvantage. Several of these relate to the “quality” of staff. For example, recommendations include increasing pay rates contingent upon improved qualifications, and ensuring that practitioners have access to continuing professional development.
The authors also recommend retaining an overall ratio of 1:4 for group-care settings and 1:3 for home settings, working to ensure a good social mix in early years settings so that lower-income children mix with other children, and having an appropriate physical environment (eg, stimulating and appropriate resources; space for eating, sleeping, and physical activity; and small group sizes appropriate for age/stage).
Source: Sound Foundations. A Review of the Research Evidence on Quality of Early Childhood Education and Care for Children Under Three: Implications for Policy and Practice (2014), The Sutton Trust and Oxford University.
The Oxford University Centre for Educational Assessment has conducted an analysis of research relevant to the government’s proposals to change GCSEs.Their report considers issues specific to the examinations themselves as well as the wider context.
The headline question is perhaps “are exams getting easier?” The authors found that overall, research evidence does not point to a decline in the cognitive demand of examination questions, and that modular assessment has not been found to be consistently easier than end-of-course examinations. In fact, they found that high-stakes end-of-course examinations produce negative effects on teaching and learning.
In terms of whether there is a need for change, international test scores show that England does not compare poorly to other countries and that test scores show no decline. However, England does have a particularly wide spread between the lowest and highest achievers. This highlights, they say, the need for provision for low-achieving students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds in England to be improved.
Source: Research Evidence Relating to Proposals for Reform of the GCSE (2013), Oxford University Centre for Educational Assessment. | <urn:uuid:43ada639-f1fc-432b-bd34-afc0dcfacabc> | {
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Global Land Cover Test SitesEntry ID: glcts
Abstract: The Global Land Cover Test Sites (GLCTS) project is a component of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Landsat Pathfinder Program. Pathfinder projects focus on the application of existing remote sensing data collections to issues of global change and focus on the exploration of data management issues, which will be encountered in the Earth Observing System Data and Information ... System (EOSDIS) environment. The targeted user community includes researchers developing regional- and global-scale land cover assessments, researchers developing improved algorithms for land surface parameterization, and field scientists at the test sites exploring the uses of remote sensing.
The primary component of the GLCTS data set is Landsat data, both multispectral scanner data and Landsat thematic mapper data. In addition, a series of daily Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 1-km data acquisitions, digital elevation model data (i.e., in some instances, digital terrain elevation data), and land cover information is included for the sites.
Data Set Citation
Dataset Originator/Creator: Land Processes Distributed Active Archive
Dataset Title: Global Land Cover Test Sites
Dataset Release Date: 1997
Dataset Release Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
Dataset Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Start Date: 1972-07-23
LAND SURFACE > LAND USE/LAND COVER > LAND COVER
LAND SURFACE > TOPOGRAPHY > TERRAIN ELEVATION
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > INFRARED IMAGERY
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > INFRARED RADIANCE
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > REFLECTED INFRARED
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > THERMAL INFRARED
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS > VISIBLE IMAGERY
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS > VISIBLE RADIANCE
Quality The selected test sites represent a wide range of global land cover types, are well characterized on the ground, and have ongoing field-based monitoring programs. The scenes have been screened for cloud cover and band quality, resulting in a high grade, high quality data compilation.
Access Constraints Some Landsat thematic mapper data may be available only to members of the U.S.
Government and its Affiliated Users. Some digital terrain elevation data may be
restricted to use only by nonprofit organizations.
Use Constraints There is no guarantee of warranty concerning the accuracy of these data. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since the data was collected and that some parts of these data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use these data for critical applications without a full awareness of their limitations. Acknowledgement of the originating agencies would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Any user who modifies the data set is obligated to describe the types of modifications they perform. User specifically agrees not to misrepresent the data set, nor to imply that changes made were approved or endorsed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Please refer to http://www.usgs.gov/privacy.html for the USGS disclaimer.
Data Set Progress
Distribution Media: Digital Download
Role: TECHNICAL CONTACT
Email: lta at usgs.gov
LTA Customer Services U.S. Geological Survey EROS Center 47914 252nd Street
City: Sioux Falls
Province or State: SD
Postal Code: 57198-0001
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, , The NASA Pathfinder program--global land cover test sites project: Reno, Nevada, Desert Research Institute.
Extended Metadata Properties
(Click to view more)
Creation and Review Dates
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This saguaro cactus holds plenty of water and has a waxy layer for protection from the Sun.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of Corel Photography
Surprisingly, there are many species of plants that survive in the desert. Most of them are succulents, which means they store water. Others have seeds that lay dorment until a rain awakens them. Regardless, these plants find a way to get water and protect themselves from the heat.
The most famous desert plant is the cactus. There are many species of cacti. The saguaro cactus is the tall, pole shaped cactus you see on television. The saguaro can grow up to 40 feet tall. It can hold several tons of water inside its soft tissue. Like all cacti, the saguaro has a thick, waxy layer that protects it from the Sun.
Other succulents include the desert rose and the living rock. This strange plant looks like a spiny rock. It's disguise protects it from predators. The welwitschia is a weird looking plant. It has two long leaves and a big root. This plant is actually a type of tree and it can live for thousands of years.
There are many other kinds of desert plants. Some of them have thorns, others have beautiful flowers and deadly poisons. Even in the worst conditions, these plants continue to thrive.
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In the first place, there was internecine dissension and discord among the Sinhalese rulers. As a result, they became weak to the extent that they had to pay tribute to the Northern Kingdom.
In the second place, the fall of Polonnaruwa meant that irrigation tworks of the north central plain in the dry zone had to be abandoned and the area was left to develop into ajungle. This created a no-man's land, which became an effective barrier between the Kingdom of Jaffna and the Sinhalese kingdom.
In the third place, there was a vacuum of a competent imperial power during the period between the decline of the Cholas and the appearance of the Vijaya Nagara Empire.
In the fourth place, there was an influx of immigrants from South India to the only Tamil Kingdom in existence at the time, namely the Kingdom of Jaffna. This exodus took place, because
It may be appropriate to mention in this connection that whereas the settlers in Jaffna before the eleventh century are said to have come mostly from Kerala (Malabar), the immigrants of the Chola and Vijaya Nagara periods seem to have come from the eastern part of South India.
In many ways, the period extenalng rrom me rouneemn lu ~ne sixteenth centuries may be characterized as the Golden Age of the Tamils of Jaffna.
The capital of the Kings of Jaffna was Nallur. They resided at Kopay and ruled directly over the entire Peninsula and the neighbouring Islands together with the Island of Mannar and a portion of the mainland. Other territories in the North and the East were administered by hereditary chiefs called Vanniyars who paid obeisance and tribute to the king.
Kings assumed the alternate throne names Segarajasekaran and Pararajasekaran, and used the epithets Singaiyariyan (Lord of Singaingar, the earlier capital of the Kingdom of Jaffna), Setukavalan (Guardian of Setu or Rameshavaram) and Gangainadan (belonging to the country of the Ganges).
Their emblems were a recumbent bull -nanthi-, a Saiva symbol, and the expression Setu, indicating the place of their origin, Rameshvaram. The term setu was also used as an expression of benediction. These two emblems were also designed on their coins. | <urn:uuid:5ece9902-893e-4969-9090-7c045626eeea> | {
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In the narrative of the Ark, God sees the wickedness of man and is grieved by his creation, resolving to send a great flood to cleanse the Earth. However, he sees that Noah is a man "righteous in his generation," and gives him detailed instructions on how to construct a seaworthy Ark. When Noah and the animals are safe on board, God sends the Flood, which rises until all the mountains are covered and all life on Earth is destroyed. At the height of the flood, the Ark rests on the tops of mountains, the waters recede, and dry land reappears. Noah, his family, and the animals leave the Ark to repopulate the Earth. God places a symbolic rainbow in the sky and makes a covenant with Noah and all living things, by which he vows to never again send a flood to destroy the Earth.
The narrative of the Ark has been subject to extensive study by adherents of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, as well as other Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic faiths. Such studies range from hypothetical solutions to practical problems (such as the issues of waste disposal and lighting the Ark's interior), to theological and metaphoric interpretations (with the Ark being seen as the spiritual precursor of the Church in offering salvation to mankind). The account of the Ark is traditionally accepted as historical. Many continue to explore the mountains of Ararat in present-day Turkey, where the Bible says the Ark came to rest, in search of the vessel.
God observes that humanity is corrupt and decides to destroy all life. But Noah "was a righteous man, blameless in his generation, [and] Noah walked with God," and so God gives him instructions for the Ark, into which he is told to bring "two of every sort [of animal]...male and female ... everything on the dry land in whose nostrils was the breath of life," and their food.
God instructs Noah to board the Ark with his family, seven pairs of the birds and the clean animals, and one pair of the unclean animals. "On the same day all the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened, and the rain was upon the earth," and God closes up the door of the Ark. The flood begins, and the waters prevail until all the high mountains are covered fifteen cubits deep, and all the people and animals and creeping things and birds of the heavens are blotted out from the earth, and only Noah and those with him in the Ark remain.
Then "God remembered Noah," and causes his wind to blow, and the fountains of the deep and the windows of the heavens are closed, and the rain is restrained, and the waters abate, and in the seventh month the Ark rests on the mountains of Ararat. In the tenth month the tops of the mountains are seen, and Noah sends out a raven and a dove to see if the waters have subsided; the raven flies "to and fro" but the dove returns with a fresh olive leaf in her beak. Noah waits seven days more and sends out the dove again, and this time it does not return.
When the land is dry, God tells Noah to leave the Ark, and Noah offers a sacrifice to God. God resolves never again to curse the earth, "for the intention of man’s heart is evil from his youth." God grants to Noah and his sons the right to kill animals and eat their meat, but forbids meat which has not been drained of its blood. Blood is proclaimed sacred, and the unauthorised taking of life is prohibited: "For your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man...Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image." Then God establishes his covenant with Noah and his sons and with all living things, and places the rainbow in the clouds, "the sign of the covenant that I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth."
In the last centuries BC and the first centuries AD, the Jewish rabbis, the interpreters of Jewish law and tradition, turned their attention to the story of Noah's Ark. Their teachings were collected in the Talmud, which dates from between 200 and 500 AD. The individual volumes of the Talmud are known as Tractates.
Tractates Sanhedrin, Avoda Zarah and Zevahim relate that, while Noah was building the Ark, he attempted to warn his neighbors of the coming deluge, but was ignored or mocked. In order to protect Noah and his family, God placed lions and other ferocious animals to guard them from the wicked who tried to stop them from entering the Ark. According to one Midrash, it was God, or the angels, who gathered the animals to the Ark, together with their food. As there had been no need to distinguish between clean and unclean animals before this time, the clean animals made themselves known by kneeling before Noah as they entered the Ark. A differing opinion said that the Ark itself distinguished clean animals from unclean, admitting seven pairs each of the former and one pair each of the latter.
According to Sanhedrin 108B, Noah was engaged both day and night in feeding and caring for the animals, and did not sleep for the entire year aboard the Ark. The animals were the best of their species, and so behaved with utmost goodness. They abstained from procreation, so that the number of creatures that disembarked was exactly equal to the number that embarked. The raven created problems, refusing to go out of the Ark when Noah sent it forth and accusing the patriarch of wishing to destroy its race, but as the commentators pointed out, God wished to save the raven, for its descendants were destined to feed the prophet Elijah.
According to one tradition, refuse was stored on the lowest of the Ark's three decks, humans and clean beasts on the second, and the unclean animals and birds on the top; a differing opinion placed the refuse in the utmost story, from where it was shoveled into the sea through a trapdoor. Precious stones, bright as midday, provided light, and God ensured that food was kept fresh.
St. Hippolytus of Rome, (d. 235), seeking to demonstrate that "the ark was a symbol of the Christ who was expected", stated that the vessel had its door on the east side - the direction from which Christ would appear at the Second Coming - and that the bones of Adam were brought aboard, together with gold, frankincense and myrrh (the symbols of the Nativity of Christ). Hippolytus furthermore stated that the Ark floated to and fro in the four directions on the waters, making the sign of the cross, before eventually landing on Mount Kardu "in the east, in the land of the sons of Raban, and the Orientals call it Mount Godash; the Armenians call it Ararat". On a more practical plane, Hippolytus explained that the ark was built in three stories, the lowest for wild beasts, the middle for birds and domestic animals, and the top level for humans, and that the male animals were separated from the females by sharp stakes so that there would be no cohabitation aboard the vessel.
The early Church Father and theologian Origen (c. 182 - 251) produced a learned argument about cubits, in response to a critic who doubted that the Ark could contain all the animals in the world. Origen held that Moses, the traditional author of the book of Genesis, had been brought up in Egypt and would therefore have used the larger Egyptian cubit.
Early Christian artists depicted Noah standing in a small box on the waves, symbolizing God saving the church as it persevered through turmoil. St. Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430), in his work City of God, demonstrated that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the human body, which is the body of Christ, which is in turn the Church. St. Jerome (c. 347 - 420) called the raven, which was sent forth and did not return, the "foul bird of wickedness" expelled by baptism; more enduringly, the dove and olive branch came to symbolize the Holy Spirit and the hope of salvation and, eventually, peace. The olive branch remains a symbol of peace today.
Noah (Nuh in Arabic) is one of the five principal prophets of Islam. References to him are scattered through the Qur'an, with the fullest account being found in surah Hud (11:27–51). As a prophet, Noah preached to his people, but with little success; only "a few"[11:40] of them converted (traditionally thought to be seventy). Noah prayed for deliverance, and Allah told him to build a ship in preparation for the flood. A son (named either 'Kan'an' or 'Yam' depending on the source) was among those drowned, despite Noah pleading with him to leave the disbelievers and join him (Surah Hud, 42-43).
In contrast to the Jewish tradition, which uses a term which can be translated as a "box" or "chest" to describe the Ark, surah 29:14 refers to it as a safina, an ordinary ship, and surah 54:13 describes the Ark as "a thing of boards and nails". `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas, a contemporary of Muhammad, wrote that Noah was in doubt as to what shape to make the Ark, and that Allah revealed to him that it was to be shaped like a bird's belly and fashioned of teak wood.
Abdallah ibn 'Umar al-Baidawi, writing in the 13th century, gives the length of the Ark as 300 cubits (157 m, 515 ft) by 50 (26.2 m, 86 ft) in width, 30 cubits (15.7 m, 52 ft) in height, and explains that in the first of the three levels wild and domesticated animals were lodged, in the second the human beings, and in the third the birds. On every plank was the name of a prophet. Three missing planks, symbolizing three prophets, were brought from Egypt by Og, son of Anak, the only one of the giants permitted to survive the Flood. The body of Adam was carried in the middle to divide the men from the women. Surah 11:41 says: "And he said, 'Ride ye in it; in the Name of Allah it moves and stays!'"; this was taken to mean that Noah said, "In the Name of Allah!" when he wished the Ark to move, and the same when he wished it to stand still.
Noah spent five or six months aboard the Ark, at the end of which he sent out a raven. But the raven stopped to feast on carrion, and so Noah cursed it and sent out the dove, which has been known ever since as the friend of mankind. The medieval scholar Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi (d. 956) wrote that Allah commanded the earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received salt water in punishment and so became dry and arid. The water which was not absorbed formed the seas, so that the waters of the flood still exist. Masudi says that the Ark began its voyage at Kufa in central Iraq and sailed to Mecca, circling the Kaaba before finally traveling to Mount Judi (in Arabic also referred to as "high place, hill), which surah 11:44 states was its final resting place. This mountain is identified by tradition with a hill near the town of Jazirat ibn Umar on the east bank of the Tigris in the province of Mosul in northern Iraq, and Masudi says that the spot where it came to rest could be seen in his time.
Noah left the Ark, and he and his family and companions built a town at the foot of Mount Judi, named Thamanin ("eighty") in reference to their number. Noah then locked the Ark and entrusted the keys to Shem. Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) mentions a mosque built by Noah which could be seen in his day. Some modern Muslims, although not generally active in searching for the Ark, believe that it still exists on the high slopes of the mountain.
The Bahá'í Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as also symbolic. In Bahá'í belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the "ark" of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Bahá'í scripture Kitáb-i-Íqán endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions on the Ark, either 40 or 72, as well as his family, and that he taught for 950 years before the flood.
In Hindu mythology, texts like the Satapatha Brahmana mention the story of a great flood, wherein the Matsya Avatar of Vishnu warns the first man, Manu, of the impending flood, and also advises him to build a giant boat.
The 19th century also saw the growth of Middle Eastern archaeology and the first translations into English of ancient Mesopotamian records. The Assyriologist George Smith achieved world-wide fame with his translation of the Babylonian account of the Great Flood, which he read before the Society of Biblical Archaeology on December 3, 1872. Further discoveries brought to light several versions of the Mesopotamian flood-myth, with the closest to Genesis 6-9 being found in a 7th-century-BC Babylonian copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh: the hero Gilgamesh meets the immortal man Utnapishtim, who tells how the god Ea warned him to build a huge vessel in which to save himself, his family, and his friends and animals, from a great flood by which the gods intended to destroy the world.
As the Flood rises, it wipes out the work of Creation, each month of the Flood corresponding to the matching day of Creation. Just as God on the second day of the world placed the firmament to separate the Earth from waters above and below, so in the second month of Noah's 600th year God opens the floodgates of Heaven and the fountains of the Deep and allows the waters to return; just as the work of Creation was completed on the sixth day, when all living things were ready for man, so the Flood rises for a further five months (the 150 days of Genesis 7:24) until the sixth month, when "everything that had the breath of life in its nostrils, everything that was on the earth, died"; and as God rested on the seventh day, so the Ark rests on the mountaintops on the seventh month. The "wind from God" which passed over the waters of Chaos at the very beginning of Creation (in Genesis 1:2) passes over the waters again, and the world is re-created as the waters dry from the land, until in the fourteenth month men and creatures exit the Ark, and Noah enters into the first Covenant with God.
The Ark is said to be 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high, and has three decks; it is therefore three times the height of the Tabernacle and three times the area of the Tabernacle forecourt, suggesting that the biblical authors saw both structures serving the same purpose, the preservation of humankind for God's plan. The dimensions betray a numerological preoccupation with the number sixty, one which it shares with the Babylonian Ark: Noah's Ark is 60x5=300 cubits long and 60÷2=30 cubits high.
Although the Book of Genesis in the Bible does not give any further information about the four women it says were aboard Noah's Ark during the Flood, there exist substantial extra-Biblical traditions regarding these women and their names.
In the Book of Jubilees, known to have been in use from the late 2nd century BC, the names of the wives of Noah, Shem, Ham and Japheth are as follows:
- Wife of Noah - Emzara, daughter of Rake'el, son of Methuselah
- Wife of Shem - Sedeqetelebab
- Wife of Ham - Ne'elatama'uk or Na'eltama'uk
- Wife of Japheth - 'Adataneses
The early Christian writer St. Hippolytus (d. 235 AD) recounted a tradition of their names according to the Syriac Targum that is similar to Jubilees, although apparently switching the names of Shem's and Ham's wives. He wrote: The names of the wives of the sons of Noah are these: the name of the wife of Sem, Nahalath Mahnuk; and the name of the wife of Cham, Zedkat Nabu; and the name of the wife of Japheth, Arathka. He also recounts a quaint legend concerning the wife of Ham: God having instructed Noah to destroy the first person who announced that the deluge was beginning, Ham's wife at that moment was baking bread, when water suddenly rushed forth from the oven, destroying the bread. When she exclaimed then that the deluge was commencing, God suddenly cancels his former command lest Noah destroy his own daughter-in-law who was to be saved.
An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the Book of Rolls (part of Clementine literature), the Syriac Book of the Cave of Treasures (ca. 350), and Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria (ca. 930) all agree in naming Noah's wife as "Haykêl, the daughter of Namûs (or Namousa), the daughter of Enoch, the brother of Methuselah"; the first of these sources elsewhere calls Haikal "the daughter of Mashamos, son of Enoch", while stating that Shem's wife is called "Leah, daughter of Nasih".
Furthermore, the Panarion of Epiphanius (ca. 375) names Noah's wife as Barthenos, while the ca. 5th century Ge'ez work Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan calls Noah's wife "Haikal, the daughter of Abaraz, of the daughters of the sons of Enos" — whom some authors have connected with Epiphanius' Barthenos (i.e., Bath-Enos, daughter of Enos). However, Jubilees makes "Betenos" the name of Noah's mother. The word haykal is Syriac for "temple" or "church"; in the Georgian copy of Cave of Treasures, we find instead the name T'ajar, which is the Georgian word for the same.
Armenian tradition give the name of Noah's wife as Nemzar, Noyemzar or Noyanzar.
Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, writing in Arabic, also states that Shem's wife was Salit, Ham's Nahlat and Japheth's Arisisah, all daughters of Methuselah. The theologian John Gill (1697–1771) wrote in his Exposition of the Bible of this tradition "that the name of Shem's wife was Zalbeth, or, as other copies, Zalith or Salit; that the name of Ham's Nahalath; and of Japheth's Aresisia."
A manuscript of the 8th century Latin work Inventiones Nominum, copies of which have been found at the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland, and in a library at Albi, SW France, lists as Noah's wife Set, as Shem's wife Nora, as Ham's wife Sare, and as Japeth's wife Serac.
Mandaean literature, of uncertain antiquity, refers to Noah's wife by the name Nuraita (or Nhuraitha, Anhuraita, various other spellings).
The Miautso people of China preserved in their traditions the name of Noah's wife as Gaw Bo-lu-en. | <urn:uuid:bc3f8e9c-e67e-4cf5-b9d1-864fba520da7> | {
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"Once they've identified each other at some place, they'll begin the process we call synapsis, which involves building this beautiful structurethe synaptonemal complexand using it to form an intimate association that runs the entire length of each pair of chromosomes," Hawley explains.
Some model organisms employed in the study of meiosis, such as yeast and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, use the ends of their chromosomes to facilitate the process. "These organisms gather all the chromosome ends against the nuclear envelope into one big cluster called a bouquet or into a bunch of smaller clusters called aggregates, and this brings the chromosome ends into proximity with each other," Hawley says. "This changes the problem of finding your homologue in this great big nucleus into one of finding your mate on just the surface of the inside of the nucleus."
But the fruit fly Drosophila melanogasterthe model organism in which meiosis has been thoroughly studied for more than a century, and which Hawley has studied for almost 40 years has unusual chromosome ends that don't lend themselves to the same kind of clustering.
"So even though the study of meiosis began in Drosophila, we really haven't had any idea how chromosomes initiate synapsis in Drosophila," Hawley says. "Now, we show that instead of clustering their chromosome ends, flies cluster their centromereshighly organized structures that chromosomes use to move during cell division. From there, the biology works pretty much as you would expect: synapsis is initiated at the centromeres, and it appears to spread out along the arms of the chromosomes."
The ramifications of the findings extend beyond fruit flies, as there's some evidence that synapsis starts at centromeres in other organisms. In addition, Hawley and coauthors found that centromere clustering may
|Contact: Gina Kirchweger|
Stowers Institute for Medical Research | <urn:uuid:d74478b5-a09a-496e-b0de-701500d243f8> | {
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|Born||Grant DeVolson Wood
February 13, 1891
|Died||February 12, 1942
Iowa City, Iowa
|Education||School of the Art Institute of Chicago|
|Notable work||American Gothic|
Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was an American painter born four miles (6 km) east of Anamosa, Iowa. He is best known for his paintings depicting the rural American Midwest, particularly American Gothic, an iconic painting of the 20th century.
Life and career
Grant Wood was born in rural Iowa in 1891; his mother moved the family to Cedar Rapids after his father died in 1901. Soon thereafter he began as an apprentice in a local metal shop. After graduating from Washington High School, Wood enrolled in The Handicraft Guild, an art school run entirely by women in Minneapolis in 1910 (today it is a prominent artist collective in the city.) He was said to have later returned to the Guild to paint American Gothic. A year later Wood returned to Iowa, where he taught in a rural one-room schoolhouse. In 1913 he enrolled at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and performed some work as a silversmith.
From 1922 to 1928, Wood made four trips to Europe, where he studied many styles of painting, especially Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. But it was the work of the 15th-century Flemish artist Jan van Eyck that influenced him to take on the clarity of this technique and to incorporate it in his new works.
From 1924 to 1935, Wood lived in the loft of a carriage house in Cedar Rapids, which he turned into his personal studio at "5 Turner Alley" (the studio had no address until Wood made one up). In 1932, Wood helped found the Stone City Art Colony near his hometown to help artists get through the Great Depression. He became a great proponent of regionalism in the arts, lecturing throughout the country on the topic. As his classically American image was solidified, his bohemian days in Paris were expunged from his public image.
Wood was married to Sara Sherman Maxon from 1935–38. She was considerably older and friends considered the marriage a mistake for him. Wood taught painting at the University of Iowa's School of Art from 1934 to 1941. During that time, he supervised mural painting projects, mentored students, produced a variety of his own works, and became a key part of the University's cultural community. It is thought that he was a closeted homosexual, and that there was an attempt to fire him because of a relationship with his personal secretary. Critic Janet Maslin states that his friends knew him to be "homosexual and a bit facetious in his masquerade as an overall-clad farm boy". University administration dismissed the allegations and Wood would have returned as professor if not for his growing health problems. On February 12, 1942, one day before his 51st birthday, Wood died at the university hospital of pancreatic cancer. When Wood died, his estate went to his sister, Nan Wood Graham, the woman portrayed in American Gothic. When she died in 1990, her estate, along with Wood's personal effects and various works of art, became the property of the Figge Art Museum in Davenport, Iowa.
Wood was an active painter from an extremely young age until his death, and although he is best known for his paintings, he worked in a large number of media, including lithography, ink, charcoal, ceramics, metal, wood and found objects.
Throughout his life, he hired out his talents to many Iowa-based businesses as a steady source of income. This included painting advertisements, sketching rooms of a mortuary house for promotional flyers and, in one case, designing the corn-themed decor (including chandelier) for the dining room of a hotel. In addition, his 1928 trip to Munich was to oversee the making of the stained glass windows he had designed for a Veterans Memorial Building in Cedar Rapids. The window was damaged during the 2008 flood and it is currently in the process of restoration. He again returned to Cedar Rapids to teach Junior High students after serving in the army as a camouflage painter.
Wood is associated with the American movement of Regionalism that was primarily situated in the Midwest, and advanced figurative painting of rural American themes in an aggressive rejection of European abstraction.
Wood was one of three artists most associated with the movement. The others, John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton, returned to the Midwest in the 1930s due to Wood's encouragement and assistance with locating teaching positions for them at colleges in the states of Wisconsin and Missouri, respectively. Along with Benton, Curry, and other Regionalist artists, Wood's work was marketed through Associated American Artists in New York for many years. Wood is considered the patron artist of Cedar Rapids, and his childhood country school is depicted on the 2004 Iowa State Quarter.
Wood's best known work is his 1930 painting American Gothic, which is also one of the most famous paintings in American art, and one of the few images to reach the status of widely recognised cultural icon, comparable to Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch's The Scream.
It was first exhibited in 1930 at the Art Institute of Chicago, where it is still located. It was given a $300 prize and made news stories country-wide, bringing Wood immediate recognition. Since then, it has been borrowed and satirized endlessly for advertisements and cartoons.
Art critics who had favorable opinions about the painting, such as Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of repression and narrow-mindedness of rural small-town life. It was seen as part of the trend toward increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis' 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's The Tattooed Countess in literature. Wood rejected this reading of it. With the onset of the Great Depression, it came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit. Another reading is that it is an ambiguous fusion of reverence and parody.
Wood's inspiration came from Eldon, southern Iowa, where a cottage designed in the Gothic Revival style with an upper window in the shape of a medieval pointed arch, provided the background and also the painting's title. Wood decided to paint the house along with "the kind of people I fancied should live in that house." The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter, figures modeled by the artist's dentist and sister, Nan (1900–1990). Wood's sister insisted that the painting depicts the farmer's daughter and not wife, disliking suggestions it was the farmer's wife, since that would mean that she looks older than Wood's sister preferred to think of herself. The dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby (1867–1950) was from Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The woman is dressed in a dark print apron mimicking 19th century Americana with a cameo brooch and a tightly-knotted tie, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor.
The compositional severity and detailed technique derive from Northern Renaissance paintings, which Grant had looked at during three visits to Europe; after this he became increasingly aware of the Midwest's own legacy, which also informs the work. It is a key image of Regionalism.
Wood was hired in 1940, along with eight other prominent American artists, to document and interpret dramatic scenes and characters during the production of the film The Long Voyage Home, a cinematic adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's plays.
Works by Wood
- American Gothic (1930)
- Appraisal (1931)
- Arbor Day (1932)
- Arnold Comes of Age (1930)
- The Birthplace of Herbert Hoover, West Branch, Iowa (1931)
- Boy Milking Cow (1932)
- Daughters of Revolution (1932)
- Death on Ridge Road (1935)
- Dinner for Threshers (1934)
- Fall Plowing (1931)
- Haying (1939)
- Iowa Cornfield (1941)
- January (1940)
- The Little Chapel Chancelade (1926)
- The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1931)
- Near Sundown (1933)
- New Road (1939)
- Parson Weems' Fable (1939)
- Plaid Sweater (1931)
- Portrait of Nan (1933)
- Return from Bohemia (1935)
- Seedtime and Harvest (1937)
- Self-Portrait (1932)
- Spotted Man (1924)
- Spring in the Country (1941)
- Stone City, Iowa (1930)
- Sultry Night (1937)
- Woman with Plants (1929)
- Young Corn (1931)
- Wood, Grant. "Art in the Daily Life of the Child." Rural America, March 1940, 7–9.
- Revolt against the City. Iowa City: Clio Press, 1935.
- Corn, Wanda M. Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision. New Haven: Minneapolis Institute of Arts and Yale University Press, 1983.
- Crowe, David. "Illustration as Interpretation: Grant Wood's 'New Deal' Reading of Sinclair Lewis's Main Street." In Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference, edited by Michael Connaughton, 95–111. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud State University, 1985.
- Czestochowski, Joseph S. John Steuart Curry and Grant Wood: A Portrait of Rural America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press and Cedar Rapids Art Association, 1981.
- DeLong, Lea Rosson. Grant Wood's Main Street: Art, Literature and the American Midwest. Ames: Exhibition catalog from the Brunnier Art Museum at Iowa State University, 2004.
- When Tillage Begins, Other Arts Follow: Grant Wood and Christian Petersen Murals. Ames: Exhibition catalog from the Brunnier Art Museum at Iowa State University, 2006.
- Dennis, James M. Grant Wood: A Study in American Art and Culture. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
- Renegade Regionalists: The Modern Independence of Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.
- Evans, R. Tripp. Grant Wood [A Life]. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010 OCLC 503041934.
- Graham, Nan Wood, John Zug, and Julie Jensen McDonald. My Brother, Grant Wood. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1993.
- Green, Edwin B. A Grant Wood Sampler, January Issue of the Palimpsest. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1972.
- Haven, Janet. "Going Back to Iowa: The World of Grant Wood", MA project in conjunction with the Museum for American Studies of the American Studies Program at the University of Virginia, 1998; includes list of paintings and gallery.
- Hoving, Thomas. American Gothic: The Biography of Grant Wood's American Masterpiece. New York: Chamberlain Brothers, 2005.
- Milosch, Jane C., ed. Grant Wood’s Studio: Birthplace of American Gothic. Cedar Rapids and New York: Cedar Rapids Museum of Art and Prestel, 2005.
- Seery, John E. "Grant Wood's Political Gothic." Theory & Event 2, no. 1 (1998).
- Taylor, Sue. "Grant Wood's Family Album." American Art 19, no. 2 (2005): 48–67.
- Fineman, Mia, The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates., Slate, 8 June 2005
- Preservation Iowa, 2008 Most Endangered Properties
- "Grant Wood", answers.com[unreliable source?]
- http://www.artnet.com/Galleries/Artists_detail.asp?gid=267&aid=18073[not in citation given]
- Maslin, Janet Behind That Humble Pitchfork, a Complex Artist, In "Grant Wood", R. Tripp Evans Explores the Artist. New York Times, 3 Oct 3, 2010.
- Chicago Tribune, Review of R Tripp Evan, Grant Wood, A Life
- Maslin, Janet Behind That Humble Pitchfork, a Complex Artist, In "Grant Wood", R. Tripp Evans Explores the Artist. Books of the Times, The New York Times, Oct 3, 2010.
- The Chronicle of Higher Education
- Deborah Solomon (October 28, 2010). "Gothic American". The New York Times.
- http://www.gazetteonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20090118&Category=NEWS&ArtNo=701189924&Template=printart[dead link]
- "Grant Wood", Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
- Kendall, Sue M., "Wood, Grant", Oxford Art Online (subscription). Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- "Cover Article, American Artist Magazine, September, 1940, pp. 4-14"
- Grant Wood Archive, Figge Art Museum
- Grant Wood scrapbooks, Iowa Digital Library
- Cedar Rapids Museum of Art biography of Grant Wood
- Grant Wood on artcyclopedia.com
- Grant Wood and Frank Lloyd Wright Compared
- American Classic: Grant Wood and the meaning of his art
- Grant Wood's Studio
- Ten Dreams Galleries
- Grant Wood Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
- Grant Wood Papers Online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
- The Long Voyage Home Artist Portraits and Paintings at The Ned Scott Archive
- "Grant Woods Murals in the Parks Library at Iowa State University"
- "When Tillage Begins"
- "Breaking the Prairie Sod"
- "History of Dairying"
- http://www.usa-decouverte.com/culture/magazine/grant_wood.html article by André Girod | <urn:uuid:d6ce5ce3-fc12-464a-b2f7-a95f76019cbb> | {
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There are so many different types of obsessions and compulsions when it comes to OCD. Perhaps among the less talked about are sensorimotor, or body-focused, obsessions which involve a heightened awareness and focus on involuntary bodily activities and processes.
Common examples include hyperawareness of swallowing, breathing, or blinking. Additionally, overattention to bladder and digestive processes — indeed, any unhealthy focus on a specific body part or organ — might also fall into the category of sensorimotor obsessions.
I think these types of obsessions seem particularly brutal because they involve necessary, ongoing bodily processes. There truly is no escape, and this fact often plays into the sufferer’s obsessions.
The fear of never being able to stop thinking about or focusing on their swallowing, or beating heart, can cause intense anxiety in OCD sufferers. Those who are consumed with worry about swallowing might actually be afraid of choking, or they might just be tormented by the thought that they will never be able to stop thinking about swallowing.
Not surprisingly, compulsions that help distract the OCD sufferer follow. Counting, for example, might briefly help sufferers focus away from their swallowing. Avoidance behaviors such as avoiding certain foods might also be a compulsion in this case.
However, performing compulsions never helps for long, and will make the OCD stronger in the long run. Those with OCD who suffer from sensorimotor obsessions often find their lives greatly affected. They have trouble concentrating on anything other than their obsession(s) and might have difficulties socializing and sleeping as well.
So what is the treatment for this particularly torturous type of OCD? The same as for all types of OCD: Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) therapy.
OCD sufferers dealing with sensorimotor obsessions need to face their fears and voluntarily pay attention to whatever bodily activity they are agonizing over. Whether it is awareness of breathing, swallowing, salivating, or something else, the OCD sufferer needs to stop trying to refrain from thinking about their source of anxiety.
Indeed, they need to feel the anxiety that ensues. Over time, it will diminish. In other words, they need to do the opposite of what their OCD dictates.
Mindfulness also can be a helpful tool for those suffering from sensorimotor obsessions. In fact, ERP therapy and mindfulness are often closely intertwined when dealing with sensorimotor issues, as they both involve learning to pay close attention to our bodies and just accepting what is.
For example, focusing on breathing, which is a mainstay of mindfulness, might involve noticing the rise and fall of the chest, or the sensation in the nostrils. No judgment, just awareness. The OCD sufferer is practicing mindfulness and ERP therapy at the same time.
Sensorimotor OCD, like many other types of OCD, can be complicated, confusing, and debilitating. That’s why it is crucial that those suffering from sensorimotor obsessions work with a therapist who specializes in treating OCD. With the right treatment, those who suffer from this type of OCD will soon be able to breathe easy — literally.
Singer, J. (2014). Body-Focused Obsessions: Sensorimotor Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psych Central. Retrieved on December 21, 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/sensorimotor-obsessive-compulsive-disorder/00019221
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 7 Apr 2014
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In 1870, Colonial Treasurer Julius Vogel introduced a public works and immigration scheme, under which suitable immigrants would be settled along the projected lines of the road and railway. The idea was that the construction work for this infrastructure would support the settlers until they could develop farms on the blocks of land allotted to them.
At this time, the Manawatu and western Hawkes Bay was still largely undeveloped, in most part covered in dense impenetrable forest. For these areas, Vogel was keen to recruit settlers from Scandinavia, who were reputed for their skill as foresters and axemen. It also appears that he may have also been influenced by an early, and rather illustrious settler in the Manawatu – Ditlev Gothard Monrad, former premier of Denmark. Monrad had immigrated to New Zealand, along with his family, in 1866, in a kind of self-imposed exile. Clearly not afraid of hard work, he found a small clearing on the banks of the Manawatu River, in Karere (near Longburn) and, using timber from the surrounding thick forest, built a home and then went on to develop a farm. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:b79a451f-74ec-460e-bcbe-ebb9f339b1c8> | {
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The History Society met on 13th November to hear a talk given by Stephen Barker.
In August 1642, initial attempts by the Royalists under Sir John Byron – who only managed to stay in Oxford for 8 days, until religious difficulties in the town forced him out – and then the Parliamentarians, again for only a few days; attempted to take Oxford for their sides. King Charles 1 arrived in October 1642 and made Christchurch College his HQ and Oxford his Royal Court.
Oxford was seen as a strategic centre with the Cherwell & Isis providing both good defence and good communication/supply links, the roads were good for the period and although the Walls were in a state of disrepair, Oxford was large enough and rich enough to accommodate the Royal Court.
Oxford, however, had internal conflicts between Town & Gown. The University was essentially Royalist and students of New College had already formed an armed militia to thwart the Parliamentarians in 1642, while the Town was essentially Puritan/Calvinist – and resented the Catholic Popish insurgency, burned Popish books/art and held anti-Catholic meetings nightly in Carfax. Charles was already a great benefactor to the University (see Canterbury Quad) and favoured the University by excluding them from paying taxes and at the same time Charles and Archbishop Laud were introducing Catholic religion into the dominant Calvinist society. Conflict between Charles and the town Council was evident throughout his stay in Oxford including demands for militia to be raised for his Armies and demands for the local populace to work without pay – and with their own shovels – on the Defensive Walls.
The talk continued with details of the Great Fire in Oxford in 1644, the Roundhead Sieges of 1644 and 1645, together with stories from witnesses of the life in Oxford during that time – with its overcrowding, disease, military rule and the harsh prison regime.
The area between Abingdon (Parliamentarian) and Wallingford & Farringdon (both Royalist) was ‘frontier country’ with skirmishes taking place frequently between the warring sides. Who knows ? Wootton & Dry Sandford may well have featured in these, although no major battles took place here.
The Civil War ended with Charles, unable to resist the Roundhead siege any longer, fleeing across Magdalen Bridge disguised as a servant with ‘Goodbye Harry’ ringing in his ears as he left Oxford to reinforce the disguise.
Next talk: “The Coming of the Railway to Oxford” – 8th January 2015 by Liz Woolley. | <urn:uuid:ee0ef82a-8260-4d21-9161-b496955cd0af> | {
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Besides one getting enough sleep and engaging in physical activity and exercise on a regular basis, ensuring that you consume foods that have healthy nutrients is essential in maintaining a good and healthy body and the general well being. When you are on a healthy nutrition, it does not only make you feel good, but it also ensures that your body gets a wide variety of both physical and health benefits. Since the consumption of good food is the key to the optimization of body processes, it is thus paramount that everybody maintains good nutritional habits.
Consuming a wide variety of foods like vegetables, fruits, lean proteins and whole grains that are nutritious is important as it ensures that our bodies reap the health benefits that these foods come with. Let us look at some of the roles and benefits of one being under healthy nutrition.
Benefits of healthy nutrition
One of the major benefits of consuming foods that provide healthy nutrients is that it gives your body the ability to vend away a variety of chronic diseases. Recent research that has been carried out has shown that when one consumes foods that have a high content of healthy nutrients, the risk of one suffering from chronic diseases like cancer is greatly reduced. That is why experts recommend that for optimal cancer prevention, one is supposed to consume foods that are drawn from plants.
When you are on healthy nutrition, the probability of one being affected by diseases like obesity and diabetes is greatly reduced. When you are on good nutrition, your immune system is greatly boosted thus preventing the body from being attacked by any communicable diseases.
When you are on a diet that is unhealthy, there is a likelihood of you developing high blood pressure or hypertension which may not only lead to the development of heart failure but can also lead to premature death. That is why you are encouraged to be on a nutritious diet that encompasses a high content of whole grain, fish products, and nuts. Health nutrition also includes the less consumption of foods that have a high-fat percentage.
It is advisable that you limit the uptake of salt and sodium as they have been found to be the primary cause of heart diseases. Also, ensure that you avoid processed foods since they have been found to be unhealthy too. But it is recommended that for you to have a healthy heart, you should combine a healthy nutrition with regular exercise.
Energy and growth
When you are under healthy nutrition, you consume the required amount of nutrients and vitamins. They are essential in ensuring that one grows properly, has the required level of energy and they are undergoing proper development. If you do no consume a nutritious diet, you will have inadequate levels of vitamins in the body which mostly results in serious health problems.
Tips on how to maintain healthy nutrition
To ensure that you are always on health nutrition, it is advisable that you avoid foods that have a high-fat content, or have a high amount of sugars, cholesterol or salt. Although being under health nutrition is important, it is advisable that you combine it with regular physical exercises. | <urn:uuid:d30a6ef2-1697-4f59-af7a-edf5e8b24552> | {
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From the moment my firstborn was placed in my arms, I can remember the overwhelming feeling of responsibility that descended upon my shoulders. This little person, a blank slate with no life experiences, was completely dependent upon me! Not that I didn’t appreciate the challenge. In fact, as a former kindergarten teacher, I had relished the awe of watching learning inscribed on the minds of my students as they sat “crisscrossed applesauce” in their “magic” carpet squares … but this seven pounds of miniature human was a completely different challenge and for the first time, learning meant more to me than everbefore.
Fast forward three years, and I soon discovered there was no need to worry. Human beings arrive hardwired to learn! And soon, my little sponge was soaking up everything … whether I wanted him to or not. As time passed, we have developed some very fun and simple ways to absorb skills, such as the ABCs, that will help him as he approaches preschool and kindergarten.
As you introduce the following activities to your preschooler, remember to keep things light and don’t force your preschooler to do anything. Your ultimate goal is for them to love learning. Pay attention to their likes and dislikes. If a particular activity seems to produce only boos, try another idea until you find something you both truly enjoy!
Make this time playful with your child. By doing so, you will open your child up to a lifetime of loving learning and magical memories to share!
Sponge Paint Letters
Use a sponge paint dobber or a paint dobber to allow your child to paint each letter. This is perfect for even the tiniest of little hands! Do expect to help them, at least at first. By the end of the alphabet, your little one will most likely be able to take off on his own. This activity is best done one letter at a time. In our house, we do one letter a week. This idea is great for practicing name writing too.
Help your child use school glue to make the shape of the letter. Next, help her sprinkle some glitter on it and shake it over a trash can or a sink. Your child will be left with a glittery letter to admire!
Help your child discover ways to represent different letters by using his body. (Think YMCA.) Encourage your child to get creative and use his arms and legs to make the letters. This was the brain child of my son, who now will break out into letter shapes in various locations, including the grocery store!
Combine various magnetic letters into a big plastic bowl or pot. We use one of the old metal pots my son inherited from me when I bought a new cooking set. Give your child a big stirring spoon and help her scoop out letters. Practice saying the name and/or sound of the letter with your child.
Using magnetic letters, hide them in various locations around the house. It’s usually best to concentrate the search in one specific area, depending on the age of your child. If he’s just starting out, you’ll definitely need to play a much more active role in the hunt, modeling and thinking aloud as to how to search for the letters. This is also a great way to introduce vocabulary, such as above, under, behind, etc. We love to play many variations of this game. For example, on Valentine’s Day, I hide hearts. Be as creative as you choose.
Deanna M. Westedt holds a Masters in Teaching and has taught grades kindergarten through third. She’s at home with her two toddler boys and teaches part-time. | <urn:uuid:6d0c4cb5-d998-465d-bf07-adc5058d7adc> | {
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Wiki-inventory for Living heritage brings visibility to intangible cultural heritage in Finland. There are already 175 elements from over 240 communities!
The Finnish Heritage Agency opened a Wiki-inventory for Living Heritage in 2016 related to the UNESCO 2003 Convention. The Wiki-inventory now contains 175 submissions from 240 communities in five different languages! Many of them are also available in English.
The purpose of the inventory is to compile information and present intangible living heritage extensively in Finland, together with ICH communities, associations, museums, other institutions or informal groups. The inventory is an essential tool in making living heritage more visible. In Finland, the inventory is collected in an open and involving manner, using Wikimedia.
The Wiki-inventory is a platform that is constantly being supplemented and updated. The traditions may be related to celebrations, food, crafts, performing arts, games, nature, or oral traditions, for example. Good practices, projects, or methods for the safeguarding of living heritage can also be presented in the inventory.
Through Wiki-inventory it is possible to present rich and diverse cultural heritage from small individual phenomena to broad entities. Groups and communities are encouraged to share their living heritage as well as other information sources related to it. The platform can be used in three languages (FIN, SWE, ENG) and articles in even other languages are encouraged.
In keeping with the spirit of the UNESCO Convention, it is hoped that examples of living heritage will be listed as widely as possible, and that more examples will be collected from all around Finland, of phenomena small and large, whether traditional or somewhat surprising.
Elements within the wiki-inventory can be suggested for the National inventory of intangible cultural heritage. The Ministry of Education and Culture nominated in 2017 52 elements, and in 2020 12 elements in the National Inventory of Living Heritage. The National Inventory will be updated regularly, next time will be earliest in 2021. | <urn:uuid:7aea22e8-07f7-4d0c-ae86-e1addeaaef96> | {
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- How do you show contrast?
- What is the importance of contrast in culture?
- What are examples of contrast?
- What is Constract?
- What is the best definition of contrast?
- What is an example of compare and contrast?
- What is the opposite to contrast?
- What do we mean by compare and contrast?
- What is the purpose of contrast?
- What is the meaning of in contrast?
- How do you write contrast?
- How do you describe contrast?
How do you show contrast?
Sentence connectors showing contrastAlthough the boy was injured, he didn’t give up.Nevertheless is very formal.
Nevertheless and however don’t combine two clauses.
In spite of having a headache, I enjoyed the film.Despite working hard, she failed the exam.Grammar notes.In spite of is written as three words..
What is the importance of contrast in culture?
Contrast Culture It provides a mirror image of the trainee’s reference culture by illuminating its underpinning thoughts, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
What are examples of contrast?
Contrast often means “opposite”: for example, black is the opposite of white, and so there’s a contrast between black ink and white paper. But contrast can also happen when the two things are just very different. For example, cats and dogs are definitely a contrast, but they’re not opposites.
What is Constract?
[ verb ] create by organizing and linking ideas, arguments, or concepts. Examples. “construct a proof” “construct an argument”
What is the best definition of contrast?
Contrast means to compare in order to show differences. … The definition of contrast is the difference between two objects, people or places. An example of contrast is thunder storms on one end of an island and clear, blue skies on the other end.
What is an example of compare and contrast?
For example, if you wanted to focus on contrasting two subjects you would not pick apples and oranges; rather, you might choose to compare and contrast two types of oranges or two types of apples to highlight subtle differences. For example, Red Delicious apples are sweet, while Granny Smiths are tart and acidic.
What is the opposite to contrast?
▲ Opposite of the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association. resemblance. similarity. alikeness.
What do we mean by compare and contrast?
: to note what is similar and different about (two or more things) For our assignment we must compare and contrast the two poets.
What is the purpose of contrast?
While the major purpose of contrast is to elucidate ideas and clear their meanings, readers can easily understand through this device what is going to happen next. Through opposite and contrasting ideas, writers make their arguments stronger, thus making them more memorable for readers due to emphasis placed on them.
What is the meaning of in contrast?
: when compared to another : when looked at or thought about in relation to similar objects or people to set off dissimilar qualities She had a big personality, which made her husband seem dull by contrast.
How do you write contrast?
In case of the contrast or comparative essay you should state clearly the topics you are going to contrast or compare, or both. It is also good to provide some basic information on the topic which is going to be contrasted or compared.
How do you describe contrast?
To contrast two things is to think about how they are different. So, the adjective contrastive is used to describe things that differ from one another. Contrastive colors in a painting can create an interesting image, while contrasting personalities can spark a feud. | <urn:uuid:e4ca3631-b64b-4b48-9203-51b2d0914887> | {
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Immunizations are one of the most important ways to keep your children and adolescents healthy. Under Section 2164 of the New York State Public Health Law, all students must have certain immunizations prior to their entrance to school.
Under the same law, schools are required to collect written documentation from your child’s health care provider. All immunizations are listed on the following chart, if you have any questions please contact your school nurse or the district's nurse coordinator.
New York State has implemented NEW vaccine requirements for school entry. ALL Grade 7 and 12 students MUST HAVE Meningitis vaccines in order to enter school. Contact your Health Care Provider to be sure your child has what they need to enter school this Fall. A copy of the immunization record must be on file in the School Health Office BEFORE September 1 each year. | <urn:uuid:43daa1e5-242d-4a7e-a0b5-3126e4793b41> | {
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Winter is coming! And it has been, for long, associated with sickness closely. If you want to avoid being sick and feeling like you have to go to the doctor, now is the time to think about prevention, as the quote says, “Prevention is better than cure.” Winter troubles are common but with these five simple and effective winter health tips, you will definitely enjoy the season.
Health Tips For This Winter Season
Follow proper diet: To stay immune and fit from all the various winter ailments, eating high protein diet is a must. The diet includes fruits, vegetables, nuts, soups, which are delicious winter delights. Good fats in winter help in the body’s regenerative properties and deal with the higher metabolism during cold weather, thus preventing illnesses. Vitamin C, in particular, will protect against colds and coughs so fruits, such as oranges and lime, which are good sources of Vitamin C, are some of the must-have items of this season.
Take good care of your skin: Your skin affected the most during winters. Lack of moisture in the air and body leaves it dry and crumbling. Try to avoid hot showers as they tend to rob the natural moisture of the skin, making it drier. When you are outdoors and your gloves and coat get wet with the fog, make sure that you remove them when you get indoors. People often suffer from skin issues due to bacterial and fungal growth due to dampness and improper hygiene during winters. So never skip your bath, however cold it is outside.
Keep warm: Keep yourself covered when the temperature goes down. Use scarves and jackets to stay safe from cold winds and keep yourself warm. Cover your feet and neck properly, as these the parts of the body that are most prone to cold and also get as much sun as possible. Sunshine has vitamin D, which will boost your immunity. Avoid drinking cold water and have a hot cup of tea, coffee or milk, according to your choice.
Exercise regularly: Keeps the body warm, which is essential during winter, so never avoid exercise. It might take a little longer to sweat, but the benefits of exercise will keep you fit and healthy. Vigorous exercises are not needed but climbing some stairs or doing just ten pull-ups in the morning will be enough. This will help to warm your body and fight the cold by keeping your immunity and recovery levels high.
Keep yourself hydrated: It is normal not to feel thirsty during winters, but it is important to keep yourself hydrated. If you don’t feel like drinking water, then you can switch to lots of warm fluids in the form of clear soups and herbal teas. Water not only will benefit your skin, but it will also avoid weakness due to dehydration that often happens due to winter lethargy. | <urn:uuid:92e33c36-e98b-44af-a972-19277f44fd10> | {
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What is spinal stenosis, and how serious is it?
Q. What is spinal stenosis, and how serious is it? What are the treatment options?
A. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can - but does not always - cause pain in the legs and other problems. It is typically the result of degenerative effects of aging.
Disks or joints in the back may bulge or vertebral bones grow spurs that push into the space where the spinal cord and nerves sit, compressing them.
The condition is not uncommon, said Dr. Carol Hartigan, a physiatrist in the Spine Center at New England Baptist Hospital. Researchers using imaging tests have found that as many as 30 percent of people over age 60 may have a narrowed canal, but not all experience symptoms, she said.
Especially when the narrowing happens slowly over time, the spinal cord and the nerves can adjust to the change, “like a tree that grows around a fence,’’ she said.
But some people will experience pain or weakness in the front or back of their legs, often more severe when they are standing or walking. Some, depending on the location of the stenosis, can have bowel and bladder problems.
Hartigan said people should see a doctor if the symptoms persist or if they are interfering with daily activities.
Staying physically fit is important to controlling symptoms of stenosis, Hartigan said. Often changing the position of the spine slightly can relieve pain enough to keep moving. Some who have trouble walking, might have an easier time riding a bike or even using a treadmill. Steroid injections can provide temporary relief for some, Hartigan said.
Severe cases may require surgery. But determining when that is most appropriate can be tricky, she said. For example, an imaging test might show a narrowed canal, but the leg weakness that person is experiencing might be the side effect of a cholesterol-lowering medication.
It’s important to assess the whole patient. “The spine is not always black and white,’’ Hartigan said.
Send health questions to [email protected] | <urn:uuid:4bd8f59f-72b5-449e-9212-0bd3e8f46dab> | {
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translated by John Willett
Brecht’s famous parable pivots around a moral paradox – that in an unjust society good can only survive by means of evil.
The play opens on three gods, who have come to earth in search of enough good people to justify their existence. They find Shen Teh, a good-hearted and penniless prostitute, and make her a gift that enables her to set up her own business. But her generosity brings ruin and trouble to her small tobacco shop, and she is forced to disguise herself as an invented male cousin, Shui Ta, in order to reclaim her shop from the scroungers and creditors. Shui Ta turns out to be the stern and ruthless counterpoint to Shen Teh, helping her to capitalist success and financially-motivated marriage, but not to happiness.
Through this sharply split personality Brecht points to the impossibility of living anything like a ‘good’ life in a corrupted and persistently exploitative world.
The Good Person of Szechwan was first performed in Zurich in 1943. This version is translated by John Willett. | <urn:uuid:f3775175-4e55-4d27-9d14-34ebeb64be09> | {
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) - series
Toggle: English / Spanish
The stomach leads to the first part of the small intestine, also called the duodenum. The common bile duct carries bile from the liver to the duodenum, and enters the duodenum a few centimeters beyond the stomach.
Gallstones usually form in the gallbladder. Gallstones sometimes pass from the gallbladder into the common bile duct, and block the flow of bile into the duodenum. This can result in serious illness. Additionally, tumors of the pancreas and duodenum can block the bile duct, also preventing the flow of bile into the duodenum.
Procedure, part 1
ERCP is a technique in which an endoscope, with a camera on its end, is passed down the esophagus, through the stomach, and into the duodenum. The entrance of the common bile duct into the duodenum can be viewed through the endoscope. Next, the surgeon can pass a special instrument on the end of the endoscope into the common bile duct as it enters the duodenum. Dye is injected through this instrument into the common bile duct; this allows for the visualization of gallstones by X-ray.
Procedure, part 2
If gallstones are present in the common bile duct, the surgeon can perfom a sphincterotomy. A small incision is made through the endoscope, which enlarges the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum. The stones can then pass through.
Procedure, part 3
If a tumor is present and constricting the bile duct, a plastic or metal stent can be placed into the bile duct, thus holding it open, and allowing bile to pass through.
- Last reviewed on 7/6/2009
- Reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. Also reviewed by George F Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program San Diego, California.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:48428c80-a7bb-4afe-a827-784bc64a7ce2> | {
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Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. How to unzip files.
This packet contains 3 power point slide presentations: an overview of Van Gogh, a subject matter quiz and one about people in a museum. It also includes an lesson plan for students to create their own Van Gogh museum and a person to go in their museum. The lesson plan includes the new national standards. Also an introduction to Van Gogh page that includes why it's important to teach about Van Gogh to elementary students, how he was ahead of his time and an extensive resource list. Also a biography of Van Gogh that was written so that upper elementary and middle school students could read it. | <urn:uuid:e80ec1e3-c4f5-44b7-8404-cb722c37255d> | {
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Mandela: the moments that made him great – By Richard Dowden
Almost no one in the late 1980s believed apartheid would end peacefully. The government was in trouble but the core of its system that kept the whites in power looked solid. It was under attack on the streets of townships – but children with stones and burning tyres, though persistent, were no match for a brutal well-armed police force. And the government was becoming more and more aggressive in killing or imprisoning opponents at home and attacking its enemies abroad. As the country looked increasingly like an archipelago of white-ruled bastions amid a turbulent black population, the rhetoric was becoming more and more paranoid. However, the main opposition organization, the African National Congress, was suppressed in South Africa, ineffective except as an inspiration. Based in Lusaka, Zambia, it poured out aggressive Soviet-styled propaganda about revolution but could do little else.
However, the ground was shifting beneath the feet of both the apartheid government and the ANC. In 1988 I was summoned by one of its senior members and told that there were rumours that Nelson Mandela was talking to the government. There had been an unsubstantiated report that he had held a discussion with some of its senior members. The official hinted that the ANC leadership in exile was no longer sure that Mandela was keeping to the ANC line. The implication was that Mandela was no longer a reliable representative.
The rumour turned out to be true. Mandela had broken the fundamental rule of the ANC: never to have contact with the enemy. He had done it entirely on his own initiative, disclosing it to no one. In 1987 he met Kobie Coetzee, the Justice Minister, and two years later, President P.W. Botha. He offered talks about talks but said that only the ANC itself could authorise negotiations. It was as if he, completely removed from the political scene for more than 20 years, cut off from his followers who dared not even speak his name, had seen a spark of light in a very dark tunnel.
In secretly agreeing to that meeting Mandela gambled everything. Already a prisoner for 24 years, he had second or third hand information about events in South Africa and even less information about the intentions of the South African government or the US and Europe. He knew that the Central Committee of the ANC would have forbidden it if they knew and would have expelled him if he went ahead. It was an extraordinary gamble. That vision and courage displayed here made him a great leader.
The meeting began with an almost Biblical moment. On February 12th 1989, as Mandela waited outside President Botha’s office dressed in a new suit and shoes, the prison governor noticed Mandela’s shoelaces were undone. After so many years of prison rules where laces were forbidden, Mandela had forgotten how to tie them. The governor knelt before Mandela and tied his laces.
From that moment the initiative lay with Mandela. His lone decision to meet the government and President Botha was one of three fundamental choices he made that changed South Africa’s history.
The first was made in 1941 when Mandela, aged 22, decided to leave home. He grew up in rural Transkei where his aristocratic family had ruled for generations. Later he often portrayed himself as a simple country boy. It was an idyllic childhood, he said, but he decided to leave that traditional rural South Africa to go to Johannesburg and study law.
He lived in Alexandria and then Soweto, both melting pots of South African society (but without any members of the white population). Mandela became a member of the burgeoning black class of artists, musicians and writers while his work as a lawyer gave him a chance to meet and befriend whites too. Through his legal work be became involved in the African National Congress and became the radical leader of the youth wing. Here he came into contact with Communist Party members, mostly Jewish, who saw the National Party as a South African version of the Nazis. Evidence suggests that he joined the Communist Party though he firmly denied it later. But he did attend their great, non-racial parties and joined in their debates and discussions. Mandela – never one to shun a party – engaged intensely with them and also joined the dynamic music, media and art scene that was emerging in the black community. Hugh Masekela, Miriam Makeba and others became close friends.
But he never forgot that the purpose of his life was to end the Apartheid system. As the Cold War got colder, the government used Communism as a pretext for suppressing any demands for human rights or trade union activity. In 1963, after several years of trying to push back against the repressive state by legal, non-violent means, Mandela opted to go abroad for military training organised by the Communist Party – another life-changing choice. When he returned he moved around in disguise but before long was betrayed and captured.
The underground resistance to Apartheid achieved almost nothing. All were soon rounded up and Mandela faced trial and the death penalty. He did not bend or beg for mercy, but from the dock defended his choice to use force to overthrow apartheid, which is now recognized as one of the great speeches of the 20th century.
Ironically, jail brought him into increased contact with South Africans from other societies. At first he was held with common criminals, many of them violent gang leaders. There were also spies planted among the prisoners who betrayed the secret discussions and plans of ANC prisoners. The prison guards were drawn from the lowest orders of white society. Violent bullying was their culture and they enjoyed provoking black prisoners into lashing out at them so they could punish them. With both, Mandela used his sharp legal brain to make formal complaints which the system had to take seriously. Although they continued to find petty ways of humiliating the prisoners, the guards had to be careful. Gradually the tension subsided and an extraordinary almost mystical transformation took place that changed almost everyone at that prison. All agree Mandela’s personality and vision was the trigger for that transformation. If you visit Robben Island today you are likely to be shown around by a former inmate or guard. They are interchangeable.
But this arrangement between prisoners and warders was disrupted in the mid 1970s by the arrival of a new generation which protested against the teaching of Afrikaans in schools. This had led to the Soweto uprising led by school children. Their leaders’ ideology was different to the ANC’s. They saw the whites – all whites – as oppressors and called on all black people to reject white culture and all contact. Apartheid, they believed, could only be challenged by black people standing up for themselves and fighting back at every opportunity. They regarded Mandela and his generation as sell-outs, irrelevant.
But they needed his legal skills to defend them when they were punished and gradually many of them began to understand that, although he treated the guards with respect, his political position had not changed. The debate between the non-racial, democratic socialism of the ANC and Black Consciousness prisoners went on for more than three years. On Robben Island in those years the new South Africa was born and was later to create the most humanistic and liberal constitution in the world. Nelson Mandela was its father.
He wore his success lightly. Later as President, he commiserated with his predecessor, F.W de Klerk, at a public dinner. While de Klerk, Mandela said, was bald because he had the terrible job of running South Africa, he still had hair because he had been resting in the sun on an island off South Africa.
After his release I was at his first press conference with scores of journalists from all over the world. At the end the entire press corps stood up and applauded him – something I have never seen the press corps do before or since. I then followed him on his triumphal tour of Africa and other countries.
But it was not all triumphant. By his own admission he neglected the spread of AIDS in South Africa. It was difficult to start another new campaign just as everyone celebrated with relief the country’s success in not descending into horrific civil war. As a result, hundreds of thousands died before the government took it seriously. He also failed to unite Africa in 1998 when more than six African armies invaded Congo and fought each other.
And occasionally I saw another side to Mandela. He would often say he was no saint and there was indeed a messy, sad side to his life – his family. His first marriage ended in divorce leaving two young children bereft. His second marriage to Winnie also ended tragically and the family to this day is divided and squabbling over his legacy.
I also once saw an angry, petulant Mandela – he was giving a press conference in a very small room but insisted on having a microphone. When it was pointed out that there wasn’t one and it was unnecessary anyway, he adopted a faraway look and refused to speak at all until one was found.
But I never saw him lose his dignity by a snide or cynical comment or gesture. On the contrary, when he met people, whether presidents or peasants, he gave them his entire attention, looking them in the eye rather than beyond them for the photo opportunity or another, more interesting person. He loved celebrities, even minor ones, but then he treated everyone like a celebrity, always willing to be photographed shaking hands with people.
Whatever happens from now on in South Africa, Africa, the world, there is no doubt that Nelson Mandela will be an inspiration for those seeking freedom and justice. To me he is the greatest leader of the 20th Century. | <urn:uuid:cc40173e-d1f0-4a7e-b8ff-618d2dce2e66> | {
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Plating is a protective coating. Proper selection is based on the application which will also dictate thickness requirements. The common thickness used in industry today are as follows:
|Gold, Hard:||50 microinch — military, process control, medical, high reliability systems.
30 microinch — general industrial applications.
20 microinch — short life
< 10 microinch — limited to application specific areas, very restrictive use. May be enhanced with lubricants or surface conditioners.
|Tin (alloys)||100 microinch - Minimum recommended.|
|Gold Flash Pd Ni||> 30 microinch (if the gold flash remains)|
The following tables summarize the use of various plating systems in a variety of applications. The class definitions are in two categories, general and application specific. The second table is a rating based on field and/or test data accumulated over time.
There are other failure mechanisms that are prevalent in connectors, such as:
- Fretting Corrosion
- Stress Relaxation
- Data Bit Loss
- Plastic Degradation Mechanisms
- Signal Integrity Issues
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Scientists from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore have discovered a way to use a Chinese herb to create lab-grown enzymes and speed up drug development.
They uncovered the way a special class of plant-derived enzymes, known as peptide ligases, work to join proteins together.
Such binding is an important process in the development of drugs. For instance, in specifically attaching a chemotherapy drug to an antibody that recognises tumour markers to target cancer cells.
More broadly, peptide ligases are a useful tool in biotechnological and biomedical applications such as protein labelling, imaging and tracking proteins in the body.
Led by Associate Professor Julien Lescar and Professor James Tam of the NTU School of Biological Sciences, the NTU team used their new-found knowledge to develop a new lab-created peptide ligase based on genetic information from the Chinese violet. Also known as the viola yedoensis, it is a medicinal plant with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties.
The artificially-created peptide ligase may help the development of drugs made from components taken from living organisms. This is due to its ability to overcome the limitations of current methods, such as by-products or toxic molecules that may alter a drug’s function and efficacy.
Another advantage of the new NTU-developed recombinant enzyme is that it can be produced in labs in large quantities without any by-products.
"This new way of doing things could underpin better diagnostic tests or anti-cancer drugs,” said Associate Professor Lescar, who is also part of the NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB).
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from this calf with severe internal hydrocephalis. This calf had other congenital defects including scoliosis and pulmonary hypoplasia.
Photo credit: Bruce Brodersen, DVM, PhD
Cortese says because the death loss from BVDV is even greater in dairy herds, the economic losses are higher. “Assume on a dairy a prevalence rate of 4 percent PI animals in animals under 2 years of age. If I buy a group of 20 springing heifers, the risk of buying a PI animal is 66 percent. If I’m buying 10 yearling bulls, I have a 40 percent chance there will be one PI bull.”
BVDV biosecurity for calves
Vaccination alone won’t protect a dairy and its calves from BVDV. “A sound biosecurity plan is essential to obtain any amount of BVDVcontrol in our calf populations,” notes Smith. “Without proper biosecurity, we continue to allow BVDV a foothold in our calf populations that it will not yield.”
Cortese offers five areas of a BVDV control program:
Because of increased animal movement around the country and in and out of dairies, biosecurity is critical. It might be wise to encourage clients to close their dairies to outside visitors, limit visits to appointments only and hold meetings with suppliers, advisors, etc., off of the dairy premises.
2. Find if the herd currently has PIs
It’s important to know the current PI BVDV status of the herd. Cortese offers serological ways this can be accomplished.
Pre-colostral blood samples on calves. If a calf has antibody to BVDV, it indicates BVDV is circulating on the dairy because the calf is making antibodies and that the vaccination program is not preventing cross-placental transfer of BVDV. Five to six calves can be tested once every three or four months. Split the sample – send one to the lab and keep one. “If you get a high titer back, ask the lab to run IgG levels to tell if the calf has nursed,” says Cortese. “If the BVDV titer is higher than 1:16, you know in utero exposure has occurred if they have not nursed.”
Do serologic surveys at 6-8 months. This requires leaving some steers or heifers unvaccinated. Published work shows that if five calves are tested at 6-7 months and if three of the five calves run 1:16 or above, there has been exposure to a PI animal on the dairy.
Use sentinel animals, especially on larger dairies. This can be a slick tool to use if the dairy is having reproductive problems that might be associated with BVDV. It’s done by bleeding seronegative animals every three to four months to see what is circulating through the adult population, whether it’s BVDV, IBR or Neospora. Cortese says this is similar to what’s done in poultry and swine. “To do this, I recommend that the seronegative animals be home-raised,” he says. “If you purchase them, they might be PI but BVDV negative, and that will throw off the results. Make sure they are virus-isolated-negative, not just serology-negative.”
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on the milk can be useful, as they can pick up one PI out of 250 cows sampled. Cortese likes to narrow that number down and test in strings of 100. However, if you use PCR, keep in mind that if using modified-live BVDV vaccines in open cows or at preg-check, they can “pop” the PCR positive.
Of the PI animals, only 10 percent make it to the milking string,” says Cortese. “So all PI animals might exist in the youngstock, and PCR of milk won’t catch those.” It’s also important to remember that at any one time a percentage of the herd is not in the milking string, so PCRs will have to be done four to six months apart to catch those animals that were dry when the first animals were tested.
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(With an Introduction by Aldous Huxley)In its Eastern aspectsChinese, Hindu, and JapaneseZen Buddhism has proved a puzzle, although a stimulating one, to the Western mind. Himself a Westerner, Dr. Benoit has approached it through an occidental manner of thinking. ';For the first time, Dr. Benoit presents the traditional doctrine of Zen Buddhism in a language that is understandable to the Western world,' says one of his Indian admirers, Swami Siddheswarananda.The author does not advocate a ';conversion' to Eastern religion and philosophy. Rather, he would have Western psychological thinking and reasoning meet with oriental wisdom on an intellectual plane, in order to make it participate in the oriental understanding of the state of man in general. ';I do not need to burn the Gospels in order to read Hui-neng,' says Dr. Benoit.Zen, to be quite exact, is not so much a doctrine as a hygiene of intelligent living. As such it is presented by the author, a practicing psychoanalyst. It is a way of breaking the deadlock into which the faulty functioning of our civilization has led us, of liberating us from the prevalent contemporary sickness, anxiety. This book provides the elements for reaching ';satori,' that modification of the internal functioning of man which can be described as a state of unassailable serenity. This state, Dr. Benoit makes clear, is he truly ';normal' one. How to develop intelligence and will so that this transformation of life can be achieved is the subject of this book. | <urn:uuid:418eb85a-aa20-407f-90d9-60129afaf2c7> | {
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When most people think of fires, they think about the hot, dry weather that most states get during the summertime. However, winter brings a unique set of risks and challenges for firefighters ranging from mild inconvenience to extreme danger.
Serious fires are more likely to occur during periods of severe cold often resulting from the continual use of heating systems and temporary heat sources. The colder it gets, problems and risk factors faced on the fireground increase exponentially.
Firefighters typically need protection from both heat and cold at the same incident. They’re exposed to the cold while responding and setting up, and then they may encounter extreme heat while fighting fire. When they leave the fire environment for rehab, they must deal with the cold again. Multiple cycles of hot and cold make breathing apparatus issues likely, as well as rapid fatigue.
The protective clothing to keep from getting burned will only keep first responders warm for a few minutes. Adding layers of clothing to provide extra insulation from the cold adds weight and bulk, restricting mobility and requiring additional physical effort to perform simple tasks. Firefighters who are dressed for the cold are likely to become fatigued. It’s common for a firefighter to be drenched in sweat on the inside and covered with ice on the outside.
Insulating layers incorporated into structural firefighting ensembles should be equally effective at keeping the user warm in a cold environment; however the equipment provides only limited insulation from severe cold.
Firefighters may spend hours exposed to extreme cold. There is a narrow body temperature range in which a firefighter can work safely and efficiently inside their protective gear. If internal body temperature deviates more than a few degrees from normal up or down physiological processes become dangerously unbalanced. The predictable results include fatigue, heat stress, burns, hypothermia, frostbite and exhaustion.
The extra weight and bulk makes problems greater when engaging in interior fire suppression. The firefighter who dressed to stay warm outdoors is likely to be at risk of heat stress inside a building because of extra warmth and weight. When the overheated firefighter goes outside to change air cylinders the situation reverses almost instantly from hyperthermia to potential hypothermia. Wet skin and perspiration-soaked inner layers of clothing create an even greater risk from exposure to extreme cold.
Some synthetic materials used in modern thermal underwear are extremely effective in maintaining body temperature but shouldn’t be worn in situations where exposure to high temperatures is a risk. Natural fibers and thermally stable blends may generally be worn in contact with the skin.
Fire chiefs must ensure that special preparations are initiated for predicted periods of unusual cold; beginning with ensuring each firefighter is dressed to stay as warm as possible without compromising protection.
Work cycles for firefighters must be shortened in proportion to the temperature and exacerbating considerations. If prolonged operations are required, additional personnel should be summoned to replace members who’ve been exposed to extreme cold particularly if they’re wet. Plan and prepare for the inevitable when fighting fires during these winter months, and make sure that your operation is thoroughly protected with an Emergency Services insurance program.
About Provident Insurance Programs
With roots dating back to 1902, Provident Insurance Programs is an insurance agency that serves paid and volunteer firefighters in addition to emergency medical responders with numerous custom-tailored insurance programs. We’ve also extended our expertise and experience to offer benefit plans and coverages to participant groups as well as Transportation Benefits. We are committed to continuing to provide superior customer service, and would be happy to speak with you to provide further information. Give us a call today at (855) 201-8880 to speak with one of our representatives. | <urn:uuid:026eb4b9-34a7-4ed9-b617-fb5935363e97> | {
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Wilmington First “American World War II City” Designee
February 27, 2013
Washington, D.C. – U.S. Congressman Mike McIntyre has again introduced legislation in the U.S. House to designate at least one city in the United States each year as an “American World War II Cityâ€, with the first being Wilmington because of the city’s remarkable contributions to the U.S. war efforts during World War II.
McIntyre has been working with the World War II Wilmington Home Front Heritage Coalition for the last couple of years to bring this national recognition to Wilmington.
Congressman McIntyre stated, “Wilmington’s long and distinguished contributions to the World War II effort should be honored and celebrated. This bill will ensure that and will also set in place a procedure for other cities to receive this rightful designation. As a nation, we should never forget the tireless efforts of those who supported our brave men and women in uniform, and Wilmington stands at the top in support of community contributions and effort. I look forward to doing all I can to ensure passage of this important measure.â€
Under the legislation, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs would designate at least one city in the United States each year as an “American World War II City†based on a set of criteria that includes: contributions to the war effort, efforts to preserve the history of the city’s contributions, and the presence of military facilities within the city.
Among the City of Wilmington’s contributions include:
- During World War II, Wilmington was the country’s unique wartime boomtown, aptly and officially named “The Defense Capital of the State.â€
- Wilmington based and trained all five military services—the Air Force at the Wilmington Airport, the Army at Camp Davis and Fort Fisher, the Navy at Fort Caswell, the Coast Guard at Wrightsville Beach, and the Marine Corps at Camp Lejeune.
- The North Carolina Shipbuilding Company of Wilmington, the state’s largest employer at that time, constructed 243 cargo vessels with which to provide goods and equipment to our soldiers.
- Wilmington provided the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad headquarters, three housing camps for German prisoners of war, a major training base for P-47 fighters, defense industries producing goods and equipment, a British patrol base, and a shipping point for Lend Lease supplies to the Allies.
- Wilmington’s dispatched thousands of its sons and daughters to fight the enemy on land, sea, and air as Navy frogmen, P-51 fighter aces, Tuskegee Airmen, submarine skippers, bomber pilots, Marine riflemen, Army artillerymen, physicians and nurses, and volunteers of all sorts.
- Wilmington tragically lost 248 men as a result of their courageous efforts to defend America and two New Hanover High School graduates received the Congressional Medal of Honor and numerous others received high decorations for valor, including Navy Crosses, Distinguished Service Crosses, and Distinguished Flying Crosses.
- Wilmington’s strategic position made it vulnerable to enemy attack by German U-boats, which marauded shipping off our beaches. In July 1943 a U-boat fired at the Ethel-Dow chemical plant in Wilmington, perhaps the only German attack on America. Wilmington endured this attack, as well as constant civilian defense restrictions and air raid drills, including black-outs and dim-outs. The city’s population more than doubled with the influx of military personnel, forcing locals to cope with strain on housing and schools, transportation, medical and social services, law enforcement, and food supply. | <urn:uuid:c0a5278b-a7b7-4ee5-bb69-4f4737395562> | {
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Do you need to be more productive?
Do you have fifteen tabs open on your web browser (while doing ‘research’ for that paper/project)?
Well hopefully one of those tabs is opened up to something that shows you adorable baby animals, because you’d be doing yourself a favor.
A recent study by a group of biologists at Hiroshima University in Japan shows that viewing cute animals helps you to focus. The study, titled “The Power of Kawaii: Viewing Cute Images Promotes a Careful Behavior and Narrows Attentional Focus,” tested multiple groups playing a game that required careful focus. One group viewed photos of baby animals in between rounds of the game, another group saw adult animals. In the following round, the group that viewed the baby animals fared much better.
The study concluded that “viewing cute images has a positive effect on behavioral performance in tasks that require carefulness. The effect occurred not only in the motor domain but also in the perceptual domain.”
So the next time you’re checking out lolcats instead of working on what you actually have to get done, don’t worry about it. You can chalk it up to boosting your productivity. | <urn:uuid:5622dae8-608b-457d-8c8d-379e30f30daf> | {
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What is cloud storage?
If you wanted all your data stored on the internet instead of having it saved on your hard drive, well, that is basically what cloud storage is. Cloud storage can be defined as a service model where all your files and data are saved on isolated storage systems. These systems are then maintained, improved, and made obtainable over the internet. Many resources and servers connect to form a cloud, and all these databases can be far apart from each other or all located in a single location, either way, they offer you another place to save your precious data.
This type of data storage provides flexibility to the user and gives them a chance to back up their data. You can easily access your data from anywhere in the world, and it’s much more reliable than any hardware related storage, as they always have a chance of breaking or getting corrupted. There are some downsides to cloud computing, but the pros outweigh the cons, and hence this service is really in demand by people all over the world.
Free Cloud Storage Available in 2020
There are many cloud services that it’s challenging to choose which one is good for you. The quality of the cloud storage depends on the security, how much space they provide, reliability, and accessibility. The better these attributes are, the better preferred the storage cloud is. These cloud storage are much used for personal and business storage. These are the following best cloud storage options you can choose from:
Google Drive Cloud Storage:
The features that Google drive provides are the reason why it’s widely known as the go-to cloud storage app. The syncing of your cloud storage and your email includes ease of sharing and accessing your personal information. You get 15 GB for free, just for owning a google account! This makes storing data with multiple accounts even more comfortable. You can primarily store all of your essentials if you have many accounts to your name.
The app also lets you view online photos and files in the offline mood if your network is down for a while. The offline mood is an excellent feature for places with a bad internet connection. With the integration with other Google devices, this app reigns superior compared to other cloud media apps.
Media Fire Cloud Storage:
Media Fire is the best online file sharing app; you can permanently store and share content worth of 10 Gb from your account. The storage amount can always be increased later on, up to 50 GB. Upload your files to a folder and send the link to download the file anonymously, letting you have a secure and anonymous sharing option.
Most online sharing happens through this app, and with it’s easy to use sharing features, no wonder it’s a favourite among its users.
Sync.com is also a great free cloud storage option that provides 5 GB. The sync.com web panel is handy for searching for any shared files. Another feature that sync.com provides is the option of restoring deleted files, letting you breathe a sigh of relief on any accidentally lost documents or deleted data. You can get extra space by recommending the app to a friend, virtually increasing your storage exponentially.
Sync Vault is also a great feature they offer, letting you copy your essential file into a more protected and private section, which you’ll be worry-free of any tampering.
Mega Cloud Storage:
Mega cloud storage is also a very popular cloud storage medium that offers 50 GB of storage. Mega makes sure you can download many files in zip format and upload them without any hassle. The fast download option through mobile gives this app an edge over other cloud storage options.
You can easily upload and download through mobile, which provides the app with portability like no separate app on this list. With 50 GB of secure sharing, this app is an excellent way to backup your important files and documents.
Dropbox Cloud Storage:
The dropbox is the first media sharing service when it comes to cloud storage. Though it was trendy back in the day, it’s still holding firm to its quality.
You can still share all your items and files through this app, with its generous 2 GB sharing storage. The portability of this app and the fact that it’s found on almost every phone makes it an excellent choice for cloud sharing and cloud back up storage.
OneDrive Cloud Storage:
You know Microsoft is never behind when it comes to these sorts of things, and that’s why it’s on this list. If you’re on your standard PC, then this is the storage service for you where you can access your data, even in offline mode. The SSL encryption in this document is phenomenal.
As its Microsoft, data sharing is more comfortable compared to other online services, and that’s where it shines the most.
Box Cloud Storage:
Box offers excellent storage options when it lets you store any matter of data you want on the drive. The availability of the data from the online storage makes this storage service appealing.
You can also work on the online documents with the help of Microsoft 365. The larger data files can be sent through email and the Box simultaneously.
IDrive Cloud Storage:
If you want to have a constant backup of your files, then IDrive is the cloud storage platform for you.
The storage platform has the right amount of accessibility from your basic devices such as PC, Mac, IOS, and Android. The real-time backups help keep your data storage consistently backed up. You can even back up the whole settings of your mobile. You can get 5GB free just for signing up.
pCloud Cloud Storage:
Pcloud is one of the best options you can go for when it comes to security. The Pcloud offers high encryption for data that you want to keep private. The accessibility and sharing of pCloud are comparatively more comfortable when compared to other cloud storage platforms.
There’s a great emphasis on multi-file sharing in the system. It also provides backing up of data from social media platforms. The best thing about the service is that they offer 10GB free space.
iCloud Cloud Storage:
iCloud is an Online Data Storage represented by Apple. They Offer 5GB free with their all IOS devices no Matter how much Devices you own. You will get only 5GB Free Cloud Storage to get backup of your data and to secure Your Important information.i’m Personally Using it. It’s Very Secure but it’s not giving much space so we will have to move with their Premium Plans.
iCloud is also offering its customers 2TB for just 10 $, and now all the iPhone users can enjoy the very reasonable budget and extensive storage capacity from their phones.
Google Free cloud storage
Google offers 15GB on your sign up, letting you enjoy a large amount of storage to play around with. You can create multiple Google accounts and redeem this feature repeatedly,
which is always a plus point. You can buy more storage from their various plans, but the 15GB they offer is usually unutilized. You can free up space to get the full 15GB experience that you’re promised, as mentioned above. Google provides its users with features and storage that no other cloud service offers, so it’s the go-to online storage service you can use.
How much space does Google drive give you?
Google Drive gives an enormous 15 Gb of cloud storage to work on, more than any other free cloud storage service out there. The drive isn’t virtually fully 15 GB because it also stores your Gmail account and Google photos, which can rack up to a massive amount if not checked regularly. If Gmail is your main account, then you’ll be hitting that 15 GB limit quickly. There are some tips that you can apply to enjoy the 15 GB that Google Drive provides fully:
- Clear all your spam emails and delete all your unnecessary subscriptions from websites to clean your email account.
- Delete photos that are higher resolution and videos long videos from Google Photos to free from bulk of storage.
- Remove unwanted data from Google Documents
How to get more one drive space for free?
One drive has decreased its storage. It was a massive 15 GB space to just 5 GB in 2017, and many people were left devastated with this change. Old members could opt for 10 GB of camera roll storage, but that offer is long gone for the newer members, and anyone who joins now will only get 5 GB.
You can get the 15 GB back with two methods, and you’ll prefer the first one over the latter. The first method involves a straightforward and free method; you’ll just have to find people to comply, just use referrals. You get 500 MB on every person that joins one drive with your special referral link. So grab your colleagues, friends, family members, and any stranger you can fish up, send the link to 20 of them and rack up the ten extra free GB in no time.
The other way is paying for it, almost 2 $ a month, but honestly, unless you really can’t leave the service, there are other free and better services that you can try for free with much more hefty storage options.
which Cloud Storage offers 1tb Space?
Many services provide 1TB and over with a monthly subscription package, such offers are listed below:
Amazon offers its customers 1TB for 60$ for the whole year. This deal is excellent in the sense that you get all this data, and with onetime payment, you won’t have to worry about your data being misplaced anywhere for the whole year.
DropBox is giving away 3 TB for 13$ a month. If you want to avail even more than this, you can get unlimited data to store for just 20$ a month, no that’s a bargain.
Google comes to the rescue again, concerning the best deals you can get. The storage plans start at 10$ for 1 TB, 10Tb for 100$ and 30TB for 300$ a month. Now those are some unbelievable deals, and we’d recommend the 10$ deal for its economic use. If you want to store all your belongings or utilize the storage, then you can opt for the 300$ plan, but it’s a bit pricey, and it’s better to invest in a portable hard drive.
iCloud is also offering its customers 2TB for just 10 $, and now all the iPhone users can enjoy the very reasonable budget and extensive storage capacity from their phones
IDrive is mainly used for backing up purposes, but you can also enjoy their 2 TB deal for 53$. Not a bad deal if you want to keep your data thoroughly backed up.
Can we Get Free cloud storage of 100 Gb?
There is no single cloud storage that can accommodate 100 GB of storage. The best strategy to utilize is to get free storage over multiple cloud services. Distribute your files and folders among them to get the best out of the free services that they’re offering. You can distribute the storage among these cloud storage services:
You automatically get 15 GB free for each email account you have on Google. You can also get 2 GB free on completing specific tasks of Google.
You get 5 GB from this service, but If you can knab an institutes’ email address, then you can have 1 TB completely free. The student offer is great if you’re currently studying or work in education.
Box offers 15GB completely free; the only downside is that Box is aimed for business-related uses.
Dropbox offers 2GB free, but if you can rack up the referrals, then you get a whopping 16GB free.
Which is the most secure and Best free Cloud Storage?
Almost all of the storage services mentioned above have great security procedures such that millions of users blindly trust their personal data to these companies. The best and most secure storage is pCloud because they go the extra mile in data security.
The following reasons are why pCloud is Considered The Best Secure Storage Cloud Storage Service:
- The storage service uses extremely protective 256-bit encryption. This is one of the most advanced storage features used these days.
- Five copies are made of your data, to store on different servers.
- Reports of data access on various devices. This will let you know if anyone’s a little too curious for their own good.
- Encryption by the user using a crypto feature. | <urn:uuid:d11dfa0f-56fa-47a7-a3ea-9c3683bd3ced> | {
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Classic articles on targets of prejudice and stereotypes?
From PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
- Clark,K.B., Chein, I., & Cook, S.W. (2004). The effects of segregation and the consequences of desegregation. A (September 1952) social science statement in the Brow. v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court. American Psychologist, 59(6), 495-501.
- Kleck, R. E., & Strenta, A. (1980). Perceptions of the impact of negatively valued physical characteristics on social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 861-873.
- Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype Threat and the intellectual test-performance of African-Americans. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 69 (5): 797-811.
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A master-idealist, Marlowe is one of the foremost representatives of the Elizabethan artistic movement, a writer who lived in and for his art. Possessed by his art rather than holding it in possession, he made his literary work not a mere episode in his life but his very life itself. Revelling in a reckless, quick and passionate Bohemian life, he had yet the strength and the good fortune to stand at the centre of renascents of English national life—a life conscious of a new-found power, a life that galvanized the nation into a living body self-organised around splendid objects of common interest, pride and admiration. Somewhat without balance, immoderate and extravagant, he was yet a great, ardent and aspiring spirit. With a hunger for the unattainable, a thirst for knowledge infinite and a fertile imagination hallowed by its own fiery energy. Disregarding with sublime indifference the grand notoriety of insolent atheism that was heaped upon him by some of his contemporaries on account of his ever-enthusiastic yearning for lawless pleasure and forbidden fruits, Marlowe lived the life of a typical artist, in outlook and utterance. His was the enviable privilege of discerning the authentic gem or art lying concealed in the labyrinthine mass of unmastered possibilities and of perceiving the capacities for noble art inherent in the “Romantic Drama.” It was he and no other who effected a magic transfiguration of dramatic matter and dramatic metre, moulded a new type of heroic and tragic character, designed tragedies on a magnificent scale and elevated them to heights as yet unapprehended in his days made the instrument of language produce rolling thunders and whispering sighs, and draped his plays in the purple robes of his imperial imagination. What wonder then that Marlowe was ‘in that age thought second to none’ and that his name has become ‘Fame’s Marlowe is to be remembered and valued not as a mere impulse-giver and path-finder who paved the way for the typical English tragedy, not merely as the wielder of blank verse as a noble poetic instrument, a master of the ‘mighty line.’ He was an unconscious artist whose mind forever voyaged through strange seas of thought, alone. With a god-like curiosity and daring ebullience worthy of the foremost Elizabethan adventurer, Marlowe sought to conquer Africa from the quadrangle of a Cambridge college. Drawing his inspiration mostly from abstract ideas and not from the concrete characters of men, he longed for spectacular action, titanic passion and the quick march of life. Indubitably born a poet, he was the proud possessor of a magnificent and matchless poetic force. His wonderful freshness, energy and emotion transmuted themselves into raptures—‘all air and fire,’ Having in him ‘those brave translunary things that the first poets had’, he created types of the Lusts unlike others who made types of the Virtues. With his ‘fine madness’, he is an admirable painter of the human passion, of the ‘Impossible Amour’—‘the love or lust of unattainable things: beyond the reach of physical force, of sensual faculty, of mastering will; but not beyond the scope of man’s ever-craving thirst for beauty, power and knowledge.’ Standing ‘upto his chin in the Pierean flood’—he revealed himself as a rapturous lyrist of limitless desire and infinite aspiration.
Silhouetted against the crowded and rather confused literary firmament of the pre-Shakespearean age, Christopher Marlowe shines with singular scintillation. Standing in the shadow of Shakespeare without being overshadowed by him, Marlowe, of all the Elizabethan dramatists, is next only to him in poetical status.
Marlowe appeared differently to different sections of his contemporaries. There were those who regarded him as an individual with violent passions and obstinate questioning, of dangerous opinions and haughty cynicism, as one who took a morbid delight in playing the role of an intrepid iconoclast of cherished idols without offering the solace of any substitute. Others there were who looked upon him as a sort of Lucetius exhorting men to be fearless of fear, to see with unhooded eyes the errors and hypocrisies and the ignorance that is the breeding ground of all sin, as one who was indiscreetly pitiless in his portrayal of these things. Still others admired him as a man of powerful intellect and fertile imagination, of indomitable courage and invincible confidence, as a poet of wonderful vision and voice, of peerless beauty and lustrous intensity and as a supreme master of his own gifted mind, of golden thought and silver speech. To yet others he was the young Apollo of his age and the glorious Titan of the stage.
Marlowe blazed a new trail both in thought and technique, —in matter as well as manner and in its footsteps a new perfection tread. Not his the familiar domain of men’s manners and habits, customs and conventions, but his concern was with the needs and necessities of human souls. Not man’s relation to man but man’s relation to God and to the universe was the theme dear to Marlowe. The element that is eternal in man, the spirit that is significant of man—this element and this spirit which have the potency of arraying themselves against the universe if necessary—these were his sole concern as a playwright. He sought the cause and explanation of that searching-out of man’s spirit towards a truth which can be apprehended but never expounded. And thus he leads us to a realization that dazzles and stupefies by its absoluteness and its finality: ‘Marlowe lost himself as it were, in case less isolated reveries of experiments in the power of the mind.’ Inspired by his own lofty idealism and daring enthusiasm, he was like a hardy explorer voyaging on endless uncharted seas fondly believing in the existence of some yet undiscovered possibility, eagerly hoping to arrive at the white foaming shores of some yet unknown island where he could plant the flag of his unique triumph. He belonged to the race of Admiral Drake and Walter Raleigh.
Marlowe was one who was loved by the gods. Hardly twenty-rune years did he live when he was invited to join the chorus of the inheritors of unfulfilled renown. Had he lived longer he would surely have achieved greater name and fame and proved himself to be a serious rival to Shakespeare. As it is, he remains a poet of fiery promise, but which mere promise excells the achievements of any other but one among the Elizabethan poets. He is the companion and comrade-in-arms of Collins, Chatterton, Shelley, Keats and Rupert Brooke. Like them, he too strove to shatter ‘the dome of many coloured glass’ and catch a glimpse of the ‘white radiance of eternity.’ And as in their case, not so much the possession of the prize as the rapture of the race was his. Maybe Marlowe’s work is fragmentary: may be the expression of some of his ideas is imperfect. Yet the authenticity of his ultimate vision is beyond doubt or dispute. As one Marlowe-admirer has appropriately observed: “Whatever men are preoccupied with the ‘Why?’ rather than the ‘How?’, in whatever periods of history thought turns back to question the nature of man’s being and the part he plays in the universe, there the thought of Marlowe will be found to be at heart of Man’s most vital experience. Whenever fundamental instincts and intuitions have been overlaid by convention, superstition or hypocrisy, until it becomes necessary to question again the purpose of life in order that life may again be sane, there Marlowe’s trenchant and fearless mind will be found warning men ‘not to be afraid of bug bears.’ He is the Lucretius of the English language, and though he does not accompany men closely in their daily lives, as does Shakespeare, his poetry and his aspiration will be heard in times of doubt and confusion, of disillusionment and corruption, when more familiar and better-loved voices are silent.”
Three and a half centuries have not lessened the importance of Marlowe in English drama, nor have they dimmed the glorious lustre that was his in his own day. With everything mighty about him, he shines for us across the span of the centuries in the blaze of his own marvellous gifts. ‘A boy in years, a man in genius, a god in ambition’, Marlowe has carved for himself an abiding niche in the Temple of Fame. And the dear nightingale of his poetry survives still and shall long survive in Apollo’s laurel boughs making music to enchant the ears of man and send his spirit winging into the topless towers of thought. | <urn:uuid:95133aab-c7aa-40c0-8dec-00163d1fad93> | {
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The density of greenness near residences is associated with lower urinary levels of epinephrine and F2-isoprostane, according to a study published in the Dec. 18 issue of the Journal of the American Heart Association.
Ray Yeager, Ph.D., from the University of Louisville in Kentucky, and colleagues conducted a cross-sectional study involving 408 individuals recruited from a preventive cardiology clinic. The authors sought to examine the correlation between residential greenness and cardiovascular disease. Biomarkers of cardiovascular injury and risk were measured in participants' blood and urine. Greenness was estimated from the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in zones with radiuses of 250 m and 1 km surrounding participants' residences.
The researchers observed an inverse correlation for contemporaneous NDVI within 250 m of a participant's residence and urinary levels of epinephrine (−6.9 percent) and F2-isoprostane (−9.0 percent). Women, those not on β-blockers, and those who had not previously experienced a myocardial infarction had stronger correlations between NDVI and urinary epinephrine. Eleven of the 15 subtypes of circulating angiogenic cells examined were inversely associated and two were positively associated with contemporaneous NDVI.
"Increasing the amount of vegetation in a neighborhood may be an unrecognized environmental influence on cardiovascular health and a potentially significant public health intervention," a coauthor said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:4f7d38f4-bf97-4b62-8f69-037f2e43025a> | {
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"Reading Fluently is Easy as One, Two, Sea!"
Materials: Speed record sheet (one per student), Fluency Literacy Rubric (one per student), stop watch (one per pair), dry erase board and marker, book- The Deep Sea (one per student), coverups
Rationale: By this time in reading, students should be able to decode and automatically recognize words. The next step is reading fluency. Fluency is an important step in reading because fluency leads to more automatic reading. Reading becomes effortless, leaving time and thought for reading comprehension. In order to comprehend a text, the reader must store the words in short-term memory so that the text can be connected at the end of the sentence or paragraph. It is very important for word-by-word readers to progress into automatic readers so they can reach the goal of reading instruction: comprehending text. Students will build their fluency skills through repeated readings with peer fluency checklists.
Tools students will use when working in pairs:
I noticed that my partner:
After 2nd reading:
▫ Remembered more words
▫ Read Faster
▫ Read Smoother
▫ Read with expression
After 3rd Reading:
▫ Remembered more words
▫ Read Faster
▫ Read Smoother
▫ Read with Expression
Speed Reading Record:
Time: - First Time: _______
- Second Time: _______
- Third Time: _______
-Partner Check Sheet for students to assess their partner's fluency: When I listened to my partner read:
After 2nd After 3rd
1. Remembered more words _______ _______
2. Read faster _______ _______ 3. Read smoother _______ _______ 4. Read with expression _______ _______
1. Introduce the lesson by saying, "Now that we are all awesome at decoding, it is time we put all we have learned to work. We know that we can read the words in stories, but do we understand what we are reading? For us to better understand books, we must be fluent while reading. If we are fluent while reading we read fluently and accurately. Reading fluently means to read accurately, quickly, effortlessly, and with appropriate expression. To be fluent readers we must read a story many times so we can recognize words quickly. I know you will all show me what good readers you all are!"
2. Review how to decode words and use the word scrunch. The cover-up method is the most effective way to accurately decode a word. Start in the center with the vowel. "If I saw this word while I was reading, I would cover up everything around the vowel", show them that you would cover up the scr and nch. "Now that I have those letters covered, I know that u = /u/. That makes the uhhh sound. Next, I would look at what comes before the vowel (remove cover-up). This makes the sc sound, so if I blend this together I have sc= /sc/. Then I would cover up just the nch. Now, we are looking at "scru" and now we know /r/ says "rrrrr". All together so far we have /sc/ /r/ /u/ and /scru/ altogether. Then we have /n/, which says "nnn". Then, I would look at the last cover-up and I have ch = /ch/. Put all of these sounds together and I have scrunch. Be sure to use your cover up when you come across a word that you are unsure of when you are reading."
3. Next, I will demonstrate how fluent readers read. Write the sentence "I went to the pumpkin patch yesterday" and read it twice, the first time read it broken, "IIII/ wwwwwwent/ toooo/ theeee/ ppppumpkinnn/ ppppatchhh/ yyeestterday. Notice how that was not very smooth. I am going to try it again and try to make is smoother, 'I wentt to tithe ppumkin patchhh yesterdayyy'. Notice how my reading is becoming smoother each time. Now I will try it one more time, 'I went to the pumpkin patch yesterday. Ask the students "Did anyone notice a difference in how I read those? Which one was easier to understand?" Very good! It is easier to understand when you read with fluency.
4. Next, I will pass out the book The Deep Sea. Have each student read the book once in whisper reading voice or in their "whisper phones" if available. Once they have read it through one time, I will draw sticks for partners, then pass out Speed Record Sheet, Fluency Literacy Rubric, and the stopwatch. Explain to the students that they will record on the speed record reading first, then the fluency one after your partner has read twice to you. Explain to the students that one student to be the reader and one to be the recorder. The reader will read one chapter of the story (depending on which one they read the time before) and the recorder will keep track of how many times or how far their partner gets into the story. The recorder tells the reader when to begin and when to end. Each time the recorder will record how many words were read per minute. Once the reader has had two read aloud turns, the students will switch roles. (three total if you count the whisper read)
5. Once the students have finished recording the two rereadings, have the students fill out the Fluency Literacy Sheet for their partner.
The students will be assessed during reading centers by reading the first
chapter of The Deep Sea aloud to me. They will be timed.
They will be timed.
Adams, Marilyn. Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning About Print. Urbana, IL: Center for the Study of Reading,1990, 93
Murray, Geralyn. Powerpoint: Adams Chapter 6.
Sims, Matt. The Deep Sea. High Noon Books: Novato, California, 1999.
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Here's today's feel-good story:
MIT scientists have developed a portable desalination unit that weighs less than 10 kilograms and can remove particles and salts from seawater.
The device is suitcase-sized and can be powered with less energy than a cell phone charger. It is powered by a small solar panel, and the quality of water exceeds that of the World Health Organization quality standards.
“This is really the culmination of a 10-year journey that I and my group have been on. We worked for years on the physics behind individual desalination processes, but pushing all those advances into a box, building a system, and demonstrating it in the ocean, that was a really meaningful and rewarding experience for me,” says senior author and professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of biological engineering, Jongyoon Han | <urn:uuid:83c8c61f-c4ff-4ced-b72d-f825886a2e6e> | {
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Reflections on the new KS2 SATs Curriculum and National Assessment regime from experienced Assistant Principal Aidan Severs (thatboycanteach).
‘Without reflection, we go blindly on our way, creating more unintended consequences, and failing to achieve anything useful.’ – Margaret J. Wheatley
Perhaps that’s a little over the top, but there’s something in it. As a teacher it’s always worth reflecting on a year just gone, looking back at what went well and what might need changing for the next year. I spent the year as Maths and UKS2 lead whilst teaching in Year 6.
As such I have the privilege of being up to date with the changes taking place in primary education, especially with regards to the expected standards in assessment. Now that I’ve got a few weeks of holiday under my belt, my mind is a little fresher. It’s only natural then, that I begin to look back upon KS2 Maths SATs 2017.
You may also be interested in this article I wrote about my thoughts on the SATs results in July and the ever-present changes to how Maths is assessed in UK primary schools…
No more mental maths: the second “Arithmetic” SATs paper
The biggest change to the way Maths is tested recently has been the abolition of the mental Maths test. Now replaced by the Arithmetic test. The 2017 SATs was the second year for that particular paper and – in summary – we felt much better prepared for it.
The Arithmetic test provides the opportunity for children to show off their calculating skills without all the confusion of reasoning problems. In contrast to the reasoning tests, it is much easier for teachers to prepare children for.
At my school, we dedicated a portion of each lesson towards the practice of these calculation methods and, as a result, many children did very well on Paper 1.
This year, we found that as the year went by we increased our focus on calculation practice. However, next year we are going to try to reverse this, making more time in the first term to practice these skills, leaving more time as the year goes on to apply those skills to a range of mathematical problems.
And here are 6 free SATs papers including 2 Arithmetic and 4 Reasoning to get your started!
SATs Reasoning Papers: an ode to practically applying maths skills
The SATs Reasoning Papers divided opinion as to which one was the more difficult but, as ever, the test writers found new ways of presenting problems. Some in ways that are often confusing to children without proper exposure to a wide range of mathematical problems.
As a Maths Lead, the main focus next year (and not just because of the tests) will be to continuously encourage teachers to creatively challenge children with a broad range of mathematical problems and situations. In problem solving, knowledge of Maths facts and strategies meets real life. Therefore it must remain a focus, particularly as children become more confident with calculation techniques. After all, learning how to use calculations is pointless unless children use them in real life contexts.
For a range of KS2 Mathematical investigations linking back to real world examples, download Third Space Learning’s free Topical Maths resources: Click here for Spring Term, here for Summer Term 1, and here for Summer Term 2.
Can the bar model method help prepare pupils for SATs?
Last January I started training staff on bar modelling after receiving some training myself. The use of them to help children to visualise Maths problems has begun to become embedded. I saw encouraging signs, particularly amongst children who arrived in Year 6 with significant ‘gaps’ in their Maths understanding, and also in younger children further down the school.
What I haven’t seen a lot of yet is children using them in an independent capacity, for example in tests.
2017/18 will be a year for encouraging children to use bar models, and other pictorial representations, so that eventually they choose to use them as and when they need them. This will only be achieved if bar modelling becomes part of the everyday ‘furniture’ of Maths lessons.
For a brief introduction and overview to bar modelling, read my blog post on How to Teach the Bar Model Method to Ace Arithmetic and Word Problems in KS1 & 2. Or, if you’re looking to teach bar models with a view to SATs preparation, read more on Using Bar Models to Solve Multi-Step SATs Problems.
A continuing challenge for any teacher is to support children who are already working at greater depth. How do you challenge them? How do you enable them to make progress when they seem to know so much already? I don’t have all the answers for this one but it will my mission this year to ensure that school-wide those children are supported and challenged. I have an inkling that the key will be to reveal the joy that can be found in grappling with open-ended Maths problems which require patience and perseverance.
Practice the bar model method with your Year 5 or 6 class with 25 word problems complete with bar models
Mastery focused teaching: the best way to prepare for KS2 Maths SATs
Part of my new role as Primary Lead Practitioner for the multi academy trust I work for will involve curriculum planning for two schools who don’t yet have UKS2 classes.
The chance to plan from scratch means that there is the opportunity to look at the methods of spacing and interleaving of Maths curriculum content, ensuring that once a Maths topic is taught, that it is returned to and built upon in a number of ways.
Alongside this there is scope to consider how low stakes testing can play a part in helping children to retrieve information that they have learned.
In my own school we will be trialling the use of 100% Sheets (or Knowledge Organisers) across the curriculum to help children learn and memorise basic facts, which I have written about here .
Naturally, each and every school will have its own priorities for the coming year and whatever they are its worth spending some time in reflection before beginning to forward plan.
The great thing about Maths is that although curricula and tests change, Maths stays the same: 1 + 1 will always be 2; the square of 4 will always be 16; Pi will always be 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841…
Read more: Help I’m a Year 6 Teacher from Gaz Needle Founder of #PrimaryRocks | <urn:uuid:668361e6-5a4f-4a91-a410-efeca9a7b1e8> | {
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When it comes to what goes on in the bathroom, many people don’t know what’s normal and what’s not. For example, is green poop bad? Or, how often do most people poop?
You might find it embarrassing, but bowel health is important. Do you have questions you're too embarrassed to ask your doc? Here are the answers to some of the most common bathroom questions:
Is green stool normal?
The good news is that most often, having green stool isn’t a cause for concern, doctors say.
“The typical stool color would be more of a brown color, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that it has to be the case,” said Dr. David Levinthal, director of the Neurogastroenterology and Motility Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
He added that many foods such as leafy greens or beets can cause your stool to be a non-brown color.
Dr. Shreyas Saligram, chief of gastroenterology at the University of California, San Francisco, at Fresno, agreed.
“Green stools can be normal if it is associated with consumption of green vegetables like spinach, kale or due to food coloring substances in some desserts and drinks,” said Saligram.
He added that certain antibiotics, prenatal vitamins or issues with bile digestion could also cause your poop to turn green.
“However, green color stool is something to worry about if it is persistent and associated with diarrhea as it can be due to food poisoning by infection like salmonella, parasite Giardia or norovirus,” Saligram added.
What does a 'normal' bowel movement look like?
Normal bowel movements occur on a varying basis, depending on the individual. They can happen as frequently as three times a day to a few times a week.
“What is most important is to move bowels with ease with a sense of complete bowel evacuation and no perception of applied pressure to strain excessively to move bowels,” Saligram said.
If you're worried about your bowel health, or just simply want to learn more, Levinthal recommends looking at the Bristol stool chart.
How can you improve your bowel health?
If you want to boost your bowel health, doctors suggest eating a high fiber diet, such as fruits and vegetables, which can help alleviate or avoid constipation. Foods that are high in fiber include spinach, peppers, blueberries and apples.
Avoiding foods that are high in sugar, red meat and fried food will also help improve your bowel health. Drinking plenty of water is also key!
What bowel movements require medical attention?
There are are some stool issues that you should tell your doctor about, especially if they are persistent.
If the stool is red in color or there is blood in your stool, you should consult your doctor. "While it may may be due to a local fissure (anal tear), it could also be due to hemorrhoids, bleeding polyps, diverticular bleed, bowel inflammation or something more dangerous like colon cancer," Saligram said.
Similarly, if the stool is black in color, take note.
“Stool that is truly black, jet black, that would be indicative of metabolized blood somewhere in the upper GI tract,” Levinthal said. “Tarry or sticky stool, as well as black stool, would be concerning.”
Having colorless stool is also something to take seriously. If your stool is pale or “clay color,” this could be symptomatic of something more serious, such as jaundice due to underlying liver disease, both doctors explained.
Other things to watch out for include: consistent nighttime diarrhea, changes to a person’s regular bowel habits and weight loss, as this could be a sign of colon cancer. While it was previously thought age 50 is a good time for regular colon checks, it should be noted the American Cancer Society recently suggested people start screenings at age 45.
What else should I pay attention to?
How you feel when you're going to the bathroom is important, both doctors said. It shouldn’t be a terrible experience.
“It shouldn’t be an amazing strain, and it shouldn’t hurt as it passes through the anal canal,” Levinthal said. “That might be indicative of hemorrhoids or an anal fissure.”
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For many people, Christmas is all about the pets. Screw the kids! Who cares about distant family members? Not me! Instead, we’d rather dress up our cats and dogs in hilariously cute Christmas jumpers and stick a pair of reindeer antlers on them. And, be honest, how many of you have spent more on your pets than your siblings?
As we get swept up in this festive spirit, it can sometimes be tempting to treat your animals to a few Christmassy snacks every now and then. But whenever you feel this temptation, YOU MUST RESIST! Experts say certain foods can be deadly to your animals.
These are all the foods you should keep away from your pets this year:
- Mince pies - raisins, currants and sultanas can be fatal to dogs
- Gravy – too fatty and salty
- Stuffing – best avoided due to inclusion of onions, herbs spices
- Turkey skin and bones – skin is too fatty for dogs and bones can easily splinter, making them a dangerous puncture or choking hazard
- Pigs in blankets - too fatty and salty
- Christmas pudding – raisins, currants and sultanas can be fatal to dogs
- Chocolate - contains ‘theobromine’ (bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant), which can be deadly to canines
- Nuts – some nuts are toxic, so best avoided all together
- Onions – poisonous to dogs
- Bread sauce - dogs find digesting lactose difficult
- Christmas cake - raisins, currants and sultanas can be fatal to dogs
- Candy canes – sugar and sweeteners are best avoided
And these are the foods that are safe for your animals (in small amounts):
- Turkey - boneless, skinless white meat
- Cranberry sauce - only pure cranberry sauce with nothing else added
- Potatoes – plain, cooked mashed or boiled potatoes with nothing else added
- Carrots – raw or cooked, but only a small amount
- Peas - most green or mixed veg is fine for dogs
- Sprouts - most green or mixed veg is fine for dogs
- Parsnips – without honey or added herbs and spices
Dr Maeve Moorcroft, head of pets at Pets at Home, said: “A pet’s diet is essential when it comes to their health and wellbeing, but with all the delicious smells and tastes of Christmas it can be tempting to treat your furry friend to some delicious festive treats.
“Some human foods are OK to feed to your dog, but should be strictly limited to foods from the nice list and served in very small quantities only. We’d recommend treating your pets to some exciting new Christmas toys or treats instead.”
Let’s all agree to keep our pets safe this year and leave the human food to the humans. | <urn:uuid:d905d726-e3a7-4368-9a4f-627a74972ef8> | {
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This week, we learned …
Use our study guide to help sound out your own neighborhood!
What are some of our favorite infographics?
What were the “Indian Wars” that led to the internment of Native Americans at Fort Marion?
Who are the Maori?
What is the shocking truth about electric animals?
Map it with your pre-K cuties!
How did Aboriginal songlines help draw the modern map of Australia?
How can your students use maps to analyze threats to North Atlantic right whales?
Jellies may have been the first animals to evolve. Will they be the last?
So, do you want to fly drones for conservation?
Buying a living tree is economical as well as environmental—find out more ways to turn your white Christmas green. | <urn:uuid:2b4d8fb8-6c9c-4ab8-a200-1c99c565e741> | {
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Common Knee Injuries
This article reviews different types of knee injuries. Because the knee is vital in everyday motions such as sitting and standing, walking, running, and lifting, it is subject to a variety of stresses and several types of injuries. Common knee injuries include fractures and dislocation of the bones around the joint, and sprains and tears of soft tissues like ligaments. Often, an injury involves two or more components such as bones, ligaments, or cartilage of the knee.
The patella is the knee bone most commonly broken. The femur and tibia can also incur fractures where they meet to form the knee joint. Knee fractures are often caused by high energy trauma, such as impacts in sports, falls, and car accidents.
Dislocation occurs when the bones of the knee are forced either completely or partially out of place. In people with normal knee structure, dislocations are typically due to high energy trauma, including sports-related contact, falls, or car accident. Dislocations can be also result from abnormality in the anatomy of the knee.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Tears and strains of the anterior cruciate ligament are often associated with sports such as soccer, football, and basketball. The strains associated with rapidly changing direction, stopping on unyielding surfaces, or landing from a jump can tear the ACL. Often, injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament occur along with damage to other knee components like the articular cartilage, meniscus, or other ligaments.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury
The posterior cruciate ligament can be damaged by impact to the front of the knee while the knee is bent backwards, often occurring in sports or auto accidents. PCL tears tend to be partial tears, and may potentially heal on their own.
Collateral Ligament Injuries
The collateral ligaments can be injured by forceful contact that pushes the knee sideways. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) injuries can result from a blow to the outside of the knee, often sports-related. A blow to the inside of the knee that forces the knee outwards can injure the Lateral Collateral Ligament. LCL tears occur less frequently than other knee injuries.
Meniscal Tears often happen during sports that involve twisting, cutting, pivoting, being tackled, or from accidental falls. Arthritis or aging can deteriorate the meniscus, making it more prone to a tearing injury.
The quadriceps and patellar tendons can be injured by strain or tear. Middle-aged people who play running or jumping sports are more prone to tears. Direct force to the front of the knee from impact from a fall, or an awkward landing, can result in knee tendon injuries.1
Iliotibial Band (ITB) Syndrome
ITB syndrome is swelling and irritation caused by a tendon rubbing over the outer bone of the knee. Overtraining in sports, or other overuse conditions can cause this condition. Symptoms can include:
- Pain at the side of the knee, which may extend up the outer thigh
- A snapping sensation when the leg is bent and then straightened
- An ache or burning sensation at the side of the knee during repeated motion2
If knee pain is severe or does not improve within a day or two, it is very important to see a doctor for expert evaluation of any knee injury. Untreated knee injuries can lead to chronic pain or deterioration. The pain and deterioration may cause reduced function of the knee joint that can advance to become life-limiting, affecting mobility and day-to-day activities. When in doubt seek medical attention for knee injuries.2,3
Non-Surgical Treatment of Knee Injuries
The most common non-surgical treatment options for non-fracture knee injuries include the following, often in combination:
- RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation help control pain and swelling immediately after an injury.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Taken as directed, NSAIDs decrease inflammation and help with pain.
- Physical therapy: Exercise movements help stretch and strengthen the knee.
- Bracing: While an injury heals, a brace can be worn to immobilize the knee joint.
- Corticosteroid injections: Anti-inflammatory medications may be injected into the knee joint.
- American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. "Patellar (Kneecap) Fractures". orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/patellar-kneecap-fractures. (Accessed January 16, 2019).
- American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. "Common knee injuries". orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/common-knee-injuries. (Accessed January 16, 2019).
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. "Knee Problems". niams.nih.gov/health-topics/knee-problems. (Accessed January 16, 2019).
The information in this article is for informational and educational purposes and is not meant as medical advice. Every patient's case is unique and each patient should follow his or her doctor's specific instructions. Please discuss nutrition, medication and treatment options with your doctor to make sure you are getting the proper care for your particular situation. | <urn:uuid:ef5cdd4a-b38e-4845-ab2e-469e29c5bc81> | {
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By Alexandra Topping
More than 700 million women worldwide were married as children, with one in three of them married before their 15th birthday, according to a global prevalence study.
As activists, politicians and campaigners gather for the first Girl Summiton child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM), a report by Unicef, the UN’s children’s agency, reveal the devastating situation of millions of women.
The study, the first of its kind, also reveals that more than 130 million girls and women have experienced some form of FGM, and states that urgent efforts are needed to tackle gender inequality or the number will not reduce. If the current decline in FGM continues at the same rate, more than 63 million more girls could be cut by 2050.
About a third of child brides live in India, according to Unicef. If nothing more is done to end the practice, the number of married girls could increase to more than 1 billion by 2050. Population estimates suggest the number could leap from 700 million to 950 million by 2030 and 1.2 billion by 2050. At least 280 million girls are at risk of becoming brides by the time they turn 18.
The Girl Summit, hosted by the UK government and Unicef, will attempt to mobilise international efforts to end FGM and child marriage within a generation. David Cameron, the prime minister, will warn parents that they will be prosecuted if they fail to prevent their daughter being cut, and that all victims of female genital mutilation will be given lifelong anonymity.
“All girls have the right to live free from violence and coercion, without being forced into marriage or the lifelong physical and psychological effects of female genital mutilation,” Cameron will say. “Abhorrent practices like these, no matter how deeply rooted in societies, violate the rights of girls and women across the world, including here in the UK.”
The prevalence of child marriage has fallen slightly over the past 30 years, but a global population boom in countries where the practices are common means just as many girls are being pushed into harmful situations.
World leaders and campaigners must step up efforts to break the cycle of oppression, said Unicef’s executive director, Anthony Lake. “Let’s not forget that these numbers represent real lives. While these are problems of a global scale, the solutions must be local, driven by communities, families and girls themselves to change mindsets and break the cycles that perpetuate FGM/C and child marriage,” he said. “We can’t let the staggering numbers numb us – they must compel us to act.”
Jaha Dukureh, a 24-year-old mother of three who leads the Guardian’s campaign against FGM in the US, was subjected to the most severe form of FGM as a child in the Gambia before being forced into an arranged marriage at 15.
“When I met my husband I wasn’t ready to get married; it wasn’t something that I wanted. I was very, very scared, I was angry, I was sad,” she said. After flying alone to the US the teenager had to have surgery so that her husband could have sex with her. She was told she had to have sexual intercourse that same day.
“When I had to be reopened, and this happened in America, it was like I went through FGM all over again,” she said. “When I talk about FGM, it’s not about me, it’s about the little girls out there. I have a daughter. And I know what this has done to me, and I don’t want it to happen to her.”
Despite fears that millions more women will have FGM for cultural reasons, there has been significant progress around the issue, with a shift in attitudes beginning to take hold, according to the report.
Overall, the chance that a girl will be cut today is about a third lower than it was over the past 30 or so years. Rates in Kenya and Tanzania have dropped to a third of their levels three decades ago, mainly because of a combination of community activism and legislation. In the Central African Republic, Iraq, Liberia and Nigeria, prevalence has dropped by up to half.
FGM, which is carried out on girls in 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East, involves the removal of external genitalia. Some victims have the clitoris and labia removed before they are sewn up, leaving only a small hole for menstruation and urine. The cultural practice, designed to ensure girls’ virginity, can lead to excessive bleeding, infection, infertility and death.
Girls who marry under 18 are less likely to remain in school, and more likely to suffer domestic violence and die from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. | <urn:uuid:12a4fa3d-0bbd-4a8f-8629-b1fccefd7b43> | {
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< VIDEO REVIEW >
"Ecoste" is an eco-conscious train station promoted by the JR East Japan Railway Group. The first station of its kind is the JR Yotsuya Station located in Tokyo. "Ecoste" refers to an energy-saving train station, which incorporates a wide range of eco technologies, while continuing to provide a comfortable environment. Equipped with Panasonic's HIT solar modules, storage battery system, and LED lighting, the station aims to reduce annual CO2 emissions by 40%. This video report introduces how the "Ecoste" at the JR Yotsuya Station realizes a comfortable, yet ecological environment by incorporating natural light, wind, greenery, and Panasonic's energy solutions.
< RECOMMENDED SCENES >
March 14, 2012, the JR Yotsuya Station was reborn as a pilot "Ecoste" station. The video report also captures what the opening ceremony held that day was like.
One of the characteristics of this ecological station is that you can come in contact with nature. The station features a green rooftop, pocket park (a roof-top garden), and has incorporated natural light and wind, so that commuters can experience the benefits of nature's blessings.
Many Panasonic energy solutions have been incorporated in the "Ecoste" JR Yotsuya Station. The 3 key points are "create," "store," and "save." The station is equipped with a HIT solar modules that "creates" energy. You can view information about how much power is being generated on eco information bulletin boards installed within the station.
The station is also equipped with a "storage battery system," which "stores" energy created from the sun and provides a stable energy supply when needed. The energy stored is partially used to light advertisement.
And to "save" energy, the fluorescent lights on the platforms and concourses were changed to LED lighting. Moreover, lighting for ads was also switched to LEDs (photo left). Because train stations are very large public facilities, even simply changing the lighting will surely result in significant energy-saving benefits.
I have never really given it much thought before, but when I think about it, there are a lot of lights and air conditioning in a train station. Transforming a station into an eco-conscious one by taking a comprehensive look at the energy consumption of the entire station and incorporating methods to create energy such as solar power generation may prove to be very fruitful. I hope that many train stations in Japan will continue to be reborn as a green stations. | <urn:uuid:80603341-6561-45a6-a4ba-e528d5cc300b> | {
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|21 June 2011|
Embargoed: 11.30 am (Canberra time)
Farm snapshot: average farmer 55 year old grazier
The average Australian farmer is aged 55, owns a business (and has managed it for 23 years) and the main activity is grazing, according to Land Management and Farming in Australia
(cat. no 4627.0) released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
publication provides a snapshot of our farmers and a variety of farm management practices including cropping and pasture management, fertiliser use and natural environment conservation protection.
Key findings in the publication include:
- In 2009-10, approximately 52% of Australia’s total land area was managed by agricultural businesses.
- In 2009-10, approximately 60,000 agricultural businesses prepared land for crops or horticulture covering 25.1 million hectares.
- Grazing land accounted for 88% of land managed by agricultural businesses. Almost half (48%) of all agricultural businesses in Australia were engaged in cropping activities and 17% were engaged in horticulture.
- Of those businesses that have natural environments on their property, over half protected these areas for conservation purposes.
- The main crop residue management practice was to leave stubble intact (48% of all agricultural businesses), ploughing crop residue into the soil (34%) and removal of crop residue by baling or heavy grazing (23%).
- A large proportion (61%) of agricultural businesses in Australia applied fertiliser to their holding in 2009-10. The average application rates for manufactured fertilisers ranged between 0.08 and 0.21 tonnes per hectare. The application rate for animal manure was 2.73 tonnes per hectare down from 3.19 tonnes per hectare in 2007-08.
More information can be found in Land Management and Farming in Australia
(cat. no 4627.0)
- The Agricultural Census will be run in 2011. The information collected from the farming community via the census will play a vital role in supporting the development and monitoring of Australia's agricultural, natural resource and water policies. Find out more
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Why study insulators?
published: May 6, 2009, recorded: March 2009, views: 825
Report a problem or upload filesIf you have found a problem with this lecture or would like to send us extra material, articles, exercises, etc., please use our ticket system to describe your request and upload the data.
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Superconductors are sexier and semiconductors produce a billion $ per year in devices. So why should scientists study insulating materials? Firstly, most magnets are insulators; and second, all ferroelectrics (which switch charge in an applied voltage) are insulators. So phenomena that involve magnetism or ferroelectricity (piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity) are generally insulating. In the past few years the study of insulating materials has taken two new directions: The study of nano-devices, including sensors, actuators, and transducers. The first thing one discovers is that if you make an insulating material thin enough, it conducts quite well. And what are the conduction mechanisms: Poole-Frenkel, Schottky, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, space-chage-limited? The second thing one finds is that ferroelectrics and ferromagnets have domains -- and the smaller the object, the smaller its domains. We have developed a theory of nano-domains that works in all magnets and ferroelectrics from 2 nm in size to 2 mm -- six orders of magnitude -- with no adjustable parameters. We also find domains that are round instead of rectangular and fractal instead of integer in dimension. Finally, I will talk about materials that are simultaneously magnetic and ferroelectric. Gilbert showed in 1600 that electrostatics and magnetism are unrelated -- but that isn't quite true. If time permits I will show some ferroelectric memories, including the ones in the SONY Playstation.
Link this pageWould you like to put a link to this lecture on your homepage?
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It is commonly thought that anything to enter the realm of a black hole will be sucked in and disappear, never to be seen again. However, there is new evidence that material is escaping. Black holes have a reputation like spiders and their webs, they grab hold of things and never let go, but in truth there are winds zooming away from black holes at an incredibly high speed. But how is it possible for something so attractive to let things escape? And could the Earth suffer such a fate? Luckily we have no black holes anywhere near us so the Earth is safe from that danger at least. Also, we are part of an ever growing family of planets thanks to the Kepler mission. Kepler has been able to identify 2500 objects that might be planets orbiting other stars and 760 of those turned out to be exoplanets. Kepler has allowed us to come so far in such a short time. And don’t miss what’s in the night sky this week. All this and more on this week’s Sky Talk.
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Questionnaire name - team cohesion and performance questionnaire questionnaire details download data(format 1) download data(format 2. Team working is vital in small businesses, which have to achieve challenging targets with limited resources before a team can perform effectively, team members have to learn to trust one another and find ways to work cooperatively to achieve their common goals. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a practical method for coaches of any sport team to improve team performance and cohesion through inter-squad competition and intra-squad cooperation. Cohesion may refer to: cohesion (chemistry), the intermolecular attraction between like-molecules cohesion (computer science), a measure of how well the lines of source code within a module work together.
Video: group cohesion: theory & definition this makes sense - everyone wants to be on a winning team and no one wants to be on a losing team however. The squad cohesion levels, by contrast i believe i have found the issue to be the game trying to add new cohesion abilities to a team that already has one set. 11 the community cohesion review team (ccrt) was set up to identify good practice, key policy issues and new and innovative thinking in the field of community cohesion. Unit cohesion and military performance1 overview theoretical models of team effectiveness dating back to 1978, and cohesion does not appear in any of the model.
In many workplaces, workers do not tend to business tasks in isolation, but instead, work as part of a team if your workers will work together often, it is wise to put effort into developing cohesive teams conducting team building exercises and working to promote workplace unity, you can improve. Factors influencing team performance the role of social norms in teams social norms are shared beliefs about how people should behave that.
Team cohesion defined one definition of cohesion is “a group property with individual manifestations of feelings of belongingness or attraction to. Components of group cohesiveness were gauged, revealing that the pointed out that the existing research examining the effects of team. Team working, groups and meetings usually group cohesiveness and group norms develop to enable the group to achieve more than individuals would be able to on. The sports education and leadership program at unlv what is a cohesive team volume 1, series 10 5-6 grade in the past, the concept of cohesion has been defined.
Cohesion definition: if there is cohesion within a society , organization , or group, the different members | meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples. Team cohesion introduction question thesis statement a lot of companies use teams to tackle lots of different projects and tasks that an individual. Team cohension 4 1/28/2005 10 how does team cohesion relate to team success widemeyer, et al (1993) review found that 83% of studies reported a. Home of the irish drug free powerlifting association promoting the sport of drug free powerlifting in ireland, affiliated to the wdfpf.
What is group cohesion the key external factor, on the other hand, is competition from other groups a swim team may fall apart if it never has any meets. The initial approach to social cohesion, in which the factor of membership durationwasemphasized,waselaboratedintwoimportantrespectsfirst,scholars.
1 characteristics of a group 17 cohesiveness cohesiveness is a measure of the attraction of the group to its members (and the resistance to leaving it), the sense of team spirit, and the willingness of its members to coordinate their efforts. Conflict leads to cohesion because the exigencies of conflict require political centralization and conformity at a later point simmel points out that. Threat, cohesion, and group effectiveness: testing a social identity maintenance perspective on groupthink but they did find some evidence that the team faced a. Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and motivation of team members are key factors that contribute to a company's performance by adaptability. Group cohesiveness by sarahjane sarkhosh discuss the disadvantages of strong, cohesive groups organisational individual team vs group all teams are groups - not all groups are teams. Premier's social cohesion games the premier's social cohesion rugby games are her # rugbyinsoweto great activations in soweto with the south africa a team. Team-based learning asks of students to work in teams on demanding academic challenges in line with bandura documents similar to group cohesion in teams.
Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy, and performance in professional basketball teams: investigating mediating effects. A study of lexical cohesion theory in reading comprehension qingshun he1 1 faculty of english language and culture, guangdong university of foreign studies. Definitions and theories of teamwork print reference team cohesion is shown to be one of the most important factors in a successful team therefore is of vital. Synonyms for cohesion at thesauruscom with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions dictionary and word of the day. | <urn:uuid:cfcc5882-5d87-4b8c-b2a9-48fb89cd3922> | {
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The description of "select" in the bash man page is enough to give anyone a headache.
It almost looks like something a lawyer would write:
select name [ in word ] ; do list ; done The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If the in word is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see PARAMETERS below). The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of name is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- played again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes name to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. The list is executed after each selection until a break command is executed. The exit status of select is the exit status of the last command executed in list, or zero if no commands were executed.
But it's actually not all that awful. Let's give it a spin:
PS3="Choose: " select i in a b c quit do [ $i = "quit" ] && exit 0 echo "You chose $i" done
By gosh, it's a menu, isn't it? You can get much fancier if you want, but just this is useful enough for those quick little jobs.
If you are writing in C, you'll want to use ncurses or Newt.
Got something to add? Send me email.
More Articles by Tony Lawrence © 2009-11-06 Tony Lawrence
C++ is just an abomination. Everything is wrong with it in every way. So I really tried to avoid using that as much as I could and do everything in C at Netscape. (Jamie Zawinski) | <urn:uuid:5fae3224-7ee2-46b6-8fe7-79e0702e20e0> | {
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The political instability in Egypt is taking a heavy toll on the country’s ancient heritage.
Thieves have taken advantage of the chaotic situation to steal artifacts to sell on the illegal antiquities market, while vandals have been satisfied with simply destroying them.
Both groups recently struck at a museum in Mallawi, about 190 miles south of Cairo. When supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi held a protest in the museum’s garden, thieves took advantage of the police being distracted to break in and steal more than a thousand artifacts. When vandals saw the museum was open and unguarded, they rushed in and smashed up the place.
National Geographic has published some sobering pictures of the destruction. The museum has put up a Facebook page detailing what has been stolen in the hope that it will make it harder for the thieves to sell the artifacts.
Looting has been reported at numerous museums and archaeological sites around the country. Instability and lack of income from tourism also means many archaeological sites are suffering from neglect. There may be a political motivation for some of the thefts. Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram quotes Mokhtar Al-Kasabani, professor of Islamic Archaeology at Cairo University, as saying the thefts are to raise money for the Muslim Brotherhood and Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya. The Muslim Brotherhood is Morsi’s party, and Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya (Islamic Group) was allied with him when he was in power.
Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya claimed responsibility for a 1997 terrorist attack in Luxor that killed 62 people, mostly tourists. So it appears fundamentalists are destroying Egypt’s past in order to raise money to endanger its future. | <urn:uuid:f932012d-df34-4b8d-98ee-b2de5423cd26> | {
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by Sandy Masayko
READ with your child!
The most important thing is to have fun.
- Take time to talk about the pictures and ask questions of your child. What do you think is going to happen? Who is doing what? Where are they? What are those? Do we have some of those? What do you think is going to happen next?
- You don’t have to read the story word for word.
- Make your own books. Make up stories about your child, your family and pets. Use family photos or draw simple stick figures; download pictures from the Internet.
Here’s a great website for guidance on reading with a young child:
SING with your child!
Your voice is the most beautiful voice in the world to your child. You don’t need be Beyoncé to sing with your child.
And, do you know that singing rhyming songs helps to get your child ready to read?
- All the old favorites, from ABC’s, Twinkle Twinkle, Wheels on the Bus, Happy Birthday, Old MacDonald to BINGO are good. Think of songs you liked as a child and sing those.
- Personalize songs by putting your child’s name in the song instead of the usual name.
- Spell out your child’s name by singing it to a favorite tune. For example, sing the Happy Birthday song with your child’s letters.
Here are some more ideas:
COOK with your child!
Cooking can be play—show your child how you make foods. This will take some planning for safety, and you don’t want to be in a rush.
- Show your child how you open, pour, chop, cut, slice, stir, bake, fry & more. Talk about these things as do them.
- If your child can help stir or participate in any way, let them help.
- Make Jell-O and see what happens if you leave some outside of the refrigerator, and what happens if you put some in the freezer. Talk to your child about the changes that happen. This is food science!
- Have taste tests: try out new tastes and talk about sour, sweet, bitter, salty, crunchy, smooth, soft.
Here is a website with more ideas:
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Edinburgh board game players are more likely to stay mentally sharp in later life, a new study suggests.
Researchers at University of Edinburgh found those who regularly played non-digital games scored better on memory and thinking tests in their 70s.
The study also found that a behaviour change in later life could still make a difference.
People who increased game playing during their 70s were more likely to maintain certain thinking skills as they grew older.
Psychologists at the University of Edinburgh tested more than 1000 people aged 70 for memory, problem solving, thinking speed and general thinking ability.
The participants then repeated the same thinking tests every three years until aged 79.
The group were also asked how often they played games like cards, chess, bingo or crosswords – at ages 70 and 76.
Researchers used statistical models to analyse the relationship between a person’s level of game playing and their thinking skills.
The team took into account the results of an intelligence test that the participants sat when they were 11 years old.
They also considered lifestyle factors, such as education, socio-economic status and activity levels.
People who increased game playing in later years were found to have experienced less decline in thinking skills in their seventies – particularly in memory function and thinking speed.
Researchers say the findings help to better understand what kinds of lifestyles and behaviours might be associated with better outcomes for cognitive health in later life.
The study may also help people make decisions about how best to protect their thinking skills as they age.
Dr Drew Altschul, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, said: “These latest findings add to evidence that being more engaged in activities during the life course might be associated with better thinking skills in later life.
For those in their 70s or beyond, another message seems to be that playing non-digital games may be a positive behaviour in terms of reducing cognitive decline.”
Professor Ian Deary, Director of the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), said: “We and others are narrowing down the sorts of activities that might help to keep people sharp in older age. In our Lothian sample, it’s not just general intellectual and social activity, it seems; it is something in this group of games that has this small but detectable association with better cognitive ageing.
It’d be good to find out if some of these games are more potent than others. We also point out that several other things are related to better cognitive ageing, such as being physically fit and not smoking.”
Caroline Abrahams, Charity Director at Age UK, said: “Even though some people’s thinking skills can decline as we get older, this research is further evidence that it doesn’t have to be inevitable.
The connection between playing board games and other non-digital games later in life and sharper thinking and memory skills adds to what we know about steps we can take to protect our cognitive health, including not drinking excess alcohol, being active and eating a healthy diet.”
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For more stories from across the Edinburgh area like our Facebook page , or follow us on Twitter and Instagram . You can also subscribe to our newsletter: enter your email in the blue box at the top of this article. | <urn:uuid:1bd75df8-3782-410b-885c-0363be271924> | {
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A caffeinated energy drink improves jump performance in adolescent basketball players
Tipo de documentoarticle
Área/s de conocimientoCiencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte
This study aimed at investigating the effects of a commercially available energy drink on shooting precision, jump performance and endurance capacity in Young basketball players. Sixteen young basketball players (first division of a junior national league; 14.9 ± 0.8 years; 73.4 ± 12.4 kg; 182.3 ± 6.5 cm) volunteered to participate in the research. They ingested either (a) an energy drink that contained 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight or (b) a placebo energy drink with the same appearance and taste. After 60 min for caffeine absorption, they performed free throw shooting and three-point shooting tests. After that, participants performed a maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), a repeated maximal jumps test for 15 s (RJ-15), and the Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo–Yo IR1). Urine samples were obtained before and 30 min after testing. In comparison to the placebo, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink did not affect precision during the free throws (Caffeine = 70.7 ± 11.8 % vs placebo = 70.3 ± 11.0 %; P = 0.45), the three-point shooting test (39.9 ± 11.8 vs 38.1 ± 12.8 %; P = 0.33) or the distance covered in the Yo–Yo IR1 (2,000 ± 706 vs 1,925 ± 702 m; P = 0.19). However, the energy drink significantly increased jump height during the CMJ (38.3 ± 4.4 vs 37.5 ± 4.4 cm; P\0.05) mean jump height during the RJ-15 (30.2 ± 3.6 vs 28.8 ± 3.4 cm; P\0.05) and the excretion of urinary caffeine (1.2 ± 0.7 vs 0.1 ± 0.1 lg/mL; P\0.05). The intake of a caffeine-containing energy drink (3 mg/kg body weight) increased jump performance although it did not affect basketball shooting precision. | <urn:uuid:0bc3b613-bc8a-4262-9cd1-ec95796e6f0e> | {
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I was planning on running the rest of the series on the important aspects of writing, but unfortunatly, with all the school stuff I’ve had to do, I haven’t had time to write the posts. Therefore, this will most likely be my last post until the end of November. But anyway, on with the post…
According to Google, a character is simply a “fictional character: an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction”. However, I would expand that definition to include any being or thing with human qualities.
Characters are important aspects in novels, because they’re what readers have to love. If the readers love your characters, they will read your book. To make readers love your characters, the characters must be believable.
When creating believable characters, the first thing you must do is consider what story you’re writing, and the purpose of your character. The character must be able to do what is required of them. They should be physically and mentally able to complete the task. However, do not make them perfect. Doing this will take away from the believability of the character. After all, no one is perfect. Everyone has flaws, and so must your characters. Having flaws can help with the plot – it can provide tension, which makes a better story.
You should get to know your characters. One way to do this is by have a character outline. There are heaps out there, but the one I use (and am very happy with) comes from here. Fill out all the details as well as you can (see an example here), and you’ll come to know your characters really well with time.
I’ve written a few blog posts about characters throughout the year. You can read a post I did a while ago about Mary Sues, the perfect character. If you specifically want to know about antagonists, check out Making Bad Guys Bad part one and part two. Another post I’ve done is on Outsiders, the character your reader can relate to. | <urn:uuid:427940ee-fe3f-4841-9573-e500234b78d5> | {
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The Martin P5M (P-5) Marlin was developed from the successful PBM Mariner, and was the last operational flying boat to serve with the US Navy.
Work on the Marlin began in 1946. The Martin Model 237 used the wing and upper hull from the PBM-5 with a new hull with a length-to-beam ratio of 8.5:1. Martin was given a contract to produce a prototype XP5M-1 on 26 June 1946. This was produced by modifying a PBM-5, and the prototype made its maiden flight on 30 May 1948. This aircraft had radar operated nose and tail turrets, a power operated dorsal turret, a low-set tailplane and was powered by two 3,250hp Wright R-3350 radial engines. It kept the Mariner’s distinctive wing, which had dihedral on the centre section to raise the propellers above the water and level outer sections, with stabilising floats that retracted into the wing tips.
The Marlin wasn’t ordered into production until July 1950. A number of changes were introduced on the PBM-1. The dorsal turret was removed. The nose turret was replaced with a radome for the APS-80 search radar. The flight deck was raised above the level of the fuselage to improve visibility. Finally more powerful R-3350WA engines were installed in longer nacelles that also included weapon bays.
The first production aircraft were delivered to Patrol Squadron VP-44, starting on 23 April 1952. The -1 was followed by the P5M-2, which had a ‘T’ tail and more powerful engines. The first -2 flew in August 1953 and began to be delivered to the Navy squadrons on 23 June 1954.
The P5M remained in service into the mid 1960s. On 6 November 1967 a search and rescue SP-5B Marlin from VP-40, based at Naval Air Station North Island, made the last operational flight of a US Navy Flying Boat. Although several more modern designs were produced, with the Martin P6M SeaMaster reaching the prototype stage, none actually reached operational status.
The P5M-1 was the first production version. It had the nose turret replaced with a radome for the APS-90 search radar, a raised flight deck, no dorsal turret and two 3,400hp -30WA engines. 160 were built. The revisions to the nose gave it a rather odd look, with the radome resembling a ‘nose’, jutting out in front of the boat hull, and the
The -1G designation was given to seven aircraft produced for use by the Coast Guard
The P5M-1S/ SP-5A was the designation given to aircraft that were given AN/ ASQ-8 Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) equipment, Julie active echo-sounding, Jezebel passive sono-buoy equipment and other electronic equipment, for use in the ASW role. About eighty were produced.
This was the designation give to the old coast guard aircraft when they were taken over by the Navy and used as crew trainers.
The P5M-1/ P-5B was the second production version. It had a modified hull, a ‘T’ tail with the horizontal tail surfaces mounted high on top of the tail, improved crew accommodation and 3,450hp R-3350-32WA engines.
Different sources give different production figures for the P5M-2, ranging from 108 for the US Navy and 12 for the French up to 145. However that higher figure comes from a source than underestimates the number of -1s built, and many be confusing some of the aircraft that were built as -1s and upgraded to the -2 standard with
The -2G was the designation given for four aircraft produced for the US Coast Guard. These later became standard -2 aircraft in US Navy service. In Coast Guard service the ASW gear was replaced with air-sea rescue equipment.
The P5M-2S was the designation given to most -2s when they were given Julie active echo-sounding and Jezebel passive sono-buoy equipment, as used on the P5M-1S, for use as ASW aircraft.
Engine: Two Wright R-3350-32WA turbo-compound radial piston engines
Power: 3,450hp each
Span: 118ft 2in
Length: 100ft 7in
Height: 32ft 8.5in
Empty Weight: 50,485lb
Maximum Take-off Weight: 85,000lb
Maximum Speed: 251mph at sea level
Range: 2,050 miles
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CORVALLIS, Ore. - The use of sophisticated LIDAR imaging following the recent earthquake and tsunami in Samoa should give scientists some of the most accurate and detailed maps ever made of the forces of these powerful events, helping them to improve building design and other mitigation efforts.
In this initiative, researchers from Oregon State University worked with the geoengineering extreme events reconnaissance team sponsored by the National Science Foundation and led by Jennifer Donahue of Geosyntec, Inc. They went to American Samoa immediately after the event and were able to capture LIDAR images for one of the first times following a tsunami.
"LIDAR is a recent technology, and with it we can produce images and maps that are accurate to within a few millimeters," said Michael Olsen, an assistant professor of geomatics with the OSU School of Civil and Construction Engineering. "By arriving at the disaster site quickly, we were able to make maps before things got cleaned up or vegetation grew back. This will provide excellent data for research on tsunami wave forces, impacts on buildings, response of structures and other issues."
LIDAR, which stands for light detection and ranging, is a technology that can rapidly map topography, structures and other objects with precise detail. It has been used, for instance, in aerial applications to spot ancient earthquake ruptures or landslides, and to map ground deformation from recent earthquakes. In Samoa, it was used on the ground to provide highly detailed, three-dimensional models of tsunami damage such as ground scouring, sediment transport, high water marks, building damage and many other features.
The destruction in Samoa was caused mostly by tsunami impacts rather than the ground shaking from the earthquake, Olsen said. Wave heights varied greatly from about six to almost 40 feet high, causing enormous devastation in some villages.
The permanent record provided by the Samoan LIDAR data, Olsen said, will help scientists reconstruct exactly how the tsunami hit, and to determine what types of buildings, foundation designs, structural placement or other features were best able to resist its forces.
The research program there was aided by equipment and software loaned by David Evans and Associates, Inc., in Portland, Ore., and Leica Geosystems in San Ramon, Calif. A strategic partnership was recently established between these organizations to provide students with advanced training in geomatics.
OSU experts and others will use this information for tsunami modeling, advance planning and mitigation programs. The university has several earthquake and tsunami experts, and operates the world's most sophisticated "tsunami wave basin" designed to simulate these events and test their effects on various structures or landforms. Solomon Yim, a professor of civil engineering, is leading another expedition in American Samoa to study structural damage.
OSU is also assisting community leaders in Cannon Beach, Ore., who are considering the construction of the nation's first structure designed specifically to resist the forces of a tsunami and serve as a refuge that people might quickly move to for protection. The Cascadia Subduction Zone off the Pacific Northwest is believed to have caused numerous earthquakes and tsunamis in the past, the last one in the year 1700, and experts say it's inevitable that more such events will occur in the future.
Although far less destructive than the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit East Asia in 2004, the Samoan event caused considerable damage and is believed to have killed more than 175 people. It was triggered by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake deep beneath the sea near Samoa.
"Where the worst of the tsunami hit on American Samoa, there was just complete destruction, total ruin," Olsen said.
Michael Olsen, 541-737-9327
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The Early Gothic facade was all that remained after the fire of 1194. The design still has much in common with Romanesque facades. the window is an example of plate tracery.
Royal Portal, west facade,Chartres Cathedral
The sculptures of the Royal Portal proclaim the majesty and power of Christ. The tympana depict, from right to left, Christ's Ascension, the Second Coming, and Jesus in the lap of the Virgin Mary.
Old Testament Kings and Queens, jamb statues, central doorway of Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral
The biblical kings and queensof the Royal Portal are the royal ancestors of Christ. These Early-Gothic statue columns show the first signs of new naturalism in European sculpture.
masonry struts that transfer the thrust of nave vaults across the roofs of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the churches exterior wall
One of the ribs that form the x in the groin vault.
One of the ribs that crosses the nave at a 90 degree angle
The lowest stone of an arch, resting on the impost block. In Gothic vaulting, the lowest stone of a diagonal or transverse rib.
The fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts. In Roman basilicas and medieval churches, the windows that form the nave's uppermost level below the timber ceiling or the vaults.
In a Gothic cathedral, the blind arcade gallery below the clerestory; occasionally, the arcades are filled with stained glass
the series of arches supported by piers seperating the nave from the side aisles
a pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture
Aerial view of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres France
Architectural historians consider the rebuilt Chratres Cathedral to be the first great monument of High Gothic architecture. It is the first church to have been planned from the beginning with flying buttresses.
Plan of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France
The Chartres Plan, in which a singe square in each aisle flanks a single rectangular unit in the nave with a four part vault, became the norm for High Gothic church architecture
Interior of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France
High Gothic churches consisted of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory with stained glasses almost as tall as the main arcade
Virgin and Child and angels, detail of a window in the choir of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres France
This stained glass window has an armature of iron bands that forms a grid over the whole design, an Early Gothic characteristic
Detail of stained glass rose window north transept Chartres Cathedral
Saints Martin, Jerome and Gregory, jamb statues, Porch if the confessors, south transept, Chartres Cathedral
In contrast to the Royal Portal statues, these south-transept statues have individual personalities and turn slightly to the left or right, breaking the rigid vertical lines of there 12th century predecessors.
Saint Theodore, jamb statue, Porch of the Martyrs, south transept, Chartres Cathedral
The High Gothic sculptor portrayed the saint swinging out one hip as in Greek statuary.
Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France
the concept of self sustaining architecture reached full maturity at Amiens Cathedral. The four part High Gothic vaults on pointed arches rises an astounding 144 ft above the nave floor
vaults, clerestory, and triforium of the choir of Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France
The sunlight entering from the clerestory creates the effect of a buoyant lightness not normally associated with stone architecture. (reminiscent of the Hagia Sofia)
West Facade of Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France
Sculptors covered the facade with colonnettes, pinnacles, and rosettes that nearly dissolve the structures solid core.
Interior of the upper chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. France
At Louis IX's Sainte-Chapelle, the architect succeeded in dissolving the walls to such an extent that the 6,450 sq. ft. of stained glass account for more than tree quarters of the Rayonnant Gothic structure.
Abraham and the three angels,folio 7 verso of the Psalter of Saint Louis, from Paris, France
The architectural setting in the Psalter of Saint Louis reflect the screen like lightness and transparency of royal buildings such as Saint-Chapelle. The colors emulate those of stained glass.
Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux, from abbey church of Saint Denis, France
Queen Jeanne d'Evreux donated this luxurious reliquary-statuette to the royal abbey church of Saint Denis. The intimate human characterization of the holy figures recalls that of the Virgin of Paris
Virgin with the Dead Christ(Rottgen Pieta) from Rhineland, Germany
This ppieta is meant to make the viewer mourn with the virgin, to emphasize.
Nicholas of Verdun, Shrine of the Three Kings, from Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany
Cologne's archbishop commisioned this huge reliquary in the shape of a church to house relics of the three magi.
Nicola Pisano, pulpit of the baptistery, Pisa, Italy
Pisano's baptisery retains many medieval design elements, for example, the trefoil arches and the lions supporting columns, but the panels draw on ancient Roman sarcophagus reliefs.
Nicola Pisano, Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds, relief panel on the baptistery pulpit, Pisa, Italy
Classical sculpture inspired the face types, beards, coiffures and draperies, as well as the bulk and weight of Nicola's figures. The Madonna of the Nativity resembles lid figures on Roman sarcophagi
Giovanni Pisano Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds, relief panel on the pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia, Italy
The French Gothic style had a greater influence on Giovanni. He arranged his figures loosely and dynamically. They display a nervous agitation, as if moved by spiritual passion
Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, from Santa Trinita, Florence, Italy
Cimabue was one of the first artists to break away from the Italo- Byzantine style. Although he relied on Byzantine models, Cimabue depicted the Madonna's massive throne as receding into space.
West facade, Chartres Cathedral
Flickr Creative Commons Images
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The sugar and salt taxes in the recently announced national food strategy made the headlines . However, the original brief for the author was to review the entire food system. Many of the resultant recommendations relate to environmental protection.
The bulk of the review, relating to environmental issues, recognises the contribution that agriculture makes to UK greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. methane from cows, fertilizer degradation) and the impact on biodiversity (habitat destruction, pollution). However, the strategy also recognizes that the damage we do to our environment may well impact on crop yields and other aspects of food production and supply. More on that later.
To combat the adverse environmental parts of our food system the strategy makes some key recommendations:
- Support farmers to make a transition to sustainable practices – this ensures an income is available to farmers that makes it viable for them to grow our food by paying them for environmental stewardship. The stewardship will take the form of carbon sequestration and habitat creation.
- Develop a rural land use framework and map that directs policy towards efficient use of land from an environmental perspective (e.g. forestry, energy crops, peatland or agroforestry). They note around 2.2% of total UK land will be needed for new housing by 2060.
- Require public bodies (schools, prisons, hospitals etc) to buy sustainable food – the public sector spends around £2.4bn per year. This huge wedge of tax payers’ money can be used for good and have a knock-on effect for other sectors.
- Environmental impact labelling to allow consumers to make more informed purchasing choices.
The “Food security” chapter of the strategy highlights that, at the moment food production contributes to environmental degradation. In turn this “will decrease crop yields, which could lead to higher prices and make societies more vulnerable to famine, food riots and conflict”. Whilst the strategy doesn’t specifically mention a metric for monitoring our food security, following the adage that you can only manage what you measure, then it would make sense to have one that includes environmental issues. Until a metric is developed, the Economist’s Global Food Security Index could be a good surrogate .
At the moment the UK scores 78.5 out of 100 on this index and a big chunk of why we are not 100% food secure is down to a poor score on “Natural Resources and Resilience”.
Environmental protection is a crucial factor in securing the supply of all our basic needs. As well as food, clean air, water and even our own homes are at risk if we fail to take action. The start point is an environmental baseline, together with an idea of what “good” looks like. Get in touch if you’d like advice on making your contribution to environmental protection.
Photo credit: Jack Sloop | <urn:uuid:8d598e37-498c-45eb-9464-807d35f9cb78> | {
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Annual Climate Report 2004
The Annual Climate Report is the Bureau of Meteorology's official historical record of the previous year's climate. It provides a national overview of temperature and rainfall during the year, and documents significant weather and climate events.
This report contains an in-depth analysis of the past year's climate, following on from the Annual Climate Statement released earlier in the year.
Australia in 2004 again experienced warmer than normal conditions across most of the country. Preliminary data indicate that the all-Australian annual mean temperature for 2004 was 0.45 °C above the 1961–90 long-term average, making it the tenth warmest year since 1910, when reliable Australia-wide climate records became available. Daytime temperatures contributed more of the anomalous warmth than overnight temperatures: the annual mean maximum temperature was 0.51 °C above normal (tenth highest), and the mean minimum temperature 0.39 °C above normal (eleventh highest). The annual values were boosted by several extensive warm spells, including an exceptional two-week heat-wave during February, which affected a large proportion of the continent and resulted in many new temperature records, and warm periods in eastern Australia during September and October.
Australian mean temperatures are calculated from a country-wide network of about 100 high-quality, mostly rural, observing stations that have been corrected for any artificial discontinuities caused by changes in instrumentation and location. Many of these sites are included in Australia's contribution to the Global Climate Observing System - a comprehensive, world-wide network of meteorological stations for monitoring long-term climate trends and variability.
The general rise in Australian temperatures during the second half of the 20th century is in line with global warming trends. According to a preliminary estimate released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) on 15th December 2004, the global mean temperature for 2004 was about 0.44 °C above normal, making it the fourth warmest year since records commenced in 1861.
Preliminary data indicate that the average rainfall throughout Australia for 2004 was 513 mm, which is higher than the long-term average of 472 mm. Rainfall patterns were far from uniform, however, with much of the western half of the country (apart from southwest WA) receiving above average rainfall for the year. The northern wet season was particularly active during January to March, with heavy rains occasionally associated with flooding, particularly in inland Queensland and northern New South Wales around mid-January, and in the Northern Territory in February and March. Despite good rainfall throughout southeast Australia in November and December, the annual totals across this region were mostly below normal. Consequently, 2004 rainfall has failed to alleviate the long-term deficiencies characterising rainfall patterns over much of southeast Australia in recent years. Some recording stations have now experienced an unprecedented eight consecutive years of below average rainfall. Australia's area-averaged rainfall is calculated from a network of around 6500 rainfall stations, most of which are staffed by volunteer observers.
Observations averaged over the total area of each State reveal that, when compared to normal, Western Australia was the wettest State, while Victoria was the driest. New South Wales had the highest departures from normal daytime temperatures and South Australia had the highest departures from normal overnight temperatures in 2004.
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Consideration of ‘bat shutdown’ in wind power forecasts
enercast offers an additional functionality regarding forecasts for wind turbines – ‘bat shutdown’. In Germany, regulations apply to animal and nature conservation and under certain conditions, wind turbine activity must be reduced or turbines deactivated in order not to endanger bats. enercast takes into account ‘bat shutdown’ in wind power forecasts.
In Germany, there are about 25 different species of bat, all of which are protected by nature conservation laws. These small beneficial creatures are already threatened with extinction due to the consequences of intensive farming. It is therefore important to protect bats and to save them from damage caused by wind turbines. enercast takes into account ‘bat shutdown’ in its wind power forecasts.
Animal welfare as a reason for the shutdown of wind turbines
Wind farm operators are being subject to more and more restrictions, notably regarding shutdown of turbines in the case of of bat activity. This is mainly due to the location of the wind farms, most of which are in the north of Germany, with premium locations having already been developed. Other areas must be avoided and the requirements of animal and nature conservation have to be taken into account. With the construction of further wind farms, shutdown of turbines due to bat activity is becoming more and more important.
Conditions for bat shutdown
Near Hannover and Bremen, for example, there are two such wind farms where enercast provides forecasts, which take into account the shutdown of wind turbines due to bat activity. The conditions are quite different. In the first wind farm, there is a so-called ‘bat reduction’ (a planned reduction in output due to bat activity) from the beginning of May to the end of July, from one hour before sunset until four o’ clock in the morning. During this time, five out of seven wind turbines are shut down to protect the nocturnal creatures. This is on the condition that the wind speed is less than 6.5 meters per second and the temperature at gondola height is more than ten degrees Celsius.
In the second example, the ‘bat reduction’ takes place from the beginning of August to the end of September. Since bats are nocturnal creatures, four out of a total of twelve turbines are shut down one hour before and one hour after sunrise, subject to the following conditions: wind speed is less than 7.2 metres per second and temperature is more than ten degrees Celsius.
Bat shutdown in wind power forecasts: High forecasting quality for wind farms
enercast combines weather forecasts from several models to achieve a highly accurate result. If all factors described above are met, the shutdown of the corresponding turbines to protect the bats is included in the enercast wind power forecast. The shutdown itself is carried out by a turbine control unit and is automatically controlled by sensors. It is essential that the wind power forecasts for the respective turbines are also corrected for the night-time periods. The shutdown of several turbines reduces the output of the entire wind farm – after all, large turbines produce an output of more than four MW!
Financial advantages for wind farm operators
enercast takes into account this loss of performance due to bat shutdown in the wind farm’s performance forecasts and thus offers a high overall forecasting accuracy. Once again, the direct marketer of the wind power plant benefits from the most accurate possible forecasts, which predict how many MW a turbine will generate: after all, whether a turbine produces 30 MW or 40 MW has a significant financial impact. If a forecast is not accurate, so-called balancing energy costs are applied. These occur because either more or less wind energy is fed into the grid than predicted. This can be prevented by the use of enercast wind power forecasts which also allow for bat shutdown. | <urn:uuid:28977c8d-691c-49b5-9be6-b129691442e4> | {
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Mycology, a study of soulcybin review is gaining new admirers. The humble tool of the toadstool has been used in many countries for medical purposes.
Vegetarians enjoy mushrooms because they are high in nutritional value. Mushrooms include B vitamins, Vitamin C, potassium phosphorus, calcium and sodium.
Medicinal mushrooms have thousands of compounds and nutrients that are health-strengthening. The use of mushrooms in Eastern medicine, especially traditional Chinese, dates back centuries. Studies were carried out in the U.S. early in the 1960s on possible ways to stimulate the immune system or inhibit the growth of tumors.
Although mushrooms hunting is popular, they are not always safe. Some edible mushrooms may be identical to toxic ones. To tell the difference, it takes an expert. A mushroom’s sponge-like nature allows it to absorb toxins from soil as well as air. However, mushrooms are a great ‘health food.
Some mushrooms are able to get nutrients through photosynthesis but not the process. Another sector attempts to eat living plants. There are poisonous and edible varieties near the roots oak, pine, or fir trees.
Mesoamerican indigenous peoples used mushrooms to perform rituals for thousands years. The American cultures used mushrooms in religious ceremonies. Cave paintings in Spain show ritualized ingestion going back nearly 9000 year. After World War II, Western psychotherapy discovered that psilocybin had been used.
Psilocybin, an naturally occurring chemical found within certain mushrooms, is still a controversial topic of research. Psilocybin was shown to be effective for treating addictions to alcohol as well as cigarettes.
New research suggests that some cancer patients may experience anxiety and depression after taking the hallucinogenic medication. A few studies showed that mood-lifting effects lasted at the least for several weeks following intake of the fungus. | <urn:uuid:6baf186b-b302-49c4-8c25-fa61257346af> | {
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In the northern panhandle of West Virginia, Wheeling sits directly across the Ohio River from Ohio, 11 miles west of Pennsylvania. The three states form what is commonly known as the Ohio Valley. Wheeling has a rich history, including being the site of the convention to establish statehood for West Virginia and being the first capital of the Mountain State. Visitors can step back in time at these historical places near Wheeling.
Opened in 1928, the Capitol Theatre (capitoltheatrewheeling.com) could hold 3,000 people for live performances. In the early 1940s the radio program "It's Wheeling Steel" premiered from coast to coast, and featured musical performances from local steel plant employees and their families. In recent decades, this venue has hosted country artists, popular musicals and dance performances, in addition to the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra, which calls the Capitol Theatre home.
Grave Creek Mound
About 11 miles south of Wheeling in, appropriately, Moundsville, visitors can travel back thousands of years to see the Grave Creek Mound (wvculture.org/museum) from the Adena Period. Constructed by people known as Mound Builders, this massive conical burial ground measures 69 feet high and 295 feet in diameter at the base, making it the largest of its kind in the area. Nearby is the Delf Norona Museum, which contains archeological exhibits dedicated to the culture and life of the Mound Builders, some of the area's earliest residents.
Fort Pitt Museum and Block House
Just 11 miles east in downtown Pittsburgh's historic Point State Park is the Fort Pitt Museum & Block House (no website; 101 Commonwealth Place, Pittsburgh, 412-454-6000). Through displays and artifacts, the museum tells how the Steel City began, in addition to how western Pennsylvania played a role in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. The Block House, the oldest building in Pittsburgh and west of the Allegheny Mountains, was used as a quick cover for people who came under attack outside Fort Pitt.
Quaker Meeting House
Over the river and 13 miles northwest of Wheeling is Mount Pleasant, Ohio, home of the Quaker Meeting House (no website; 298 Market St., Mount Pleasant, 740-769-2893). It is one of several meeting houses that still exist in the country, and the first of its kind built west of the Allegheny Mountains. Opened in 1814, this three-story brick structure represents the Quaker building tradition, a combination of simplicity and superior craftsmanship. Tours are by appointment only from April through October, which applies to the nearby gardens as well.
- The City of Wheeling: Our History
- The Capitol Theatre: Backstage -- The History of the Capitol Theatre
- Appalachian History: Did You See My Girls On the Radio?
- West Virginia Culture and History: Grave Creek Mound Archaeological Complex
- Sen. John Heinz History Center: Fort Pitt Museum
- Sen. John Heinz History Center: Museum Highlights
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An entity refers to an object of potential interest, such as a person, organization, location, or date. When you process a document, locating entities can help you classify the document and determine what kinds of data of interest it is likely to contain.
The Rosette entity extractor endpoint uses statistical models, pattern matching (regular expressions), and exact matching (gazetteers) to identify entities in input text.
Using contextual features specified by a computational linguist and a substantial body of news stories in which entities have been tagged by native speakers, Basis Technology has developed an AP (Averaged Perceptron) processor and statistical models for extracting a variety of entities in a number of languages.
PATTERN MATCHING PROCESSOR: REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
The entity extractor includes regular expressions for finding language-specific entities and generic entities that may appear in a variety of languages.
EXACT MATCHING PROCESSOR: GAZETTEERS
The entity extractor uses gazetteers to return exact matches. The distribution includes binary gazetteers for each language and a number of entity types, and a cross-language gazetteer for corporations. In order to match entities despite differences in whitespace, Gazetteer entries and potential matches are space normalized (any amount of whitespace between words is treated as a single space).
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India is one of the high-paced progressing countries that has evolved much with the advancement of technology. Today, almost 760 million of the Indian population use cell phones – a pretty high rate, right?
If we look into the online world, there are 640 million Indian people who actively use the internet. Well, the internet is somehow useful for all of us, but at the same time, it is causing much trouble. As per reports, many kids belonging to India face racism and bullying throughout their life. Bullying has always been a nuisance for school-going kids. Children once get bullied at school, playgrounds, or friends get together, but now, they face bullying online. Yes, the online space has made it easier to target and troll someone.
This article will elaborate on some common cyber threats leading towards life-threatening situations that only target kids.
Cyber Crimes in India – An Overview:
Cybercrimes are freely revolving around the world. In India, as smart devices are very common, people get easily lured by online dangers. The rate of cyber threats is increasing at a very high pace.
Here are some most dangerous online dangers that we can encounter at any time.
Cyberspace is a free space for pedophiles and sexual offenders to lure kids. As per studies, online predators target kids young teens and ask them for sexual benefits. Around 77% of the victims include teenagers aging 14 or more. Sadly, 22% of the online predation victims are kids aging 10-13 years. The majority of online sexual offenders include male perpetrators.
Indian cyberspace is not pure from trolling. Posting mean comments, hate speech, and harmful content with intentions to hurt someone’s feelings is not uncommon in the online world. Trolling is prohibited in India, yet Indian cyberspace is not secure from it. Stats show that 40% of Indian women fear trolling and hate speech. Online trolling leaves serious psychological and physical effects on victims.
Cyberbullying is sending or posting threatening or intimidating comments to degrade someone using electronic devices. In India, cyberbullying is the most dreadful online threat. Globally, India ranks on the 3rd number in the Cyberbullying list. Research has shown that cyberbullying victims develop PTSD leading to suicidal thoughts and attempts.
It is a crime to represent misleading information about yourself and pretend to be someone else to attract the target. Catfishing is becoming very common with internet freedom. People, mostly sexual predators or blackmailers, represent fake identities to befriend someone they can benefit from, either intimate or monetary. Teens are most vulnerable to become the victim of catfishing these days. 1 in 3 men online has fake profiles to attract their victims through social media or other apps.
Indian ranks 3rd on top porn watching countries. 30% of females and 70% of males users from India watches pornography. During the recent pandemic, there has been a 95% rise in watching porn by the Indian population. Despite the adult population, a significant number of teenagers watch porn when their parents are not around. Pornography can develop misconceptions and false fantasies among teens and destroy their mental health.
Games like PubG and CounterStrike are very popular among teens. Such games have intense addictive effects that can make kids glued to the screens all day long. PubG is now banned in India, but this app had over 50 million active Indian users before the restriction. Addictive games are as harmful as drugs.
Sending explicit messages and sharing nudes is somehow becoming common among partners. 62% of Indian women are reportedly involved in sexting. In the online world, sexting can invite so many dangers to your actual life. Non-consensual sharing of someone’s illicit photos is one of the major cases that law enforcement agencies have seen.
With the internet and cell phone freedom, it is very easy to find someone to date. Tinder, Bumbled, and many other dating apps are encouraging people to find their true love online. But, sexual predators use such platforms for hookups. Teens can easily get lured by sexual molesters through dating apps.
Online Crimes in India – Shocking Statistics:
It is haunting to think that online people can threaten, intimidate or troll you anytime from anywhere. From cyberbullying to catfishing, online threats have surrounded the internet world.
63% of the online population face insult or abuse through social media or other digital means.
59% of the Indian population experience false accusations or rumors regarding their personal life.
8 out of 10 people get cyberbullied in India.
The rate of trolling or offensive name-calling is 42%.
32% of the people get subjected to false rumors spread.
25% of people experience non-consensual sexting or receiving unsolicited explicit photos/videos.
16% of people receive physical threat calls.
7% of youngsters reported that their explicit photos were forwarded by someone they trust to other people without their consent.
21% of the people are forced to share their personal details online.
Indeed, what we do online is a reflection of our real-world life. The most daunting fact is that online catfishing can lead to lethal circumstances. According to a study, 40,000 children get abducted in India every year, among which 11,000 cases are left untraced.
Times of India reported that the number of rape cases has increased to 88 cases per day in India.
Isn’t it dreadful?
It is to refer that online threats can haunt our personal lives. Kids are most vulnerable to experiencing online dangers.
Children use the internet for multiple purposes, e.g., searching for educational material, playing games, and watching informative videos online. Thus, it is impossible to ban internet usage. Instead, parents can limit the screen usage of their children. And for that, cell phone monitoring apps are available. Mobile phone monitoring helps parents restrict the internet usage of juveniles and assist them in creating protected cyberspace for them.
Let’s discuss the best mobile spy app in India.
TheWiSpy – The Best Mobile Spy App in India Right Now!
Parents worldwide are in dire need of a secure spyware app that can help them watch their kids’ online space and allow them access to control it. Fortunately, among India’s best mobile spy apps, THEWISPY ranks on top for providing essential kids’ monitoring and parental control tools. Known for its supreme functionality, TheWiSpy is the best choice for kids’ tracking among parents around the globe.
Let’s explore the best cell phone spy app in India and get more insights on TheWiSpy features and performance.
TheWiSpy App – What Makes It Best Android Spy App in India?
It is not always stalking or breaching someone’s privacy. Still, several other reasons can make cell phone monitoring compulsory for an individual. The uprising of digital threats is one of the main reasons a parent or an employer wants to monitor kids’ or employees’ cellular devices.
TheWiSpy mobile monitoring tool delivers excellent spying tools to monitor and secure Indian digital space in real-time. India’s leading mobile phone tracking system to help you monitor India’s cyber ecosystem with reliable surveillance spyware. Be it work phone monitoring or using parental controls, TheWiSpy app is a full-fledged app to track mobile devices.
If you are thinking, why should you invest in TheWiSpy best spy app for Android in India, then you must consider the following facts;
Teens seek alone time to do sexting or watch porn videos.
Underage kids are vulnerable to bullying or cyber predation attacks.
In most cases, kids blame themselves for getting bullied and don’t share their experience with parents.
Teens who sext prefer to keep their relationship a secret from parents. They date strangers without their parents knowing.
Bad online exposure can develop critical mental disorders among kids. Children can experience acute or chronic depression, frustration, humiliation, anger, or other behavioral issues as a post-traumatic effect of online exploitation.
Parents globally are concerned regarding the digital security of their tweens and teens. That is why Android spy apps like TheWiSpy are so much in demand.
You must be thinking about how can TheWiSpy restrict Indian digital space.
TheWiSpy Salient Features – How to Combat Digital Threats with TheWiSpy App:
A quality Android spy app provides luxurious mobile tracking features that can control every single activity of the target device. So does TheWiSpy!
Being the best mobile spy app in India, TheWiSpy’s power features empower parents to look into their kids’ cell phones and tablets and restrict their online space like a pro.
Here is how parents can use TheWiSpy app to avoid unnecessary online exposure of kids.
TheWiSpy’s call recording enables parents to hear telephonic conversations of their teens. There is no need to ask your child to whom he or she was talking over the phone as you can record the phone calls remotely and listen to the recorded audio files via an online dashboard.
Being the best spy app for Android in India, TheWiSpy offers an elite GPS tracking feature. Now parents can track kids’ location using the GPS tracker tool. It records the complete location history and actively traces the live location of the target device in real-time.
With so many physical dangers outside, a camera spy is what every parent needs to ensure the safety of their kids. TheWiSpy’s cam spy activates your child’s phone camera. Using Spy camera app feature you can click photos or make videos and watch them discover your kid’s surroundings.
If you worry that your kid watches porn or does sexting online, it is time to record his/her phone screen—TheWiSpy app screen recorder tapes all the activities on your child’s phone or tablet screens. You can monitor web and social media activities remotely with this feature.
Text message monitoring is the most demanded feature that every parent requests. It allows parents to peek into the SMS folder of their child’s phone and read all the text conversations in real-time. It also delivers contact information, dates, and timestamps of text messages. Moreover, parents can read the deleted messages and block contacts they find unsuitable for their kids.
It enables parents to mark specific zones as allowed or prohibited to get alerts about their kids’ location. TheWiSpy is the best free spy app for Android in India that delivers high-quality geofencing tools to empower parents to monitor their kids’ real-time location.
Bad and offensive apps can ruin kids’ mentality. Dating apps and other addictive mobile applications can destroy the academic performance of children. TheWiSpy app blocking is a handy tool for parents to restrict improper apps from the kids’ phones and tablets.
TheWiSpy lets parents monitor the phonebook of their teen’s phones remotely. It allows parents to keep their eyes on the saved contacts of their kids’ devices to know better about their friends’ circle.
With TheWiSpy app, parents can record the ambient sounds and listen to them whenever they find the time. Surround recording helps parents know the surrounding environment of their children. It provides remote access from which parents can activate the target device microphone and record the background chats and noises.
It helps parents know all the typed keystrokes made by their kids on digital devices. Keystroke monitoring or keylogging extracts typed passwords, searches, text messages, and other activities made by the device’s keyboard.
The Final Words:
Cell phone monitoring in India is now a common activity, and parents nowadays demand the best mobile spy app in India to control the digital diet of teens. Today, TheWiSpy app is ranked as the best spy app in India. So, if you are looking for a free spy app for Android undetectable in India, try TheWiSpy today. | <urn:uuid:beeaa0a3-7926-4d65-b998-13c177501727> | {
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The Quick 10: 10 Presidential Firsts
On June 7, 1892, Benjamin Harrison became the first President of the United States to ever attend a baseball game. In 1910, baseball had become so identified as America's sport that William Howard Taft threw the first ceremonial pitch of the season. Every President has done it at least once since, save for one - Jimmy Carter. He threw first pitches of games, but never the ceremonial season opener. And Obama hasn't done it yet, either, but he's got some time.
Nearly every POTUS accomplished some sort of first during his tenure - even if it was just "First President to Die While in Office" (William Henry Harrison, after about 32 days into his presidency). If I missed your favorite, be sure to share it in the comments.
1. First President to get the ceremonial opening pitch from the pitcher's mound to the catcher - Bill Clinton.
2. First President to own an automobile "“ William Howard Taft. He was also the last President to maintain any sort of facial hair.
3. First President to be born a citizen of the United States "“ Martin Van Buren (the seven Presidents before him were all born in the American Colonies before they were part of the United States).
4. First President to enjoy electricity in the White House "“ Benjamin Harrison. He received a shock when he flipped the lights on one evening and his whole family was scared to use the lights after that.
5. First President to fly in an airplane "“ Teddy Roosevelt, which is no surprise. The adventurous Commander in Chief took a four-minute plane ride on a craft built by the Wright Brothers in 1910.
6. First President to have a pet in the White House "“ John Adams. Washington had pets but didn't live in the White House. Adams had dogs named Juno and Satan "“ the name of the latter would surely raise a big fuss these days, don't you think?
7. First President to have a phone in his office "“ Herbert Hoover. Prior to him, the phone was in a phone booth outside. The first President to use a phone, however, was Rutherford B. Hayes.
8. First President to hold a pilot's license - Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was issued pilot's license number 93,258 on November 30, 1939, while stationed in the Philippines.
9. First President to speak on the radio "“ Warren G. Harding. But Franklin Roosevelt made the medium his own with his "Fireside Chats."
10. First President to ride in a train "“ Andrew Jackson. He rode the Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) from Ellicott's Mill, Maryland, to Baltimore. John Quincy Adams had also ridden a train but never as president. | <urn:uuid:ef7cf107-df87-49cc-86a2-9ba01b64a0cf> | {
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At the moment mass manufacturing appears to be a distinguished situation amongst artists around the globe. These are used for the airing of art, photography, ceramics, drawings, sketches as well as for paintings. Musicians do not want an evidence of this, and neither do artists. A caricature is a cartoon drawing of somebody that exaggerates their look or behavior in a humorous method to create enjoyable.
The instructor also had the scholars write a poem using words they felt while they, the snowflakes, had been falling to the ground (Jacobs, 1999, p.2). The motivational powers of the humanities are vital as this teacher explained, Hooking a child is half, if no more than half, the battle of learning.
And while the ideas and inspiration behind a particular painting are a vital factor in our appreciation of a work of art, the particular colours and how they are used collectively are also a major a part of our emotional response to what we see.
From thinker John Dewey to psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung, intellectuals of the 20th century influenced the emergence of a psychology of artwork that seemed to have moved beyond the thoughts processes of the artist to include the process of creation and likewise its perception inspecting artwork from biological, social, psychological and philosophical views.
What Perspective Actually Means In Drawing And Art
An artwork easel is available in numerous sizes and styles and are comprised of wooden or metal and are designed for sure purposes. Preservation of Culture: The humanities serve to preserve a individuals’s culture. If an artist successfully creates a visual phantasm, he’s nearly like a magician. Artists are also report keepers in a way. But many artists do very nicely representing themselves. Financial Value: The arts are equally a really profitable enterprise for severe-minded artists.
Art has the potential for making feelings and ideas vivid; but to function expressively, an artwork form should be created so that it captures the exact feeling and imagery of our expertise. It includes the inventive and the expressive art forms similar to, Effective Arts Remedy, Sand Play, Clay, Motion Therapy, Psychodrama, Function Play, Writing Remedy, and Music Remedy to name some.
visual arts center classes, visual arts center summer camp, visual artists rights act graffiti
Painting mist or fog turns an unusual scene into one thing special or specific. With the dearth of attention art is getting outside of the classroom, teachers cannot afford not to incorporate dance, theater, visible arts, or music in their lesson plans. The Technique of Artwork used throughout that interval had been, Carving (primarily on bones & stones) and Work (on the walls of caves).
Visible Illusions Of The Thoughts
Cartooning is an efficient illustration instrument that Graphic artists, in addition to fashion designers, can make the most of within the designing of visible communication products like magazines, posters, billboards and so forth. Replicas of well-known paintings like the Mona Lisa have been created, however it’s easy for art connoisseurs to know what the … | <urn:uuid:81e0e70f-bb9a-4bde-8967-18106d1b5da9> | {
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Many non-Muslim onlookers in places like the West have heard of the apparent human rights violations that occur in the some parts of the Islamic world, and they have come to conclude that women are naturally supposed to take a subordinate position to men. While there might be some good reasons for observers to believe this, it is actually more complicated as the status of women in Islam is one that can be perceived in many ways.
To begin with though, it should be noted that the Quran dictates that men and women and equal before God, but as will be shown, this done not always mean that women are treated in the same way as men in Islamic communities. There are many countries in this world where the teaching of Islam are interpreted in a very conservative way, one that justifies a certain type of societal treatment that most people around the world would consider to be a gross violation of any conception of human rights. It is for this reason that Women Living Under Muslim Law (WLUML) was established. They seek to provide "information, support and a collective space for women whose lives are shaped, conditioned or governed by laws and customs said to derive from Islam." They provide many resources on their website, and some of them are there to educate people about the human rights issues that are affecting women in several Muslim countries across the world.
[...] From this critical review, it will be clear that there are fundamental human rights violations going on in Sudan being perpetrated against women, but as sociologists, we must view this as the attempt by social groups to control each other, and not as the implementation of an inherently dangerous religion. Both of the articles bring up many serious issues regarding human rights violations that are seemingly taking place in Sudan. The first article goes into depth about all of the ways in which violence against women is being propagated in Sudanese law. [...]
[...] Hale also notes how Women are needed in Islamic society, more so than the leaders would have them think, and there is a component of the female population in the country that is capitalizing on this and using it to try and redefine gender roles and power and relationship with the state. The situation in Sudan speaks to the greater issue of Women and Islam. As mentioned in the introduction, there are many outside-lookers that might assume from what they have heard that these two words are incompatible. [...]
[...] This is one example of how this Act is assault on women's identity and dignity and are aimed at them solely on the grounds of their gender.” Other aspects of the law like family law, the marriage contract, guardianship, polygamy and public conduct serve the same outcome. Chughtai is successful in addressing the blatant human rights concerns that are present in the Sudan, but it is presented in a way that seems to argue that religion is the problem, albeit the strict interpretation of the religion. [...]
[...] Introduction: Inside the Gender Jihad, Reform in Islam. In Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam. Oxford: OneWorld Women Living Under Muslim Law. About Us. Accessed on July from http://wluml.org/english/about.shtml. Women Living Under Muslim Law. About Us. Accessed on July from http://wluml.org/english/about.shtml. Ismat Chughtai. Legal Aid, New Laws [...]
[...] Reference List: Chughtai, Ismat. Legal Aid, New Laws & Violence Against Women in Sudan. Accessed on July from http://wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd=i-87- Clark, Sevda. Female Subjects of International Human Rights Law: The Hijab Debate and the Exotic Other Female. Global Change, Peace and Security, 19(1). Hale, Sondra. Gender Politics and Islamization in Sudan. Accessed on July from http://wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd=i-87- 2670. Kendall, Diana., Linden, Rick & Murray, Jane Lothian. Sociology in Our Times. Toronto: Thomson Nelson Wadud, Amina. [...]
APA Style referenceFor your bibliography
Online readingwith our online reader
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The question @issue the trading market today is about "a kilo and a few pounds?"A pound, a few grams?1 kg, 1 lbs, 1 ounces and other weight units conversion?」
Today in Taiwan's traditional market common weight units @issue question is about "a pound and a few?"A pound and a few kilos?1 Jin, 1 Jin, 1 Jin and other weight units conversion?」
The bloody repression adopted by the Japanese Army in the early days and the forced education of the Japanese emperor in the later period caused the local people of Taiwan to be more and more full of Japanese habits after the restoration of the country.Taiwan's traditional market, tea industry is commonly used in the "Taiwan Jin" is from the Japanese militarism after the flow of a paradigm to date.
I believe that many people must be in the length of units, inch, inch, ruler, foot usage feel hu, the following will explain to you the practical significance of these units of length.
China uses metric units, the basic unit of length is "millimeter", "centimeter", "meter", corresponding to the use of international units in mainland China's "millimeters", "centimeters" and "meters." | <urn:uuid:b1d24b47-e196-4d89-a351-a2a25c3b19b6> | {
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Are you concerned about your carbon footprint? That is how much energy you and your family expend on a daily basis. A carbon footprint covers everything from how you get to work to the food you eat and how you stay warm around the house. There’s a lot of things that you can do to reduce your carbon footprint beyond just recycling your papers, plastics and soda cans. Here are some steps you can put into action starting today:
Lower the Thermostat
Obviously heating your home is a big expenditure especially in the coming weeks. The recommendation from the EPA is to keep your thermostat at a cozy 68° during the fall and winter. That might seem a bit too cold but it can make a significant impact not only on your monthly electric a power bill but also on the environment. You can be more efficient by making sure you close vents in rooms that aren’t in use and keep those doors shut. Also, it might help to have a programmable thermostat. That way it can turn on just a few minutes before you get home as opposed to staying on all day.
Lower the Water Temperature
As you are lowering your thermostat for your home heat, you can also lower the temperature on your water heater. You may not be aware of just how hot your water gets. The optimum temperature should be around 120°. If you can manage down to 110 or 105 then that’s even better. Many home heaters are set at 130 and above. Not only is that wasteful but it also increases the risk of scalding water coming out of the faucet.
Switch Out the Light Bulbs
Are you good at turning off lights every time you leave the room? That’s a positive step to take but you can also replace those incandescent lightbulbs with new energy-efficient bulbs. They may cost a little bit more but you will be replacing them as much. In fact, one compact fluorescent light can last for several years.
Recycle Your Junk
If you planning on getting rid of some big items like furniture or major kitchen appliances then you should consider recycling them as well. That might be a challenge if you’re doing the job on your own but if you turn it over to Junk King Portland it will be a problem at all. Junk King Portland is dedicated itself to an eco-friendly way of disposing of all the things it collects. There helping Portland get to the goal of zero waste. You can reduce your carbon footprint with help from Junk King Portland without even lifting a finger. | <urn:uuid:019bece9-4bd0-4553-90bc-d7020b7797a3> | {
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Kansas State Flower: Sunflower Facts
To print the information on this page, download Sunflower Facts (PDF)
Facts about the Sunflower
- Early settlers celebrated this ubiquitous plains flower and in 1903, the Kansas Legislature designated the Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, as the state flower. Like many wide-spread plants, it is known by several other names such as Common Sunflower, Wild Sunflower and Annual Sunflower.
- The genus Helianthus comes from the Greek "helios" meaning "sun" and "anthos" meaning "flower." The species "annuus" means "annual."
- It is not the only species of sunflower found in Kansas. There is another annual species as well as ten perennial species.
- Our Sunflower grows in every Kansas county due to its adaptability to soils from sand to clay and toleration of dry to medium moist soils. In early fall, the yellow flowers give the prairies and roadsides a golden glow.
- Growing in full sun, the plant appears weedy with rough, hairy stems towering 5 to 12 feet tall and coarse toothed leaves. Contrary to folklore, Sunflowers do not follow the sun; they typically face eastward when mature.
- Like other members of the Aster family, the "flower" is actually an inflorescence, consisting of an outer circle of sterile ray petals and an inner disc of tiny florets, each capable of producing an individual fruit.
- The glorious yellow flowers are 3 to 6 inches wide; the spiral pattern of the florets maximizes the use of space. The arrangement as florets has been described as a mathematical formula using: the angle of growth, radius from the center, and index number of each floret.
Animal Uses of the Sunflower
- Bees and butterflies enjoy the nectar and pollen as they pollinate the disc flowers. Mammals, birds, and insects consume the foliage and flowers.
- The large seed heads serve the winter food needs of goldfinches, sparrows and many small mammals.
- Cattle feeds are made from the leaves, stems, and flowers as well as the seed remains created when extracting oil.
Human Uses of the Sunflower
- The Sunflower was domesticated by indigenous North and South American peoples over 3,000 BC. The Sunflower represented the Sun God to many Native American tribes and remains an iconic positive symbol, used in advertising and company logos.
- Sunflower seeds provide the third most common source of cooking oil. They also serve as a human food and can be converted into biofuel.
- Yellow dye can be extracted from the flowers and purple-black dye from the seed. Paper and latex can be manufactured from the stems. The stem piths are ultra light and can be used in flotation devices.
- Sunflowers tolerate high levels of soil toxins and are used to remove lead, arsenic, and radioactive isotopes from contaminated soil in a process known as "phytoremediation."
- Gardeners appreciate Sunflowers for their beauty, drought tolerance, and deer-resistance. Over 50 cultivars of Helianthus annuus have been bred for the home garden and cut flower trade. | <urn:uuid:c33f7ca3-31d5-43c8-b2a7-37f1f7cfb957> | {
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The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a series of standards that specify a general purpose switched digital data network. An ISDN `call' creates a synchronous point to point data service to the destination. ISDN is generally delivered on a high speed link that is broken down into a number of discrete channels. There are two different types of channels, the `B Channels' which will actually carry the user data and a single channel called the `D channel' which is used to send control information to the ISDN exchange to establish calls and other functions. In Australia for example, ISDN may be delivered on a 2Mbps link that is broken into 30 discrete 64kbps B channels with one 64kbps D channel. Any number of channels may be used at a time and in any combination. You could for example establish 30 separate calls to 30 different destinations at 64kbps each, or you could establish 15 calls to 15 different destinations at 128kbps each (two channels used per call), or just a small number of calls and leave the rest idle. A channel may be used for either incoming or outgoing calls. The original intention of ISDN was to allow Telecommunications companies to provide a single data service which could deliver either telephone (via digitised voice) or data services to your home or business without requiring you to make any special configuration changes.
There are a few different ways to connect your computer to an ISDN service. One way is to use a device called a `Terminal Adaptor' which plugs into the Network Terminating Unit that you telecommunications carrier will have installed when you got your ISDN service and presents a number of serial interfaces. One of those interfaces is used to enter commands to establish calls and configuration and the others are actually connected to the network devices that will use the data circuits when they are established. Linux will work in this sort of configuration without modification, you just treat the port on the Terminal Adaptor like you would treat any other serial device. Another way, which is the way the kernel ISDN support is designed for allows you to install an ISDN card into your Linux machine and then has your Linux software handle the protocols and make the calls itself.
Kernel Compile Options:
ISDN subsystem ---> <*> ISDN support [ ] Support synchronous PPP [ ] Support audio via ISDN < > ICN 2B and 4B support < > PCBIT-D support < > Teles/NICCY1016PC/Creatix support
The Linux implementation of ISDN supports a number of different types of internal ISDN cards. These are those listed in the kernel configuration options:
· ICN 2B and 4B · Octal PCBIT-D · Teles ISDN-cards and compatibles
Some of these cards require software to be downloaded to them to make them operational. There is a separate utility to do this with.
Full details on how to configure the Linux ISDN support is available from the /usr/src/linux/Documentation/isdn/ directory and an FAQ dedicated to isdn4linux is available at www.lrz-muenchen.de. (You can click on the english flag to get an english version).
A note about PPP. The PPP suite of protocols will operate over either asynchronous or synchronous serial lines. The commonly distributed PPP daemon for Linux `pppd' supports only asynchronous mode. If you wish to run the PPP protocols over your ISDN service you need a specially modified version. Details of where to find it are available in the documentation referred to above. | <urn:uuid:a749779c-6475-4a54-bd18-5e68171d74ef> | {
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Our research questions
Nutrition-specific interventions are not being scaled up adequately
Nutrition-specific interventions target the immediate causes of undernutrition: inadequate dietary intake and ill-health. The 2013 Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Nutrition recommended ten direct interventions to be implemented at scale in countries with high rates of undernutrition. These interventions could reduce stunting by 20.3%. In fragile contexts, proven preventative direct interventions are rarely prioritised because of the urgent need to save lives. Also short-term programming cycles result in limited scale up.
Despite progress in understanding the technical aspects of nutrition interventions, there is a dearth of actionable research on how to scale up and sustain such interventions.Transform Nutrition have built on the evidence base with a foundational evidence review, which found nine critical ingredients for effective scaled-up impact on nutrition, and a number of studies which explore these ingredients in particular contexts. | <urn:uuid:808eebd2-1b63-41fe-8dab-968dd863cd9e> | {
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MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST:
All right. A closer look now at the research behind the race for a vaccine. For a COVID-19 vaccine to work, it has to get our immune systems to recognize the coronavirus. And to do that, many vaccines need what is called an adjuvant. As NPR science correspondent Joe Palca explains, getting the right adjuvant can make all the difference in whether a vaccine works.
JOE PALCA, BYLINE: It's relatively easy to describe what an adjuvant is. Gregory Glenn is president of research and development at Novavax, one of the companies making a COVID-19 vaccine.
GREGORY GLENN: The definition of adjuvant is something you add to enhance, in the case of immunity, the immune response.
PALCA: That's what vaccines do. They essentially trick our bodies into making an immune response to a specific virus or bacterium, so if something dangerous comes along, our immune systems will be ready. But Glenn says before it can prompt a response to a specific virus, the immune system has to be primed.
GLENN: When you inject a vaccine, the first immune cell that's of importance is a dendritic cell.
PALCA: Dendritic cells are part of what's called the innate immune system. These cells will respond to anything foreign that enters the body, coronavirus included.
GLENN: If they see something - they see a virus or bacteria, they become highly activated. And then they create a whole cascade of events.
PALCA: That cascade leads to the production of antibodies. And it's the antibodies that will recognize the specific virus of interest. Novavax's testing shows the adjuvant it's using is critical for its vaccine to work. And that's the case for many vaccines. But the strange thing is there aren't a lot of adjuvants out there. Bali Pulendran is a vaccine developer at Stanford University.
BALI PULENDRAN: We only think about adjuvants when there is a dire need, such as this pandemic, for example. Now everyone's interested in a faster response and a better response and a longer-lasting response. Or when it comes to special populations, such as the very young and the very old.
PALCA: Pulendran says for almost a century, scientists relied on a compound called alum to act as an adjuvant. It wasn't until the 1990s that new adjuvants started appearing on the scene. Now there are several more options. But Pulendran says more choices are needed.
PULENDRAN: This is the topic that needs - deserves better attention.
PALCA: That's a sentiment Corey Casper totally agrees with. He's the CEO of IDRI, the Infectious Disease Research Institute, and a proselytizer for adjuvant research. Casper says consider what the pharmaceutical company GSK did with its shingles vaccine. Just by adding an adjuvant...
COREY CASPER: It took a vaccine that had previously existed which was about 50% effective, and it needed 97% effective and not just in all people but in the hardest-to-protect people, who are the elderly, who typically make poor immune responses.
PALCA: Casper says the vaccine community has underestimated the importance of adjuvants. He's even got data suggesting that adjuvants alone might be capable of preventing infectious diseases. And he says that has enormous implications.
CASPER: Every time a new infection pops up, there's a race to develop a new vaccine for it. But what if you could give people the adjuvant alone and didn't have to develop a vaccine? That adjuvant could be stockpiled. It could be, you know, made at millions of doses placed on the shelf, sitting there waiting for the next pandemic.
SALLIE PERMAR: Yeah, I think there's some truth to that.
PALCA: Sallie Permar is a vaccine researcher at Duke University. She says scientists now have a better idea of how adjuvants work and how they might be able to prevent disease all by themselves. But Permar says you have to be careful with adjuvants.
PERMAR: There are some downsides to having such a strong adjuvant effect.
PALCA: In the process of activating immune cells, adjuvants can also bring on some of the symptoms of disease, such as fever, malaise or inflammation. The GSK shingles vaccine works well because of its adjuvant. But many people complain about unpleasant side effects. Permar says it should be possible to develop new adjuvants that make a vaccine work better while minimizing these side effects.
PERMAR: There is a whole science awaiting us in vaccines that lies in adjuvants.
PALCA: With so much attention being paid to vaccines now, that science might not be far off.
Joe Palca, NPR News.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record. | <urn:uuid:77e93f35-52a9-433e-abdd-6d4972940643> | {
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2.3 Algebraic notation
Instead of using English words, we write algebra using mathematical notation:
- means, “the sum of x and 2″, or alternatively, “x increased by 2″. Both refer to the same formula.
- means “the difference between x and 2″, or alternatively, “x decreased by 2″. Both refer to the same formula.
- means “the product of 2 and x“
A term is a combination of numbers and variables, involving only multiplication or division (and NOT addition or subtraction).
Examples of terms may be 2x, 3xy, 5x/y. As is evident, no plus or minus sign is present!
By convention, we write:
- Numbers before the variables. This is why we write 2x, and not x2
- Variables in alphabetical order. This is why we write xyz and not yzx
- x instead of 1x. You can leave out the 1
When we use variables, the variables can take on any value. For example, when we write “2xy“, the x and y can refer to -10, -9.999, 5, 20, etc… absolutely any value! However, if you’ve been given more information, such as that x is 2 and y is 3, you can determine its single value, by substituting, i.e. . This process of replacing a variable with a number is known as substitution.
Word questions make algebra more difficult. For example, if I consistently see Mandy 5 times a month, how many times will I see her in x months? Well, that would be 5x | <urn:uuid:dd3df6e9-4ee5-458d-ab04-f1fbb63a2159> | {
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Teddy Bears are often given to children in times of need, could the same practice work with your dog?
In relation to dog behaviour, separation anxiety is a commonly used term for dogs who show signs including sadness, distress, fear and frustration, or who exhibit a range of behaviours including barking, whining, howling, house soiling (weeing and pooing), or destructive type behaviours – when left alone or separated from their caregivers, family members or even another animal from the same household. Often they have a strong bond with the person or animal they are being separated from, but this is not always the case.
MOST COMMONLY DIAGNOSED BY VETS
According to a recent scientific paper (de Assis et al 2020), the percentage of the general dog population believed to show signs of separation distress and related behaviours, is 22 – 55% and makes up between 14 – 40% of all cases of dog behaviour referral cases.
That means there are a LOT of dogs affected! It’s widespread throughout the world’s dog population, and not specific to the dog’s breed, age, size, health status or where/how the dog was acquired (eg. breeder or shelter).
In more recent years vets, behaviourists, scientists and ethologists have started taking a closer look at this, in order to better understand the underlying emotional states and the psychology behind it, in an attempt to provide more effective diagnosis and treatment plans which can be offered to support these dogs.
SEPARATION RELATED BEHAVIOURS
It has become clear that not all of these behaviours and ‘symptoms’ can be termed as ‘separation anxiety‘. The word anxiety refers to feelings related to worry, fear or apprehension about what’s to come. Though this might be true in some cases, not all dogs show initial signs of distress at being left alone, and only after a period of time will start to vocalise and become destructive.
The preferred terms now used therefore are: ‘Separation Related Disorder’ or ‘Separation Related Behaviours’, which are both umbrella terms for the wide range underlying emotions and ways they are expressed by dogs, when they are left home alone or isolated for any reason.
TAKE IT SERIOUSLY
Whatever the cause or reason is for the dog ‘acting out’ in this way – please don’t ignore it in the hope that he/she will simply get used to being alone.
Dog’s behaviour is communication – we need to listen and take them seriously. Their needs are just as valid and important as any member of our family. If we don’t, it is likely to develop into something more serious. Don’t ignore their ‘whispers’ until they have to ‘shout’ to get their message across.
Thankfully there is help at hand for both dogs and their caregivers, who are affected by this often debilitating condition. Indeed, the emotions and mindset of the person involved are equally important, and should not be considered separate from the issue.
Because of the complexity, there is no ‘quick-fix’ or ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to helping dogs with separation problems. It’s important that each individual dog and their particular situation is assessed carefully and thoroughly by an experienced professional, and then a holistic plan put together that will be effective and supportive for the dog and their person.
There is so much more to this topic, and I will be writing a series of follow up of blog posts, so stay tuned and sign up for the newsletter if you want to get the latest article straight to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:1310e445-7e13-480d-96db-6151d1a46f47> | {
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What did the mop on the balcony mean?
(a) It was safe to come home.
(b) Food was low.
(c) Someone had died.
(d) There was danger ahead.
2. Who went with Ji Li to hear Jia Hong-yu?
(a) Ji Yung.
(d) An Yi.
3. How long was Ji Li sick with a fever?
(a) 5 days.
(b) 8 days.
(c) 10 days.
(d) 14 days.
4. What was stolen from Ji Yung to get him in a fight?
(a) An instrument.
(b) His cap.
(c) A book.
(d) His canvas.
5. What was painted on the Propaganda Wall?
(a) Posts about imposters.
(b) A picture of Mao.
(c) A timeline of the old days.
(d) Statements from the Officials.
Short Answer Questions
1. How did Ji Li feel about taking over the cooking in her house?
2. What was Long's occupation?
3. What was the sign finally broken with?
4. What was Ji Li happy about while she was sick with a fever?
5. Where did Jia Hong-yu see the largest group of Red Guards?
Short Essay Questions
1. What happened after Ji Li was injured in the fields?
2. What made Ji Li so nervous about presenting at the Class Education Exhibition?
3. How did Grandmother feel about the Four lds, and how did Ji Li respond to this?
4. How did Ji Li know that her father was hving troubles at work?
5. Why were classes canceled?
6. What did Zhang Xin say when he first met Ji Li?
7. What did Zhang tell Ji Li when she asked about being chosen to help with the Exhibition?
8. What kind of honor was Ji Li given at the beginning of the book?
9. What did Ji Li hope to achieve at the Exhibition?
10. What was the meaning of Ji Li's name?
This section contains 634 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:dbc760cb-b0ad-4e98-a36a-c00cac956d08> | {
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Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Salmoniformes
(Salmons) > Salmonidae
(Salmonids) > Coregoninae
Etymology: Coregonus: Greek, kore = pupils of the eye + Greek, gonia = angle (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Freshwater; demersal. Temperate
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 26.5 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 12193); common length : 27.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 12193)
Morphology | Morphometrics
soft rays: 10 - 16. Body elongate, moderately compressed laterally. Head relatively long, snout narrow, elongate; mouth terminal, lower jaw usually equal to upper jaw but may be longer or shorter. Overall coloration silvery with pink iridescence. Pale blue or green on back, becoming blue-green on the sides. Ventral surface silvery white. Pigmentation on premaxillae and on top of the head. Fins mainly clear or white, translucent, with lightly scattered pigmentation, pelvic fins immaculate.
North America: this species was indigenous to the Great Lakes basin, occurred in the deeper portions of lakes Huron and Michigan (Ref. 1998).
Formerly commercial important, but now extinct (Ref 12269).
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 90363)
Threat to humans
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
CollaboratorsPicturesStamps, CoinsSoundsCiguateraSpeedSwim. typeGill areaOtolithsBrainsVision
Estimates of some properties based on empirical models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00537 (0.00288 - 0.01001), b=3.18 (3.02 - 3.34), based on LWR estimates for species & Genus-BS (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.3 ±0.4 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:6a6da78c-349a-4465-a6f9-d4267bded30a> | {
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HOPLITES AND ANCIENT GREEK BATTLE FAIR. FROM EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING. AN INSIGHT VIEW OF POPULARIZATION METHODS
Spyridon Bakas, Association of Historical Studies KORYVANTES
The modern needs on observing and examine the past and the history, demand new and not conventional presentational methods. This article presents with the use of several examples, the ways that Association Koryvantes uses experiential learning for the promotion and the popularization of Archaeology. Innovative ways of communication, which enable archaeology outcomes to be accepted by the general public with a maximum effectiveness.
Experiential learning, interactive participation, Association Koryvantes, popularization, experimental archaeology.
To download this paper in .pdf format, please click here: FROM EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO EXPERIENTIAL
The development in the archaeological world over the past several decades has been undoubtful and multidimentional. The several routes in which archaeology has been evolved in combination with other sciences has given us new dimensions on the understanding of an archaeological discovery. The modern needs on observing and examine the past and the history, demand new and not conventional presentational methods. Methods that have to involve the receiver and make him part of what is going to be presented.
Especially children, as the most related to this, have to be in the centre of those presentational methods and techniques. Experiential learning and interactive participations can help children to learn by exploring, experiencing, and transact with the world around them. This form of education is not conventional. Children are allowed to learn naturally, on their own terms. Experiential education can occur via acts like creative workshops, playing, pretend playing, imaginative participations.
One to one transaction enhances physical learning, a language that includes kinaesthetic activities, natural to most children. (Griss 1998) Neuroscientists also confirm that learners who have been offered several modes of representation generate more brain activity, because they try to correlate these stimuli. (Watson, 2005). Thus, stimulation of multiple sensory experiences (speech, actions, pictures, symbols) can offer deeper understanding of a new concept.
This position is also reflected in Howard-Jones’ (2011) findings that simple learning games help students recall easily newly learned information. These results give rise to the elusive theory of ‘edutainment’ (experiences that combine education with the entertainment of games).
Furthermore, recent neuroscientific research adds new perspectives to better understand the role that kinaesthetic activities and movement plays in learning (Jensen, 2005; Watson, 2005). Jensen (2005) stresses the importance of integrating movement activities into everyday learning. According to him, brain-compatible learning means that educators should teach lessons along with movement, drama and the arts.
Finally, a Johns Hopkins University neuroeducation research group found that intense training in visual arts, music and dance was associated with better geometric sensitivity performance (Johns Hopkins University NeuroEducation Initiative, 2009). These promising results can help educators further their understanding of the ways their students learn and can provoke thinking with regard to broader educational issues.
The Association of Historical Studies ‘Koryvantes’ deals with experimental archaeology, historical reconstruction and reenacting. It concentrates on the study of ancient Greek warfare through experimental archaeology techniques, covering a time range from the 15th to the 3rd century BC. Until now we have reconstructed successfully various types of warrior accoutrement from the 10th to the 5th century BC. The Koryvantes Association has been active officially from 2009, as a non–profit, living history association. The Association counts more than 45 active members in Greece and abroad, amongst them writers, researchers, reenactors and history enthusiasts.
During these four years of activity, the Association has managed to be productive on many levels related to historical research issues, e.g. participation in experimental archaeology projects, publications of experimental results, participation in numerous educative public events and international documentaries (Bakas 2012).
Working with the scope of research and reconstruction of ancient weapons and armors covering most of the Greek Military History from Bronze Age down to the appearance of firearms, the Association of Historical Studies Koryvantes is in position to comprehend the unrealistic nature of reconstructions undertaken under a set of lax approaches and image-copying approximations and it stresses the need to introduce methodologies and techniques of Experimental Archaeology.
This need rises in all ages from Mycenaean to Late Byzantine – especially the latter for which we do not have any real finding relying solely on few artistic depictions Without any doubt experimental archeology has indisputable advantages as an interactive medium between performers and the general public.
Living history and a revival of the past in realistic fashion can be achieved by a natural fusion of protagonists and spectators (Bakas 2010). Our club had the opportunity to implement experimental archeology with interactive applications during several events and workshops, combining the archeological reconstructions with the live communication with the audience. Generic activation of the human senses (touch, hearing, vision, smell) and the simultaneous participation of a receiving audience during the presentation guarantee acceptance of the results of experimental archaeology (Bakas 2012). In this context, our Association participates regularly in various public activities, such as demonstrations and lectures for children and students, public presentations at cultural events and public lectures about Ancient Greek martial arts.
These aspects are easy to find in modern interactive marketing and have been introduced at many archaeological parks (Yorke and Uzi 2004, 10–20) Our participation on the Biskupin Archaeological Festival in Poland (17–25 September 2011) gave us a critical opportunity to deploy various popularization methods under the guidance and strategic plan of educational supervisors. The results of experimental archeology, such as a technical movement, a hoplite phalanx drill and phalanx formation, were combined harmoniously and amusingly with the participation of small children during the event. The audience and mostly the children were the aiming center of our presentations.
We used several means trying to convince the children that the heavily armored hoplites were not some fearsome monsters but somehow «heroes» who were willing to be approached and could be friends with them.
One interesting workshop was the «Hoplitodromia» race, a race used to be held by the ancient Greek warriors and athletes carrying only a shield. Each time 5 randomly selected children were urged to participate on this race, in front of the hundreds of the audience. The final price for the winner would be a Koryvantes t-shirt and an olive wreath. While the whole history of the Hoplitodromia race was described by a specialist through a microphone, the children had the opportunity to realize the importance and the cultural meaning of this representation and participation.
The end result of the workshop was surprisingly successful and satisfactory. The collaborationbetween the hoplites and the children, and the two–way interactive transaction gave the children the opportunity to express themselves in the most effective way. When an interactive lesson of experimental archeology is being linked to kinesthetic experiences, the result is that the children gain a deeper understanding of the content than an isolated course. A flexible approach to History and Archaeology education is necessary to encourage this kind of learning. The experience we obtained doing this interactive course helped us cultivate a more holistic view on this subject and gave us more ideas for our upcoming public presentations.
Another interesting workshop was during our participation in Gallo-Romain International Archaeological Festival in France (June 2-32012). Our participation was under the directions of educational specialists who guide us on new popularization techniques and activities. Along with individuals visitors we had the opportunity to welcome primary schools with their teachers.
During this, while on our exhibition tent, we urged the children to try to touch and wear our armour (always in safety mode). We gave emphasis on creativity, imagination and collaboration. We then urged them to talk between each other and try to make stories of imaginary ancient warriors and heroes. This exercise gave the students enough space to move, play and create their own piece of artistic work and encouraged conversations and working in groups in order to support their historical and social learning. It was impressive how aesthetically valuable, the choreographies they created were. The freedom to experiment and create moves and scenarios was regarded as fun, and also the sheer enjoyment of the physical movement opposed to ‘bookish’ learning. This kinaesthetic experience was appreciated by all the participant children.
Nevertheless, we were also aware of the fact that students’ creativity might be affected by our presence, but surprisingly nothing happened. A meaningful interpretation of the results regarding the relationship between kinaesthetic learning and students with specific learning needs in history is needful. It is important to remember that the supervising teachers noted that during this workshop the students with ‘specific learning needs in history’ and ‘behaviourally challenging children’ who are ‘kinaesthetic learners’, were very active, participative and ‘really enjoyed it’. According to the teachers this workshop gave them an opportunity to ‘have a different way of learning’, feel included – as they ‘did as much as anyone else’ – and, above all, ‘helped their learning on history and archaeology going further.
Thinking about traditional archaeology and modern educational methods as two diverse and non-overlapping fields is at least erroneous and should stimulate the debate on the importance of a holistic educational system, in which all areas of the curriculum should be linked and be opened to new options. Resolution of this problem would have catalytic effects in education as it has the prospect of breaking through the current curric-ulum structure, the teaching guidelines and the educational system in general.
I would like to thank Mr Georgios Kanakaris and Mr Nikolaos Kleisiaris, members of Association Koryvantes for their valuable contribution on this research.
Bakas, S. 2012
Amateurs and archaeology. Experimental method or madness? How do we share it all? Archaeological Heritage: Methods of Education and Popularization, Chowaniec-Więckowski (Eds), Oxford: 9-13.
Bakas, S. 2010
World Traditional Archery: History and Present Situation of Preservation, in Proceedings of WTAF International Academic Seminar 2010, 150–152. Cheonan City: The National Association of Archery for All Publishing.
Griss, S. 1998
Minds in Motion, Heinemann Publishing, Portsmouth, NH: 1-14.
Howard-Jones, P. 2011
Towards a Science of Learning Games, Mind, Brain and Education, 5(1): 33-41.
Jensen, E. 2005
Teaching with the Brain in Mind (2nd Ed.), Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Johns Hopkins University NeuroEducation Initiative, 2009
NeuroEducation: Learning, arts, and the brain: Findings and challenges for educators and researchers from the 2009 Johns Hopkins University Summit. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
Watson, A. 2005
Dance and mathematics: Engaging senses in learning. Australian Senior Mathematics Journal,
Yorkem, R. and Uzi, A. 2004
Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past: Oxford: Altamira Press.
REZIME HIPOLITI I ANTIČKO GRČKO BOR ILAŠTVO. OD EKSPERIMENT
ALNE ARHEOLOGIJE DO EMPIRIJSKOG UČENJA. RAZMATR ANJE SUŠTINE METODA POPULARIZACIJE
Ključne reči: empirijsko učenje, interaktivno učešće, asocijacija Korivantes, popularizacija, eksprimentalna arheologija.
Potreba modernog vremena u posmatranju i proučavanju prošlosti, zahteva nove i nekonvencionalne metode prezentacije. U ovom radu je prikazana upotreba nekoliko novih metoda, koje asocijacija Korivenates koristi u eksperimentalnom učenju i promociji i popularizaciji arheologije. To su novi, inovativni načini komunikacije, koji omogućavaju razumevanje arheologije u široj javnosti u najvećoj mogućoj meri.
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The pump is one of the most common devices ever created, spanning use from sanitary to manufacturing processes. A variation of it can be found in almost every home, workplace, facility, or plant, and is often critical to making sure the operations that go within these environments run smoothly.
They also come in different types and purposes (such as metering pumps made by Grundfos), but they can be classified into three general groups depending on the mechanism that they use to move the liquids that they regulate. These differences may be minute but can make a huge impact depending on the use that pump is fulfilling, as well as the site where it is placed.
Often one of the simplest methods of pumping water, using gravity pumps rely on the sheer force of the water flow to be pumped to where it needs to be. It works by manipulating the pressure of free-flowing water (typically those found in a stream or river) in different tunnels and pressure environments to force it to flow in a certain direction. The best example of this is the hydraulic ram.
It’s a rather simple system that’s most often used for irrigation and other simple water demands, but can be considered the most economical and reliable form of water pumping if operations need minimal water flow. It is often chosen as a backup method for pumping water to a higher elevation from where it was originally sourced.
These pumps also work with pressure, but control the water by trapping it in certain amounts at different sites of the pump, and then releasing the trapped amount in a discharge valve. This is the most common pump used today, with a variety of types and uses depending on the water level and amount of flow required.
The primary advantage of displacement pumps is that it’s possible to produce the same amount of water at a constant rate; therefore, earning them the moniker “constant flow machines”. This also does come with an added safety feature of having a relief or safety valve in case the water pressure starts pushing against a closed valve.
Direct lift pumps
These pumps use their mechanisms to move the water from one place to another. The system relies a lot more on the mechanical parts of the structure instead of other factors, such as gas or pressure, to move the liquid. It is used when there are other particulates inside the liquid that also need transport or when the more sophisticated system isn’t available.
While this type of pumping system can be costly to set up and maintain, it’s often very useful for the niche facilities that require it. The best advantage of direct lift pumps is that you’re often able to precisely control the volume of the liquid, as well as the conditions surrounding it, in transit, before discharge, and after collection in the tank.
While each business has a need for pumps in some form, it’s important to consult a reliable company to learn which type of pump is best for your specific application. | <urn:uuid:eecd6b73-ef95-4d09-90da-2c9790246d4a> | {
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Peruvian officials raided an old building in downtown Lima where 478 wild animals were held in unsanitary conditions without food and water. Officials believe the animals were being held to be sold in the black market.
Among the animals confiscated were 434 canary-winged parakeets, seven yellow-footed tortoises, four monkeys, a blue-and-yellow macaw, 17 black-headed parrots, four red-fronted parrots, five white-eyed parakeets, four grey-cheeked parakeets and a green parakeet.
Peru’s National Institute of Natural Resources (INRENA), the municipality of Lima, the national police and Office for Environmental Issues all took part in the raid.
According to Andina news agency, the sale of wild animals is prohibited under Peruvian law despite local merchants in Lima’s downtown continuing in the sale of monkeys, macaws, parrots, parakeets, turtles, frogs and fish.
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Have you wondered how long a paragraph should be? Quickly learn the guidelines for paragraph length and how to write paragraphs effectively. How Long Should Your GRE Essay Be? [A Data Driven Answer] Students often obsess over how long the GRE essay length should be. Here is a data driven answer to tell you about the “perfect” length. How To Succeed in Short Essay Writing - EduBirdie.com
Your essay can even focus on a hobby or passion disconnected from school as Christie does in her short answer essay on running. You'll want to avoid common short answer mistakes and make sure your essay has tight language and a sharp focus. Gwen fails on this front, and her short answer essay on soccer is wordy and repetitive.
Nov 22, 2018 ... Learn how long your short essay on a work experience or extracurricular activity should be on the Common Application and other college ... Guidelines on Writing Short Essays for Every Student | Rules ... Guidelines for writing a short essay are very similar to the basic guidelines for essay writing. The only difference is a length. The short essay has to be only half a ... How to Write a Short Essay - Prompt Admissions Writing Center The key to writing a short essay is including only the most pertinent ... Whether your essay is 200 words or 5,000 words long, introspection will always be the ...
AP U.S. History Long Essay Example Essay - Kaplan Test Prep
What is the definition of a short essay? - Quora Writing college essays have always been a challenge. Essays are also of different types. You might have to write long essays or sometimes a short essay. In long essays, we can still express ourselves in a broader form and more openly.
Guidelines for writing a short essay are very similar to the basic guidelines for essay writing. The only difference is a length. The short essay has to be only half a page long; it should also have quite a catchy topic. When talking about the formatting of essays, we have no …
If you end an essay with a quote, it's best to keep the quote very brief. Ending an essay with a long quote looks lame and give the impression that it is a substitute for a conclusion. That said ... How Long—and How Many Sentences—is a Paragraph? | Grammarly That said, remember that the idea behind a paragraph might be short and sweet, or it might merit deeper explanation. There are no strict rules about how many words or lines your paragraphs should be, and there's no need to lock your doors if you occasionally write long or short ones. The grammar police aren't coming for you. How long should a fifth grade essay be - answers.com In 5th Grade, You should be learning about paragraphs and have done a couple Essays. When I do an essay, it usually is about 10 to 12 sentences long, but I'm a 7th Grader. PDF The Differences between a Short Essay and a Short Answer ...
College App Short Answer Length: Is 150 Words Ideal?
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Free Essay: ‘Only truly ‘accurate’ measure of the length of the coastline — any coastline — shows that it is almost infinitely long.’ The coastline of... How long should a biographical essay be Brief Essays: Rules You Should Stick general and you want to know how long a brief essay should be. something about your vacations or your biography. How long are essays - Uufom School how long are essays. Easily disappointed and annoyed because how they are so used. Essay writing a brief...actually long overview. Presentation on theme: "ESSAY WRITING A BRIEF...ACTUALLY LONG OVERVIEW."— | <urn:uuid:93fb520d-b66b-41a1-beb9-f6cc739cb1cf> | {
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Other Names for this Disease
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia
See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health.
bacterium that is found in various natural environments (such as soil, water and plants), but also occurs in the hospital environment and may cause infections including those that affect the bloodstream, respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical-sites. Infections are uncommon and typically only occur in individuals with severely impaired immune systems. Risk factors in hospitalized individuals may include prior exposure to antimicrobials, mechanical ventilation, and prolonged hospitalization. It typically grows and spreads through medical devices, hospital fluids (such as irrigation solutions or IV fluids) or patient secretions, but does not readily spread between patients. S. maltophilia does not respond to many antibiotics but most strains are susceptible to co-trimoxazole treatment.Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a type of
Last updated: 3/2/2012
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Health Protection Agency. 2012; http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/StenotrophomonasMaltophilia/. Accessed 3/1/2012.
- Burke A Cunha. Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia. eMedicine. July 22, 2011; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237024-overview. Accessed 2/29/2012.
- UpToDate for patients has an information page on stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Click on UpToDate to view the information page.
In Depth Information
- Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. Click on the link to view this information. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. | <urn:uuid:d89bd9aa-7fa3-4828-af67-edc7eb561699> | {
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|Description: A map of Brevard County as of 1898 showing rivers, lakes, railroads, towns, and the county seat, Titusville.|
Place Names: Brevard, Titusville, Melbourne, Micco, Malabar, Cape Canaveral
ISO Topic Categories: boundaries, inlandWaters, transportation, oceans
Keywords: Brevard County, physical, political, transportation, physical features, county borders, railroads, boundaries, inlandWaters, transportation, oceans, Unknown,1898
Source: George Franklin Cram, Cram's Universal Atlas: Geographical, Astronomical, and Historical (Chicago, IL: Geo. F. Cram, 1898)
Map Credit: Courtesy the private collection of Roy Winkelman. | <urn:uuid:3df4281b-731a-434a-adfb-ca69ea431fb0> | {
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Ethiopia (Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ yĪtyōṗṗyā) is a fascinating country in the Horn of Africa and the second-most populous nation on the African continent (after Nigeria). It's bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and Sudan and South Sudan to the west.
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and the second-oldest official Christian nation in the world after Armenia. Ethiopia is also the place for the first Hijra (615 AD) in Islamic history where the Christian king of Ethiopia accepted Muslim refugees from Mecca sent by the prophet Mohamed.
Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world. In the long and disturbed history of the African continent, Ethiopia remains the only country which has never been colonized. Ethiopia was a founding member of the AU and is home to the African Union's headquarters. The Old Testament of the Bible records the Queen of Sheba's visit to Jerusalem.
In fact, historians believe that Ethiopia may well be the beginning of mankind. The fossils of the oldest once-living humans or "Lucy" were discovered in the northern section of Ethiopia. The remains of the fossil are said to be 3.5 million years old.
After a long and difficult period under self-declared communist rulers, the country is now back on its feet. The long history assures that there are many historic sites in the country. The natural beauty, with high mountains, lakes, waterfalls as well as arid deserts are among the natural attractions of Ethiopia.
Highlights in Ethiopia include the towns of Axum, Gondar, Harar, as well as the rock churches of Lalibela and Gheralta. Spectacular outdoor activities are rafting on the Omo River. And several national Parks offer gold opportunities for multi-day hiking in spectacular landscape, partly with good chances to spot wildlife animals. The Danakil Depression is one of few places worldwide where one can descent to an active vulcano's lava flow.
Ethiopia is one of the oldest nations in the world. It has long been an intersection between the civilizations of North Africa, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopia was never colonised, maintaining its independence during the "scramble for Africa" until the Italian military occupation which was achieved through the use of mustard gas, Italian and colonial manpower, and superior firepower.
During this period, the Italians merged the country with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland to form Italian East Africa and despite continued guerilla attacks, Abyssinia (as Ethiopia was called then) was not able to relinquish itself of Italian control until the allies pushed them out with the help of colonial troops. Ethiopia has long been a member of international organizations: it became a member of the League of Nations, signed the Declaration by United Nations in 1942, founded the UN headquarters in Africa, was one of the 51 original members of the UN, and is the headquarters for and one of the founding members of the former OAU and current AU. In 1974, its monarchist government was deposed, and replaced with a pro-Soviet military junta, which ruled Ethiopia for 17 years until the end of the Cold War.
Ethiopia was historically called Abyssinia.
The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variations. As a highland country, Ethiopia has a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around 2,000-2,500 metres (6,600-8,200 ft) above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum.
The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated in the foothills of Mount Entoto at an elevation of around 2,400 metres (8,000 ft), and experiences a healthy and pleasant climate year-round. With such temperatures, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall, a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is around 1200mm (47 in). There are on average 7 hours of sunshine per day, meaning it is sunny for around 60% of the available time. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine.
The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16°C (61°F), with daily maximum temperatures averaging 20-25°C (68-77°F) throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging 5-10°C (41-50°F). A light jacket is recommended for the evenings, though many Ethiopians prefer to dress conservatively and will wear a light jacket even during the day.
Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have comparable climates, though in less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying regions in the east of the country, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. The town of Dallol, in the Danakil Depression in this eastern zone, has the world's highest average annual temperature of 34°C (93°F).
A high plateau with a central mountain range divided by the Great Rift Valley, arid low lands in the east and lush riverine lowlands in the westernmost parts.
The lowest point of the Danakil Depression is one of the lowest and hottest points in earth at 125 metres (410 ft) below sea level. The highest point is Ras Dejen 4,620 metres (15,157 ft.) The still geologically active Great Rift Valley is susceptible to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Frequent droughts and unrestricted fecundity threaten periodic famines.
Ethiopia is now landlocked since the entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993 after years of bitter fighting. The Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia.
Three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean. Teff is also a grain that came from Ethiopia.
Time and calendar
Ethiopia uses the Ethiopian calendar, which dates back to the Coptic calendar 25 BC, and never adopted the Julian or Gregorian reforms. One Ethiopian year consists of twelve months, each lasting thirty days, plus a thirteenth month of five or six days (hence the "Thirteen Months of Sunshine" tourism slogan). The Ethiopian new year begins on 11 or 12 September (in the Gregorian calendar), and has accumulated 7-8 years lag behind the Gregorian calendar: thus, for the first nine months of 2007, the year will be 1999 according to the Ethiopian calendar. On 11 September 2007, Ethiopia celebrated New Year's Day (Enkutatesh) for 2000.
In Ethiopia, the 12-hour clock cycles do not begin at midnight and noon, but instead are offset six hours. Thus, Ethiopians refer to midnight (or noon) as 6 o'clock.
Airline timetables and our guides (unless otherwise stated) are based on the 24-hour clock and use the Gregorian calendar. | <urn:uuid:a3a7b705-2c74-4428-9466-f06de9bf2e99> | {
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Even though too much fat is bad for your health, body fat, also known as adipose tissue, is necessary for your body to stay energized, keep warm and process certain metabolic actions. Like a squirrel stashing away nuts, the body stores white and brown fat all over the body including under the skin, around organs and within muscles. The location and type of fat determines the risks it poses to your health.
When you pinch your belly to determine how overweight you are, you're pinching your subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous means under the skin, and that is exactly where this type of fat is found. Subcutaneous fat is a white fat and its main function is to provide a layer of insulation to keep you warm. Whales and other marine mammals have a thick layer of subcutaneous fat to withstand cold ocean temperatures. Women tend to store this type of fat along their hips, thighs and buttocks, whereas men tend to store it around their mid-section.
Visceral fat is a white fat that develops around your organs. Some visceral fat is necessary to protect the organs from jarring motions, but too much of this fat will harm your organs and put you at higher risk for diabetes, cardiovascular problems and mental disorders. Although a flabby mid-section is partially due to subcutaneous fat, a large belly is also the prime indicator that you have too much visceral fat. You can determine if your visceral fat is putting you at risk by dividing your waist measurement by your hip measurement. If the ratio is more than 0.85 for women or 0.95 for men, you should talk to your doctor about a weight loss program to protect your health.
When you see a piece of raw steak in the store, you'll notice white fat running through the meat. What you're seeing is intramuscular fat. Intramuscular fat serves as a fuel source for the body and provides some protection to the muscles. Unfortunately, like visceral fat, too much intramuscular fat increases a person's risk of developing diabetes. Because the heart is a muscle, high levels of this type of fat greatly increase the likelihood of cardiovascular problems.
Brown fat differs in structure from white fat. Whereas white fat has little vascularization, brown fat is filled with blood vessels. Brown fat is also crammed with energy-providing mitochondria, which allows this fat to produce heat, especially in hibernating animals. Brown fat is found throughout the body, but is most prevalent in the upper body and along the back. Although white fat makes up the greatest percentage of adipose tissue in all people, the bodies of lean people contain more brown fat than people with weight problems. Also, people living in colder climates tend to have more active brown fat than those living in warmer climates. Due to brown fat's ability to burn energy, researchers hope to find a way to use it to help people lose weight.
- WebMD: Body Fat Types
- Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine & Science: Adipose Tissue
- Biology, 4th edition; Neil Campbell
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Los Angeles city dump, 1924. Online archive of California
The plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. (CDC Plague home page). Three clinical forms of human plague exist: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic.
About 10 to 15 people per year contract the disease in the US, usually in rural places, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but now is rarely fatal. Plague was first recognized in the United States in San Francisco in 1900, and appeared in Los Angeles County in 1908. The disease was likely introduced to western United States ports via infected rats and humans who traveled on ships from Asia. In the United States, the last urban plague epidemic occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-25.
By that time, nineteen percent of the residents in Los Angeles were foreign born. There were approximately 2,000 Chinese, 12,000 Japanese, and 22,000, each group settling in different locations. (A.J. Viseltear,1974)
This plague had ethnic connotations. The plague was to be controlled together with immigrants, in a clear form of segregation that was unquestionably understood.
Though historical pictures show many buildings in very precarious conditions, including the public ones, the city health department ordered a quarantine of the “Mexican District”, a downtown section of small homes and industrial sites around Macy Street and near the river.(Deverell, 2005). Many of the structures pictured in 1924 are shacks and other low income residences. Captions identify a “Mexican Village,” “Chinatown,” and “negro dwellings” in various locations.
Immigrants shacks, Los Angeles 1924. Online archive of California
Mexican shacks, Los Angeles 1924. Online archive of California
“The quarantine, which lasted two weeks, would eventually stretch to include five urban districts. There can be little doubt, given the way in which these neighborhoods were described, by language and by perimeter, that officials perceived an overlap between ethnicity and disease.” (Deverell, 2005). Mexican areas had to be condemned and destroyed, all of them, though the verifiable cases of plague were concentrated in a couple of blocks. The plague had been peculiarly Mexicanized overseeing the rest of inhabitants.
Urban fabric of Los Angeles changed drastically, by plague-fighting design. Poor properties –approximately 2500 units- were demolished or burnt without compensation. The overall plan was a combination of slash and burn destruction and a campaign to lift structures off the ground with blocks, so cats and dogs would be free to hunt the rats under the buildings.
“The men, it was later reported, had to destroy a large part of Los Angeles”. (Deverell, 2005). Buildings were not replaced, so the dispossessed scattered to other parts of the city and county, many of them into other quarters that were unfit for home habitation. It would affect the existing neighborhoods for long years.
Burning of a Mexican Village, Los Angeles, 1924. Online Archive of California
Wrecking of China Town in Los Angeles, 1924. Online Archive of California
Wrecking shacks in Los Angeles, 1924. Online Archive of California.
One contemporary report read, Mexicans, unlike Orientals, did not attempt to hide their dead. When seriously ill, they called a priest and were prompt in securing medical aid. What proved to be lucky for health authorities, as they knew about the death toll from the beginning. The irony in the report is that the mere Mexican practices, would help the disease transfer, what was also reinforced by cultural habits as to visit relatives and friends during their illness.
Health authorities also agreed that Mexicans should not be permitted to live next to food industries, even though they were the ones doing the work in these industries.
The description of Mexican districts were no more than captions on the pictures. It became obvious that immigration was increasing with the logical consequences of overcrowded rooming houses and shacks construction at the backyards.
This terrible malady is expressed as a social and cultural phenomenon; it is related with the organization, way of life and configuration of the urban space. Its ecological impact generates adaptive strategies in the inhabitants and community organizations, new immigrants displacements, and reviews of religions beliefs that justify these changes.
Online Archive of California
Deverell, William. Whitewashed Adobe. The rise of Los Angeles and the remaking of its Mexican past. University of California Press, 2005.
González, Andrea S. “El impacto de la enfermedad en la organización social y el espacio urbano El caso de la epidemia de fiebre amarilla en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1871” en Revista Medicina y Sociedad.No2-2001. También on line, 2001 | <urn:uuid:fcbf63c5-0839-44c9-b860-7fb9551e27ca> | {
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“If the United States isn’t the birthplace of fast fashion, it is certainly its spiritual home and primary beneficiary.” So begins Chapter 1 of Threadbare: Clothes, Sex, and Trafficking, Anne Elizabeth Moore’s book documenting the complex connections of the international apparel trade. But as many of us know, the effects of fast fashion go far beyond American consumers. Our consumption habits have far reaching consequences, and Moore aims to uncover them.
A wealth of research has gone into this book, and Moore tackles the questions that many others are scared – sometimes even unwilling – to take on. What distinguishes Moore’s book from others on similar topics is its presentation; with the help of the women’s comics collective Ladydrawers, the book uses illustrations to help us better understand the complicated, and often ugly, inner workings of the garment industry.
It is a book about connections, and from fast fashion employees at stores in the United States to garment workers in Cambodia, Moore shows us how one thing is tied to another. Born out of a monthlong comics journalism series intended to help readers understand the international apparel trade, the book is a reminder that we are all complicit, and that even the best intentions can often do absolutely nothing to deal with the root cause of the problem.
For those who are well versed on the environmental and social ramifications of the global apparel industry, Moore’s book also deals with – in detail – the complexities, and often misunderstandings, of human trafficking. As Moore writes, “Unfortunately, what anti- human trafficking NGOs really do is instead quite damaging: they normalize existent labor opportunities for women, no matter how low the pay, dangerous the conditions, or abusive an environment they foster. And they shame women who reject such jobs. The true impact of the U.S.-led human trafficking movement around the world is unfortunately bleak.” Around one seventh of women in the world work in the garment industry, an industry that has been built on keeping wages low and working conditions dismal. In turn, women are kept in poverty around the globe, whilst organizations continue to fund under the auspice that they are helping them.
This “the wrongheaded idea that we can save women and girls by installing them in the garment industry —which really only perpetuates entrenched, gender-based poverty for generations,” writes Moore.
We caught up with Moore and one of Threadbare’s illustrators Delia Jean to learn more about the book, the apparel industry, and how we can do more than just have a conversation and actually work to make real change.
When it comes to the connections between women’s rights and the apparel industry, do you think that we are having this conversation enough?
Anne Elizabeth Moore: Well this book is about the connections between the garment grand and anti-trafficking conversation, and I’m the writer that broke that story in the original monthly strips on Truthout (and then again in Salon), and since the book’s not out yet, I can guarantee the conversation has been pretty small so far. But I am personally not a writer who cares much about “the conversation.” What matters here are the massively complex policies that keep women’s labor in developing nations cheap but their alternative employment options limited, which then spurs some really wonky measures when women don’t find those jobs satisfying, as very, very few of us would if we had to do them. That those wonky measures—anti-trafficking initiatives—end up damaging women around the world should appall us. Conversation isn’t appropriate. Changing the policies that let it happen is.
What are some of the main misconceptions about the garment industry that you think the average consumer has?
Delia Jean: I think a misconception consumers have is that sweatshops are an ugly thing of the past, and certainly nothing American government would condone. So when it comes to low prices, it is easy to view the savings as nothing but a boon to the consumer, when in fact the reality is much more complex and troubling.
What about for trafficking?
AEM: Well, let’s be clear that we’re talking about human trafficking. Drug trafficking, arms trafficking—the sale of illegal goods is a totally different thing than what we’re talking about when we talk about trafficking. Real human trafficking does happen, but it happens far more in what we call the labor field than the sex field—and the fact that we even perceive a difference between labor and sex work in 2016 is noteworthy, since they are both actions performed in exchange for wages. That one is criminalized—the one that women and transfolk happen have most frequently available to them—is interesting too, no?
And we can start there. A big misconception about human trafficking is that it’s mostly about sex slavery, which in their estimation includes all prostitution. That’s a myth perpetrated by forces who endeavor to pass laws all over the world that restrict women’s economic and migratory freedoms. Most human trafficking is in labor, particularly in the agricultural and fishing industries. There are a ton more, too, but I’ve written about them more comprehensively elsewhere. Relevant to this book, however, the second biggest misconception about human trafficking is that the money you donate to NGOs claiming to “free sex slaves” helps women pursue the futures they want in any way. In fact, that money occasionally goes toward paying them a percentage of what they’d make in the garment industry—usually an industry they left in the first place, and often for reasons of sexual harassment or abuse—”training” them to work in a field that rarely pays more than half of what it takes to survive.
Have your own shopping habits changed in the course of researching and writing the book?
DJ: Yes. Prior to working on this book, I have shopped fast fashion retail and enjoyed being able to afford a bagful of new clothes, despite the nagging feeling that the low cost must be too good to be true. It’s easy to dismiss discomfort when you can catch a buzz buying a new wardrobe, telling yourself that these clothes were put here for me to buy, everyone buys them, so it must be fine.
Working on the book has been an opportunity to take that nagging sense of discomfort, and drawn it out. This book has required me to envision the consequences of those unconscious choices, and attempt to frame the issues in a way that people can understand, panel by panel. In attempting to help others understand, I have gained awareness myself, and I’ll never set foot in one of those stores again. I feel fortunate to live in a major city where I have been able to discover a number of independent designers and retailers that handcraft garments locally. I’m much better for it- my personal style feels more deliberate and authentic, and even though I have to save more for a shopping spree, my money is supporting something honest. Also, the clothes are higher quality and they last longer, so I am saving more in the long run. It’s been an interesting journey.
Trafficking and sex worker rights is a big, and sensitive, topic. How have you chosen to tackle that and what methods do you take to ensure that you provide balanced reporting?
AEM: What I do as a reporter is talk to the people affected. It’s notable that in the three years I’ve focused on human trafficking—and traveled the globe doing this work—I’ve only had one person write to me to say, “I was trafficked, this is how the system worked for me.” (It’s even more important to keep in mind that, in her case, the system failed her.) So I know that it happens, but I also know that it does not happen nearly at the rate that anti- trafficking organizations claim that it does. So with that in mind, and with listening as my primary reporting technique, it becomes a bit easier to sort through the wave of biased information people put out there. And, you know, their jobs and livelihoods are at stake too. It’s hard to be sensitive to the folks on the wrong side of history, but they’re often women trying to get by as well.
These are big topics – how do you think that comics and illustration helps you to address them as opposed to just straight text?
DJ: These are big topics that affect a big audience. Addressing heavy, complex issues in a dense volume of text may obfuscate the content or limit the number of people willing to engage with it. I believe utilizing comics and illustration makes the material more compelling to a broader audience, therefore more people are willing to explore the subject matter. However, drawing out the issues also engages more parts of the brain with the material, allowing for a reading experience that is unique to comics.
You advocate for people to take part initiatives that help to ensure a living wage for women. Do you have any organizations you would like to mention that are good resources for that?
We’re big fans of SWOP, the Sex Workers Outreach Project.
WANT YOUR OWN SIGNED COPY OF THREADBARE? Go here and sign up for our newsletter and get in the running to get your very own copy. If you’ve already signed up for our newsletter, go leave a comment here on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:e1e3949e-35e1-44c1-81a2-71d41a14075d> | {
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Length: 1500 words
- Submit your report through the Assessment 3 ‘Cultural Capabilities Report’ link
in the ‘Assessment Submission’ area of Learnline by the due date. This assignment is submitted using SafeAssign.
- Save your Word document file with your name, unit name, and assessment number included (e.g. Jamie Green CUC107 Assessment 3). Ensure you have your name, student number and page number in the footer of your document, and the title of the assignment in the header.
Introduction: It has been argued that cultural capabilities are fundamental to operating effectively in the workplace, community and the university. Cultural self-awareness, cultural intelligence and cultural capability are all required for creating safe work and social spaces. So, to complete this task you will be drawing together all of the learning from the unit to show understanding of strategies to create safe spaces.
Task: Write a formal report to observe and analyse whether characters in a given scenario are showing effective cultural capabilities and maintaining a culturally safe space. Also, recommend how effective cultural capabilities of the characters could be improved.
The report should:
- Summarise and describe observations of the interactions related to aspects of cultural capabilities in the scenario.
- Analyse (with formal references) the safe and unsafe aspects of the scenario, including the physical location and interactions between people.
- Provide recommendations for creating or sustaining this scenario as a culturally safe space.
Be written in a formal tone – avoid personal language, contractions and slang. (For more information, see link to formal writing in the Assessment Tasks Overview Summary Table.)
Steps for successfully completing Assessment 3, Part 1
- As you think about the given scenario below, observe the way that the social and cultural groups concerned are represented in the interaction. Distinguish between the actual interaction depicted and the social issue; remember you are analysing the situation for the cultural capabilities demonstrated in the interaction.
Jabiluka Mine story about Consultation from about 10 min in the older footage of a ‘consultation’ and language used in the interaction.
- Format the Report
Prepare the layout before writing.
Font size and type: Use font size 12. You may use font type calibri, arial or times new roman. Margins: Use Default margin, 2.54cm.
Line Spacing: 1.5 line spacing. You will need to include sections and subsections which should have numbered and titled headings. Word counts for each section below are only a guide but do indicate relative importance of the sections. This is reflected in the marking for each section.
(Please do not include the word count and the section instructions below in your report. This is only provided as information to help you in preparing the report.)
- Title of Report: This should be on a separate page. Include the title, your name and student number, and the date. The title should include the name of the assignment and describe what the report will do. You can be creative to make an interesting title page.
- Table of Contents: This should be on a separate page. A table of contents provides a list of the Sections and Sub-sections that you have used in your report, and the page on which they start. You can use the word function in ‘references’ tab to generate a table of contents from the levels of headings you can choose)
Now use this outline:
- Introduction (approx. 200 words): Briefly explain background, aim and scope of this report. Include the following sub-sections in the introduction.
1.1 Background An orientation to the topic of cultural capability and safe spaces.
1.2 Aim Tell the reader what the report aims to do – i.e. It will provide a summary, description and analysis of an example of a safe or unsafe space and will recommend improvements to improve the safety of the space where appropriate.
1.3 Scope Explain what the report will focus on, including what video, what particular scenes you will be discussing, and if the example depicts a safe or unsafe space.
- Summary and Observations (Approx. 350- 400 words): This section will include two sub-sections.
2.1 Summary of the scenario: needs to include:
- a brief plot line of the events you are analysing
- the setting with a general overview of the scene
- any relevant background information to understand the scene
- identification of the key characters (you can use ‘persons A, B and C’ if required).
2.2 Observations: Identify the behaviours that are evidence of the cultural safety issues and cultural capability. These observations should confirm your statement in the introduction about whether the space is safe or unsafe. Some of the things to look for and describe are: physical factors (size and layout of space, position of people in the space), communication factors (body language, voice, words), signs of inclusion or exclusion, and displays of or lack of cultural intelligence. It is a good idea to include a Table to set out your observations. Word count is included in the ‘summary and observations” quota, so don’t ‘spend’ all your words here.
If you use a table, remember that it will need to be introduced, and a number and title provided, as per below. (Note replace highlighted instructions with your own words):
Table 1 Title of table here
|Scene description event or sections of event||Column heading eg Signs of empathy, stages of cultural awareness||Column heading eg
Stereotypes, cultural judgements, difference
|Column heading eg
communication styles, cross cultural communication
|Column heading eg
Situation specific observation/ category
|Add more rows if needed|
- Analysis: (700-800 words):
In this section you should demonstrate your understanding of the key concepts covered in the unit. Using relevant literature, together with your observations in section 2 of elements within the scenario, analyse whether chosen scenes are a safe or an unsafe space and explain why. Support your claims about whether each scene is a safe or unsafe space with readings and definitions of the concepts that comprise cultural safety including cultural intelligence and cultural capabilities.
- Identify an example of cultural intelligence from the scenario
- Integrate a definition of cultural intelligence from one of the readings
- Explain how the behaviour in this example relates to the definition and the broader question of cultural capability and safety for the report
Hint: As noted earlier, to improve clarity, your analysis may include numbered sub-headings to highlight and structure key issues or reasons that you have identified in your scenario as important to whether the space represented there is safe or not safe (e.g. 3.1 Empathy, 3.2 Intercultural Communication, 3.3 Awareness of Body Language, 3.4 Culture Shock, Etc.).
- Recommendations (150 – 200 words): Based on your analysis section, make recommendations for how situations in the situation may be changed using cultural capabilities to make this a safer space. The recommendations that you make should tie in very closely to your discussion in the analysis section. If the scenario is already safe, identify what aspects of the scenario have been important in making it safe. References are needed here. Number and subheadings for each recommendation as it relates to the analysis:
- Summary and Conclusion (approx. 100 words): Summarise the main ideas. What did the situation show about safe spaces, and what actions needed to be taken to make it a safe space, if anything? No new material or references should be included in the summary and conclusion.
References: This list should be on a separate page. The title, References, should be centred in the page. The reference list should follow APA Style guidelines (http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/ld.php?content_id=40378641). Include all of the readings that you have mentioned throughout your report. You need to have at least seven references. Include at least four of the readings we have provided during the semester (Holley and Steiner 2005; Bruhn 2005; Brislin, Worthley and McNab 2006; Quappe and Cantatore 2005; Russell 2011; Flanja 2009; Spencer-Oatey 2012). You will need to conduct your own research by including at least two references. See CDU Library for additional journal articles, professional literature and books. Avoid referencing websites. You are expected to use academic texts. Hint: Refer to the readings in the Analysis and Recommendations section.
Before writing: Brainstorm connections between developing cultural capabilities and creating safe spaces.
- Write down the connections you identified in assessment 2 about cultural intelligence, and cultural self-awareness as they relate to developing cultural capabilities.
- Think about what you have learned about cultural judgments: how do effective cultural judgments create productive safe spaces?
- Some initial questions to prompt your thinking might include:
- What is the relationship between cultural judgments and cultural empathy?
- How do we negotiate and create safe spaces?
- Whose responsibility is it to create and sustain these spaces?
- Who could take an action to improve the situation being represented?
- Jot down some key points (with references).
- Review what an analysis is. Apply this technique to your scenario and readings to identify the links between, for example, cultural empathy and safe social and work settings.
- Consider how the literature can help to explain and analyse your chosen film scene relating to work or social space applications.
Some tips and more detailed questions you might ask yourself when analysing and discussing the video using readings for this report.
Use the following framework to help analyse the issue. Remember to refer back to what you have learned throughout the semester to think about the following questions.
- Do any of the people concerned display cultural self- awareness (or lack of)? How do they do this?
- What sorts of behaviours indicate their awareness or lack thereof?
- Do people display characteristics of cultural intelligence? How do you know?
- How is cross-cultural communication being conveyed?
- Is cultural difference a source of conflict?
- What happens when conflict is present and how do the people respond?
- Are there any cultural judgments present in the scenario? Which people make cultural judgments and if so, how do they do this?
- How do the people create safe or unsafe spaces?
Visual cues to look for:
- Safe atmosphere (safe from physical, emotional or psychological harm?)
- Body language, eye contact, hand placement, stance, proximity
- Verbal communication (what and how)
How does cultural empathy relate to safe spaces?
- How does cultural empathy help create effective work or social, settings?
- How would you recognise that cultural empathy is occurring [or not] in any setting.
|Assessment 3: Pre-submission Checklist|
|Does the report demonstrate a good understanding of how and why cultural capabilities can be applied to a work or social space to create or maintain a safe space? Does it:
· include a clear introduction with all components;
· provide a clear and relevant summary of scenario and observations;
· discuss issues in the analysis in a thoughtful, clear and relevant way;
· support the analysis by using academic sources;
· select and integrate into the analysis appropriate examples from the chosen scenario;
· include appropriate recommendations; related to the analysis;
· have a clear conclusion?
|· Is there an appropriate report structure with sections mostly titled, numbered and formatted according to the formatting instructions?
· Is the content logically developed through the summary and observations, analysis, and recommendation sections?
· Is the content type appropriate for each section?
· Is there any unnecessary repetition.
|Quality of evidence||ü|
|Research||Are the ideas supported by a minimum of seven different credible and relevant sources? (Four from set readings?)
Have I ensured I have maintained academic integrity by paraphrasing or direct quoting other sources with references?
|Referencing||Are in-text references and a reference list provided to support ideas and consistently follow accepted referencing conventions?|
|Word processing conventions||Is the report presented with correct formatting, line-spacing, headers and footers with student name, unit code and assignment number included?|
|Word Choice, Punctuation, grammar and Spelling||ü|
|Editing||Is the report presented in a formal tone with correct word choice, punctuation, grammar and spelling carefully edited?|
Additional Tips and Information
Report writing: Use these resources to familiarise yourself with what an analytical report is and how to write one: The CUC100 handbook. Rolls, N. & Wignell, P. (2015). Communicating at University. Darwin, NT: Charles Darwin University. Available for loan from the CDU Library. Report writing: Chapter 9 What is an analysis: Chapter 1, Formal writing technique: Chapter 1.
Further report-writing information: http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/studying/study-support/academic-skills/report-writing
Academic Language and Learning Success Program (ALLSP) runs regular free workshops and drop-in consultations. http://www.cdu.edu.au/academic-language-learning/allsp
Help with referencing http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/cdureferencing/apa
Read the Report Assessment Criteria very carefully. Your lecturer will be using the Assessment Criteria. Read the comments in each row to review your own work.
Assessment 3, Part 2: Praxiography (15%)
- Once you submit the report, you will need to write a one paragraph praxiography. This small piece links the academic and research work you did to the world outside your assessment.
- You can evaluate your / your partners’ work (if completed in pairs) against the criteria with justification, and link to the learning you did and how you see is apply to the immediate world you encounter and your outlook.
Answer these 4 Questions:
- How did the concepts you learned about affect the ways you speak about culturally specific topics?
- How do you see your studies and future profession differently?
- How did the learning process (either paired or solo) help or hinder this?
- What mark should you/ and / or your partner get for this element of A3 and on what basis? Use the criteria to justify your mark. | <urn:uuid:efb5947f-50fb-40a3-9374-6c9f7e6b7e63> | {
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Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev has defended Russia's takeover of Crimea, saying that the referendum among the peninsula's voters corrected a historical "mistake."
"While Crimea had previously been joined to Ukraine based on the Soviet laws, which means [Communist] party laws, without asking the people, now the people themselves have decided to correct that mistake," Gorbachev said on Monday, Interfax reported.
"This should be celebrated, not sanctioned," he said.
Gorbachev, the recipient of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, added that international sanctions — such as those the U.S. and European nations have brought against Russia — would be justified only on "very serious grounds," which he said the takeover of Crimea had failed to provide.
Crimea was part of Russia until Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev handed it over to Ukraine in 1954, in a symbolic gesture that had little significance at the time since both countries were part of the Soviet Union.
In 1991, the leader of the Russian Soviet Republic, Boris Yeltsin, and his counterparts from Ukraine and Belarus signed a deal breaking up the Soviet Union and establishing new independent states. Gorbachev did not participate in the 1991 meeting.
Many Russians have used Crimea's history as a reason to legitimate Russian military intervention in the peninsula, which harbors a 60 percent Russian-speaking population and voted in favor of joining Russia in Sunday's referendum. | <urn:uuid:55d717d3-684e-4dba-99db-111d11671261> | {
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Parent and child perspectives on the nature of anxiety in children and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a focus group study
Ozsivadjian, A., Knott, F. and Magiati, I. (2012) Parent and child perspectives on the nature of anxiety in children and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a focus group study. Autism, 16 (2). pp. 107-121. ISSN 1362-3613
To link to this article DOI: 10.1177/1362361311431703
Anxiety disorders are common among children and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Despite growing knowledge about the prevalence, phenomenology and treatment of anxiety disorders, relatively little is understood about the nature and impact of anxiety in this group and little is known about autism-specific factors that may play a role in the increased prevalence of anxiety disorders. In this exploratory study, we report on a series of 5 focus groups with 17 parents of children and adolescents with ASD and anxiety. Across groups, parents gave strikingly similar descriptions of the triggers and behavioural signs associated with anxiety. Another consistent finding was that many parents reported that their children had great difficulty expressing their worries verbally and most showed their anxiety through changes in their behaviour. The impact of anxiety was reported to often be more substantial than the impact of ASD itself. The implications of the focus group findings are discussed in relation to existing literature.
Centaur Editors: Update this record | <urn:uuid:1923a5ba-7f41-4f69-81ac-c00049eff005> | {
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Growing in slow-moving fresh water, this erect, robust plant flowers from July to early September. The stiff, upright stems are branched in the upper parts and can grow to 1 metre in height. The bright-green leaves are keeled and strap-shaped. The spherical flower-heads are in terminal panicles, the lower, green flowers being female and the upper, yellowish being male. The fruits are in spherical heads. This is a native plant and belongs to the family Sparganiaceae.
I first identified this plant in Lough Derg, Co Tipperary in 1981 and photographed it at Saltmills, Co Wexford in 2009.
If you are satisfied you have correctly identified this plant, please submit your sighting to the National Biodiversity Data Centre | <urn:uuid:e1f9cb1c-8660-4ab4-ba5a-8736c57300d7> | {
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General scientific understanding of people's vulnerability and ability to adapt to sea level rise and other climate changes has increased substantially in recent years, though place-based, sector-specific knowledge remains extremely limited. Developing countries are expected to generally face greater challenges in dealing with the impacts of rising sea levels because of large exposed populations and lower adaptive capacity—which is largely a function of economic, technological, and knowledge resources, social capital, and well-functioning institutions (Adger et al., 2007; Nicholls et al., 2007). However, even in developed countries like the United States, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the impacts of sea level rise, especially for specific locations (Moser, 2009a), as well as considerable challenges in translating our greater adaptive capacity into real adaptation action on the ground (Adger et al., 2007, 2009b;
NRC, 2010a; O'Brien et al., 2006; Repetto, 2008). Certain technological options such as seawalls and levees are not feasible in all locations, and in many they could negatively impact the coastal ecology, beach recreation and tourism, and other social values (e.g., aesthetics). At the same time, a wide range of barriers and constraints make "soft" solutions equally challenging—these include changes in land use, planning, and, ultimately, retreat from the shoreline, with the associated costs and social and ecological consequences. Such constraints and limits on adaptation are increasingly recognized and researched (Adger et al., 2009b; Moser and Tribbia, 2006; Moser et al., 2008; NRC, 2010a). While there is extensive research about, and experience dealing with, coastal hazards, significant further research is required to determine the most appropriate, cost-effective, least ecologically damaging, and most socially acceptable adaptation options in the face of significantly faster rates of sea level rise than has been historically experienced. Past coastal hazards management approaches may not be ecologically sustainable or economically affordable in light of some of the high-end sea level rise projections.
While many research questions about managing coastal ecosystems and hazards remain (see, e.g., JSOST, 2007), the fundamental best practices are well known and include building new structures, elevating existing structures above flood elevation, and maintaining dunes as storm buffers. However, these measures are not frequently employed because underlying incentives and self-reinforcing factors favor continued development in at-risk areas, structural protection, and repeated emergency intervention (Burby, 1998; Kunreuther, 2008; Mileti, 1999; Platt, 1996, 1999). An additional challenge is how to evaluate and weigh near-term costs and benefits against long-term costs and benefits, given that neither is known with much precision and such evaluations are inherently place-specific. A critical research topic is how to foster adaptive coastal management actions with a long-term, systemic perspective while avoiding the worst economic, social, and ecological consequences for coastal areas (see also Chapter 4). Finally, little is known about local vulnerability to sea level rise in the context of multiple stresses, such as increased storm surge or rainfall rates, or about the feasibility and acceptability of various adaptation options. These issues are discussed in a recent synthesis of the impacts of climate change and vulnerability of coastal areas of the U.S. mid-Atlantic region (CCSP, 2009a; Najjar et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2009).
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:4379215f-cff8-4039-9911-0fcc848c74e7> | {
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Same routine for the past two days, in before 9.30, lunch at 1, home at 5! Still been processing data, and also getting my head around some concepts still. So not much to tell!
So what is NMR?
I realised I have been talking about NMR, but haven’t really explained actually what it is. NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, although the abbreviation is commonly used as a term for the spectroscopy that is done using NMR (if that makes sense – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a physical phenomenon, and it is used as a form of spectroscopy).
It is a fairly difficult and heavy concept, so as an opening one-line explanation, it is essentially similar to an MRI scanner, like the ones used in hospitals to scan inside peoples bodies. Except NMR (as a technique) is used to look at the individual atoms in molecules, instead of into bodies!
Going into slightly more detail, the phenomenon of NMR is where the nuclei (centre) of atoms (think of water or H2O, which contains 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms per molecule) exposed to a magnetic field, absorb then re-emit electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Using isotopes (different versions) of certain elements, usually hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen (due to their presence as primary components of biological molecules), this absorption and re-emission of EM radiation can be measured. Through both complex experiments and data processing, this allows for the determination of the position of each specific amino acid in a protein sequence.
Why should you care?
Huge leaps in medicine have been made through knowing the structure of proteins. As they are one of the major macromolecules that make up our bodies, they are involved, in some way, in the majority of human diseases! And even when the disease is called by an external factor such as a bacteria or virus, knowing the structure of proteins involved in crucial processes in them has provided insights into drugs which can be used against them, to cure people!
That is my attempt at basically explaining what NMR is and what it is used for!
I am on holiday tomorrow, then it is a public holiday here in England on Monday, so i will not be posting again until Tuesday now.
Thanks for reading, and enjoy your weekend! | <urn:uuid:4d940b07-bc2d-4e25-b96f-2508c0cb148f> | {
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Wheel Pose or Chakrasana
Wheel pose can also be called as urdhva dhanurasana or chakrasana, in sanskrit chakra means ‘wheel’, urdhva means ‘upwards’, dhanush means ‘Bow’ and finally asana means posture or pose. This is the why this asana is called as wheel pose.
How to do wheel pose or chakrasana and its variations:
Initially before trying to exercise your chakrasana, try to make sure whether your back is compatible for this pose or not. To know this you have to exercise bridge pose which also prepares you for the chakrasana pose. Lets try to do bridge pose initially.
Try to lay down your body as shown in the figure with the legs resting in forward direction. Try to connect your waist with the help of your hands, now try to bend or fold your knees ( with legs at comfortable distance ), try to lift your back with the help of your hand to the maximum level, and try to check whether if there is any pain or not, and hold it for at least minimum 30 seconds. Then calm down slowly by putting your legs in forward direction. Do this pose for atleast three to four times which actually means, you are preparing for chakrasana.
Now lets go for chakrasana
Lay down your body initially as shown in the figure, now try to fold your legs with a comfortable distance knees pointing in upward direction. Now try to fix your hands right beneath your shoulders close to ears, elbow pointing in upward direction, fingers pointing in straight direction.
Try to press the floor with the help of your palms and try to raise your back or hips in vertical direction to maximum height by inhaling. Make sure your elbows are straight enough when you are in full posture, if not try to straighten your elbows. Where as head dropping down in back direction facing the floor.
In order to improve your pose try to put down the top of the head on the floor, then initiate your hand positions inside close to the legs, then lift your back again to full posture. Do this process until you reach to maximum close to your legs. Try to stay for atleast 15 to 30 seconds initially, after consistent practice go for atleast 2 minutes. Have a normal breath when you are in pose.
Variations of Chakrasana
Eka padha chakrasana
Eka padha chakrasana means doing chakrasana on one leg. So when you are in chakrasana, inhale slowly and try to lift your either leg right or left to the maximum height with out bending your knees, hold it for 15 seconds the drop it slowly by exhaling.
Eka Hastha chakrasana
Eka hastha chakrasana means doing chakrasana on one hand. So when you are in chakrasana, inhale slowly and try to lift your either hand right or left by disconnecting the floor and try to put it on your laps or thighs with out any vibrations, hold it for 15 seconds then put back it slowly by exhaling.
It is the advanced pose, it needs lots of strength and focus, it strains your body so much, so before doing these variations be perfect in chakrasana.
When you want to close the pose completely exhale initially, try to put your head on the floor, then slowly dropping down your back with the help your hands, and the legs getting back in forward direction. Take rest have a normal breath or do shavasana for atleast one minute then go for other asanas.
Benefits of Chakrasana:
- Entire front part of the body will be stretched and strengthened.
- Internal organs of the abdomen will be activated and increasing its efficiency.
- Tones up your spine.
- Its good for the people who work for very long hours infront your computers.
- Muscles on front part of the thighs and legs will become stronger.
- Its good for losing your weight since there is every chance of reducing your belly fat.
This is how Wheel Pose or Chakrasana for beginners is all about | <urn:uuid:ff9fd6be-8d89-4f78-86b0-85a89c3516f8> | {
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This post is part of a three-post series on toxic stress. The first post explains what toxic stress is and why it matters for youth mentoring programs, and this second post highlights what professional staff needs to know about toxic stress. A third will discuss recent programmatic innovations related to toxic stress and trauma-informed approaches.
Breakthroughs in brain science have revealed that our environment affects our cognitive development and functioning to a far greater degree than researchers previously appreciated. Chronic and severe stress overloads our brains and bodies and directly impacts our ability to reason clearly, to plan ahead and delay gratification, and to regulate our emotions.[i] The families that many of our mentoring programs serve are under this kind of stress on a regular basis, and it can impact children’s wellbeing and development as well as a parent’s capacity to manage their children’s participation in our programs. Previously, we explained what toxic stress is and the long-term impact it can have on children’s developing brains and bodies. For this post, we will focus on the meaning of new research on poverty, trauma, and stress for case managers and other mentoring professionals working with vulnerable youth and families.
The Impact of Trauma and Poverty on Brain Function
Traumatic experiences or threatening situations elicit a strong stress response in the body, flooding the brain with cortisol and other stress hormones. Living with continual food or housing insecurity or with ongoing abuse or neglect in childhood can turn stress toxic. Particularly when these experiences are not buffered by a consistent, responsive adult, they can impact the development of the pre-frontal cortex in the brain. This part of the brain is responsible for many of the skills individuals need to succeed in school, work, and life. The ability to plan ahead, avoid distractions and focus; to manage one’s emotions and shift behavior according to differing contexts and demands; and to resist impulsive actions and persist in tedious tasks to achieve long-term goals – all of these skills are a constellation of capabilities that neuroscientists often refer to as executive functioning and self-regulation skills.[ii] Living with severe and chronic stress – so called ‘toxic stress’ by neuroscientists – during early childhood can have a significant, negative impact on the development of these skills, which in turn can impact an individual’s life trajectory and future prospects for self-sufficiency.
Although largely developed by early adulthood (approximately age 25), executive functioning and emotional regulation skills can also be temporarily compromised in adults by the stresses of living in poverty. Studies have shown that the experience of living with scarcity – of worrying about meeting one’s own basic needs for food or shelter – imposes a type of ‘cognitive tax’ on individuals, temporarily reducing their ability to effectively cope with the very challenges that cause their stress. Even our IQ can be affected. In a series of experiments published in the journal Science, researchers found that an individual who was preoccupied with money problems experienced a decline in cognitive function akin to a 13-point drop in IQ, which is equivalent to losing an entire night’s sleep.[iii]
These advances in brain science offer profound and important implications for mentoring programs serving vulnerable children, youth and families. This article suggests three key ways programs can apply this research to their work: 1) adopting trauma-informed approaches to direct service; 2) building executive functioning and emotional regulation skills in children/youth through mentoring activities; and 3) cultivating stronger sensitivity with parents.
Adopting Trauma-informed Approaches
Trauma-informed approaches to service delivery are grounded in an understanding of and responsiveness to the impact of trauma.[iv] Although not all mentoring program participants may have been exposed to trauma before entering your program, the key principles of trauma-informed services can be empowering for any participant. Mentoring programs seeking to adopt trauma-informed approaches should deepen staff understanding of trauma through training and support, and carefully review intake, matching, and match support policies, procedures and practices to ensure that they:
- Cultivate a sense of safety. The experience of trauma can make individuals hyper-vigilant and overly sensitive to stressors. Staff should receive training on possible triggers for individuals with a history of trauma, and feel prepared to prevent or mitigate potential conflict. This includes sensitivity towards the possibility of re-traumatization through intake questionnaires, training activities and match support questions.[v]
- Take a strengths-based approach. Human beings can be remarkably resilient and can overcome significant obstacles. It is important that staff believe in the ability of individuals to heal from trauma and that staff focus on individual assets, as opposed to perceived deficits. Individuals’ strengths should be regularly recognized and validated.[vi]
- Focus on self-determination and empowerment. All youth and parents, but particularly those with a history of trauma, need to feel in control of their own decisions. People who have experienced trauma can feel out of control of their lives or bodies, which can contribute to feelings of shame or helplessness. Staff should approach match support services with a focus on collaboration and mutuality – empowering both youth and parents to make meaningful choices regarding the services they or their children receive and the steps they take moving forward.[vii]
Building Executive Function and Emotional Regulation Skills in Children and Youth
Simple age-appropriate activities can help children and youth enhance and practice their executive function and emotional regulation skills. Intentionally cultivating these skills with a supportive, caring adult – such as a mentor, program staff member, or parent – can offer the added benefit of strengthening protective relationships and modeling healthy habits. The Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University offers a comprehensive guide on cultivating these skills by age group, which include these match-appropriate activities:
- Activities for 5-12 year olds: card games and board games that require children to remember what cards have been played or strategize complicated moves; physical activities such as organized sports that require children to hold complicated rules and strategies in their minds and monitor their own and others’ reactions; learning to play a musical instrument or follow rhythmic patterns through singing or dance; and brain teasers such as crossword puzzles, logic or spatial puzzles such as Sudoku or Rubik’s Cube.
- Activities for 13-18 year olds: helping youth set appropriate goals, develop action plans, and reminding them to periodically monitor behavior to help achieve those goals; encouraging ‘self-talk’ that focus on growth (e.g. recognizing that failure to achieve something can offer lessons and need not be a final judgment on one’s abilities); helping teens be mindful of interruptions and to adopt strategies to prioritize and sequence tasks such as homework assignments; helping teens understand the motivations of others, encouraging them to consider alternatives to assuming mal intent; and, similar to pre-adolescents, participating in activities that draw on a range of self-regulation skills including sports, music, theater, strategy games and logic puzzles.
Many of your mentors may naturally gravitate towards these types of activities with their mentees. But developing a deeper understanding of executive functioning and self-regulation skills (and how they can be compromised by exposure to toxic stress or trauma) can shine new light on why some youth may struggle with these activities, and why they are so critical to practice.
Cultivating Greater Sensitivity Towards Parents
One of the most common reasons for match closure in community-based programs is that a parent/caregiver of a child or youth in the program becomes unresponsive to program outreach. This can be deeply frustrating for program staff, as staff have often worked hard to set up a strong relationship between a mentor and mentee that can no longer be supported even though both the child and mentor remain invested. Cultivating a stronger understanding of the stresses of living in poverty and executive functioning and self-regulation impairment, however, may help programs keep more parents engaged and lessen the blow when parents have too much to juggle to keep their child in the program.
One important way that programs can maintain engagement with parents is to simplify and streamline program processes and requirements. Studies have shown that mental exhaustion, information overload, and ‘hassle factors’ such as inconvenient office hours can be a significant deterrent for parents living in poverty taking advantage of social service and public assistance programs.[viii] Mentoring programs should take strides to ensure that intake forms and procedures, for instance, are easy to understand and logistically accessible. Program requirements should likewise be simple and straightforward. Collaboration with other complementary service providers and the bundling of services can also reduce participation barriers.
The emerging research on severe stress, trauma and cognitive function offers great insight for mentoring programs serving vulnerable youth and families. Deepening our understanding of the impact of poverty and trauma on youth and adult behaviors can help develop a stronger sense of empathy and improve our competency for effectively serving all of our participants.
- The Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University. This website offers free articles, online trainings and information about the latest research on brain development and toxic stress: http://developingchild.harvard.edu/
- “Enhancing and Practicing Executive Function Skills with Children from Infancy to Adolescence.” This article provides activity suggestions that could inform match activities for children with impaired executive functioning skills (self-control, working memory, emotional regulation): http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/tools_and_guides/enhancing_and_practicing_executive_function_skills_with_children/.
- “Toxic Stress in Low-Income Families.” This recorded webinar features an expert panel explaining toxic stress and what practitioners are doing to prevent toxic stress exposure in children and ameliorate its effects on adults: https://hmrf.acf.hhs.gov/articles/toxic-stress-in-low-income-families/#.Vh6koflVhBd.
- The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. This website provides helpful information on trauma-sensitive care and vicarious trauma for staff: http://www.nctsn.org/.
- “Using Brain Science to Design New Pathways out of Poverty.” This article, written by a service provider, offers concrete tips and examples of how direct service programs can change their operating procedures and processes to make them more accessible and successful for adults with impaired executive functioning skills.
- “Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development.” This resource provides a more detailed explanation of brain development and the impact of childhood trauma and toxic stress: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/issue-briefs/brain-development/.
- “The Elements of Effective Practice for Mentoring – 4th Edition.” This resource suggests evidence-based standards for mentoring, including child safety and screening standards: http://www.mentoring.org/program_resources/elements_and_toolkits.
- “Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Within Youth-Serving Organizations: Getting Started on Policies and Procedures.” Created through a collaboration of violence prevention researchers and child safety experts from some of the nation’s largest, most experienced youth-serving organizations, this guide provides a framework for organizations to assess and strengthen their child abuse prevention efforts: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/preventingchildsexualabuse-a.pdf.
- Commit to Kids. This program from the Canadian Centre for Child Protection provides a step-by-step guide to help organizations create safe environments that protect children from misconduct and abuse within youth-serving organizations: commit2kids.ca.
As a Senior Manager with ICF’s Family Self-Sufficiency team, Venessa Marks specializes in supporting and evaluating community-based workforce development initiatives for vulnerable populations. As the former Vice President of Research, Innovation and Growth for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Venessa worked with the BBBS network, national leadership, and valued partners to set BBBSA’s research agenda and to invest in innovative, impactful programming. As the Vice President of Strategic Partnerships for New York Needs You, Venessa created and launched their corporate giving and volunteer engagement department. Later, as their Vice President of the Fellows Program, Venessa ran the organization’s signature mentoring and career development program for first-generation college students, leading programmatic evaluation and driving continuous, data-driven improvement. As a Director and Consultant with Dare Mighty Things, Venessa led training and technical assistance contracts supporting federal grant programs focused on positive youth development and nonprofit capacity building. Venessa earned a Master’s degree from the University of Chicago and a Bachelor’s degree from Pitzer College, studying social change movements. Venessa lives with her husband and daughter in New York City.
Julie Novak serves as Big Brothers Big Sisters of America’s leading expert and national spokesperson on child safety and youth protection-related matters. She leads the nationwide advancement of effective child abuse prevention and crisis response strategies throughout Big Brothers Big Sisters’ network of more than 300 affiliates, working collaboratively with other national experts. Novak develops and provides statewide and national child abuse, violence prevention and crisis management training and consultation reaching thousands of professionals, volunteers, parents and children every year. She’s served as a member of: the National Coalition to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse & Exploitation, the U.S. Olympic Committee’s Safe Sport Working Group, Vice President Biden’s Gun Violence Task Force, LexisNexis/First Advantage’ Customer Advisory Board, and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children’s Safe to Compete Working Group.
Prior to coming to Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, she served as CEO of Big Brothers Big Sisters of Northwestern Wisconsin for 11 years where she secured and administered collaborative local, statewide and federal violence prevention initiatives working with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Wisconsin Department of Justice, the Department of Human Services, and local law enforcement. She’s served as an Executive Committee Member of the Eau Claire YMCA, President of Big Brothers Big Sisters of Wisconsin, a founding board member of the Boys and Girls Club of the Greater Chippewa Valley, and as Nationwide Leadership Council Vice-Chair, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. After graduating from the University of Iowa she served for three years as a Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Victims’ Advocate. She resides in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
[i] Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341, 976–980. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2016). Building Core Capabilities for Life: The Science Behind the Skills Adults Need to Succeed in Parenting and in the Workplace. Retrieved from: http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
[ii] Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2016). Building Core Capabilities for Life: The Science Behind the Skills Adults Need to Succeed in Parenting and in the Workplace. Retrieved from: http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
[iii] Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341, 976–980. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041
[iv] Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2010). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homeless service settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 80-100.
[vi] Western Massachusetts Training Consortium. (2012). The Integration of Trauma-Informed Care
in the Family Partner Program. Retrieved from: http://www.oregon.gov/oha/amh/trauma-policy/issues-brief.pdf
[vii] National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 2015
[viii] Richburg-Hayes, L.; Anzelone, C.; Dechausay, N.; Datta, S.; Fiorillo, A.; Potok, L.; Darling, M.; Balz, J. (2014). Behavioral Economics and Social Policy: Designing Innovative Solutions for Programs Supported by the Administration for Children and Families. OPRE Report 2014-16a. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/opre_research_snapshot_bias_2014_report.pdf. | <urn:uuid:2abc235b-b444-46a6-90a3-f86d6320fc8a> | {
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