Dataset Preview
The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
Job manager crashed while running this job (missing heartbeats).
Error code: JobManagerCrashedError
Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
__key__
string | __url__
string | gen_mask.npy
sequence | input_ids.npy
sequence | pad_mask.npy
sequence | segment_ids.npy
sequence | text.txt
string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
000000000000 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
31272,
315,
12053,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
320,
15000,
438,
340,
95767,
315,
38943,
198,
7279,
25,
393,
11345,
81,
19881,
80214,
301,
198,
62091,
25,
2999,
13,
304,
89,
13,
5438,
13,
8569,
4341,
549,
2445,
258,
363,
53322,
198,
791,
8681,
24028,
72036,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
482,
279,
11004,
315,
34053,
11,
14171,
323,
18231,
627,
791,
13314,
2795,
430,
304,
220,
9413,
15,
11,
426,
532,
599,
564,
574,
18538,
439,
264,
14458,
555,
279,
41678,
10602,
1122,
4605,
65577,
61334,
13,
4740,
220,
1049,
1667,
279,
14458,
2663,
426,
532,
599,
564,
6244,
279,
879,
8106,
315,
264,
33084,
6342,
87654,
27278,
3935,
6287,
11,
304,
220,
10559,
17,
13,
9479,
49080,
315,
420,
69187,
574,
393,
11345,
81,
468,
552,
25947,
29384,
11,
279,
893,
889,
6924,
6342,
596,
2324,
304,
220,
10559,
22,
13,
578,
3070,
315,
468,
552,
25947,
29384,
5918,
264,
25878,
8993,
323,
264,
33684,
11,
994,
21989,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
627,
28242,
315,
14221,
74,
511,
258,
320,
32974,
5964,
258,
705,
279,
4113,
6864,
3363,
315,
279,
5654,
11,
2019,
430,
220,
2075,
17420,
2736,
12439,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
2212,
220,
10680,
23,
13,
763,
220,
8258,
18,
320,
11123,
23,
8,
264,
33084,
4605,
4448,
735,
3516,
729,
77018,
875,
72,
5918,
369,
1124,
2362,
13315,
9777,
307,
81,
1003,
13,
3011,
574,
279,
1176,
95965,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
627,
33,
532,
599,
564,
11,
7559,
3221,
279,
426,
532,
88,
11188,
11,
6244,
264,
23070,
369,
17420,
13,
77018,
875,
72,
18719,
1124,
311,
25760,
1070,
323,
5918,
709,
279,
6424,
320,
1820,
892,
994,
279,
49080,
32389,
279,
14458,
315,
426,
532,
599,
564,
311,
279,
2704,
315,
264,
3363,
374,
1633,
5107,
311,
19874,
11,
323,
433,
374,
43524,
1113,
505,
220,
11247,
23,
311,
220,
11771,
24,
570,
77018,
875,
72,
3984,
1124,
449,
4363,
11,
62553,
323,
1023,
7384,
13,
763,
220,
11771,
24,
264,
2678,
1396,
315,
17420,
23183,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
13,
763,
220,
10967,
20,
220,
22240,
40771,
1051,
17420,
13,
763,
279,
1828,
33517,
1667,
279,
13653,
4029,
14264,
304,
2225,
5219,
323,
10383,
13,
10180,
220,
10967,
19,
279,
1176,
8681,
24028,
72036,
574,
9749,
304,
279,
4219,
315,
264,
13653,
9474,
2663,
1443,
360,
76958,
13,
3011,
95965,
96858,
279,
14221,
74,
511,
258,
596,
95965,
13,
77018,
875,
72,
596,
3115,
1051,
279,
1455,
71407,
4261,
304,
279,
3925,
315,
420,
3363,
13,
426,
532,
599,
564,
12860,
14221,
74,
511,
258,
439,
25462,
3363,
11,
23712,
555,
9333,
24088,
10977,
1778,
264,
921,
269,
437,
89,
14088,
11,
25578,
2053,
74,
11,
1901,
62573,
664,
363,
11,
85214,
8083,
11,
323,
3885,
627,
644,
220,
5245,
22,
11,
922,
220,
5067,
15,
40771,
12439,
304,
279,
3363,
11,
220,
3443,
15,
315,
1243,
1051,
17420,
13,
426,
532,
599,
564,
574,
14610,
279,
6864,
315,
279,
5654,
304,
220,
5245,
23,
13,
3296,
220,
9378,
22,
11,
220,
2983,
11,
931,
70598,
426,
532,
599,
564,
11,
279,
17420,
9129,
10831,
220,
1227,
1034,
315,
279,
7187,
627,
45600,
11,
505,
279,
13653,
4029,
54529,
3156,
1202,
28860,
14812,
367,
555,
49533,
11,
279,
17420,
6476,
264,
3682,
3560,
304,
279,
2324,
315,
426,
532,
599,
564,
13,
4452,
11,
1070,
1051,
21420,
33834,
323,
40291,
13,
2468,
3115,
11,
11763,
5054,
323,
7100,
58187,
66402,
1124,
11,
25957,
1063,
17420,
311,
28500,
426,
532,
599,
564,
369,
1023,
5961,
627,
644,
220,
7028,
21,
11,
2391,
17936,
81369,
442,
430,
574,
17057,
555,
35066,
922,
220,
1399,
17420,
1051,
7577,
13,
12220,
420,
81369,
442,
1176,
8681,
24028,
72036,
574,
76993,
11,
2288,
13,
578,
502,
8681,
24028,
72036,
11,
574,
5918,
304,
220,
7028,
24,
482,
220,
7529,
18,
555,
11726,
45290,
385,
73,
2727,
432,
9068,
363,
53322,
311,
8454,
279,
2362,
832,
505,
279,
220,
972,
339,
9478,
627,
79143,
1603,
220,
7529,
19,
11,
922,
220,
1490,
1034,
315,
426,
532,
599,
564,
596,
40771,
1051,
17420,
13,
3296,
220,
7285,
24,
11,
1120,
1603,
279,
32527,
30215,
315,
28702,
11,
220,
1041,
11,
931,
1274,
12439,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
11,
220,
1399,
11,
931,
315,
1124,
1051,
17420,
13,
578,
22277,
21655,
315,
279,
3363,
5343,
33084,
11,
17420,
11,
35066,
11,
5929,
35066,
11,
42037,
11,
41678,
10602,
5493,
627,
81394,
389,
279,
9578,
369,
279,
17420,
315,
426,
532,
599,
564,
6137,
389,
6740,
6693,
11,
5651,
220,
1544,
11,
220,
6393,
16,
11,
994,
279,
32527,
10862,
279,
3363,
13,
3161,
52229,
63132,
279,
49533,
38247,
13653,
3026,
505,
872,
44935,
826,
323,
9770,
1139,
279,
8681,
24028,
72036,
13,
4740,
430,
32527,
348,
438,
1147,
13113,
839,
80059,
1139,
279,
95965,
11,
902,
7214,
4024,
709,
304,
39885,
13,
578,
8681,
24028,
72036,
574,
50440,
1523,
555,
49533,
449,
922,
1403,
16579,
17420,
4871,
627,
791,
8681,
24028,
72036,
304,
426,
532,
599,
564,
11,
279,
11004,
315,
34053,
11,
14171,
323,
18231,
374,
311,
83623,
279,
31926,
315,
420,
2035,
323,
25382,
315,
279,
13653,
4029,
304,
279,
6424,
627,
17,
13,
96821,
315,
7127,
198,
791,
1925,
4623,
574,
311,
1893,
264,
5496,
2035,
323,
539,
1193,
264,
1376,
482,
7891,
719,
1101,
264,
330,
64275,
3634,
3343,
578,
3135,
574,
33236,
6485,
315,
502,
264,
95965,
11,
279,
11004,
315,
34053,
11,
14171,
323,
18231,
323,
13653,
41333,
5955,
627,
791,
11004,
315,
14171,
374,
6319,
304,
279,
1890,
2035,
439,
279,
8681,
24028,
72036,
1603,
279,
10657,
4435,
5111,
13,
1115,
374,
264,
9998,
12235,
50203,
264,
3197,
315,
279,
8681,
24028,
72036,
323,
14509,
7147,
482,
8389,
21455,
315,
279,
864,
11710,
95965,
61698,
13,
578,
5596,
315,
279,
14016,
430,
2559,
323,
951,
762,
7853,
420,
2035,
527,
7108,
13,
578,
1561,
95965,
374,
6319,
1234,
264,
9998,
12235,
13,
578,
4579,
2398,
311,
279,
502,
95965,
11767,
555,
28101,
328,
41796,
337,
3458,
6825,
13,
3011,
1648,
374,
6319,
304,
279,
1376,
315,
37366,
6661,
597,
1073,
320,
80,
570,
578,
7314,
315,
279,
1648,
374,
264,
36396
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>University of Technology in Bialystok (Poland)
Faculty of Architecture
Author: Piotr Trojniel
Advisor: Dr. inz. arch. Jerzy Uscinowicz
The Great Synagogue in Bialystok - the Place of Faith, Memory and Hope.
The legend says that in 1320, Bialystok was founded as a village by the Lithuanian Count Gedimin. After 200 years the village called Bialystok became the private domain of a Polish King Zygmunt August, in 1542. Next ruler of this locality was Piotr Wiesiolowski, the man who saved King's life in 1547. The family of Wiesiolowski built a brick church and a castle, when ruled in Bialystok.
Documents of Tykocin (Tyktin), the original capital city of the region, say that 75 Jews already lived in Bialystok around 1658. In 1703 (1718) a Polish Count Jan Klemens Branicki built for them old Bet Hamidrash. That was the first synagogue in Bialystok.
Bialystok, located near the Bialy River, became a heaven for Jews. Branicki invited them to settle there and built up the town (the time when the ruler elevated the village of Bialystok to the status of a city is very difficult to investigate, and it is oscillating from 1668 to 1749). Branicki provided them with land, lumber and other materials. In 1749 a small number of Jews settled in Bialystok. In 1765 765 inhabitants were Jews. In the next fifty years the Jewish community grew in both numbers and influence. About 1764 the first Great Synagogue was established in the center of a Jewish district called Shulhof. That synagogue resembled the Tykocin's synagogue. Branicki's times were the most prosperous period in the history of this city. Bialystok replaced Tykocin as dominant city, surrounded by smaller satellite communities such a Choroszcz, Odelsk, Zabludow, Sokola, and others.
In 1807, about 6000 inhabitants lived in the city, 4000 of then were Jews. Bialystok was declared the capital of the region in 1808. By 1897, 42,000 inhabited Bialystok, the Jews constituting 64 % of the population.
Thus, from the Jewish community inception until its brutal liquidation by Nazis, the Jews played a major role in the life of Bialystok. However, there were frequent ups and downs. At times, repeated political and economic crises plagued them, forcing some Jews to flee Bialystok for other countries.
In 1906, during terrible pogrom that was organized by Russians about 60 Jews were killed. During this pogrom first Great Synagogue was demolished, too. The new Great Synagogue, was built in 1909 - 1913 by architect Szlojme Rabinowicz to replace the old one from the 18th century.
Shortly before 1914, about 80 % of Bialystok's inhabitants were Jews. By 1939, just before the Nazi invasion of Poland, 100,000 people lived in Bialystok, 60,000 of them were Jews. The ethnic mixture of the city included Polish, Jews, Russians, White Russians, Germans, Lithuanians.
Hell on the earth for the Jews of Bialystok began on Friday morning, June 27, 1941, when the Nazi entered the city. With unbelievable brutality the Nazis dragged Jewish men from their dwellings and forced into the Great Synagogue. After that Nazi vandals hurled grenades into the synagogue, which immediately went up in flames. The Great Synagogue was burnt down by Nazis with about two thousand Jews inside.
The Great Synagogue in Bialystok, the Place of Faith, Memory and Hope is to commemorate the tragedy of this place and fate of the Jewish community in the town.
2. Narrative of Design
The main idea was to create a living place and not only a form - symbol but also a "living space". The results was spacious complex of new a synagogue, the Place of Faith, Memory and Hope and Jewish Cultural Center.
The Place of Memory is designed in the same place as the Great Synagogue before the Second World War. This is a stone plate restoring a plan of the Great Synagogue and concrete wall - negative impression of the prewar synagogue demolition. The parts of the buildings that stand and desecrate this place are removed. The New synagogue is designed under a stone plate. The footpath to the new synagogue leads by restored Szkolna Street. That way is designed in the form of Hebrew letter kof (q). The beginning of the way is a symbolic |
000000000001 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
2181,
753,
8056,
1268,
1790,
584,
79583,
279,
12939,
315,
6212,
13,
1472,
2643,
617,
6755,
430,
584,
8493,
922,
264,
4948,
315,
1057,
6439,
21811,
11,
902,
374,
5115,
264,
2763,
13,
4702,
1093,
584,
617,
311,
8343,
21356,
311,
46798,
819,
1057,
13162,
11,
584,
617,
311,
6212,
21356,
779,
430,
1057,
13162,
617,
279,
4907,
311,
734,
13,
11717,
2574,
3621,
994,
584,
1541,
1431,
636,
279,
6212,
584,
1205,
13,
24708,
69764,
649,
3063,
311,
6996,
315,
20545,
11,
30118,
2968,
11,
50160,
5044,
11,
55403,
11,
18659,
269,
11,
264,
8696,
323,
61880,
627,
3947,
527,
1690,
8125,
3249,
499,
527,
539,
21811,
520,
3814,
13,
3861,
2944,
1436,
387,
18547,
323,
22019,
11555,
13,
1115,
374,
4762,
832,
315,
279,
1948,
8125,
3249,
1274,
4250,
636,
311,
6212,
13,
1442,
499,
1781,
922,
701,
5435,
1603,
4950,
11,
323,
422,
499,
7831,
505,
18547,
11,
499,
527,
539,
2133,
311,
636,
3403,
6212,
13,
3580,
422,
499,
649,
1505,
264,
1648,
311,
990,
704,
1268,
311,
3568,
449,
701,
18547,
1176,
11,
323,
1243,
1518,
422,
499,
656,
539,
4498,
33173,
810,
6288,
13,
1102,
1253,
539,
27208,
682,
315,
701,
21811,
4819,
11,
719,
433,
1253,
1520,
499,
636,
264,
2478,
6573,
22178,
304,
264,
2046,
11,
902,
374,
2731,
1109,
4400,
627,
17519,
6212,
374,
264,
4279,
12458,
11,
323,
83511,
374,
264,
4279,
3575,
430,
22223,
922,
220,
1227,
3610,
9053,
1475,
1060,
13,
4427,
1672,
316,
7907,
19807,
22541,
311,
21811,
26153,
11,
902,
649,
387,
11190,
304,
832,
892,
15082,
11,
719,
814,
13434,
1431,
387,
1511,
15870,
477,
775,
701,
2547,
690,
6904,
389,
1124,
369,
3794,
6212,
13,
20539,
324,
19878,
292,
1053,
617,
499,
4510,
430,
279,
1401,
311,
21811,
2731,
374,
459,
24955,
60421,
33326,
11,
902,
1253,
990,
369,
1063,
1274,
11,
719,
2731,
6212,
649,
1101,
387,
17427,
555,
4737,
3738,
11193,
323,
31692,
264,
14348,
627,
2746,
499,
617,
264,
12707,
477,
264,
6500,
304,
701,
14150,
11,
420,
1253,
1101,
387,
3249,
499,
527,
539,
21811,
520,
3814,
13,
578,
6500,
323,
279,
12707,
649,
24928,
499,
315,
990,
477,
47044,
892,
902,
690,
49853,
11196,
477,
28361,
13,
25215,
315,
1521,
527,
1695,
369,
21811,
13,
2175,
1521,
2574,
704,
315,
701,
3130,
422,
499,
649,
13,
7531,
5627,
311,
10477,
1124,
3201,
422,
499,
4250,
13,
7557,
2771,
2697,
311,
912,
3177,
374,
5108,
1139,
701,
3130,
323,
1005,
4251,
12248,
311,
1520,
499,
4498,
323,
4822,
33173,
627,
32,
2771,
57369,
1648,
311,
1520,
3794,
311,
6212,
374,
311,
1812,
20227,
477,
9020,
311,
1063,
34948,
4731,
11,
1070,
374,
264,
1749,
2663,
97589,
4202,
278,
34427,
902,
994,
34793,
311,
1555,
39052,
44101,
690,
617,
499,
304,
279,
4363,
315,
16387,
304,
912,
892,
11,
279,
1925,
2944,
1274,
4250,
6212,
374,
1606,
872,
8271,
690,
539,
3480,
1022,
11,
449,
279,
293,
2259,
4269,
34427,
6212,
1749,
433,
1652,
1026,
279,
8271,
1523,
311,
264,
1812,
22018,
1614,
323,
90974,
264,
5222,
22178,
6212,
497,
1568,
433,
4999,
3947,
527,
7902,
1990,
1690,
6593,
82907,
13,
9176,
3115,
2574,
733,
1450,
3502,
25417,
449,
832,
2500,
477,
814,
527,
13803,
315,
1855,
1023,
13,
2057,
1304,
2771,
430,
4400,
374,
13942,
11,
433,
374,
1888,
311,
3137,
449,
701,
10896,
922,
682,
315,
279,
4787,
477,
51266,
499,
527,
25051,
994,
323,
1405,
13,
4427,
2574,
527,
21249,
1418,
3885,
527,
28961,
13,
6122,
1618,
311,
1505,
704,
810,
922,
89385,
7200,
15173,
13,
1442,
499,
527,
50254,
477,
50320,
11,
701,
2890,
374,
4461,
16066,
304,
1023,
5627,
439,
1664,
13,
9176,
889,
527,
50254,
7831,
505,
6212,
1469,
33252,
13,
1115,
374,
994,
264,
1732,
18417,
27027,
2391,
279,
3814,
323,
872,
13162,
22743,
11,
6118,
48728,
279,
3927,
477,
14718,
1124,
311,
617,
47989,
6212,
2085,
5655,
6212,
323,
26669,
6212,
13,
2684,
527,
18045,
6212,
1469,
33252,
15173,
19169,
430,
649,
4726,
1427,
1139,
420,
323,
1304,
2771,
1148,
499,
527,
25051,
520,
3814,
374,
6212,
1469,
33252,
13,
2684,
527,
6212,
1469,
33252,
12933,
430,
1274,
6212,
449,
323,
433,
374,
779,
814,
527,
3025,
311,
37397,
520,
3814,
24797,
33173,
779,
814,
656,
539,
1522,
3201,
1606,
315,
433,
13,
5751,
13162,
1205,
24463,
4883,
279,
9042,
4999,
5159,
6691,
1071,
422,
1364,
7020,
856,
7126,
1053,
5222,
1093,
264,
44626,
33030,
31646,
994,
21811,
11,
1364,
1053,
2646,
617,
12502,
1461,
13,
3005,
4024,
389,
311,
2019,
568,
20781,
3596,
4224,
3093,
439,
264,
3995,
893,
11,
323,
279,
2478,
25975,
568,
1550,
433,
574,
1120,
264,
22443,
3169,
315,
60121,
24074,
6638,
13,
2030,
279,
9191,
18233,
2751,
279,
11201,
813,
4224,
5620,
6244,
13,
3296,
279,
892,
568,
6244,
264,
6278,
57859,
893,
11,
15038,
2212,
220,
1135,
819,
4184,
311,
67937,
11,
813,
4224,
5620,
2751,
779,
3958,
430,
814,
3287,
1431,
1120,
3351,
1139,
3254,
28036,
11,
719,
8821,
12295,
2288,
627,
5159,
7126,
2643,
617,
1148,
499,
2643,
1650,
264,
6212,
19823,
719,
433,
574,
856,
39959,
889,
9670,
709,
449,
279,
6212,
3575,
13,
4800,
814,
2225,
6212,
1314,
1555,
279,
3814,
11,
719,
856,
18233,
11321,
1093,
459,
36021,
893,
449,
279,
3463,
315,
21811,
7636,
1457,
369,
279,
2800,
315,
813,
2324,
627,
44,
372,
2795,
279,
1193,
1648,
568,
1436,
11000,
3619,
1077,
5597,
311,
3351,
704,
315,
279,
60439,
4950,
11,
1053,
369,
1461,
311,
2231,
709,
449,
6212,
1752,
22178,
11,
3814,
1306,
3814,
11,
439,
1364,
1550,
369,
1667,
1603,
3339,
279,
5597,
311,
3351,
1139,
1077,
1866,
14150,
627,
5159,
2748,
753,
5133,
706,
539,
1027,
439,
3345,
439,
814,
3131,
1051,
682,
1606,
315,
4224,
5620,
3575,
13,
1102,
753,
779,
12703,
627,
40,
1511,
311,
617,
264,
2763,
315,
5435,
16054,
33173,
323,
19994,
33173,
520,
3814,
13,
1789,
8996,
2944,
11,
358,
1120,
1436,
539,
2873,
311,
6212,
279,
4553,
3814,
682,
279,
1648,
1555,
13,
358,
6137,
45243,
279,
5030,
323,
1766,
704,
1063,
7185,
2574,
13,
358,
1766,
704,
430,
17250,
21811,
649,
387,
9057,
555,
264,
1396,
315,
4819,
11,
323,
358,
9687
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>It’s amazing how much we underestimate the importance of sleep. You might have heard that we spend about a third of our lives sleeping, which is quite a lot. Just like we have to eat consistently to nourish our bodies, we have to sleep consistently so that our bodies have the energy to function. Bad things happen when we don’t get the sleep we need. Sleep deprivation can lead to lack of concentration, irritability, impaired memory, headaches, tremor, aches and nausea.
There are many reasons why you are not sleeping at night. One reason could be anxiety and racing thoughts. This is probably one of the top reasons why people cannot get to sleep. If you think about your problems before bed, and if you suffer from anxiety, you are not going to get enough sleep. See if you can find a way to work out how to deal with your anxiety first, and then see if you do not fall asleep more quickly. It may not cure all of your sleeping issues, but it may help you get a few solid nights in a week, which is better than nothing.
Bad sleep is a common complaint, and insomnia is a common problem that affects about 64 million Americans every year. Some insomniacs resort to sleeping pills, which can be helpful in one time situations, but they shouldn’t be used regularly or else your body will depend on them for getting sleep. Tempur Pedic would have you believe that the key to sleeping better is an ultra comfy mattress, which may work for some people, but better sleep can also be achieved by taking certain measures and establishing a routine.
If you have a television or a computer in your bedroom, this may also be why you are not sleeping at night. The computer and the television can remind you of work or recreation time which will induce worry or excitement. Neither of these are good for sleeping. Get these things out of your room if you can. Find ways to hide them away if you cannot. Make sure little to no light is coming into your room and use white noise to help you fall and stay asleep.
A sure-fire way to help getting to sleep is to meditate or listen to some relaxing music, there is a method called bianaural beats which when listened to through stereo headphones will have you in the land of nod in no time, the main reason people cannot sleep is because their brain will not switch off, with the binaural beats sleep method it calms the brain down to a meditative state and induces a sound nights sleep..try it!
There are links between many medical ailments. Many times things go hand-in-hand with one another or they are symptoms of each other. To make sure that nothing is missed, it is best to talk with your doctor about all of the conditions or pains you are experiencing when and where. Some things are chronic while others are occasional. Go here to find out more about gastric band surgery. If you are overweight or obese, your health is likely suffering in other ways as well. Many who are overweight suffer from sleep apnea. This is when a person stops breathing during the night and their bodies panic, usually waking the individual or causing them to have unpleasant sleep without deep sleep and REM sleep. There are Miami sleep apnea surgery centers that can further look into this and make sure what you are experiencing at night is sleep apnea. There are sleep apnea machines that people sleep with and it is so they are able to breathe at night whilst asleep so they do not pass away because of it. Our bodies need oxygen round the clock!
My mother said if she knew my father would sound like a pneumatic drill when sleeping, she would never have married him. She went on to say he hardly ever snored as a young man, and the few occasions he did it was just a gentle kind of muted drum roll. But the older dad got the worse his snoring became. By the time he became a middle-aged man, somewhere around 50ish according to Mum, his snoring got so bad that they didn’t just move into single beds, but separate rooms too.
My father might have what you might call a sleep disorder but it was my mum who ended up with the sleep problem. Now they both sleep right through the night, but my dad feels like an unwanted man with the thought of sleeping alone now for the rest of his life.
Mum says the only way he could possibly understand her decision to move out of the marital bed, would for him to put up with sleepless nights, night after night, as she did for years before making the decision to move into her own bedroom.
My parent’s relationship has not been as close as they once were all because of snoring problem. It’s so sad.
I used to have a lot of problems falling asleep and staying asleep at night. For whatever reason, I just could not seem to sleep the entire night all the way through. I began researching the matter and found out some interesting things. I found out that difficulty sleeping can be caused by a number of issues, and I learned |
000000000002 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
35215,
279,
9257,
13042,
20057,
315,
5734,
389,
264,
1579,
2978,
4007,
22917,
2068,
430,
690,
19678,
499,
311,
8870,
22277,
23413,
27833,
304,
5734,
11,
2737,
386,
23332,
11,
53483,
11,
11544,
72,
11,
323,
68844,
526,
10977,
13,
15281,
922,
279,
3925,
315,
1521,
27833,
323,
1510,
3109,
10396,
28987,
1521,
23413,
10977,
13,
78137,
892,
304,
279,
6366,
323,
8870,
19624,
18921,
315,
18561,
5734,
13,
1472,
690,
387,
11784,
311,
2115,
628,
24060,
323,
20228,
5788,
323,
690,
4048,
922,
8776,
44948,
323,
31442,
1778,
439,
5684,
28936,
11,
3090,
3506,
19354,
11,
16120,
1609,
11,
85927,
11,
84709,
11,
323,
3776,
34117,
287,
13,
91148,
7446,
2324,
304,
19624,
10977,
449,
2324,
304,
279,
9919,
315,
27647,
11,
38147,
11,
18866,
2303,
526,
11,
323,
43526,
88161,
627,
11382,
701,
27501,
315,
5734,
753,
27833,
304,
279,
6864,
3363,
11,
27647,
11,
1405,
499,
4805,
1518,
3062,
6732,
1778,
439,
48443,
276,
5794,
15992,
11,
279,
67540,
4409,
11,
323,
279,
8681,
9935,
13,
9479,
11,
7142,
279,
9257,
3925,
315,
18866,
2303,
526,
11,
832,
315,
279,
3116,
2294,
14154,
94099,
315,
5734,
13,
19545,
57997,
323,
4048,
922,
279,
3925,
315,
61324,
304,
5734,
13,
78137,
892,
304,
43526,
88161,
11,
832,
315,
5734,
753,
24417,
9919,
13,
12040,
8620,
4221,
18872,
323,
1518,
3062,
13970,
323,
13042,
6732,
11,
2737,
279,
11495,
50526,
7813,
22983,
32987,
13,
9220,
5105,
478,
352,
11704,
87671,
304,
264,
3363,
323,
832,
304,
264,
19624,
14458,
2345,
14724,
2187,
499,
311,
3217,
7446,
2324,
304,
5734,
304,
1633,
2204,
38697,
627,
60105,
279,
2068,
11,
499,
4805,
9604,
24601,
315,
8776,
29066,
323,
26139,
323,
1518,
20441,
5933,
6732,
1778,
439,
59509,
8890,
9451,
84,
10164,
13772,
5165,
5657,
323,
17781,
8270,
13,
4060,
701,
3217,
304,
5734,
449,
2380,
2919,
315,
27501,
323,
22599,
304,
38147,
11,
1405,
499,
690,
4034,
264,
1396,
315,
3062,
6732,
1778,
439,
816,
4168,
10602,
19558,
11,
10846,
4409,
11,
5843,
92336,
19176,
11,
279,
16730,
315,
48302,
5277,
11,
33242,
99268,
9728,
11,
323,
578,
30708,
13,
8620,
1579,
2978,
4236,
690,
19780,
499,
2391,
13651,
315,
279,
2068,
627,
5618,
4034,
1057,
3997,
369,
810,
2038,
627,
35215,
279,
5933,
13444,
315,
32164,
1555,
264,
2305,
315,
13042,
75657,
11,
16166,
7640,
11,
323,
4029,
2532,
13,
19110,
701,
1579,
2978,
7474,
22917,
304,
32164,
753,
6864,
11,
1405,
499,
323,
701,
1912,
690,
13488,
279,
3363,
753,
1989,
43654,
11,
44866,
11,
323,
30870,
3532,
2402,
323,
1212,
36666,
701,
15506,
13,
58095,
555,
8415,
15924,
276,
311,
279,
3363,
753,
14932,
30100,
311,
4048,
922,
279,
5654,
753,
72546,
323,
49554,
95890,
627,
3915,
69173,
65717,
11,
5944,
311,
37683,
8375,
2629,
5034,
39162,
11,
6864,
315,
279,
8375,
2629,
17271,
11,
389,
32164,
753,
18671,
49100,
11,
1405,
499,
3358,
8493,
1403,
5672,
11821,
1938,
4791,
11477,
2324,
449,
459,
82822,
3552,
3070,
13,
12220,
420,
4261,
11,
990,
389,
264,
4029,
2532,
2447,
1778,
439,
70438,
520,
264,
4219,
369,
2911,
449,
48006,
36801,
477,
10695,
311,
32652,
349,
459,
13036,
425,
477,
68223,
13,
19723,
15506,
304,
4221,
6989,
449,
1023,
3697,
315,
701,
1912,
323,
4048,
922,
2254,
342,
2933,
971,
7829,
13,
6122,
38464,
477,
4251,
55051,
53555,
287,
13,
15353,
389,
311,
279,
2678,
6424,
315,
921,
4042,
3444,
11,
1120,
10007,
315,
279,
3363,
315,
8375,
2629,
11,
1405,
499,
3358,
7945,
389,
2532,
6975,
7640,
1778,
439,
19354,
477,
65118,
627,
12487,
11,
70531,
389,
264,
2046,
315,
16166,
27501,
449,
701,
1912,
323,
6164,
13,
42013,
15580,
1445,
11,
4822,
389,
264,
3544,
39161,
11,
323,
4774,
8776,
3703,
1395,
593,
13,
18589,
1555,
279,
24405,
311,
279,
3363,
315,
53741,
352,
349,
11,
23351,
520,
11495,
7091,
62264,
13,
763,
53741,
352,
349,
11,
1935,
264,
13260,
7364,
315,
279,
3363,
323,
1243,
12141,
311,
279,
9462,
294,
8699,
13,
3494,
311,
69173,
65717,
369,
264,
1620,
1938,
315,
27501,
323,
22599,
627,
23133,
25,
69173,
65717,
11,
220,
19,
2919,
198,
50742,
478,
352,
25,
8375,
2629,
29107,
220,
975,
2919,
198,
11663,
54064,
2658,
811,
25,
45871,
11,
3190,
9703,
11,
3552,
2053,
198,
5618,
4034,
1057,
3997,
369,
810,
2038,
627,
35215,
279,
17226,
10977,
11,
13970,
23965,
11,
323,
46139,
20057,
315,
48847,
2391,
264,
2305,
315,
13042,
27501,
389,
420,
65280,
1579,
2978,
7474,
22917,
2068,
13,
69352,
3240,
6975,
922,
48847,
753,
3925,
323,
2204,
22277,
10977,
2391,
279,
17140,
304,
63053,
2001,
48847,
753,
6864,
323,
7928,
3363,
11,
53324,
279,
16867,
13962,
2001,
1418,
17136,
279,
32404,
1030,
16730,
11,
279,
3363,
753,
37683,
5789,
11,
323,
1023,
3062,
6732,
627,
644,
279,
3363,
315,
1183,
9832,
22532,
11,
304,
18671,
48847,
11,
8493,
1403,
5672,
5496,
449,
264,
3700,
99712,
3070,
13,
9843,
279,
4219,
315,
82548,
6792,
7829,
11,
1183,
9832,
22532,
374,
3967,
439,
279,
6864,
315,
90215,
2473,
15612,
323,
279,
4363,
315,
279,
3700,
99712,
67429,
15580,
13,
12220,
420,
4261,
11,
499,
323,
701,
1912,
617,
4731,
323,
15612,
35936,
1418,
6975,
922,
279,
5016,
7829,
11,
94700,
12,
3976,
99712,
81821,
11,
323,
32692,
28948,
315,
279,
5654,
13,
26911,
449,
2254,
4236,
311,
16988,
304,
6498,
6354,
857,
819,
4221,
4007,
30098,
11,
323,
733,
389,
459,
95440,
311,
96879,
15924,
936,
311,
13488,
864,
32600,
936,
69637,
6732,
323,
36136,
13,
12220,
701,
1938,
4930,
95440,
311,
12925,
10753,
77080,
57511,
11,
990,
449,
2254,
11062,
389,
264,
26202,
2447,
11,
1778,
439,
10695,
311,
6308,
323,
13023,
4029,
14016,
477,
3318,
520,
264,
19724,
9979,
627,
7927,
3700,
99712,
27501,
9731,
439,
499,
5944,
311,
356,
5308,
1030,
11,
264,
27387,
6651,
315,
864,
7813,
1152,
13464,
323,
37683,
3925,
11,
1989,
11,
323,
18112,
323,
1317,
6646,
279,
69637,
6864,
315,
279,
52248,
13,
19545,
279,
27850,
4563,
292,
3581,
64,
11,
279,
289,
4841,
6485,
328,
19807,
352,
17156,
309,
11644,
11,
323,
279,
69637,
2816,
59226,
316,
613,
352,
13,
5659,
507,
657,
266,
352,
73807,
754,
2001,
459,
14154,
763,
4919,
16700,
6424,
2001,
1935,
264
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>Experience the rich cultural diversity of China on a high school study abroad program that will introduce you to remote ethnic minority cultures in China, including Miao, Dong, Buyi, and Zhuang communities. Learn about the history of these cultures and current government policies affecting these minority communities. Spend time in the beautiful and remote rural landscape of southern China. You will be introduced to field plowing and rice production and will learn about traditional crafts and trades such as papermaking, watercolor painting, batik, embroidery, weaving, and blacksmithing. Contrast daily life in rural communities with life in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Luoyang, and Xi’an.
Begin your exploration of China’s cultures in the capital city, Beijing, where you’ll see important sites such as Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City, and the Great Wall. Next, discover the rich history of Luoyang, one of the four great ancient capitals of China. Visit temples and learn about the history of Buddhism in China. Spend time in Xi’an, one of China’s oldest cities. Take Chinese language lessons and see important historical and cultural sites, including the famous Terra-Cotta Warriors. Two homestay experiences—one in a city and one in a rural village—will allow you to experience daily life in China in very different contexts.
Throughout the program, you’ll attend performances of traditional dancing and singing and see stunning natural sites such as Huangguoshu Waterfall National Park and Moon Hill. End your experience in China with three days of exploration and reflection in Shanghai, where you will visit a number of important sites such as Yuyuan Garden, Old City, Longhua Temple, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Nanjing Road, and The Bund. Chinese high school students will accompany you during portion of the program.
Please visit our website for more information.
Experience the natural beauty of Argentina through a month of cultural immersion, outdoor activities, and community service. Begin your high school summer abroad in Argentina’s capital, where you and your group will explore the city’s art galleries, theaters, and boulevards and start practicing your Spanish. Sail by catamaran to the city’s surrounding islands to learn about the region’s ecology and biosystems.
From Buenos Aires, travel to colonial Salta La Linda, capital of the Salta province, on Argentina’s northern frontier, where you'll spend two weeks sharing day-to-day life with an Argentine host family. During this period, work on a community service project such as volunteering at a center for children with developmental disabilities or helping to renovate an orphanage or kindergarten. Study Spanish in language classes with other members of your group and learn about local gaucho culture. Go hiking or white-water rafting. Continue on to the small town of Chicoana, just south of the city of Salta, where you'll assist on service learning activities such as painting or landscaping.
Then, embark on a week of outdoor exploration with your group and leaders. Ride horseback, stay on a large ranch, and enjoy traditional barbeque. Travel through the mountains to the city of Cafayate, stopping at famous rock formations. In Cafayate, take a bike tour of the city and then ride to the sand dunes. Return to Buenos Aires for a final day of exploration and reflection.
Orientation: Buenos Aires, 4 days
Homestay: Salta,* 14 days
Other Accommodations: Hotels, campsite, hostels
Please visit our website for more information.
Experience the diverse communities, historical complexity, and geographic diversity of Peru during a month of cultural exploration on this immersive high school summer abroad program. Immediately begin learning about Peru’s history and different ethnic communities during the orientation in Lima — Peru’s capital and largest city, overlooking the Pacific coast — while visiting the Larco Museum, the city’s colonial areas, and other important sites.
In the city of Trujillo, in northern Peru, spend two weeks living with a Peruvian family. Once the center of Chimú culture, Trujillo is known as the capital of marinera dance and the land of the Peruvian Paso horse. During this period, you and your group have music and dance workshops while learning about the unique culture, Afro-Peruvian rhythms, and artistic heritage of the region. Meet with local students to engage in English-Spanish language study exchanges, and go on an excursion to Cajamarca to explore pre-Inca archaeological sites and artifacts. During your daylong excursion to Pacasmayo harbor, work with local residents on a volunteer project, such as helping to paint and repair community buildings or working at a soup kitchen.
Your Peruvian exploration continues as you travel to Cuzco, a fascinating mix of pre-Columbian and colonial history, art, and architecture and long considered the archaeological capital of the Americas. Visit the temple Coricancha, the walled complex Sacsayhuamán, and the archaeological site Tambomachay. From Ollataytambo — an ancient Incan mountain town — take a |
000000000003 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
128000,
1451,
78,
362,
57858,
15823,
527,
682,
43645,
315,
21720,
4221,
15089,
88650,
482,
279,
1455,
4686,
3823,
4221,
315,
420,
11841,
13,
4314,
2997,
4661,
682,
15823,
315,
21139,
11,
17076,
11,
19984,
5059,
9121,
11,
32375,
8747,
10977,
304,
10471,
11,
11340,
11,
12911,
323,
17442,
11,
72630,
11,
74577,
323,
1063,
5789,
315,
11301,
79,
1122,
627,
8607,
15823,
430,
527,
304,
2579,
1093,
2394,
587,
1018,
11,
39421,
77007,
11,
75887,
3315,
11,
22652,
7911,
11,
362,
7164,
276,
11,
2522,
77996,
1122,
11,
426,
533,
7414,
11,
735,
10847,
5676,
11,
20774,
1698,
32589,
1122,
11,
328,
13637,
11,
328,
2227,
266,
1122,
11,
44513,
21336,
11,
13000,
7910,
11,
10846,
50961,
11,
3344,
47547,
11,
26349,
292,
11,
328,
540,
67,
1122,
11,
4366,
339,
1122,
11,
1901,
12997,
47247,
5676,
527,
912,
5129,
304,
82048,
447,
532,
10648,
477,
4856,
69918,
439,
814,
1051,
13517,
3967,
13,
4427,
315,
1124,
1253,
617,
50500,
1139,
1063,
82048,
447,
532,
10648,
4315,
9333,
10977,
430,
617,
1027,
27092,
555,
5457,
555,
15558,
10383,
430,
16280,
79942,
9700,
291,
11758,
315,
14154,
10977,
323,
9770,
1124,
311,
11117,
11,
32153,
477,
387,
42101,
555,
91321,
627,
2028,
9046,
5764,
1403,
1207,
12,
68939,
25,
2314,
292,
323,
28501,
13,
11450,
1521,
15823,
527,
96531,
304,
6890,
11,
17076,
11,
34445,
43579,
11,
26316,
8115,
10977,
11,
67799,
1609,
9121,
11,
21139,
11,
40491,
331,
40422,
10977,
10471,
323,
1202,
53851,
323,
1101,
304,
5789,
505,
279,
5348,
15379,
311,
19001,
5734,
627,
50,
41874,
1018,
11,
902,
17623,
311,
279,
2314,
292,
1207,
12,
18424,
11,
374,
279,
1888,
3967,
4315,
279,
4216,
15823,
315,
420,
9046,
26,
1202,
24417,
8205,
11,
650,
34383,
15089,
88650,
11,
374,
34683,
304,
279,
75887,
300,
11,
264,
4526,
315,
67743,
4511,
323,
1023,
10597,
22755,
315,
14154,
6890,
627,
7184,
1070,
527,
1403,
26018,
13,
3861,
2795,
2314,
292,
22032,
10862,
1139,
279,
113744,
1207,
75695,
11,
5108,
505,
8792,
13936,
2212,
220,
3965,
15,
79677,
25,
763,
279,
52632,
20198,
14151,
11,
279,
67743,
77,
220,
16,
13,
9263,
21881,
922,
264,
28812,
11879,
430,
1253,
387,
6646,
264,
29827,
5044,
315,
420,
12172,
13,
3092,
3495,
11,
374,
430,
15089,
88650,
574,
279,
3789,
6691,
4221,
22066,
2212,
279,
2294,
14154,
6890,
323,
1202,
22032,
17626,
304,
4553,
10913,
13936,
11,
96664,
39260,
11,
11301,
79,
1122,
11,
38785,
11,
27945,
315,
23931,
611,
21097,
689,
323,
311,
1455,
37537,
13,
13962,
323,
15212,
627,
32,
7164,
276,
374,
264,
4221,
430,
7739,
961,
315,
279,
28501,
1912,
13,
10846,
362,
7164,
276,
320,
57753,
2663,
480,
589,
292,
362,
7164,
276,
8,
374,
279,
24417,
34683,
4221,
315,
279,
28501,
1207,
12,
18424,
11,
279,
1054,
82,
1601,
863,
315,
15089,
88650,
11,
902,
374,
279,
4221,
1511,
304,
279,
4216,
1901,
18812,
561,
7414,
10597,
22755,
13,
13596,
3062,
4221,
315,
279,
28501,
1207,
12,
18424,
374,
10846,
50961,
11,
902,
374,
279,
4221,
1766,
304,
279,
30336,
1672,
25712,
315,
279,
362,
6583,
16737,
307,
67946,
11,
6041,
304,
279,
3389,
220,
21,
339,
9478,
79677,
13,
578,
30758,
3338,
481,
6029,
315,
420,
9046,
13003,
1203,
311,
922,
220,
5894,
15,
79677,
13,
358,
690,
387,
17437,
810,
3630,
389,
362,
7164,
276,
323,
1202,
12976,
449,
15089,
88650,
20193,
627,
15724,
11,
1690,
2314,
292,
15823,
527,
22066,
304,
6890,
323,
17076,
11,
1778,
439,
45080,
11,
94435,
11,
31536,
92984,
11,
323,
26316,
8115,
13,
28501,
15823,
1778,
439,
435,
61114,
320,
50889,
50961,
705,
24971,
427,
78,
11,
323,
42740,
527,
22066,
304,
11340,
11,
10471,
11,
21139,
11,
323,
67799,
1609,
9121,
627,
791,
76985,
6830,
57858,
477,
2314,
292,
15823,
527,
279,
1401,
4221,
3070,
315,
279,
7904,
1207,
75695,
323,
4987,
13936,
13,
2435,
35256,
264,
9046,
315,
279,
76985,
22197,
6713,
1122,
15823,
11,
5196,
264,
9046,
315,
279,
76985,
88735,
4221,
3070,
13,
76985,
6830,
57858,
22032,
1376,
922,
832,
4376,
315,
682,
76985,
88735,
22032,
320,
9274,
220,
16,
13,
20,
315,
220,
18,
7239,
705,
323,
810,
1109,
4376,
315,
682,
76985,
88735,
15823,
15324,
555,
14693,
77,
77828,
13,
6104,
279,
15823,
527,
15871,
22066,
304,
4987,
13936,
11,
30278,
315,
76985,
6830,
57858,
15823,
527,
1766,
311,
387,
22066,
304,
4606,
323,
279,
12877,
6460,
627,
791,
7928,
304,
3878,
315,
10068,
22032,
527,
20412,
592,
5676,
320,
39,
29785,
35681,
81,
1072,
11,
922,
220,
5154,
3610,
705,
26316,
8115,
320,
9274,
220,
1049,
3610,
705,
31536,
92984,
320,
9274,
220,
1041,
3610,
8,
2947,
67631,
320,
9274,
220,
2031,
3610,
705,
56731,
9491,
320,
9274,
220,
1135,
3610,
705,
26291,
561,
87911,
320,
9274,
220,
1135,
3610,
705,
426,
6292,
47154,
6198,
320,
9274,
220,
1272,
3610,
705,
18371,
329,
6151,
320,
9274,
220,
1987,
3610,
705,
11583,
411,
4008,
320,
9274,
220,
966,
3610,
705,
25578,
689,
320,
9274,
220,
966,
3610,
705,
97781,
6151,
320,
9274,
220,
914,
3610,
705,
26531,
73,
426,
8460,
64,
320,
9274,
220,
1691,
3610,
705,
44020,
7723,
320,
9274,
220,
508,
3610,
705,
921,
23976,
285,
12440,
6151,
320,
9274,
220,
972,
3610,
705,
37669,
8115,
320,
9274,
220,
845,
3610,
705,
123195,
6181,
320,
9274,
220,
868,
9686,
50012,
705,
2755,
986,
68,
320,
9274,
220,
868,
3610,
705,
473,
661,
276,
10176,
320,
9274,
220,
1032,
3610,
705,
78311,
2933,
7910,
320,
9274,
220,
24,
3610,
705,
20287,
71,
12574,
320,
9274,
220,
23,
3610,
705,
50280,
72,
320,
9274,
220,
21,
3610,
705,
14588,
462,
320,
9274,
220,
19,
3610,
705,
323,
30708,
12574,
320,
370,
332,
220,
18,
3610,
705,
12471,
28927,
8115,
320,
9274,
220,
18,
3610,
705,
735,
13722,
21446,
320,
9274,
220,
17,
3610,
705,
449,
264,
2860,
1396,
315,
10068,
22032,
315,
810,
1109,
220,
7467,
3610,
13,
14588,
462,
315,
622,
88139,
50280,
374,
1890,
4221,
22066,
304,
33512,
1142,
50280,
3158,
1405,
433,
374,
2663,
393,
2117,
77007,
16744,
354,
86,
2850,
323,
1101,
264,
23851,
2663,
20412,
9509,
13,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>Indo Aryan languages are all derivatives of Mother language Sanskrit - the most complete human language of this planet. These include almost all languages of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Balochistan, Kurdi communities in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and some areas of Caspian.
Many languages that are in red like Prakrit, Gandhari, Vedda, Niya, Avestan, Scythian, Bactrian, Khotani, Khwarezmian, Saka, Sarmatian, Pamiri, Vanji, Old Persian, Mediani, Alanic, Sogdian, Parthian, Zaza Gorani are no longer in colloquial usage or rather extinct as they were originally known. Some of them may have corrupted into some colloquial usage among smaller communities that have been merged by force by Islamic influence that literally bulldozed hundreds of ancient communities and forced them to merge, disappear or be absorbed by invaders.
This branch includes two sub-branches: Indic and Iranian. Today these languages are predominant in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bengali communities, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Blochistani communities Iran and its vicinity and also in areas from the Black Sea to western China.
Sanskrit, which belongs to the Indic sub-branch, is the best known among the early languages of this branch; its oldest variety, Vedic Sanskrit, is preserved in the Vedas, a collection of hymns and other religious texts of ancient India.
Now there are two theories. One says Indic speakers entered into the Indi subcontinent, coming from central Asia around 1500 BCE: In the Rig-Veda, the hymn 1.131 speaks about a legendary journey that may be considered a distant memory of this migration. My research, is that Sanskrit was the root mother language spoken around the great ancient India and its speakers expanded in entire Central Asia, Anatolia, Caspian, Mediterranean, Gulf of Arabia / Persia and to most Mediterr. coast and Egypt.
Avestan is a language that forms part of the Iranian group. Old Avestan (sometimes called Gathic Avestan) is the oldest preserved language of the Iranian sub-branch, the “sister” of Sanskrit, which is the language used in the early Zoroastrian religious texts. Another important language of the Iranian sub-branch is Old Persian, which is the language found in the royal inscriptions of the Achaemenid dynasty, starting in the late 6th century BCE. The earliest datable evidence of this branch dates back to about 1300 BCE. I will be posting more info on Avestan and its relation with Sanskrit shortly.
Today, many Indic languages are spoken in India and Pakistan, such as Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, and Bengali. Iranian languages such as Farsi (modern Persian), Pashto, and Kurdish are spoken in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.
The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the key language family of the Indian subcontinent and South Asia. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan speakers form about one half of all Indo-European speakers (about 1.5 of 3 billion), and more than half of all Indo-European languages recognized by Ethnologue. While the languages are primarily spoken in South Asia, pockets of Indo-Aryan languages are found to be spoken in Europe and the Middle East.
The largest in terms of native speakers are Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu, about 250 million), Bengali (about 200 million), Punjabi (about 100 million) Marathi (about 70 million), Gujarati (about 50 million), Rajasthani (about 50 million), Bhojpuri (about 40 million), Awadhi (about 38 million), Maithili (about 30 million), Odia (about 30 million), Sindhi (about 25 million), Braj Bhasha (about 21 million), Saraiki (about 20 million), Chhattisgarhi (about 18 million), Nepali (about 16 million), Sinhala (about 15 miilion), Assamese (about 15 million), Haryanvi (about 13 million), Kannauji (about 9 million), Bagheli (about 8 million), Kashmiri (about 6 million), Dogri (about 4 million), and Bundeli (abut 3 million), Garhwali (about 3 million), Kumaoni (about 2 million), with a total number of native speakers of more than 900 million. Dogri of Jammu Kashmir is same language spoken in Occupied Kashmir area where it is called Potohari/Potwari and also a variation called Hindko.!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
000000000004 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
128000,
40,
13,
62026,
7237,
13,
578,
4751,
56740,
5764,
4661,
1475,
1314,
279,
2383,
690,
6144,
11,
3734,
2324,
323,
31220,
627,
791,
3485,
374,
264,
5897,
7434,
315,
3424,
19894,
439,
3268,
627,
11076,
10648,
315,
279,
4751,
3424,
19813,
311,
279,
3245,
477,
1665,
3917,
311,
279,
1314,
627,
16,
13,
8976,
8825,
4363,
477,
2574,
31859,
12673,
311,
4363,
627,
17,
13,
19758,
8825,
2574,
430,
527,
50401,
323,
3351,
481,
8349,
323,
45305,
320,
331,
20274,
304,
1957,
8,
527,
14183,
311,
439,
528,
61186,
4443,
3424,
627,
18,
13,
20295,
19020,
19758,
3424,
902,
9221,
264,
961,
315,
1972,
3424,
323,
4250,
387,
7108,
2085,
38974,
287,
279,
15919,
315,
279,
1972,
3424,
627,
19,
13,
7943,
26673,
19476,
315,
3424,
627,
2948,
8,
6962,
11,
3090,
11,
323,
18200,
198,
1921,
8,
5222,
323,
2217,
38140,
198,
1361,
8,
6500,
7620,
198,
23440,
13,
69569,
4419,
69154,
13,
49981,
15637,
374,
3515,
682,
3284,
6484,
3268,
304,
323,
927,
264,
3245,
13,
12838,
433,
3073,
5380,
16,
13,
40741,
3268,
3073,
369,
3424,
627,
2948,
8,
5897,
15637,
2316,
198,
1921,
8,
77109,
15637,
1005,
198,
1361,
8,
3109,
12034,
51727,
198,
1528,
8,
356,
1171,
1960,
12034,
1005,
439,
52508,
5897,
29407,
311,
77162,
11,
15866,
323,
4662,
311,
27651,
11897,
54983,
31711,
198,
968,
8,
3142,
12034,
8825,
4250,
387,
1511,
430,
653,
20489,
2915,
11384,
8137,
311,
279,
586,
477,
41305,
288,
449,
586,
477,
879,
3268,
320,
9110,
285,
685,
340,
3348,
8,
2947,
2223,
12034,
12332,
3424,
323,
4279,
2383,
3424,
627,
3166,
13,
49673,
13,
13625,
6913,
5627,
311,
21953,
2316,
311,
3424,
512,
1921,
8,
9886,
86918,
612,
46997,
11,
5764,
1989,
11,
6500,
7620,
323,
1023,
7739,
315,
20207,
3424,
627,
1361,
8,
28351,
11,
5906,
75,
3864,
323,
23838,
627,
43941,
477,
6412,
198,
2948,
8,
435,
2234,
1260,
11822,
832,
5089,
1253,
539,
387,
39575,
505,
2500,
323,
11822,
527,
6118,
6216,
555,
4785,
477,
6767,
627,
53,
13,
426,
6093,
29863,
13,
362,
25487,
479,
374,
459,
9306,
49001,
19243,
315,
4443,
3424,
374,
71044,
555,
279,
6506,
320,
269,
16973,
64949,
8,
449,
279,
17575,
369,
1202,
471,
520,
264,
3010,
892,
627,
12132,
25,
220,
16,
13,
38231,
315,
2316,
555,
25487,
269,
198,
17,
13,
19243,
323,
13643,
2585,
555,
13081,
64166,
198,
18,
13,
17139,
19243,
311,
42228,
311,
25487,
269,
198,
19,
13,
4443,
3424,
198,
941,
315,
83244,
479,
38182,
315,
10852,
432,
38135,
198,
16,
13,
67450,
315,
83244,
269,
198,
17,
13,
67450,
315,
14659,
64166,
198,
18,
13,
75142,
67450,
128000,
4438,
311,
9842,
264,
35321,
9580,
27047,
29438,
765,
117054,
3947,
527,
912,
23719,
902,
499,
649,
4048,
369,
264,
1579,
5573,
13,
5884,
23719,
499,
4048,
311,
2231,
304,
701,
9071,
690,
4827,
701,
5573,
13,
1472,
1288,
1212,
555,
63330,
97578,
279,
5224,
2728,
1389,
430,
753,
682,
13,
5112,
923,
701,
17850,
5224,
323,
701,
17219,
374,
4686,
13,
3580,
420,
2199,
512,
93531,
43474,
3092,
92014,
25,
10323,
29438,
320,
85901,
340,
51812,
1623,
445,
2913,
358,
19102,
362,
91022,
198,
43055,
20255,
39652,
1054,
17673,
32612,
24093,
44703,
8606,
3083,
5091,
49145,
1341,
3651,
47175,
5421,
70392,
3507,
362,
63706,
5876,
1863,
26063,
1341,
3083,
12244,
17218,
5123,
19524,
2006,
3247,
21673,
3083,
3247,
9403,
91199,
1981,
35047,
13359,
499,
369,
682,
279,
6392,
499,
4070,
1027,
3815,
779,
3117,
1606,
358,
1505,
1124,
2216,
11190,
304,
2015,
311,
11322,
264,
2294,
7200,
5573,
389,
279,
358,
2818,
10155,
1296,
627,
40,
617,
264,
3488,
1618,
13,
358,
1440,
430,
279,
17219,
220,
17,
374,
1648,
2731,
13,
2030,
358,
4344,
16984,
430,
422,
358,
3350,
856,
17219,
304,
430,
1648,
902,
6835,
279,
1403,
1925,
10105,
1243,
358,
4762,
2834,
1431,
387,
3025,
311,
63330,
10857,
1521,
1403,
304,
279,
67482,
315,
1855,
315,
856,
2547,
43743,
323,
1101,
856,
17102,
13,
1666,
264,
5030,
315,
2144,
11,
420,
2643,
4827,
856,
5573,
304,
3878,
315,
78686,
5211,
1606,
358,
1629,
704,
315,
36018,
13,
3383,
358,
1314,
18072,
1016,
14093,
323,
29438,
83731,
765,
6011,
315,
117054,
644,
459,
358,
2818,
10155,
9647,
9071,
369,
4477,
3465,
220,
17,
11,
701,
17219,
706,
264,
4092,
5224,
323,
264,
17850,
5224,
13,
1472,
1288,
9395,
369,
1990,
220,
1272,
311,
220,
1135,
4339,
369,
279,
3160,
315,
701,
9071,
17219,
13,
6104,
279,
4092,
5224,
40019,
279,
13650,
11,
279,
17850,
5224,
374,
701,
4320,
311,
279,
3465,
2728,
555,
358,
2818,
10155,
13,
1102,
1288,
19678,
279,
1925,
3585,
323,
1501,
279,
5216,
701,
9071,
690,
1935,
13,
21883,
527,
1403,
3284,
6111,
5247,
449,
2204,
17850,
12518,
369,
279,
2768,
358,
2818,
10155,
3465,
627,
1016,
14093,
323,
29438,
83731,
765,
6011,
315,
6498,
198,
791,
1828,
43743,
304,
279,
17219,
1288,
39396,
3766,
3495,
304,
420,
3158,
13,
1102,
1288,
39396,
1884,
889,
1047,
279,
4623,
477,
6848,
1176,
11,
323,
1288,
1101,
39396,
1884,
889,
617,
2884,
279,
1455,
3293,
323,
9959,
990,
13,
1472,
1288,
1243,
733,
389,
311,
10552,
3249,
810,
990,
574,
5995,
320,
22479,
990,
11,
315,
3388,
29275,
4438,
2057,
9842,
459,
3365,
4210,
29438,
1789,
459,
27047,
198,
13622,
6111,
5247,
3240,
449,
459,
17140,
304,
279,
1376,
315,
264,
10015,
4689,
5224,
430,
11767,
279,
6742,
1139,
279,
8712,
9204,
1268,
279,
3230,
8712,
36716,
311,
11493,
4819,
477,
311,
279,
26434,
2115,
627,
972,
12,
717,
12,
679,
20,
9787,
2650,
311,
9842,
459,
27047,
29438,
198,
3513,
2771,
311,
2997,
264,
9903,
520,
279,
7314,
315,
279,
17219,
13,
1115,
374,
264,
5224,
315,
2555,
40044,
7185,
311,
62425,
701,
6742,
311,
1373,
279,
2800,
315,
279,
5684,
11,
433,
374,
459,
3062,
14,
88657,
12624,
3575,
430,
701,
5684,
3060,
68577,
477,
14564,
13,
1472,
1288,
4128,
279,
6742,
304,
323,
1304,
1124,
1390,
311,
1373,
279,
2800,
315,
279,
5684,
13,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>I. DEFINITION. The term PROPERTY includes almost every right the law will protect, except life and liberty.
The above is a legal concept of property viewed as rights.
Common usage of the term property refers to the thing or object subject to the right.
1. Real Property land or things permanently attached to land.
2. Personal Property things that are tangible and moveable claims and debts (choses in action) are referred to as intangible personal property.
3. Fixtures Personal property which becomes a part of real property and cannot be removed without impairing the utility of the real property.
4. Expanding concepts of property.
(a) gas, water, and electricity
(b) sound and image recordings
(c) computer programs
III. OWNERSHIP. Absolute ownership is having all possible existing rights in and over a thing. Does it exist?
1. Various rights exist for property.
(a) legal ownership title
(b) equitable ownership use
(c) government interests taxation
(d) Creditor interests use as collateral legal proceedings to levy, attach and sell to satisfy debt fraudulent transfers
(f) Public interests Property cannot be used that unreasonably causes danger to the public or interferes with public or private rights (nuisance)
(g) Marital interests Community property and common law property.
IV. TITLE. Four basic ways to acquire title to property:
(b) creation copyrights & patents, includes art, computer programs and other forms of intellectual property.
(c) Lost, mislaid and abandoned.
Purchase or sale
(a) Fungible goods one unit may not be distinguished from another and goods are usually sold by weight or measure.
V. BAILMENTS. A bailment is an agreement whereby possession of personal property is surrendered by the owner (or custodian) with the provision for its return at a later time.
Elements: 1. retention of title by bailor
2. possession and temporary control by bailee
3. ultimate possession to revert to bailor
4. personal property
Type of Bailment Degree of Care Rationale
1. Benefit of Bailor
2. Benefit of Bailee
3. Mutual Benefit<|begin_of_text|>How to Write a Higher Level Essay Introduction | …
There are no sentences which you can learn for a high score. Any sentences you learn to put in your essay will lower your score. You should start by paraphrasing the statement given – that’s all. Then add your thesis statement and your introduction is complete. See this page:
Stories Behind My Tears: Self Introduction (Essay)
HELLO LIZ I HAVE A QUESTION
CAN WE WRITE “THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC AND ITS PROBLEM IS A FREQUENT TOPIC OF DISCUSSION ” IN THE START OF THE INTRODUCTION…..
Thank you for all the stuff you’ve been doing so far because I find them really helpful in order to achieve a great band score on the IELTS test.
I have a question here. I know that the introduction 2 is way better. But I’m afraid that if I write my introduction in that way which gives the two main solutions then I probably won’t be able to paraphrase these two in the beginnings of each of my body paragraphs and also my conclusion. As a matter of fact, this might lower my score in terms of lexical resource because I run out of vocabulary. Am I right?
Thesis and Introduction Worksheet | Department of …
In an IELTS opinion essay for writing task 2, your introduction has a background statement and a thesis statement. You should aim for between 40 to 50 words for the length of your essay introduction. While the background statement introduces the topics, the thesis statement is your answer to the task given by IELTS. It should introduce the main points and show the direction your essay will take. Below are two possible introductions with different thesis statements for the following IELTS task.
Thesis and Introduction Worksheet | Department of English
The next paragraphs in the introduction should cite previous research in this area. It should cite those who had the idea or ideas first, and should also cite those who have done the most recent and relevant work. You should then go on to explain why more work was necessary (your work, of course.)
How To Write an Engaging Introduction For an Essay
Most introductions begin with an orientation in the form of a brief general statement that leads the reader into the topic showing how the specific topic relates to bigger issues or to the discipline field.
18-12-2015 · How to Write an Essay Introduction
Be sure to include a hook at the beginning of the introduction. This is a statement of something sufficiently interesting to motivate your reader to read the rest of the paper, it is an important/interesting scientific problem that your paper either solves or addresses. You should draw the reader in and make them want to read the rest of the paper.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
000000000005 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
7529,
16,
10984,
3418,
23085,
9371,
32106,
98520,
3074,
22964,
75634,
320,
16939,
20111,
340,
54,
1750,
44,
39649,
11,
264,
3363,
11,
264,
2700,
315,
4441,
323,
279,
14189,
79181,
315,
1561,
27987,
14189,
11,
40838,
11,
549,
815,
885,
2637,
304,
279,
452,
13,
961,
315,
279,
1614,
11,
3221,
279,
40838,
15140,
11,
520,
279,
11013,
315,
3320,
13634,
72537,
323,
9052,
64,
87539,
2857,
13,
10466,
13,
320,
9378,
15,
8,
220,
5547,
11,
19852,
26,
320,
7028,
15,
8,
220,
4767,
11,
19869,
11,
315,
8884,
220,
605,
11,
22086,
1051,
7362,
40260,
320,
18781,
15,
18088,
11,
220,
10967,
17,
6063,
11,
220,
19416,
6498,
8,
323,
220,
24471,
21,
1051,
62833,
288,
26,
320,
7529,
15,
44702,
8,
220,
4044,
11,
17337,
13,
12299,
11,
220,
605,
13,
972,
18522,
13,
296,
13,
1102,
374,
10434,
555,
279,
24899,
612,
14689,
11,
279,
19895,
11,
24899,
612,
6652,
320,
82031,
18987,
8,
323,
279,
19895,
612,
18242,
96247,
11,
323,
555,
3892,
20930,
5383,
5238,
13,
85605,
40282,
5764,
9052,
64,
24076,
369,
220,
19,
296,
13,
3485,
1202,
11013,
323,
279,
34512,
481,
961,
320,
17,
296,
6266,
315,
279,
3320,
13634,
72537,
11,
902,
29933,
279,
9052,
64,
922,
220,
16,
68496,
296,
13,
3485,
1202,
11013,
13,
3296,
220,
9367,
16,
279,
5613,
8149,
1047,
1027,
7319,
505,
220,
23,
27154,
311,
220,
868,
10702,
2637,
304,
220,
9378,
21,
12,
7028,
21,
433,
574,
7319,
311,
220,
1691,
10702,
13,
304,
279,
4827,
961,
315,
279,
75742,
11,
323,
304,
220,
7028,
23,
279,
8582,
961,
574,
91462,
3640,
311,
220,
972,
477,
220,
777,
10702,
13,
369,
65511,
315,
220,
1041,
11,
220,
1049,
323,
220,
5154,
10702,
13,
28232,
220,
10750,
21,
323,
220,
7028,
24,
400,
22897,
11,
7507,
574,
99131,
389,
279,
16048,
315,
279,
75742,
13,
7648,
315,
279,
14708,
902,
1629,
505,
469,
13,
311,
468,
13,
527,
49926,
26,
1884,
902,
1629,
505,
452,
13,
311,
328,
13,
527,
7086,
11,
3629,
304,
34662,
315,
21102,
3778,
5415,
5794,
13,
578,
586,
27943,
323,
32440,
617,
264,
2860,
3158,
315,
220,
19162,
27464,
26,
279,
1455,
3062,
27943,
527,
3320,
13634,
72537,
323,
9305,
8350,
11,
902,
10457,
3235,
323,
3221,
3320,
13634,
72537,
65505,
11,
304,
279,
18671,
961,
315,
279,
3363,
13,
22395,
279,
14016,
315,
2802,
527,
279,
4409,
11166,
320,
11128,
23,
1237,
19229,
45659,
320,
18788,
4593,
59626,
8,
9441,
320,
11739,
23,
705,
4762,
279,
24417,
8993,
304,
279,
3723,
4273,
902,
706,
1027,
304,
19815,
1005,
26,
279,
4857,
25366,
555,
279,
41143,
13581,
315,
40838,
320,
63316,
304,
220,
9714,
19,
705,
902,
574,
279,
2362,
5629,
86464,
30155,
4783,
11,
5918,
304,
220,
11771,
15,
26,
279,
6406,
7301,
4783,
26,
323,
279,
12411,
4857,
13,
763,
85605,
11,
28858,
1023,
16627,
14673,
11,
374,
279,
85605,
23323,
6,
6150,
320,
11771,
23,
705,
279,
24417,
10073,
5382,
2978,
304,
279,
1614,
13,
578,
85605,
10181,
3658,
11896,
320,
3076,
11,
931,
27378,
304,
220,
7529,
15,
8,
574,
18538,
304,
220,
11256,
23,
11,
719,
574,
539,
1903,
1949,
311,
279,
586,
3156,
220,
9378,
19,
13,
85605,
374,
279,
1518,
315,
264,
13041,
16879,
54306,
11,
323,
315,
264,
60753,
97054,
54306,
627,
791,
82285,
6671,
11,
40106,
13077,
323,
37843,
311,
279,
11756,
80685,
315,
20355,
11,
4410,
13286,
323,
13286,
11,
311,
279,
8336,
315,
8312,
315,
7257,
7384,
11,
323,
279,
3090,
27624,
24330,
555,
279,
3320,
13634,
72537,
11,
11093,
449,
279,
20790,
315,
1202,
10495,
11,
617,
1903,
85605,
279,
1455,
3062,
15266,
12541,
315,
40838,
13,
763,
220,
7028,
20,
279,
907,
315,
279,
8803,
2027,
315,
279,
3363,
11,
400,
966,
11,
15515,
11,
21602,
11,
574,
220,
5958,
13,
23,
4,
315,
279,
2860,
2027,
907,
315,
279,
1614,
627,
791,
12717,
70901,
527,
259,
7443,
11,
2917,
4588,
323,
8220,
18012,
1746,
605,
11,
5154,
11,
25377,
705,
20930,
40106,
9515,
1746,
18,
11,
24574,
11,
23969,
705,
1766,
894,
323,
5780,
76014,
3956,
1746,
18,
11,
16739,
11,
8899,
705,
5684,
323,
7732,
64188,
1746,
16,
11,
22777,
11,
20866,
705,
612,
66,
13,
27901,
24177,
1746,
16,
11,
19423,
11,
22777,
304,
220,
7028,
20,
8,
574,
9749,
439,
4216,
439,
220,
11908,
24,
11,
323,
304,
220,
10750,
21,
279,
1176,
11245,
20930,
5383,
323,
304,
220,
9741,
19,
279,
1176,
11245,
51129,
12,
38865,
5918,
304,
279,
3723,
4273,
1051,
5918,
1618,
13,
1952,
279,
3320,
13634,
72537,
11,
3221,
279,
3363,
11,
527,
279,
4375,
315,
279,
16062,
40870,
44756,
8351,
11,
902,
13334,
927,
7154,
220,
1041,
15,
27464,
11,
279,
7928,
17138,
6136,
304,
279,
1917,
13,
578,
2883,
574,
18538,
304,
220,
5245,
17,
555,
279,
8753,
34267,
11,
27039,
952,
12339,
358,
1466,
8047,
3930,
40870,
409,
63268,
2530,
320,
11242,
16,
12,
10750,
19,
705,
889,
1047,
9687,
505,
445,
28316,
285,
1291,
279,
6617,
5528,
315,
17138,
28846,
11,
323,
1618,
11784,
1124,
1139,
279,
3723,
4273,
13,
85605,
374,
279,
2700,
315,
4441,
315,
279,
35869,
9474,
315,
40838,
11,
449,
9046,
19672,
520,
1561,
27987,
323,
17638,
288,
13,
763,
220,
7028,
24,
279,
15557,
315,
279,
9474,
1051,
33647,
520,
400,
21290,
11,
25221,
627,
791,
3363,
374,
27800,
1234,
264,
38124,
315,
220,
9367,
21,
11,
31011,
304,
220,
9378,
18,
11,
555,
264,
17352,
11,
889,
374,
12146,
6160,
32331,
398,
323,
889,
9732,
82,
279,
4580,
315,
3090,
74655,
323,
279,
4580,
315,
28454,
315,
279,
8761,
323,
63020,
26280,
11,
323,
555,
264,
88649,
309,
3333,
39856,
11,
279,
30335,
3697,
315,
902,
527,
16689,
555,
78251,
320,
11945,
279,
4872,
315,
279,
15177,
11,
889,
374,
16689,
520,
3544,
11,
323,
374,
15718,
17352,
304,
279,
19821,
315,
279,
17352,
570,
578,
15177,
9732,
82,
279,
54406,
11,
279,
45357,
315,
15177,
889,
14385,
439,
3363,
45357,
323,
5370,
69930,
11,
612,
66,
13,
578,
4379,
12396,
374,
21489,
555,
279,
19504,
22712,
11913,
315,
1561,
27987,
14189,
5590,
13,
362,
4580,
315,
6873,
320,
20375
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilmington (Delaware)
WILMINGTON, a city, a port of entry and the county-seat of New Castle county, Delaware, U.S.A., in the N. part of the state, near the Delaware river, at the mouth of Brandywine and Christiana creeks. Pop. (1890) 61,431; (1900) 76,508, of whom 10,478 were foreign-born (3820 Irish, 1762 German, 998 English) and 9736 were negroes; (1910 census) 87,411. Area, 10.18 sq. m. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington (Pennsylvania) and the Philadelphia & Reading railways, and by several steamship lines. Wilmington Harbor includes Christiana Creek for 4 m. above its mouth and the navigable part (2 m.) of the Brandywine, which enters the Christiana about 1¾ m. above its mouth. By 1881 the channel depth had been increased from 8½ to 15 ft., in 1896-1906 it was increased to 21 ft. in the lower part of the harbour, and in 1908 the upper part was dredged to 18 or 19 ft. for widths of 100, 200 and 250 ft. Between 1836 and 1909 $994,404 was expended on the improvement of the harbour. Most of the streets which run from E. to W. are numbered; those which run from N. to S. are named, often in honour of prominent American statesmen. The public parks and squares have a total area of 381 acres; the most important parks are Brandywine and Rockford, which lie along and near Brandywine creek, in the northern part of the city. Among the buildings of interest are the City Hall (1798); Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church (1698), probably the oldest church in the United States which has been in continuous use; the building occupied by the Historical Society of Delaware (organized in 1864), which was the old First Presbyterian Meeting House, built in 1740; the County Court House; and the Federal building. In Wilmington, besides other educational institutions, is the Wilmington Friends' School (1748), the oldest preparatory school in the state. The Wilmington Institute Free Library (69,000 volumes in 1910) was founded in 1788, but was not made free to the public until 1894. Wilmington is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and of a Protestant Episcopal bishop.
The favourable situation, railway facilities and proximity to the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Virginia, to the sources of supply of raw materials, and the water-power furnished by the Brandywine, combined with the enterprise of its citizens, have made Wilmington the most important manufacturing centre of Delaware. In 1905 the value of the factory product of the city, $30,390,039, was 73.8% of the total product value of the state.
The principal manufactures are tanned, curried and finished leather ($10,250,842), steam railway cars ($3,597,736), foundry and machine-shop products ($3,432,118), paper and wood pulp ($1,904,556), &c. Shipbuilding ($1,780,904 in 1905) was established as early as 1739, and in 1836 the first iron steamship and in 1854 the first iron sailing-boat built in the United States were built here. On the Brandywine, near the city, are the works of the Du Pont Powder Company, which extend over nearly 1000 acres, the largest powder plant in the world. The company was founded in 1802 by the French refugee, Eleuthère Irenée du Pont de Nemours (1771-1834), who had learned from Lavoisier the modern methods of powder-making, and here introduced them into the United States. Wilmington is the port of entry of the customs district of Delaware, with branch offices at New Castle and Lewes. In 1909 the imports of the district were valued at $463,092.
The city is governed under a charter of 1886, amended in 1893, by a mayor, who is chosen biennially and who appoints the board of water commissioners and the board of directors of the street and sewer departments, and by a unicameral legislature, the twelve members of which are elected by wards (except the president of the council, who is elected at large, and is acting mayor in the absence of the mayor). The council appoints the auditor, the clerk of council who acts as city clerk and various inspectors, &c. The police commission is appointed by the resident associate judge of New Castle county court. A board of education (two |
000000000006 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
14336,
791,
100236,
37737,
40079,
529,
374,
279,
4960,
25156,
2217,
315,
220,
19,
11,
931,
711,
42602,
287,
97974,
337,
1354,
31589,
555,
279,
11527,
304,
264,
11862,
5593,
304,
24922,
320,
915,
13,
220,
16,
570,
1115,
574,
832,
315,
279,
7928,
30405,
513,
4861,
389,
3335,
47826,
304,
520,
4330,
52021,
13,
763,
220,
679,
21,
7043,
53865,
2834,
264,
42649,
75839,
315,
279,
9941,
17768,
11,
12967,
97974,
337,
1354,
11,
1578,
11,
311,
279,
52301,
315,
6666,
13,
4452,
11,
420,
574,
539,
264,
832,
1022,
1567,
323,
30405,
34563,
374,
5922,
400,
508,
11328,
7561,
4771,
13,
18185,
1694,
2682,
304,
1690,
5426,
323,
6625,
7016,
97974,
337,
1354,
527,
64807,
51763,
555,
12966,
323,
433,
374,
13240,
430,
220,
16,
11,
931,
11,
931,
97974,
337,
1354,
617,
1027,
4224,
35344,
505,
279,
8545,
927,
279,
3347,
13515,
627,
47,
526,
337,
1354,
323,
872,
18208,
198,
47,
526,
337,
1354,
527,
93101,
63550,
11,
864,
2902,
5436,
292,
20566,
3629,
14183,
311,
439,
3451,
2445,
5893,
40524,
11796,
529,
477,
1524,
264,
3451,
39138,
22949,
389,
14535,
24535,
1789,
1690,
1667,
97974,
337,
1354,
1051,
264,
25565,
9606,
11,
51533,
304,
29711,
449,
2697,
9341,
13,
8442,
6051,
617,
97974,
337,
1354,
11,
439,
814,
3221,
52609,
11,
2586,
311,
279,
52301,
315,
6666,
13,
2684,
527,
8223,
9606,
315,
97974,
37737,
449,
3116,
14875,
323,
3116,
11904,
9606,
304,
279,
24156,
3070,
2418,
114405,
320,
915,
13,
220,
17,
2432,
16,
570,
100236,
337,
1354,
527,
279,
1917,
753,
1455,
8422,
19011,
10065,
13,
15415,
17868,
1193,
279,
14875,
9606,
1051,
17550,
11,
4869,
11,
439,
279,
1396,
315,
14875,
97974,
337,
1354,
14156,
58863,
279,
6696,
304,
11904,
97974,
337,
1354,
374,
7859,
320,
16,
705,
323,
279,
907,
315,
97974,
337,
1354,
304,
52320,
706,
7319,
220,
914,
24325,
304,
220,
20,
1667,
320,
1049,
22,
12,
679,
17,
8,
320,
17,
570,
15668,
2697,
374,
3967,
922,
97974,
337,
1354,
11,
719,
2728,
814,
1193,
3041,
7342,
311,
832,
3995,
824,
1060,
323,
9214,
527,
4529,
505,
279,
8545,
433,
374,
3463,
430,
682,
8223,
9606,
527,
304,
18174,
627,
47,
526,
337,
1354,
617,
28995,
2653,
29505,
323,
6638,
709,
1139,
264,
5041,
311,
6144,
5694,
505,
56217,
304,
279,
8545,
11,
1778,
439,
2466,
19987,
320,
915,
13,
220,
18,
570,
4452,
11,
97974,
337,
1354,
527,
9232,
1752,
2403,
12966,
13,
4800,
11,
12966,
40250,
2225,
11904,
323,
14875,
97974,
337,
1354,
1555,
3273,
12092,
323,
37295,
23330,
13,
66094,
33294,
97974,
337,
1354,
369,
1690,
8125,
2737,
369,
3691,
11,
8776,
16088,
323,
1524,
369,
85368,
13,
578,
14875,
97974,
337,
1354,
527,
31207,
37545,
439,
279,
13339,
374,
6646,
264,
61353,
2826,
304,
23315,
323,
5734,
323,
11904,
97974,
337,
1354,
527,
27073,
304,
10384,
439,
961,
315,
279,
30773,
13339,
7829,
13,
100236,
37737,
29505,
320,
28010,
505,
34801,
15111,
1093,
22408,
3394,
61084,
8,
323,
1023,
2547,
5596,
527,
1101,
1511,
304,
2225,
10384,
323,
13936,
439,
39653,
320,
18,
570,
1115,
3157,
374,
8104,
1579,
304,
5734,
439,
1070,
527,
8349,
97974,
337,
1354,
27208,
9572,
13,
4314,
8349,
527,
18010,
555,
8198,
11,
3686,
7293,
5526,
9647,
627,
626,
664,
7169,
97974,
337,
1354,
374,
73835,
5107,
13,
7648,
17037,
279,
1749,
1511,
311,
11388,
279,
9546,
315,
264,
9024,
323,
14774,
292,
9606,
374,
279,
1005,
315,
264,
6382,
23709,
11,
4869,
11,
369,
97974,
337,
1354,
420,
3250,
1431,
2873,
311,
990,
320,
19,
570,
93720,
11,
279,
6382,
23709,
374,
12153,
311,
3493,
6029,
369,
97974,
37737,
9546,
8994,
32659,
304,
279,
3158,
1694,
3967,
320,
19,
570,
2684,
527,
7493,
315,
12074,
1701,
6382,
45660,
13239,
304,
9214,
315,
25232,
3686,
1193,
264,
5743,
315,
1521,
527,
315,
279,
66684,
97974,
37737,
13,
1115,
374,
1606,
97974,
337,
1354,
527,
539,
22486,
311,
33965,
1093,
3544,
56669,
323,
8994,
264,
3831,
5647,
315,
22843,
656,
539,
2873,
311,
387,
54980,
555,
49160,
13,
1115,
3575,
374,
92541,
555,
97974,
337,
1354,
1694,
58229,
323,
779,
1455,
17989,
527,
89227,
389,
19905,
449,
2254,
10977,
323,
49073,
320,
19,
8,
320,
915,
13,
220,
19,
4390,
15577,
8943,
311,
12896,
97974,
37737,
34563,
198,
2409,
264,
97974,
37737,
1694,
4529,
505,
279,
8545,
1475,
220,
20,
4520,
279,
36721,
369,
97974,
337,
1354,
374,
76367,
13,
4452,
11,
6051,
1070,
617,
1027,
7319,
9045,
311,
2231,
32116,
304,
2035,
369,
279,
8422,
40189,
11,
439,
1566,
50104,
13865,
311,
2543,
2574,
2212,
13,
4314,
7504,
1456,
311,
1935,
2585,
315,
1475,
13189,
315,
279,
12079,
6696,
11,
505,
7016,
55844,
27598,
6696,
311,
52829,
1523,
389,
10791,
41837,
9438,
13,
763,
6250,
264,
6574,
304,
86641,
3967,
439,
68672,
1114,
7882,
709,
682,
8223,
9606,
315,
97974,
37737,
311,
65814,
358,
1234,
356,
3695,
320,
1820,
26958,
389,
7327,
17657,
304,
4060,
97409,
51567,
315,
13944,
18145,
8733,
323,
3061,
6347,
8,
7438,
264,
4686,
9120,
389,
11380,
97974,
337,
1354,
690,
387,
304,
2035,
555,
220,
679,
22,
13,
59787,
11,
97974,
337,
1354,
1051,
1234,
65814,
8105,
323,
1436,
387,
31207,
449,
264,
3109,
11810,
13,
4452,
11,
85820,
14640,
690,
1121,
304,
7319,
31086,
304,
1690,
5961,
439,
1664,
439,
3339,
433,
8831,
311,
4379,
13,
578,
358,
5576,
45,
320,
34746,
9323,
369,
45435,
315,
22037,
8,
24687,
1912,
617,
743,
709,
3682,
31956,
311,
4933,
17985,
369,
279,
71075,
315,
279,
97974,
37737,
11,
439,
1664,
439,
4560,
311,
6106,
430,
2254,
1274,
11,
449,
97974,
37737,
2680,
11,
617,
27548,
311,
3273,
12092,
320,
18,
4390,
3947,
527,
1524,
311,
387,
7319,
5528,
315,
18468,
315,
97974,
337,
1354,
520,
20946,
449,
264,
400,
1041,
11,
931,
9269,
1694,
23255,
704,
555,
279,
2326,
17019,
323,
42649,
5475,
13,
578,
9269,
304,
69894,
6787,
311,
1005,
11904,
14880,
17258,
2454,
32510,
320,
34,
2265,
295,
316,
1065,
76034,
1122,
355,
8,
311,
11388,
279,
281,
2234,
306,
97974,
37737,
8625,
11,
1093,
4224,
14657,
12875,
13,
60825,
46515,
315,
15922,
374,
8104,
3062,
311,
990,
704,
902,
9606,
315,
97974,
37737,
617,
1027
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>‘The Pangolin Pit’ is the harrowing image of 4,000 defrosting pangolins seized by the authorities in a shipping container in Indonesia (fig. 1). This was one of the largest wildlife seizes on record weighing in at five tonnes. In 2016 Paul Hilton won a Wildlife Photographer of the Year Award, bringing pangolins, again, to the forefront of attention. However, this was not a one off event and wildlife trafficking is worth $20bn-a-year. Despite being protected in many national and international laws pangolins are massively exploited by humans and it is estimated that 1,000,000 pangolins have been snatched from the wild over the past decade.
Pangolins and their threats
Pangolins are nocturnal, pre-historic creatures often referred to as ‘scaly anteaters’ or even a ‘pine cone on legs’. For many years pangolins were a forgotten species, neglected in conservation with little investment. Only recently have pangolins, as they near extinction, come to the forefront of attention. There are eight species of pangolin with four Asian and four African species in the biological family Manidae (fig. 2)(1). Pangolins are the world’s most trafficked animal. Traditionally only the Asian species were targeted, however, as the number of Asian pangolins dwindle the trade in African pangolins is increasing (1), and the value of pangolins in Zimbabwe has increased 25-fold in 5 years (2007-2012) (2). Very little is known about pangolins, but given they only give birth to one young per year and thousands are taken from the wild it is thought that all eight species are in decline.
Pangolins have evolved hard scales and roll up into a ball to protect themselves from predators in the wild, such as big cats (fig. 3). However, pangolins are defenseless against humans. Now, humans threaten both African and Asian pangolins through poaching and intensive hunting. Humans exploit pangolins for many reasons including for food, traditional medicine and even for ornaments. The Asian pangolins are traded internationally as the meat is considered a delicacy in Vietnam and China and African pangolins are consumed in Africa as part of the bush meat culture. Pangolin scales (made from keratin like rhino horns) and other body parts are also used in both Africa and Asia as medicines (3). This market is particularly high in China as there are claims pangolins cure cancer. These claims are rejected by science, yet remain popular opinion.
Studying pangolins is notoriously difficult. Most commonly the method used to detect the presence of a rare and cryptic species is the use of a camera trap, however, for pangolins this doesn’t seem to work (4). Frequently, the camera trap is unable to provide evidence for pangolin presence despite occurrence in the area being known (4). There are stories of researchers using camera traps resulting in thousands of photographs yet only a couple of these are of the elusive pangolin. This is because pangolins are not restricted to trails like large mammals and despite a strong sense of smell do not seem to be tempted by bait. This problem is exacerbated by pangolins being solitary and so most estimates are reliant on interviews with local communities and hunters (4) (fig. 4).
Conservation to combat pangolin trafficking
With a pangolin being taken from the wild every 5 minutes the outlook for pangolins is bleak. However, recently there have been increased efforts to put obstacles in place for the traffickers, as last ditch attempts to turn things around. These steps try to take control of every aspect of the illegal trade, from laws forbidding trade to cracking down on caught smugglers. In September a meeting in Johannesburg known as COP17 moved up all eight species of pangolin to Appendix I under Cites (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) meaning a complete ban on trading pangolins will be in place by 2017. Previously, pangolins were under Appendix II and could be traded with a government permit. However, tightened regulations will result in increased penalties in many countries as well as making it easier to police. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) specialist group have set up major schemes to raise awareness for the plight of the pangolin, as well as trying to ensure that local people, with pangolin access, have alternatives to poaching (3).
There are even to be increased methods of detection of pangolins at ports with a $100,000 trial being rolled out by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The trial in Tanzania plans to use African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) to detect the pungent pangolin remains, like sniffer dogs. Molecular tracing of DNA is particularly important to work out which species of pangolin have been |
000000000007 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
128000,
3923,
3131,
7111,
1093,
459,
4216,
11,
9235,
10683,
304,
279,
31714,
52257,
706,
1457,
6288,
3719,
264,
3284,
3389,
11,
14739,
10683,
13,
1789,
1884,
2103,
10168,
220,
679,
21,
24875,
11,
279,
8935,
2643,
387,
2731,
7729,
13,
358,
617,
6755,
505,
264,
5743,
315,
8661,
58784,
430,
904,
955,
315,
9282,
44030,
1288,
5353,
264,
19768,
304,
279,
11987,
13,
4452,
11,
264,
14739,
10683,
1587,
539,
2744,
1520,
35608,
30773,
301,
5788,
13,
20474,
279,
2362,
1008,
425,
11,
1054,
55747,
304,
279,
16174,
11,
701,
29618,
690,
21444,
21060,
55747,
304,
279,
27275,
11,
701,
19641,
753,
264,
294,
664,
2029,
76619,
4787,
520,
48114,
527,
9193,
9200,
369,
88278,
7692,
11,
323,
17614,
9499,
374,
832,
3977,
311,
3821,
15499,
13,
9843,
279,
7692,
4754,
315,
264,
10206,
315,
14095,
706,
1027,
11293,
11,
433,
649,
2646,
387,
86025,
13,
6914,
753,
1427,
520,
3249,
17614,
20472,
527,
779,
3062,
627,
91641,
374,
264,
8369,
3280,
19641,
13,
16963,
3375,
17614,
20472,
369,
17684,
33196,
323,
49179,
527,
17715,
220,
5313,
78,
435,
13,
1102,
374,
539,
15325,
311,
3868,
3156,
1243,
311,
1212,
48114,
14095,
13,
763,
24886,
311,
17614,
9499,
11,
1403,
4787,
1288,
387,
837,
1603,
48114,
14095,
627,
791,
1176,
3044,
374,
279,
17614,
9499,
374,
520,
264,
8187,
315,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
13,
3277,
17614,
20472,
527,
3485,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
11,
17684,
33196,
323,
49179,
690,
387,
12207,
810,
14113,
4028,
279,
2115,
13,
1442,
279,
17614,
9499,
374,
3770,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
11,
279,
10533,
1253,
539,
17684,
35116,
13,
20524,
33196,
323,
49179,
690,
387,
12207,
29493,
323,
61437,
520,
4827,
20472,
902,
1436,
3063,
311,
7692,
4814,
627,
791,
2132,
3044,
430,
1288,
387,
837,
1603,
48114,
14095,
374,
430,
17614,
20472,
1288,
387,
3685,
311,
3136,
311,
10205,
3485,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
13,
1666,
5246,
439,
279,
10533,
374,
39441,
433,
12302,
311,
73354,
24459,
3090,
11,
323,
279,
10206,
690,
18182,
9407,
13,
1102,
5097,
13489,
220,
1187,
311,
220,
1927,
4207,
1306,
48114,
369,
279,
10533,
311,
73354,
24459,
220,
966,
4,
315,
1202,
4785,
304,
3090,
902,
690,
39201,
17684,
33196,
13,
12220,
420,
71053,
11,
279,
2849,
39881,
323,
79348,
315,
279,
10206,
1205,
311,
7293,
36573,
304,
2015,
311,
7293,
35539,
13,
4452,
11,
422,
279,
17614,
9499,
21701,
3770,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
2949,
220,
1927,
4207,
1306,
48114,
11,
62724,
11134,
649,
12446,
13,
921,
9585,
11134,
5097,
2035,
994,
279,
2849,
79348,
9229,
872,
95916,
11,
3719,
95749,
323,
89869,
439,
279,
10206,
2064,
6572,
13,
1102,
649,
617,
3892,
8389,
16296,
11,
682,
6522,
311,
7692,
4814,
627,
12,
578,
10206,
1436,
3775,
311,
17684,
35116,
627,
12,
20524,
33196,
1436,
39201,
11,
4869,
11,
279,
9038,
2045,
3789,
477,
74041,
2985,
458,
1436,
3009,
7982,
1306,
17684,
33196,
627,
12,
1666,
279,
10206,
2064,
6572,
323,
2849,
79348,
89869,
11,
279,
2849,
8970,
1436,
57009,
3059,
505,
279,
10206,
11829,
2849,
8970,
649,
3493,
46798,
16409,
369,
264,
3552,
315,
78284,
304,
279,
17614,
323,
279,
43939,
10533,
23724,
1436,
2187,
459,
4441,
1486,
369,
1884,
78284,
627,
12,
578,
74041,
2985,
458,
1436,
3136,
311,
3139,
11,
4869,
279,
11083,
511,
354,
4010,
1436,
3719,
20727,
477,
409,
10365,
323,
279,
14095,
6136,
690,
272,
74402,
39717,
323,
16312,
704,
26326,
627,
5966,
1060,
358,
7111,
520,
264,
7234,
430,
1047,
61437,
49179,
4028,
3892,
97205,
13,
1666,
358,
44120,
19595,
11,
358,
1766,
1063,
1047,
272,
74402,
39717,
291,
323,
16312,
291,
704,
26326,
13,
358,
1766,
3885,
1405,
279,
9038,
2045,
3789,
574,
9498,
11,
719,
279,
74041,
2985,
458,
1193,
22763,
220,
42973,
315,
459,
17560,
505,
279,
10206,
323,
10717,
13,
1115,
7234,
574,
39441,
389,
5936,
220,
1627,
339,
13,
1952,
279,
6693,
315,
5936,
220,
1544,
339,
11,
264,
9439,
4156,
7882,
1555,
430,
7263,
4661,
459,
17560,
315,
11422,
13,
578,
2800,
315,
279,
2115,
14932,
279,
7234,
1047,
1027,
39441,
389,
5936,
220,
914,
339,
11,
1193,
832,
1938,
1603,
279,
7234,
574,
39441,
13,
578,
14095,
39441,
2949,
220,
1927,
4207,
315,
279,
9439,
11422,
10534,
62724,
11134,
1418,
279,
2800,
315,
279,
2115,
1550,
539,
13,
1952,
5578,
11,
279,
7234,
1047,
459,
22763,
2559,
430,
574,
220,
19,
11,
931,
11012,
824,
46323,
2753,
1109,
279,
22763,
2559,
304,
279,
14932,
2115,
627,
3947,
527,
52133,
8336,
389,
1268,
3428,
17614,
20472,
1205,
311,
387,
369,
62724,
11134,
311,
12446,
13,
1226,
656,
1440,
430,
10533,
374,
520,
5326,
994,
17614,
20472,
527,
12660,
1990,
220,
1272,
78,
435,
323,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
13,
578,
76214,
279,
20472,
527,
11,
279,
7191,
279,
10533,
374,
520,
5326,
13,
8876,
433,
5097,
220,
1187,
311,
220,
1927,
4207,
369,
279,
10533,
311,
73354,
24459,
3090,
11,
48114,
374,
539,
11349,
220,
1187,
311,
220,
1927,
4207,
8469,
315,
18057,
291,
9439,
323,
14739,
9282,
4787,
13,
1442,
499,
3217,
264,
9439,
11422,
2949,
220,
1187,
4207,
1306,
48114,
11,
701,
10533,
690,
1935,
264,
1054,
88172,
7172,
863,
315,
3090,
323,
701,
17393,
315,
25051,
62724,
11134,
5376,
13,
763,
5369,
311,
9439,
17614,
20472,
11,
584,
1101,
1440,
430,
3544,
57890,
304,
7446,
20472,
649,
5353,
62724,
11134,
13,
13690,
9499,
57890,
7191,
1109,
220,
914,
78,
435,
690,
1101,
2231,
701,
10533,
520,
5190,
5326,
315,
11134,
627,
1687,
1108,
287,
701,
2671,
198,
34124,
753,
5784,
374,
5016,
13,
12540,
499,
3577,
4741,
323,
6136,
477,
1288,
499,
3868,
30,
3639,
422,
279,
17614,
9499,
374,
3485,
220,
1135,
78,
435,
1457,
11,
719,
279,
9282,
18057,
374,
9439,
323,
14739,
30,
358,
617,
3970,
220,
966,
30773,
301,
7692,
47311,
9057,
555,
62724,
11134,
13,
4452,
11,
3196,
389,
701,
5784,
11,
1070,
1253,
387,
8125,
311,
6136,
13,
1666,
1790,
439,
499,
2643,
539,
4510,
420,
11,
279,
18057,
374,
539,
2744,
1314,
13,
578,
9282,
2643,
539,
636,
439,
9439,
323,
5255,
14739,
439,
19698,
13,
1442,
499,
617,
9214,
315,
27464,
311,
6136,
323,
499,
1205,
3892,
5672,
311,
636,
433,
682,
2884,
11
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>What once looked like an early, dry spring in the Upper Midwest has now quickly become a possible late, wet spring. For those still holding 2016 grain, the benefit might be better prices. I have heard from a couple of marketing advisors that any type of weather scare should cause a rally in the markets. However, a wet spring does not always help maximize bushel production. Remember the old adage, “Plant in the dust, your bins will bust….Plant in the mud, your crop’s a dud.” Soil conditions at planting are extremely critical for maximizing yield, and soil temperature is one variable to watch closely. Once the yield potential of a kernel of corn has been reduced, it can never be regained. Let’s look at why soil temperatures are so important.
Corn is a warm season crop. Optimum soil temperatures for germination and emergence are roughly 85o F. It is not practical to wait until then to start planting corn. In regards to soil temperature, two conditions should be true before planting corn.
The first condition is the soil temperature is at a minimum of 50o F. When soil temperatures are above 50o F, germination and emergence will be significantly more uniform across the field. If the soil temperature is below 50o F, the seed may not germinate. Germination and emergence will be significantly slower and uneven at lower temperatures which could lead to yield loss.
The second condition that should be true before planting corn is that soil temperatures should be expected to continue to rise above 50o F. As soon as the seed is planted it begins to imbibe water, and the kernel will naturally expand. It takes approximately 24 to 36 hours after planting for the seed to imbibe 30% of its weight in water which will initiate germination. During this timeframe, the cell tissues and membranes of the kernel need to remain elastic in order to remain intact. However, if the soil temperature drops below 50o F within 36 hours after planting, chilling injury can occur. Chilling injury takes place when the cell membranes lose their elasticity, become brittle and rupture as the kernel swells. It can have several negative consequences, all leading to yield loss.
- The kernel could fail to germinate.
- Germination could initiate, however, the radicle root or coleoptile could stop growing after germination.
- As the kernel swells and cell membranes rupture, the cell contents could ooze from the kernel.The cell contents can provide nourishment for a host of pathogens in the soil and the cracked seed coat could allow an entry point for those pathogens.
- The coleoptile could continue to grow, however the mesocotyl could become damaged or deformed and the corn plant will corkscrew and leaf out underground.
Last year I looked at a plot that had uneven emergence across several hybrids. As I dug seeds, I found some had corkscrewed and leafed out underground. I found others where the radicle root was healthy, but the coleoptile only emerged ¼ of an inch from the kernel and stopped. This plot was planted on April 26th. On the morning of April 27th, a cold front moved through that brought almost an inch of rain. The rest of the field surrounding the plot had been planted on April 25th, only one day before the plot was planted. The corn planted within 36 hours of the cold rain experienced chilling injury while the rest of the field did not. On average, the plot had an emerged stand that was 4,000 plants per acre less than the emerged stand in the surrounding field.
There are conflicting sources on how low soil temperatures need to be for chilling injury to occur. We do know that seed is at risk when soil temperatures are anywhere between 40o F and 50o F. The colder the temperatures are, the greater the seed is at risk. Since it takes 24 to 36 hours for the seed to imbibe water, planting is not recommended 24 to 36 hours ahead of forecasted cold and wet weather conditions. If you experience a cold rain within 24 hours after planting, your seed will take a “cold drink” of water and your chances of experiencing chilling injury increase. In addition to cold soil temperatures, we also know that large swings in daily temperatures can cause chilling injury. Daily temperature swings greater than 25o F will also put your seed at higher risk of injury.
Weighing your options
Everyone’s operation is unique. Should you press forward and plant or should you wait? What if the soil temperature is above 50o F now, but the weather forecast is cold and wet? I have seen 30 bushel yield reductions caused by chilling injury. However, based on your operation, there may be reasons to plant. As much as you might not believe this, the forecast is not always right. The weather might not get as cold and/or wet as predicted. If you have thousands of acres to plant and you need several weeks to get it all done, |
000000000008 | hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/000000000001.tar.gz | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
128000,
32,
2478,
1667,
4227,
11,
5460,
579,
2522,
640,
5308,
4458,
753,
10278,
520,
279,
3907,
315,
72826,
11784,
603,
311,
279,
76964,
315,
264,
3169,
315,
8915,
11376,
12271,
2663,
459,
1567,
6382,
13,
3749,
18632,
527,
4661,
11622,
20426,
264,
4725,
3460,
315,
6382,
11,
719,
814,
3207,
10728,
369,
2678,
323,
5043,
7366,
29807,
994,
499,
2512,
810,
922,
539,
4401,
1139,
2574,
1109,
499,
656,
922,
14392,
7041,
1148,
1884,
2574,
527,
627,
644,
264,
5684,
14976,
311,
77564,
323,
54878,
45397,
11,
17958,
72,
16870,
258,
337,
650,
26966,
11,
74310,
1050,
17106,
80,
11,
9538,
78,
15083,
267,
21740,
6043,
809,
11,
323,
17054,
2522,
640,
5308,
4458,
3118,
279,
1633,
1176,
892,
459,
1567,
6382,
706,
1027,
1511,
311,
95103,
7162,
18178,
264,
27811,
11,
323,
433,
21300,
311,
7431,
2574,
430,
38332,
617,
2646,
1027,
3025,
311,
656,
1603,
627,
791,
10973,
43149,
1648,
311,
636,
264,
27811,
311,
21546,
95103,
7162,
374,
449,
264,
6382,
13,
2468,
420,
1486,
11,
18632,
2853,
1828,
311,
4400,
11,
323,
422,
499,
32802,
1124,
449,
459,
6654,
52,
323,
1541,
1431,
3351,
1633,
5043,
323,
279,
18186,
374,
15062,
11,
814,
649,
3493,
12756,
15326,
1614,
42304,
11,
902,
374,
1633,
3062,
627,
1423,
42304,
11,
477,
8830,
7041,
1405,
499,
527,
323,
1148,
499,
3207,
3815,
11,
374,
264,
3245,
430,
10578,
2307,
28859,
719,
374,
11112,
9200,
369,
39293,
29807,
13,
763,
2015,
369,
264,
12585,
311,
1304,
11429,
430,
21736,
45830,
449,
1202,
4676,
11,
433,
706,
311,
617,
264,
1633,
1695,
5647,
315,
1202,
1866,
3813,
323,
1268,
5043,
433,
753,
7366,
323,
304,
1148,
5216,
13,
2684,
527,
1690,
5627,
315,
15194,
420,
11,
449,
279,
1455,
13687,
1694,
25309,
88,
323,
11646,
1022,
53955,
11633,
12602,
6067,
13,
1666,
499,
1212,
4560,
311,
656,
1614,
42304,
449,
29807,
430,
527,
9333,
323,
35388,
11,
279,
3575,
5334,
810,
323,
810,
5107,
11,
5423,
422,
499,
3207,
4560,
311,
3568,
449,
7701,
8915,
15771,
11,
1093,
5043,
86572,
28181,
4744,
1105,
627,
2028,
374,
3249,
1070,
753,
1778,
264,
62461,
311,
17631,
389,
18632,
11,
719,
18632,
617,
11510,
315,
4819,
315,
872,
1866,
13,
578,
1403,
1455,
5199,
4819,
527,
430,
6382,
5448,
8541,
311,
29613,
994,
279,
11633,
315,
279,
12271,
36375,
1148,
649,
387,
1054,
69,
43340,
863,
555,
279,
6382,
753,
4124,
4478,
11,
323,
430,
18632,
320,
4345,
1093,
1057,
6548,
8,
527,
1633,
7573,
321,
26246,
12303,
922,
3177,
25,
1102,
706,
311,
387,
1120,
1314,
11,
539,
2288,
2697,
477,
2288,
1790,
11,
323,
499,
649,
10894,
922,
7366,
1990,
279,
1403,
69971,
627,
1585,
18632,
527,
6724,
2204,
13,
12361,
315,
14975,
1148,
264,
6237,
5992,
1093,
11,
439,
264,
21349,
6382,
1053,
11,
1567,
18632,
4619,
3335,
1268,
264,
6237,
4442,
13,
5236,
459,
1567,
6382,
520,
264,
6237,
430,
4536,
1431,
7366,
323,
433,
2834,
1431,
1501,
499,
4205,
520,
682,
13,
2030,
439,
5246,
439,
279,
6382,
67578,
11633,
320,
30784,
11852,
3177,
4442,
11,
311,
387,
3230,
705,
433,
4805,
1501,
499,
1120,
430,
11633,
389,
264,
824,
2320,
6066,
8197,
323,
520,
264,
1633,
1579,
320,
26064,
46966,
8,
10625,
4478,
13,
1442,
682,
499,
2512,
922,
374,
31526,
2574,
1418,
7366,
11,
459,
1567,
6382,
374,
4832,
369,
499,
11,
323,
1606,
814,
1120,
1427,
369,
13252,
4442,
11,
814,
3207,
16614,
311,
1633,
3428,
3177,
323,
1541,
1431,
636,
90216,
555,
10107,
3177,
3060,
627,
1688,
279,
3907,
315,
72826,
11,
814,
3207,
1701,
264,
25018,
12271,
2663,
423,
99816,
430,
11840,
82,
459,
1567,
6382,
4871,
315,
279,
13252,
1358,
315,
264,
5410,
6382,
11,
3235,
449,
459,
6654,
52,
22183,
449,
2225,
4455,
323,
14418,
13,
3161,
433,
11,
872,
28181,
4744,
269,
649,
95103,
7162,
11722,
5196,
11,
1524,
1234,
279,
13124,
315,
18186,
4442,
430,
1053,
5353,
264,
5912,
6382,
311,
3041,
709,
6724,
512,
644,
420,
990,
11,
584,
3118,
279,
1176,
1614,
42304,
15660,
430,
28605,
1154,
279,
58535,
22934,
315,
1521,
1403,
26148,
555,
282,
985,
304,
264,
40069,
1824,
283,
50185,
11827,
4455,
11,
5410,
14418,
11,
323,
81073,
532,
22323,
13,
1226,
1501,
430,
1057,
26038,
15660,
11767,
311,
459,
13708,
16048,
315,
220,
5894,
4,
927,
1567,
15744,
58773,
11,
323,
220,
5313,
4,
927,
5410,
12,
24651,
1193,
9302,
3502,
531,
532,
6067,
11,
1418,
2103,
1694,
3801,
30154,
42929,
481,
13,
24296,
11,
584,
1005,
1057,
15660,
311,
20461,
50617,
279,
1888,
315,
1057,
6677,
22416,
1176,
39293,
28181,
4744,
269,
11213,
1701,
459,
1567,
6382,
369,
1614,
42304,
11,
80478,
11213,
26350,
430,
1051,
539,
69384,
449,
8776,
9302,
81073,
532,
11018,
7133,
11,
1778,
439,
3428,
18179,
22484,
323,
1579,
8915,
2134,
16451,
25,
584,
20461,
1268,
584,
649,
1524,
11722,
304,
3428,
3177,
320,
21470,
439,
1306,
28865,
6724,
1022,
279,
3177,
304,
264,
3130,
8,
477,
16451,
32971,
555,
264,
1633,
1579,
8915,
2134,
320,
606,
3185,
315,
279,
3130,
7701,
75648,
323,
2500,
3185,
315,
279,
3130,
6453,
4390,
644,
2015,
311,
11388,
8844,
11633,
369,
13687,
1614,
42304,
11,
279,
28181,
4744,
269,
753,
18632,
1456,
311,
10765,
5016,
2217,
4519,
323,
3839,
1268,
1884,
4519,
3351,
13,
1666,
279,
2835,
5039,
11,
279,
5410,
6382,
753,
15194,
14865,
994,
279,
18186,
4442,
477,
994,
433,
753,
2288,
6453,
11,
1418,
279,
1567,
6382,
374,
6724,
9662,
28109,
13,
578,
12074,
9167,
1431,
3686,
12793,
420,
4994,
320,
2940,
11295,
34692,
1990,
10107,
40120,
323,
6453,
12737,
527,
4040,
11774,
369,
29807,
705,
719,
3196,
389,
1148,
584,
4070,
3970,
779,
3117,
11,
433,
5084,
1633,
26455,
323,
584,
3207,
12304,
311,
1518,
1148,
13124,
315,
27555,
502,
17357,
26148,
1093,
1521,
690,
7431,
13,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
true,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false,
false
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | <|begin_of_text|>A few years ago, Davide Scaramuzza’s lab at the University of Zurich introduced us to the usefulness of a kind of dynamic vision sensor called an event camera. Event cameras are almost entirely unlike a normal sort of camera, but they’re ideal for small and fast moving robots when you care more about not running into things than you do about knowing exactly what those things are.
In a paper submitted to Robotics and Automation Letters, Antoni Rosinol Vidal, Henri Rebecq, Timo Horstschaefer, and Professor Scaramuzza present the very first time an event camera has been used to autonomously pilot a drone, and it promises to enable things that drones have never been able to do before.
The absolute cheapest way to get a drone to navigate autonomously is with a camera. At this point, cameras cost next to nothing, and if you fuse them with an IMU and don’t move very fast and the lighting is reliable, they can provide totally decent state estimation, which is very important.
State estimation, or understanding exactly where you are and what you’re doing, is a thing that sounds super boring but is absolutely critical for autonomous robots. In order for a robot to make decisions that involve interacting with its environment, it has to have a very good sense of its own location and how fast it’s moving and in what direction. There are many ways of tracking this, with the most accurate being beefy and expensive off-board motion capture systems. As you start trying to do state estimation with robots that are smaller and simpler, the problem gets more and more difficult, especially if you’re trying to deal with highly dynamic platforms, like fast-moving quadrotors.
This is why there’s such a temptation to rely on cameras, but cameras have plenty of issues of their own. The two most significant issues are that camera images tend to blur when the motion of the sensor exceeds what can be “frozen” by the camera’s frame rate, and that cameras (just like our eyes) are very Goldilocks-y about light: It has to be just right, not too little or too much, and you can forget about moving between the two extremes.
Event cameras are completely different. Instead of recording what a scene looks like, as a conventional camera would, event cameras instead record how a scene changes. Point an event camera at a scene that isn’t moving and it won’t show you anything at all. But as soon as the camera detects motion (pixel-level light changes, to be specific), it’ll show you just that motion on a per-pixel basis and at a very high (millisecond) refresh rate. If all you care about is avoiding things while moving, an event camera is perfect for you, and because they just look for pixel changes, they’re sensitive to very low light and don’t get blinded by bright light either.
At the University of Zurich, they’re using a prototype sensor called DAVIS that embeds an event camera inside of the pixel array of a standard camera, along with an IMU synchronized with both events and frames. With it, their quadrotor can autonomously fly itself, even under the kinds of lighting changes that would cause a regular camera to give up completely:
In this work, we present the first state estimation pipeline that leverages the complementary advantages of these two sensors by fusing in a tightly-coupled manner events, standard frames, and inertial measurements. We show that our hybrid pipeline leads to an accuracy improvement of 130% over event-only pipelines, and 85% over standard-frames only visual-inertial systems, while still being computationally tractable. Furthermore, we use our pipeline to demonstrate—to the best of our knowledge—the first autonomous quadrotor flight using an event camera for state estimation, unlocking flight scenarios that were not reachable with traditional visual inertial odometry, such as low-light environments and high dynamic range scenes: we demonstrate how we can even fly in low light (such as after switching completely off the light in a room) or scenes characterized by a very high dynamic range (one side of the room highly illuminated and another side of the room dark).
In order to detect relative motion for accurate state estimation, the quadrotor’s cameras try to identify unique image features and track how those features move. As the video shows, the standard camera’s tracking fails when the lighting changes or when it’s too dark, while the event camera is completely unfazed. The researchers haven’t yet tested this outside (where rapid transitions between bright sunlight and dark shadow are particular challenges for robots), but based on what we’ve seen so far, it seems very promising and we’re excited to see what kinds of fancy new capabilities sensors like these will enable.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
000000000009 | "hf://datasets/evinsi/fineweb-edu-Llama-3.2-Instruct@26e8f384012b8f03d2fbe29cef0ca666bb74ca4e/train/(...TRUNCATED) | [true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true(...TRUNCATED) | [128000,791,15580,753,85830,374,459,8056,6070,11,449,13931,323,13931,315,20438,323,734,13,578,85830,(...TRUNCATED) | [true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true,true(...TRUNCATED) | [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(...TRUNCATED) | "<|begin_of_text|>The horse’s hoof is an amazing structure, with layers and layers of tissue and f(...TRUNCATED) |
End of preview.
No dataset card yet
- Downloads last month
- 20