eve-esa/eve-is-open-ended · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringlengths 13 220	answer stringlengths 2 487
What are the impacts of a warming climate on the cryosphere?	Global warming causes melting of ice on land such as glaciers, and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland. This adds water to the ocean, and raises global sea levels. Ice and snow reflect sunlight, cooling the climate, without them, darker land and ocean surfaces absorb heat and amplify climate change. Additionally, thawing permafrost releases significant greenhouse gases, leading to further warming. And human populations living near the sea and in mountain regions will be affected.
What is ice and snow albedo?	Albedo is the measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed
How does the cryosphere interact with the atmosphere?	The atmosphere and the cryosphere are two key components of the Earth’s system and they have complex interactions
How are earth observations of the cryosphere used practically?	Earth observations of the cryosphere are utilised to monitor shipping routes and reduce the risk of ships hitting icebergs. They also help to reduce the loss of life and property from natural disasters such as avalanches. Additionally, these observations are used to monitor conditions for tourism and recreation and to help with wildlife management.
What is the benefit of monitoring the cryosphere using SAR instruments?	SAR instruments are not weather dependent and can penetrate cloud cover
What is the difference between sea ice and icebergs?	Sea ice forms on ocean water, but icebergs break off from larger formations such as glaciers
How does melting sea ice affect the ocean’s circulation system?	When sea ice melts, it makes the sea water less salty and therefore less dense. This means the water sinks and disrupts the ocean’s circulation system
Why does satellite data play a crucial part for monitoring climate change?	Satellites are used in conjunction with other data collection tools and methods by scientists to verify models and predictions to help scientists understand, analyse and predict the impact of climate change.
Sea ice extent is based on whether an area is ‘ice-covered’ or ‘not ice-covered’. What do current studies suggest is happening to sea ice extent?	Sea ice extent has dropped rapidly over the last 30 years
What is the relationship between multi-year sea ice and climate change?	Decreasing multi-year ice operates in a negative feedback loop, which accelerates the warming of the planet
With Satellite data allowing us to access data about remote regions and on an unprecedented scale, why is it important for scientists to conduct field research?	Satellites are reliable sources of data but they cannot tell us crucial information about what exists under, or in the Earth’s surface
Which instrument does CryoSat-2 use to measure sea ice thickness?	SIRAL
Why is it important for scientists to be able to measure snow on sea ice?	Snow pushes sea ice down and makes taking thickness measurements more difficult
What does the GRACE satellite measure?	GRACE detects gravity fields and measures mass balance
What is a grounding line?	The boundary between where a glacier is set on land and juts into the sea to become a floating ice shelf
What are ice shelves?	Ice shelves are thick slabs of ice, which are attached to a coastline and extend out over the ocean. They are a seaward extension of the grounded ice sheet.
What is the largest single component of the Cryosphere?	Seasonal snow
How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by river or lake ice?	2%
Why are optical satellites useful in measuring snow cover on land?	Snow appears brightly on optical satellite imagery
What is snow water equivalent?	The amount of water contained within a snowpack
To monitor the ocean do we need satellites, local observations or both?	Both
Who can access the Sentinel data?	Everyone
When was the initial concept of the Copernicus Programme launched?	1999
What is special about the Copernicus programme that helps us to observe and manage climate change?	The Copernicus Programme uses multiple satellites measuring lots of different variables. It ensures continuity of measurements for the next two decades, providing data coverage worldwide.
Why are satellites important for studying climate change?	Satellites are important for studying climate change because they provide global coverage of measurements and ensure consistency of instrumentation. Satellite data can also be used to validate models and aid in planning for mitigation efforts.
Why do we need long-term data records?	We need long term data records to detect trends, decide what is natural variability and what is caused by human impacts, and also to validate models.
What are the four factors that drive ocean circulation?	Four factors that drive ocean circulation are density, gravity, planetary motion and wind.
How is large-scale ocean circulation related to weather?	Large-scale ocean circulation is related to weather through the transport of heat and moisture and its influence on winds.
How long does the full circuit of thermohaline circulation take, from the surface ocean down to the deep ocean and back again?	1000 years
What type of satellite sensor is used to measure sea level rise?	Altimeter
Which factors contribute to sea level rise?	The factors which contribute to sea level rise are glacier and land ice melt, warming oceans and pumping of underground water.
El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean	True
Which types of satellite data can be used to monitor ENSO?	Satellite data that can monitor ENSO includes sea surface temperature, ocean colour, and sea surface height.
Are all ENSO events the same?	No
What sensors are used to measure ice?	Sensors used to measure ice include radiometers, altimeters, optical imaging instruments, scatterometers and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).
Which characteristics of ice allow us to measure it from satellites?	The characteristics of ice that allow for it to be measured by satellites includes its colour, gravity, surface elevation, surface roughness, and temperature.
What are some of the problems caused by land ice melt?	Some problems caused by land ice melt include rising sea levels, loss of habitats, change in albedo, and loss of freshwater supply.
How high are the “hills” measured by altimetry that correspond to currents such as the Gulf Stream?	1m
What data is required for weather predictions?	Data required for weather prediction includes satellite data on the ocean, the atmosphere and land cover data.
What causes tropical storms to rotate?	Earth’s rotation
What is the magnitude of storm surges influenced by?	The Magnitude of storm surges is influenced by storm angle of approach, the shape of the coastline and the wind speed.
How can satellites assist in managing the impacts of storm surges?	Satellites can assist in managing the impacts of storm surges by predicting events, aiding evacuation planning, providing surveillance for defence, tracking inundation levels and guiding disaster response.
What sensors are used to detect waves from space?	Sensors used to predict waves from space are synthetic aperture radar and altimeters.
How high are the highest waves (significant wave heights) ever measured by a satellite?	19 m in a North Atlantic winter storm
What is the global average sea level rise since sea levels were first measured in 1992?	8cm
Why is the rise in sea level not always consistent over the globe?	The rise in sea level is not always consistent over the globe due to changes in gravity, differences in current dynamics and variations in heating effects.
What is the significant wave height defined as?	The mean wave height of the highest third of the waves
Where do tropical storms get their energy from?	Warm sea
How does the ocean affect weather?	The ocean affects weather in several ways: sea surface temperature influences land temperatures, evaporation and precipitation. They also play a key role in driving winds and affecting ocean heat content which can impact intensity and formation of tropical storms.
What sort of hazards can measurements of ocean transport help us manage?	Measurements of ocean transport help manage hazards such as icebergs, algal blooms and oil spills.
Why does knowledge of currents help ocean shipping?	Knowledge of currents helps ocean shipping by reducing journey times and saving fuel, as well as avoiding dangerous currents and ice.
As well as salinity, what does the SMOS satellite measure?	The SMOS satellite also measures sea ice thickness and soil moisture.
What sort of things change the salinity of the surface oceans?	All of the Above
Temperature and salinity are responsible for driving which ocean circulation?	Thermohaline
Which sensors can be used to detect icebergs?	Icebergs can be detected by sensors such as altimeters, synthetic aperture radar and radiometers.
Which Sentinel satellite has a radar sensor that can be used to detect icebergs?	Sentinel-1
What sort of information can we get about oil spills from satellites?	The information we can get about oil spills from satellites includes: location, extent, thickness, potential transport and the presence of dispersed oil.
Can satellite data be used as evidence to fine polluters in the case of oil spills?	Yes
What sort of things change the colour of ocean water?	The colour of ocean water can change due to factors such as sediments and algae or phytoplankton.
What is the primary cause of harmful algal blooms?	Input of nutrients from anthropogenic activities
What does CTD stand for?	Conductivity, temperature and depth
Are all algae harmful?	No
What type of instrument is used both in situ and on satellites to measure ocean colour?	Radiometer
What tools can we use to predict ocean transport	To predict ocean transport we can use tools such as hydrodynamic models, altimetry derived currents and theoretical particles or floats to track and simulate ocean movements.
What satellite sensors are used to detect oil?	Satellite sensors that are used to detect oil include Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical imagers.
What are the challenges to understanding long term variability in phytoplankton dynamics?	Challenges to understanding long term variability in phytoplankton dynamics include differences between sensors, gaps in the satellite data record and the many factors influencing phytoplankton growth.
What is the name of the ocean colour sensor on board Sentinel 3?	OLCI
Other than phytoplankton, where does carbon in the ocean come from?	Carbon in the ocean also comes from rivers, rock weathering and is absorbed directly from the atmosphere.
What are the different pools of carbon in the oceans?	The different pools of carbon in the ocean are Particulate Organic Carbon, Particulate Inorganic Carbon, Dissolved Organic Carbon, and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon.
How are phytoplankton (observed from ocean colour) connected to fisheries?	Phytoplankton observed from ocean colour are connected to fisheries because they are the basis of the ocean food chain, and the toxins they produce may kill fish or make them inedible.
What is oceanic primary production?	The synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide by phytoplankton
How can satellite data help us to conserve biodiversity?	Satellite data can help us to conserve biodiversity by identifying which species prefer specific habitats, aiding in decision-making for optimal locations of marine reserves, and measuring environmental changes that may impact different species.
What can biologists do with data they receive from tracking animals at sea?	Biologists can use data from tracking animals at sea to determine their migration routes and identify their foraging areas.
How do phytoplankton interact with carbon dioxide?	Absorb it when they photosynthesise
How might satellite data help fisheries be more sustainable?	Satellite data can help fisheries be more sustainable by indicating where fish nurseries are, so these can be avoided, supporting growth in stocks. It can also help identify where mature fish congregate, reducing fishing effort and increasing efficiency. Additionally it can Indicate areas where top predators congregate, so fishermen can avoid catching them by accident.
How can satellite data help us to measure biodiversity?	Satellite data can help us to measure biodiversity by detecting specific types of habitats and following tracked animals to monitor their movements.
What sort of uses do policy makers have for marine satellite data?	Policy makers use marine satellite data for quantifying ecosystem status and for marine planning.
What benefits does satellite data have for policy makers?	The benefits satellite data has for policymakers includes giving them more of the whole picture in space and time, rather than individual points, and also providing them with a stable year-to-year time series
What sort of industries depend on understanding the oceans?	The sort of industries that depend on understanding the oceans includes the fishing, transport, oil and gas, military, and tourism industries.
What is the blue economy?	All industries that contribute to the economy that depends on the ocean for resources
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery provides information about the motion of the sea surface. What can changes in colour/shading indicate in a SAR image?	Changes in the wind field
How long are the Copernicus programme’s sensors designed to continue?	The next 20 years
What benefits does Copernicus have for policy makers?	The benefits that Copernicus provides for policy makers includes continued data coverage into the future, a range of ocean parameters from satellites, both satellite and model data, and the availability of data at no cost.
What climate does Greenland have?	Semi-arid arctic climate
Have Greenland ice losses increased or decreased over the past 2-3 decades?	Increased
How long has Greenland’s Ice Sheet been around for?	100 000 to 200 000 years
How long is the cycle of an ice age?	100,000 years
How much of its volume did the Greenland Ice Sheet lose during the last interglacial?	30%
How old are the most ancient rocks in Greenland?	3 to 4 billion years
What is the effect of the weight of the ice sheet on rock in the centre of Greenland	The landmass in the centre of Greenland has been pushed below sea level by the weight of the ice
What does ELA stand for?	Equilibrium Line Altitude
How many metres of ice have been lost at Swiss camp since 2000?	12 metres
How much volume of ice is lost in Greenland by melt and fast-moving ice?	around 360 cubic kilometres
What is needed to validate satellite data on the Greenland Ice Sheet?	To validate satellite data on the Greenland Ice Sheet, ground-based measurements and continuous research over time are needed.
How many Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are there in the Greenland Climate Network?	20
What does a SnowMicroPen measure?	The individual grain layers in the snow
What was agreed at the COP21 conference within the Paris Agreement?	Global warming should keep well below 2 degrees C
What year was the Swiss Camp climate research station in Greenland founded?	1990
Which of the following measurements are done on Automatic Weather Stations in Greenland?	Variability of temperature change
What are the two types of satellite imagery used in observing the Greenland Ice Sheet?	The two types of satellite imagery used in observing the Greenland Ice Sheet are optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).

What are the impacts of a warming climate on the cryosphere?

Global warming causes melting of ice on land such as glaciers, and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland. This adds water to the ocean, and raises global sea levels. Ice and snow reflect sunlight, cooling the climate, without them, darker land and ocean surfaces absorb heat and amplify climate change. Additionally, thawing permafrost releases significant greenhouse gases, leading to further warming. And human populations living near the sea and in mountain regions will be affected.

What is ice and snow albedo?

Albedo is the measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed

How does the cryosphere interact with the atmosphere?

The atmosphere and the cryosphere are two key components of the Earth’s system and they have complex interactions

How are earth observations of the cryosphere used practically?

Earth observations of the cryosphere are utilised to monitor shipping routes and reduce the risk of ships hitting icebergs. They also help to reduce the loss of life and property from natural disasters such as avalanches. Additionally, these observations are used to monitor conditions for tourism and recreation and to help with wildlife management.

What is the benefit of monitoring the cryosphere using SAR instruments?

SAR instruments are not weather dependent and can penetrate cloud cover

What is the difference between sea ice and icebergs?

Sea ice forms on ocean water, but icebergs break off from larger formations such as glaciers

How does melting sea ice affect the ocean’s circulation system?

When sea ice melts, it makes the sea water less salty and therefore less dense. This means the water sinks and disrupts the ocean’s circulation system

Why does satellite data play a crucial part for monitoring climate change?

Satellites are used in conjunction with other data collection tools and methods by scientists to verify models and predictions to help scientists understand, analyse and predict the impact of climate change.

Sea ice extent is based on whether an area is ‘ice-covered’ or ‘not ice-covered’. What do current studies suggest is happening to sea ice extent?

Sea ice extent has dropped rapidly over the last 30 years

What is the relationship between multi-year sea ice and climate change?

Decreasing multi-year ice operates in a negative feedback loop, which accelerates the warming of the planet

With Satellite data allowing us to access data about remote regions and on an unprecedented scale, why is it important for scientists to conduct field research?

Satellites are reliable sources of data but they cannot tell us crucial information about what exists under, or in the Earth’s surface

Which instrument does CryoSat-2 use to measure sea ice thickness?

SIRAL

Why is it important for scientists to be able to measure snow on sea ice?

Snow pushes sea ice down and makes taking thickness measurements more difficult

What does the GRACE satellite measure?

GRACE detects gravity fields and measures mass balance

What is a grounding line?

The boundary between where a glacier is set on land and juts into the sea to become a floating ice shelf

What are ice shelves?

Ice shelves are thick slabs of ice, which are attached to a coastline and extend out over the ocean. They are a seaward extension of the grounded ice sheet.

What is the largest single component of the Cryosphere?

Seasonal snow

How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by river or lake ice?

2%

Why are optical satellites useful in measuring snow cover on land?

Snow appears brightly on optical satellite imagery

What is snow water equivalent?

The amount of water contained within a snowpack

To monitor the ocean do we need satellites, local observations or both?

Both

Who can access the Sentinel data?

Everyone

When was the initial concept of the Copernicus Programme launched?

1999

What is special about the Copernicus programme that helps us to observe and manage climate change?

The Copernicus Programme uses multiple satellites measuring lots of different variables. It ensures continuity of measurements for the next two decades, providing data coverage worldwide.

Why are satellites important for studying climate change?

Satellites are important for studying climate change because they provide global coverage of measurements and ensure consistency of instrumentation. Satellite data can also be used to validate models and aid in planning for mitigation efforts.

Why do we need long-term data records?

We need long term data records to detect trends, decide what is natural variability and what is caused by human impacts, and also to validate models.

What are the four factors that drive ocean circulation?

Four factors that drive ocean circulation are density, gravity, planetary motion and wind.

How is large-scale ocean circulation related to weather?

Large-scale ocean circulation is related to weather through the transport of heat and moisture and its influence on winds.

How long does the full circuit of thermohaline circulation take, from the surface ocean down to the deep ocean and back again?

1000 years

What type of satellite sensor is used to measure sea level rise?

Altimeter

Which factors contribute to sea level rise?

The factors which contribute to sea level rise are glacier and land ice melt, warming oceans and pumping of underground water.

El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

True

Which types of satellite data can be used to monitor ENSO?

Satellite data that can monitor ENSO includes sea surface temperature, ocean colour, and sea surface height.

Are all ENSO events the same?

No

What sensors are used to measure ice?

Sensors used to measure ice include radiometers, altimeters, optical imaging instruments, scatterometers and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).

Which characteristics of ice allow us to measure it from satellites?

The characteristics of ice that allow for it to be measured by satellites includes its colour, gravity, surface elevation, surface roughness, and temperature.

What are some of the problems caused by land ice melt?

Some problems caused by land ice melt include rising sea levels, loss of habitats, change in albedo, and loss of freshwater supply.

How high are the “hills” measured by altimetry that correspond to currents such as the Gulf Stream?

1m

What data is required for weather predictions?

Data required for weather prediction includes satellite data on the ocean, the atmosphere and land cover data.

What causes tropical storms to rotate?

Earth’s rotation

What is the magnitude of storm surges influenced by?

The Magnitude of storm surges is influenced by storm angle of approach, the shape of the coastline and the wind speed.

How can satellites assist in managing the impacts of storm surges?

Satellites can assist in managing the impacts of storm surges by predicting events, aiding evacuation planning, providing surveillance for defence, tracking inundation levels and guiding disaster response.

What sensors are used to detect waves from space?

Sensors used to predict waves from space are synthetic aperture radar and altimeters.

How high are the highest waves (significant wave heights) ever measured by a satellite?

19 m in a North Atlantic winter storm

What is the global average sea level rise since sea levels were first measured in 1992?

8cm

Why is the rise in sea level not always consistent over the globe?

The rise in sea level is not always consistent over the globe due to changes in gravity, differences in current dynamics and variations in heating effects.

What is the significant wave height defined as?

The mean wave height of the highest third of the waves

Where do tropical storms get their energy from?

Warm sea

How does the ocean affect weather?

The ocean affects weather in several ways: sea surface temperature influences land temperatures, evaporation and precipitation. They also play a key role in driving winds and affecting ocean heat content which can impact intensity and formation of tropical storms.

What sort of hazards can measurements of ocean transport help us manage?

Measurements of ocean transport help manage hazards such as icebergs, algal blooms and oil spills.

Why does knowledge of currents help ocean shipping?

Knowledge of currents helps ocean shipping by reducing journey times and saving fuel, as well as avoiding dangerous currents and ice.

As well as salinity, what does the SMOS satellite measure?

The SMOS satellite also measures sea ice thickness and soil moisture.

What sort of things change the salinity of the surface oceans?

All of the Above

Temperature and salinity are responsible for driving which ocean circulation?

Thermohaline

Which sensors can be used to detect icebergs?

Icebergs can be detected by sensors such as altimeters, synthetic aperture radar and radiometers.

Which Sentinel satellite has a radar sensor that can be used to detect icebergs?

Sentinel-1

What sort of information can we get about oil spills from satellites?

The information we can get about oil spills from satellites includes: location, extent, thickness, potential transport and the presence of dispersed oil.

Can satellite data be used as evidence to fine polluters in the case of oil spills?

Yes

What sort of things change the colour of ocean water?

The colour of ocean water can change due to factors such as sediments and algae or phytoplankton.

What is the primary cause of harmful algal blooms?

Input of nutrients from anthropogenic activities

What does CTD stand for?

Conductivity, temperature and depth

Are all algae harmful?

No

What type of instrument is used both in situ and on satellites to measure ocean colour?

Radiometer

What tools can we use to predict ocean transport

To predict ocean transport we can use tools such as hydrodynamic models, altimetry derived currents and theoretical particles or floats to track and simulate ocean movements.

What satellite sensors are used to detect oil?

Satellite sensors that are used to detect oil include Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical imagers.

What are the challenges to understanding long term variability in phytoplankton dynamics?

Challenges to understanding long term variability in phytoplankton dynamics include differences between sensors, gaps in the satellite data record and the many factors influencing phytoplankton growth.

What is the name of the ocean colour sensor on board Sentinel 3?

OLCI

Other than phytoplankton, where does carbon in the ocean come from?

Carbon in the ocean also comes from rivers, rock weathering and is absorbed directly from the atmosphere.

What are the different pools of carbon in the oceans?

The different pools of carbon in the ocean are Particulate Organic Carbon, Particulate Inorganic Carbon, Dissolved Organic Carbon, and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon.

How are phytoplankton (observed from ocean colour) connected to fisheries?

Phytoplankton observed from ocean colour are connected to fisheries because they are the basis of the ocean food chain, and the toxins they produce may kill fish or make them inedible.

What is oceanic primary production?

The synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide by phytoplankton

How can satellite data help us to conserve biodiversity?

Satellite data can help us to conserve biodiversity by identifying which species prefer specific habitats, aiding in decision-making for optimal locations of marine reserves, and measuring environmental changes that may impact different species.

What can biologists do with data they receive from tracking animals at sea?

Biologists can use data from tracking animals at sea to determine their migration routes and identify their foraging areas.

How do phytoplankton interact with carbon dioxide?

Absorb it when they photosynthesise

How might satellite data help fisheries be more sustainable?

Satellite data can help fisheries be more sustainable by indicating where fish nurseries are, so these can be avoided, supporting growth in stocks. It can also help identify where mature fish congregate, reducing fishing effort and increasing efficiency. Additionally it can Indicate areas where top predators congregate, so fishermen can avoid catching them by accident.

How can satellite data help us to measure biodiversity?

Satellite data can help us to measure biodiversity by detecting specific types of habitats and following tracked animals to monitor their movements.

What sort of uses do policy makers have for marine satellite data?

Policy makers use marine satellite data for quantifying ecosystem status and for marine planning.

What benefits does satellite data have for policy makers?

The benefits satellite data has for policymakers includes giving them more of the whole picture in space and time, rather than individual points, and also providing them with a stable year-to-year time series

What sort of industries depend on understanding the oceans?

The sort of industries that depend on understanding the oceans includes the fishing, transport, oil and gas, military, and tourism industries.

What is the blue economy?

All industries that contribute to the economy that depends on the ocean for resources

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery provides information about the motion of the sea surface. What can changes in colour/shading indicate in a SAR image?

Changes in the wind field

How long are the Copernicus programme’s sensors designed to continue?

The next 20 years

What benefits does Copernicus have for policy makers?

The benefits that Copernicus provides for policy makers includes continued data coverage into the future, a range of ocean parameters from satellites, both satellite and model data, and the availability of data at no cost.

What climate does Greenland have?

Semi-arid arctic climate

Have Greenland ice losses increased or decreased over the past 2-3 decades?

Increased

How long has Greenland’s Ice Sheet been around for?

100 000 to 200 000 years

How long is the cycle of an ice age?

100,000 years

How much of its volume did the Greenland Ice Sheet lose during the last interglacial?

30%

How old are the most ancient rocks in Greenland?

3 to 4 billion years

What is the effect of the weight of the ice sheet on rock in the centre of Greenland

The landmass in the centre of Greenland has been pushed below sea level by the weight of the ice

What does ELA stand for?

Equilibrium Line Altitude

How many metres of ice have been lost at Swiss camp since 2000?

12 metres

How much volume of ice is lost in Greenland by melt and fast-moving ice?

around 360 cubic kilometres

What is needed to validate satellite data on the Greenland Ice Sheet?

To validate satellite data on the Greenland Ice Sheet, ground-based measurements and continuous research over time are needed.

How many Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are there in the Greenland Climate Network?

20

What does a SnowMicroPen measure?

The individual grain layers in the snow

What was agreed at the COP21 conference within the Paris Agreement?

Global warming should keep well below 2 degrees C

What year was the Swiss Camp climate research station in Greenland founded?

1990

Which of the following measurements are done on Automatic Weather Stations in Greenland?

Variability of temperature change

What are the two types of satellite imagery used in observing the Greenland Ice Sheet?

The two types of satellite imagery used in observing the Greenland Ice Sheet are optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).