text
stringlengths 31
999
| source
stringclasses 5
values |
|---|---|
Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, which is produced by strains of Streptomyces lasaliensis. It is the drug in the feed additives called Bovatec and Avatec. Lasalocid is able to make neutral complexes with monovalent and divalent cations and transport them through apolar phase (including lipid bilayer membranes)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Lavendamycin is a naturally occurring chemical compound discovered in fermentation broth of the soil bacterium Streptomyces lavendulae. Lavendamycin has antibiotic properties and anti-proliferative effects against several cancer cell lines. The use of lavendamycin as a cytotoxic agent in cancer therapy failed due to poor water solubility and non-specific cytotoxicity
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Lipoglycopeptides are a class of antibiotic that have lipophilic side-chains linked to glycopeptides. The class includes oritavancin, telavancin and dalbavancin. In September 2009 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved telavancin (Vibativ) for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI)
On May 23, 2014, the FDA approved dalbavancin (Dalvance), an injectable drug, administered intravenously in two doses one week apart
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A lipopeptide is a molecule consisting of a lipid connected to a peptide. They are able to self-assemble into different structures. Many bacteria produced these molecules as a part of their metabolism, especially those of the genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Marinone is an antibiotic made by marine actinomycetes.
Biosynthesis
The proposed biosynthesis of marinone was first reported by George et al. The biosynthesis of marinone begins with THN, which is known to be biosynthesized via the condensation of five malonyl-coenzyme A units followed by the aromatization of the resulting pentaketide using a type III polyketide synthase
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Mastoparan is a peptide toxin from wasp venom. It has the chemical structure Ile-Asn-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Ile-Leu-NH2. The net effect of mastoparan's mode of action depends on cell type, but seemingly always involves exocytosis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Medicinal fungi are fungi that contain metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites through biotechnology to develop prescription drugs. Compounds successfully developed into drugs or under research include antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, cholesterol and ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressants and fungicides.
History
Although fungi products have long been used in traditional medicine, the ability to identify beneficial properties and then extract the active ingredient started with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
The Mercer protocol is a common regimen for antibiotic prophylaxis in the context of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) during pregnancy, when immediate delivery is contraindicated due to known or suspected fetal lung immaturity. It was first described by Mercer et al. in 1997
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Modern Meat: Antibiotics, Hormones, and the Pharmaceutical Farm is a 1984 book by Orville Schell on intensive animal farming and antibiotic use in livestock.
Reviews
One reviewer said that the book is a "startling introduction to today's mass-producing factory farms" but that it had the flaw of the author's "unrestrained personal bias and overdramatization of issues". Another reviewer said that the book was controversial and "warns of subtle—but potentially dangerous—long-range effects of 'pharmaceutical farming
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
First described in 1965, the moenomycins are a family of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics, metabolites of the bacterial genus Streptomyces. Moenomycin A is the founding member of the antibiotic family with the majority discovered by the end of the late 1970s.
Structure
The moenomycins can be reduced to three key structural features
A central 3-phosphoglyceric acid backbone
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR bacteria) are bacteria that are resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs. MDR bacteria have seen an increase in prevalence in recent years and pose serious risks to public health. MDR bacteria can be broken into 3 main categories: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and other (acid-stain)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Mupirocin, sold under the brand name Bactroban among others, is a topical antibiotic useful against superficial skin infections such as impetigo or folliculitis. It may also be used to get rid of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) when present in the nose without symptoms
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide with antifungal and hemolytic activities and isolated from Bacillus species. It belongs to the iturin lipopeptide family.
Definition
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Naphthomycin A is a type of naphthomycin. It was isolated as a yellow pigment from Streptomyces collinus and it shows antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Naphthomycins have the longest ansa aliphatic carbon chain of the ansamycin family
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A narrow-spectrum antibiotic is an antibiotic that is only able to kill or inhibit limited species of bacteria. Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics include fidaxomicin and sarecycline.
Advantages
Narrow-spectrum antibiotic allow to kill or inhibit only those bacteria species that are unwanted (i
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Neothramycin A and B are stereoisomeric antibiotics with anticancer activity. The stereoisomers are interchangeable in aqueous solution and the antibiotic, Neothramycin, contains both in approximately equal amounts. They belong to the pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine, or anthramycin, group which includes other antibiotics such as anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Netropsin (also termed congocidine or sinanomycin) is a polyamide with antibiotic and antiviral activity. Netropsin was discovered by Finlay et al. , and first isolated from the actinobacterium Streptomyces netropsis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Nifurquinazol (NF-1088) is an antibacterial agent of the nitrofuran class. It was never marketed.
Synthesis
Treatment of the amide from 5-nitrofuroic acid with phosphorus oxychloride leads to the corresponding nitrile (2)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Its isolation was described in the 1950s, and in 1968 the structure could be elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The structure and properties of nigericin are similar to the antibiotic monensin
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Nitrofurazone (INN, trade name Furacin) is an antimicrobial organic compound belonging to the nitrofuran class. It is most commonly used as a topical antibiotic ointment. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and can be used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Nitroxoline is an antibiotic that has been in use in Europe for about fifty years, and has proven to be very effective at combating biofilm infections. Nitroxoline was shown to cause a decrease in the biofilm density of P. aeruginosa infections, which would allow access to the infection by the immune system in vivo
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms. While there exist a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term nonribosomal peptide typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the class Actinomycetia. Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include clorobiocin and coumermycin A1
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Oxepanoprolinamides are a class of antibiotics. They include iboxamycin. These drugs are fully synthetic
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Pen-Strep (also known as penicillin-streptomycin) is a mixture of penicillin G and streptomycin that is widely used in mammalian cell culture media to prevent bacterial contamination. The solution contains 5,000 units of penicillin G (sodium salt) which acts as the active base, and 5,000 micrograms of streptomycin (sulfate) (base per milliliter), formulated in 0. 85% saline
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Penicillium rubens is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium and was the first species known to produce the antibiotic penicillin. It was first described by Philibert Melchior Joseph Ehi Biourge in 1923. For the discovery of penicillin from this species Alexander Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Peptaibols are biologically active peptides containing between seven and twenty amino acid residues, some of which are non-proteinogenic amino acids. In particular, they contain α-aminoisobutyric acid along with other unusual aminoacids such as ethylnorvaline, isovaline and hydroxyproline; the N-terminus is acetylated, and the C-terminal amino acid is hydroxylated to an acid alcohol. They are named pebtaibols due to them being peptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and ending in an alcohol
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Persister cells are subpopulations of cells that resist treatment, and become antimicrobial tolerant by changing to a state of dormancy or quiescence. Persister cells in their dormancy do not divide. The tolerance shown in persister cells differs from antimicrobial resistance in that the tolerance is not inherited and is reversible
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Plantazolicin (PZN) is a natural antibiotic produced by the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42 (previously Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42). PZN has specifically been identified as a selective bactericidal agent active against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. This natural product is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP); it can be classified further as a thiazole/oxazole-modified microcin (TOMM) or a linear azole-containing peptide (LAP)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Plectasin is an antibiotic protein from the mushroom Pseudoplectania nigrella. It was initially discovered in 2005 and commercialised by Novozymes. Plectasin belongs to the antimicrobial peptide class called fungal defensins, which is also present in invertebrates such as flies and mussels
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Porfiromycin is an N-methyl derivative of the antineoplastic antibiotic, mitomycin C, which is isolated from various Streptomyces bacterial species. As an antineoplastic agent, it is under investigation for the treatment of cancer, particularly head and neck cancer. Porfiromycin works by generating oxygen radicals and alkylating DNA, resulting in interstrand cross-links and single-strand breaks
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible. As with the initial discovery of penicillin, most antibiotics have been discovered as a result of happenstance
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Pulvinone, an organic compound belonging to the esters, lactones, alcohols and butenolides classes, is a yellow crystalline solid. Although the pulvinone is not a natural product, several naturally occurring hydroxylated derivatives are known. These hydroxylated pulvinones are produced by fungal species, such as the in Europe common Larch Bolete (Boletus elegans, also known as Suillus grevillei), or by moulds such as Aspergillus terreus
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Pyocyanin (PCN−) is one of the many toxic compounds produced and secreted by the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pyocyanin is a blue secondary metabolite, turning red below pH 4. 9, with the ability to oxidise and reduce other molecules and therefore kill microbes competing against P
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Pyoluteorin is a natural antibiotic that is biosynthesized from a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. Pyoluteorin was first isolated in the 1950s from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains T359 and IFO 3455 and was found to be toxic against oomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and against certain plants. Pyoluteorin is most notable for its toxicity against the oomycete Pythium ultimum, which is a plant pathogen that causes a global loss in agriculture
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Ramoplanin (INN) is a glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic drug derived from strain ATCC 33076 of Actinoplanes. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
Mechanism
It exerts its bacteriocidal effect by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis, acting by inhibiting the transglycosylation step of peptidoglycan synthesis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CHO. It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups.
The name reuterin is derived from Lactobacillus reuteri, which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antibiotic (bacteriocin)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Ridinilazole (previously known as SMT19969) is an investigational small molecule antibiotic being evaluated for oral administration to treat Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). In vitro, it is bactericidal against C. difficile and suppresses bacterial toxin production; the mechanism of action is thought to involve inhibition of cell division
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Roseophilin is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griscovirides shown to have antitumor activity. The chemical structure can be considered in terms of two components, a macrotricyclic segment and a heterocyclic side-chain. Several laboratory syntheses of roseophilin (e
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug.
Antibacterial activity
Salinomycin and its derivatives exhibit high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including the most problematic bacteria strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Salinomycin is inactive against fungi such as Candida and Gram-negative bacteria
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) is a potent proteasome inhibitor being studied as a potential anticancer agent. It entered phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma, only three years after its discovery in 2003. This marine natural product is produced by the obligate marine bacteria Salinispora tropica and Salinispora arenicola, which are found in ocean sediment
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Seraticin is an antibiotic discovered by scientists at Swansea University able to inhibit 12 different strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as E. coli and C. difficile
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Shishijimicin A is an enediyne antitumor antibiotic isolated from Didemnum proliferum. Isolated in 2003 it is part of the family of 10 member ringed enediyne antitumor antibiotic agents, which includes: namenamicin, esperamicin and, calicheamicin. Due to its high potency from cytotoxicity, Shishjimicin A is currently undergoing testing as a possible Antibody-antibiotic Conjugate (ADCs) cancer treatment
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Sideromycins are a group of antibiotics linked to siderophores by covalent bonds. Examples of naturally occurring sideromycins are albomycin and salmycin. Sideromycins have some unique merits as antibiotic
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Skin secretions are those substances and materials that are secreted by the skin and the external mucous membranes. Some skin secretions are associated with body hair.
Skin secretions originate from glands that in dermal layer of the epidermis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
SmeT is a transcriptional repressor protein of 24. 6 kDa, found in the pathogenic bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. SmeT is responsible for the regulation of the Multidrug Resistance (MDR) efflux pump, SmeDEF, that gives the bacteria resistance to several antibiotics including macrolides, TMP/SMX, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolones and erythromycin
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Solithromycin (trade name Solithera) is a ketolide antibiotic undergoing clinical development for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and other infections. Solithromycin exhibits excellent in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive respiratory tract pathogens, including macrolide-resistant strains. Solithromycin has activity against most common respiratory Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens, and is being evaluated for its utility in treating gonorrhea
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Spectinomycin, sold under the tradename Trobicin among others, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of gonorrhea infections. It is given by injection into a muscle. Common side effects include pain at the area of injection, rash, nausea, fever, and trouble sleeping
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Streptogramin B is a subgroup of the streptogramin antibiotics family. These natural products are cyclic hexa- or hepta depsipeptides produced by various members of the genus of bacteria Streptomyces. Many of the members of the streptogramins reported in the literature have the same structure and different names; for example, pristinamycin IA = vernamycin Bα = mikamycin B = osteogrycin B
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Streptomyces isolates have yielded the majority of human, animal, and agricultural antibiotics, as well as a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines. Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus of Actinomycetota, producing chemotherapy, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic drugs, and immunosuppressants. Streptomyces isolates are typically initiated with the aerial hyphal formation from the mycelium
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide, commonly used as an antibiotic for its capacity as a surfactant. It is an amphiphile capable of withstanding hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The Gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis produces surfactin for its antibiotic effects against competitors
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Taksta (previously CEM-102) is a front-loaded oral dosing regimen of sodium fusidate under development in the U. S. as an antibiotic for gram-positive infections including drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
TAN-1057 A and TAN-1057 B are organic compounds found in the Flexibacter sp. PK-74 bacterium. TAN-1057 A and B are closely related structurally as diastereomers
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
TAN-1057 C and TAN-1057 D are organic compounds found in the Flexibacter sp. PK-74 bacterium. TAN-1057 C and D are closely related structurally as diastereomers
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tanespimycin (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG) is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in younger patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors.
It works by inhibiting Hsp90, which is expressed in those tumors. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tarocin A and tarocin B are two structurally unrelated compounds that inhibit the TarO enzyme involved in teichoic acid biosynthesis in bacteria. Using either of them with β-lactam antibiotics seems to be effective in mice against some β-lactam-resistant bacteria. Because the tarocins lack activity when used alone it may simplify the clinical trials for approval for medical use
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Taurolidine is an antimicrobial that is used to prevent infections in catheters. Side effects and the induction of bacterial resistance is uncommon. It is also being studied as a treatment for cancer
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tazobactam is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of bacterial β-lactamases, especially those belonging to the SHV-1 and TEM groups. It is commonly used as its sodium salt, tazobactam sodium.
Tazobactam is combined with the extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotic piperacillin in the drug piperacillin/tazobactam, used in infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Telavancin (trade name Vibativ) is a bactericidal lipoglycopeptide for use in MRSA or other Gram-positive infections. Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin. The FDA approved the drug in September 2009 for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), and in June 2013 for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tetracenomycin C is an antitumor anthracycline-like antibiotic produced by Streptomyces glaucescens GLA. 0.
The pale-yellow antibiotic is active against some gram-positive bacteria, especially against streptomycetes
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Thioacetazone (INN, BAN), also known as amithiozone (USAN), is an oral antibiotic which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It has fallen into almost complete disuse due to toxicity and the introduction of improved anti-tuberculosis drugs like isoniazid. The drug has only weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is only useful in preventing resistance to more powerful drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Thiocarlide (or tiocarlide or isoxyl) is a thiourea drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, inhibiting synthesis of oleic acid and tuberculostearic acid. Thiocarlide has considerable antimycobacterial activity in vitro and is effective against multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoxyl inhibits M
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Thiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic of the thiopeptide class, derived from several strains of streptomycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii. Thiostrepton is a natural product of the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) class.
History
Thiostrepton was discovered by Donovick et al
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Thymineless death is the phenomenon by which bacteria, yeasts and mammalian cells undergo cell death when they are starved of thymidine triphosphate (dTTP), an essential precursor for DNA replication. This phenomenon underlies the mechanism of action of several antibacterial, antimalarial and anticancer agents, such as trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, methotrexate and fluorouracil.
History
The phenomenon was first reported in 1954 by Hazel D
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tobramycin/dexamethasone, sold under the brand name Tobradex, is a fixed-dose combination medication in the form of eye drops and eye ointment, marketed by Alcon. The active ingredients are tobramycin (an antibiotic) and dexamethasone (a corticosteroid). It is prescribed for the treatment of pink eye in combination with bacterial infections
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Topoisomerase inhibitors are chemical compounds that block the action of topoisomerases, which are broken into two broad subtypes: type I topoisomerases (TopI) and type II topoisomerases (TopII). Topoisomerase plays important roles in cellular reproduction and DNA organization, as they mediate the cleavage of single and double stranded DNA to relax supercoils, untangle catenanes, and condense chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. Topoisomerase inhibitors influence these essential cellular processes
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that inhibits the UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P family of enzymes. In eukaryotes, this includes the enzyme GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT), which catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to dolichol phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. Tunicamycin blocks N-linked glycosylation (N-glycans) and treatment of cultured human cells with tunicamycin causes cell cycle arrest in G1 phase
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Violacein is a naturally-occurring bis-indole pigment with antibiotic (anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-tumor) properties. Violacein is produced by several species of bacteria, including Chromobacterium violaceum, and gives these organisms their striking purple hues. Violacein shows increasing commercially interesting uses, especially for industrial applications in cosmetics, medicines and fabrics
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Yaequinolone J1 is an antibiotic made by Penicillium.
Total syntheses of yaequinolone J1
An asymmetric total synthesis of yaequinolone J1 has been published in 2018 by V. Vece, S
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Zwittermicin A is an antibiotic that has been identified from the bacterium Bacillus cereus UW85. It is a molecule of interest to agricultural industry because it has the potential to suppress plant disease due to its broad spectrum activity against certain gram positive and gram negative prokaryotic micro-organisms. The molecule is also of interest from a metabolic perspective because it represents a new structural class of antibiotic and suggests a crossover between polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic pathways
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Stromagen is a product that is made of stem cells taken from a patient's bone marrow and grown in the laboratory. After a patient's bone marrow is destroyed by treatment with whole body irradiation or chemotherapy, these cells are injected back into the patient to help rebuild bone marrow. Stromagen has been studied in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease during stem cell transplant in patients receiving treatment for cancer
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Bacterial therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteria to treat diseases. Bacterial therapeutics are living medicines, and may be wild type bacteria (often in the form of probiotics) or bacteria that have been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient.
Other examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics), activators of anti-tumor immunity, or synergizing with existing tools and approaches
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing or biotechnology that utilizes biological systems to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. Biomanufacturing products are recovered from natural sources, such as blood, or from cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells grown in specialized equipment. The cells used during the production may have been naturally occurring or derived using genetic engineering techniques
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Bioproduction is the production of biologics-based therapeutic drugs including protein-based therapeutics, vaccines, gene therapies as well as cell therapies; drugs so complex they can only be made in living systems or indeed are a living system (cell therapies). In practice, ‘bioproduction’ has become loosely synonymous with ‘bioprocessing’ as a way to describe the manufacturing process using, cell culture, chromatography, formulation and related analytical testing for large molecule drugs, vaccines and cellular therapies. Many combinations of reactor types and culture modes are now available for use in bioproduction: e
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Bovhyaluronidase azoximer, sold under the brand name Longidaze, is a conjugate of proteolytic enzyme hyaluronidase with high- molecular weight copolymer that forms a component of combination therapy regimens for treatment and prevention of diseases associated with connective tissue hyperplasia.
The most frequently observed adverse reactions seen with bovhyaluronidase azoximer include pain at site of injection and injection site reaction n such as skin redness, itching and oedema. All local reactions resolve themselves in 48 – 72 hours
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Catridecacog, sold under the brand name Tretten in the US and NovoThirteen in the EU) is a class of recombinant factor XIII A-subunit based biopharmaceutical medicine, indicated in patients with a rare clotting disorder, congenital factor XIII A-subunit deficiency, which is a kind of Factor XIII deficiency. The medication prevents bleeding in patients with this condition, and has been approved by the U. S
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
The Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC) is a multidisciplinary instructional center at North Carolina State University that provides education and training to develop skilled professionals for the biomanufacturing industry. Biomanufacturing refers to the use of living organisms or other biological material to produce commercially viable products. Examples include therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines for medical use; amino acids and enzymes for food manufacturing; and biofuels and biochemicals for industrial applications
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A linear park is a type of park that is significantly longer than it is wide. These linear parks are strips of public land running along canals, rivers, streams, defensive walls, electrical lines, or highways and shorelines. Examples of linear parks include everything from wildlife corridors to riverways to trails, capturing the broadest sense of the word
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A low-energy house is characterized by an energy-efficient design and technical features which enable it to provide high living standards and comfort with low energy consumption and carbon emissions. Traditional heating and active cooling systems are absent, or their use is secondary. Low-energy buildings may be viewed as examples of sustainable architecture
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Mixed use is a type of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning classification that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a combination thereof
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Natural burial is the interment of the body of a dead person in the soil in a manner that does not inhibit decomposition but allows the body to be naturally recycled. It is an alternative to typical contemporary Western burial methods and modern funerary customs.
The body may be prepared without chemical preservatives or disinfectants such as embalming fluid, which are designed to inhibit the microbial decomposers that break the body down
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy, in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.
The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
The Penn Institute for Urban Research (Penn IUR) is an interdisciplinary research center at the University of Pennsylvania. The Institute is affiliated with the 12 schools at the University of Pennsylvania, and housed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design. The Institute was founded in 2004, and focuses on three main research areas: 1) Exploring innovative urban development strategies; 2) Building the inclusive 21st century sustainable city; and
3) Understanding the role of anchor institutions in urban places
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A positive energy district (PED) is an urban area that produces at least as much energy on an annual basis as it consumes. The purpose of a PED is not to be an island isolated from the rest of the energy system but rather a functional and flexible part of the larger whole. The impetus to develop whole positive energy districts instead of single buildings is based on the possibility of sharing resources, managing energy efficiently systems across many buildings and reaching economics of scale
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. The term "smart growth" is particularly used in North America
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Solar access is the ability of one property to continue to receive sunlight across property lines without obstruction from another’s property (buildings, foliage or other impediment). Solar access is calculated using a sun path diagram. Sun is the source of our vision and energy
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Solar architecture is an architectural approach that takes in account the Sun to harness clean and renewable solar power. It is related to the fields of optics, thermics, electronics and materials science. Both active and passive solar housing skills are involved in solar architecture
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
The Sustainable City Awards are a national "green business" awards scheme administered by the City of London Corporation. They aim to "recognise and reward best practice in environmental management and sustainable leadership" across twelve categories.
Categories
History
The awards were established in 2001 attract around 250 applications per year, from SMEs and charities to multi-national banks and corporations
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Design standards, reference standards and performance standards are familiar throughout business and industry, virtually for anything that is definable. Sustainable design, taken as reducing our impact on the earth and making things better at the same time, is in the process of becoming defined. Also, many well organized specific methodologies are used by different communities of people for a variety of purposes
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Sustainable development is an organizing principle that aims to meet human development goals while also enabling natural systems to provide necessary natural resources and ecosystem services to humans. The desired result is a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining the planetary integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development tries to find a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
A Sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into the future tie without external infusions of resources. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve naturally or be produced under the influence of man
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Sustainable drainage systems (also known as SuDS, SUDS, or sustainable urban drainage systems) are a collection of water management practices that aim to align modern drainage systems with natural water processes and are part of a larger green infrastructure strategy. SuDS efforts make urban drainage systems more compatible with components of the natural water cycle such as storm surge overflows, soil percolation, and bio-filtration. These efforts hope to mitigate the effect human development has had or may have on the natural water cycle, particularly surface runoff and water pollution trends
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Sustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (urbanism), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations. In the context of contemporary urbanism, the term cities refers to several scales of human settlements from towns to cities, metropolises and mega-city regions that includes their peripheries / suburbs / exurbs
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Tactical urbanism, also commonly referred to as guerrilla urbanism, pop-up urbanism, city repair, D. I. Y
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
In urban planning, transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. It promotes a symbiotic relationship between dense, compact urban form and public transport use. In doing so, TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. As such it is to be distinguished from other measures of population density. Urban density is considered an important factor in understanding how cities function
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
Urban horticulture is the science and study of the growing plants in an urban environment. It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area. Urban horticulture has seen an increase in attention with the global trend of urbanization and works to study the harvest, aesthetic, architectural, recreational and psychological purposes and effects of plants in urban environments
|
https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem
|
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 7