ellisbrown/BDML25SP_hw1_processed_data · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Medium agreement
Robust evidence
Low agreement
Robust evidence
(Divergent) Low agreement
Medium evidence Medium agreement
Limited evidence
Low agreement
Limited evidence
(Limited) Medium agreement
Medium evidence Confidence
Language
Likelihood
Language
>99%
>95%
>90%
>66%>50%
33–66%
<33%
<10%
<5%<1%Statistical Level
(assessing change) Statistical Range
(assessing range)
Virtually certain
Extremely likely
Very likely
Likely
More likely than not
About as likely as not
Unlikely
Very unlikely
Extremely unlikely
Exceptionally unlikely5–95% range
17–83% range25–75% range
<17% and >83% (both tails)
<5% and >95% (both tails)Step 3: Evaluate statistical likelihoodLowMediumHighVery high
Very lowSufficient evidence and agreement to evaluate confidence?
Sufficient confidence and quantitative/probabilistic evidence to evaluate likelihood?
Figure TS.1 \| Schematic of the IPCC usage of calibrated language (for more details
see Section 1.9.2, Figure 1.4 and Cross-Chapter Box 5 in Chapter 1).
References to chapter sections, boxes, cross-chapter boxes as well as
to ﬁgures and tables are provided in curly brackets {} at the end of
each statement below.
Table TS.1 \| Structure of the Technical Summary (TS) and Chapters included in the IPCC Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC).
TS.1 Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report
TS.2 Chapter 2: High Mountain AreasTS.3 Chapter 3: Polar RegionsTS.4 Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities
TS.5 Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
TS.6 Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks
TS.7 Integrative Cross-Chapter Box: Low-lying Islands and Coasts

43Technical Summary
TSTS.1 Framing and Context of the Report
This special report assesses new knowledge since the IPCC 5th
Assessment Report (AR5) and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR15) on how the ocean and cryosphere have and are expected to change with ongoing global warming, the risks and opportunities these changes bring to ecosystems and people, and mitigation, adaptation and governance options for reducing future risks. Chapter 1 provides context on the importance of the ocean and cryosphere, and the framework for the assessments in subsequent chapters of the report.
All people on Earth depend directly or indirectly on the
ocean and cryosphere. The fundamental roles of the ocean and
cryosphere in the Earth system include the uptake and redistribution
of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and heat by the ocean, as well as
their crucial involvement of in the hydrological cycle. The cryosphere
also ampliﬁes climate changes through snow, ice and permafrost
feedbacks. Services provided to people by the ocean and/or cryosphere include food and freshwater, renewable energy, health and wellbeing, cultural values, trade and transport. {1.1, 1.2, 1.5,
Figure TS.2}
Sustainable development is at risk from emerging and
intensifying ocean and cryosphere changes. Ocean and
cryosphere changes interact with each of the
United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Progress on climate action
(SDG 13) would reduce risks to aspects of sustainable development that are fundamentally linked to the ocean and cryosphere and
the services they provide ( high conﬁdence ). Progress on achieving the
SDGs can contribute to reducing the exposure or vulnerabilities of people and communities to the risks of ocean and cryosphere change (medium conﬁdence ). {1.1}
Communities living in close connection with polar, mountain,
and coastal environments are particularly exposed to the
current and future hazards
of ocean and cryosphere change.
Coasts are home to approximately 28% of the global population, including around 11% living on land less than 10 m above sea level. Almost 10% of the global population lives in the Arctic or high
mountain regions. People in these regions face the greatest exposure
to ocean and cryosphere change, and poor and marginalised people
here are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards and risks (very high conﬁdence ). The adaptive capacity of people, communities
and nations is shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, technological, institutional, geographical and demographic factors.
{1.1, 1.5, 1.6, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1}
Ocean and cryosphere changes are pervasive and observed
from high mountains, to the polar regions, to coasts, and into
the deep ocean. AR5 assessed that the ocean is warming (0
to
700 m: virtually certain; 700 to 2000 m: likely ), sea level is rising ( high
conﬁdence ), and ocean acidity is increasing ( high conﬁdence ). Most
glaciers are shrinking ( high conﬁdence ), the Greenland and Antarctic
ice sheets are losing mass ( high conﬁdence ), sea ice extent in the
Arctic is decreasing ( very high conﬁdence ), Northern Hemisphere
Glacier mass
Marine
heatwaves
Ocean pH
Sea level
Permafrost
temperatureSea ice
Continental shelfUpper ocean
Continental slopeIce sheet
Sea ice

Medium agreement

Robust evidence

Low agreement

Robust evidence

(Divergent) Low agreement

Medium evidence Medium agreement

Limited evidence

Low agreement

Limited evidence

(Limited) Medium agreement

Medium evidence Confidence

Language

Likelihood

Language

>99%

>95%

>90%

>66%>50%

33–66%

<33%

<10%

<5%<1%Statistical Level

(assessing change) Statistical Range

(assessing range)

Virtually certain

Extremely likely

Very likely

Likely

More likely than not

About as likely as not

Unlikely

Very unlikely

Extremely unlikely

Exceptionally unlikely5–95% range

17–83% range25–75% range

<17% and >83% (both tails)

<5% and >95% (both tails)Step 3: Evaluate statistical likelihoodLowMediumHighVery high

Very lowSufficient evidence and agreement to evaluate confidence?

Sufficient confidence and quantitative/probabilistic evidence to evaluate likelihood?

Figure TS.1 | Schematic of the IPCC usage of calibrated language (for more details

see Section 1.9.2, Figure 1.4 and Cross-Chapter Box 5 in Chapter 1).

References to chapter sections, boxes, cross-chapter boxes as well as

to ﬁgures and tables are provided in curly brackets {} at the end of

each statement below.

Table TS.1 | Structure of the Technical Summary (TS) and Chapters included in the IPCC Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC).

TS.1 Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report

TS.2 Chapter 2: High Mountain AreasTS.3 Chapter 3: Polar RegionsTS.4 Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities

TS.5 Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

TS.6 Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks

TS.7 Integrative Cross-Chapter Box: Low-lying Islands and Coasts

43Technical Summary

TSTS.1 Framing and Context of the Report

This special report assesses new knowledge since the IPCC 5th

Assessment Report (AR5) and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR15) on how the ocean and cryosphere have and are expected to change with ongoing global warming, the risks and opportunities these changes bring to ecosystems and people, and mitigation, adaptation and governance options for reducing future risks. Chapter 1 provides context on the importance of the ocean and cryosphere, and the framework for the assessments in subsequent chapters of the report.

All people on Earth depend directly or indirectly on the

ocean and cryosphere. The fundamental roles of the ocean and

cryosphere in the Earth system include the uptake and redistribution

of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and heat by the ocean, as well as

their crucial involvement of in the hydrological cycle. The cryosphere

also ampliﬁes climate changes through snow, ice and permafrost

feedbacks. Services provided to people by the ocean and/or cryosphere include food and freshwater, renewable energy, health and wellbeing, cultural values, trade and transport. {1.1, 1.2, 1.5,

Figure TS.2}

Sustainable development is at risk from emerging and

intensifying ocean and cryosphere changes. Ocean and

cryosphere changes interact with each of the

United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Progress on climate action

(SDG 13) would reduce risks to aspects of sustainable development that are fundamentally linked to the ocean and cryosphere and

the services they provide ( high conﬁdence ). Progress on achieving the

SDGs can contribute to reducing the exposure or vulnerabilities of people and communities to the risks of ocean and cryosphere change (medium conﬁdence ). {1.1}

Communities living in close connection with polar, mountain,

and coastal environments are particularly exposed to the

current and future hazards

of ocean and cryosphere change.

Coasts are home to approximately 28% of the global population, including around 11% living on land less than 10 m above sea level. Almost 10% of the global population lives in the Arctic or high

mountain regions. People in these regions face the greatest exposure

to ocean and cryosphere change, and poor and marginalised people

here are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards and risks (very high conﬁdence ). The adaptive capacity of people, communities

and nations is shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, technological, institutional, geographical and demographic factors.

{1.1, 1.5, 1.6, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1}

Ocean and cryosphere changes are pervasive and observed

from high mountains, to the polar regions, to coasts, and into

the deep ocean. AR5 assessed that the ocean is warming (0

to

700 m: virtually certain; 700 to 2000 m: likely ), sea level is rising ( high

conﬁdence ), and ocean acidity is increasing ( high conﬁdence ). Most

glaciers are shrinking ( high conﬁdence ), the Greenland and Antarctic

ice sheets are losing mass ( high conﬁdence ), sea ice extent in the

Arctic is decreasing ( very high conﬁdence ), Northern Hemisphere

Glacier mass

Marine

heatwaves

Ocean pH

Sea level

Permafrost

temperatureSea ice

Continental shelfUpper ocean

Continental slopeIce sheet

Sea ice