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f510c121839e6b49e97010b99a492e4a | en la comunidad en la que resido, tenemos un problema grave respecto con el presidente, y es lo siguiente:
hace un año se contrato a un administrador para gestionar la comunidad y se nombró un presidente como marca la ley. el señor presidente esta gestionando mal la comunidad y llevando a una situación límite al propio administrador de la misma, proque él es contario a los administradores,y mi duda está en sí el administrador está pasando de todo, para que cuándo llegue final del periodo, dejar dicha comunidad.
se contatro una empresa de limpieza para nuestra comunidad, con unos parámetros concretos pactados por todos y así no contreñir demasiado la cuota debido a otras necesidades de la misma, la limpieza de la comunidad la hace una señora de aquí pero a través de la empresa contratada, pagándose por los servicios prestados y cotización a la seguridad social correspondiente a sus servicios.
el presidente de la comunidad como tíene asuntos personales desagradables con esta persona, no se atreve o no quiere, ( eso no se sabe ) a despedirla, porque muchas de la comunidad estan en contra, pero este señor , ni corto ni perezoso, ha contratado a otra persona para que haga la limpieza ( corre el rumor de contrato verbal ), este señor no puede trabajar sin contrato y sin seguro, mejor dicho , tampoco con seguro, porque ya hay una persona que hace la limpieza, que haga otras gestiones diferentes a la limpieza. el administrador ( cómo es lógico ) no va a pagarle, y los propietarios queremos inpugnar un acta con recogida de firmas falsas, diciendo que era para otra gestión, y resulta ser que erá para despedir a la señora de la limpieza y contratar a otra. la empresa de limpieza no tíene constancia y el administrador hasta ahora tampoco. ( el presidente vuelve a fallar en su gestión ). ¿ qué debemos hacer los vecinos independientemente del administrador ? ¿ puede cualquier vecino generar una asamblea para aclarar dichos temas, y luego dar nota al administrador de fincas?.
otra cuestión es que debido a un problema de tejados, se ha decidido repararlos, quedando fijada una cuota durante un período para su reparación. la sorpresa nos la hemos llevado hoy porque el presidente como no le ha gustado "parece ser" la decisión tomada por los vecinos, el se ha tomado la libertad de contratar a otro administrador, sin notificación a nadie, con lo que nos encontramos con dos administradores. cómo es lógico, se lo he comunicado yo personalmente al administrador que pertoca.
si seguimos así la cuenta comunitaria va a quedar vacía dentro de poco y sin poder afrontar los gastos , ya que se están disparando, porque cómo es lógico todo el mundo quiere cobrar por los trabajos que realizan, ademas de ir engrosando una cuenta de credito en una tienda para la comunidad "parece ser" sin comunicarlo al administrador.
se que podemos hacer impugnaciones y otras cosas más, pero antes de dejarnos llevar por otras causas, necesitamos saber la segunda opinión de otra persona experta en le tema, para tomar la mejor decisión.
y las preguntas son estas:
¿ el presidente puede imponer su ley y no la comunitaria, y tomar decisiones de libre albedrio ?.
¿ las reuniones extraordinarias, se pueden publicar como le dé la gana; es decir : 11 de septiembre a la 13.30 horas convoca reunión para el viernes 13 a las 20:00 h, ( todos sabiamos que iba ha ver puente largo ). hasta que punto es legal, muchas de las runiones las genera en puentes ).
¿ aparte de impugnar actas y presidencia, podemos hacer que los responsables, tanto presidente, como secretario, pagen de alguna manera el deficit que se va a generar por su mala gestión y que vamos a soportar todos los vecinos ?
| decisiones del presidente y
sus responsabilidad | porticolegal.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": "hola josep. entenc que tots els\nproblemes que planteges (doble servei de\nneteja, doble admi- nistrador, problemes\namb el president...) han de ser resolts\na través de junta de propietaris (art\n14 lph), que podrà ser convocada per\n1/4 part dels veins (art 16.1 lph), si\nbé pots trobar-te amb pro- blemes a\nlhora destablir les majories exigides\n(art 17 lph), si bé entenc que és\nsuficient la majoria simple. de totes\nformes, abans de tot, tantejaria els\nveins afins per tal de consensuar\nposicions. \r\npel que fa referència a les preguntes\ndel final, entenc que el president està\nsotmès en tot cas a la lph, els\nestatuts i les normes de règim\ninterior, per la qual cosa la seva\nllibertat dactuació està una mica\nlimitada, car en qualsevol moment, a\ntravés de junta, sel pot remoure en el\nseu càrrec (mira art 14a) lph). la\nforma de convocatòria de les juntes,\nordinàries o extraordinàries, es\nregula a lart 16 lph. finalment, entenc\nque sí es pot de- mandar per\nresponsabilitat a president i secretari,\nen base a lart 1902 cc, però aquesta\nés una op- ció bastant complexa. \r\nvenga, sort!",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
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] |
033c3daf2a9d5cc1d0dff463b74fcbc6 | bona tarda,
es possible fer aquest curs on-line? treballo durant tot el dia i no és possible assistir a classes presencials.
gràcies, | emagister.com | 2019.43 | [
{
"text": "hola, no, no és possible fer-lo on-line. només es fa en modalitat presencial. salutacions",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": true
}
] |
|
c495431bf927ef85d14ed4aa91a0c006 | sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdf sdfsdfsdafsdfsdfsdfsdafsdfsdfsdfsdafsdf | askiitians.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "dear student please post academic queries only thanks",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
7489c02fedb0224973896e3a80583f5a | asdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgf asdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgasdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgasdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgasdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgasdfghjhgfddsaadadsfgasdfghjhgfddsaadadsfg | askiitians.com | 2021.39 | [
{
"text": "dear student please post complete and clear question thanks",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
131f8fa03ef0531d2fdfc6629d18dad8 | sir i may get biotechnology in dtu can there are options available so that i can upgrade my branch to cs after first year. also answer with respect to pec college. | askiitians.com | 2021.21 | [
{
"text": "as per my knowledge ther is no such option in dtu untill and unless u have really good contacts",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
},
{
"text": "yes there are options mr. avinash please recheck and please tell about pec chandigarh",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
},
{
"text": "there is a an upgradation of branch technically and now its a deemed university but as per sources of information and according to the reviews of alumni the the branch change option is not in action until and unless you have great contacts. hope u understood the language. for pec there is a clear option give on their website with criteria of cgpa >8 and in dtu they didnt mention any criteria. plz approve if u are satisfied with the answer",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
113f323f6f32649c478ca2f846bb5dac | sir plz answer asap that is branch upgradation is applicable in nit rourkela .plz ask nit rourkela management also .it is very imp for my life | askiitians.com | 2021.21 | [
{
"text": "yes it is possible to upgrade the branch but condition apply... it depends on vacant seat in other branch you must have an excellent score to switch.. branch hod noc..",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
},
{
"text": "yes, it can be there and you can make this request on your own by visiting the official weblink of the institution and if you could not make it there, then go for some other leading institutions like – dtu, delhi,...........…...tkm college of engg, kollam,.....................lovely professional uni, phagwara",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
9982c4d13c5512bffbfc49819b4e4179 | tanx/cotx)*cotx + tanx*sinx*cot^2xsecx + tanx*sinx*cot^2xsecx for x=pi/4 | askiitians.com | 2021.39 | [
{
"text": "let us omit the 1 st term so the remaining term each term will be equal to one so 2 times tanx*sinx*cot^2xsec=2 so answer is 3 since tanpi/4=1",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
489f1cba3a6a99612eea264a617285d6 | if t1=(tanx)^cotx, t2=(cotx)^cotx, t3=(tanx)^tanx, t4=(cotx)^ tanx and 0 (a)t1t4>t3>t1 , (c)t1>t4>t3>t2 , (d)t1>t2>t3>t4 | askiitians.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "dear student the range of x is not specified kindly check regards",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
b9ea422de0658b2998e1b76854a39ec2 | 7 8 | askiitians.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": "5764081",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
|
2049de4d547e83219160b220a1889bd5 | merhabalar 1901'den 2500'e kadar 1901 1902 1903 diye sıralamam lazım nasıl yapabiliriz acaba ? excel dışı | Çok acele ihtiyaç | r10.net | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\n2026\n2027\n2028\n2029\n2030\n2031\n2032\n2033\n2034\n2035\n2036\n2037\n2038\n2039\n2040\n2041\n2042\n2043\n2044\n2045\n2046\n2047\n2048\n2049\n2050\n2051\n2052\n2053\n2054\n2055\n2056\n2057\n2058\n2059\n2060\n2061\n2062\n2063\n2064\n2065\n2066\n2067\n2068\n2069\n2070\n2071\n2072\n2073\n2074\n2075\n2076\n2077\n2078\n2079\n2080\n2081\n2082\n2083\n2084\n2085\n2086\n2087\n2088\n2089\n2090\n2091\n2092\n2093\n2094\n2095\n2096\n2097\n2098\n2099\n2100\n2101\n2102\n2103\n2104\n2105\n2106\n2107\n2108\n2109\n2110\n2111\n2112\n2113\n2114\n2115\n2116\n2117\n2118\n2119\n2120\n2121\n2122\n2123\n2124\n2125\n2126\n2127\n2128\n2129\n2130\n2131\n2132\n2133\n2134\n2135\n2136\n2137\n2138\n2139\n2140\n2141\n2142\n2143\n2144\n2145\n2146\n2147\n2148\n2149\n2150\n2151\n2152\n2153\n2154\n2155\n2156\n2157\n2158\n2159\n2160\n2161\n2162\n2163\n2164\n2165\n2166\n2167\n2168\n2169\n2170\n2171\n2172\n2173\n2174\n2175\n2176\n2177\n2178\n2179\n2180\n2181\n2182\n2183\n2184\n2185\n2186\n2187\n2188\n2189\n2190\n2191\n2192\n2193\n2194\n2195\n2196\n2197\n2198\n2199\n2200\n2201\n2202\n2203\n2204\n2205\n2206\n2207\n2208\n2209\n2210\n2211\n2212\n2213\n2214\n2215\n2216\n2217\n2218\n2219\n2220\n2221\n2222\n2223\n2224\n2225\n2226\n2227\n2228\n2229\n2230\n2231\n2232\n2233\n2234\n2235\n2236\n2237\n2238\n2239\n2240\n2241\n2242\n2243\n2244\n2245\n2246\n2247\n2248\n2249\n2250\n2251\n2252\n2253\n2254\n2255\n2256\n2257\n2258\n2259\n2260\n2261\n2262\n2263\n2264\n2265\n2266\n2267\n2268\n2269\n2270\n2271\n2272\n2273\n2274\n2275\n2276\n2277\n2278\n2279\n2280\n2281\n2282\n2283\n2284\n2285\n2286\n2287\n2288\n2289\n2290\n2291\n2292\n2293\n2294\n2295\n2296\n2297\n2298\n2299\n2300\n2301\n2302\n2303\n2304\n2305\n2306\n2307\n2308\n2309\n2310\n2311\n2312\n2313\n2314\n2315\n2316\n2317\n2318\n2319\n2320\n2321\n2322\n2323\n2324\n2325\n2326\n2327\n2328\n2329\n2330\n2331\n2332\n2333\n2334\n2335\n2336\n2337\n2338\n2339\n2340\n2341\n2342\n2343\n2344\n2345\n2346\n2347\n2348\n2349\n2350\n2351\n2352\n2353\n2354\n2355\n2356\n2357\n2358\n2359\n2360\n2361\n2362\n2363\n2364\n2365\n2366\n2367\n2368\n2369\n2370\n2371\n2372\n2373\n2374\n2375\n2376\n2377\n2378\n2379\n2380\n2381\n2382\n2383\n2384\n2385\n2386\n2387\n2388\n2389\n2390\n2391\n2392\n2393\n2394\n2395\n2396\n2397\n2398\n2399\n2400\n2401\n2402\n2403\n2404\n2405\n2406\n2407\n2408\n2409\n2410\n2411\n2412\n2413\n2414\n2415\n2416\n2417\n2418\n2419\n2420\n2421\n2422\n2423\n2424\n2425\n2426\n2427\n2428\n2429\n2430\n2431\n2432\n2433\n2434\n2435\n2436\n2437\n2438\n2439\n2440\n2441\n2442\n2443\n2444\n2445\n2446\n2447\n2448\n2449\n2450\n2451\n2452\n2453\n2454\n2455\n2456\n2457\n2458\n2459\n2460\n2461\n2462\n2463\n2464\n2465\n2466\n2467\n2468\n2469\n2470\n2471\n2472\n2473\n2474\n2475\n2476\n2477\n2478\n2479\n2480\n2481\n2482\n2483\n2484\n2485\n2486\n2487\n2488\n2489\n2490\n2491\n2492\n2493\n2494\n2495\n2496\n2497\n2498\n2499\n2500",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": true
},
{
"text": "excel üzerinde sort işlemi mi yapmak istiyorsunuz? daha fazla detay verin lütfen.",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
},
{
"text": "word'e sayı dizisi oluşturacağım 1901 1902 1903.... 5000'e kadar nasıl yapabilirim",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
},
{
"text": "berkaysaatci adlı üyeden alıntı: mesajı görüntüle word'e sayı dizisi oluşturacağım 1901 1902 1903.... 5000'e kadar nasıl yapabilirim tabloda herhangi bir yeri seçin.\n\ntablo araçları > sırala’yı seçin.\n\nsıralama ölçütlerinizi seçin:\n\nsıralamada kullanmak istediğiniz sütunu seçin.\n\nİkinci bir sütuna göre sıralamak için, sonra'ya göre'yi seçin ve başka bir sütun seçin.\n\nartan veya azalan'ı seçin.\n\nÜst bilgi satırı tablonun en üstünde tutmak için Üst bilgi satırı öğesini seçin.\n\ntamam’ı seçin.",
"name": "",
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] |
4dc35d1a0d6a585a296e25844b94e628 | What is ductile glands | cosmicyogapower.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": "\nThe Ductile Glands:\n===================\n\n\n\nEndocrine glands, the hormone glands, secrete directly into the blood without any duct or tube, so these glands are known ductless glands. Endocrine glands are ductile glands. \n\n\nThese glands are-\n\n\n1. Pituitary gland \n\n\n2. Hypothalmus\n\n\n3. Pineal Gland \n\n\n4. Thyroid \n\n\n5. Parathyroid \n\n\n6. Thymus\n\n\n7. Testes \n\n\n8. Ovaries \n\n\n9. Adrenal glands \n\n\n10. Pancreas\n\n\nRead more - *[What are endocrine glands](https://cosmicyogapower.com/cypqa/index.php?qa=11&qa_1=what-is-endocrine-glands)*\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"name": "",
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|
2eef7bb59575858c49b98004eed16719 |
**I already have counting the number of elements programmed, which was fairly easy, but now I am confused with the comparisons. how exactly would I program this exactly?**
please help me understand what exactly to do bc the wording is really confusing me.
Problem Statement
In order to compute the average number of key comparisons made in a sort, all n! permutations must be taken into account. For a treesort, this means counting the number of comparisons made for each insertion in a particular permutation. The text file permutations.txt contains 153 lines, comprising all permutations of n! elements for n = 1 to 5. (The first line is the one permutation for n = 1, the next two lines are the two permutations for n = 2, and so forth.)
You are to write a main program named program3.cpp which for n = 1 to 5, computes the total number of key comparisons for all insertions (by building the binary search tree for each permutation) and also the total comparisons divided by n*log2n. (You may approximate log2n as 3.32193*log10n.) It should then output the results in the three columns to the screen; all except the last two lines of output (for n = 4 and n = 5) should look like:
n = Number of elements
c = Total number of comparisons
k = c/(n*log2(n)), output to two decimal places
n c k
- ----- -----
1 0 0.00
2 2 1.00
3 16 3.36 **<-- why 16?**
(Be sure to wait for a dummy character to be input at the end, as usual.) Even though the program will be tested by the grader using the permutations.txt just as it has been given to you, the main program should be able to be easily modified to work for up to n = 9. The following files may be used (and modified where necessary):
BST.h
BST.cpp
TreeNode.h
KeyedItem.h
**here are the permutations**
1
12
21
123
132
213
231
312
321
1234
1243
1324
1342
1423
1432
2134
2143
2314
2341
2413
2431
3124
3142
3214
3241
3412
3421
4123
4132
4213
4231
4312
4321
12345
12354
12435
12453
12534
12543
13245
13254
13425
13452
13524
13542
14235
14253
14325
14352
14523
14532
15234
15243
15324
15342
15423
15432
21345
21354
21435
21453
21534
21543
23145
23154
23415
23451
23514
23541
24135
24153
24315
24351
24513
24531
25134
25143
25314
25341
25413
25431
31245
31254
31425
31452
31524
31542
32145
32154
32415
32451
32514
32541
34125
34152
34215
34251
34512
34521
35124
35142
35214
35241
35412
35421
41235
41325
41352
41523
41523
41532
42135
42153
42315
42351
42513
42531
43125
43152
43215
43251
43512
43521
45123
45132
45213
45231
45312
45321
51234
51243
51324
51342
51423
51432
52134
52143
52314
52341
52413
52431
53124
53142
53214
53241
53412
53421
54123
54132
54213
54231
54312
54321
| need help with binary tree node comparisons | daniweb.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "\n\ncan someone please atleast tell me why 3 elements gives me 16 comparisons\n\n\n\n",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
] |
d14cbe325d58c0599fbef8e9ff28ba5c |
hi
| hi | daniweb.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "\n\nmoeny\n\n\n\n\n",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": false
}
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2f4949e3b70a74b421745b9bc25c05f2 | plot the step response for problem 4 using matlab. from your plots, find the time constant, rise time, and settling time. | plot the step response for using matlab. from your plots, | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " week 10 week 9; day 27 4/8/2016: no notes. exam 3: day 28 4/11/2016: the 1918 flu project pedagogy and findings: 1918 influenza virus in the news during the time of this study. what was unique about the 1918 spanish flu?: ● it killed 2040 year olds. ● it killed fast (23 days). ● hemorrhagic symptoms. oshkosh, wisconsin in 1918 population: approx. 33,000. ● world war i was going on. ● soldiers were getting ready to be sent by ship to the war. ● maybe some of the people who were in the prime of their lives were not as healthy as we thought. ● no immunity = a really bad disease. ● the first soldier that died in wwi did not die by spanish flu. ● dr. lockhart: a doctor at what is ca“winnebago mental health” today. ○ in the past, it was cal“northern insane asylum.” 1918 “spanish” influenza pandemic : ● estimates range from 2150 million people (wwi took 9 million lives). ● true members can never be known. ● many places that were bludgeoned by the flu did not keep mortality statistics. ● even in the u.s. efforts at tabulating deaths were complicated by the fact that there were no definitive tests in those days to confirm flu. ● spread faster than any plague in history. ○ took 7 days to sweep across america. ○ took 3 months to sweep around the world. how deadly was it? : ● killed more people in less time than all the plagues in history. ● in alaska, 60% of the eskimo population was wiped out. ● islands in the south pacific (where respiratory illness is uncommon and nonlethal lost 20% of their populations. ● 25x more deadly than other influenza viruses. \n ● killed 2.5% of its victims (normally 0.1% of those who get the flu die). this number is wrong so do not memorize. where did it come from? ● experts discuss two waves of influen : ○ wave 1: ■ tourist season, san sebastian, spain, february, 918: ● nothing alarming, 3 days or so of fever, aches and pains. ● highly contagiousnearly everyone exposed, became ill. ● seemed to strike young, healthy adults. ■ the rest of the world fell ill. the name of “spanish flu” may have stuck because spain did not censor its news reports, unlike other european countries. spain’s flu, was no secret. ○ wave 2 at nearly the same ti: ■ u.s. army base, midwest (fort riley, kansas), march 918: ● spread to europe. ● 15th u.s. cavalry. ● in the lungs of soldiers headed for wwi. oshkosh, wisconsin knew the flu was coming. influenza was/is airborne. timeline of influenza epidemic oshk sh: ● the worst month is october. ● october 5:10 casereportedatient zewas a young man who grew up in oshkosh. he was livingillino as a car maker. he was 1819 years old and decided to join the army. ● october 7: first 2 deaths. ● october 10:63 casereported. flower shortage. library was closed. ● october 15 440 casereportedanin effect: no public gatherings (funerals, meetings, saloon, restaurant curfew). ● october 26: many vaccinated with anthnfluenza serum from mayo hospital. ● october 31: whiskey gets inning. said to be effective against influenza. ● november 2: ban to be lifted soon. situation 014 cases to da . oshkosh, wisconsin armistice day november 11, 1918. ● the war was coming to an end. ● everyone was so excited about this, that they forgot about the flu that was going around. timeline of influenza epidemic oshk sh: ● november 11: “terms of armistice.” oshkosh got up early to show joy at the good news. ● november 12: pease parade big. spirit runs high. \n ● november 15: flu cases growing. ● november 23: city keeps lid on. closing ban remains. ● november 25: now it is smallpox 12 cases quarantined. ● november 29: disease is abating, ban will be lifted. ● november 30: influenza ban lifted. ● december 3: schools reopen. attendance was about 75%. ● december 11: total cases to d083 ● december 18: flu climbs up a bit. ● december 24: raise of smallpox ban. ● december 26: epidemic is getting weak. bio 315 (virology) undergraduate assignmen : ● use of death certificates, newspapers, diaries and school yearbooks. ● students would draw from a hat and give the story for the one in which they picked. lol letters ● “little old ladies.” ● letters sent to our professor from survivors of influenza. cytokine storm: ● a potentially fatal immune reaction consistositive feedback lobetween cytokines andimmune cell, with highly elevated levels of various cytokines. in the lungs, fluids and immune cells suacrophages may accumulate and eventually block off the airways, potentially resulting in death. healthcare workers at risk for contracting the flu. morbidity/mortality rates spanish influ nza: ● winnebago city deaths 182 ● other “probable deaths” 46 ● wwi soldiers: 56; half of these died in camps. ● winnebago city cases/newspaper record: 2083 ● winnebago city cases/public health recor: 100 public health records register of reports of contagious disease winnebago co: ty ● number of cases and when: ○ november 1918: 100 ○ december 1918: 0 ○ january 1919: 7 ○ february 1919: 7 ○ march 1919: 0 ○ april 1919: 0 ○ may 1919: 0 \n ○ june 1919: 0 ○ the reportings/ers were not very good. numbers of influenza related deaths at hospital in winnebago county : ● alexian brothers hospita: 1 ● emergency hospital: 4 ● mercyhospita 7 ● northern hospital (insane asylum) 15 ● saint mary’s hospita: 5 ● southside hospital: 2 ● sunny view isolation sanitarium: 3 ● theda clark hospital (neenah): 17 day 29 4/13/2016: the 1918 flu project pedagogy and findings continued: for exam: symptoms. difference between this flu and regular flu. incubation period. infectious dose = 1,0002,000 particles. 1918 spanish influenza in the u.s: ● killed 675,000 americans. ● 4.39/1000 national average. u.s. records: ● march, 1918 ford motor company: ○ 1000 workers called in sick with the flu. ● aprilmay, 1918 san quentin prison: ○ 500 to 1,900 prisoners. flu remedies/pharmacists : ● dr. perry w. dought, stout, wi. ● 1918 day book and financial records. ● august: 35 prescriptions. ● september: 55 prescriptions. ● october: 293 prescriptions. profit was the highest in this month. ● november: 176 prescriptions. ● december: 120 prescriptions. \n the deadly strain returned the following year in oshkosh: ● during the months of jan. and feb. 1920, there was 49 influenza related deaths in winnebago city. ● 31 of these were oshkosh residents. ● the 1920 influenza produced the same deteriorating physical effects as in 1918. you can survive 3 minutes without air (on average). 3 days without water. and 30 days without food. *know for test* cycle of avian influenza viruses in animals: shore birds → waterfowl → domestic birds → mammals (primarily swine) → humans. mortality rate: 5060%, within 12 weeks after onset of symptoms. day 30 4/15/2016: microbes in the news update elizabethkingia case in illinois ● claimed lives in wisconsin, michigan and illinois same strain in all states. ● elizabethkingia found in soil and water. ● investigators now interviewing family members. ○ communityacquired infection. chapter 10 viral and prion diseases: the influenza pandemic of 1918 killed 50 to 100 million people worldwide in a single year. biology of influenza ● influenza symptoms are coldlike, with headache, high fever, muscle pain, severe cough, and congestion. ● the disease usually disappears within 2 weeks. ● infects humans and other species, including seals, dogs, pigs, and birds (particularly ducks). transmission of influenza: ● transmitted through droplets/aerosol. ○ sneezing, coughing. ● fomites play a secondary role. ● conditions of cooler temperatures and low humidity favor transmission. ● crowding, close intermingling favors transmission. ○ example: nursing homes, classrooms, army barracks. ● infectious dose: inhaled 1,0002,000 viruses. ● rnought (how many more people are going to get sick) : 13. \n influenza strains and vaccines ● influenza has two types of surface antigenic protein spikes. ○ h (hemagglutinin)spikes attach the virus to epithelial cells of the respiratory (sialic acid) mucosa and aid in viral entry into these cells. ○ n (neuraminidase)spikes play a role in the release of new virions from cells. ● 3 types/categories of influenza viruse : ○ influenza a: ■ causes epidemics and pandemics. ■ infects animals, birds, humans, etc. ○ influenza b: ■ less severe, causes epidemics, no animal reservoir. ○ influenza c: ■ causes mild respiratory illness in humans. ● influenza surface antigens undergo two types of antigenic change. ○ antigenic shif (type a only): a major, abrupt antigenic change in the h or n spikes; results from the recombination of genetic material from cells infected with different viral strains creates a “new” influenza strain. ○ antigenic drif: results from the slow accumulation of mutations affecting the antigenicity of h and n antigens. specific antibodies against the h and n proteins are protective, but these proteins are capable of rapid evolutionary change. antigenic shift results in rapid evolution of new strains of influenza virus. influenza strains and vaccines continued: ● influenza antiviral drugs: ○ block influenza neuraminidase activity. ○ must be taken within 48 hours after symptoms to reduce severity of illness. ● zanamivir (relenza/injectio fda approved. ● oseltamivir (tamiflu/pill fo, fda approved. ● peramivir, emergency approvalduring h1n1 pandemic of 2009. the coming flu pandemic?: ● antigenic shifts of influenza a. ● johan hultin. ● 1918 influenza research. ● why so deadly? the first flu pandemic of the twentyfirst century: ● major pandemics occurred in 1918, 1957, and 1968. ● pandemics happen every 3040 years. ● the world currently faces the threat of a potential pandemic. \n ● 2009 h1n1 swine influenza pandemic. ○ epicente mexico. ○ aprildecembe: 208 countries. ○ deaths in u 7,500 to 12,000. \n week 11 day 31 4/18/16: microbes in the ne : ● earthquake in japan. ● 7.2 magnitude. ● 42+ dead. ● 1000+ injured. ● what infectious diseases will surface? ● infectiotriangl aids: ● aids acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ● caused by thuman immunodeficiencvirus (hiv). ● appeared in cdc’s morbidity and mortality weekl982 ort in 1 ● ispandemic, has spread throughout the world, particularly in africa. ● diagnosed by certain signs and symptoms: ○ hiv positive. ○ low cd4+ (helper t cell) cell count (below 200). ○ one or morepportunistinfection(bacterial, viral, protozoal, and fungal). ○ swollen lymph nodes, sudden weight loss, and a rare vascular cancer called kaposi’s sarcoma (caused by herpes v us). biology of hiv: ● hiv is a retrovirus. ○ its rna genome reversetranscribeinto dna. ○ new virus particles are released from udding by b ○ at least two types of hiv: ■ hiv: is the most common cause of aids worldwide. ■ hiv: is the most common cause of aids in west africa. \n origins of aids: ● genetic studies link hiv to the chimpanzee pan troglodytes. ● the first welldocumented case of aids occurred in an african man in 1959; he was diagnosed decades after his death. ● two researchers claimed discovery of hiv: ○ luc montagnier of the pasteur institute in paris. ○ robert galloof the national institute of health. ● the 2008 nobel prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to montagnier and his colleague francoise barresinoussi. transmission of aids: ● hiv can be transmitted in five ways: ○ sexualcontact with an infected partner: male to male, male to female, female to male, or female to female. ○ contact with contaminated blood or blood products. ○ sharing bloodcontaminated needles and syringe as with iv drug use (high frequency of transmission) or by accidental needle stick in health provider (0.5% risk of transmission). ○ transmitted from mother to child: ■ through passage of hiv across the placenta (about a 25% risk of mother does not take antivirals, 2% risk if mother on antivirals). ■ transmission to child via contact with contaminated blood and secretions during birth. ■ transmission via breast milk containing the virus. ○ premastication pre chewing food for infants (does not happen in the u.s.). aids the disease: ● hiv depletes the number of thelper cells, resulting in the individual’s becoming immunocompromised and vulnerable to opportunistic diseases caused by an array of microbes. ● hiv positive individuals, with rare exceptions, progress to clinical aids over an incubation period that can vary from a few years to 15 years or longer. ● the cdc describes four stages to hiv infection: ○ the prodromalstage is characterized by fever, diarrhea, rash, aches, headaches, lymphadenopathy, and fatigue, lasting a few weeks to a few months. ○ the latencyperiod, which can last from two to fifteen years (av: 10 years); persons may be asymptomatic but they can infect others and usually have detectable antihiv antibodies in their blood. ○ the lymphadenopathy, with swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers, night sweats, persistent diarrhea and cough, extreme fatigue, possible neurological impairment, and opportunistic infections. \n ○ conversion taids; death is likely within a few years, repeated opportunistic infections result as the immune system is severely weakened with the cd4+ tcell count dropping below 200. opportunisticinfection ● mycobacterium tb. ● herpe simplex virus. ● cytomegalovirus. ● varicellazoster virus. ● epsteinbarr virus. ● pneumocystis jirovecii. ● candida albicans. ● mycobacterium avium. cause of aids: ● evidence that hiv causes aids (based on koch’s postulates): ○ 1.pidemiologicaassociation: the suspected cause must be strongly associated with the dis(virtually all aids patients are hiv+). ○ 2.isolatio: the pathogen can be isolatedand propagatedoutside the host (true in virtually all aids cases tested). ○ 3.ransmissionpathogenesis: transfer of the suspected pathogen to an uninfected host, human, or animals results in disease idemonstrated in accidental infection of laband healthworkers, blood transfusion recipients, children of hiv+ mothers, etc.). ○ 4.reisolat: the pathogen must be reisolated from the infected host and be identical to the original patrue in aids cases tested). aids treatment and prevention: ● treatment: ○ despite great cost and effort in aids research, the goals of prevention and cure will not be met in the near future. ○ to prevent or cure aids any drug or vaccine must interfere with some aspect of hiv’s life cycle. ○ azt (the first clinically safe and effective antihiv drug) inhibits the reverse transcriptase and blocks synthesis of dna from rna. ■ azt resembles a building block of viral dna synthesis, and when it is mistakenly used by the virus dna synthesis stops. ○ proteaseinhibitor are approved for treating hiv infection and act by interfering with the processing of viral proteins used in assembly. ○ theaids cocktai” or highly acute antiretroviral therapy, uses two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor. antihiv therapies target hiv adsorption, entry of reverse transcriptase, assembly of new virions, etc. \n day 32 4/20/16: charlie sheen: ● november 17, 2015. ● diagnose approx. 2010. ● revealed hiv status. ● today show interview with matt lauer. hiv and seniors: ● growing problem. ● sexual performance meds= seniors having sex. ● symptoms of aging mimic aids: ○ fatigue. ○ pain. ○ night sweats. ○ infections. ● doctors may not think to test for hiv. ● remember we watched: dirty bird special (supplemental video). hiv epidemic in small town austin of indiana: ● over 180 cases (austin pop appro. 4,200). ● linked to injection drug use. ● generations of families inject opana or heroin together. ● worst hiv epidemic in state history. ● many reusing needles 300 times. ● tied to people injecting liquefied form of a painkiller opana. ● governor has authorized a needle exchange program. ● needleexchange program available for one year to try to reduce the number of hiv infections about 80% of cases also have hcv infection (hepatitis c virus). this can happen here!: ● winnebago county. ● 5 people died over weekend of february 67th, 2016. ● heroin overdose. ● 4 men, 1 woman. ● two in 30s. ● three in 50s. ● city of rockford. \n uw oshkosh campus: ● december 17, 2016. ● former uw oshkosh football player dexter charles. ○ delivered the heroin that killed oshkosh woman. ● charged with homicide by heroin. ○ may, 2014 overdose of 22 year old oshkosh woman deanna m. lake. aids in africa, caribbean, eastern europe, and central asia: ● since the late 1970s, over 20 million africans have died from aids. ● aids has left millions of children orphaned. ● life expectancy in some african countries is less than 40 years. ● hospital wards are overburdened. ● aids victims may be told to “go home and die,” because there are no drugs to help. ● in 1992, brazil started producing its own aids drugs and distributing them free of charge. ○ government laboratories now produce at least five aids drugs. ○ the number of aidsrelated deaths in rio de janeiro and sao paulo, the country’s hot spots of aids has plummeted. ● the caribbean has the second highest hiv prevalence after subsaharan africa. ● new infections in the caribbean region decreased by 25% in the dominican republic and jamaica and by 12% in haiti. ● decline associated with hiv prevention services for pregnant women. ● regions in eastern europe and central asia do not fit the pattern of decline or stabilization of hiv infections. ● the number of people living with hiv in eastern europe and central asia rose 250% from 2001 to 2010. ● russian federation and the ukraine have the fastestgrowing number of hiv cases. aids in the united states: ● the u.s. has one of the largest populations of hivinfected in the world. ● the annual number of new infections remains relatively stable. ● as of march, 2012: ○ 1.7 million people in the u.s. have been infected with hiv since the start of the epidemic in 1981. ○ 619,000 have died. ○ 1.2 million people living with hiv by the end of 2008. ■ 61% among men who have sex with men. ■ 46% of those living with hiv in the u.s. are african americans. ■ 1 in 5 people do not know they are infected with hiv. \n the future of aids: ● we do not know when the aids epidemic will end or when an effective aids treatment or vaccine will be found. ● active research in all phases of hiv infection and aids is under way, sponsored by the private and public sectors. hiv and influenza are discussed in chapter 16 (current plagues). gastroenteritis: ● gastroenteritis is characterized by stomach and abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. ● rotaviruses: *not on test* ○ about 200,000 er visits a year in the u.s. ● noroviruses (norwalk and norwalklike viruses: ○ infectiousdose< 10 viral particles. ○ viruses can persist in the environment. ○ naked viruses = no envelope. ○ viruses continue to be shed after recovery. ○ outbreaks associated with cruise ships, food service workers, hospitals, etc. ○ there are many different strains. ● hepatitis a: ○ usually mild and selflimiting, with an abrupt onset. ○ unusual, as recovery is usually complete without chronic infection. ○ transmission is by the fecaloral route, from contaminated food and drinking water. ○ approx. 50% of cases are subclinical. ○ good handwashing and sanitation is most effective at control. ○ diagnosis is based on detection of antibodies in the blood. ○ no specific treatment, but a vaccine is available. day 33 4/22/16: gastroenteritis: ● most cases of polio are asymptomatic, but a small number result in paralysis. ● replication in nerve cells causes paralytic poliomyelitis and limb deformities. ● transmission is from person to person, direct fecaloral contact, by indirect contact with infectious saliva or contaminated water. \n airborne viral diseases: ● usually spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person to a susceptible person. ○ respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). ○ common cold. ○ measles. ○ mumps. ○ german measles (rubella). ○ chickenpox and shingles. ○ hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. ○ severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). ○ smallpox. ○ influenza covered in chapter 16 (current plagues). respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): ● highly contagious anndemic worldwide. ● rsv is the common cause of two serious respiratory diseasronchiolitand pneumonia and is lifethreatening to infants with preexisting lung or heart conditions. ● the symptoms of the infection are nonspecific (fever, runny nose, ear infection, and pharyngitis). ● outbreaks are a threat in pediatric wards and in nurseries. ● frequent and careful hand washing decreases the transmission. ● treatment is largely supportive, and oxygen therapy may be necessary in some cases. ● the antiviral drribaviri may be administered as an aerosol. ● there is no vaccine. common cold: ● about half of all colds are caused by two rna viruses: ○ rhinoviruses ○ coronaviruses. ● symptoms are sneezing, coughing, sore throat, stiffness, and malaise. ● within some viral groups there may be over 100 different strains. ● transmission is by droplets and fomites (hands, doorknobs, etc). ● most cold viruses possess mechanisms for attachment to nasal passages. ● diagnosis of a cold is symptombased. ● the illness is generally mild and selflimiting. figure 10.06. enterovirus diseases during the summer time. they are “naked”. table 10.02 study for exam. \n measles (rubella), mumps, and german measles (rubella): ● each is of these childhood illnesses is caused by a specific rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family. ● the mr vaccine was introduced in 1968. ○ mmr consists of a mixture of live, attenuated measles, mumps, and german measles viruses. ○ the vaccine has drastically reduced the incidence of these diseases, but immunization remains necessary to maintain herd immunity. measles (rubeola): ● highly infectious; humans are the only reservoir. ● transmission by respiratory droplets, exacerbated by: ○ overcrowding. ○ low levels of herd immunity. ○ malnutrition. ○ poor medical care. ● symptoms are coldlike, with the early developmeoplik’s spotin the mouth followed by a red rash on the face that spread to the extremities and most of the body. ● measles is usually mild and selflimiting, but one in 500 children develops potentially fatal complications, including pneumonia, ear infections, brain damage, and seizures. ● it is a significant cause of death in developing countries. ● immunity from infection is lifelong, and lasts 20 years. ● mmr controversial vaccine. ● andrew wakefield: lead researcher of the 1he lancetreport suggesting mmr vaccine caused autism. ● the lancet report was retracted in 2012. ○ wakefield was found guilty of unethical medical practice and scientific misconduct. mumps : ● humans are the only natural hosts for the virus. ● most commonly infects children under the age 15. ● infection of tparotid glancauses a large swelling on one or both sides of the face. ● many children are asymptomatic. ● the virus can spread to the testes, ovaries, meninges, heart, and kidneys. ● complications (rare) include sterility (males) and deafness. rubella (german measles): ● a highly infectious rna virus, it is the mildest rashforming virus. ● endemic worldwide. ● transmitted usually by respiratory secretions (urine also). ● asymptomatic carriers may transmit the virus. \n ● the characteristic rash starts on the face and progresses down the trunk and to the extremities; it resolves in about three days. ● prenatal transmission of rubella can cause cardiac lesions, deafness, ocular lesions resulting in blindness, and mental and physical retardation. ● immunization has been very successful, declared eradicated from the united states in 2004. 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ea74eaf3d29e209abc8e61c942da3ca8 | let carry out the indicated operation, or explain why it cannot be performed.5b 2c | solution: let carry out the indicated operation, or explain | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " additional notes for cathedral by raymond carver binary motif between sight and touch robert allows the narrator to see through touching him robert sees things through touch narrator can literally see, but not make a connection with anyone because he refuses intimacy (touch) intimacy the closer someone is to you in an intimate embrace, the lesser they are a visible object for you; you have to be kinda far away in able to be seen to what extent are the senses used to connect and communicate? love, religion, blindness: all make you see something that is not there cathedral is a literal synthesis of sight and touch the act of drawing is what brings together sight and touch at once sight (observation), touch (communication) task is to communicate to us what is unseen in the scene text needs to be read actively 3/2: understanding the text, p. 8592 1. plot theme: one common message action: the events recounted in a fictional work, the “what”, raw data, will never be accessed by the reader, the action will always be plotted plot: the way the author sequences and paces the events so as to shape our response and interpretation; gives significance to the action; the how, forcing us to ask why; conflict drives the plot, must be some destabilization of a situation sequencing: the precise order in which events are related in media res: “in the middle of things”; to start a work in the middle of the story; things have happened before the first scene and will happen after it flashbacks episode flashforward “a story might jump forward in time to recount a later episode or event in a flash forward” foreshadowing: when an author merely gives subtle hints about what will happen later in the story subplot: a plot that receives significantly less time and attention than another 2. pace \n pacing: the duration of particular episodes (events) discriminated occasion: when an author slows down the pace and homes in on a particular moment and scene, ex: “late that evening” or “the day before…” paragraphs devoted to minutes 3. conflinct conflict: struggle external: arise between characters and something or someone outside of them internal: when a character struggles to reconcile 2 competing desires, needs, or duties; or 2 parts or aspects of himself, ex. head vs. heart the shroud by jacob and wilhelm grimm lovable seven year old died and taken from mother son came back as ghost ad cried when mom cried in previous play sites son can’t pass to heaven unless mother stops grieving child passed and mother silently grieves instead of crying 5 parts of plot 1. exposition: introduces character, their situations a setting (time and place) all basic information usually revels some source of potential conflict in the initial situation; characters may be unaware \n 2. rising action: begins with an inciting incident (a destabilizing event) or some action that destabilizes the initial situation and incites open conflict complication: an event that introduces a new conflict or intensifies an existing one 3. climax/turning point: the moment when the outcome of the plot and the fate of the characters is decided epiphany: a sudden revelation of truth inspired by a seemingly trivial event crisis: precedes and precipitates the climax, the confrontation of the climax 4. falling action: brings a release of emotional tension and moves us toward the resolution of the conflict(s) deus ex machina: “god out of a machine” from ancient theatrical practice of using a machine to lower onto the stage a god who solves the problems of the human characters 5. conclusion: presents us with a new and at least somewhat stable situation, gives a sense of closure, conflicts have been resolved many plots end with a situation that is similar to one it began with why and how are things different? epilogue: ties up loose ends, updates on what happened to the characters after conflicts are resolved, provides commentary on story’s larger significance denouement: can be a synonym for falling action, conclusion, or resolution, or epilogue (not used much in the textbook) plot summary/synopsis: recount of plot briefly; define terms action and plot “guests… are a convention of chivalric romance and epic”… heroes are of high rank, sent by someone of higher power tragedy: trace a downward movement centering on the character’s fall from fortune into misfortune and isolation; end unhappily (death) comedy: end happily in marriage or celebration sonny’s blues by james baldwin (a punishing story) narrator learns of brother’s arrest and rehab for heroine druggy friend waits for narrator in schoolyard to tell about sonny’s incident narrator writes to brother in rehab after daughter gracie passes away flashback to memory of last time with mother who expresses concern for sonny gives light to a dead uncle who narrator didn’t know about, he died by being run over drunk by whites, destroyed narrator’s father stopped notetaking after p. 105 background context: post war middle of 20 century precivil rights harlem (ghetto) \n rising of jazz and musical expression ww2 for equal rights of others even though america itself was struggling for equality harlem not approached by whites, always a segregated circle rebuilding/coping all residents of harlem are african american must think of political context in order to realize the anchor of the story zero opportunities for advancement in harlem harlem is a world that offers its citizens no hope narrator’s coping strategies: teaches in harlem, embedded himself in education, obeys the rules to keep from drowning fear characterizes the narrator, fear of life, gives himself a safe life sonny can’t hide from life so he has the 2 outlets drugs and music reread last page and listen to blues for alice by charlie parker where are you going, where have you been? by joyce carol oates (1938) background: arnold friend character written in thought of “the pied piper of tucson” who raped and killed teen aged girls kids knew but kept his secret crazy because girls always gave in “the fateful attractions of death (or the devil)” setting: written in the 60’s, white middle class suburban, generic ambiguity of the setting maybe shows how the story can occur anywhere mother/daughter relationship is not universal but archetypal; a very immediate legibility to how connie feels about her mom and how her mom thinks connie feels about her connie’s fantasies referred to as “trashy daydream” connie’s duality or reality vs. fantasy arnold friend coming to her home clashes the separation between her 2 worlds fantasy almost overwhelms her reality connie wants to be special, to be looked at, to be wanted/desirable, reach sexual maturity (romanticized love), to be possessed, to find her value in/through others, to be an object not a subject, an object of desire connie gets her fantasies from music desire is based off of distance; we want the things that we don’t really want narration and point of view p. 174178 \n narrator: someone that mediates and tells us the events in fiction voice: the verbal quality of the narration focus: the visual angle, chooses direction of our gaze and the framework of which we see things style, tone, irony everything above ^ makes up the point of view types of narration 1. 3 person: narrator tells an unidentified listener or reader what happened, referring to all characters using pronouns he, she, or they always external, narrator isn’t a character omniscient/unlimited: has access to the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences of more than one character limited: tells story from a distinct point of view, usually that of a single character revealing that character’s thoughts and perspectives, also known as the central consciousness objective: does not explicitly report thoughts and perspectives but hints at them through the character’s speech and actions; consists mostly of dialogue 2. 1 person: pronoun i, can be major/minor character of story, making he/she an internal character, either tells a story about someone else or one from personal experience can address an auditor: a listener in fiction whose possible reaction is part of the story unreliable narrator: ironic, unintentionally reveal flaws when trying to impress, may make false claims first person plural: pronoun we, shared perspective of a community nd 3. 2 person: consistently speak to “you”, turns the reader into a character of the story, instructional manuals or “howto” books past and present tense used to be conversational implied author: thoughts and perspectives of both the narrator and the author the narrator is neither the real or implied author",
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1d759132da3a0b33cc76eee3c3b32ee0 | calculate the current in the circuit of fig. 4.69. what value of input voltage is necessary to make equal to 5 amps? | calculate the current in the circuit of fig. 4.69. what | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": "nutrition 2000: exam 3 study guide part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. decreased bone mass due to aging, genetic background, and a poor diet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 2. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by edema, mild to moderate weight loss, maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat, growth impairment, a fatty liver, and onsets quickly. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 3. water that is inside the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 4. the hardening of the cornea and drying of the surface of the eye, which can result in blindness. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 5. a condition caused by a vitamin d deficiency; characterized by bowed legs, enlarged head, joints, and ribcage, and a deformed pelvis.\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 6. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by severe weight loss, wasting of muscle and fat, severe growth impairment, and develops gradually. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 7. the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 8. when the skin turns a yelloworange color, particularly on the hands and the soles of the feet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 9. anemia that eventually leads to death. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 10. the softening of bones in adults due to a vitamin d deficiency. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 11. water that is outside of the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. proteins regulate and maintain body functions and provides the essential form of nitrogen. \n 13. the proteins in our bodies are made up of twenty different amino acids; eleven are essential, nine are nonessential. 14. the fat soluble vitamins are b and c. 15. vitamin d deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. vitamin d helps to regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. 17. water makes up 3060% of the body’s weight. 18. ions control the movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 19. iron is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. zinc deficiency was first discovered in the 1960’s in the middle east. 21. humans absorb 60% of the sodium they consume. 22. chloride is a major negative ion in the extracellular fluid. \n 23. vitamin e acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant. part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. what are the general functions of proteins? 25. in ages 5065, what is a low protein diet associated with? 26. in ages 66+, what is a low protein diet associated with? 27. what are the building blocks of proteins and what is their chemical structure? 28. is protein shape necessary for function? 29. how is a protein’s primary structure determined? 30. what does mrna do? 31. what is the amino acid structure? what makes an amino acid its own? 32. how are amino acids connected? \n 33. how can a protein be denatured? 34. what acid in the stomach denatures the proteins during digestion? 35. what enzyme breaks down the peptide bonds? where is it released and how does it work? 36. what hormone regulates the enzyme from question 35? how is it released? 37. what does the hormone cck do? 38. what is celiac disease? what is its prevalence in the us? 39. how are amino acids absorbed? 40. how are amino acids used in the liver? 41. what are the functions of proteins in the body? \n 42. what do amino acids leave behind in the body and how is it excreted? 43. what is the rda for protein? 44. what are the top five contributors of protein in a western diet? 45. what are the alternatives to a high protein diet? 46. what are the two proteinenergy deficiencies discussed in class? what are the symptoms? 47. what are vitamins? do they produce energy? 48. what are the fat soluble vitamins? 49. what are the water soluble vitamins? \n 50. what are the functions of vitamins? 51. what are the function of vitamin a? 52. what are the functions of vitamin d? 53. what are the functions of vitamin e? \n 54. what are the functions of vitamin k? 55. what are the functions of vitamin c? 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. 57. what controls fluid movement? \n 58. what are the functions of water? 59. describe what happens at the percentages of water loss. 60. what is aldosterone? 61. what does over consumption of water lead to? 62. what does bioavailability depend on? 63. what are the two mineral binders discussed in class? 64. what are the major minerals? 65. what are the functions of calcium? \n 66. how can you maintain bone density? 67. what are the functions of sodium? 68. what are the functions of chloride? 69. what are the functions of potassium? 70. what are the trace minerals? 71. what are the two types of iron? 72. what can iron deficiency cause? 73. how can excess iron hurt the body? \n 74. what are the functions of zinc? 75. how is zinc absorbed? 76. what are the functions of selenium? 77. what are the functions of iodide? 78. what can iodide deficiency cause? 79. what are the functions of copper? 80. how is copper absorbed? 81. what is wilson’s disease? \n part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. osteoporosis 2. kwashiorkor 3. intracellular fluid 4. xerophtalmia 5. rickets 6. marasmus 7. osmosis 8. hypercarotenemia 9. pernicious anemia 10. osteomalacia 11. extracellular fluid part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. true 13. false; nine are essential and eleven are nonessential. 14. false; the fat soluble vitamins are a, d, e, and k. 15. false; vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. true 17. false; water makes up 5070% of the body’s weight. 18. true 19. false; calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. true 21. false; we absorb 100% of the sodium we consume. 22. true 23. true \n part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. regulates and maintains body functions and provides essential form of nitrogen (in the form of amino acids) 25. decreased mortality rates 26. increased mortality rates 27. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. amino acids contain nitrogen bonded to a carbon 28. yes; primary structure lead to the protein higher order structure. this causes the protein to get into a specific shape. this shape is necessary for the protein to function properly 29. the protein's primary structure is determined by the dna. dna is kept in the cell's nucleus. 30. the information of the protein's primary structure gets transcribed into messenger rna (mrna). mrna leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome (rough er) where the protein gets translated (made). 31. one central carbon surrounded by an acid group, an amino group, some sort of side group, and hydrogen. the side group for each amino acid is different, making each amino acid unique. 32. amino acids are connected together by a peptide bond. 33. by heat, strong acids, bases, and heavy metals. 34. hydrochloric acid (hcl) 35. pepsin (enzyme) breaks the peptide bond of proteins resulting in protein fragments. pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in the stomach and is activated by the acidic environment. 36. gastrin regulates the release of pepsin. it's released in response to thinking about food and chewing and digesting food. 37. cck causes pancreas to release proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins 38. incomplete gluten breakdown in small intestines leaving small peptides and amino acids. results in an inflammatory response to peptides and amino acids. prevalence in the us: 1 in 133 39. amino acids are taken up by the capillaries and taken to the liver by the portal vein. \n 40. used as building blocks for liver proteins, broken down for energy, can be released into the blood, and can be converted into nonessential amino acids, glucose, or fat. 41. producing vital body structures body is in a constant state of turnover. producing proteins and disassembling proteins. what happens in protein inadequacy producing proteins slows down muscles, blood proteins, and vital organs decrease in size. brain resists breakdown o maintaining fluid balance blood proteins attract fluids. if protein are inadequate, the fluid shifts into the tissues called edema. o contributing to acidbase balance act as buffers maintain ph within a narrow range keeps blood in an alkaline state. o forming hormones and enzymes hormones allow us to communicate between cells. enzymes catalyze reactions in the cells. transport and signaling receptors o transport brings nutrients into the cells. signaling receptors are used for communication in the cell o contributing to the immune function antibody production if there is protein deficiency, there is a decrease in immune function. o providing energy is need for prolonged exercise and calorie restriction however, cells use primarily fats and cho more efficient way to get energy. it wastes calories to metabolize amino acids for energy. o forming glucose amino acids can converted into glucose when blood sugar is low. during starvation: muscle wasting and edema results from protein breakdown. glucogenic amino acids are the only ones that can be used for glucose. use both nonessential and essential amino acids o contributes to satiety proteins provide the highest feeling of satisfaction after eating. may contribute to calorie control during weight loss \n 42. the breakdown of amino acids leave behind ammonia. ammonia is turned into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys during urination. 43. 0.8 grams per kilogram per body weight. 44. beef, poultry, milk, white bread, and cheese. 45. vegetarian or a vegan diet. 46. 47. essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body. yield no energy. 48. a,d,e,k 49. b,c 50. to facilitate energy yielding chemical reactions and function as coenzymes. 51. promotes vision, prevents drying of the skin and eyes, maintains epithelial cells, promote immune function, and promotes growth. \n 52. helps regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. it works with the parathyroid hormone, helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine, regulates the deposition of calcium in the bone and regulates the excretion of calcium from the kidney. 53. acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant to help protect the components of cells. 54. vital for blood clotting, and also activates proteins present in bone, muscle, and kidneys to give calcium binding ability to the organs. 55. formation of collagen which strengthens tissues, formation of other compounds (carnitine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and acts as an antioxidant. 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. folate: functions as a single carbon supplier or donor, and adds a coenzyme to help for dna and metabolize various amino acids and their derivatives. vitamin b6: needed for the activity of many enzymes, important in amino acid metabolism, necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, important for hemoglobin synthesis, and is necessary for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. vitamin b12: required to convert folate into its active form and maintains the myelin sheaths that insulate neurons. thiamin (b1): helps release energy from carbs. riboflavin (b2) and niacin (b3): both aid in energy metabolism and are coenzymes. 57. ions control the movement of water in between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 58. solvent for chemical reaction in water, helps regulate temperature, helps remove waste products, cushions and lubricates. \n 59. 12%: thirst mechanism occurs 4%: muscle lose strength and endurance 1012%: heat tolerance is decreased. 20%: a coma and perhaps death. 60. released from the adrenal glands when blood volume decreases and communicates with kidneys to conserve water and salt. 61. dilutes the sodium levels causing nausea, confusion, vomiting, headaches, muscle weakness, and convulsions. 62. the soil it’s grown in and our ability to absorb it. 63. oxalates: found in spinach; binds calcium phytates: found in grains; binds calcium, iron, zinc, others. 64. calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. 65. regulates transport of ions across the cell membrane, helps maintain blood pressure, essential for muscle contractions, essential for secretion of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc., & is essential for blood clotting 66. get an adequate amount of calcium and vitamin d in your diet, exercising and estrogen. 67. fluid balance between compartments, nerve impulse conduction and absorption of glucose. 68. a major negative ion for extracellular fluid and is used in producing stomach acid. 69. important in fluid balance and nerve transmission. 70. iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, chromium, fluoride, etc. 71. heme and nonheme iron 72. anemia 73. impaired physical and mental activity, fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased learning ability, attention span. 74. growth, wound healing, sexual maturity, taste perception \n 75. absorption depends on body needs. phytic acid binds to zinc and limits availability. high calcium intake decreases zinc absorption. zinc competes with iron and copper for absorption. 76. indirect antioxidant, works with vitamin e to help protect cell membranes from oxidizing agents. binds to enzymes to protect against oxidation. may have anticancer properties. 77. used in the production thyroid hormone 78. cells of the thyroid enlarge in attempt to trap more iodine. called goiter. people are sluggish and gain weight. during pregnancy, deficiency can cause extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation of developing baby. 79. involved in the metabolism of iron by functioning in the formation of hemoglobin and transport iron. also involved in the formation of connective tissue. is a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes. 80. absorption is highly variable. higher intakes associated with lower absorption efficiency. phytates, fiber, excess zinc and iron supplements interfere with absorption. 81. a genetic disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the tissues. characterized by damage to the liver, nervous system, and other organs.",
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26a71858310998f0f3c4b927bba69119 | ?problem 56e
lewis structures; resonance structures (sections)
based on lewis structures, predict the ordering, from shortest to longest, of n—o bond lengths in no+, no2 –, and no3– | lewis structures; resonance structures (sections)based on | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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0880ac878154e09fca1df0f1269ce177 | biol 2051 biol 2051 biol 2051 | biol 2051 | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " study guide unit 1 – answers chapter 1 1. the study of living things 2. cells and organization, energy use and metabolism, response to environmental changes, regulation and homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, and biological evolution 3. cells, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere 4. • cells: made of atoms and larger molecules • tissue: cells of the same type • organ: contains 2 or more tissue types • organism: anything that contains everything it needs to live • population: group of organisms living together • community: populations of 2 or more sp",
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897ffd338b33e522423fc12479f7f5b9 | math 111 uw uw math 111 math 111 psu | math 111 uw | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " math 111 midterm 1 study guide in general, given the graph of something vs. time, (overall rate of change at time t) = change in something from time 0 to time t time elapsed from time 0 to time t this is also equal to: slope of the secant line through graph of something at time 0 to time t if the graph of something goes through the origin, then this is also a diagonal line incremental rate of change : rate of change from point a to point b = change in something from t=a to t=b change in time from t=a to t=b = slope of a secant line through something graph at t=a and t=b average speed: example: the average speed of t",
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bf2420d18f0c53ad108f823e7ca28778 | show that the parallel rlc circuit shown in fig. 16.105 is stable. | show that the parallel rlc circuit shown in fig. 16.105 is | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "nutrition 2000: exam 3 study guide part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. decreased bone mass due to aging, genetic background, and a poor diet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 2. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by edema, mild to moderate weight loss, maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat, growth impairment, a fatty liver, and onsets quickly. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 3. water that is inside the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 4. the hardening of the cornea and drying of the surface of the eye, which can result in blindness. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 5. a condition caused by a vitamin d deficiency; characterized by bowed legs, enlarged head, joints, and ribcage, and a deformed pelvis.\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 6. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by severe weight loss, wasting of muscle and fat, severe growth impairment, and develops gradually. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 7. the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 8. when the skin turns a yelloworange color, particularly on the hands and the soles of the feet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 9. anemia that eventually leads to death. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 10. the softening of bones in adults due to a vitamin d deficiency. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 11. water that is outside of the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. proteins regulate and maintain body functions and provides the essential form of nitrogen. \n 13. the proteins in our bodies are made up of twenty different amino acids; eleven are essential, nine are nonessential. 14. the fat soluble vitamins are b and c. 15. vitamin d deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. vitamin d helps to regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. 17. water makes up 3060% of the body’s weight. 18. ions control the movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 19. iron is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. zinc deficiency was first discovered in the 1960’s in the middle east. 21. humans absorb 60% of the sodium they consume. 22. chloride is a major negative ion in the extracellular fluid. \n 23. vitamin e acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant. part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. what are the general functions of proteins? 25. in ages 5065, what is a low protein diet associated with? 26. in ages 66+, what is a low protein diet associated with? 27. what are the building blocks of proteins and what is their chemical structure? 28. is protein shape necessary for function? 29. how is a protein’s primary structure determined? 30. what does mrna do? 31. what is the amino acid structure? what makes an amino acid its own? 32. how are amino acids connected? \n 33. how can a protein be denatured? 34. what acid in the stomach denatures the proteins during digestion? 35. what enzyme breaks down the peptide bonds? where is it released and how does it work? 36. what hormone regulates the enzyme from question 35? how is it released? 37. what does the hormone cck do? 38. what is celiac disease? what is its prevalence in the us? 39. how are amino acids absorbed? 40. how are amino acids used in the liver? 41. what are the functions of proteins in the body? \n 42. what do amino acids leave behind in the body and how is it excreted? 43. what is the rda for protein? 44. what are the top five contributors of protein in a western diet? 45. what are the alternatives to a high protein diet? 46. what are the two proteinenergy deficiencies discussed in class? what are the symptoms? 47. what are vitamins? do they produce energy? 48. what are the fat soluble vitamins? 49. what are the water soluble vitamins? \n 50. what are the functions of vitamins? 51. what are the function of vitamin a? 52. what are the functions of vitamin d? 53. what are the functions of vitamin e? \n 54. what are the functions of vitamin k? 55. what are the functions of vitamin c? 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. 57. what controls fluid movement? \n 58. what are the functions of water? 59. describe what happens at the percentages of water loss. 60. what is aldosterone? 61. what does over consumption of water lead to? 62. what does bioavailability depend on? 63. what are the two mineral binders discussed in class? 64. what are the major minerals? 65. what are the functions of calcium? \n 66. how can you maintain bone density? 67. what are the functions of sodium? 68. what are the functions of chloride? 69. what are the functions of potassium? 70. what are the trace minerals? 71. what are the two types of iron? 72. what can iron deficiency cause? 73. how can excess iron hurt the body? \n 74. what are the functions of zinc? 75. how is zinc absorbed? 76. what are the functions of selenium? 77. what are the functions of iodide? 78. what can iodide deficiency cause? 79. what are the functions of copper? 80. how is copper absorbed? 81. what is wilson’s disease? \n part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. osteoporosis 2. kwashiorkor 3. intracellular fluid 4. xerophtalmia 5. rickets 6. marasmus 7. osmosis 8. hypercarotenemia 9. pernicious anemia 10. osteomalacia 11. extracellular fluid part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. true 13. false; nine are essential and eleven are nonessential. 14. false; the fat soluble vitamins are a, d, e, and k. 15. false; vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. true 17. false; water makes up 5070% of the body’s weight. 18. true 19. false; calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. true 21. false; we absorb 100% of the sodium we consume. 22. true 23. true \n part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. regulates and maintains body functions and provides essential form of nitrogen (in the form of amino acids) 25. decreased mortality rates 26. increased mortality rates 27. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. amino acids contain nitrogen bonded to a carbon 28. yes; primary structure lead to the protein higher order structure. this causes the protein to get into a specific shape. this shape is necessary for the protein to function properly 29. the protein's primary structure is determined by the dna. dna is kept in the cell's nucleus. 30. the information of the protein's primary structure gets transcribed into messenger rna (mrna). mrna leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome (rough er) where the protein gets translated (made). 31. one central carbon surrounded by an acid group, an amino group, some sort of side group, and hydrogen. the side group for each amino acid is different, making each amino acid unique. 32. amino acids are connected together by a peptide bond. 33. by heat, strong acids, bases, and heavy metals. 34. hydrochloric acid (hcl) 35. pepsin (enzyme) breaks the peptide bond of proteins resulting in protein fragments. pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in the stomach and is activated by the acidic environment. 36. gastrin regulates the release of pepsin. it's released in response to thinking about food and chewing and digesting food. 37. cck causes pancreas to release proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins 38. incomplete gluten breakdown in small intestines leaving small peptides and amino acids. results in an inflammatory response to peptides and amino acids. prevalence in the us: 1 in 133 39. amino acids are taken up by the capillaries and taken to the liver by the portal vein. \n 40. used as building blocks for liver proteins, broken down for energy, can be released into the blood, and can be converted into nonessential amino acids, glucose, or fat. 41. producing vital body structures body is in a constant state of turnover. producing proteins and disassembling proteins. what happens in protein inadequacy producing proteins slows down muscles, blood proteins, and vital organs decrease in size. brain resists breakdown o maintaining fluid balance blood proteins attract fluids. if protein are inadequate, the fluid shifts into the tissues called edema. o contributing to acidbase balance act as buffers maintain ph within a narrow range keeps blood in an alkaline state. o forming hormones and enzymes hormones allow us to communicate between cells. enzymes catalyze reactions in the cells. transport and signaling receptors o transport brings nutrients into the cells. signaling receptors are used for communication in the cell o contributing to the immune function antibody production if there is protein deficiency, there is a decrease in immune function. o providing energy is need for prolonged exercise and calorie restriction however, cells use primarily fats and cho more efficient way to get energy. it wastes calories to metabolize amino acids for energy. o forming glucose amino acids can converted into glucose when blood sugar is low. during starvation: muscle wasting and edema results from protein breakdown. glucogenic amino acids are the only ones that can be used for glucose. use both nonessential and essential amino acids o contributes to satiety proteins provide the highest feeling of satisfaction after eating. may contribute to calorie control during weight loss \n 42. the breakdown of amino acids leave behind ammonia. ammonia is turned into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys during urination. 43. 0.8 grams per kilogram per body weight. 44. beef, poultry, milk, white bread, and cheese. 45. vegetarian or a vegan diet. 46. 47. essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body. yield no energy. 48. a,d,e,k 49. b,c 50. to facilitate energy yielding chemical reactions and function as coenzymes. 51. promotes vision, prevents drying of the skin and eyes, maintains epithelial cells, promote immune function, and promotes growth. \n 52. helps regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. it works with the parathyroid hormone, helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine, regulates the deposition of calcium in the bone and regulates the excretion of calcium from the kidney. 53. acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant to help protect the components of cells. 54. vital for blood clotting, and also activates proteins present in bone, muscle, and kidneys to give calcium binding ability to the organs. 55. formation of collagen which strengthens tissues, formation of other compounds (carnitine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and acts as an antioxidant. 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. folate: functions as a single carbon supplier or donor, and adds a coenzyme to help for dna and metabolize various amino acids and their derivatives. vitamin b6: needed for the activity of many enzymes, important in amino acid metabolism, necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, important for hemoglobin synthesis, and is necessary for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. vitamin b12: required to convert folate into its active form and maintains the myelin sheaths that insulate neurons. thiamin (b1): helps release energy from carbs. riboflavin (b2) and niacin (b3): both aid in energy metabolism and are coenzymes. 57. ions control the movement of water in between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 58. solvent for chemical reaction in water, helps regulate temperature, helps remove waste products, cushions and lubricates. \n 59. 12%: thirst mechanism occurs 4%: muscle lose strength and endurance 1012%: heat tolerance is decreased. 20%: a coma and perhaps death. 60. released from the adrenal glands when blood volume decreases and communicates with kidneys to conserve water and salt. 61. dilutes the sodium levels causing nausea, confusion, vomiting, headaches, muscle weakness, and convulsions. 62. the soil it’s grown in and our ability to absorb it. 63. oxalates: found in spinach; binds calcium phytates: found in grains; binds calcium, iron, zinc, others. 64. calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. 65. regulates transport of ions across the cell membrane, helps maintain blood pressure, essential for muscle contractions, essential for secretion of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc., & is essential for blood clotting 66. get an adequate amount of calcium and vitamin d in your diet, exercising and estrogen. 67. fluid balance between compartments, nerve impulse conduction and absorption of glucose. 68. a major negative ion for extracellular fluid and is used in producing stomach acid. 69. important in fluid balance and nerve transmission. 70. iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, chromium, fluoride, etc. 71. heme and nonheme iron 72. anemia 73. impaired physical and mental activity, fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased learning ability, attention span. 74. growth, wound healing, sexual maturity, taste perception \n 75. absorption depends on body needs. phytic acid binds to zinc and limits availability. high calcium intake decreases zinc absorption. zinc competes with iron and copper for absorption. 76. indirect antioxidant, works with vitamin e to help protect cell membranes from oxidizing agents. binds to enzymes to protect against oxidation. may have anticancer properties. 77. used in the production thyroid hormone 78. cells of the thyroid enlarge in attempt to trap more iodine. called goiter. people are sluggish and gain weight. during pregnancy, deficiency can cause extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation of developing baby. 79. involved in the metabolism of iron by functioning in the formation of hemoglobin and transport iron. also involved in the formation of connective tissue. is a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes. 80. absorption is highly variable. higher intakes associated with lower absorption efficiency. phytates, fiber, excess zinc and iron supplements interfere with absorption. 81. a genetic disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the tissues. characterized by damage to the liver, nervous system, and other organs.",
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d7f81acb12f20d0f987d670635417509 | ?problem 3e
visualizing concepts
consider the sample of gas depicted here. what would the drawing look like if the volume and temperature remained constant while you removed enough of the gas to decrease the pressure by a factor of 2? [section] | visualizing conceptsconsider the sample of gas depicted | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. jtb70138 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility bridging the gap to bridge the gap between an american mnc working in china, and local chinese companies, a number of factors must be taken into consideration. american companies need to be aware of how the chinese conduct business. one of the main considerations will be the chinese and their relationship building process. in business, the chinese focus on building long term business and personal relationships. they often will contact an individual they know from \n 3 their current business dealings that have an established relationship that has an existing relationship with and bring all parties together. if a trusted company and personnel conduct business with the potential new company this establishes a report as the current business partner vouches for new business in the relationship. this may be difficult avenue for new vendors to establish themselves within until other relationships have been built. as the chinese people and partners become more comfortable with the individuals in their friendships and partnerships, communications become much more direct, allowing the gap between cultures to be bridged. (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012). the chinese businessmen and women focus on utilizing high context communication styles and relationships. the high context communication style is a very passive form of communication, offering a bit of interpretation and translation into any conversation. this form of communication leaves a significant area open to guessing and assuming while reading between the lines. while the chinese may operate on one side of the spectrum, american’s fall on the other side of the spectrum. americans, in general, are very pointed and direct in their business dealings and require very little context to develop an understanding of what the desires and wants of the company. while low context language is a characteristic of american communication styles, and high context language is representative of the chinese business practices. high context language requires a significant amount of body language and interpretation of symbolic gestures while low context requires very little interpretation (zhu, 2009). an american company desiring to move into the chinese marketplace must recognize the differences between the cultures and study the specific nuances between them. in addition, a \n 4 strong entry method for an american company moving into the chinese marketplace is to form a partnership with a local company. as the u.s company partners with a local corporation, the company begins to build rapport. building rapport in this fashion would significantly benefit an american company. another area that could be a problem for an american company is the use of children for labor. the estimated total of child laborers being utilized as recently as 2011, is between 2 and 3.5 million children. this includes the number of children forced into labor not only by employers but parents as well. this is a significant issue and is now becoming more prevalent due to the increased media coverage (minli & jun sung, 2011). while american’s and a significant portion of the world see utilizing child labor as a significant issue, the chinese tend to have a different mindset. in some cases, parents in a chinese household may be necessary for children to work to help the family keep from starving. in some families this is the only way the family can survive. to bridge this gap, the u.s. company must find an appropriate strategy to conduct business without offending the chinese. leadership a man that exuded leadership and a mentor to my own work is steve jobs. apple is one of the most successful global companies in existence due to his perseverance and insightfulness. his character consisted of many qualities that were not appreciated by many, but his level of success was extraordinary. he was a harsh man, driven, and had very little time for other peoples’ opinions. although, what he did have was a creative side that allowed him to focus upon and blend art, creativeness, and technology. his instruction was very clear and his focus and intention shared with his employees. jobs was also known for following a path in life and business that were unique. conforming to a standard other than his own was not part of his plan \n 5 (cusumano, 2011). as on of the most controversial leaders and ceos within the current history, a researcher could debate as to the effectiveness of job’s leadership. one could assume that his leadership style as unbending and direct as it was potentially lost business for apple, but his creativity and level of vision could be debated as the reasons why apple was so successful in the first place (hurleyhanson & giannantonio, 2013). cultural differences marketers have an increasingly difficult position as they are responsible for not only getting the product out to market but the nuances of the people in the country the product is being marketed within. while it may seem obvious that understanding cultural differences are second nature to a marketer, they are not necessarily so. american marketers, as most american’s in general, have an opinion that other cultures should bend to the will of the american. other cultures do not appear to be as forward with the same opinion. in many cases, while traveling abroad, other cultures have a tendency to shy away from americans as we are viewed as unbending, too direct, and often times brash and offensive. while cultural differences should be considered second nature and reflexive, a majority of the time they are not. the statement “all too often cultures are insufficiently studied or wrongly interpreted by newly entering outsiders” is true. many marketers focus on certain aspects of a culture and then begin to apply the aspect to all others within that culture. the term used for this concept is stereotyping. while culture is generally analyzed and evaluated at a societal or national level, the culture needs to be analyzed at the regional, organizational, and individual level to effectively uncover smaller cultures within a culture (samaha, beck, & palmatier, 2014). one of the main challenges for any mnc is negotiating deals with people or companies \n 6 within different countries with differing values and beliefs. the challenge while conducting business in a new environment is doing so in a way that will not offend the other culture. with one small slip of the tongue or the perception of the body language being presented, could put an end a deal before it begins. negotiating in a foreign county can be difficult due to the context, high or low, direct or indirect communication, and the underlying meanings of body language. the variations of each of the items noted can be the make or break decision within a deal (payne, 2013). while a negotiator may believe a certain culture will act a certain way, there are no clear cut guidelines. in addition, the rules and the line may become very fuzzy, the negotiator must stay cognizant of the other culture. a personal example to provide a further insight of this existed while serving on active duty as a contracts manager in afghanistan. the rule of taking gifts from a contractor over $25 was not allowed. the guideline was outlined in the regulations and was a policy throughout the department of defense. while the local national afghan contractors knew about the rule; it was their custom to bring gifts to those offering a contact for bid. as the solicitation document was advertised for twentyfoot twalls, an afghan business owner chose to bring a large gift of flowers to me personally as the deputy commander in theater, otherwise known as the war zone. the flowers were freshly picked from the local lands as their dirt caked roots were still attached when presented. the gesture for me was a bit out of the norm as a u.s. citizen, in a position of authority, but this concept was customary to them. the procedure was to make the attempt to politely refuse the gift if it exceeded the $25 threshold. if politely declining didn't work and if the person would be highly offended if the gift was refused, an individual could accost the gift and subsequent spread it amongst the office or turn it into the judge advocate general (jag). after the jag received the gift, a formal report was created and \n 7 placed on file. if the gift was valuable, for instance jewelry or silk rugs, the gift was later sold and the funds distributed back to the office. from the military standpoint, this type of gesture was considered to be an improper gift known as a bribe, while the afghan businessmen may see the offering a purely a custom and polite gesture. another challenge for any mnc entering a foreign market is what actually constitutes a crime. each country has a unique set of rules and laws that make up the justice system. the rules from one country to another can vary from slightly different to completely different in nature. an mnc or even just the individuals working within that company can find the way to a jail sentence rather rapidly if laws are not followed. ignorance and/or not knowing the rules is not an excuse that is acceptable to the lawmakers and enforcers of other countries. it is the individual's responsibility to know and ensure the country's rules are understood prior to traveling and functioning in a given environment. even if all of the specific rules are not understood, a mitigation technique would involve hiring a local to help walk through the customs and courtesies within each individual country. recently after conducting an interview with s. long, (personal communication, december 30, 2015) this concept i found to be true. she was discussing a story of her most recent experiences while working abroad. ms. long and her coworker participated in the doctors without borders and found out the customs were very different while working in saudi arabia. ms. long’s coworker, a british citizen, was unaware of certain laws in saudi arabia. as they traveled to one of their sites, her coworker decided to light a cigarette in the back seat of the taxi. after lighting up, the taxi driver pulled over, grabbed her coworker by the hair and beat her so severely she need an emergency room. even as \n 8 a british citizen, this woman had little to no rights in this country. she was not pulled out for the actual lighting of a cigarette, but rather that she was a woman and lighting the cigarette. ms. long and her coworker put themselves in a hostile situation by not knowing the customs and law in saudi arabia. the laws, no matter how obscene they may seem to the rest of the world, ms. long’s friend could have been killed without any repercussions of the saudi government. according to the saudi government, the taxi driver had every right to discipline a woman that was not conforming to certain standard. now, this may be an extreme example of culture and a country's custom, any incident could cause issues if the rules and laws are not followed nor translated appropriately. child slavery and trafficking are significant issues to contend with while working within china's borders. china is a developing country with and overcrowded population. trafficking, slavery, and child labor will affect those businesses operating in china. a business may come into contact with one or all of these issues while working within the county (payne, 2013) the important part each business owner must know and understand is how to battle each effectively to avoid unethical business dealings. trust in business china and india both have similar cultures in the sense that they are focused on building relationships in business. trust is a significant factor between entities that are conducting business within the chinese culture. not only is the relationship factor a significant attribute of any business wishing to conduct business within china, but reputation is important as well. the chinese release products and conduct business with corporations that are proven in safety as well as reputation. this also relates directly back to developing relationships. the chinese are loyal \n 9 to the products that have developed positive relationships within the marketplace (cayla & arnould, 2008). relationships are also important for the people of india. social structures, networks, and norms are areas that the people of india firmly believe in. the structures and networks are set up over time allowing relationships to be built over a period of many years. this concept allows for a certain level of trust to be maintained. larger nations such as the u.s. are primarily focused upon profit and contracts, and are generally not concerned about other areas outside of profitability (levien, 2015). the family and social element within both india and china support a barrier to entry for outside firms. an outside firm would best function in this type of environment by developing a relationship with a local business and creating a partnership first and foremost. with the partnership, the local company can serve as the face of that partnership, allowing for an outside firm to perform on the backend. this strategy may or may not be effective if the connection between the two companies is identified by the consumers and the consumers do not approve. consumers may see this as a betrayal to the overall system, but on the other hand, the opportunity cost may be worth the risk. global business responsibility one of the questions for this week’s assignment takes a look at milton friedman’s viewpoint towards corporate responsibility in the global business environment. as a researcher, one must ask, who is milton friedman and why do we care? milton friedman, according to wikipedia (2015) was “…an american economist who received the 1976 nobel memorial prize in economic sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.” milton friedman’s contention that the only \n 10 responsibility of a global business is “to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game?” friedman’s theory was that corporate social responsibility went only as far as to make and increase profits (wikipedia, 2015). the question was asked is if i personally agree with this philosophy. the answer to this question is no, not at all. corporations are entities and just as humans, they have responsibility and liabilities. as we can see from the past, companies that were not held accountable and were only in business to make money, did so at a cost to not only other people, but to wildlife and the environment as well. while people that enter into the business world may not consider the responsibilities they need to face if something goes wrong. it’s not a shock to most of the world that most companies would do what they could to not have to be responsible for a potential issue. when it comes to money, greed consistently brings out the worst in people and to defeat this, laws must be put into place to protect land, wildlife, as well as human life. an example of a corporate entity being made to take responsibility, even if saving face is what made the final determination to clean up the mess, was bp. bp’s oil spill in 2010 killed 11 workers, caused injuries to 17 others, created billions in environmental damage, as well as losses to companies in the business of seaside tourism and real estate (winkler, & gordon, 2013). other issues that need to be considered during an oil spill are ties to renewable sources, damage to ecosystems, future economic worries, and safety issues with seafood harvests in oiled areas. in addition, full ecosystems can be lost with the newly polluted water whether the aquatic life rests on the tainted waters or eats the prey living in the ocean that have been tainted (gill, ritchie, picou, langhinrichsenrohling, long, & shenesey, n.d). in addition, businesses closed and weren’t opened. if an area is a tourist attraction is \n 11 affected by an oil spill in the area and business are not able to take in enough income, the doors will close, and many on a permanent basis. once the businesses close, people may have to relocate to find employment or begin a new business, lessening the funds in the community even further. also, those individuals that fish and utilize the sea to provide an income, can also be affected. people that have lived their entire lives providing an income for their families are now faced with dire conditions. the company that had the spill needs to fully compensate individuals for the current and future loss. this issue can become very difficult when attempting to place a figure on the level of damage inflicted. during these types of scenarios, greed can be found on every end. no one wants to give up profit and those with the loss will want to do everything that can be done to acquire every last penny. finding an equitable adjustment for all parties involved is extremely to do as there are now more individuals involved. now, companies have to pay attorney’s fees, surveyors, assessors, judges, and the list goes on. in 2010, there was yet another oil spill that was large enough to make the news. there were eleven crew members of exxon’s deepwater horizon drilling rig killed, and others injured in a significant accidental spill. this large spill affected thousands of fishermen, marine life and organisms, as well as marshes and the lands along the coast of louisiana, mississippi, alabama, and florida. during this spill 4.4 million barrels of oil were discharged, and while exxon was able to clean up a significant portion of the oil, the effects of the spill will be seen for decades to come (griggs, 2011). while bp and exxon were charged with cleaning up the mess they created, there were mandated to pay out current as well as potential future losses as well. the companies were sued by hundreds of people, from employees to family members of employees, to land owners, to \n 12 wildlife associations. the damage that was caused was greater than anyone could have imagined and while that is a significant issue, the fact that the u.s. federal government had to assist the people affected by the spills. the government assisted with ensuring individuals were properly taken care of and housed, fed, and clothed during the time of crisis. the question that needs to be asked was; why are government funds, otherwise known as taxpayer dollars are being utilized to clean up a mess created by an extremely large global organization (mancuso, alemayehu, fox, & fulk, 2014). \n 13 conclusion the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility \n 14 references cayla, j., & arnould, e. j. (2008). a cultural approach to branding in the global marketplace. journal of international marketing, 16(4), 86112. doi:10.1509/jimk.16.4.86 cusumano, m. a. (2011). the legacy of steve jobs. communications of the acm, 54(12), 26 28. doi:10.1145/2043174.2043184 czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013). international marketing. mason: southwestern gill, d., ritchie, l., picou, j., langhinrichsenrohling, j., long, m., & shenesey, j. (n.d). the exxon and bp oil spills: a comparison of psychosocial impacts. natural hazards, 74(3), 19111932. griggs, j. w. (2011). bp gulf of mexico oil spill. spill. energy law journal, 32(1), 5779 hurleyhanson, a. e., & giannantonio, c. m. (2013). staying hungry, staying foolish: academic reflections on the life and career of steve jobs. journal of business & management, 19(1), 79 levien, m. (2015). social capital as obstacle to development: brokering land, norms, and trust in rural india. world development, 747792. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.012 mancuso, l. c., alemayehu, b., fox, m. a., & fulk, h. k. (2014). covered in oil—again. entrepreneurial executive, 191934. milton friedman. (2015). in wikipedia. retrieved january 1, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/milton\\_friedman minli, l., & jun sung, h. (2011). child labor in the people’s republic of china: an ecological systems analysis. international social work, 54(4), 565. doi:10.1177/0020872810382804 park, h. s., levine, t. r., weber, r., lee, h. e., terra, l. i., botero, i. c., & wilson, m. s. (2012). individual and cultural variations in direct communication style. international journal of intercultural relations, 36179187. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.010 payne, r. j. (2013). global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. samaha, s. a., beck, j. t., & palmatier, r. w. (2014). the role of culture in international relationship marketing. journal of marketing, 78(5), 7898. doi:10.1509/jm.13.0185 winkler, d. t., & gordon, b. l. (2013). the effect of the bp oil spill on volume and selling prices of oceanfront condominiums. land economics, 89(4), 614631 \n 15 zhu, y. (2009). managing business relationships in new zealand and china: a semantic perspective. management international review, 49(2), 225248. retrieved from http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575 personal interview. sarah long (2015) ",
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404e5413b8d1e1460fadff1489d19ba7 | determine the smallest couple moment that can be applied to the 150-lb wheel that will cause impending motion. the uniform concrete block has a weight of 300 lb. the coefficients of static friction are ma = 0.2, mb = 0.3, and between the concrete block and the floor, m = 0.4. | determine the smallest couple moment that can be applied | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " march 15, 2016 radical civil rights why did radical political visions spread across the us in the 1960’s? what is the connection between the nonviolent civil rights movement and later radical activists? militant civil rights o many young people didn’t think that nonviolent protests could be effective o in the north many aa’s are still segregated in practice, though not by law o many have given up on the promise of liberal reform o they don’t want to work with the government because they don’t think it works, so they turn to community selfhelp programs, to bring themselves up from poverty o others turned to militant groups, armed to protect from white violence race riots by the end of the civil rights act, the idea that conditions could change fostered not only nonviolent but also violent reactions harlem: black teen murdered by police, no real reaction riots watts, la: riots over living conditions spurred by an arrest over suspected drunk driving and subsequent jail time o 34 dead, over 1,000 injured 1967 is especially bad: 26 people killed in newark, detroit: 3 square miles erupt in race violence killing more than 40 people, etc. etc. etc. these differ from race riots of the 50’s and early 60’s o past riots typically started by whites o now, black rioters exploded in anger over the conditions of their lives o looted businesses that were white owned but also their own neighborhoods white rejection o many white completely rejected this violence o they perceived it as “senseless violence” o labeled them as ungrateful, why were aa’s venting frustration so destructively just when they were making progress in the civil rights struggle malcolm x o what is black nationalism: o political solutions black nationalism calls for in order to solve aa’s problems: change voting behavior, create own business, etc. o nation of islam: white people were cursed by the devil (all were born black but white people had been cursed) black power movement o malcolm x was assassinated in 1965 by members of the nation of islam who thought he was promoting too much racial equality as he adapted his views \n o he became a martyr and symbol of black defiance and selfrespect, as legislative rights and rioting continued o in 19666, stolkey carmichael, the chairman of sncc denounced white oppression (elect black candidates, make own schools, advocated for black power) o became a slogan for a form of civil rights that focused on african american activism, rejected white integration and nonviolence demanded that blacks work themselves to uplift their own communities, and instituted new standards of beauty focusing on aa features o that year sncc expelled its white members and repudiated nonviolence black panther party o founded in 1966 o blended black separatism with revolutionary communism (insurgency fighting meant to overthrow a capitalist or imperialist system in order to create a communist state) o black panthers dedicated to destroying both capitalism itself, and what they saw as the “military representatives” of us capitalism—white police in the ghettos o kills up to 11 police officers until 1970 o fred hampton, leader in chicago, hunted down by police and shot in his bed while sleeping o dressed in commando gear, carried guns, and talked openly about killing policemen o targeted by police and fbi o they also worked on community programs to help improve life in their neighborhoods. free breakfast and health care programs for children in ghettos courses in aa history created jobs and decent housing for the poor o their platform attracted many young aa’s o frightens a lot of whites told in two segments: first, “good”, nonviolent, and second, violent, which “undermines the gains” of the previous movement. they are told side by side rather than intertwined, but it wasn’t really just one then the other. students o baby boomer generation growing up: by 1960’s, 41% of population was under 20 o grown up in a youth culture catered to them o more highly educated than any previous generation o many were inspired by efforts of the aa civil rights struggle new left o on the left of the political spectrum, an emerging “new left” rejected federal government’s liberalism \n o also believed that liberalism was not enough and could never offer true democracy and equality port huron statement o 1962: founding of the students for a democratic society (sds), release of port huron statement o condemned racism, poverty in the midst of plenty, and cold war o called for participatory democracy, sds sought to wrest power from corporations, the military, and politicians, and return this power to the people universities o “en loco parentis” (?)—in place of parents. the universities had strict “parent like” roles, of course more tightly held to female students. o students had little choice in their course offerings, etc. university of berkeley, 1964 o in the fall, administers banned political activities from taking place where political activity had previously taken place. o created the free speech movement: finally won the right that students would be able to hold political gatherings, etc. when they wanted to. free speech movement o many saw the university administration’s actions as a failure of america’s democratic promises, and were radicalized by the experience o their successes demonstrated their potential power antiwar protests o sds holds first antiwar demonstrations in 65 o on campuses throughout the nation, students adopted tactics developed in the civil rights movement, picketing military buildings and protesting against military recruitment and research done on their campuses o organized teachins o in 67, 67% of people still considered themselves supporters of the war in vietnam youth culture and music o bob dylan, aretha franklin, the beatles, the grateful dead, etc. etc. youth culture o “counter culture” liberated from the competitive materialism and consumerism o celebrated the legitimacy of pleasure o new living communities outside nuclear family o experimented with sex, drugs, etc. o hippies were the most drastic 1968, “year of upheavals” o january: tet offensive shocked americans o johnsons could not point to victories in vietnam, he could not pa far more troops in vietnam, and he did not have the money to expand his great society programs \n o eugene mccarthy and robert kennedy challenge johnson for the presidential nomination o march 31, 1968 announcement o johnson refers to the vietnam war as the “bitch” that destroyed his “great lady” of the american great society o johnson in 1968 announces that he will not run again. o in the first 6 months of 68, students demonstrated at 101 colleges and universities o april 4, 1968 a white man assassinated martin luther king, jr. set off race riots in more than 130 us cities o vietnam is the first “televised war” hours after an event happened, people were watching it on tv watching the wealthiest most powerful nation in the world carpet bomb a poor developing nation march 17, 2016 civil rights movement in the 1970’s the 1970’s social change was inspired by and build off of those of the 1960’s splintering of the civil rights movement led to the development of a new “identity politics” advocates of identity politics believed that differences among american radical and ethnic groups were critically important and that group identity must be the basis for political actions. the women’s movement o the strength of a long winded movement came to fruition in the 1960’s o the feminine mystique, betty friedan—homemaker relays her dissatisfaction with her restrictive life o 1964: title vii of the civil rights act prohibited discrimination by employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin o 1966: national organization for women these movements developed from the nations other radical movements toward social justice 1968 miss america pageant protest pejorative name for feminist: “bra burner” by the early 1970’s, consciousnessraising groups arose in many women across the country to discuss ways in which women were subordinate to men achievements of women’s movements o equal employment opportunity commission claims o 1972: title ix of the higher education act increased women’s access to high quality education this was approached by female athletics, where women were extremely underfunded and not given the scholarships of their male counterparts \n o field of women’s studies established o rape crisis centers o increase women’s sexual health 1971: boston women’s health collective, our bodies, ourselves 1973: roe v. wade equal rights amendment o main goal of now and many other women o (an amendment that would end all discriminatory treatment based on sex) o 1972: senate approves an amendment: “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the us or by any state on account of sex” stopera o opposition came from other women: afraid that this meant that they had to give up their gender roles lives and work in low wage, physically exhausting jobs o aa and latina women often came to regard feminism as a white movement that ignored their needs o worry that era would cancel all laws put in place to protect women (pregnancy, etc.) o conservative, often religiously motivated men and women condemned era as immoral (this was probably the most well organized opposition) o saw it as an attack on their personal choices o this movement stalled the era o era expired in 1982 and was never passed gay rights movement o following the women’s movement o widespread discrimination against homosexual, especially the past 20 years o until 1973 homosexuality was considered a mental disorder and was banned in many states for years o june 28, 1969: stonewall riot, which was the beginning of the gay liberation movement o because so many gays were closeted, it was difficult to find people for the cause and to rally people o dual agenda: legal equality promotion of gay pride, and the end of stigmatization of homosexuality in us society o more and more gay organizations were formed, mostly in big cities and college campuses o they became a political force, playing an increasingly visible role in the social and political life of the nation anti war movement \n o nixon lied and said he had a secret plan to end the war during the election, just trying to gain votes o ‘69: nixon ordered the bombing of neutral cambodia o 45 college campuses had students who went on strike, and many publically protested policy o students for a democratic society (sds) split, with a radical segment calling itself “weatherman” advocating the use of armed violence against the us government o kent state and jackson state universities (violence erupts at student protests) domestic violence o after 1970, nixon and congress knew that solid majorities could be expected to oppose any new missions for us ground troops in southeast asia african american civil rights o many aa’s were powerfully disillusioned by the racism that had outlasted the end of legal separation o looked to culture rather than narrow political action for social change o emphasized the distinctiveness of black culture and society o ideas attracted a large following even among older, less radical people o new aesthetics o pride in history and culture mexican americans o “brown power” and “red power” movements o mexican americans heavily concentrated in the southwest and california o formally classified as white by the federal government, but faced rampant discrimination o about ¼ were below the poverty line brown power movement o movement for social justice began with migrant workers from 9570, labor organizers cesar chaves and dolores huerta led migrant workers in a strike against large grape growers in california’s san joaquin valley (workers were being paid 10 cents an hour in an era where $1.25 was the minimum wage) the chicano movement o 1969: national chicano liberation youth conference, el plan espiritual aztlán o called for the liberation of “la raza”, “the brown people” from the oppressive force of american society and culture o effectively challenged discrimination on a local level o we are using the term mexican americans, but this is a term they themselves never would have used. they felt it distanced them even more \n from being “american” and instead opted for slang terms like chicano (which many dislike) o never as effective as its african american counterpart, it creates a local social change and helps mexican americans challenge their discrimination the native american movement o many na’s were greatly influenced by cultural nationalist beliefs o many young activists hoined traditionalists to challenge tribal leaders who advocated assimilation and cooperation alcatraz island o fight to return alcatraz island (sight of the infamous prison, having been abandoned years earlier) to native peoples. o pannative movement: shared native american identity that goes beyond tribal structures red power movement o 72: members of the radical american indian movement occupied a bureau of indian affairs office in washington dc o wounded knee (known now as a massacre: army gunned down hundreds of unarmed native americans)—1890 and 1973 o creating pride and community o national congress of american indians and the native american rights fund are examples of pan tribal organizations lobbied congress for greater rights and resources to govern themselves o 75: indian selfdetermination and education act o both concrete and cultural successes (though not everything resulted in success) o",
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e041a06d1c1db29b039929966c32f94f | consider a buffer solution where [weak acid] [conjugate base]. how is the ph of the solution related to the pka value of the weak acid? if [conjugate base] [weak acid], how is ph related to pka? | consider a buffer solution where [weak acid] [conjugate | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). ",
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6767a8c1340a5c402c76f39e0aad6092 | two long, straight wires cross each other at right angles, as shown in figure p19.67. (a) find the direction and magnitude of the magnetic fi eld at point p, which is in the same plane as the two wires. (b) find the magnetic fi eld at a point 30.0 cm above the point of intersection (30.0 cm out of the page, toward you). | answer: two long, straight wires cross each other at right | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " 1 reproductive systems male vs female primary reproductive structure in males are the testicles. o occurs in pairs. internally divided into sections. (if dissected, would look internally same as an orange) each section (lobe) has a seminiferous tubules. each tubule is roughly 3 feet long. seminiferous tubules are where sperm production occurs. epididymis o extension of the tubules on the outside of the testicle. this is where sperm is stored for brief periods of time vas deferens connects to the epididymis moves sperm from the testicle to the urethra. o (urethra) this is the only structure shared by the reproductive and urinary system in males. o no structures are shared between the female reproductive and urinary systems. production of semen seminal vesiclenear the prostate gland toward the end of the vas deferens. prostate gland: production of semen. o surrounds the urethra, located at the base of the bladder o the prostate continues to grow throughout life. has a very fibrous outer covering which restricts oenlargement o as it grows, it may restrict flow within the urethra making it difficult to completely empty the bladder. o prostate is prone to develop cancer, easily treatable if caught early. cowper’s gland \n 2 o located at the base of the prostate o connects to the urethra urethra: drains the bladder and facilitates the introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract. penile shaft made up of 2 types of tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum) collectively known as erectile tissue o when stimulated, these tissue fill with blood causing an erection interstitial cells found in the testicles major function: production of testosterone sperm: main regions o tail: used for swimming o midpiece: has numerous mitochondria mitochondria provide atp needed by tail o head region: nucleus (needed for fertilization) acrosome: package of digestive enzymes enzymes are used to degrade the outer portion of an ova (egg) seminal fluid (semen) structures that produce semen o testicles: contribute sperm to the semen o seminal vesicle & prostate & cowper’s gland: produce the rest of the semen contained in it: sperm, alkali solution (used to neutralize the ph of the female reproductive system. sperm are most active in a neutral environment (ph around 7) female reproductive tract tends to be acidic o fructose: produced by one of the 3 glands. o broken down by the sperm in order to produce atp \n 3 o prostoglandins: hormones that cause uterine contractions force sperm higher into the female reproductive tract external genitals testicles: o surrounded by scrotal sac scrotal sac expands and contracts under the influence of temperature suspended outside of the body (usually mammals) sperm production is greatly influenced by temperature 98.6 is too hot for functional sperm 93 is optimal temperature female reproductive system ovary: primary reproductive structure oproduces ova osolid structure oproduces some hormones (estrogen) o the ovaries take turns during each uterine cycle oviduct:is a tube that is loosely attached to the ovary o captures an ova when released conducts it towards the uterus is where fertilization occurs fallopian tubes; uterine tubes o at the tip of the oviduct where it loosely attaches to the ovary is fingerlike growths called fimbriae o are in constant motion and create a “water” current which forces any released ova into the oviduct uterus opear shaped organ, mostly smooth muscle, sits on top of the urinary bladder, where development will take place if fertilization occurs vagina (vaginal canal) ofacilitates intercourse oreceives male penis oserves as the birth canal olined with erectile tissue cervix ojunction between the vagina and the uterus \n 4 external genitals: oclitoris female organ of arousal; made up of erectile tissue, almost identical in structure to the male penis. olabia majoria and minora: folds of skin that cover the vaginal opening produce lubricants during intercourse menstrual cycle (uterine cycle) average length 28 days (can run anywhere from 1840 days) odays 15: menstruation, inner lining of uterus is discharged o days 613 proliferation stage (build up) o day 14 ovulation (ova released from ovaries) o days 1528 secretory phase, uterus prepares for implantation o birth control: o abstinence 100% o vasectomy almost 100% o tubal ligation (uterine tubes clipped) almost 100% o oral contraception (pill) almost 100% when tracked, it’s actually closer to 85% because the pill needs to be taken approx same time every day o contraceptive implants 95% o contraceptive injections 99% o intruterine device (iud) 90% device inserted into the cervix; usually made of copper or some kind of metal. does not prevent fertilization, just implantation o diaphragm 90% a device that covers the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o cervical cap 85% plugs the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o male condom 85% sleeve that fits the penis and traps sperm; the most effective method at preventing std’s o female condom 85% \n 5 sleeve that fits into the vagina and traps sperm very good at preventing std’s o coitus interruptus 75% removal of penis before ejaculation; couples that are attempting to get pregnant have only a roughly 25% success rate and 25% failure rate o jellies, creams and foams 75% chemicals that have spermicidal effects (kills sperm) are intended to be used with other forms of birth control o natural family planning 70% plan days of ovulation, avoid sex several days around that time o douche 70% contains spermicidal chemicals; while flushing some sperm out and some higher o sexually transmitted diseases aids caused by a virus; treatable but at present not curable acquired from an exchange of body fluids the immune system degenerates (targets helper tcells) victims tend to die from rare type of diseases genital herpes caused by a virus; treatable but not curable open sores on the genitals tend to be selfhealing tend to reoccur closely related to the virus that causes cold sores active outbreaks (individuals) tend to be caused by stress genital warts caused by a virus, warts develop on the genitals treatable but not curable; they tend to reoccur in females, there appears to be a link between genital warts and certain types of uterine/ovarian cancer gonorrhea caused by bacteria easily curable with antibiotics \n 6 one of the more common types of std’s symptoms: o white discharge from the penis/vagina o painful urination o in men: scar tissue can develop in the urethra may lead to a complete blockage medical intervention is required o in females: symptoms seem to go unnoticed scar tissue develops in the uterine tubes leading to sterility o at one point, was the most common cause of sterility medical intervention is required chlamydia probably the most common type of std but least reported most people are asymptomatic some people develop flu like symptoms but recover quickly some develop painful urination but recover quickly easily treated with antibiotics has a very weak immune response predisposes a person to contracting other std’s o most people diagnosed with an std, have chlamydia (85%) syphilis caused by bacteria easily treated in the early stages (antibiotics) impossible to treat in later stages stage 1: an (painless) ulcer develops on the genitals usually heal within a couple of weeks and may leave a scar stage 2: a rash develops on the palms of the hand/soles of the feet usually occompanied by flu like symptoms; may occur several months after the ulcer heals; rash clears in a couple of weeks stage 3: development of gumas (large weeping ulcers that develop throughout the body) the worst ones are the ones that develop on the internal organs (lead to death) untreatable \n 7 parasitic infection initial symptoms can last up to 9 months secondary can last up to 3040 years o fertilization: union of a sperm and an ova which forms a zygote. only 1 sperm penetrates the egg and the nucleus of the sperm and ova combine o takes place in the oviduct (fallopian tubes) requires hundreds of sperm/but only one penetrates the ova sperm: o head: acrosome, nucelus o middle piece: mitochondria for power o tail: swimming ova: o corona radiata: thick outer layer consists of cells from the ovary o zona pellucida: thickened middle layer o plasma membrane is not degraded during a fertilization event o the events of fertilization: o 1: thousands of sperm reach the ova and release the contents of their acrosome o 2: enzymes from the acrosome begin to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida o 3: eventually, one sperm comes in contact with the plasma membrane the remaining events take place within microseconds. a: plasma membrane separates from the zone pellucida this creates a gap making it difficult for additional sperm to enter b. a gap created fills with fluid c. the interior of the ova begins to spin o sperm and ova are unique because they each have a haploid nucleus so that when they combine they maintain the original chromosome count haploid means half. o development after fertilization: o cleavage: the zygote begins to divide without increasing in size, the cells numbers double after each division \n 8 (the cell size decreases by half during each division) o morula: solid ball of cells produced by cleavage events (mulberry) o blastula: cells from the center of the morula migrate to the outside leaving a hollow ball some cells remain in the cavity o gastrula: cells invade the space between the endoderm and the ectoderm (forming endoderm and ectoderm) cells reinvade the hollow space left by the blastula. this forms 2 layers of cells inner layer: endoderm o will eventually produce most of the internal organs outer layer: ectoderm o will eventually form the skin and nervous system toward the end of gastrulation, the cells invade the space between the endoderm and ectoderm (these cells form mesoderm) mesoderm will eventually produce skeletal and muscle tissue o neurula: notochord develops which will eventually be replaced by the spinal cord o germ layers: ectoderm: skin, brain and neurons, linings of the nose mouth and anus mesoderm: muscles, connective tissue, reproductive organs endoderm: digestive tract, glands, bladder (other internal organs) o implantation zygote embeds into the uterine lining oplacenta: a huge capillary bed (exchanges w/tissues) forms from fetal cells/blood vessels from the fetus intertwine with mothers blood vessels (forming a huge capillary bed) to provide nutrients and remove waste from developing embryo. is only present during pregnancy delivered after the baby (afterbirth) the placenta can develop anywhere within the uterus. umbilical cord attaches from the fetus to the placenta o embryonic development o 1st stages: first and second months of pregnancy \n 9 o week 1: preembryonic development implantation has not occurred, cleavage events occurring, nutrients are supplied by yolk, and blastula formation occur cell mass may split to form identical twins week 2: cell mass arrives at the uterus implantation occurs placenta begins to form tissues are being produced week 3: nervous system begins to develop (first system) o circulatory system begins to develop week 4: the appearance of a tail is present on embryo o head is much larger than rest of embryo o limb buds are present o eyes, ears, and nose all begin to appear o heart beats o liver produces blood cells osecond month: oarms and legs become more developed ostart getting fingers and toes by end of second month all major organ systems have developed o fetal development o third and fourth month: head growth slows (does not stop) eyelashes and eyebrows, hair on head, fingernails and nipples begin to appear bone begins to replace cartilage heartbeat may be heard approximately 6 in/6oz amniotic sac: filled with fluid, prevents drastic temp change, protects against mechanical damage. o fifth through seventh month: movement may be felt lanugo covers the baby (fine downy hair covering the entire body) eyelids open 12 in/3 pounds also covered with vernix casiosis (waxy substance looks like cheese) \n 10 prevents the fetus from becoming waterlogged o eighth and ninth month head begins to point down towards the cervix growth of fetus 21 inches/7.5 pounds o birth o stage 1: mucus plug, which has been at the cervix, is expelled amniotic sac breaks (water breaking) cervix dilates to 4 inches o stage 2: contractions every 12 minutes the uterus began contracting somewhere in the second/third month (called braxton hicks contractions) crowning: baby’s head appears in birth canal baby is expelled head first umbilical cord is cut after baby begins to breath normally o stage 3: delivery of the placenta ",
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9a798ef390767aced893dade1a41402e | in exercises 920, start by drawing a number line that shows integers from 5 to 5. then graph each real number on your number line. 11 3 | answer: in exercises 920, start by drawing a number line that shows integers from 5 to | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " genes & evolution chapters 14, 15.1 & 16.1, 20, 21, chapter 14 central dogma of molecular biology eukaryote transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm deoxyribose gene expression is the process by which dna directs the synthesis of proteins ( or in some cases, just the rnas) facts! ● archibald garrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell. ● the term codon is also used for the dna nucleotide triplets along the nontemplate strand ● the first codon was deciphered in 1961 by marshall nirenberg (uuu) the one gene–one protein hypothesis based on results from work in their lab on nutritional mutants, beadle and tatum proposed that the function of a specific gene is to dictate production of a specific enzyme that catalyzes a particular reaction. states that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme transcription is the synthesis of rna using information in the dna. the two nucleic acids are written in different forms of the same language, and the information is simply transcribed, or “rewritten,” from dna to rna \n messenger rna (mrna) because it carries a genetic message from the dna to the proteinsynthesizing machinery of the cell. translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mrna.the cell must translate the nucleotide sequence of an mrna molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ribosomes are the translation sites primary transcript. the initial rna transcript from any gene, including those specifying rna that is not translated into protein is called primary transcript triplet code the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the dna as a series of nonoverlapping, threenucleotide words. template strand it provides the pattern, or template, for the sequence of nucleotides in an rna transcript. codons the mrna nucleotide triplets are called codons, and they are customarily written in the 5′→ 3′ direction rna polymerase an enzyme called an rna polymerase pries the two strands of dna apart and joins together rna nucleotides complementary to the dna template strand. they don’t need a primer promoter the dna sequence where rna polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the promoter terminator the sequence that signals the end of transcription transcription unit the stretch of dna that is transcribed into an rna molecule facts! bacteria have single type of rna polymerase that synthesis not only mrna but also other types in contrast, eukaryotes have at least three types of rna polymerase transcription factors in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins called transcription factors mediate the binding of rna polymerase and the initiation of transcription. transcription initiation complex the whole complex of transcription factors and rna \n polymerase ii bound to the promoter is called a transcription initiation complex rna splicing a stage of rna processing in the eukaryotic nucleus is the removal of large portions of the rna molecule that is initially synthesized—a cutandpaste job introns the noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions are called intervening sequences, or introns. exons the regions that code are called exons. they are called exons because they are eventually expressed. spliceosome the removal of introns is accomplished by a large complex made of proteins and small rnas. transfer rna the message is a series of codons along an mrna molecule, and the translator is called transfer rna (trna). main function is to transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool to growing polypeptide. anticodon the particular nucleotide triplet that basepairs to a specific mrna codon. signalrecognition particle (srp) the signal peptide, a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end (nterminus) of the polypeptide, is recognized as it emerges from the ribosome by a proteinrna complex called a signalrecognition particle (srp). this particle functions as an escort that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the er membrane. \n mutations responsible for the huge diversity of genes found among organisms because mutations are the ultimate source of new genes point mutations changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene. nucleotidepair substitution replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides substitution silent mutation which has no observable effect on the phenotype missense mutations substitutions that change one amino acid to another one nonsense mutation a point mutation can also change a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon. insertion or deletion insertions and deletions are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene frameshift the # of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three immediate ( 1 pair insertion) extensive (1 pair deletion) no frameshift (missing amino acid) spontaneous mutations the incorrect base will be used as a template in the next round of replication, resulting in a mutation. such mutations are called spontaneous mutations. \n the p site (peptidyltrna binding site) holds the trna carrying the growing polypeptide chain, while the a site (aminoacyltrna binding site) holds the trna carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain. discharged trnas leave the ribosome from the e site (exit site). the nucleotide base triplets uag, uaa, and uga do not code for amino acids but instead act as signals to stop translation. ● in a bacterium, the rna transcript is immediately usable as mrna; in a eukaryote, the rna transcript must first undergo processing. ● eukaryotic promoter commonly includes a tata box, ● during rna processing, both ends of the primary transcript are altered. ● the 5′ end is synthesized first; it receives a 5′ cap, a modified form of a guanine ● at the 3′ end, an enzyme adds 50–250 more adenine (a) nucleotides, forming a polya tail. chapter 15.1 and 16.1 this picture is about the tryptophan first, cells can adjust the activity of the enzymes that are already present second, cells can adjust the production level of certain enzymes; that is, they can regulate the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes. one basic mechanism for this control of gene expression in bacteria, described as the operon model, was discovered in 1961 by françois jacob and jacques monod operator the switch is a segment of dna called an operator. positioned within the promoter or, in some cases, between the promoter and the enzymecoding genes, the operator controls the access of rna polymerase to the genes. \n enchancer in genetics, an enhancer is a short (501500 bp) region of dna that can be bound by proteins (activators) to activate transcription of a gene. these proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. operon dna sequence on a prokaryotic chromosome including (in 3’ to 5’ order): a promoter, operator, enzymes repressor the operon can be switched off by a protein called repressor regulatory gene changing the transcription or translation changes amount of mrna and potentially amount of proteins inducible gene expression transcription of the operon occurs when environmental conditions induce( turn on) transcription corepressor a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off. \n inducer differentiation the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. morphogenesis, the physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute morphogenesis, the development of the form of an organism and its structures. cytoplasmic determinants maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development induction such signals cause changes in the target cells, a process called induction chapter 21 microevolution we can define evolution on its smallest scale, called microevolution, as a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. genetic variation differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other dna sequences. hardyweinberg principle describes the expected frequency of genotype in a population for a single locus only with 2 alleles this principle states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work(textbook version) \n population a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. gene pool consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population. if only one allele exists for a particular locus in a population, that allele is said to be fixed in the gene pool, and all individuals are homozygous for that allele. if multiple are present then individuals might be either homozygous or heterozygous. conditions for hardyweinberg equilibrium conditions for microevolution change in allele frequency in a population over generation a. genetic variation b. random selection a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. natural selection d. sexual selection genetic variation individuals of a population differ in their genetic make up 1. mutation 2. sexual reproduction a. crossing over b. independent assortment of homologous chromosomes c. fertilization. \n gene drift random events that change allele frequency without regard to whether traits provide a reproductive advantage. 1. genetic drift is significant in small populations 2. can cause allele frequencies to change at random 3. can lead to loss of genetic variation within populations 4. can cause harmful alleles to become fixed founder effect when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population bottleneck effect a sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. a severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a “bottleneck” that reduces its size ● bottlenecking a population tends to reduce genetic variation. gene flow the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes occurs when conditions favor individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other directional selection \n disruptive selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes stabilizing selection acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. this mode of selection reduces variation and tends to maintain the status quo for a particular phenotypic character selection pressure some aspect of the env’t that reduces survival & repro of a phenotype chapter 20 phylogeny evolutionary relationships among organisms inferred by comparing traits between potential close relatives classification hierarchy of more inclusive categories taxon named unit at any level of hierarchy kingdom > phylum > class > order > \n family > genus > species sister taxa groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives basal taxa refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and hence, lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group. homologies phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called homologies analogy a potential source of confusion in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to convergent evolution inferring relationships comparing traits between potential close relatives 1. morphology 2. biochemistry 3. pattern of embryonic development 4. dna sequence data basal taxon outage taxa that are each other's closest relatives because they share an immediate common ancestor. cladistics common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. using this methodology, biologists attempt to place species into groups called clades, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants \n shared ancestral character a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. shared derived character an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade characters different from ancestors and unique to the clade. clade complete group of descendents from a single ancestor. outgroup an outgroup is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage parsimony simplest explanation is the most likely ",
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480a1d599030dfa79c597246a93887b3 | ?problem 2q
what is the evidence that light is energy? | what is the evidence that light is energy? | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
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"text": " timeline supreme court cases legislation important things ● 1887 ○ federal government instituted a policy of assimilation. ○ native languages and rituals were banned. ○ school were limited and tightly controlled. ● 1896 ○ plessy v ferguson ■ approved segregated facilities ● 1938 ○ gaines v canada ■ missouri had a law school that was reserved for white students. there was no law school in the state that admitted black students. when a black student was denied entrance at the university of missouri. the student sought awrit of mandamus to be admitted ● 1944 ○ naacp party control ■ naacp turn this down via the supreme court in 1944 “the party couldn’t make that decision because the party is an extension of the government” ● 1946 ○ oklahoma state law ■ women denied from law school. thurgood marshall fought for her to go to school. she was the first african american woman to become the first women on the oklahoma board of regents ● 1948 ○ housing covenanters illegal ● 1950 ○ mclaurin v oklahoma state regent ■ a student seeking a doctoral degree in education was admitted to the university of oklahoma but was segregated within the institution ● it was separate just not equal ○ sweatt v painter ■ case involved university of texas law school and its substandard relative created just for black students. ● 1954 ○ brown v board ■ because the supreme court began ruling on a different question: can separate but equal ever be equal? in this case the supreme court answered that question by saying no: \n ● “we conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” ■ of course that was not the end of the story. it took many more years before schools were actually integrated. and in many of those cases federal action was needed ● heart of atlanta v us ○ due to the advertisement in other states it is an interstate commerce this ends jim crow laws ● 1960 ○ ruby bridges is the first student to desegregate ● 1963 ○ equal pay act ● 1964 ○ civil rights act of 1964 ■ cut off federal aid to school districts still practicing segregation ■ only part where women are mentioned is in the provision about employment ● 1965 ○ voting rights act of 1965 (civil rights act of 1965) ● 1968 ○ civil rights act of 1968 ■ can not discriminate the sale of housing based on race, religion color, national origin, sex, and ildren ● 1971 ○ supreme court ruling equal protection ■ first time supreme court ruled that a law which discriminated on basis of sex violated tqual protection clause ● 1972 ○ education amendment ○ supreme court ruling intermediate scrutiny ■ the supreme court recognizentermediate scrutinys the standard for assessing laws and actions that treat women and men differently ● 1974 ○ equal credit opportunity act ■ allows women to be added to their spouse's credit card to help build their credit while they stayed me ● 1990 ○ the americans with disabilities act became law. the law extends the protections of thcivil rights act of 1to persons with disabilities. vocabulary ● civil rights legislation ○ covenants \n ■ the deed of the house states that the house can only be sold to white people because the community also had a covenant the community remains white ○ invidious classification ■ harmful classification based on ● race ● ethnicity ● national origin ● religion ● gender ● sexual orientation ● political views ○ discrimination ■ refer to irrational suspicion or hatred of people, and differential treatment on the basis of their race, religion, sex, skin color, ethnic background, national origin, or sexual orientation ○ jim crow laws ■ laws passed to create a segregated society ○ naacp legal defense and education fund ■ key to bringing suits against the states ■ thurgood marshall was crucial to naacp ○ writ of mandamus ■ is a court order to a public official ordering him or her to do what they are supposed to do ○ civil rights act 1964 ■ cut off federal aid to school districts still practicing segregation ● title 2 of the civil rights act of 1964 makes it an offense to discriminate against any customer or patron in a place of public accommodation because of race, color, religion or national origin. ● only part where women are mentioned is in the provision about employment ○ civil rights act of 1965 (voting rights act of 1965) ○ civil rights act of 1968 ■ can not discriminate the sale of housing based on race, religion color, national origin, sex, and children ○ white primaries ■ general elections open to everyone but primaries exclusively for whites ○ poll taxes ■ to vote, one haide to pay a fee. they were really small amounts but they were cumulative ○ literacy test ■ very difficult to pass ○ limited registration \n ■ offices open perhaps one to two days per month ● 1965movement led by sclc (mlk) and sncc with a focus in alabama from selma to montgomery (50 miles) . later known as bloody sunday. met by alabama state troopers on horseback with cattle prods, tear gas and forced them to go back. 90% of americans had a tv and saw photos of it ● lbj tells congress to pass theoting rights act of 1965 (civil rights act of 1965) ○ bloody sunday ○ patriarchy ■ is a form of social organization in which the man is recognized as the head of the family ■ is the dominant legal, religious, and cultural view in the world today ○ the feminine mystique ■ talked about how unhappy women were because the female american dream was different than the male american dream this awoke females across nation ○ republican mother ■ cultural ideal from beginnings of the nation ■ from beginning until around 1908 ○ romantic paternalism ■ this was the legal standard: women needed some protection in the workplace. many laws were adopted me including restrictions on hours, amount women could be required to lift and so on ○ protectionism ○ equal pay act of 1963 ■ women and men have to receive equal pay for equal work, with exceptions for merit, productivity, and seniority ○ education amendment 1972 ○ equal credit act of 1974 ■ allows women to be added to their spouse's credit card to help build their credit while they stayed home ○ the equal rights amendment ■ in 1972 it was purposed and sent to the states to have 10 years to be ratified. all but three states ratified. seen more as symbolic by the women's movement ○ lulac league of united latin american citizens and maldef mexican american legal defense and education fund ○ cesar chavez ■ organized farm workers and brought about better conditions for those that work in the field, got ballots printed in spanish for people to vote ● legislative branch ○ session \n ■ each year of congress ○ political party ■ how congress is organized ○ reapportioned ■ after each census, districts have to be redrawn and members reallocated. the 435 members are ○ redistricting ■ when district lines are redrawn ○ jerry meandering ■ when districts are drawn politically ○ pork barrel spending important things to know ● civil rights ○ rational based test ■ is this classification rationburden is on the persowho objects to the classification to show why it is not. ■ does it make sense to divide people at 21 (those who drink and those who don’t) ○ strict scrutiny test ■ this test applies when laws or practices divide peace y r ■ those passing such a law or using such a practice must show that it serves a compelling government interest ● affirmative action is the only law to pass this test ○ intermediate scrutiny test ■ this is the inbetween category. dividing peoexis in this category. thereby allowing for men and women to be treated differently in certain instances, like the military draft. such classifications must serve an important government purpose ● burden in on the government ○ most of these rulings deal with physical things in regards to women (pregnancy) ● think of the draft only men sign up for the draft not wome ○ ruby bridges 1960 ■ first child to integrate schools in new orleans. she is accompanied by u.s. marshals ○ lunch counter sitin greensboro, north carolina ● legislative branch ○ differences ● house senate \n ● every house member ● every senator represents a represents a district state ● serves 2 year ● serves 6 year terms ● house must originate revenue ● approves presidential bills closer to people appointments (cabinet, courts) ● house initiates impeachment ● approves treaties and passes articles of ● holds trails on articles of impeachment impeachment ● has a rules committee, which ● water leadershipindividual controls debate power senators very powerful centralized around speaker ● can filibuster legislation relatively high turnover ● 100 members with two from compared with senate each state ● 435 members based on size of state ■ ",
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ea955fe0f91c06b4bc5a386ae829f29e | at t = 0, the current flowing in a 0.5-h inductance is 4 a. what constant voltage must be applied to reduce the current to 0 at t = 0.2 s? | at t = 0, the current flowing in a 0.5-h inductance is 4 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " intimate relationships chapter 2 research methods question o topic researchers may generate an interest in a topic based on: personal experience concern with a particular social issue reading other research and finding inconsistencies researchers may spend their entire career working to understand a topic o type of question the type of question you asks determines whether you use quantitative or qualitative data to answer it two types researchers may ask to describe events o their goal is to delineate the patterns they observe as fully and accurately as they can researchers can seek to establish the casual connections between events o this determines which events have meaningful effects on subsequent outcomes and which do not o hypotheses statements that make predictions about the relationships between variables ex: couples that cohabit before marriages will be more likely to divorce than couples that do not cohabit before marriage o research question questions that aim to explore a topic and do not include a prediction about the relationships between variables ex: are couples that cohabit before marriage more likely to divorce than couples that do not cohabit before marriage? selecting a research approach o after we formulate a question or hypothesis o qualitative scholars tend to use qualitative methods when they want to answer questions about how something happens or why helps us to understand processes \n data = words typically interviews, but may include observations more exploratory coding: researchers search for patterns and themes ex: how do cohabitors make decisions about getting married? o quantitative used when we want to understand the relationships between variables, changes over time, or the outcome of an intervention data = numbers follow the same procedure with each participant very little interpretation—relies on statistical techniques to determine the answer ex: do cohabitors fight more often than married couples? selecting a research design o correlational determines whether two things are related values run from 1 to 1 the design is not very powerful when we want to establish whether a set of circumstances impacts a later event o experimental compares groups manipulates a variable and tests the effect the design is rarely used in social science because we can’t randomly assign people to groups o developmental designs determines whether a person, couple, or group changes over time three types because we are interested in the outcomes associated with cohabitation, understanding development over time is an appropriate design crosssectional compares people at one stage in a developmental process to another person at another stage pro: cheap and easy con: there may be differences between the people in the study that don’t have anything to do with cohabitation longitudinal \n the same people are followed with repeated measurements over a period of time pro: we can really see if cohabitation increases the risk of divorce con: expensive and time consuming o participation attrition: the loss of participants over time retrospective studies that ask people to describe events from the past pro: very flexible con: some people do not have perfect memories what do we study? o total population we do not use the total population in research (too many people) o population of interest we typically have a group of people that we are interested in studying o sample the people who are included in the study they fill out a survey or participate in an interview convenience sample composed of people who are readily available and consent to participate pro: it is easy to recruit participants con: our sample may not represent all of the characteristics of the population of interest representative sample composed of people who match the composition of the population of interest in terms of demographic characteristics o race/ethnicity o religion o region o age pro: you can trust that the findings from the sample can be generalized to the population of interest con: it is expensive and time consuming to collect a sample of people who truly reflect the population experiencesampling \n intermittent, short periods of observation to capture samples of behavior that actually occurs over longer periods of time researchers can make ratings that characterize the events researchers can employ coding procedures that focus on very specific behaviors o ex: the amount of time people speak during an interaction, the number of times they smile, etc. where will we conduct the study? o laboratory any space that allows researchers to control for all the variables in the environment ex: temperature of the space, the items in view pro: researchers can be certain that each participant is getting the same controlled experience during the research. they can more easily rule out that some other variable is accounting for their results con: people behave differently when they know they are being studied this is known as reactivity o physiological measures assess responses like heart rate, muscle tension, etc. to determine how our physical states are linked with our social behavior. can avoid reactivity o historical archives can also help avoid reactivity photographs, diaries, newspapers, marriage licenses, etc. o naturalistic people are studied in the environments where they live, work, and spend their leisure time pro: participants are likely to act more normally con: researchers can’t control the environment selfreports: to ask people about their experiences written questionnaires, verbal interviews, or unstructured diaries allows researchers to “get inside your head” pro: inexpensive and easy to obtain \n con: the participant may interpret a question differently, they may have trouble recalling something or just forget all together, they might be biased o selfserving bias: leads people to overestimate their responsibility for positive events in their relationships and to underestimate their blame people like to think of themselves in a positive light o social desirability bias: distortion that results from people’s wishes to make good impressions on others people won’t admit anything that makes them look bad takehome messages o the research question drives which methods a researcher chooses o no one sample, design, or setting is without flaws o the researcher’s goal is to minimize the costs of any one research choice while maximizing his or her ability to draw sound conclusions about the topic of interest o findings differ based on how a topic is studied. when we find contradictions in the research on a particular topic, it is often because different study designs and samples yielded different results.",
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11571613ca91eaa60e2672d7a5f1044e | what are the most important models of part iv? | what are the most important models of part iv? | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " real gases; the van der waals equation the gas laws and the ideal gas equation of state exactly predict the properties of ideal gases which do not actually exists. their usefulness arises from the fact that real gas properties are close to the ideal gas properties. from the kinetic theory of gases, the ideal gas equation of state was obtained by neglecting intermolecular forces and assuming that the gas particles were point masses (i.e., they occupy no volume). therefor one sees that ideal gases are gases that have no intermolecular forces and occupy no volume. when this is satisfied one has (60) where the subscript id on the p and v indicate ideal gas values of p and v. the postulates in the kinetic theory indicate how an improvement of eq. (60) can be achieved. since gas particles do occupy a small volume, the observed volume, v should be the ideal gas volume, v , plus the obs id volume occupied by the gas particles, nb, where b is a constant that depends on what the gas is. therefor, . the gravitational constant for earth is 9.81m/s2 and for the moon (luna) it is 1.62m/s2. for the following, the temperature is 25.0oc. determine the atmospheric pressure on earth when a column of mercury has a heights of 754mm. find the corresponding height of a water column. if the pressure inside a laboratory of the moon was 1.00atm, determine the height of a column of mercury and water. the density of mercury and water are 13.5g/ml and 1.00g/ml at 25.0oc respectively. the experimental gas laws although there are four properties of the gas (p, v, t and n) that are of interest, it 95 is convenient, in studying these properties, to hold two of them constant and determine experimentally how one of the remaining properties varies when the other is changed. the objective of this type of experimental study is to find a hopefully simple mathematical relation that describes how one of the properties depends on the other. if this mathematical relation holds (approximately) for all gases, it is referred to as an experimental law. the first experimental gas law was discovered in 1662 by robert boyle and is known as boyle's law. in these studies, the amount of gas (i.e., the number of moles) and the temperature of the gas were held constant and the volume that the gas occupied was measured when the pressure of the gas was changed. below is a table of data that represents this type of experiment for a fixed amount of nitrogen gas at 25oc. p(atm) v(l) 1.00 10.0 1.25 8.00 1.67 6.00 2.50 4.00 5.00 2.00 10.0 1.00 \n rules for assigning oxidation numbers as mentioned above, the amount of oxidation or reduction is determined by assigning oxidation numbers to all atoms in the reaction. the following is a set of rules to accomplish this. 1) all atoms in a free element have an oxidation number of zero. 2) the sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a compound, molecular ion or atomic ion is equal to the charge. 3) in compounds, atoms of group ia elements (alkali) have an oxidation number of +1 and atoms of group iia elements (alkaline earth) have an oxidation number of +2. 4) in compounds, h has an oxidation number of +1 and f has an oxidation number of 1. 76 5) in compounds, o has an oxidation number of 2. 6) in compounds, group viia has an oxidation number of 1, group via has an oxidation number of 2, group va has an oxidation number of 3 and group iva has an oxidation number of 4. 7) if a conflict arises in assigning oxidation states, use the rule that comes first or within a rule, the group that comes first (rule 6). 8) for a polyatomic ion in a compound use the charge of the polyatomic ion and the rules above to determine the oxidation numbers of the atoms in the polyatomic ion. there are two general ways of describing the composition of compounds, the chemical formula and the name. since both descriptions are common, it is necessary to be able to determine the formula if the name is known or determine the name if the formula is known. two general classes of compounds will be considered. one class is referred to as ionic compounds (salts) and these compounds are formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal. the second class is molecules which are formed when a nonmetal reacts with a nonmetal. most elements are metals. elements to the left and lower part of the periodic table are metals. the nonmetals are in the upper right part of the periodic table along with h and consists of the elements h, c, n, o and f in the first row, p, s and cl in the second row, se and br in the third row i in the fourth row and at in the fifth row. metalloids are between the metals and nonmetals and consists of b, si, ge, as, sb and te. \n binary ionic compounds binary ionic compounds are made up of two elements, a metal and a nonmetal. in the compound, the metal forms a positive ion called a cation and the nonmetal forms a negative ion called an anion. since the total charge of the compound is zero, the sum of the positive charges must cancel the sum of the negative charges. below is given the charges, which are fixed, of the anions according to which group they are in. since the choice of unit is somewhat arbitrary, it is necessary to be able to convert from one unit to another. perhaps some lab uses instruments in the english system but your lab uses the si system. this leads to a set of problems called unit (dimensional) analysis problems. all problems give information in the form of numbers with units and have as an objective an answer with units. the general form of these problems is given by answer = information (cf) (1) where cf is a conversion factor that makes the units on both sides of eq. (1) agree (an equation in science is incorrect if the units on both sides do not agree). suppose that the information in the problem is the distance to dallas of 5700000 in and the objective is to determine the distance in miles. then eq. (1) becomes xmi= 5700000in(cf) . (2) in eq. (2), cf must convert in into mi or symbolically cf :in ®mi (3) 22 where the arrow means that the unit on the left is converted to the unit on the right, i.e. in is converted into mi. the problem is that the number of inches in one mile is not widely known. however, it is widely known that there are 12in in one foot or 1ft =12in (4) which is considered to be an exact expression. equation (4) is used to construct (simple) conversion factors. if rearranged to the form 1= 1ft 12in (5) it can convert length in inches to length in ft or in the form of eq.(1) xft = yin (cf) = yin 1ft 12in \n æè ç öø ÷ (6) where yin is the information. when eq. (4) is expressed as 1= 12in 1ft (7) it can convert length in ft to length in inches or from eq. (1) xin = yft (cf) = yft 12in 1ft æè ç öø ÷ . (8) another fairly well known conversion is that 1mi= 5280ft . (9) with this knowledge, the cf in eq. (2) can be written symbolically as cf :in ®ft ®mi (10) which means that one has a product of two conversion factors. the first one converts in into ft and the second converts ft into mi. using eqns. (4) and (9) the conversion factor becomes cf = 1ft 12in æè ç öø ÷ 1mi 5280ft æè ç öø ÷ (11) so that eq. (2) becomes 23 \n xmi = 5700000in 1ft 12in æè ç öø ÷ 1mi 5280ft æè ç öø ÷ = 90.mi (12) in general, when working with problems in unit analysis, it is helpful to set the problem up with eq. (1), determine with your known knowledge a symbolic expression for cf as in eq. (10), then write cf in terms of actual conversion factors as in eq. (11) and then finally solve the problem as in eq. (12).",
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04e893073c0dc589a2bb99656e1f9a3a | the leader of a bicycle race is traveling with a constant velocity of 111.10 m/s and is 10.0 m ahead of the second-place cyclist. the second-place cyclist has a velocity of 19.50 m/s and an acceleration of 11.20 m/s2 . how much time elapses before he catches the leader? | the leader of a bicycle race is traveling with a constant | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " 1 philosophy 1027 study questions kant’s grounding of the metaphysics of morals, preface and section 1: 1) what does kant mean when he says that moral duties, such as the duty not to lie, are “absolutely necessary”? (271) what does he mean when he says that they are absolutely “universal”? they are absolutely necessary because they can’t not be true 2) what do you think kant’s point might be of distinguishing between what is valid for all human beings and what is valid for all rational beings? (271) to point out that not all human beings are rational and therefore he is only addressing the rational ones who his arguments will apply to. 3) what do you think kant might mean by “supreme principle of morality”? (273) he means that surely there must be some principle that decisions are based on, specifically that we “surely take into consideration the happiness and misery of others in our decisions” and act in regard to the maxim of the action as at the same time as the universal law. 3) what does kant mean when he says that only a good will is good without qualification? explain how the goodness of a good will differs from other goods, such as talents of mind, qualities of temperament, and gifts of fortune, such as health and happiness. (ak393395) good will is valuable above al and not diminished by lack of talents, qualities or mind, or gifts of fortune. qualities of mind, talents, and gifts, are only good if used with good will but are not good by themselves. 4) how does what kant says about “qualities of temperament” differ from aristotle’s view? how does what kant says about “happiness” differ from aristotle’s view? (273) aristotle views “qualities of the mind” as part of the firm and unchanging character from which virtuous actions stem, where as kant believes they must be accompanied by a goodwill to result in virtuous actions and can be bad without them. kant rejects happiness as the supreme good by saying goodwill is the highest good. 5) what do you think kant means when he speaks of a “good will”? the will that chooses the right action for the right reason. \n 2 6) kant says that the goodness of the good will is independent of consequences, so that even when someone with a good will does something that has bad consequences, the action is not devalued by the bad consequences. give an example that illustrates kant’s point. do you agree with kant on this point? is the moral worth of a good action independent of its consequences? going into a fire to save an infant, but ending up getting tapped yourself, giving the firemen/firewomen an extra person to save. yes, personally i think it is not always possible to perceive outcomes and as long as intentions are pure, the consequences don’t have an impact of the morality of the action. 7) explain the distinction between empirical and a priori. why does kant think that moral laws are a priori? (preface) empirical knowledge is a position bound by experience a prori is not bound by experience; includes moral laws because they are necessary and can’t not be true. 9) what does kant mean when he speaks of acting “in conformity to duty”? (275) acting simply because you have to and from no moral position like the merchanct not overcharging a new cutomer because it would be bad for his business. 10) what, according to kant, is the difference between the prudent merchant, or “shopkeeper” and the person who acts “from duty”? the prudent merchant doesn’t overcharge because he believes it would be bad for his business whereas the merchant acting from duty believes he has an obligation to be fair to all customers. 11) what, according to kant, is the difference between someone who acts from the immediate inclination of benevolence and someone who acts from duty? why does he say that the action of the former “deserves praise and encouragement” but lacks “moral worth”? (note that the second question is difficult.) (2756) the person acting from inclination towards a moral action wants to do it, the person acting from duty doesn’t, the former should be praised for his inclination to do it, but had no moral worth because he is simply acting naturally from the desire to help instead of feeling a moral obligation or duty to. questions 12 17 deal with material presented on pp. 2756: \n 3 12) does kant think that all actions done from inclination are done for the sake of pleasing oneself? no, he thinks they are done for the sake of themselves but the agent feels pleasure from it. 13) is kant saying that an action has moral worth only if one has the inclination to act contrary to duty? no, but to have moral worth one must recognize that they do have a duty to perform moral actions. 14) we tend to praise someone who enjoys helping the needy more than someone who helps the needy with gritted teeth, without any enjoyment whatsoever, but only because she thinks it is her duty. is kant saying that the first person is morally no better than the second? yes, and even suggests the second personal has more moral worth since she has to act contrary to her original inclination not to help. 15) many people have made the following objection to kant: consider two people. one helps because she wants to. the other helps from duty and also wants to. there is nothing more commendable about the second person, but kant holds that there is. what do you think kant’s reply to this objection would be? the first person is doing the action simply because they like it whereas the second person recognizes it’s her duty to do it and then receives pleasure from the action. 16) what in the end, according to kant, distinguishes the will of someone who acts in accordance with duty from that of someone who acts from duty? (to answer this question you should consult what kant calls “the second proposition.” (276) the will of someone who acts from duty operates under the principle of the will, without regard of the ends their actions might bring since the moral worth is in the maxim. 17) kant says that the difference between the naturally sympathetic person and the dutiful person lie in their maxims. what does kant mean by a “maxim” of an action? give an example of a maxim. the maxim is a statement outline, “in circumstance c, i will do action a for the sake of purpose p” ex: “in a circumstance where i need money i will make a false promise in order to get the cash i want” \n 4 18) what does kant mean when he speaks of acting “from respect for law?” (277) acting from a law that does not serve or even excludes an inclination by adjusting a maxim to the law even if it goes against inclination and always in one that can be a universal law. philosophy 1027 study questions kant’s groundwork of the metaphysics of morals section 2: 1) kant writes, “everything in nature works according to laws. only a rational being has the power to act according to his conception of laws…” explain. nature follows strict, set laws while a rational being can act in how they interprets the law and consciously follows it. 2) what is an imperative? what, in particular, is a hypothetical imperative? give an example of a rule of skill? give an example of a counsel of prudence. rules that stae what one ought to do. hi’s are relative to the situation; skill – if your end is to get a degree you out to go to school; prudence – if you want to get respect you ought to keep promises (or any act for one’s selfinterest) 3) kant distinguishes between particular hypothetical imperative and the principle of the hypothetical imperative. what is the principle of the hypothetical imperative? one ought to take the means for one’s end 4) how does kant explain how hypothetical imperatives are possible? he explains that hi’s say only that an action is good fro some possible purpose and whether the end is rational and good is not in question, so they are possible. 5) if you violate the principle of the hypothetical imperative, how would your action be best described? morally impermissible and irrational 6) what is a categorical imperative? how does a categorical imperative differ from a hypothetical imperative? ci represents an action of absolute necessity; it doesn’t take into account ends \n 5 7) explain the distinction between particular categorical imperatives, such as “do not lie,” and the principle of the categorical imperative. particular categorical imperatives command a specific action, the principle just unconditionally demands performance of actions for their own sake. 8) do you agree with kant that moral rules are categorical imperative, or do you think that they are hypothetical imperatives? i believe moral rules are categorical imperatives since you absolutely should do them and do them for their own sake. 9) what is the principle of the categorical imperative in its universal law formulation? the categorical imperative is the action in the universal law formula 10) explain why the maxim of the false promiser fails the universalization test. because if everyone made false promises the convention of promising would not exists therefore it is impossible and irrational. 11) explain why the maxim of the person who wills not to help others in need fails the universalization test. because you can’t will a world in which that happens and when no one would help those in need, it would be impossible to get help for one’s self. 12) kant makes a distinction between “strict or narrow” duty and “broad” duty. what is this distinction? (ak 424) strict and narrow duties specify specific actions to make an end whereas broad duties just adopt an end. 13) explain kant’s claim on p. 289 that the objects of inclination have only “relative worth.” why do you think he holds that a rational being has absolute worth? the object is only valuable to the person who wants/needs it and if it does its job but a rational being’s worth is not determined by how well she/he can be used. 15) what does kant mean by “humanity”? why according to him must the humanity in a person be respected, and treated, as an end in itself? the power/capacity to determine what one does and what ends one pursues on the bases of reason and freedom. because he believes humans are ration agents who make \n 6 plans and deliberate cchoices and should never be sacrificed for anything less valuable (and nothing is more valuable) and have autonomy. 16) give an example in which you treat the humanity in someone as an end in itself, and one in which you treat someone only as a means? end in itself – hiring someone for a skill mererly a means – using someone to get ahead at work 17) is kant saying that it is never okay to treat someone as a means (notice that there is a distinction between treating someone merely as a means and treating them as a means)? it’s okay to use people as a means, so long as they are aware of it, but it’s never okay to use someone merely as a means. 18) explain why the maxim of the false promiser violates the categorical imperative in its expression in the formula of humanity. how does lying to someone involve treating them merely as a means? suppose that i lie to you, but it turns out that you know this and don’t mind. am i still treating you merely as a means when i lie to you? explain your answer. the act of lying violates the necessary morality in the categorical imperative. you are using a person merely as a means by deceiving them to get what you want. you are still treating me as merely a means because you believe i don’t know you’re deceiving me and never gave me an opportunity to agree to your maxim. 19) is kant saying that it is never morally permitted to act in a way that others don’t want? what about sporting competitions? it’s okay to act in a way other’s don’t want so long as hey are not deceived or harmed in a way they are not consenting to. in competition both parties are consenting to be harmed/deceived/beaten by the other in order to win themselves. 20) explain why the maxim of the suicide violates the categorical imperative in its expression in the formula of humanity. do you agree with kant that we have duties to ourselves? because you are violating your own humanity/’personhood. yes, i believe we have duties to take care of ourselves for selfinterest and for the sake of those we care for. ethics additional study questions on kant: 1) in class we talked about two problems with the universal law formulation of the principle of the categorical imperative, or “the universal law test”. first, it seems to \n 7 have the result that maxims that are in fact morally permissible come out according to the test morally impermissible (false negatives), and second, it seems to have the result that maxims that are in fact morally impermissible come out according to the test morally permissible (false positives). give examples of each. explain. false positive – killing an infant for sleep; it’s possible to imagine a world where it works, but the act of murder is morally impermissible false negative – always letting others go first through doors; if it happened universally no one would be able to enter or exit doors but the action is morally okay 2) does the second formulation of the principle of the categorical imperative have the same apparent results? explain. no. with the second formula, there can be shades of grey as to whether or not a person is being treated merely as an end and is up for interpretation, but there are no false positives or negatives. 3) what is the difference between treating someone as a means, and treating someone merely as a means? merely – not giving them an opportunity to agree to maxim means in end – they agree to maxim 4) explain the fundamental moral idea that is expressed by the formula of universal law? the idea is that if an action is immoral, it would not work in society if everyone performed it so immoral actions are irrational. philosophy 1027 study questions on hobbes fall 2009 1) what according to hobbes are desires and aversions? desire – what we love aversions – what we hate 2) how does hobbes explain the difference between desire and love, and between aversion and hate? desire – absence of object love – presense of object aversion – absence of object hate – presense of object \n 8 3) do we, according to hobbes, want something because we think that it is good or valuable, or do we think something good or valuable because we want it? explain your answer. for hobbe’s , something is good because someone loves/desires it, good and evil are relative to individuals. 4) explain hobbes’ analogy between color and value. just as color is not a genuine feature of an object and is simply what is perceived, so is the value of an object. 5) what is a state of nature? what is a state of war? what according to hobbes are the central features that characterize what he calls “the state of nature”? are there any moral laws in the state of nature? all men are equal in body and mind with few resources. the state of war is men living without a common power to keep them in line. the state of nature is war, equality of mind and body, limited resources, and no goverments. there are no moral laws. 6) explain why hobbes thought that the state of nature leads to a state of war? since everyone needs the limited resources, have no government, and are equal in mind and body, people will do whatever it takes to survive. 7) in class we looked the problem in decision theory called “the prisoner’s dilemma” to help us understand what hobbes thought our predicament is in the state of nature. explain the prisoner’s dilemma. why is it a dilemma? two parteners in crime are charged for a crime, but the prosecutor wants to charge at least one person with a larger crime and offers each one a deal. the dilemma is that it is in the best interest of each to congess, but it is better for both of them not to confess and go with their third choice. 8) use the prisoner’s dilemma model to explain why hobbes thinks that rational beings in the state of nature ought to cooperate, and in particular to agree to obey certain rules that constrain the unbridled pursuit of selfinterest. so as to not be a constant state of war and so all parties have rights and happier, longer lives 9) what according to hobbes are the conditions under which we are obligated to follow the rule, “do not that to another, which thou wouldest not have done to thyself”? \n 9 under the theory of a social contract where all parties have respect/cause no harm to one another so long as it’s reciprocated 10) how do you think hobbes would have defended the practice of punishing law breakers? since they opted to break the social contract they no longer are under its protection and therefore face the consequences. 11) under what conditions would a hobbesian political theory defend the right to exercise civil disobedience? when the social contract begins to harm, bot help and the ruling party that enforces it becomes a tyrant. additional study questions on hobbes: 1) why according to hobbes is it rational for each of us to agree to obey moral rules? because the social contract is safety with no war 2) why, according to hobbes, is it rational for each of us actually to obey moral rules? punishment if broken, better to adhere to the contract, no war 3) explain why hobbes’ account of moral obligation encounters problems explaining our moral obligations to small children and animals. because we can’t enter contracts with children and animals yet we seem to have duties to them 4) explain why hobbes would have hard time explaining the idea that some acts, like murder, are intrinsically wrong. because he believes the reason every act might be wrong is because of the social contract, not because things are inherently immoral 5) what is it that the fool has said “in his heart”, and sometimes “with his tongue?” explain. there is not justice/injustice because if it’s in my best interest to break the contract, i should. 6) explain hobbes’ answers to the fool. \n 10 it’s in one’s self interest that they adhere, doesn’t mean the action of breaking the social contract is wise just because it had no immediate consequences, it hurts the fool in the long run.",
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2c503e8e91e7be1a44d8cf7b072a4e2a | ppc ppa ppc ppa ppc ppa | ppc ppa | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "comm 310, week 13: 11/12, 11/14 ppc analytics (price per click) ppc marketing on google ● sponsored links pop up that are not organically searched ○ when you click those links, you have opportunity to see the product and learn more information about it types of search results ● organic search results ○ the natural results given by google based on the webpage’s relevance and quality ○ google uses a complex algorithm to determine the quality and relevance of web pages ○ can be improved by seo ● paid search results ○ you identify words relevant to your product ○ you can bid for keywords on agencies such as bing ads an",
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f0432e38d7b14fc261c24408c846323d | knowing that a 0.02-in. gap exists when the temperature is 758f,
determine (a) the temperature at which the normal stress in the
aluminum bar will be equal to 211 ksi, (b) the corresponding exact
length of the aluminum bar.fig. p2.58 and p2.59 | solved: knowing that a 0.02-in. gap exists when the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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608dc33cd206865fcf312047068cab06 | in problems 9 and 10 determine whether the given first-order differential equation is linear in the indicated dependent variable by matching it with the first differential equation given in (7). (y2 1) dx x dy 0; in y; in x | answer: in 9 and 10 determine whether the given | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib701382 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing inclusive of location, product type, and distributions channels. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on which are the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the cultural perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture and did well. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. geography and product distribution the definition of geography has expanded beyond it’s practical description of a physical location. the idea that geographical perspective is now even more vital to understand as businesses compete in the global market. czinkota and ronkainen (2013) discussed that geographic perspective takes in factors to evaluate geographic patterns for purchasing products and allows the potential for estimating change in consumer purchasing. take into consideration an example of healthy eating and fitness trends and how those trends spread throughout the regions of the u.s. as marketers implement products, they can have insight on how a particular \n 3 product will do within a given region. if a company were to introduce a product that is based upon drinking green shakes and eating meals made of tofu, a marketer could immediately see that the product would do much better in california than it would in let’s say, alabama. it’s not to say that people in alabama wouldn’t eat and drink the new product, but the geographic perspective in the deep south is skewed to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. this same type of concept could also be applied to selling that same product within ethiopia compared to selling in iceland. a large percentage of the population in ethiopia is poverty stricken and the least of their worries is which type of tofu should they buy. residents are more concerned with where they are going to get their next meal, than where to process their shake. iceland residents tend to have a much higher income and standard of living which leads to the consumption of different types of food. iceland residents have a significant population of personnel utilizing the gym and focusing on being health conscious which also leads to a new way of eating. with these geographical factors taken into account, a marketer would certainly push the product to iceland over ethiopia. another very important area to consider in addition to geography is the distribution channel. as distribution channels are considered, one must consider how difficult it is to get a product into a particular region or country. a personal example of this endeavor was during my deployed time in iraq. in order to successfully distribute a product, distribution channels had to be identified early on. to transport products into iraq from other countries is an extremely difficult task. the logistical efforts it took to bring in even the simplest of products into the country required shipments from other countries utilizing ships and aircraft taking months to acquire. if the products were transported by sea, the delivery dates could be pushed back by a \n 4 year or more. once the product made it into middle east, the products would be transported by truck to the military base, and once again the process required additional extensive logistical efforts. even with the correct paperwork and an identified distribution channels, getting products into this country was on some days impossible. in this instance a new business could certainly evaluate the possibility of establishing a manufacturing plant in iraq itself and develop a new distribution channel. location and place the terms location and place may seem as if they are interchangeable, but they are more different than meets the eye. location has an overall definition of a geographical point on a map. place, as czinkota and ronkainen (2013) defined, is not only the location but both natural and human characteristics of that location. things tend to relate to one another at a specific place by their given characteristics. in india, curry is a popular type of food seasoning. as a marketer focuses on india, they could create products such as chicken curry, pork curry, and lamb curry and be relatively certain that another curry product would be successful. if that same marketer took into consideration natural and human features he/she would need to understand how people relate or perceive a product. if a beef curry product was incorporated into this same area, this product has a high probability of failure. a little known fact is that people in india tend to believe that cow are sacred and are not eaten. in this instance, the marketer would either not market to india or they would only market to niche groups that live within india’s borders. not only is the product type important to the location and place it is marketed to, but so is the type of marketing strategy for that place and location. gabrielsson, gabrielsson, and seppäl \n 5 (2012) discussed the effectiveness of a standard marketing strategy and how it compared to that of an adaptive strategy. one strategy may work well in a certain area while another fails miserably. while the standard marketing strategy has its positive points especially the benefit of utilizing economies of scale, there is certainly a need and advantage to utilizing an adaptive strategy. this concept is a basically goes to show that all people are not the same and while we as a race are similar in nature, the environment certainly has a significant impact on the way each country views a product. hollis (2011) further discussed how global marketers must develop branding that will be accepted and appeal to consumers worldwide. once the product is identified, only then should the marketing plan and communication with the global market move forward. international marketing impacts as the discussion is moves further, a marketer must understand how interaction, movement, and region play a role within international marketing. according to czinkota and ronkainen (2013) interaction takes place when the characteristics of several places are the same, while the overall culture may be different. as long as the same set of characteristics and/or beliefs are present, the product should be successful in each of the markets. a marketer must find these similarities and utilize them to his/her advantage. once these areas are identified, a marketer should then market to each of the associated markets by using a similar strategy. by viewing each area as the same, processes are consolidated and a marketer can move away from remaking the wheel. movement takes on a different aspect than interaction. while interaction focuses on identifying similar characteristics of a place and marketing a product to the identified locations, \n 6 movement is the opposite. movement focuses on how places that do not have the same characteristics and their relation to one another. while the places may be different, the challenge of the marketer is to find where the connections lie in the research. as an example of how this process is used, location x is different from location y in a variety of ways. while in location x the company must have 5 commercial ovens to maintain the business. in location y, commercial ovens are not an immediate option, but brick ovens will do a good enough job. by first identifying the differences in the locations, finding the relatable areas and subsequently developing another way to do the same job, success can be found until the ovens can be shipped in. being able to transport the needed items into the area is extremely important in developing business in new, differing, and unrelated areas. region refers to an overall set of places sharing certain characteristics. when the set of characteristics of that certain area are defined marketing becomes easier. an example of a region could be tornado alley. tornado alley extends specifically from northern texas, oklahoma, kansas, and nebraska. a marketing plan could include building shelters all along this area for the protection from tornados. while they may form throughout the u.s., this area dominates in the volume of tornados. this discussion can be taken a bit further. omura, todorova, and chung (2015) developed the discussion on how storage and holding inventory in a region affects the overall pricing of a durable goods. this example certainly applies to crude oil within a given region. the larger the number of barrels of crude oil begin produced and stored in a particular region allows for a reduction in gas prices and vice versa. the u.s. showed this to be true by importing and allowing use of a significant increase of crude oil, and the gas prices dropped by over a \n 7 dollar within in the last few years. robb, liu, lai, and ren (2012) take this discussion to the international market. by analyzing the affects of inventory held within the regions of china. by scaling not only inventory, but the size of stores, and the frequency of store locations, a company will certainly benefit. if there is too much inventory or too many stores, the market will be flooded and prices will be diminished. the opposite is true of too little inventory or too few stores. the pricing will be increased until a competitor comes in and establishes their own location. the idea is to find the correct balance between all factors. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment was to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are not unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the culture and perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. \n 8 \n 9 references czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013) international marketing. mason: southwestern gabrielsson, p., gabrielsson, m., & seppäl, t. (2012). marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance. journal of international marketing, 20(2), 2548. doi:10.1509/jim.11.0068 hollis, n. (2011). globalization in context. journal of advertising research, 513741. retrieved from http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com omura, a., todorova, n., li, b., & chung, r. (2015). convenience yield and inventory accessibility: impact of regional market conditions. resources policy, 44111. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.002 robb, d. j., liu, f., lai, r., & ren, z. j. (2012). inventory in mainland china: historical, industry, and geographic perspectives. international journal of production economics, 135(advances in optimization and design of supply chains), 440450. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.08.020 \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib701382 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing inclusive of location, product type, and distributions channels. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on which are the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the cultural perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture and did well. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. geography and product distribution the definition of geography has expanded beyond it’s practical description of a physical location. the idea that geographical perspective is now even more vital to understand as businesses compete in the global market. czinkota and ronkainen (2013) discussed that geographic perspective takes in factors to evaluate geographic patterns for purchasing products and allows the potential for estimating change in consumer purchasing. take into consideration an example of healthy eating and fitness trends and how those trends spread throughout the regions of the u.s. as marketers implement products, they can have insight on how a particular \n 3 product will do within a given region. if a company were to introduce a product that is based upon drinking green shakes and eating meals made of tofu, a marketer could immediately see that the product would do much better in california than it would in let’s say, alabama. it’s not to say that people in alabama wouldn’t eat and drink the new product, but the geographic perspective in the deep south is skewed to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. this same type of concept could also be applied to selling that same product within ethiopia compared to selling in iceland. a large percentage of the population in ethiopia is poverty stricken and the least of their worries is which type of tofu should they buy. residents are more concerned with where they are going to get their next meal, than where to process their shake. iceland residents tend to have a much higher income and standard of living which leads to the consumption of different types of food. iceland residents have a significant population of personnel utilizing the gym and focusing on being health conscious which also leads to a new way of eating. with these geographical factors taken into account, a marketer would certainly push the product to iceland over ethiopia. another very important area to consider in addition to geography is the distribution channel. as distribution channels are considered, one must consider how difficult it is to get a product into a particular region or country. a personal example of this endeavor was during my deployed time in iraq. in order to successfully distribute a product, distribution channels had to be identified early on. to transport products into iraq from other countries is an extremely difficult task. the logistical efforts it took to bring in even the simplest of products into the country required shipments from other countries utilizing ships and aircraft taking months to acquire. if the products were transported by sea, the delivery dates could be pushed back by a \n 4 year or more. once the product made it into middle east, the products would be transported by truck to the military base, and once again the process required additional extensive logistical efforts. even with the correct paperwork and an identified distribution channels, getting products into this country was on some days impossible. in this instance a new business could certainly evaluate the possibility of establishing a manufacturing plant in iraq itself and develop a new distribution channel. location and place the terms location and place may seem as if they are interchangeable, but they are more different than meets the eye. location has an overall definition of a geographical point on a map. place, as czinkota and ronkainen (2013) defined, is not only the location but both natural and human characteristics of that location. things tend to relate to one another at a specific place by their given characteristics. in india, curry is a popular type of food seasoning. as a marketer focuses on india, they could create products such as chicken curry, pork curry, and lamb curry and be relatively certain that another curry product would be successful. if that same marketer took into consideration natural and human features he/she would need to understand how people relate or perceive a product. if a beef curry product was incorporated into this same area, this product has a high probability of failure. a little known fact is that people in india tend to believe that cow are sacred and are not eaten. in this instance, the marketer would either not market to india or they would only market to niche groups that live within india’s borders. not only is the product type important to the location and place it is marketed to, but so is the type of marketing strategy for that place and location. gabrielsson, gabrielsson, and seppäl \n 5 (2012) discussed the effectiveness of a standard marketing strategy and how it compared to that of an adaptive strategy. one strategy may work well in a certain area while another fails miserably. while the standard marketing strategy has its positive points especially the benefit of utilizing economies of scale, there is certainly a need and advantage to utilizing an adaptive strategy. this concept is a basically goes to show that all people are not the same and while we as a race are similar in nature, the environment certainly has a significant impact on the way each country views a product. hollis (2011) further discussed how global marketers must develop branding that will be accepted and appeal to consumers worldwide. once the product is identified, only then should the marketing plan and communication with the global market move forward. international marketing impacts as the discussion is moves further, a marketer must understand how interaction, movement, and region play a role within international marketing. according to czinkota and ronkainen (2013) interaction takes place when the characteristics of several places are the same, while the overall culture may be different. as long as the same set of characteristics and/or beliefs are present, the product should be successful in each of the markets. a marketer must find these similarities and utilize them to his/her advantage. once these areas are identified, a marketer should then market to each of the associated markets by using a similar strategy. by viewing each area as the same, processes are consolidated and a marketer can move away from remaking the wheel. movement takes on a different aspect than interaction. while interaction focuses on identifying similar characteristics of a place and marketing a product to the identified locations, \n 6 movement is the opposite. movement focuses on how places that do not have the same characteristics and their relation to one another. while the places may be different, the challenge of the marketer is to find where the connections lie in the research. as an example of how this process is used, location x is different from location y in a variety of ways. while in location x the company must have 5 commercial ovens to maintain the business. in location y, commercial ovens are not an immediate option, but brick ovens will do a good enough job. by first identifying the differences in the locations, finding the relatable areas and subsequently developing another way to do the same job, success can be found until the ovens can be shipped in. being able to transport the needed items into the area is extremely important in developing business in new, differing, and unrelated areas. region refers to an overall set of places sharing certain characteristics. when the set of characteristics of that certain area are defined marketing becomes easier. an example of a region could be tornado alley. tornado alley extends specifically from northern texas, oklahoma, kansas, and nebraska. a marketing plan could include building shelters all along this area for the protection from tornados. while they may form throughout the u.s., this area dominates in the volume of tornados. this discussion can be taken a bit further. omura, todorova, and chung (2015) developed the discussion on how storage and holding inventory in a region affects the overall pricing of a durable goods. this example certainly applies to crude oil within a given region. the larger the number of barrels of crude oil begin produced and stored in a particular region allows for a reduction in gas prices and vice versa. the u.s. showed this to be true by importing and allowing use of a significant increase of crude oil, and the gas prices dropped by over a \n 7 dollar within in the last few years. robb, liu, lai, and ren (2012) take this discussion to the international market. by analyzing the affects of inventory held within the regions of china. by scaling not only inventory, but the size of stores, and the frequency of store locations, a company will certainly benefit. if there is too much inventory or too many stores, the market will be flooded and prices will be diminished. the opposite is true of too little inventory or too few stores. the pricing will be increased until a competitor comes in and establishes their own location. the idea is to find the correct balance between all factors. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment was to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are not unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the culture and perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. \n 8 \n 9 references czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013) international marketing. mason: southwestern gabrielsson, p., gabrielsson, m., & seppäl, t. (2012). marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance. journal of international marketing, 20(2), 2548. doi:10.1509/jim.11.0068 hollis, n. (2011). globalization in context. journal of advertising research, 513741. retrieved from http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com omura, a., todorova, n., li, b., & chung, r. (2015). convenience yield and inventory accessibility: impact of regional market conditions. resources policy, 44111. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.002 robb, d. j., liu, f., lai, r., & ren, z. j. (2012). inventory in mainland china: historical, industry, and geographic perspectives. international journal of production economics, 135(advances in optimization and design of supply chains), 440450. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.08.020 ",
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86e811fa69569c654ffe54d87b0584a0 | stream function and vorticity the rotation of a threedimensional velocity field v = 8u, v, w9 is measured by the vorticity v = \_ * v. if v = 0 at all points in the domain, the flow is irrotational. a. which of the following velocity fields is irrotational: v = 82, -3y, 5z9 or v = 8y, x - z, -y9? b. recall that for a two-dimensional source-free flow v = 1u, v, 02, a stream function c1x, y2 may be defined such that u = cy and v = -cx. for such a two-dimensional flow, let z = k # \_ * v be the k-component of the vorticity. show that \_2c = \_ # \_c = -z. c. consider the stream function c1x, y2 = sin x sin y on the square region r = 51x, y2: 0 x p, 0 y p6. find the velocity components u and v; then sketch the velocity field. d. for the stream function in part (c), find the vorticity function z as defined in part (b). plot several level curves of the vorticity function. where on r is it a maximum? a minimum? | solved: stream function and vorticity the rotation of a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " mastering biology questions for exam #2 feb 21 1. what studies of the bridled goby, a coralreed fish, and song sparrows of mandarte island demonstrate? answer: there is a strong densitydependent relationship why? – when population density is high, morality rates are also high relative to fecundity 2. how can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates? answer: population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate why? – even with a decrease in fertility rates, populations can still grow at an exponential rate. 3. if 25 individuals were alive in 1955 and 500 existed in 2013, what is r? answer: 0.052 why? – use calculator 4. if harvesting is not regulated carefully and exploitation is intense, what impact does harvesting have on a population’s age structure? answer: fewer older individuals will be left in the population; there will be relatively more young individuals. why? – how might harvesting affect the population’s life table and growth rate? answer: if relatively older individuals are taken, more resources are available to younger individuals and survivorship and fecundity, and the population’s overall growth rate may increase if too many younger individuals are taken, population growth rate may decline sharply as reproduction stops or slows 5. which is an apt description of a coevoluionary arms race? answer: consumption driving the evolutionary escalation of species traits. why? – this interaction drives evolution of greater offensive and defensive traits. 6. coevolutionary arms races occur between \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ ? answer: predators and prey \n why? – coevolutionary arms races occur between species that directly affect each other and when at least one species is negatively affected by the other species. 7. constitutive defencses are \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ ? answer: always present why? – these traits are not produced in response to attack. feb 28 1. why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? answer: tuna biomagnify the mercury why? tuna eat many sardines that concentrate the mercury in their tissues 2. what is net primary productivity (npp)? answer: plant biomass or organic material that can be consumed why? – npp measues the amount of plant material that is available for consumption after plants have used their component of gpp 3. in general, npp is much higher on land than in oceans. why? answer: the leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean why? – water is a filter that absorbs and removes sunlight 4. a study conducted at hubbard brook experimental forest watershed areas provided experimental evidence that \\_\\_\\_\\_ ? answer: deforestation increases the rate of nutrient loss from ecosystems why? – plant roots reduce nutrient losses 5. what factor most affects nutrient cycling? answer: decomposition why? – the rate of decomposition strongly affects the availability of nutrients and the speed at which they cycle 6. what conditions would lead to low decomposition rates in a marine environment? answer: lack of oxygen why? – stagnant water often has high organic carbon loads 7. why are atmospheric co2 concentrations low in the northern hemisphere in summer and high in the winter? \n answer: photosynthetic activity is increased in the summer relative to the winter 8. most of the net primary productivity that is consumed is used for what purpose? answer: respiration by primary consumers 9. how would the species richness curves on an island be affected if mainland habitats were wiped out by urbanization? answer: it would lower the rate of immigration and increase the rate of extinction why? – in effect, the island would become more remote 10.island biogeography theory is based on which two processes? answer: immigration rates and extinction rates why? – this theory predicts species richness as a function of species finding or leaving a certain area. 11.what pattern do ecologists describe when referring to the latitudinal gradient? answer: the frequent trend for there to be more species in communities at lower latitudes why? – birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and tress show this trend 12.how might a conservation biologist apply the theory of island biogeography in a national park? answer: by ensuring large patches of forest are left undisturbed why? – this would be stimulating mainland habitat march 6 1. where would a hadley cell be found? answer: going from 60 degrees n to 30 degrees n why? – these cells represent the rising and falling of hot and cold air 2. if the earth’s axis were at 90 degrees to the sun, what would be different? answer: there would be no seasons why? – with no variation in day by length, there would be no seasons as we currently define them 3. what terrestrial biome has more biomass belowground than it does aboveground? answer: temperate grassland \n why? grassland plants can have as much as 90% of their biomass belowground 4. which would you expect to see most reduced in a desert plant? answer: leaves why? because moisture is scarce, leaves are often very small to prevent water loss. ",
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b3d6cb56fb1a06e5d98802b73a0776ad | when a resistor is connected by itself to an ac generator, the average power delivered to the resistor is 1.000 w. when a capacitor is added in series with the resistor, the power delivered is 0.500 w. when an inductor is added in series with the resistor (without the capacitor), the power delivered is 0.250 w. determine the power delivered when both the capacitor and the inductor are added in series with the resistor. | solved: when a resistor is connected by itself to an ac | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). ● prostitution was and still is illegal, however prostitution was an easy way to make money. started out as only female prostitutes, but it spread to males too. ● child prostitution was also common. these children were typically runaways, orphans, or abused. ● the idea was that these prostitutes would looks for a foreigner, hopefully an american, who would fall in love with them, take them away to america, and marry them so they could live happily ever after. ● as popularity grew, the business would become more competitive, especially as pimps got involved. ● ***all the rich in russia initially made their money through import/export. ● rich people live in fear because they know there could be hit at any time (in terms of the mafia). ● russia was the “wild east” ● embalming is “the new thing” in russia ● what profession did the men consider the most prestigious? out of the 36 answers, killer and racketeer were 18th. cosmonaut came in dead last along with cab driver. ● of all the people who were most poor, the pensioner suffered the most.*** ● lots of homeless children, many of them orphans. ● in the usa, 1:5 children lives in poverty. ● ***the most important thing for an educated young person in russia, is to earn money. \n ● they want to have nice cars and houses, they want to dress fashionably, they want to have nice things. prices are high, but they don’t save money or invest. ● ***very few young people put their money in a bank. end material for test 3 start material for test 4 ● march 8th is international women's day. on this day, every female is honored, even young school girls (women receive flowers, champagne, gifts, etc…) ● february 23rd is armed forces day. this day is meant to honor all men, however not all women do anything for the men (not the same as for the women). ● lenin promised equality with the men. ● women operated cranes, dug ditches, shoveled snow, cleaned the streets, hauled rails, etc… side by side with men, however they were never paid the same. ● to this day, women never received equal pay for equal work ● ***under communism, women received ⅔ the pay of a male’s for the same job. now, women earn 4050% the average male salary, for the same job. ● women form the majority of the population in russia (53%) they also make up the majority of the workforce (55%) and have the majority of university degrees. ● in the 90’s, females were the first to be laid off. to this day, the majority of the unemployed, are females. if a woman is 40 or older, she will have a very hard time finding a job, solely because of her age.(especially a good paying job). ● young women have a hard time finding a job as well, mainly because employers (predominantly men) do not want to hire young women, because they assume they will want to have children soon and they don’t want to pay for maternity leave and lose a worker. ● ***the highest concentration of females (professional females) in terms of careers are in teaching* and medicine*. below these, are accountants, social work, engineering (split 50/50), and skilled technical workers. \n ● non professionals (not university educated) will be in low skilled, manual labor jobs. the highest concentration of females in these types of careers are street cleaners*, heavy construction work*, and assembly lines*. ● under communism, a woman’s life was exhausting (work, childcare, housekeeping, shopping, cooking, everything). ● ***young women, 1825 were often hired for secretarial positions ● ***why? her youth her sex appeal ● ads would ask for tall women with long legs, blonde hair, and no inhibitions. it was just a beauty contest, they would dress in sexually appealing clothes and strut in front of the audience with a number, this is how they were chosen. they were expected to have sex with their boss. ● there is a shortage of available single men ● currently, there are around 11 million more women than men in russia (in the us, there are 5 million more women than men). ● ***always, in the soviet union, if a woman were not married by the age of 25, she would be considered an “old maid”. there was a negative stigma, like something was wrong with her. ● ***women themselves, do not have a loyal relationship between each other. they do not trust each other, because of the scarcity of men. ● many young people end up living with their parents after getting married, they usually can’t afford to live on their own. ● ***the average age of marriage for women in russia, until 2013, was 22. for men, it was 25. ● they always tended to marry young, under communism, usually she would be 18, he would be 19. ● in the us the average age of marriage is 27 for women and 29 for men. ● the interest in career has strengthened. \n ● divorce usually happens early in the marriage ***before the 5th anniversary, generally, if a divorce is going to occur. ● the majority of newly divorced women, are mothers. ● ***what is most important to women post divorce? her child her career ● in the case of divorce, men rarely get custody of children. ● men will be expected to pay child support, however they rarely do so. ● the thinking for women was, if you were not married by 20, you will not get married. if you do not get a university education before 25, you will never get one. if you do not have a child by 30 you will not have a child. if you do not have a career by 40, you will not have a career. ● ***number one reason for divorce in russia, is alcoholism. 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9127d9e7cdb4e349be3ffb177ca0bc39 | ?problem 1se
find all idempotents in z10, z20, and z30. (recall that a is an idempotent if a2 = a.) | find all idempotents in z10, z20, and z30. (recall that a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw ch 08 hw due: 11:59pm on friday, march 11, 2016 to understand how points are awarded, read the grading policy for this assignment. problem 8.2 a 400g model rocket is on a cart that is rolling to the right at m/sp . the rocket engine, when it is fired, exerts a 9n0 vertical thrust on the rocket. your goal is to have the rocket pass through a small horizontal hoop that is 20m above the launch point. part a at what horizontal distance left of the loop should you launch? express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: x = 6.2m correct a mass on a turntable: conceptual a small metal cylinder rests on a circular turntable that is rotating at a constant rate, as illustrated in the diagram. part a which of the following sets of vectors best describes the velocity, acceleration, and net force acting on the cylinder at the point indicated in the diagram? https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 1/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw hint 1. the direction of acceleration can be determined from newton's second law according to newton's second law, the acceleration of an object has the same direction as the net force acting on that object. answer: a b c d e correct part b letr be the distance between the cylinder and the center of the turntable. now assume that the cylinder is moved to a new locatir/2 from the center of the turntable. which of the following statements accurately describe the motion of the cylinder at the new location? check all that apply. hint 1. find the speed of the cylinder find the speedv of the cylinder at the new location. assume that the cylinder makes one complete turn in a period of timt. express your answer in terms of r andt . answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 2/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw πr v = t hint 2. find the acceleration of the cylinder find the magnitude of the accelerata of the cylinder at the new location. assume that the cylinder makes one complete turn in a period of ti.e express your answer in terms of r andt . hint 1. centripetal acceleration recall that the acceleration of an object that moves in a circular patr with constant speed v has magnitude given by v2 a= r . note that both the velocity and radius of the trajectory change when the cylinder is moved. answer: 2 a = 2π r t 2 answer: the speed of the cylinder has decreased. the speed of the cylinder has increased. the magnitude of the acceleration of the cylinder has decreased. the magnitude of the acceleration of the cylinder has increased. the speed and the acceleration of the cylinder have not changed. correct conical pendulum i a bob of massm is suspended from a fixed point with a massless string ofll (i.e., it is a pendulum). you are to investigate the motion in which the string moves in a cone with haθ.angle https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 3/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw part a what tangential speed,v, must the bob have so that it moves in a horizontal circle with the string always making an angleθ from the vertical? express your answer in terms of some or all of the variablesm ,l, and θ, as well as the acceleration due to gravityg . hint 1. what's happening here? in this situation, which of the following statements is true? answer: the bob has no acceleration since its velocity is constant. the tension in the string is less mga. a component of the tension causes acceleration of the bob. ifθ = 0 the tension in the string would be greater mgan. hint 2. find the vertical acceleration of the bob what is averticalthe vertical component of the acceleration of the bob? answer: avertical= 0 hint 3. find the tension in the string find the magnitude,t , of the tension force in the string. express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables m ,l , andθ, as well as the acceleration due to gravityg . https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 4/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw hint 1. what approach to use you know the vertical acceleration of the bob, and so you know the net vertical force. the force due to the string has both vertical and horizontal components, and so breaking this force into components should allow you to find the magnitude of the tension force, t.ich is answer: mg t = cos θ) hint 4. find the horizontal acceleration of the bob find a general expression ao, the magnitude of the bob's centripetal acceleration, as a function of the tangential speev of the bob. express your answer in terms ofv and some or all of the variablms,l , andθ. hint 1. find the radius of the bob's motion the bob moves uniformly in a circle of what rr?ius express your answer in terms of some or all of the variablms,l , andθ. answer: r = lsin(θ) answer: v2 a = lsin θ) hint 5. find the horizontal force find the magnitudef r, of the inward radial force on the bob in the horizontal plane. express your answer in terms of some or all of the variablms,l , andθ, as well as the acceleration due to gravitg . answer: fr = mgtan(θ) answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 5/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw lsin θ) v = √ lcos θ g correct part b how long does it take the bob to make one full revolution (one complete trip around the circle)? express your answer in terms of some or all of the variablem , l, and θ, as well as the acceleration due to gravityg. hint 1. how to approach the problem since the speed of the bob is constant, this is a relatively simple kinematics problem. you know the speed, which you found in the previous part, and you can calculate the distance traveled in one revolution (i.e., the circumference of the circle). from these two you can calculate the time required to travel that distance. answer: lsin θ) 2π √ gltan θ sin θ) correct ± mass on turntable a small metal cylinder rests on a circular turntable that is rotating at a constant speed as illustrated in the diagram . the small metal cylinder has a mass of 0kg0, the coefficient of static friction between the cylinder and the turntable is 0.080, and the cylinder is locatmd from the center of the turntable. take the 2agnitude of the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.81m/s . https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 6/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw part a what is the maximum speed vmax that the cylinder can move along its circular path without slipping off the turntable? express your answer numerically in meters per second to two significant figures. hint 1. centripetal acceleration if you know a body is in uniform circular motion, you know what its acceleration must be. if a body mf mass is traveling with spev in a circle of radru, what is the magnituda c of its centripetal acceleration? answer: mv 2 r mv r v r 2 v r hint 2. determine the force causing acceleration whenever you see uniform circular motion, there is a real force that causes the associated centripetal acceleration. in this problem, what force causes the centripetal acceleration? answer: normal force static friction weight of cylinder a force other than those above hint 3. find the maximum possible friction force the magnitude fs of the force due to static friction safs≤ fesmax. what isf max in this problem? express your answer numerically in newtons to three significant figures. answer: fmax = 0.157 n hint 4. newton's 2nd law to solve this problem, relate the answers to the previous two hints using newton's 2nd law: f = ma . https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 7/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw answer: vmax = 0.34 m/s correct ± banked frictionless curve, and flat curve with friction a car of massm = 1200kg traveling at 60km/hour enters a banked turn covered with ice. the road is banked at an angleθ, and there is no friction between the road and the car's tires as shown ig = 9.80m/s 2 throughout this problem. part a ∘ what is the radiur of the turn θ = 20.0 (assuming the car continues in uniform circular motion around the turn)? express your answer in meters. hint 1. how to approach the problem you need to apply newton's 2nd law to the car. because you2do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitv /r pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve). hint 2. identify the freebody diagram and coordinate system which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car and the most appropriate choice of coordinate axes? https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 8/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw answer: figure a figure b figure c hint 3. calculate the normal force findn , the magnitude of the normal force between the car and the road. take the positive x axis to point horizontally toward the center of the curve and the positive y axis to point vertically upward. express your answer in newtons. hint 1. consider the net force the only forces acting on the car are the normal force and gravity. there must be a net acceleration in the horizontal direction, but because the car does not slip, the net acceleration in the vertical direction must be zero. use this fact tn.find hint 2. apply newton's 2nd law to the car in the y direction which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the y direction? answer: ∑f =yncosθ+mg ∑f =ynsinθ+mg ∑f =yncosθ−mg ∑f =ynsinθ−mg answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 9/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw n = 1.25×104 n hint 4. determine the acceleration in the horizontal plane take the y axis to be vertical and let the x axis point horizontally toward the center of the curve. by applying ∑f = xa x in the horizontal direction, deae, the magnitude of the acceleration, using your result for the normal force. express your answer in meters per second squared. hint 1. apply newton's 2nd law to the car in the x direction which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the x direction? answer: ∑f = ncosθ x ∑f =xnsinθ ∑f =ncosθ+ mv 2 x r mv 2 ∑f =nxosθ− r answer: a = 3.57 m/s 2 answer: r = 77.9 m correct part b now, suppose that the curve is leθ = 0) and that the ice has melted, so that there is a coefficient of static frictioμ between the road and the car's tires as shown in .μmint, the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road required to prevent the car from slipping? assume that the car's speed is still 6km/hour and that the radius of the curve ms .7.9 express your answer numerically. https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 10/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw hint 1. how to approach the problem you need to apply newton's 2nd law to the car. because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the 2 curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude v /r pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve). hint 2. identify the correct freebody diagram which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car as it goes around the curve?f fr represents the friction force. answer: figure a figure b figure c figure d https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 11/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw hint 3. calculate the net force what is the net forfenet that acts on the car? express your answer in newtons. hint 1. how to determine the net force newton's 2nd law tells you that ∑f = ma ⃗. because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitudv /r pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve). answer: fnet = 4280 n hint 4. calculate the friction force if the coefficient of friction were μqual, what would bef , the magnitude of the force provided by min fr friction? lmt be the mass of the car ang be the acceleration due to gravity. hint 1. equation for the force of friction the force of friction is given by f frμn . hint 2. find the normal force what is the normal forcn acting on the car? enter your answer in newtons. hint 1. acceleration in the y direction because the car is neither sinking into the road nor levitating, you can cona y 0 th.t answer: n = 4 n 1.18×10 answer: μ f = min fr mg f frμ min mg https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 12/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw answer: μ = 0.364 min correct problem 8.6 a 220g block on a 52cm long string swings in a circle on a horizontal, frictionlerpmta .e at 70.0 part a what is the speed of the block? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: m 3.81 s correct part b what is the tension in the string? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: 6.15n correct problem 8.9 suppose the moon were held in its orbit not by gravity but by a massless cable attached to the center of the earth. part a what would be the tension in the cable? use the table of astronomical data inside the back cover of the textbook. express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 13/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw t = 2.01×10 n correct problem 8.14 the weight of passengers on a roller coaster increases%b as the car goes through a dip withma radius of curvature. part a what is the car's speed at the bottom of the dip? express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: v = 14 m s correct pss 8.1 circularmotion problems learning goal: to practice problemsolving strategy 8.1 for circularmotion problems. a cyclist competes in a onelap race around a flat, circular course ofmr . starting from rest and speeding up at a constant rate throughout the race, the cyclist covers the entire s . the mass of the bicycle (including the rider) iskg . what is the magnitude of the net force acting on the bicycle as it crosses the finish line? net problemsolving strategy 8.1 circularmotion problems model: make appropriate simplifying assumptions. visualize draw a pictorial representation. establish a coordinate system with the r axis pointing toward the center of the circle. show important points in the motion on a sketch. define symbols, and identify what the problem is trying to find. identify the forces, and show them on a freebody diagram. solve: newton's second law is 2 (f net) =∑f =ma =r r mv =mω r 2 , r r (f nett= ∑f = mt t, and https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 14/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw (f net)z= ∑f = 0z . determine the force components from the freebody diagram. be careful with signs. solve for the acceleration, and then use kinematics to find velocities and positions. assess: check that your result has the correct units, is reasonable, and answers the question. model the cyclist moves in a circle at an increasing speed. this means that the cyclist has both centripetal and tangential acceleration. moreover, the rate at which the cyclist's speed is increasing is constant. thus, to simplify the problem, you can model the bicycle + rider as a particle in nonuniform circular motion and use constantacceleration kinematics to work out your solution. visualize part a which of the following sets of rtz coordinate axes is the most appropriate for this problem? the black dot represents the bicycle + rider at an arbitrary instant during the race. answer: correct unless otherwise stated, in circularmotion problems always use the usual convention in which the t axis points in the counterclockwise direction. note that the r axis always points from the position of the cyclist to the center of the course, regardless where the cyclist is along the circular course. this means that the direction of the r axis changes as the cyclist moves. part b https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 15/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw identify which of the following forces act on the bicycle + rider system, and sort them accordingly. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. answer: correct since the motion is horizontal, newton's second law requires the vertical component of the net force be zero, that is(f net) = ∑f = 0 z . this means that gravity will cancel out the normal force, and we don't need to z worry about these vertical forces. as for the horizontal forces acting on the cyclist, both rolling friction and air resistance oppose the forward motion of the bicycle, so they must act along the tangential direction, opposite to the velocity vector. static friction, instead, has two effects: it propels the bicycle tires forward (the tires push backward against the earth, and the earth pushes forward on the tires as friction) and prevents the bicycle from sliding sideways. so, it must have both a component along the tangential direction that provides the tangential acceleration and a component along the radial direction that provides the centripetal acceleration. note that although the effects of rolling friction and air resistance can be ignored, static friction cannot be neglected. if you neglect rolling friction and/or air resistance, you would simply end up with an overestimate of the cyclist's tangential acceleration. if you ignore static friction, instead, you would neglect the only force that provides the cyclist's centripetal acceleration, which is an essential element of circular motion. part c below is a top view of the circular course. the black dot represents the bicycle + rider at an arbitrary instant during the race. assume the bicyclist is traveling around the track in the counterclockwise direction. to simplify the problem, also assume that rolling friction is negligible. (this is reasonable because the contact area between the https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 16/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw bicycle tires and the ground is often very small.) draw a freebody diagram showing all the horizontal forces acting on the bicycle. make a reasonable estimation of the direction of each force. draw the vectors starting at the black dot. the location and orientation of the vectors will be graded. the length of the vectors will not be graded. hint 1. how to estimate the direction of drag and static friction ⃗ as explained in the previous part, air resistance (drag) opposes the forward motion of the bicycle, so d must act along the tangential direction, opposite to the velocity vector. static friction, instead, has two effects. it propels the bicycle tires forward (the tires push backward against the earth, and the earth pushes forward on the tires as friction) and prevents the bicycle from sliding sideways. so, f s must have both a component along the tangential direction that provides the tangential acceleration and a component along the radial direction that provides the centripetal acceleration. since the magnitudes and the exact direction of these forces are unknown, it is sufficient to determine the sign of their components to draw a reasonable freebody diagram. to do that, determine the signs of the components of the net force, which must have the same ⃗ ⃗ signs as the tangential and the centripetal acceleration. then, draw f s and d so that their vector sum (the net force) has components with the required signs. answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 17/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw all attempts used; correct answer displayed now, you can complete your pictorial representation. note that although the tangential acceleration (and therefore the tangential force) is constant through the race, the radiflr and accelerationar, as well as the angular velocitω, are not constant. so, you should define unique symbols for these quantities at important points in the motion: for this problem, we'll use the subi to refer to valuefi,r,ai,r ωi) at the moment the race begins and the subscripf to refer to valueff,r,af,r,ω f) at the moment the cyclist crosses the finish line. keep in mind that you are trying to find the magnitude of the net force at thefff,net line, your pictorial representation should look like this: solve part d find ff,net the magnitude of the net force acting on the cyclist at the finish line. express your answer in newtons to two significant figures. hint 1. the net force in terms of its components the magnitude of the net force is given by the usual formula for finding the magnitude of a vector in terms of its components: −−−−−−−− 2 −−−− −−−−− 2 fnet = √ [(fnet)r] +[(f net t . to find the components of the net force acting on the cyclist at the finish line, use newton's second law, as explained in the strategy above. that will require you to calculate the components of the cyclist's acceleration at the finish line. hint 2. find the tangential acceleration https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 18/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw from the problem introduction, you know that the cyclist speeds up at a constant rate or, in other words, accelerates with constant tangential accelerationa t. use the appropriate kinematic equation for motion with constant acceleration to findat. express your answer in meters per second squared to three significant figures. hint 1. motion with constant acceleration for a particle in circular motion with constant tangential acceleration, it is convenient to use the equation for the angular displacement θ of the particle in terms of its angular veloωi and angular acceleration α : 2 θ f θ +ωiδt+ α(it) 1 , 2 where the subscript i refers to initial values at tt = 0, and the subscript f refers to final values at time t = δt . in this problem, in making one complete circuit of the course, the cyclist's angular position changes by 2π . you also know that the cyclist starts from rest, so her initial angular velocity isω = 0 ( ). i hint 2. tangential and angular accelerations recall that for a particle in circular motion, the relationship between the particle's tangential and angular accelerations, a t and α, respectively, is a t rα , where r is the radius of the circular path. answer: 2 at = 0.489 m/s hint 3. find the radial acceleration what is the cyclist's radial acceleration at the finish aine? note that the radial component of the cyclist's f,r acceleration is simply the centripetal acceleration needed to keep the cyclist moving in a circle. express your answer in meters per second squared to three significant figures. hint 1. centripetal acceleration the centripetal acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radru is v2 ar= r = ω r2 , where v is the particle speed, andω is its angular speed. therefore, to find the cyclist's centripetal acceleration at the finish lina,f,r you will need to calculate the cyclist's speevf , or, alternatively, the cyclist's angular velocitω,f, at the finish line. in both cases, you will need to know the cyclist's constant tangential acceleration. hint 2. find the final angular velocity to find the cyclist's final angular velocωty, you can use the kinematic formula for motion with f https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 19/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw constant angular acceleration : ω f ω +αiδt) . considering that the tangential acceleratioat, is related to the angular acceleration by the expression at= rα , wherer is the radius of the circular path, what is the final angular ωef ofty the cyclist? express your answer in radians per second to three significant figures. answer: ωf = 0.209 rad/s answer: 2 a f,r= 6.14 m/s answer: f f,net= 470 n correct assess part e to assess whether your calculations make sense, let's simplify the problem even further and assume air resistance is negligible. in this case, the net force acting on the bicyclist is equivalent to just the force of static friction, and your answer to part d is the magnitudefs. based on this value, what is the minimum coefficient of static friμsion between the race track and the bicycle? express your answer numerically to two significant figures. hint 1. how to approach the problem the magnitude f of the force of static friction is less than or eμ nl, where μ is the coefficient of s s s static friction and is the magnitude of the normal force. therefore, the minimum coefficient of static friction between the race track and the bicycle can be found by solving the equatiof s μ n s , where you use your result from part d asf . s you made use of the relation (fnet)z= ∑f = 0 z previously to justify ignoring gravity and the normal force in calculating the net force, because they had to cancel out. now, use that relation to find the magnitude of the normal force. answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 20/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw μ s = 0.63 correct this is a reasonable value for the coefficient of static friction. actual coefficients of static friction between race tracks and bicycle tires usually range from around 0.4 up to 0.7. if you found that your answer implied a coefficient of 1 or greater, then you would know that you had made a mistake. if you found that the minimum coefficient was very small, less than 0.01 for instance, then you might guess that you had made an error as well. problem 8.20 a toy train rolls around a horizonmadiameter track. the coefficient of rolling friction is 0.15. part a what is the magnitude of the train's angular acceleration after it is released? express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: α = 1.6 ra2 s correct part b how long does it take the train to stop if it's released with an angularpmp ? of 35 express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: δt = 2.2s correct problem 8.21 a popular pastime is to see who can push an object closest to the edge of a table without its going off. you push the 100 g object and release it m. from the table edge. unfortunately, you push a little too hard. the object slides across, sails off the edge, fallsm0 to the floor, and lands cm. from the edge of the table. part a https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 21/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.600, what was the object's speed as you released it? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: m 3.64 s all attempts used; correct answer displayed problem 8.29 communications satellites are placed in a circular orbit where they stay directly over a fixed point on the equator as the earth rotates. these are called geosynchronous orbits. the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit is 3.58 ×10 m (≈ 22,000 miles) . part a what is the period of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit? express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: 24.0 hr correct part b find the value gf at this altitude. express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: m 0.223 s2 correct part c what is the weight of a 2000 kg satellite in a geosynchronous orbit? express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 22/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw 0 n all attempts used; correct answer displayed problem 8.35 you've taken your neighbor's young child to the carnival to ride the rides. she wants to ride the rocket. eight rocket shaped cars hang by chains from the outside edge of a large steel disk. a vertical axle through the center of the ride turns the disk, causing the cars to revolve in a circle. you've just finished taking physics, so you decide to figure out the speed of the cars while you wait. you estimate that thm in diameter and the chains ame long. the ride ∘ takes 1s to reach full speed, then the cars swing out until the chains are 30 from vertical. part a what is the car's speed? express your answer to one significant figure and include the appropriate units. answer: m v = 5 s all attempts used; correct answer displayed problem 8.43 in an amusement park ride called the roundup, passengers stand insidema diameter rotating ring. after the ring has acquired sufficient speed, it tilts into a vertical plane, as shown in the figure . part a https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 23/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw suppose the ring rotates once every s . if a rider's mass iskg , with how much force does the ring push on her at the top of the ride? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: 1230 n correct part b suppose the ring rotates once every s . if a rider's mass iskg , with how much force does the ring push on her at the bottom of the ride? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: 2380 n correct part c what is the longest rotation period of the wheel that will prevent the riders from falling off at the top? express your answer with the appropriate units. answer: 6.19 s correct problem 8.53 a 200g ball on a 6cm long string is swung in a vertical circle about acmo above the floor. the string suddenly breaks when it is parallel to the ground and the ball is moving upward. the ball reachecma height 600 above the floor. part a what was the tension in the string an instant before it broke? express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. answer: https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 24/25 \n 3/11/2016 ch 08 hw t = 26n correct score summary: your score on this assignment is 83.6%. you received 125.44 out of a possible total of 150 points. https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentprintview?assignmentid=4099366 25/25",
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62fa2dd4ef366719602b2b81c41d2d4a | a 5.0-m-diameter merry-go-round is initially turning with a 4.0 s period. it slows down and stops in 20 s. a. before slowing, what is the speed of a child on the rim? b. how many revolutions does the merry-go-round make as it stops? | a 5.0-m-diameter merry-go-round is initially turning with | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " week 6: comparative anatomy ● occipital lo mostly important for sight ● temporal lobe responsible for processing sensory information, includes fusiform gyrus (for face recognition), wernicke’s area (for speech comprehension, primary auditory cortex; medial temporal lobes play important role in encoding episodic memories ● parietal lo includes the somatosensory cortex; lesion in right parietal cortex results in hemineglect syndrome (person doesn’t process stimuli in left visual field) ● frontal lo includes the primary motor cortex, involved in executive functions like decision making, planning, inhibition of unwanted behavior ● gyrusthe ridges formed from the folding of the cortex ● sulcusthe valleys formed from the folds ● axial, coronal, sagittal refer to different kinds of cuts that are made to study the anatomy of the brain \n medial:towards the middle lateral towards the side ● gray matter:regions of the brain that are rich in neuronal cell bodies; includes nuclei of brain, cerebral and cerebellar cortices ● white matter: large axon tracts in the brain and spinal cord, often myelinated ● gyrification inde a way to quantitatively measure the folding of the brain cortex across species; takes the length of the contour along all the gyri/folds and divides it by the length of the actual exposed surface of the cortex ○ gi = complete contour/outer exposed contour ○ a higher gi is associated with more folding of the cortex, and generally indicates higher intelligence (humans have a higher gi than sheep, for example) ● brainstem: sits atop the upper end of the spinal cord and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla; manages reflexive behavior like breathing rate, consciousness, and heart rate; also involved with reward system (covered in the next section) ● hippocampus: important for retention and encoding of episodic memory, but not so much semantic memory ● medial temporal lobes: damage to this area generally results in amnesia that impairs declarative memory, but not so much working memory ● amygdala: part of limbic system that is important for the processing of emotion; also important for acquisition and expression of conditioned fear ● synaptic pruning: the loss or rearrangement of synaptic connections that we don’t use/are no longer necessary ● whisker barrel cortex the primary somatosensory cortex of rodents show overrepresentation for their whiskers → each whisker has a module of cortex called a whisker barrel that is disproportionately large compared to other cortex areas ○ demonstrates the specialization of the brain to the behavior of different species ○ for example, humans have an overrepresentation of fingers in the primary motor cortex \n week 7: reinforcement learning/emotion ● neuroeconomics: the use of neuroscience to resolve issues in economics ○ developed because rational choice models did not accurately predict what people actuall choose, since people don’t always make rational choices ● dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in learning and reward evaluation ● dopaminergic pathways: ○ mesolimbic pathway: vta project to nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia → amygdala, hippocampus, other cortical regions ○ nigrostriatal pathway: substantia nigra projects to dorsal striatum of basal ganglia ● reward prediction erro r vpredicted = reward prediction error ○ gets minimized over time ● rescorlawagner learning: ○ vpredicted = vpredicted + α( r vpredicted) ○ first vpredicted is the value being updated; second and third vpredicted are the initial prediction of the values ○ α= learning rate ○ r = reward value ● temporal difference learninsuccessive states of the world are correlated over time, so our predictions about those states also change and correlate over time ○ reward prediction error guides behavior through temporal difference learning ● autonomic nervous system: responsible for unconscious bodily functions like breathing, digestion, and regulating heart beat ○ sympathetic: prepares the body for fight or flight; release of adrenaline, increases heart rate, perspiration, attention ○ parasympathetic: counters the effects of sympathetic nervous system after the body becomes aroused ● skin conductance response: measured by placing electrodes on the skin surface to measure the electrical activity in response to emotions ○ sweat glands are activated more during emotional arousal → increased electrical conductance ● nucleus accumbens: part of the basal ganglia, vta projects to nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway ● ventral tegmental area (vta dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to nucleus accumbens ● substantia nigr dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia \n week 8: memory ● double dissociatio using experimental behavior tests to dissociate different brain areas and functions ● in the context of tweather prediction task: ○ weather prediction task → 4 cards predicted rain/shine with a certain probability ○ involves working memory/skill learning ○ accuracy in skill learning for control population increases over number of trials ○ amnesiacs (damage to mtl): accuracy improves over time ○ parkinson’s disease (damage to basal ganglia): accuracy doesn’t improve over time ● in context of tpairedassociation task: ○ paired association task→ certain pairings of cards were associated with rain or shine ○ involves episodic memory ○ control and parkinson’s populations have about same accuracies ○ amnesiacs more impaired in accuracy ● from this double dissociation, one can conclude that since damage to basal ganglia → impaired skill learning, and damage to mtl → impaired episodic memory, the basal ganglia and mtl have different functions for memory that are independent of each other ● classical conditioning: ○ unconditioned response (ucr): an innate response to a stimulus ○ unconditioned stimulus (ucs): the stimulus that elicits the ucr ○ conditioned stimulus (cs): an unrelated stimulus paired with the ucs ○ conditioned response (cr): the reflex that happens with presentation of the cs ○ ex: dog salivates (ucr) at sight of food (ucs) → pair bell tone with food → dog salivates (cr) when it hears the bell tone (cs) ● operant conditionin increasing or decreasing a behavior by giving rewards or punishments ● fear conditioninrats are conditioned with a tone (cs) that precedes a mild foot shock (us) → after many trials, rats show change in physiology and react in fear when the tone is presented alone (cs) → show increased blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rates, engagement of sympathetic fight or flight response ● extinctio: removal of unconditioned stimulus when subject repeatedly performs conditioned response → conditioned response decreases in absence of unconditioned stimulus ● contextual fear conditioniwhen a fear response is also elicited by features of the environment, such as parts of the testing chamber where the conditioning took place, as opposed to fear response being elicited by a cue/conditioned stimulus (this is cued fear conditioning) \n ● synaptic consolidatigrowth of new synaptic connections or restructuring of existing ones in the first few hours of learning ● system consolidatio gradual process of reorganization of structures in the brain pertaining to memory after learning, slower process than synaptic consolidation ● standard consolidation theoduring encoding of a memory, details are stored in cortical areas involved in processing different aspects of the event (auditory, visual, etc.) and summary of the event is stored in hippocampus → during storage/consolidation, traces of the memory are stabilized → during retrieval of an event, hippocampus receives a cue that activates the various cortical traces that stored the parts of that event ● multiple trace theo distinguishes between episodic and semantic memories ○ episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus, and each time a memory is reactivated, it leaves a new memory trace in the hippocampus → older memories then have more traces stored in hippocampus and are harder to erase when hippocampus is partially damaged ○ semantic memories are gradually stored in the cortex independently from the hippocampus ● pattern separation: ○ we encode representations very differently in our brains even though they’re visually similar ○ the different representations are encoded by different patterns of brain activity so that they can be encoded as separate memories ● pattern completio using a clue/piece of evidence to trigger a memory of a complete pattern ○ ca3 region has a recurrent collateral mechanism → input causes a pattern that’s associated with a memory ○ if the input is incomplete, then the input associates back to itself and activates other connections at the same time, completing the pattern ● subsequent memory paradigm: can be used to distinguish between brain activity for encoding vs. retrieval of memories ○ subjects study a series of items while brain activity is recorded ○ subjects perform encoding trials, requiring them to remember some of the studied items and forgetting others ○ encoding trials are then labeled as subsequently remembered or subsequently forgotten depending on how the subjects did ○ brain activity during these two trials are then compared using data from eventrelated potentials brain structures important for memory: ● prefrontal corteworking memory ● medial temporal lob involved in episodic memory ● hippocampus: integrates memory traces from cortices when encoding memory, then activates all traces when retrieving memory ● basal gangli important for skill learning \n ● amygdala: important in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning ● cerebellum:error correction and learning ● sensory cortexperceptual priming week 9: synapse ● synapse:the space between neurons ● axon termina the end of the axon ● presynaptic/postsynap the neuron before vs after the synapse ● electrical synap current flows from presynaptic neuron into postsynaptic neuron ○ pre and post synaptic neurons are linkap junction ○ gap junction contains specially aligned ion channels that allow ions to pass through ○ transmission across gap junction can go either way and is really fast ● chemical synapse communication between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters/chemicals ○ space between pre and postsynaptic neurons is cynaptic cl space is much larger than a gap junction ○ presynaptic neuron haesicle small spheres, membranebounded, contains neurotransmitters ● voltage gated ion channpens/closes based on electrical current ● ligand gated ion channpens/closes depending on chemical that binds to it ● ionotropic receptolinked directly to ion channels ○ contains an extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters, and membranespanning domain that creates an ion channel ○ combines neurotransmitter binding and ion channel functions ○ made up of several units ○ create rapid postsynaptic potentials ● metabotropic receptoactivate ion channels by activation of intermediate called gprotein ○ contains extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters and intracellular site that binds g proteins ○ binding of neurotransmitter → binding and activation of g protein → g protein interacts directly with ion channels or other proteins ○ consist of single units ○ create slower postsynaptic potentials ● ca2+: ○ in vesicle release: calcium ion voltage gated channels open when action potential reaches axon terminal → influx of ca2+ into the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles to fuse with neuronal membrane and empty neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft \n ○ in ltp: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell, triggering ltp ● neurotransmitter reuptak neurotransmitters that was emptied into the synapse by the presynaptic cell get taken back into the presynaptic cell ● excitator increase likelihood of action potential firing in postsynaptic cell ● inhibitor decrease likelihood of action potential firing ● glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for brain function; nearly all excitatory neurons activated by glutamate ○ its precursor is glutamine ● dopamine: reward evaluation and learning ● serotoninmood regulation, also mediates gut regulation ○ precursor is tryptophan ○ binds to 5ht receptor ● long term potentiatia longlasting increase in neural transmission between two neurons, results in strengthening of synapses ● nmda receptor: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell ○ ltp is triggered when the presynaptic neuron fires to release glutamate while the postsynaptic cell is depolarized at the same time → strengthens the synapse between the neurons and in turn changes the gene expression of the cell → increases the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptnmda ll ( upregulation) week 10: ● autism spectrum disordeneurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication, social interactions, repetitive stereotyped behaviors ○ different from other disorders by having social deficits as core symptom ○ dsm criteria: impairment using nonverbal behavior, failure to develop peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share interests with others, lack of social/emotional reciprocity ○ difficulty processing faces, emotional expressions, and biological motion ○ reduced activation in fusiform gyrus and amygdala when viewing faces ○ difficulty integrating parts into wholes/synthesizing information ○ difficulty following gaze/using gaze to infer other people’s intentions ○ tend to analyze problems by applying rigid rules ● pathway for face processinpathway begins in occipital lobe upon seeing a face ○ divided into ventral and dorsal pathways that process in parallel \n ○ ventral: processes invariant aspects of face, discriminates faces from other objects and other faces, includes fusiform face area → sent to anterior temporal lobe, where face is linked with semantic/episodic knowledge about the person ○ pathway important for person recognition ○ dorsal: processes changeable aspects of faces like perception of eye gaze and expressions, superior temporal sulcus → limbic system (emotion processing), auditory complex (speech perception), and intraparietal sulcus (spatial attention processing) ○ ventral pathway: occipital lobe → fusiform face area → anterior temporal lobe ○ dorsal pathway: occipital lobe → superior temporal sulcus → limbic system, auditory complex, intraparietal sulcus ● mirror neurons: discovered in macaque monkeys in inferior prefrontal gyrus ○ increase activity when grasping action is performed and also when grasping action of another person/animal is viewed ○ may be important in understanding empathy, theory of mind, and language acquisition ○ evidence for mirror neurons in humans is suggestive but do not have same anatomical features as those found in monkeys ● theory of mind:inferring the mental states of others, attributing actions of others to their beliefs, goals, desires, feelings ● join attentio directing your attention to something that is cued by someone else ● savant syndrome: people who have mental disabilities such as autism but possess abnormally high capabilities in specific areas ventral medial prefrontal cortreceives and regulates sensory input temporoparietal junction border between parietal and temporal lobes; contributes to outofbody experiences fusiform face area face recognition and person identification superior temporal sulcus processes changeable aspects of faces like eye gaze and expressions, projects to the limbic system during face perception amygdala: activity in this area related to implicit racial biases ",
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db242beecc936e01ddc8ba1b7cb68731 | the hall voltage across a conductor in a 55 mt magnetic field is 1.9 mv. when used with the same current in a different magnetic field, the voltage across the conductor is 2.8 mv. what is the strength of the second field? | the hall voltage across a conductor in a 55 mt magnetic | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "nutrition 2000: exam 3 study guide part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. decreased bone mass due to aging, genetic background, and a poor diet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 2. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by edema, mild to moderate weight loss, maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat, growth impairment, a fatty liver, and onsets quickly. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 3. water that is inside the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 4. the hardening of the cornea and drying of the surface of the eye, which can result in blindness. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 5. a condition caused by a vitamin d deficiency; characterized by bowed legs, enlarged head, joints, and ribcage, and a deformed pelvis.\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 6. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by severe weight loss, wasting of muscle and fat, severe growth impairment, and develops gradually. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 7. the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 8. when the skin turns a yelloworange color, particularly on the hands and the soles of the feet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 9. anemia that eventually leads to death. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 10. the softening of bones in adults due to a vitamin d deficiency. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 11. water that is outside of the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. proteins regulate and maintain body functions and provides the essential form of nitrogen. \n 13. the proteins in our bodies are made up of twenty different amino acids; eleven are essential, nine are nonessential. 14. the fat soluble vitamins are b and c. 15. vitamin d deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. vitamin d helps to regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. 17. water makes up 3060% of the body’s weight. 18. ions control the movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 19. iron is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. zinc deficiency was first discovered in the 1960’s in the middle east. 21. humans absorb 60% of the sodium they consume. 22. chloride is a major negative ion in the extracellular fluid. \n 23. vitamin e acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant. part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. what are the general functions of proteins? 25. in ages 5065, what is a low protein diet associated with? 26. in ages 66+, what is a low protein diet associated with? 27. what are the building blocks of proteins and what is their chemical structure? 28. is protein shape necessary for function? 29. how is a protein’s primary structure determined? 30. what does mrna do? 31. what is the amino acid structure? what makes an amino acid its own? 32. how are amino acids connected? \n 33. how can a protein be denatured? 34. what acid in the stomach denatures the proteins during digestion? 35. what enzyme breaks down the peptide bonds? where is it released and how does it work? 36. what hormone regulates the enzyme from question 35? how is it released? 37. what does the hormone cck do? 38. what is celiac disease? what is its prevalence in the us? 39. how are amino acids absorbed? 40. how are amino acids used in the liver? 41. what are the functions of proteins in the body? \n 42. what do amino acids leave behind in the body and how is it excreted? 43. what is the rda for protein? 44. what are the top five contributors of protein in a western diet? 45. what are the alternatives to a high protein diet? 46. what are the two proteinenergy deficiencies discussed in class? what are the symptoms? 47. what are vitamins? do they produce energy? 48. what are the fat soluble vitamins? 49. what are the water soluble vitamins? \n 50. what are the functions of vitamins? 51. what are the function of vitamin a? 52. what are the functions of vitamin d? 53. what are the functions of vitamin e? \n 54. what are the functions of vitamin k? 55. what are the functions of vitamin c? 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. 57. what controls fluid movement? \n 58. what are the functions of water? 59. describe what happens at the percentages of water loss. 60. what is aldosterone? 61. what does over consumption of water lead to? 62. what does bioavailability depend on? 63. what are the two mineral binders discussed in class? 64. what are the major minerals? 65. what are the functions of calcium? \n 66. how can you maintain bone density? 67. what are the functions of sodium? 68. what are the functions of chloride? 69. what are the functions of potassium? 70. what are the trace minerals? 71. what are the two types of iron? 72. what can iron deficiency cause? 73. how can excess iron hurt the body? \n 74. what are the functions of zinc? 75. how is zinc absorbed? 76. what are the functions of selenium? 77. what are the functions of iodide? 78. what can iodide deficiency cause? 79. what are the functions of copper? 80. how is copper absorbed? 81. what is wilson’s disease? \n part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. osteoporosis 2. kwashiorkor 3. intracellular fluid 4. xerophtalmia 5. rickets 6. marasmus 7. osmosis 8. hypercarotenemia 9. pernicious anemia 10. osteomalacia 11. extracellular fluid part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. true 13. false; nine are essential and eleven are nonessential. 14. false; the fat soluble vitamins are a, d, e, and k. 15. false; vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. true 17. false; water makes up 5070% of the body’s weight. 18. true 19. false; calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. true 21. false; we absorb 100% of the sodium we consume. 22. true 23. true \n part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. regulates and maintains body functions and provides essential form of nitrogen (in the form of amino acids) 25. decreased mortality rates 26. increased mortality rates 27. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. amino acids contain nitrogen bonded to a carbon 28. yes; primary structure lead to the protein higher order structure. this causes the protein to get into a specific shape. this shape is necessary for the protein to function properly 29. the protein's primary structure is determined by the dna. dna is kept in the cell's nucleus. 30. the information of the protein's primary structure gets transcribed into messenger rna (mrna). mrna leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome (rough er) where the protein gets translated (made). 31. one central carbon surrounded by an acid group, an amino group, some sort of side group, and hydrogen. the side group for each amino acid is different, making each amino acid unique. 32. amino acids are connected together by a peptide bond. 33. by heat, strong acids, bases, and heavy metals. 34. hydrochloric acid (hcl) 35. pepsin (enzyme) breaks the peptide bond of proteins resulting in protein fragments. pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in the stomach and is activated by the acidic environment. 36. gastrin regulates the release of pepsin. it's released in response to thinking about food and chewing and digesting food. 37. cck causes pancreas to release proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins 38. incomplete gluten breakdown in small intestines leaving small peptides and amino acids. results in an inflammatory response to peptides and amino acids. prevalence in the us: 1 in 133 39. amino acids are taken up by the capillaries and taken to the liver by the portal vein. \n 40. used as building blocks for liver proteins, broken down for energy, can be released into the blood, and can be converted into nonessential amino acids, glucose, or fat. 41. producing vital body structures body is in a constant state of turnover. producing proteins and disassembling proteins. what happens in protein inadequacy producing proteins slows down muscles, blood proteins, and vital organs decrease in size. brain resists breakdown o maintaining fluid balance blood proteins attract fluids. if protein are inadequate, the fluid shifts into the tissues called edema. o contributing to acidbase balance act as buffers maintain ph within a narrow range keeps blood in an alkaline state. o forming hormones and enzymes hormones allow us to communicate between cells. enzymes catalyze reactions in the cells. transport and signaling receptors o transport brings nutrients into the cells. signaling receptors are used for communication in the cell o contributing to the immune function antibody production if there is protein deficiency, there is a decrease in immune function. o providing energy is need for prolonged exercise and calorie restriction however, cells use primarily fats and cho more efficient way to get energy. it wastes calories to metabolize amino acids for energy. o forming glucose amino acids can converted into glucose when blood sugar is low. during starvation: muscle wasting and edema results from protein breakdown. glucogenic amino acids are the only ones that can be used for glucose. use both nonessential and essential amino acids o contributes to satiety proteins provide the highest feeling of satisfaction after eating. may contribute to calorie control during weight loss \n 42. the breakdown of amino acids leave behind ammonia. ammonia is turned into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys during urination. 43. 0.8 grams per kilogram per body weight. 44. beef, poultry, milk, white bread, and cheese. 45. vegetarian or a vegan diet. 46. 47. essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body. yield no energy. 48. a,d,e,k 49. b,c 50. to facilitate energy yielding chemical reactions and function as coenzymes. 51. promotes vision, prevents drying of the skin and eyes, maintains epithelial cells, promote immune function, and promotes growth. \n 52. helps regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. it works with the parathyroid hormone, helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine, regulates the deposition of calcium in the bone and regulates the excretion of calcium from the kidney. 53. acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant to help protect the components of cells. 54. vital for blood clotting, and also activates proteins present in bone, muscle, and kidneys to give calcium binding ability to the organs. 55. formation of collagen which strengthens tissues, formation of other compounds (carnitine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and acts as an antioxidant. 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. folate: functions as a single carbon supplier or donor, and adds a coenzyme to help for dna and metabolize various amino acids and their derivatives. vitamin b6: needed for the activity of many enzymes, important in amino acid metabolism, necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, important for hemoglobin synthesis, and is necessary for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. vitamin b12: required to convert folate into its active form and maintains the myelin sheaths that insulate neurons. thiamin (b1): helps release energy from carbs. riboflavin (b2) and niacin (b3): both aid in energy metabolism and are coenzymes. 57. ions control the movement of water in between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 58. solvent for chemical reaction in water, helps regulate temperature, helps remove waste products, cushions and lubricates. \n 59. 12%: thirst mechanism occurs 4%: muscle lose strength and endurance 1012%: heat tolerance is decreased. 20%: a coma and perhaps death. 60. released from the adrenal glands when blood volume decreases and communicates with kidneys to conserve water and salt. 61. dilutes the sodium levels causing nausea, confusion, vomiting, headaches, muscle weakness, and convulsions. 62. the soil it’s grown in and our ability to absorb it. 63. oxalates: found in spinach; binds calcium phytates: found in grains; binds calcium, iron, zinc, others. 64. calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. 65. regulates transport of ions across the cell membrane, helps maintain blood pressure, essential for muscle contractions, essential for secretion of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc., & is essential for blood clotting 66. get an adequate amount of calcium and vitamin d in your diet, exercising and estrogen. 67. fluid balance between compartments, nerve impulse conduction and absorption of glucose. 68. a major negative ion for extracellular fluid and is used in producing stomach acid. 69. important in fluid balance and nerve transmission. 70. iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, chromium, fluoride, etc. 71. heme and nonheme iron 72. anemia 73. impaired physical and mental activity, fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased learning ability, attention span. 74. growth, wound healing, sexual maturity, taste perception \n 75. absorption depends on body needs. phytic acid binds to zinc and limits availability. high calcium intake decreases zinc absorption. zinc competes with iron and copper for absorption. 76. indirect antioxidant, works with vitamin e to help protect cell membranes from oxidizing agents. binds to enzymes to protect against oxidation. may have anticancer properties. 77. used in the production thyroid hormone 78. cells of the thyroid enlarge in attempt to trap more iodine. called goiter. people are sluggish and gain weight. during pregnancy, deficiency can cause extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation of developing baby. 79. involved in the metabolism of iron by functioning in the formation of hemoglobin and transport iron. also involved in the formation of connective tissue. is a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes. 80. absorption is highly variable. higher intakes associated with lower absorption efficiency. phytates, fiber, excess zinc and iron supplements interfere with absorption. 81. a genetic disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the tissues. characterized by damage to the liver, nervous system, and other organs.",
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296572ae0c4dacb7987a6ce1e8ab30ee | assume two individuals, a and b, are traveling by car and initially are 400 miles apart on a highway. they travel toward each other, pass and then continue on. a. if a is traveling at 60 miles per hour, and b is traveling at 40 mph, write two functions, da(t) and db(t), that describe the distance (in miles) that a and b each has traveled over time t (in hours). b. now construct a function for the distance dab (t) between a and b at time t (in hours). graph the function for 0 t 8 hours. c. at what time will a and b cross paths? at that point, how many miles has each traveled? d. what is the distance between them one hour before they meet? an hour after they meet? interpret both values in context. (hint: if they are traveling toward each other, the distance between them is considered positive. once they have met and are traveling away from each other, the distance between them is considered negative.) e. now construct an absolute value function that describes the (positive) distance between a and b at any point, and graph your result for 0 t 8 hours. | assume two individuals, a and b, are traveling by car and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70128 richard thompson, phd global economic environment assignment 3 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction as each country’s government formulate trade policies, they must evaluate competiveness in world markets. this evaluation is conducted by assessing strengths and weaknesses, macro and microeconomic facts inclusive of political, social, legal, and economic conditions, stability and risk factors for investment, resource capabilities, societal needs, and trade patterns and trade relations with other countries. policies can encourage foreign direct investment, new venture formation, free movement of capital and technology, and also assist economic growth in the country. trade policies can also restrict and hinder trade among nations in the shortrun, and in the longrun continued implementation of certain policies can affect economic growth. this week’s assignment allows for an analysis of the effects of tariffs and nontariff barriers as well as the effects on business and policymaking. this analysis will be completed by addressing the following areas: (a) import and export restraints, (b) nontariff trade barriers, and (c) trade policy. import and export restraints import and export restraints that govern foreign trade can affect a country both positively and negatively. while trade restraints raise employment rates in protected industries by increasing price or decreasing supply, these same restraints can also create undue harm. if a country does not allow particular type of product to enter into the country, competition will be limited to those domestic manufacturers. while this is may be a positive aspect for domestic manufacturers, the suppliers, and employees associated with the products, the consumer will end up paying the price. by decreasing competition, the producer of the product can increase price. if price increases, sales will decrease, and if sales decrease, the economy will begin to suffer \n 3 (carbaugh, 2013). by limiting competition, the potential for the development of monopolies is more likely. with this concept in mind, it is the monopoly and those affiliated with the monopoly that become wealthy. in the longrun everyone else will be negatively affected by the monopoly (ghosh & meagher, 2015). now, while limiting competition and the development of monopolies is a negative concept, the opposite can also be true. by allowing open trade and permitting everyone to enter the market, the market can become saturated and unattractive to new investors. if there is too much competition, the profitability becomes extremely limited, which will limit those willing to enter a particular market. this limitation may keep new or better products from entering the market, reduce product quality, and push certain competitors out of the market altogether (ghosh & meagher, 2015). for example, if there are 15 hot dog vendors at the ballpark, and each hot dog tastes about the same, what benefit would there be to adding a 16 vendor? the 16 would acquire the meager profits that each of the other vendors are earning, and those profits would be purely based upon the value the vendor provides. this value could include such variables including the location of the hotdog stand and a shorter wait time. now, as we look at restraining trade and limiting the amount of goods being imported into a country, an identification those barriers that are specifically set up for this purpose. one particular barrier that governments put in place to restrict trade are tariffs. tariffs, are defined as a tax that is placed upon products that are imported, are also potential restraints to trade imports. nations will attempt to control international competition to secure its own place and provide products to their own populations. without the tariffs, domestic businesses would potentially lose business by selling a superior product to other countries selling a lesser product at a lower \n 4 price (carbaugh, 2013). tariffs are designed to provide entry into a particular market that is less attractive. by implementing a tax on the producer of goods, the bottom line is decreased and the producer may find a better use of it’s time and resources. if a company can acquire a higher return on investment in a country with a bit more competition and a smaller tariff; the company may be more willing to conduct business. the tariff serves as a barrier to entry that certainly will limit international competition. it also serves as a gate by controlling how much or who enters the country with a simple adjustment of the rate. nontariff trade barriers (ntbs) nontariff trade types of barriers are also put in place to provide restrictions to international trade. ntbs are defined as those restrictions to trade that are not in the form of a tariff. ntbs can be implemented through changes to policy, altering prices or quantities provided by one nation, or by developing incentives to either produce or consume traded goods (marandu, phambukansimbi, & thomas, 2012). examples of ntbs include: (a) import quotas, (b) tariffrate quotas, (c) voluntary export restraints, (d) subsidies, and (e) domestic content requirement (raynolds, 2012). a specific example of how a ntb is utilized is affiliated with global food prices. by implementing an export tax on food, the world’s food supply is more secure. farmers may not appreciate the limitation that is placed on selling the items produced, but without the restraint, food supplies would certainly be affected. if a farmer could sell the same product internationally for a better price, would he/she not be incentivized to sell to the highest bidder? the food products would then be shipped out of the country, limiting the food supply domestically. this shortage would then raise prices domestically and another set of issues would ensue (rutten, shutes, & meijerink, 2013). \n 5 discuss the longterm impact of trade barriers on a nation the longterm impact of trade barriers on a nation can be severe. as previously discussed, placing trade barriers can limit competition and increase the likelihood of monopoly formation. if monopolies are formed and competition limited, the price of goods are likely to increase, causing a reduction in sales and a decrease of overall gdp. in addition, trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas could cause a country’s currency to appreciate. by doing so, inflation would increase and exchange rates would be affected (carbaugh, 2013). overall, the barriers in the longrun can significantly impact a nation not only in competiveness, but can also significantly influence inflation, ultimately leading to a recession. the balance of utilizing trade barriers effectively, not only promotes domestic producers, but allows nations to participate as global players developing a wellrounded nation. something to keep in mind would be increasing trade barriers and limiting technological innovation. what would happen if the u.s. implemented additional trade barriers on japan or china? this would potentially cause the u.s. to miss out on automotive and pharmaceutical innovations. trade policy while restrictive trade policies may be vital to a nation’s domestic agenda in the short run, the negative aspects created in the longrun can cause significant damage. to ensure a nation’s government can benefit from trade, a number of recommendations can be implemented. a first step would certainly become a member of the world trade organization (wto). while the wto is not designed to govern the international trade market, it does have many benefits. the wto implements agreements, fosters transparency, and helps to enforce rules by settling disputes in the international marketplace. the wto also provides an external or thirdparty \n 6 viewpoint to nations as their own trade policies are being developed (desierto, 2015). other recommendations could include utilizing tariffs and other trade barriers as tools rather than weapons that cold result in economic stagnation. by managing the tool and providing a balance between how much restriction is provided and when and how to relax the tariff could enhance the standard of living for a nation’s residents (carbaugh, 2013). in addition, a tariff rate quota could be utilized. this is a less restrictive tariff that provides for a reduced trade barrier that can be effective in meeting domestic and international trade needs. a tariffrate quota implements the use of tarifflike and quotalike characteristics by only allowing a certain number of goods to be imported at a given rate. any import over a specified rate would then be subject to a higher tariff. the tariffrate quotas are able to be carried over from one year to another until the quota is met (carbaugh, 2013). conclusion developing an effective trade policy is vital for a nation’s success. by limiting competition to only domestic firms, a nation limits the type of goods imported which reduces the benefits and capabilities provided by other countries. without accepting technological developments from japan or china, the u.s. would potentially miss out on a variety of innovations. although, the opposite side of the coin can also be true if there are too many imports and too much acceptance of foreign imports. the overall importing economy can become weak by injecting funds into other economies and ignoring the domestic agenda. a balance must be achieved with the trade policy, which will allow a healthy competition to exist as well as allow nations to benefit from the newest technologies and innovation. it also should be noted that appropriate trade policies can allow a comparative advantage to be developed that \n 7 will stimulate new technologies for the human race. in addition, trade policies must assess strengths and weaknesses, but macro and microeconomic facts inclusive of political, social, legal, and economic conditions, stability and risk factors for investment, resource capabilities, societal needs, and trade patterns and trade relations with other countries. without taking each variable into consideration, a nation can experience a wide variety of negative outcomes, but by taking each into consideration a healthy balance can be achieved. references carbaugh, r. (2013). international economics. (14th ed.) florence, ky: southwestern desierto, d. d. (2015). balancing national public policy and free trade. pace international law review, 27(2), 549612 ghosh, a., & meagher, k. (2015). the politics of infrastructure investment: the role of product market competition. journal of economic behavior and organization, 119308329. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.08.017 raynolds, l. t. (2012). fair trade: social regulation in global food markets. journal of rural studies, (28)3, 276–287. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.03.004 rutten, m., shutes, l., & meijerink, g. (2013). sit down at the ball game: how trade barriers make the world less food secure. food policy, 38110. doi:10.1016/ j.foodpol.2012. 09.002 marandu, e. e., phambukansimbi, c., & thomas, a. o. (2012). perceived prevalence of non tariff barriers: a conceptual and empirical analysis. journal of global business & technology, 8(1), 1635 ",
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37ba3ed1d9e22fc5e07fadcb3ffbf359 | what evidence supports the conclusion that earth has a hot core? | what evidence supports the conclusion that earth has a hot | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 notes: social psychology week april 3 april 10 a. social psychology: the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. 12.1 how does group membership affect people? humans have an overriding motivation to fit with the group. interpersonal attachments motive have evolved for adaptive purposes. a. social brain hypothesis (dunbar) large prefrontal cortexes because of the high dynamic and complex social groups. i. people favor their own groups a. formation ofingroup (belong groups) anutgroups o not belong groups) b security from predators and assistance in hunting and gathering food. c. better mating opportunities i. two conditions appear to be critical for group formation: a. reciprocity: “if you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours” i. reciprocity means that if person a helps (or harms) person b, then person b will help (or harm) person a. b. transitivity “people generally share their friend’s opinions of other people” b. outgroup homogeneity effect: the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. c. social identity the the idea that in groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. d. ingroup favoritism the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors. the power of group membership is so strong that people exhibit ingroup favoritism even if the groups are determarbitrary processes. a. minimal group paradigm: the basis of group membership occurred even when the participants were told that the basis of group membership was arbitrary. \n b. women show a much greater automatic ingroup bias toward other women than men do toward other women. e. various brain regions (including the fusiform face area, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the amygdala) are differentially active when we consider ingroup versus outgroup members. f. the medial prefrontal cortex is less active when people are members of outgroups. ii. groups influence individual behavior a. social facilitation: the presence of others enhances performance. occurs in other animals i. zajonc’s model: animals are predisposed to become aroused by the presence of others of their own species. arousal leads animals to emit a dominant response. this model predicts that social facilitation can either enhance or impair performance. the change depends on whether the response that is required in a situation is the individual’s dominant response. i.e. crowds do not distract professional players while they will distract amatuer players due to pressure. b. deindividuation: reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group i. stanford prison study: this experiment demonstrate what people are willing to do when put in a situation with defined social roles. c. group decision making: riskyshift effect :groups often make riskier decision than individuals do. i.group polarization : the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. ii.groupthink: the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased d. social loafing: the tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone. occurs when people’s efforts are pooled so that individuals do not feel personally responsible for the group’s output. iii. people conform to others a. conformity: altering one’s beliefs/behaviors to match those of other people \n b. influence: i. normative influence occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in with the group and to avoid looking foolish ii.nformational influence occurs when people assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. autokinetic effect: power of conformity in social judgement. c. social norms: expected standards of conduct influence behavior d. the asch and sherif studies. i. groups enforce conformity, and those who fail to go along can be rejected. ii people tend to conform to social norms, even when those norms are obviously wrong. iii.) when do people reject social norms? group size too small lack of unanimity (any dissent from majority opinion can diminish the influence of social norms. anxiety of social exclusion (actually appeared as a signal in the amygdala iv. people are often compliant a. compliance: the tendency to do things requested by others: i. footinthedoor effect: once people commit to a course of action, they behave in ways consistent with that commitment. ii. door in the face people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request. iii. lowballing strategy once a person has committed to an option, then deciding to do so by spending a bit more money does not seem like such a big decision. v. people are obedient to authority \n a. milgram’s famous study demonstrated the tendency to follow the directions of authority. (experimentee was a teacher administering shocks to conduct a test) some situations produced less obedience i. nearly twothirds completely obeyed all the experimenter’s directives. 12.2 when do people harm or help others? vi. many factors can influence aggression a. aggression: any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. another factor that influences aggression is heat. b. biological factors: i. genetic research has identified the role of the maoa gene in aggression: a. maoa is not a “violence gene.” b. associated with amygdala and neurotransmitters(serotonin) c. maoa gene controls the amount of mao, an enzyme that regulates the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine. ii. the hormone testosterone also appears to have a modest correlation with aggression. however a particular form of the gene appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors. iii ) the prefrontal cortex is important for controlling emotional and behavioral reactions. c. social and cultural factors. i. culture of honor: men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. vii. many factors can influence helping behavior a. prosocial: actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping by providing benefits to others, prosocial behaviors promote positive interpersonal relationships. b. altruistic behavior: providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so: natural selection occurs at the genetic level rather than at the individual level. \n inclusive fitness (hamilton’s): the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival. people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes, also known as kin selection. i. kin selection ii. reciprocal helping: robert rivers: one animal helps another because the other may return the favor in the future. viii. some situations lead to bystander apathy a. bystander intervention effect: failure to offer help to someone in need if other bystanders are around. i. diffusion of responsibility : bystanders expect other bystanders to help. thus the greater the number of people who witness someone in need of help, the less likely it is that any of them will step forward. ii. social blunders: people feel less constrained from seeking help as the need for help becomes clearer. iii. wish to be anonymous people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so. iv. how much harm do they risk to themselves by helping? v. kitty genovese 38 witnesses and still none of them could do anything to stop the murder. ix. cooperation can reduce outgroup bias a. sherif's robbers cave experiment: among strangers, competition and isolation created enemies among enemies, cooperation created friends. b. shared superordinate goals — goals that require people to cooperate — reduce hostility between groups. c. jigsaw classroom i. children in jigsaw classrooms grow to like each other more and develop higher selfesteem than do children in traditional classrooms. dependent on one another to achieve a task as a group. each person is specialized in one thing. \n 12.3 how do attitudes guide behavior? a. attitudes are evaluations of: i. objects. ii. events. iii. ideas. and are shaped by social context and play an important role in how we evaluate and interact with people. x. people form attitudes through experience and socialization a. negative attitudes develop more rapidly than positive attitudes. in general, bad is always a stronger motivating force than good. b. mere exposure effe ct greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes. ex: when people are presented with normal photographs of themselves and the same images reversed, they tend to prefer the reversed version because the reversed versions correspond to what people see when they look in the mirror. xi. behaviors are consistent with strong attitudes in general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior. the strong and personally relevant nature of the attitude will lead the person to act the same across situations related to that attitude. the more specific the attitude, the more predictive it is. attitude accessibility: the ease or difficulty that a person has in retrieving an attitude from memory. a. ease of attitude accessibility predicts behavior resistant to change. xii. attitudes can be explicit or implicit a. explicit attitudes: because we know we hold them, we can report them to other people. b. implicit attitudes: at an unconscious level, they influence feelings and behavior. these influence feelings and behaviors because people can access these implicit attitudes from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. \n in a way, implicit attitudes function like implicit memories. xiii. discrepancies lead to dissonance a. cognitive dissonance: dissonance is a lack of agreement, occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. i. an uncomfortable mental state ii. due to contradiction between two attitudes or between behavior and attitude iii. insufficient justificatioone way to get people to change their attitudes is to change their behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible. iv. postdecisional dissonance: dissonance can arise when a person holds positive attitudes about different options but has to choose one of the options. for example, a person might have trouble deciding which of many excellent colleges to attend. post decisional dissonance then motivates to focus on one school’s the chosen school’s positive aspects and the other school’s negative aspects. v. justifying effort:when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance. after all, they would typically not choose to be in pain, embarrassed, or uncomfortable. people dissolve dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it. “they have sacrificed so much to join a group, people believe the group must be extraordinarily important. xiv. attitudes can be changed through persuasion a. persuasion is active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of message. persuasion is most likely to occur when people pay attention to a message, understand it, and find it convincing. most importantly, the message must be memorable. strong arguments that appeal to emotions are the most persuasive. advertisers also use the mere exposure effect, repeating the message over and over in the hope that multiple exposures will lead to increased persuasiveness. b. according to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasive communication changes attitudes through a: i. central routewhen people are motivated to process information and are able to take that information. people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. leads to strong attitudes that last over time. \n ii. peripheral route: minimal attention to information leads to impulsivity. when people are either not motivated to process information or are unable to process it. this route leads to moreimpulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because of endorsement \n 12.4 how do people think about others? xv. physical appearance affects first impressions first thing to notice is typically the face of a person during an initial interaction a. nonverbal behavior, otherwise referred to asbody language , ithe facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others: thin slices of behaviorpeople can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. thin slices of behavior are powerful cues for impression formation. i. accurate judgments can be based on brief observations. ii. facial expressions and body movements influence impressions. xvi. people make attributions about others a. attributions: people’s explanations for why events or actions occur they are explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behaviors. people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for both order and predictability. b. personal attributions: xplanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts these explanations refer to things within people, such as abilities, mood, or efforts. for example, you might assume that a firefighter saved the kitten because he is brave. c. situational attributions explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions fritz heider and harold kelley has described people as intuitive scientists who try to draw inferences about others and make attributions about events. but unlike objective scientists, people tend to be systematically biased when they process social information. when explaining other people’s behavior, people tend to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the expectancy that people’s actions correspond with their belief and personalities. these explanations refer to outside events, such as luck, accident or the actions of other people. d. in explaining behavior, undamental attribution error is the tendency to: i. overemphasize personality. \n ii. underestimate situation. e. actor/observer discrepancy: i. in interpreting our own behavior, we focus on situation. ii. in interpreting others’ behavior, we focus on personality. example: people tend to attribute their own lateness to external factors such as traffic. while they tend to attribute other’s lateness to personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of organization. xvii. stereotypes are based on automatic categorization a. stereotypes: mental shortcuts for rapid processing of social information b. as a result of directed attention and memory biases, people may see illusory correlations. stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence. *moreover when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. this latter process is known as subtyping. xviii. stereotypes can lead to prejudice a. prejudice : negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype b. discrimination: inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice c. ingroup/outgroup bias is the tendency to: i. positively evaluate groups we belong to. ii. negatively evaluate groups different from ours d. modern racism: subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs . modern racists tend to believe that discrimination is no longer a serious problems and that minority groups are demanding too much societal change as in too many changes to traditional values. ex: people may condemn racist attitudes toward latinos but be unwilling to help a latino in need. \n xix. prejudice can be reduced a. inhibiting stereotypes. i. in everyday life, inhibiting stereotyped thinking is difficult and requires selfcontrol. b. perspective taking and perspective giving: i . perspective taking involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people. such contemplation can reduce racial bias and help to smooth potentially awkward interracial interactions. taking another group’s perspective appears to reduce negative or positive stereotypes. ii. perspective giving, in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination. \n 12.5 what determines the quality of relationships? a. relationships are connections with friends and with romantic partners. xx. situational and personal factors influence interpersonal attraction and friendships a. relationships are promoted by: i. proximity and familiarity. a. the more people come into contact, the more likely they are to become friends. the more often people come into contact with each other because they are physically nearby, they more likely they are to become friends. ii similarity or “birds of a feather” matching principle and personal characteristics a. people tend especially to like those who have admirable personality characteristics and who are physically attractive. iv. physical attractiveness. a. how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures. b. “what is beautiful is good” stereotype; the belief that attractive people are superior in most ways some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures. nevertheless, how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures xxi. love is an important component of romantic relationships a. passionate love: intense longing and sexual desire i. generally happens early in relationships b. companionate love: strong commitment to caring for and supporting partner i. evolves in relationships \n c. love in relationships may be related to early attachment styles from childhood days. (how their parents treated them and their attachment behavior) people whose parents treated them inconsistently—sometimes warm and sometimes not—have ambivalent attachments. these people are best described as clingy. they worry that people do not really love them and are bound to leave them. about 11 percent of adults report having this attachment style. xxii. staying in love can require work if people do not develop companionate forms of satisfaction in their romantic relationships—such as friendship, social support, and intimacy—the loss of passion leads to dissatisfaction and often to the eventual dissolution of the relationship a. dealing with conflict: i. being overly critical ii. holding the partner in contempt (i.e., having disdain, lacking respect) iii. being defensive iv. mentally withdrawing from the relationship, arguing by only seeing things from one side of the relationship. b. happy couples also differ from unhappy couples in attributional style. attribution style: how one partner explains the other’s behavior. i. they overlook bad behavior or respond constructively, a process called accommodation. also, optimistic people typically have a happier relationship than those who are not. c. can psychology rekindle a romance? the following will help: i. show interest in your partner. ii. be affectionate. iii. show you care. iv. spend quality time together. v. maintain loyalty and fidelity. vi. learn how to handle conflict. 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f2d7330b68b63e07b1cace1051ed48cd | argon gas enters a turbine operating at steady state at 100 bar, 325 k and expands adiabatically to 40 bar, 235 k with no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. determine (a) the work developed, in kj per kg of argon flowing through the turbine. (b) the amount of entropy produced, in kj/k per kg of argon flowing. | argon gas enters a turbine operating at steady state at | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). 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87ab6798d71a00343d97bd5d4d5b2c59 | summarize the three steps in the oparin-haldane hypothesis for the origin of life. | summarize the three steps in the oparin-haldane hypothesis | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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efe1d5899281f75570686f85e6a466df | a. what volume and mass of steam at 100.c and 1.00 atm would release the same amount of energy during condensation as 100. cm3 of liquid water would release during freezing? b. what do you note, qualitatively, about the relative volumes and masses of steam and liquid water required to release the same amount of heat? (hint: see sample problem a.) 2 | a. what volume and mass of steam at 100.c and 1.00 atm | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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252c384f21a1745bbe5dfb0d5fb33401 | an overhanging w920 3 449 rolled-steel beam supports a load
p as shown. knowing that p 5 700 kn, a 5 2.5 m, and sall 5
100 mpa, determine (a) the maximum value of the normal stress
sm in the beam, (b) the maximum value of the principal stress smax
at the junction of the flange and web, (c) whether the specified
shape is acceptable as far as these two stresses are concerned | solved: an overhanging w920 3 449 rolled-steel beam | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " family development exam 2 study guide chapter 7 building relationships single – a person who has never married, is divorced, or is widowed there is a diff. between single by choice, or because of circumstance. types or singles: voluntary temporary singles – unmarried adults who may be delaying marriage while pursuing education or establishing a career. voluntary stable singles – unmarried adults desiring a single (unmarried) lifestyle involuntary temporary singles – singles actively searching for a mate but unable to find a suitable one involuntary stable singles – unmarried adults who can expect to be single for life even though they may not want to be friendships: provide valuable support while single and partnered o female friendships – more intimate, relationship focused o male friendships – less intimate/more instrumental, activity focused crosssex friendships (strictly platonic): o seen to be part of the developmental process of romantic engagement o more common today than in past generations o some degree of romantic attraction (men women) o can be complicated with tensions (ex: jealousy) o lower level of satisfaction in one’s romantic relationship friendships differ across social class and race/ethnicity o working class seem to have longer friendships than other classes; hispanic and african american adolescent friendships last longer than asian due to cultural emphasis on social vs. academic priority evolution of dating dating is a mechanism for finding a mate. th calling – young man visiting a woman’s home; 18, 19 centuries dating – occur in social settings outside of the home, can occur in pairs or in groups cohabitating – committed couples who are living together but are not married dating is influenced by technology, transportation, and social media. macro influences of dating: gender o dating “scripts”/expectations for women and men (ex: man pays, woman expects man to pick them up, p.120) social class o wealthy people segregate themselves by social class; their children should fall in love with the “right” kind of people race/ethnicity o quinceñera – a coming out party for being allowed to begin dating, among hispanic/latino women and men at her/his 15 birthday. lgbt o experience a difficult time meeting others due to the stigma; limited pool based on “gaydar” dating trends: 12 grade students are less likely to date than they were in 1991. today, 33% of high school seniors spend 20+ hours per week texting friends; 65% spend up to 5hrs talking on a cell phone. o technology allows people to communicate without having to meet and make official “dates” in person. who do we date? homogamy – people who are similar on characteristics such as ethnicity, social class, faith, and values (opposite is called patrogamy) propinquity – geographic closeness pool of eligible – pool of people from which we are able to choose mates o high incarceration and unemployment rates (ex: 1:15 black men incarcerated vs. 1:106 white men) \n o unemployment/wage where dating partners meet: 38% work/school 34% through family/friends 13% nightclub, bar, café, etc. 3% internet, etc. cohabitation – living with a romantic partner without being married; increasing in number over time (nearly doubled in the last ten years) men, blacks, people with some college, and those who are less religious are more likely to have cohabitated; ages from 3049 are more accepting of cohabiting than other age groups thoughts on cohabitation: o religious opposition (“it is a sin”) o some believe “it makes financial and logical sense” o temporary status before marriage “we are getting married in a few months” o an alternative to marriage/a testing ground for marriage cohabitation and marriage 44% of adults in the u.s. have currently or in the past have experienced cohabitation research shows cohabitation is linked to: o cohabitations leads to relationships that do not last very long o more likely to have unhappy marriages; more likely to divorce o why? selection effect – characteristics of the person are more important than actual cohabitation; cohabiters are more likely to put convenience before commitment in the relationship experience effect – the experience of one or more cohabitations is important; partners may not be fully dedicated to the relationship because they see it as an experience rather than a commitment investment model of commitment: satisfaction, alternatives, investments (influence) commitment level (which determines) decision to stay or leave cohabitation and children 40% children are born in cohabiting unions higher risk of living in poverty and food/housing insecurity lower outcomes academically, psychologically, and socially compared to children with twomarried biological parents homosexual relationships the u.s. congress, 1996: doma (defense of marriage act) – defines marriage as a legal union of one man and one woman as husband and wife; allowed each state to deny constitutional marital rights between persons of the same sex that have been recognized in another state o in 2013, u.s. supreme court found section 3 of doma unconstitutional: samesex couples could no longer be denied federal marriage benefits/protections (social security, retirement savings, filing joint tax returns). o in 2015, u.s. supreme court legalized same sex marriage. homosexual and heterosexual relationships are more alike than different. however… o homosexual couples receive less family support, but receive more friend support. o lesbian couples usually have the most equal and least sexualized relationships out of all homosexual and heterosexual couple types. expectations of relationships: most issues that arise in relationships have something to do with expectations: often, we do not know or communicate our expectations until they have been violated. expectations are problematic when they are: 1. unaware (partner doesn’t know how to satisfy the other) 2. unreasonable (partner can’t agree with or meet the expectation) 3. unspoken (partner doesn’t say what they want from the relationship) \n common examples of clashes in expectations: men’s vs. women’s roles contact with previous partners money standards of cleanliness time spent together common unrealistic expectations: mindreading is expected (be able to communicate concerns rather than assume the partner understands) disagreement is destructive (disagreements can often be compromised) sexual perfectionism (open communication about sex can help improve it) partners/relationships cannot change (they can!) relaistic expectations: loyalty/fidelity trust/honesty good communication conflict in relationship (good to expect this) safety (emotional, psychological, physical) chapter 8: love and loving relationships people believe love is made of: trust, care, honesty, friendship, respect, desire to promote the wellbeing of the other, loyalty, commitment, accepting the other without wanting to change them, support, desire to be in the other’s company, consideration of and interest in the other. love – a strong affection for one another arising out of kinship or personal ties; attraction based on sexual desire; and affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests. “love is the will to extend one’s self for the purpose of nurturing one’s own or another’s spiritual growth… we do not have to love. we choose to love.” (m. scott peck) attachment theory – the way in which infants form attachment early in life will affect various aspects of life, such as interpersonal relationships, personality, emotional regulation, and selfconcept throughout later in life. types of attachment: children secure attachment – a toddler will explore freely while the caregiver is present, typically engages with strangers is visibly upset when the caregiver departs, and is happy to see the caregiver return. o wants mom, happy to see them again. ambivalent attachment – the child will typically explore little (in a strange environment) and is often wary of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. when the caregiver departs, the child is often highly distressed. the child is generally ambivalent when they return. o wants mom, feels hurt and upset when she returns. avoidant attachment – a child will avoid or ignore the caregiver – giving little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. the child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. o child gives up trying to reach out to mom. types of attachment: adults (adult romantic relationships correspond to the infant attachments) secure attachments – “i am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. i don’t worry about being alone or others not accepting me.” anxiousambivalent attachments – “i am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but i sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as i value them.” avoidant attachment – “i am comfortable without close emotional relationships. i prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.” images of love in history: romantic love and marriage were often not attached to each other. ancient greek and roman mythology did not associate love with marriage. \n early christianity did not associate love with marriage. in the 12 century (middle ages) there were some precursors to our notion of romantic love in marriage. th th 18 and early 19 century: ideas about romance expanded through the population. valued similarities between partners, sexual expression and the emotional side of love. romantic love includes: 1. love at first sight 2. one “true love” for each person 3. love conquers all 4. the beloved is perfect 5. we should marry for love feminization of lovth in the 19 century, love became associated with the private work of women in the home, i.e. nurturing and caring for family members. o industrial revolution: men go to work and experience the stresses of labor outside the home. the home becomes a “haven of rest” for men, and women become the keepers of it (caregiving and domesticity begin to become evidence of love). in the early 20 century, love and sexuality became mandatory for a good relationship. o sexual expression/gratification was no longer just a component of love the very basis of love itself. contemporary ideas of love: romantic love – type of love that is characterized by passion, melodrama, and excitement (receives a lot of media attention). o when romantic love no longer exists, people may end their marriages. companionate love – type of love that grows over time, based on strong commitment, friendship, and trust. o long term and loving couples have a shared history, sense of community, and likely have children together. theoretical perspectives on love: sociobiology – evolutionary view that all humans have an instinctive impulse to pass on their genetic material and drawing them into longterm relationship to raise children. o men vs. women (men desire to have children; women are more selective about who they have children with) biochemical perspectives with love – suggest humans are attracted to certain types of people (attractive/desirable) at which point the brain releases natural chemicals that give us a rush we experience as sexual attraction. sternberg’s triangular theory of love: love has three elements/components: 1. intimacy – closeness and sharing 2. passion – intense physical and emotional drive 3. commitment – decision to be in relationship lee’s styles of love: eros – passionate, strong physical attraction storge – companionate, mutual love, resprect, trust pragma – practical, sensible ludus – playful, carefree, casual agape – altruistic, kind, patient mania – obsessive, possessive, intense reiss’s wheel theory of love: a developmental theory that shows relationships moving from the establishment of rapport, to self revelation, mutual dependence, and finally, need fulfillment. rapport – building relationship based on mutual trust and respect selfrevelation – sharing intimate information about oneself mutual dependency – desire to spend more time together personality need fulfillment – satisfy a majority of each other’s emotional needs needs gone wrong… \n martyring – maintaining a relationship by consistently ignoring ones own legitimate needs; while trying to satisfy all of the partner’s needs (legitimate and illegitimately) manipulating – seeking to control the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of your partners how we experience love sex, gender, and love: men are more likely than women to be in or looking for committed relationships. men report falling in love sooner and with more people than do women. men are more ludic (playful), whereas women are more storge (commitment) and pragma (rational). samesex love: often same as heterosexual couple’s love primary difference is the prejudice and discrimination experienced unrequited love – when one’s person’s feelings are not reciprocated by the other person in the relationship the downside to relationships and love jealousy: can be rational or irrational (if irrational, it comes from our insecurities) men are more likely to deny their jealous feelings, while women are more likely to acknowledge them breaking up is hard to do: nothing about love is guaranteed; most dating relationships end within a few years some couples break up relationships for the same reason they were attracted to each other o considerate unwilling to open up and be honest o strong personalities stubborn o exciting scary, etc. unequal emotional involvement o 75% one person (of the couple) said at their relationship was unequal in emotional involvement; and 56% of both partners agreed their relationship was unequal in emotional involvement o more likely to break up within 3 years romantic relationship during adolescence o girls: in a shortterm sexual relationships, girls had an increased risk of experiencing depression (not found in stable romantic relationships) chapter 9: sexual identity, behavior, and relationships sex – biological characteristics (male and female anatomy) determined at birth gender – “scripts” or expectations of what it means to be masculine or feminine as if these were opposite; learned behaviors and attitudes intersexed – those born with genitalia that do not clearly identify them as unambiguously male or female; 12 out of 1000 births transgender – when a person feels as comfortable if not more so, in expressing gendered traits that are associated with the other sex transexual – an individual who undergoes sex reassignment surgery and hormone treatments sexual orientation – the sexual and romantic pattern of partners of choice; gender(s) to which one is sexually, physically, emotionally, and spiritually o heterosexual – having an attraction and preferences for developing romantic and sexual relationships with the opposite sex o homosexual – having an attraction and preference for relationships with members of one’s own sex o bisexual – an orientation in which a person is attracted to both males and females construction of homosexual identities: troiden model: sensitization – recognizing that one is maybe homosexual \n identity confusion – feeling conflicted about homosexual identity identity assumption – sharing with close family and friends that one is homosexual commitment – openly living homosexual lifestyle sexual orientation what determines sexual orientation? biology? social/environmental factors? personal choice? mental disorder or emotional problem? attitudes toward lgbt homophobia (or antigay prejudice): having very strong negative feelings toward homosexuality heterosexism: a system of attitudes, behaviors, cultural norms, and institutional practices which target and subordinate gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals because of their orientation; based on the “normalcy” of hetero sexuality sexual scripts: the norms or rules regarding sexual behavior; shaped by social and cultural factors. (who, what, where, when, how, and why we have sex) we learn sexual scripts from: the culture in which we live (parents, friends, media, and religion) the interpersonal communication between us and our partner our personal views double standard: the idea that men have been allowed far more permissiveness in sexual behavior than women (for example: seeking or expressing sexual behavior) constructions of homosexual identities: sensitization: recognizing that one is may be homosexual identity confusion: feeling conflicted about homosexual identity identity assumption: sharing with close family and friends that one is homosexual commitment: openly living homosexual lifestyle sexual expressions in childhood between ages of 26: children may touch their genitals. children may touch their mothers’ breasts. children may also attempt to observe others undressing. children may also play doctor and examine each other. early childhood develop understanding of gendered behavior sexual behavior in children peaks at age 5. then it declines and manifests itself around 11 or 12. middle childhood experiment with masturbation children are maturing sexually earlier than before. why? pregnancy and abortion 330,000 teenagers (1519) gave births in 2011 \n teenage parents are disadvantaged: unprepared financially, socially, and psychologically teenage mother are more likely to die in childbirth; to drop out of school; considerably poorer receive welfare; have less prepared for childrearing; to be depressed. infants are more likely to be of low birth weight and die w/in the first month of life nonmarital sex standards of nonmarital sex: abstinence permissiveness with affection permissiveness without affection 59% of americans reported nonmarital sex is ok hooking up: sexual interactions without commitment or even affection for one another. nonmarital sex in media: one in ten sex scenes shown were b/w married couples. six times as many scenes of nonmarital sex extramarital sex was portrayed four times as often as sex in marriage. but, most married couples are sexually active. extramarital sex (affair, adultery, infidelity, being unfaithful) “beliefs” 78% says it is always wrong; 15 % almost always wrong. § 2% says it is not wrong at all. 2/3 say that they would not forgive their spouse... “behaviors” 34% married people have a sexual partner other than spouse in a given year. 15% of women and 22% of men have had affair while married. 37% of men (ages 50 – 59) have had extramarital sex. sex over the lifespan : spouses in middle age: sexual frequency declines, but sex is still important. more relationship reaffirming: closeness, tenderness, love, and companionship. marital satisfaction associated with sexual frequency. older partners: physical changes associated with aging affect sexuality. disease; medications; energy levels it is quite likely that they are still sexually active. regular sexual activity is important: “use it or lose it.” sex and boredom: habituation: decreased interest in sex because, increased access to sex partner. predictability of sexual activity with that partner over time. what else could explain decreases in interest in sex throughout marriage? sexual satisfaction in committed relationships \n both quality and quantity of sex is associated with feelings of love for one’s spouse or partner. men are more likely to feel that a poor sex life undermines the entire relationship. women are more likely to feel that a relationship can still be good even if the sex life is not so great. among women, increased relationship satisfaction leads to increased sexual satisfaction, but among men, increased sexual satisfaction leads to increased relationship satisfaction. among singles, married, and cohabitating persons: cohabitating and married persons had highest and equal levels of physical pleasure. married people had greatest emotional satisfaction with sex. chapter 10: communication what is communication? it is the process of exchanging and interpreting ideas and feelings. what are some characteristics of communication? verbal and nonverbal same content can be interpreted differently o ex: the phrase “i did not tell pam that jim is stupid” changes meaning with emphasis on different words. general concepts of communication: communication is a transaction; all behavior is a continuous exchange o partners are simultaneously senders and receivers of messages communication is a process; dynamic and always changing o culture, race/ethnicity, and sex are critical communication includes coconstruction of meanings o speaks a language and interprets meanings different (ex: “let’s have fun together!” has different meanings coming from your father and your friend.) communication uses symbols (ex: body language) elements of communication: 1. the communicator – the person who creates and sends the message an individual is a total system; our clothes, body language, facial expressions, mannerisms, and tone of voice are all forms of information about the communicator. 2. the message – the unit of information transmitted between sender and receiver message may contain thoughts, feelings, ideas, suggestions, or commands. prepared/encoded by the communicator. 3. the medium – the way a message is presented to the recipient. talking, television, text message, note, email, etc. message is often determined, to a degree, by the medium. (ex: message “ttyl” only thru text messaging) 4. the recipient – the receiver of the message the receiver interprets the message, based on his/her personality, life experiences, and the relational context. (ex: teacher’s daughter says she’s hungry he gets the message to get her food; teacher’s student’s say they’re hungry he gets the message they want class to end early to get something to eat) listening – the process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear active listening – you are extremely attentive, use good eye contact, body language, and encourage the other person to continue talking gender differences : rapport talk – speaking to gain or reinforce rapport or intimacy (women usually engage in this form of communication) report talk – conversation aimed mainly at conveying information (men usually engage in this form of communication) femaledemand/male withdraw pattern: women are attuned to emotional quality of relationship \n men try to minimize conflict goals of men and women: women try to resolve the conflict with understanding men avoid a “blowup” or big conflict what men can do in a relationship… do not escalate the argument with defensiveness or contempt try to share power in the relationship: accept influence what women can do in a relationship… use positivity; shared humor, expressions of affection soften the way she brings up complaint taking a timeout: when the argument gets too heated, both partners should take a “timeout” to deescalate the situation. in the mean time, do something relaxing and don’t think too much about it… then, time back in. conflict, communication and problem solving: 4 types of conflict (in order of easiest to most difficult to manage): pseudoconflict – falsely perceiving that our partner is interfering with our goals or has incompatible goals content conflict – a type of conflict where individuals disagree about information value conflict – a type of conflict that results from differing opinions on subjects that relate to personal values and issues of right or wrong ego conflict – a type of conflict where individuals believe they must win at all costs to save face personal conflict styles: avoiding – loselose approach; “just leave me alone” can reduce intense emotions but increased relational tension and nothing is resolved accommodating – losewin approach; “whatever you say” can be effective when used with unimportant issues, but may lead to being taken advantage of competing – winlose; “it’s my way or the highway!” can be effective in emergency situations when you are concerned with partner’s well being, but can damage a relationship compromising – loselose; “i’ll do some of this if you do some of that” can be effective when not enough time to collaborate, but lose a portion of what we desire collaboration – winwin; “let’s work on finding the best solution for both of us” goals of both self and other are achieved, but takes time and knowledge of winwin conflict intimacy, communication, and conflict are all conflicts solvable? solvable – conflict/problem that has a solution (ex: cutting the grass) perpetual – conflict or problem that within a relationship can never be “solved” (ex: having children) regulating couples – couples who use communication to promote closeness and intimacy nonregulated couples – couples who have many negative communication exchanges criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling destroy relationships: criticism – making negative evaluations of your spouse’s behavior or feelings; attacking personality rather than the specific behavior defensiveness – defending yourself from a perceived attack; doing this will escalate the argument contempt – characterized by the intent to insult or abuse your partner emotionally, feeling superior to your partner (ex: rolling your eyes, mocking) \n stonewalling – a person refuses to listen to their partner’s complains or stories (physically and emotionally)—a withdrawal technique belligerence – a behavior that is provocative and that challenges the spouse’s power and authority (ex: one partner expresses concern or wants to talk and is ignored by the other partner) chapter 11: marriage marriage – a close intimate union; a relationship between husband and wife; a legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual, economic, and social rights and responsibilities for partners (considered the basis of a family unit) as a law: a legal contract upon a voluntary private agreement by an man and a woman to become husband and wife ** marriage is vital to the preservation of morals and civilization. changes in u.s. marriage: colonial america – a freechoice, heterosexual union; husband centered; no right to vote or own property for women th 19 century – still unequal, but women’s movement for equal partnership and social, economic, and legal opportunities began; also had polygamy in this period after the industrial revolution – changing experiences of youth; sexual revolution began early 1900s (more liberal and open communication of sex); changing lifecourse pattern (more people marrying later than older relationships) why is marriage becoming more and more delayed? two perspectives: marital decline perspective: the view that the institution of marriage is increasingly being threatened by hedonistic pursuits of personal happiness at the expense of longterm commitment marital resilience perspective: the view that overall, marriage is no weaker than in the past, but that all families need an increase in structure supports over time (society doesn’t provide enough support for people to get married and start a family) types of marriages: homogamous marriage (not homosexual) – a type of marriage in which spouses share certain social characteristics such as race, ethnicity religion, education, age, and social class heterogamous marriage – type of marriage in which spouses do not share these characteristics (ex: interracial and interethnic marriages) o interracial marriage – a type of marriage which spouses come from different racial groups antimiscegenation laws – laws forbidding interracial marriage, which existed at the state level until 1967 (ex: white and black people could not marry) o interethnic marriages – a type of marriage in which spouses come from different countries or have different cultural, religious, or ethnic backgrounds laws regarding marriage: all states limit one living husband or wife at a time can only remarry if widowed, divorced, or annulled; each state sets regulations on age and close relationships samesex marriage is legalized in the u.s. o before the law was passed, some states had domestic partner laws: o civil union – a public policy designed to extend some benefits to partners who are not legally married o defense of marriage act (doma) – allowed states to refuse to grant reciprocity concerning samesex marriage the benefits of marriage vs. civil union: better child/spousal support, medical decisions, immigration, etc. laws for married couples changing attitude of marriage: purpose for marriage is happiness and love rather than for creating a family age of marriage is becoming older gay and lesbian marriage is more accepted society is more open to nonmarital sex, cohabitation, nonmarital childbearing, and shared breadwinning (division of household labor) \n marriage premium: the marriage premium: the concept that married people are happier, healthier, and financially better off than those who are not married (marriage brings those things) selection effect: the hypothesis that people who marry may be different from those who do not marry (the person themself is responsible for being happier, healthier, and financially better) psychological wellbeing and happiness: more likely to be “happy”; lower rates of depression; higher selfesteem, closer relationships health: healthier (esp. men); live longer, less likely to smoke/drink heavily, use drugs, be depressed, etc. economic security: wage premium – working harder and less housework social capital – the goods and services that are byproducts of social relationships who does marriage benefit? married individuals are healthier and live longer than unmarried individuals o less likely to have depression/anxiety o better health habits, health insurance, and receive more regular health care men especially benefit from marriage o less risky behaviors; wife monitors health not just the status, but the marriage must be satisfying: o unhappy marriages are linked to depression, hostility, and anger more than happy marriages 5 types of marriages: 1. conflict habituated – constant battle over almost everything 2. devitalized – married several years without much passion left 3. passive/congenial – partners never expected emotional closeness; also little conflict 4. vital – physical and emotional intimacy are valued; satisfying and enjoyable relationship 5. total – like vital, but almost everything is done happily together marital satisfaction: married without children had the highest satisfaction when they bear children, marriage satisfaction goes down o is lowest when children are teenagers and becomes more satisfying when children leave the home most important factors of marriage: 90% say faithfulness 70% say good sexual relationship 3 most important is sharing household chores, etc. least important factors of marriage: agreement on politics and children marriage premise – the couple’s acceptance of responsibility to work hard to ensure the relationship continues; based on two expectations: expectations of permanence – mutual affection and commitment expectations of primariness – often includes sexual exclusivity peer marriages – relationships in which spouses consider themselves to have equal status or standing in the relationship, in sharing breadwinning, housework, and childrearing (50/50 and up to 60/40 sharing of responsibilities and power) nearpeer marriages – equality is important, but the husband participates in less than 40 percent of domestic tasks traditional marriages – male holds more power and authority in the relationship, and both spouses were satisfied with this arrangement",
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12233ae640bca8a6aa2fc51672d5cc84 | biol 1306 study guide biol 1306 study guide biol 1306 study guide | biol 1306 study guide | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " chapter 29 1. what are intracellular and extra cellular fluids 1. intracellular fluid involves the cytosol of the cell, found inside cells 2. extracellular fluid is found in the following compartments; plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid. a. interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) is a solution ",
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ad6873202c6ec7a04144adf4e6d6cd9b | in exercises 3964, denominators are opposites, or additive inverses. add or subtract as indicated. simplify the result, if possible. 2y x2 y2 2x y2 x2 | in exercises 3964, denominators are opposites, | ch 7.3 - 62 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " soc 100 week 11 chapter 8 social stratification o working class 33% focus on getting by slightly favor liberal, but not by much targeted by political candidates due to variability value social life, education is necessary evil o lower class 20% living on the edge or apathy stays pretty consistent percentagewise 2008 grew to 25% religion – if there is one in the neighborhood they go, if not they don’t new class society o upper class is 20% upper, small diamond shape o lower/middle is 80% lower, large diamond shape o illustrates distribution better does not correspond to wealth distribution clicker what class did you grow up in? o overwhelmingly middle class clicker – where will you be in 20 years? o overwhelmingly middle class, and some upper who gets ahead – christopher jencks o education * years of certain levels of education o who your parents are * how many children father’s career o luck o race o sex o hard work o * education and parents are most important) functionalist see it as acceptable education requires hard work conflict – we don’t choose our parents, so it’s not fair income has been rising steadily since 1950 o however, distribution does not show change as equal among classes highest 20% income has risen greatly but as you go down the classes, income has remained almost the same from 1940’s – 1980 the increase in income was relatively equally distributed \n now only the upper classes are seeing a rise in income clicker – will you be better off fincancially than your parents o 40% yes o 30% no or uncertain more billionaires than ever o 2003 262 billionaires o 2016 – 1810 billionaires o riches – bill gates $75 billion o richest women $36.1 billion o oprah – 3 billion o pat striker 2.3 billion from fort collins likely the “anonymous” donator that donated 25 million for stadium o u.s has 8 of the top 10 billionaires national study – “differences in income in us are too large” o class figures – 61% agree, 10% disagree o national study 65% agree, 14% disagree some billionaires agree the giving pledge – billionaires donating half of their wealth reasons for lower class mobility in us o rise of the money culture making money > content/enjoyment of life o bank deregulation in 1980’s and 1990’s harmful to majority of us, beneficial to super wealthy o technology – jobs done by machines o rise of emerging markets, especially in china and india clicker emily and mark are high school teachers, volunteer every weekend, and are very religious what class are they in? o correct answer= average middle class poverty o relative poverty: poorer in relation to others with more money o absolute poverty: deprivation of resources that is lifethreatening or inability to afford minimum standards of food, clothing, shelter, and health o most poverty in us is relative poverty who is responsible for poverty o blame the poor: the poor are mostly responsible for their own poverty (functionalist) o blame society: society is primarily responsible for poverty (conflict) national study who’s responsible for helping the poor o 27% government o 24% people should take care of themselves o 46% combination of both what is major cause of poverty? \n o us, japan, australia – lack of individual effort o mexico, sweden, germany societal injustice poverty rate in us o normally assume a family of 4 with 2 kids under 18 o current 47 million 14.5% us population $24,250/year o 55% more than current poverty rate = 73 million, 22.5% us population $37,588 / year o lifestyle of those at 155% of poverty rate never go out to eat, to movies, entertainment, don’t take vacations, hire babysitters, buy anything in excess who are the poor o age: 19.9% of children under 18 9.5% of elderly 65 and above o race/ethnicity 28% of native americans 27% of african americans 23.5% of hispanic americans 10.5% asian americans 9.6% white o sex/gender 31% of female head of household 16% male head of household o workers 14% of the poor work fulltime 45% of the poor work at least parttime to reach 155% of poverty, you need to make $18.07/hour well over minimum wage hidden costs of class o judgement from others o feelings of hopelessness o acceptance of symbols of inability o loss of dignity and a sense of accomplishment homelessness o 2540% work o 37% are families with children o 25% are children o 2530% are mentally disabled o 30% are veterans o 40% drug and alcohol dependent cure for poverty? \n o answer depends on whom you blame clicker welfare vs. wealthfare what does government spend most money on? o 64% said health care for richest 10% of elderly medicare beneficiaries correct answer clicker – government housing subsidies end up going to ? o more to the middle class than the poor welfare distribution o distributed unequally in a manner that is deemed best o everyone gets some sort of entitlement how are we doing? o us is one of richest nations and has one of highest standards of living o some members of our society are benefitting handsomely while others are not o “rich getting richer, poor are getting poorer, so it all averages out” ",
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86ec04bfdcbac1f8f21e75abbce0f6a4 | prove the following identity: \_n k=0 \_ n k \_ m n n k = \_ m n (hint: how can each of the summands be interpreted?) | prove the following identity: \_n k=0 \_ n k \_ m n n k = \_ m | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "introduction: chapter 1 how to make sense of the world? through the study of comparative politics analytical concepts theories that guide research methods ways to study and test theories ideals values and beliefs about preferred outcomes doing comparative politics the comparative method: means of drawing comparisons across countries inductive reasoning and the singlecase approach deductive reasoning and the comparative approach correlation does not mean causation an apparent relationship between two events doesn’t mean one is cause and the other effect for example, two variables might in fact both be influence or caused by a third (rather than each other) limits of the comparative method difficult to ‘control’ variables limited number of cases (countries, wars, transitions) barriers to conducting research (languages, access) selection bias can skew research and results (which cases, events, actors) endogeneity : difficulty of determining what is cause and what is effect (new take on chicken and egg problem) how best to gather and analyze data? how best to gather research? quantitative method : gather numerical data for statistical analysis. look for patterns, test ideas qualitative method : carry out intensive study of cases through archival research, interviews benefits and drawbacks qualitative method benefits: intensive study of cases to acquire deeper grasp of political context drawbacks: result is often only description rather than comparative analysis quantitative method benefits: can look at a number of cases can control variables more easily more “scientific” drawbacks: data may be skewed or incomplete \n research driven by what data is available rather than vice versa? political institutions as a lens one approach to studying comparative politics is centered on understanding institutions defined as “organizations or patters of activity that are self perpetuating and valued for their own sake” institutions are embedded in people’s lives as legitimate norms or values they are ‘rules, norms, values’ that give meaning to our actions’ politics is full of institutions, such as: army and police legislature taxation institutions need not be a physical entity why study institutions? institutions set the stage for political behavior they generate norms and values allow for certain kinds of political activity and not others how they are constructed will shape how politics unfolds integrates early approaches to the study of political science, but also works to emphasize explanation , not just description institutions must balance efficiencyand inclusion (representativeness) defining the sate sovereignty ability to carry out actions independently of internal/external cahllengers max weber: ‘monopoly of violence over a given territory’ state is an institution that wields force to ensure order within and resistance to threats from outside the state creates standards through which public goals such as freedom and equality can be achieved laws and regulations property rights health and labor protections social welfare how is a regime different from astate? regimes serve as the fundamental rules and norms of politics longterm goals regarding freedom and equality where should power reside? how should it be used? regimes define the character of the state democratic or authoritarian, but also different kind of regimes within each category (usa vs. uk or iran vs. north korea) can trace the differences between regimes in constitutions, but also in informal practices and rules \n regimes as institutions often institutionalized not easily changed (rigid, ‘sticky’) regime change generally occurs as a result of dramatic events, revolutions, or crises such as removal by war: “regime change” (iraq) sometimes not institutionalized, leader operates as she or he sees fit: “l’état, c’est moi” (castro, kim jong il, etc). regime change can occur after the charismatic leader leaves the scene may also be the result of upheaval (revolution, revolt, etc). what is government? the leadership in charge of running the regime within the state may be democratic or undemocratic, may be entrenched, strong, weak, durable, rigid, flexible, etc. comparatively weakly institutionalized compared to the state and the regimeremoved by public, by force, my morality what is a state? what is a regime? what is a government? and how are they different from eachother? the advantages of states states are a relatively new occurrence, but now dominant form of governance/organization why? encouraged economic development as way to gain revenue, fight rivals encouraged technological innovation or application for same reason gunpowder, cartography homogenization of peoples within territories common language, customs, identity (a nation) states, regimes, and political organization the regimes within states create governments which reflect the underlying choices made about the balance between freedom and equality political organization is necessary within states and regimes to: make and enforce rules provide mechanism to solve conflict set collective goals differences between states come from how these things are accomplished/determined consensus or coercion? all regimes must determine the character of political organization is it the result of public consensus (bottom –up) or elite coercion (topdown)? consensus : social contract between rulers and ruled (hobbes/ ‘state of nature’) coercion: rise of state and institutions created inequality and harmed social balance (rousseau ‘noble savage’) \n both may be true, depending on time and place legitimacy defined as a value where someone or something is recognized or accepted as right and proper confers authority and power legitimate behavior is seen as “right thing to do” from a sense of reciprocal responsibility consensus over coercion forms of legitimacy (according to weber) traditional charismatic rationallegal centralization/decentralization comparing states, how much power does a state have, and where does that power reside? federalism vs. unitary organization (axis of centralization) strong/weak/failed states (axis of durability) legitimacy (public support or lack thereof) federalism vs. unitary states federalism : significant powers devolved to the local level by constitution, not easily taken away examples of powers: taxes, education, security (local police, militia) examples of federal states: united states, germany, russia, canada, mexico unitary : most powers reside with the central government power resides with central government can devolve powers to local level, but also take them away if it chooses examples of unitary states: britain, japan, france, sweden strong vs. weak states strong states : are able to carry out basic tasks expected of them: security, public policy, basic goods and services weak states : less able to fulfill tasks and may face rivals (organized crime, guerrilla movements, other states) failed states: have lost most of their ability to monopolize force and provide services capacity and autonomy capacity: ability of states to get things done; fulfill tasks autonomy : ability to act free from direct public interference too high a level of autonomy and capacity leads to authoritarianism; too low a level can lead to state failure both capacity and autonomy can vary according to the issue at hand a state might have autonomy or capacity in one area but not another \n weberthe state definition of the state: “monopoly of violence over a given territory” states are founded on three forms of legitimacy: traditional charismatic legalrational states require power (use of force), territory (fixed borders), a people, external recognition traditional legitimacy valid because “it has always been done this way” accepted over a long period of time historical myths and legends continuity between past and present highly institutionalized charismatic legitimacy opposite of traditional charisma as the force of ideas embodied in a single individual weakly institutionalized rationallegal legitimacy based on neither rituals nor force of ideas based on laws, procedures rules are key how did someone come into power? strongly institutionalized herbst weak states defining a weak state (focus on africa) failure to fully consolidate (meaning?) weak institutional structures (government) weak identification with state (citizens) failed expectations previous general expectations that modern states would strengthen over time historical causes for the occurrence and endurance of weak states. shifting norms and roles of international actors broader implications: inability to effectively integrate weak states into international community utility of war crisis allows for heavy handed government policies increased extractive state power (example: taxes) during times of crisis (existential threat) establishment of administration and bureaucratic institutions/resources that endure when conflict is over promotion of nationalism (us against them) \n extermination and absorption of weak states by stronger states in the past weak states did not endure expansion and conquest served to minimize number of weak states implications international community must adapt to new reality with external support weak states endure long after they would have in the past the decline in expansionist (existential) conflict (as a result of international intervention) permits weak states to endure today’s weak states (in africa) are unlikely to ever develop into strong states no ability to impose extractive policies effectively (taxes) limited central administration bureaucracy weak national identity (localized links are stronger) rotbergfailed states defining a failed state internal violence not controlled by the state (uprisings, rebels, revolts, etc.) limited geographic state control means that state does not have unique coercive power in much of the state’s territory (warlords, local militia, private armies, criminal organizations) limited or nonexistent extractive capacity (taxes) reduced or nonexistent ability to provide core services to citizens (safety, roads and infrastructure, education, health, etc.) causes and consequences failed states are created evolve from weak states usually the result of human actions (corruption, demagoguery, failure to institutionalize state) some environmental/social contributors can include disparate terrain (regional isolation) and violent or unresolved ethnic/religious cleavages consequences failed states can lead to ‘collapsed’ states complete power vacuum create environments where lawlessness can flourish (terrorists, pirates, drug cartels, etc.) associated costs expand well beyond the borders of the failed state (regional instability) krasnermyths the origin of sovereignty and the modern state westphalia was important, but not exactly as advertised state effectively relinquished control over religion \n many ‘new’ challenges are actually old (or new versions of old issues) the (changing) meaning of sovereignty ideals versus reality sovereignty within supranationalism the role of citizenship (vs. noncitizens) economic sovereignty is changing the enduring difference between strong states and weak(er) states in terms of effective (autonomous) sovereignty society, ethnicity, and ideology society a broad term that refers to complex human organizations collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations are conducted all societies are different (relationships between people and between people and the state) ethnicity any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others ascription – an identity assigned at birth, largely fixed no “master list”; what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another (serbia – religion, canada – language) ethnicity as a “social construct” – not inherently political national identity national identity binds people through common political aspirations (such as sovereignty) national identity is inherently political (ethnicity of ethnic identity is not) defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations a demand for greater freedom for a group and greater equality visàvis other groups often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity national identity to nationalism nationalism – as a pride in one’s people and belief in sovereign destiny seek to create or preserve ones own nation (political group) through an independent state ethnic identity – without a national identity? yes – various ethnic groups that do not have a national consciousness national identity – without ethnic identity? yes – united states, india, great britain, canada, etc. citizenship individuals or groups relationship to the state \n swear allegiance to the state state provides benefits people have obligations in return citizenship and ethnic and national identity ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not citizenship can be changed by individual or state citizenship is a potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity the three are often connected – and ethnic group forms the nation, and the represent the citizens of a country patriotism and nationalism patriotism – requires the existence of a state citizenship gives rise to patriotism defined as pride in one’s state symbols of state wrapped up in patriotism nationalism – requires the existence of a people united by a common identity (national identity) desire to gain sovereignty/independence moves national identity toward nationalism nations, states, and citizenship nationalism promoted by states and elites – topdown the idea that people would fight and die for abstract concept like national identity was a paradigm shift but population also began to demand rights from state – bottomup citizenship becomes important political identity as nationstates formed ethnicity and nationalism as sources of conflict why national and ethnic conflict? ethnic conflict struggle between groups to achieve economic/political goals at other groups expense (superiority) national conflict struggle between groups for political independent (sovereignty) violence a common tool what is the starting point of ethnic/national conflict? top down: elite led, way to consolidate power bottom up: mass led, stemming from long standing friction “artificial states” can lead to bottom up conflict each suggests a difference response to restore peace how to resolve conflict? integrating groups – assimilation separating groups greater decentralization of power to give different groups more autonomy devolution political attitudes and ideologies ethnic and national identities as group identities \n political attitudesand ideologies as individual identities both deal with issues of freedom and equality political attitudes views regarding the necessary pace and scope of political change radicals: seek revolutionary change, violently if necessary liberals: seek evolutionary change conservatives: seek little or no change of system reactionaries : seek to restore previous order, violently if necessary remember that context matters a radical in china versus a radical in the usa a conservative in poland post 1990? liberalism individual political and economic freedom weak state with low autonomy controlled by people higher inequality liberal democracy liberalism is not the same as ‘liberal’ political attitude differing meanings of “liberal” in north america and elsewhere communism low individual political freedom belief that struggle over resources breeds inequality high equality as the goal strong state with high autonomy social democracy seeks to balance individual freedom and collective equality role for relatively strong state to manage this more common in europe “welfare state” fascism low individual political freedom but also inequalitybased on superiority of some over many high autonomy and capacity to direct nation and vanquish enemies anarchism high focus on individual freedom also emphasis on equality belief that states are the problem, not the solution seek stateless society to ensure both freedom and equality fundamentalism ideologies emerges as rivals to traditional religions but of late ideologies have waned in power, lost appeal reemergence of faith in political context on its own and in conjunction with ideologies fundamentalism: ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state to make faith the sovereign authority \n fundamentalism: attitudes and ideology fundamentalism does not have one singular political ideology or orientation often focused on theocracy rule by faith emphasis on freedom and equality may be very different depending on kind of fundamentalism attitude may also differ depending on the context. not necessarily violent, but can be. hobsbawm: the age of revolution the historical context of the ‘modern’ nationalist movements impact of the industrial revolution (17601830) emergence of the “middle classes” role of the “empire” in europe (recognition of “otherness”) shift from national identity based on religion to one based on something else… cultural identity created through expansion of literacy and the production of literature lack of involvement of the “peasant” classes (left out of shared social consciousness) hobsbawm cont. the importance of expanding educational systems and increased literacy rates universities as centers of nationalist sentiment (identity) shift from local and regional ‘patois’ to a shared common “national language” impact of language on communication and organization and shared group identity rise of modern nationalist movements embedded in western europe comparatively little in eastern europe even less in latin america or asia during this period fearon and laitin: ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war previous studies link between ethnic violence and the end of the cold war assumption that changes in international system created space for civil unrest and a rise in ethnic conflict …but statistically intra state conflict has been growing over time with no clear impact of the end of the cold war what has changed is duration (meaning that conflicts lasts longer and over time this leads to more active conflicts) previous work assumed that higher levels of ethnic diversity would be associated with high levels of ethnic conflict diversity does not necessarily mean tension/grievances grievances and tension do not necessarily lead to conflict/violence fearon and laitin cont. insurgency leads to intra state conflict \n insurgency does not require substantial or deeply entrenched grievances among groups or sub groups nor does it require large numbers who support the movement small numbers of locally informed and embedded activists can be effective insurgents combating insurgency requires an effective state economic development and generally high levels of wealth facilitate effective states governments with effective administrative capacity and the ability to reach through out the territory deter insurgency movements minimizing diversity is not an effective strategy baldwin and huber: ethnic diversity and public goods provisions the core goal is to explore the relationship between the ability of the state to provide public goods to citizen and the existence/level of inequality between different groups standard measures of “ethnic diversity” ethnolinguistic fractionalization (elf) (group based) cultural fractionalization (cf) (language based) between group inequality (bgi) goods based extent to which there is a proportional distribution of wealth use of proxies for wealth (in africa) average income between ethnic groups baldwin and huber cont. level of diversity within a state is not linked to level of group inequality within the state low and high group inequality can occur in both highly plural and only semiplural states some variation based on which measure of diversity used (elf or cf) group inequality weakens the state reduces the ability of the state to provide needed public goods this effect is strongest in states that are less developed weaker states are more susceptible to violence economies and politics political economy: how politics and economics are related and how each affects the balance between equality and freedom what role do states play in managing the economy? components of political economy: markets and property markets: interaction between forces of supply and demand. creates value for goods and services. decentralized property: ownership of goods and services. property rights what can i do with my property? states regulate and protect markets and property \n components of political economy: public goods and social expenditures public goods: used by society, not privately owned because some goods do not function well in the marketplace: examples: roads, national defense social expenditures: often defined as \"welfare\" state provision of public benefits examples: education, healthcare, transportation redistributive power placed in the hands of the state often controversial who benefits/who pays? taxation used to pay for public goods and social expenditures taxation varies in who is taxed and how much is taxed money, inflation, hyperinflation, and deflation money is a medium of exchange legitimacy backed by the state central banks control its supply, typically through interest rates actions closely tied to inflation and unemployment two extremes hyperinflation: inflation of more than 50% a month for 2 months in a row government prints money to cover basic expenditures deflation: too many goods chasing too few dollars liberalism and liberal politics related to ideology of the same name high priority on individual political and economic freedom, less on equality argues that a weak state and strong capital markets foster democracy us and other former british colonies best state is a weak one limited regulations fewer public goods lower taxes free trade laissezfaire allow economy to function as it wishes greater tolerance for inequality and poverty social democracy and social democratic policies balance between individual freedom and collective equality accepts private property and markets, but seeks to regulate many european countries fall into this category more public goods than in liberalism less tolerance for inequality, poverty trade and competition under state management \n outright ownership of some industries by state seen as acceptable or necessary neocorporatism: state, labor, and business set policy in concert, not through conflict (such as strikes) most common in europe: high autonomy and high capacity communism and communist policies emphasis on collective equality over individual freedom property, markets viewed as instruments of exploitation ussr and eastern europe until 198991, cuba, north korea no private property nationalized no 'free' markets controlled by state no unemployment (full employment policies) trade restricted (minimized) wide range of public goods extremely high autonomy, but often lacks capacity mercantilism and mercantilist policies predates modern ideologies associate with earlier empires modern mercantilism associated with fascism can be found today in nondemocratic and democratic settings state views market as tool of international power japan, south korea, india, and other developing countries private property along with national ownership active industrial policy state directs production, parastatals small welfare state tariffs and other trade barriers neither individual freedom or collective equality emphasized rather, state power relative to other states more authoritarian than democratic political economic systems: comparing outcomes i gross domestic product (gdp) defined as total production in a country irrespective of who owns it gdp limited in that it does not take into account costs of living in different countries purchasing power parity (ppp) ppp looks at gdp in terms of buying power in countries where costs are low, gdp is increased when adjusted for ppp in countries where costs are high, gdp is lowered when adjusted for ppp political economics systems: comparing outcomes ii gini index measures relative wealth and inequality within the state (perfect equality=0, perfect inequality=100) \n what percent of the population owns what percent of the country's total wealth? higher inequality in liberal countries than social democratic ones higher inequality in poorer than richer countries human development index (hdi) emphasis on poverty/development over inequality not focused on wealth, but rather outcome of that wealth (quality of life, literacy and education, life expectancy and health) strong correlation between gdp and hdi happiness pursuit of happiness main motivation for human behavior relative versus absolute happiness \"easterlin paradox\" happiness stagnates above certain economic threshold future of political economy? world has become more liberal over time increased economic liberalization neoliberalism: return/resurgence of liberal policies and institution decline of communism, rollback of social democratic institutions and policies end of economic history? liberalism's triumph? inherent limitations of liberalism? future challenges or opportunities? adam smith: the wealth of nations the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor is the division of labor. why? subdivision of complex tasks leads to specialization in simple tasks much more efficient in terms of personnel and time leads to the industrialization of simple tasks division of labor is not \"natural.\" where does it come from? selfinterest regulation of commerce cannot increase quantity of industry beyond domestic capital directs and diverts of industry, for better or worse there are individual and domestic \"natural advantages\" in the production of goods the \"invisible hand\" douglas north: institutions institutions are the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interaction informal constraints (i.e. tradition, customs, taboos, norms) formal constraints (i.e. constitutions, laws, property rights) used to increase production and reduce uncertainty and transaction costs provide incentive structure to economy, shaping industry why are institutions necessary? \n wealthmaximizing individuals cooperate when they have the ability to have multiple interactions between them, possess complete information, smalll number of players conversely, cooperation is difficult when not repeated, information is lacking, and with a large number of players institutions facilitate human cooperation, but incremental evolution, scale, and distance are issues small/closer groups need institutions less, larger/further groups need them more result is economies (and institutions) of scale different levels of specialization and institutional evolution in path dependent trajectory past provides future constraints and structural character we need to study institutions to understand economic performance and change \n introduction: chapter 1 how to make sense of the world? through the study of comparative politics analytical concepts theories that guide research methods ways to study and test theories ideals values and beliefs about preferred outcomes doing comparative politics the comparative method: means of drawing comparisons across countries inductive reasoning and the singlecase approach deductive reasoning and the comparative approach correlation does not mean causation an apparent relationship between two events doesn’t mean one is cause and the other effect for example, two variables might in fact both be influence or caused by a third (rather than each other) limits of the comparative method difficult to ‘control’ variables limited number of cases (countries, wars, transitions) barriers to conducting research (languages, access) selection bias can skew research and results (which cases, events, actors) endogeneity : difficulty of determining what is cause and what is effect (new take on chicken and egg problem) how best to gather and analyze data? how best to gather research? quantitative method : gather numerical data for statistical analysis. look for patterns, test ideas qualitative method : carry out intensive study of cases through archival research, interviews benefits and drawbacks qualitative method benefits: intensive study of cases to acquire deeper grasp of political context drawbacks: result is often only description rather than comparative analysis quantitative method benefits: can look at a number of cases can control variables more easily more “scientific” drawbacks: data may be skewed or incomplete \n research driven by what data is available rather than vice versa? political institutions as a lens one approach to studying comparative politics is centered on understanding institutions defined as “organizations or patters of activity that are self perpetuating and valued for their own sake” institutions are embedded in people’s lives as legitimate norms or values they are ‘rules, norms, values’ that give meaning to our actions’ politics is full of institutions, such as: army and police legislature taxation institutions need not be a physical entity why study institutions? institutions set the stage for political behavior they generate norms and values allow for certain kinds of political activity and not others how they are constructed will shape how politics unfolds integrates early approaches to the study of political science, but also works to emphasize explanation , not just description institutions must balance efficiencyand inclusion (representativeness) defining the sate sovereignty ability to carry out actions independently of internal/external cahllengers max weber: ‘monopoly of violence over a given territory’ state is an institution that wields force to ensure order within and resistance to threats from outside the state creates standards through which public goals such as freedom and equality can be achieved laws and regulations property rights health and labor protections social welfare how is a regime different from astate? regimes serve as the fundamental rules and norms of politics longterm goals regarding freedom and equality where should power reside? how should it be used? regimes define the character of the state democratic or authoritarian, but also different kind of regimes within each category (usa vs. uk or iran vs. north korea) can trace the differences between regimes in constitutions, but also in informal practices and rules \n regimes as institutions often institutionalized not easily changed (rigid, ‘sticky’) regime change generally occurs as a result of dramatic events, revolutions, or crises such as removal by war: “regime change” (iraq) sometimes not institutionalized, leader operates as she or he sees fit: “l’état, c’est moi” (castro, kim jong il, etc). regime change can occur after the charismatic leader leaves the scene may also be the result of upheaval (revolution, revolt, etc). what is government? the leadership in charge of running the regime within the state may be democratic or undemocratic, may be entrenched, strong, weak, durable, rigid, flexible, etc. comparatively weakly institutionalized compared to the state and the regimeremoved by public, by force, my morality what is a state? what is a regime? what is a government? and how are they different from eachother? the advantages of states states are a relatively new occurrence, but now dominant form of governance/organization why? encouraged economic development as way to gain revenue, fight rivals encouraged technological innovation or application for same reason gunpowder, cartography homogenization of peoples within territories common language, customs, identity (a nation) states, regimes, and political organization the regimes within states create governments which reflect the underlying choices made about the balance between freedom and equality political organization is necessary within states and regimes to: make and enforce rules provide mechanism to solve conflict set collective goals differences between states come from how these things are accomplished/determined consensus or coercion? all regimes must determine the character of political organization is it the result of public consensus (bottom –up) or elite coercion (topdown)? consensus : social contract between rulers and ruled (hobbes/ ‘state of nature’) coercion: rise of state and institutions created inequality and harmed social balance (rousseau ‘noble savage’) \n both may be true, depending on time and place legitimacy defined as a value where someone or something is recognized or accepted as right and proper confers authority and power legitimate behavior is seen as “right thing to do” from a sense of reciprocal responsibility consensus over coercion forms of legitimacy (according to weber) traditional charismatic rationallegal centralization/decentralization comparing states, how much power does a state have, and where does that power reside? federalism vs. unitary organization (axis of centralization) strong/weak/failed states (axis of durability) legitimacy (public support or lack thereof) federalism vs. unitary states federalism : significant powers devolved to the local level by constitution, not easily taken away examples of powers: taxes, education, security (local police, militia) examples of federal states: united states, germany, russia, canada, mexico unitary : most powers reside with the central government power resides with central government can devolve powers to local level, but also take them away if it chooses examples of unitary states: britain, japan, france, sweden strong vs. weak states strong states : are able to carry out basic tasks expected of them: security, public policy, basic goods and services weak states : less able to fulfill tasks and may face rivals (organized crime, guerrilla movements, other states) failed states: have lost most of their ability to monopolize force and provide services capacity and autonomy capacity: ability of states to get things done; fulfill tasks autonomy : ability to act free from direct public interference too high a level of autonomy and capacity leads to authoritarianism; too low a level can lead to state failure both capacity and autonomy can vary according to the issue at hand a state might have autonomy or capacity in one area but not another \n weberthe state definition of the state: “monopoly of violence over a given territory” states are founded on three forms of legitimacy: traditional charismatic legalrational states require power (use of force), territory (fixed borders), a people, external recognition traditional legitimacy valid because “it has always been done this way” accepted over a long period of time historical myths and legends continuity between past and present highly institutionalized charismatic legitimacy opposite of traditional charisma as the force of ideas embodied in a single individual weakly institutionalized rationallegal legitimacy based on neither rituals nor force of ideas based on laws, procedures rules are key how did someone come into power? strongly institutionalized herbst weak states defining a weak state (focus on africa) failure to fully consolidate (meaning?) weak institutional structures (government) weak identification with state (citizens) failed expectations previous general expectations that modern states would strengthen over time historical causes for the occurrence and endurance of weak states. shifting norms and roles of international actors broader implications: inability to effectively integrate weak states into international community utility of war crisis allows for heavy handed government policies increased extractive state power (example: taxes) during times of crisis (existential threat) establishment of administration and bureaucratic institutions/resources that endure when conflict is over promotion of nationalism (us against them) \n extermination and absorption of weak states by stronger states in the past weak states did not endure expansion and conquest served to minimize number of weak states implications international community must adapt to new reality with external support weak states endure long after they would have in the past the decline in expansionist (existential) conflict (as a result of international intervention) permits weak states to endure today’s weak states (in africa) are unlikely to ever develop into strong states no ability to impose extractive policies effectively (taxes) limited central administration bureaucracy weak national identity (localized links are stronger) rotbergfailed states defining a failed state internal violence not controlled by the state (uprisings, rebels, revolts, etc.) limited geographic state control means that state does not have unique coercive power in much of the state’s territory (warlords, local militia, private armies, criminal organizations) limited or nonexistent extractive capacity (taxes) reduced or nonexistent ability to provide core services to citizens (safety, roads and infrastructure, education, health, etc.) causes and consequences failed states are created evolve from weak states usually the result of human actions (corruption, demagoguery, failure to institutionalize state) some environmental/social contributors can include disparate terrain (regional isolation) and violent or unresolved ethnic/religious cleavages consequences failed states can lead to ‘collapsed’ states complete power vacuum create environments where lawlessness can flourish (terrorists, pirates, drug cartels, etc.) associated costs expand well beyond the borders of the failed state (regional instability) krasnermyths the origin of sovereignty and the modern state westphalia was important, but not exactly as advertised state effectively relinquished control over religion \n many ‘new’ challenges are actually old (or new versions of old issues) the (changing) meaning of sovereignty ideals versus reality sovereignty within supranationalism the role of citizenship (vs. noncitizens) economic sovereignty is changing the enduring difference between strong states and weak(er) states in terms of effective (autonomous) sovereignty society, ethnicity, and ideology society a broad term that refers to complex human organizations collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations are conducted all societies are different (relationships between people and between people and the state) ethnicity any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others ascription – an identity assigned at birth, largely fixed no “master list”; what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another (serbia – religion, canada – language) ethnicity as a “social construct” – not inherently political national identity national identity binds people through common political aspirations (such as sovereignty) national identity is inherently political (ethnicity of ethnic identity is not) defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations a demand for greater freedom for a group and greater equality visàvis other groups often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity national identity to nationalism nationalism – as a pride in one’s people and belief in sovereign destiny seek to create or preserve ones own nation (political group) through an independent state ethnic identity – without a national identity? yes – various ethnic groups that do not have a national consciousness national identity – without ethnic identity? yes – united states, india, great britain, canada, etc. citizenship individuals or groups relationship to the state \n swear allegiance to the state state provides benefits people have obligations in return citizenship and ethnic and national identity ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not citizenship can be changed by individual or state citizenship is a potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity the three are often connected – and ethnic group forms the nation, and the represent the citizens of a country patriotism and nationalism patriotism – requires the existence of a state citizenship gives rise to patriotism defined as pride in one’s state symbols of state wrapped up in patriotism nationalism – requires the existence of a people united by a common identity (national identity) desire to gain sovereignty/independence moves national identity toward nationalism nations, states, and citizenship nationalism promoted by states and elites – topdown the idea that people would fight and die for abstract concept like national identity was a paradigm shift but population also began to demand rights from state – bottomup citizenship becomes important political identity as nationstates formed ethnicity and nationalism as sources of conflict why national and ethnic conflict? ethnic conflict struggle between groups to achieve economic/political goals at other groups expense (superiority) national conflict struggle between groups for political independent (sovereignty) violence a common tool what is the starting point of ethnic/national conflict? top down: elite led, way to consolidate power bottom up: mass led, stemming from long standing friction “artificial states” can lead to bottom up conflict each suggests a difference response to restore peace how to resolve conflict? integrating groups – assimilation separating groups greater decentralization of power to give different groups more autonomy devolution political attitudes and ideologies ethnic and national identities as group identities \n political attitudesand ideologies as individual identities both deal with issues of freedom and equality political attitudes views regarding the necessary pace and scope of political change radicals: seek revolutionary change, violently if necessary liberals: seek evolutionary change conservatives: seek little or no change of system reactionaries : seek to restore previous order, violently if necessary remember that context matters a radical in china versus a radical in the usa a conservative in poland post 1990? liberalism individual political and economic freedom weak state with low autonomy controlled by people higher inequality liberal democracy liberalism is not the same as ‘liberal’ political attitude differing meanings of “liberal” in north america and elsewhere communism low individual political freedom belief that struggle over resources breeds inequality high equality as the goal strong state with high autonomy social democracy seeks to balance individual freedom and collectiv",
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858d5d2f8d4ea611b2f6e046200d983d | graph f(x) = - 3
4 x + 2 using the slope and y-intercept. | graph f(x) = - 34 x + 2 using the slope and y-intercept. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "notes for the week of 4/11 management 300 key terms: management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks. leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals. managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks providing reward and punishments contingent on performance best stable situations planning organizi8ng directing controlling leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals can and should be present at all levels in an effective organization roles: passionate enthusiast visionary cheerleader coach investing trust and love \n managers vs. leaders managers a. coping with complexity b. planning, organizing, directing, and controlling c. executing plans and delivering goods and services d. being conscientious e. acting responsibly f. putting customers first leaders a. coping with change b. being visionary c. being inspiring, setting the tone and articulating the vision d. managing people e. being inspirational / charismatic f. acting decisively g. putting people first – responding to and acting for followers managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. personalized power – power directed at helping oneself socialized power – power directed toward helping others legitimate power – results from formal positions within the organization reward power – results from authority to reward their subordination coercive power – results form an authority to punish their subordinates expert power – results from expertise sophisticated knowledge develops over time results from specialized information \n mundane knowledge acquired through experience referant power – derived from personal attraction relationship or connection power – results from social alliances or influence information power – access to and control over important information generic influence tactics rational persuasion – using reason, logic, or facts inspirational appeals – building enthusiasm or confidence by appealing to other’s emotions, ideals, or values. consultation – getting other to participate in the decisions ingratiating tactics – acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or important before they make a decision personal appeals – drawing on friendship and loyalty exchange tactics – swapping favors coalition tactics – building support by amassing followers pressure tactics – using demands threats or intimidation legitimating tactics – basing requests on one’s authority, organizational rules and politics, or implied support from superiors possible responses to generic influence tactics: a. enthusiastic commitment b. grudging compliance c. outright resistance 5 approaches to leadership 1. trait approaches 2. behavioral approaches 3. contingency approaches 4. fullrange approach 5. four additional perspectives trait approach – an attempt to identify the distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders \n organizations may incorporate personality and leadership traits into selection and promotion aspiring leaders should invest in cultivating adaptive leadership traits traits play a central role in how people view/perceive leaders key positive leadership traits (ralph stogidll’s) 1. dominance 2. intelligence 3. selfconfidence 4. high energy 5. taskrelevant knowledge kouzes and posner’s five traits 1. honesty 2. competent 3. forwardlooking 4. inspiring 5. intelligent bass and bass’s 6 traits 1. task competence – intelligence, knowledge, problemsolving skills 2. interpersonal competence – ability to communicate and ability to demonstrate caring and empathy 3. intuition 4. traits of character – conscientiousness, discipline, moral reasoning, integrity, honesty 5. biophysical traits – physical fitness, hardiness, energy level 6. personal traits – selfconfidence, sociability, selfmonitoring, extraversion, self regulating, selfefficiency. gender studies women tend to have more leadership traits than men, but hold fewer leadership positions old assumption: women do not want to aspire to top positions new thinking on women in management careers \n women have traits that make them better than men in some instances and vice versa areas where women score higher than men producing high quality work goalsetting mentoring teamwork/being collaborative mentoring teamwork/being collaborative seeking less personal glory being motivated less by selfinterests less turf conscious recognizing trends generating new ideas engaging in participative management social leadership women tend to be more unwilling to complete or sacrifice kids and family are too important modesty women tend to give credit to others rather than taking it for themselves lack of a mentor less likely than males to have access to a supportive mentor because they can be excluded from important social networks starting out lower and more likely to quit because women start lower, they lack significant general management experience, and have not been around long enough to be selected. project globe (global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness) ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe understand and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes surveyed 17000middle managers from 951 organizations across 62 countries developed a list of universally liked and disliked leader attributes \n the behavioral approach – behavioral leadership – approach attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders leadership style – the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors that leaders use to interact with others university of michigan’s leadership model job centered behavior – close attention to job and work procedures with the principal concerns being achieving production efficiency, keeping costs down and meeting schedules employee – centered behavior – managers pay more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive ohio state’s leadership model initiating structure – focuses on getting things done and performing behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing consideration – focuses on building trust, supporting feelings, and establishing a warm friendly, supportive climate peter drucker’s tips for improving leadership effectiveness 1. determine what needs to be done 2. determine the right thing to do for the welfare of the entire enterprise or organization 3. develop action plans that specify desired results, probable restraints, future revisions, check0ins points, and implications for how one should spend his or her time 4. take responsibility for decisions 5. take responsibility for communication action plans and give people the information they need to get the job done 6. focus on opportunities rather than problems. do not sweep problems under the rug and treat change as an opportunity rather than as a threat 7. run productive meetings. different types of meetings require different forms of preparations and different results. prepare accordingly. 8. think and say “we” rather than “i” consider the needs an opportunities of the organization before thinking of your opportunities and needs 9. listen first speak last contingency leadership model \n 2 leadership orientations diagnosed with the least preferred coworker scale up 1. taskoriented – concerned with the task as hand (best in high or low control situations) 2. relationshiporiented – concerned with people (best in midlevel control situations) three dimensions of situational control (how much influence do you have in the situation) diagnosed by answering the questions in parenthesis 1. leadermember relations – (do employees accept me?) 2. task structure – (do employees know exactly what to do?) 3. position power – (do i have power to reward or punish?) pathgoal leadership model pathgoal leadership model – holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior in the workplace and increase their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals providing them with support recommendations: the meaningful rewards to goalaccomplishment promote intrinsic motivation through empowerment share leadership key lessons use more than one leadership style help employees achieve their goals modify leadership style to fit employees and task characteristics pathgoal leadership 1. leader behaviors a. pathgoal clarifying (directive) \n b. achievementoriented c. work facilitation d. supportive e. interaction facilitation f. grouporiented decision making (participative) g. representation and networking h. valuebased 2. employee characteristics a. locus of control b. task ability c. need for achievement d. experience e. need for pathgoal clarity 3. environmental factors a. task structure b. work group dynamics 4. leadership effectiveness a. employee motivation b. employee satisfaction c. employee performance d. leader acceptance e. interaction facilitation f. workunit performance situational leadership theory – leadership behavior reflects how leaders should adjust their leadership style according to the readiness of the followers readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. situational leadership in action 5 steps to applying situational leadership theory 1. identify important outcomes 2. identify relevant leadership behavior 3. identify situational condition 4. match leadership to the conditions at hand 5. determine how to make the match the fullrange model fullrange leadership – leadership behaviors vary along a full range of leadership styles \n fullrange model: transactional leadership transactional leadership – focuses on clarifying employees’ roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments that are contingent on performance key management behaviors: setting goals and monitoring progress best is stable situations motivates people to do ordinary things prerequisite to any effective leadership style transformational leadership: transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over selfinterests good in rapidly changing situations motivates people to do exceptional things encourage higher levels of intrinsic motivation, trust, commitment, and loyalty excite passion, inspiring passion factors that can influence transformational leaders 1. individual characteristics a. best characteristics include: extroverted, agreeable, proactive, open to change 2. organizational culture a. best characteristics include: adaptive and flexible 4 key behaviors of transformational leaders 1. inspirational motivation – “let me share a vision that transcends us all” i. charismatic leadership using interpersonal attraction to inspire motivation, acceptance, and support 2. idealize influence – “we are here to do the right thing” i. inspire trust by acting ethically with consistency and integrity 3. individualize consideration – “you have the opportunity here to grow and excel” i. actively encourage employees to grow by giving them challenging work and more responsibility ii. act as mentors \n 4. provide intellectual stimulation – “let me describe the great challenges we can conquer together” i. clearly communicate the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats ii. encourages employees to view problems as personal challenges and develop a sense of purpose positive outcomes of transformational leadership 1. greater organizational effectiveness 2. greater leadership effectiveness and employee job satisfaction 3. more employee identification with their leaders and with their immediate work group 4. greater commitment to organizational change 5. higher levels of intrinsic motivation, group cohesion, work engagement, setting of goals consistent with those of the leader, and proactive behavior key considerations it can improve results for both individuals and groups it can be used to train employees any level it requires ethical leaders things managers should do to be effective transformational leaders employ a code of ethics – the company should create and enforce a clearly stated code and ethics choose the right people – recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior make performance expectations reflect employees treatment – develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees these expectations can be assessed in the performanceappraisal process reward high moral conduct identify, reward, and publicly praise employees, exemplify high moral conduct. 4 additional perspectives 1. leadermember exchange (lmx) – emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates a. ingroup exchange (trust, respect, liking, sense of common fate) i. partnership relationships \n b. outgroup exchange (no trust and no respect) i. overseen relationships 2. servant leaders a. focus on providing increased service to others – meeting the goals of both followers and the organization – rather than to one’s self b. require a longterm transformational approach to life and work 3. leadership a. can involve onetoone, onetomany, withingroup, betweengroup, and collective interactions via information technology i. ebusiness – interaction within and between organizations ii. ecommerce – interaction with customers and suppliers 4. shared leadership a. leaders and followers need each other, and the quality of the relationship determines how they behave b. research show that followers seek and admire leaders who create feelings of significance, community, and excitement c. followers vary in compliance from helpers (most compliant) to independents (least compliant) characteristics of servant leaders focus on listening ability to empathize with other’s feelings focus on healing suffering selfawareness of strengths and weaknesses use of persuasion rather than positional authority to influence others broadbased conceptual thinking ability to foresee future outcomes belief they are stewards of their employees and resources commitment to the growth of people drive to build community within and outside the organization",
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7e9c20801e760ba09e17dff975db30e4 | in exercises 79 82, use a graphing utility to graph each butterfly curve. experiment with the range setting, particularly step, to produce a butterfly of the best possible quality. | in exercises 79 82, use a graphing utility to graph each | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " psy 101 study guide 3 developmental psych mary ainsworth researcher o ttachment development piaget researcher fognitive development erikson researcher oersonality development marcia researcher oidentity development kublerross researcher ostages of grief kohlberg researcher ooral development research methods in developmental (2) 1. prenatal development 2. infant development prenatal development the development of the zygote to birth. (0birth) 1. germinal stage: 02 weeks zygote 2. embryonic stage: 28 weeks embryo 3. fetal stage: 8birth fetus teratogens and examples importance of contact/touch an increase 50% survival infant attachment styles (3) 1. secure: a. most trust b. adventurous c. cry if caretaker leave 2. anxiousambivalent: a. over dependence b. a little longer to play c. harder to be comforted 3. avoidant: a. most distrust b. overindependence c. play fastest d. don’t look around if caretaker leave us vs germany vs japan infant attachments infant temperament styles (3) 1. secure 2. fear 3. defensiveness dendritic spread & pruning in infant brain \n “planet opposite” study cognitive development stages (4) 1. sensorimotor stage (02 yr.) a. object permanence when the object is out of sight, it is gone b. scale error cannot tell the difference in size. 2. preoperational stage (27 yr.) a. irreversibility concentrate one thing at a time b. egocentrism see thing from oneself pointofview 3. concrete operations stage (711 yr.) a. conservation the ability to see that distribution is different and size does not change b. hierarchical classification 4. formal operations stage (11adolescence) a. abstract thinking b. systematic thinking and logic psychosocial development stages (8) 1. trust vs mistrust (1st year) 2. autonomy vs shame/doubt (23 yr.) a. “can i do it by myself?” 3. initiative vs guilt (46 yr.) a. “am i good or bad?” 4. industry vs inferiority (6puberty) a. “am i a competent or worthless?” 5. identity vs confusion (adolescence) a. “who am i?” 6. intimacy vs isolation (early adult) a. “am i capable of meaningful relationship?” 7. generativity vs self absorption (mid adult) a. “will i produce something valuable?” 8. integrity vs despair (late adult) a. “have i live a full life?” identity development statuses (4) 1. identity diffusion no crisis or commitment 2. identity moratorium no crisis, but have commitment 3. identity foreclosure have crisis, but no commitment 4. identity achievement have crisis and commitment moral development, 3 levels, 6 orientations 1. preconventional level a. punishment orientation determination through the thought of punishments \n b. naïve reward orientation determination through rewards 2. conventional level a. good boy/girl orientation determination through approval b. authority orientation determination through society’s rule 3. postconventional level a. social contract orientation determination through justice b. individual principles & conscience orientation determination through abstract principles equity and justice age conscience development begins about age 9 highlights of adolescence ● identity crisis ● stress ● suicide attempts adolescent brain structure & emotion highlights of early adulthood ● marriage is now in late 20searly 30s ● increase in alternative lifestyles ● four parenting styles ● these style will correlates with children highlights of middle adulthood ● marital happiness ○ kids = happiness? ■ men = yes ■ women = no ● midlife crisis vs reflection ● empty nest syndrome vs adjustment highlights of later adulthood ● active neurons ○ minor decline ● sensory sensitivity ○ gradual decline easily corrected ● fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence ○ decrease fluid ○ flexibility increase ● life satisfaction ● interaction of physical, cognitive, and social health parenting styles (4) 1. authoritarian excessive control, not responsive 2. indulgentpermissive little control, high responsive \n 3. indifferentuninvolved no control, not responsive 4. authoritative high control, high responsive island of okinawa stages of grieving & dying 1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance two more stages added later 1. shock testing 2. sticking , cycling stuck at one phase or goes through phases, but repeat prior stage. progression personality psych freud study inpsychanalytic theory jung study inanalytic psychology adler study iindividual psychology skinner study ioperant conditioning by rewards and punishment bandura study inocial learning theory by observations rogers study inpersoncentered theory maslow study in self actualization theory eyscenk study innp theory sam gosling study inocial perception and crossspecies personality durable and pervasive way of life trait a way of describing a being personality or social situation? mmpi clinical usage 16 pf questionnaire personality factor usage the neo personality inventory normal life usage rorschach test looking for recurring themes the tat ● for small group only ● for people who enjoys writing self report vs projective tests ● self report fill out survey or questionnaire with or without a investigator ● projective tests designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli to find hidden emotions and internal conflicts \n psychobiography the analysis of historically significant lives through the use of psychological theory and research types a, b and d and cardiovascular risk ● type a competitive, time urgent, hostile, aggressive ● type b relaxed, one thing at a time, express feeling ● type d have a negative outlook on live, suppress emotion ○ high risk of cardiovascular risk psychodynamic perspectives ● freud’s psychoanalytic theory ● jung’s analytic psychology ● adler’s individual psychology psychoanalytic theory focus: unconscious 3 components of personality 1. id desire, pleasure 2. superego conscience only 3. ego reality mediator between id and superego 3 levels of awareness 1. conscious limited thought 2. preconscious trigger answer (able to know the answer without thinking) 3. unconscious imply memory, basically everything else the iceberg metaphor defense mechanisms 1. repression want to forget 2. projection portray what you feel 3. displacement taking frustration on other living organism 4. reaction formation reaction in a different (opposite) manner 5. regression regression back to childlike behavior 6. rationalization think something is rational 7. identification identify yourself as part of something else because it makes you feel important the formative years the childhood years psychosexual stages know age range/body part focus/task/any special characteristic(s) on slide/ possible fixations of each stage 1. oral stage a. 01 yr. b. explore everything with the mouth c. breast feeding \n 2. anal stage a. 23 yr. b. obsessed with anything to do with the rectum c. potty training 3. phallic stage a. 45 yr. b. focus on genital / exploring genital c. have a “special relationship” with mother or father oedipus & electra complex 4. latency stage a. 612yr. b. sexually repressive 5. genital stage a. pubertyon b. sharing sexuality with others. dream symbolism sexuality concept freudian slips no innocent error while talking analytic psychology focus: spirituality ● personal unconscious ○ gene and other physical thing pass on ○ memory can be passed on ● collective unconscious unconscious memory that is shared with the same species. (example: divine being) ● introversion prefer your inner life ● extroversion prefer the outer life individual psychology focus: superiority need a driving need to be better than average ● inferiority complex is a lack of selfworth ● compensation covers up, consciously or unconsciously, feelings behavioral perspectives focus: overt behavior operant conditioning ● skinner’s operant conditioning personality development is derived from rewards and punishment social learning theory ● bandura’s social learning theory observational learning humanistic perspectives focus: positive side of human nature and free will personcentered theory \n ● selfconcept ● incongruency & mental health ● source of incongruency ○ lack of unconditional love self actualization theory ● self actualized personality ● fulfillment of the person’s goal. then go and help fulfill other people's goals. michele’s marshmallow study the study on children about the impulsiveness. the conclusion of this test showed that the children will little control of their impulse to eat the marshmallow have behavioral issue while the more controlled impulse children have a more successful future. biological perspectives focus: genetics and physiology enp theory ● higherorder (largely inherited traits) ● extroversion ● neuroticism ● psychoticism ● personality structure: hierarchical ● first to show effects of personality on physiology evolutionary theory ● judgment of other ● natural selection favors: ○ reliability ○ cooperative ○ generosity trait perspectives ● the big five the big five ● n: neuroticism ● e: extraversion ● o: openness ● a: agreeableness how nice somebody is ● c: conscientiousness detailed productive carful neurotransmitters and neuroticism health/longevity and personality obesity and personality ",
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be7bfad400ebeb4472687c9e6b17252d | show that if the conditional probabilities exist, then p(a1 a2 an) = p(a1)p(a2 | a1)p(a3 | a1 a2) p(an | a1 a2 an1) | show that if the conditional probabilities exist, then | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday april 5th planning and strategy 1. strategic planning process a. remind yourself: why are you in business? i. what is your vision 1. vision statements are long term projections of where your company will be 2. these tend to accompany values, beliefs, guiding principles ii. what is your mission 1. mission statements are in a 35 year period a. a subset of the vision statement b. they identify i. what the organization does ii. who the primary customers are iii. how the organization goes about its business iii. value proposition 1. describes why customers should purchase from you as opposed to the competition 2. corporate strategies growth a. concentration i. growth through reinvesting in the current line of business b. vertical integration i. aimed at controlling distribution c. horizontal integration i. growth by combining/buyingout competitors d. diversification i. expanding a company’s operations into a new industry to produce new goods or services e. international expansion i. global strategy 1. selling the same product in every international market ii. multidomestic strategy 1. customizing products and marketing strategies to specific national conditions a. gain local market share b. this raises production costs, leading to higher prices \n 3. corporate strategies stability and renewal a. kaizen continuous improvement b. stability i. business as usual ii. maintain market share and customer base c. renewal i. when a company is in trouble d. retrenchment i. stabilizing if the company is shaky 4. business level strategies a. standard models for differentiation and the achievement of profitability i. operational excellence 1. best total cost ii. product leadership 1. best, most innovative products iii. customer intimacy 1. best total solution 5. functional level strategies a. strategies used by an organization’s various functional departments to support the competitive strategy i. marketing ii. hr iii. financial iv. sales v. etc. 6. quantifying the vision, mission, etc. a. construct analysis i. looking at your vision, mission, etc., you can pick out words and phrases that are measureable ii. those measureable things are known as kpis key performance indicators 1. metrics indicate the overall business health 2. kpis tell you whether strategic business plans are working b. constituent element analysis i. breaks down each level 1 kpis into next level metrics to be measured 7. strategic planning a. one of the four tasks of management b. longrange planning (35 years) focusing on the organization as a whole \n c. determines a series of milestones and indicators (used within pdca) for achieving the mission and moving toward the vision d. is achieved through gap analysis 8. gap analysis *** a. the gap between the target value and the current value of the kpi determines if: i. 9. daily management 10. policy deployment planning a. this is all called hoshin planning, aka hoshin kanri i. integrating an organization’s business plans with its vision, mission, value, proposition, core competencies, etc. 11. profound knowledge a. when companies are in trouble, often outside views are needed b. it is hard to get a perspective when stuck in a hole c. outside views are profound knowledge \n thursday april 7th m otivation 1. types of motivators a. intrinsic i. doing work for the sake of working ii. liking working iii. internal b. extrinsic i. behavior to acquire material or social rewards ii. behavior to avoid getting in trouble iii. external c. modern psychology leans towards intrinsic motivators being more effective in the workplace i. autonomy the desire to direct our own lives ii. mastery the urge to get better and develop skills iii. purpose the need to do what we do for reasons bigger than ourselves 2. managers must a. create a resonant environment i. create excitement, energy, optimism, hope ii. the challenge about this is that it is all psychological; you’re responsible for motivating yourself iii. 73% of employees in the us are not excited about their work 3. theories of motivation a. needs theories i. claim people are motivated by opportunity to meet unfulfilled needs 1. hierarchy of needs, twofactor, threeneeds theories 2. maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, selfactualization (lowest to highest) a. not everyone is motivated by the same things b. once a need is met, the motivation is gone 3. two factor theory (herzberg) (motivation slides for examples) a. hygiene factors (extrinsic) i. elements of the job context ii. sources of job dissatisfaction b. motivator factors (intrinsic) i. elements of the job content ii. sources of satisfaction and motivation c. this implies that intrinsic factors drive motivation, not money \n 4. mcclelland’s needs theory a. need for power i. management, work over people b. need for affiliation i. let people work in teams, meet new people, associate with others, work with others c. need for achievement i. put someone on a fast track towards upper level work, congratulate on hard work etc. all about me ii. this one has been studied most extensively iii. high achievers aren’t necessarily good managers because they are very self centered d. need for cognition (n ew) ii. there are better models that exist than these iii. these models try to uncover the needs of employees b. process theories i. equity 1. fairness of outcomes and inputs a. are employees perceiving themselves as equal to other employees b. when there is a feeling of unfairness people try to restore a perceived sense of equity c. everyone has a different perspective on what is fair ii. expectancy (victor vroom) 1. expectancy people put in some work, expecting a certain level of performance 2. instrumentality a person’s perception about the extent to which their performance will result in a certain outcome attainment 3. valence how desirable each of the possible outcomes available for a job are for employees iii. goal setting 1. 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c4514cb29050a6052a44ae46ea08efad | if a ;ystem of m linear equations in 11 variables is equivalent to a ' )'>tem of 11 linear equation.' in q variable>. then "'=fl. | if a ;ystem of m linear equations in 11 variables is | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib701382 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing inclusive of location, product type, and distributions channels. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on which are the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the cultural perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture and did well. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. geography and product distribution the definition of geography has expanded beyond it’s practical description of a physical location. the idea that geographical perspective is now even more vital to understand as businesses compete in the global market. czinkota and ronkainen (2013) discussed that geographic perspective takes in factors to evaluate geographic patterns for purchasing products and allows the potential for estimating change in consumer purchasing. take into consideration an example of healthy eating and fitness trends and how those trends spread throughout the regions of the u.s. as marketers implement products, they can have insight on how a particular \n 3 product will do within a given region. if a company were to introduce a product that is based upon drinking green shakes and eating meals made of tofu, a marketer could immediately see that the product would do much better in california than it would in let’s say, alabama. it’s not to say that people in alabama wouldn’t eat and drink the new product, but the geographic perspective in the deep south is skewed to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. this same type of concept could also be applied to selling that same product within ethiopia compared to selling in iceland. a large percentage of the population in ethiopia is poverty stricken and the least of their worries is which type of tofu should they buy. residents are more concerned with where they are going to get their next meal, than where to process their shake. iceland residents tend to have a much higher income and standard of living which leads to the consumption of different types of food. iceland residents have a significant population of personnel utilizing the gym and focusing on being health conscious which also leads to a new way of eating. with these geographical factors taken into account, a marketer would certainly push the product to iceland over ethiopia. another very important area to consider in addition to geography is the distribution channel. as distribution channels are considered, one must consider how difficult it is to get a product into a particular region or country. a personal example of this endeavor was during my deployed time in iraq. in order to successfully distribute a product, distribution channels had to be identified early on. to transport products into iraq from other countries is an extremely difficult task. the logistical efforts it took to bring in even the simplest of products into the country required shipments from other countries utilizing ships and aircraft taking months to acquire. if the products were transported by sea, the delivery dates could be pushed back by a \n 4 year or more. once the product made it into middle east, the products would be transported by truck to the military base, and once again the process required additional extensive logistical efforts. even with the correct paperwork and an identified distribution channels, getting products into this country was on some days impossible. in this instance a new business could certainly evaluate the possibility of establishing a manufacturing plant in iraq itself and develop a new distribution channel. location and place the terms location and place may seem as if they are interchangeable, but they are more different than meets the eye. location has an overall definition of a geographical point on a map. place, as czinkota and ronkainen (2013) defined, is not only the location but both natural and human characteristics of that location. things tend to relate to one another at a specific place by their given characteristics. in india, curry is a popular type of food seasoning. as a marketer focuses on india, they could create products such as chicken curry, pork curry, and lamb curry and be relatively certain that another curry product would be successful. if that same marketer took into consideration natural and human features he/she would need to understand how people relate or perceive a product. if a beef curry product was incorporated into this same area, this product has a high probability of failure. a little known fact is that people in india tend to believe that cow are sacred and are not eaten. in this instance, the marketer would either not market to india or they would only market to niche groups that live within india’s borders. not only is the product type important to the location and place it is marketed to, but so is the type of marketing strategy for that place and location. gabrielsson, gabrielsson, and seppäl \n 5 (2012) discussed the effectiveness of a standard marketing strategy and how it compared to that of an adaptive strategy. one strategy may work well in a certain area while another fails miserably. while the standard marketing strategy has its positive points especially the benefit of utilizing economies of scale, there is certainly a need and advantage to utilizing an adaptive strategy. this concept is a basically goes to show that all people are not the same and while we as a race are similar in nature, the environment certainly has a significant impact on the way each country views a product. hollis (2011) further discussed how global marketers must develop branding that will be accepted and appeal to consumers worldwide. once the product is identified, only then should the marketing plan and communication with the global market move forward. international marketing impacts as the discussion is moves further, a marketer must understand how interaction, movement, and region play a role within international marketing. according to czinkota and ronkainen (2013) interaction takes place when the characteristics of several places are the same, while the overall culture may be different. as long as the same set of characteristics and/or beliefs are present, the product should be successful in each of the markets. a marketer must find these similarities and utilize them to his/her advantage. once these areas are identified, a marketer should then market to each of the associated markets by using a similar strategy. by viewing each area as the same, processes are consolidated and a marketer can move away from remaking the wheel. movement takes on a different aspect than interaction. while interaction focuses on identifying similar characteristics of a place and marketing a product to the identified locations, \n 6 movement is the opposite. movement focuses on how places that do not have the same characteristics and their relation to one another. while the places may be different, the challenge of the marketer is to find where the connections lie in the research. as an example of how this process is used, location x is different from location y in a variety of ways. while in location x the company must have 5 commercial ovens to maintain the business. in location y, commercial ovens are not an immediate option, but brick ovens will do a good enough job. by first identifying the differences in the locations, finding the relatable areas and subsequently developing another way to do the same job, success can be found until the ovens can be shipped in. being able to transport the needed items into the area is extremely important in developing business in new, differing, and unrelated areas. region refers to an overall set of places sharing certain characteristics. when the set of characteristics of that certain area are defined marketing becomes easier. an example of a region could be tornado alley. tornado alley extends specifically from northern texas, oklahoma, kansas, and nebraska. a marketing plan could include building shelters all along this area for the protection from tornados. while they may form throughout the u.s., this area dominates in the volume of tornados. this discussion can be taken a bit further. omura, todorova, and chung (2015) developed the discussion on how storage and holding inventory in a region affects the overall pricing of a durable goods. this example certainly applies to crude oil within a given region. the larger the number of barrels of crude oil begin produced and stored in a particular region allows for a reduction in gas prices and vice versa. the u.s. showed this to be true by importing and allowing use of a significant increase of crude oil, and the gas prices dropped by over a \n 7 dollar within in the last few years. robb, liu, lai, and ren (2012) take this discussion to the international market. by analyzing the affects of inventory held within the regions of china. by scaling not only inventory, but the size of stores, and the frequency of store locations, a company will certainly benefit. if there is too much inventory or too many stores, the market will be flooded and prices will be diminished. the opposite is true of too little inventory or too few stores. the pricing will be increased until a competitor comes in and establishes their own location. the idea is to find the correct balance between all factors. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment was to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are not unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the culture and perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. \n 8 \n 9 references czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013) international marketing. mason: southwestern gabrielsson, p., gabrielsson, m., & seppäl, t. (2012). marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance. journal of international marketing, 20(2), 2548. doi:10.1509/jim.11.0068 hollis, n. (2011). globalization in context. journal of advertising research, 513741. retrieved from http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com omura, a., todorova, n., li, b., & chung, r. (2015). convenience yield and inventory accessibility: impact of regional market conditions. resources policy, 44111. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.002 robb, d. j., liu, f., lai, r., & ren, z. j. (2012). inventory in mainland china: historical, industry, and geographic perspectives. international journal of production economics, 135(advances in optimization and design of supply chains), 440450. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.08.020 \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib701382 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing inclusive of location, product type, and distributions channels. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on which are the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the cultural perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture and did well. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. geography and product distribution the definition of geography has expanded beyond it’s practical description of a physical location. the idea that geographical perspective is now even more vital to understand as businesses compete in the global market. czinkota and ronkainen (2013) discussed that geographic perspective takes in factors to evaluate geographic patterns for purchasing products and allows the potential for estimating change in consumer purchasing. take into consideration an example of healthy eating and fitness trends and how those trends spread throughout the regions of the u.s. as marketers implement products, they can have insight on how a particular \n 3 product will do within a given region. if a company were to introduce a product that is based upon drinking green shakes and eating meals made of tofu, a marketer could immediately see that the product would do much better in california than it would in let’s say, alabama. it’s not to say that people in alabama wouldn’t eat and drink the new product, but the geographic perspective in the deep south is skewed to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. this same type of concept could also be applied to selling that same product within ethiopia compared to selling in iceland. a large percentage of the population in ethiopia is poverty stricken and the least of their worries is which type of tofu should they buy. residents are more concerned with where they are going to get their next meal, than where to process their shake. iceland residents tend to have a much higher income and standard of living which leads to the consumption of different types of food. iceland residents have a significant population of personnel utilizing the gym and focusing on being health conscious which also leads to a new way of eating. with these geographical factors taken into account, a marketer would certainly push the product to iceland over ethiopia. another very important area to consider in addition to geography is the distribution channel. as distribution channels are considered, one must consider how difficult it is to get a product into a particular region or country. a personal example of this endeavor was during my deployed time in iraq. in order to successfully distribute a product, distribution channels had to be identified early on. to transport products into iraq from other countries is an extremely difficult task. the logistical efforts it took to bring in even the simplest of products into the country required shipments from other countries utilizing ships and aircraft taking months to acquire. if the products were transported by sea, the delivery dates could be pushed back by a \n 4 year or more. once the product made it into middle east, the products would be transported by truck to the military base, and once again the process required additional extensive logistical efforts. even with the correct paperwork and an identified distribution channels, getting products into this country was on some days impossible. in this instance a new business could certainly evaluate the possibility of establishing a manufacturing plant in iraq itself and develop a new distribution channel. location and place the terms location and place may seem as if they are interchangeable, but they are more different than meets the eye. location has an overall definition of a geographical point on a map. place, as czinkota and ronkainen (2013) defined, is not only the location but both natural and human characteristics of that location. things tend to relate to one another at a specific place by their given characteristics. in india, curry is a popular type of food seasoning. as a marketer focuses on india, they could create products such as chicken curry, pork curry, and lamb curry and be relatively certain that another curry product would be successful. if that same marketer took into consideration natural and human features he/she would need to understand how people relate or perceive a product. if a beef curry product was incorporated into this same area, this product has a high probability of failure. a little known fact is that people in india tend to believe that cow are sacred and are not eaten. in this instance, the marketer would either not market to india or they would only market to niche groups that live within india’s borders. not only is the product type important to the location and place it is marketed to, but so is the type of marketing strategy for that place and location. gabrielsson, gabrielsson, and seppäl \n 5 (2012) discussed the effectiveness of a standard marketing strategy and how it compared to that of an adaptive strategy. one strategy may work well in a certain area while another fails miserably. while the standard marketing strategy has its positive points especially the benefit of utilizing economies of scale, there is certainly a need and advantage to utilizing an adaptive strategy. this concept is a basically goes to show that all people are not the same and while we as a race are similar in nature, the environment certainly has a significant impact on the way each country views a product. hollis (2011) further discussed how global marketers must develop branding that will be accepted and appeal to consumers worldwide. once the product is identified, only then should the marketing plan and communication with the global market move forward. international marketing impacts as the discussion is moves further, a marketer must understand how interaction, movement, and region play a role within international marketing. according to czinkota and ronkainen (2013) interaction takes place when the characteristics of several places are the same, while the overall culture may be different. as long as the same set of characteristics and/or beliefs are present, the product should be successful in each of the markets. a marketer must find these similarities and utilize them to his/her advantage. once these areas are identified, a marketer should then market to each of the associated markets by using a similar strategy. by viewing each area as the same, processes are consolidated and a marketer can move away from remaking the wheel. movement takes on a different aspect than interaction. while interaction focuses on identifying similar characteristics of a place and marketing a product to the identified locations, \n 6 movement is the opposite. movement focuses on how places that do not have the same characteristics and their relation to one another. while the places may be different, the challenge of the marketer is to find where the connections lie in the research. as an example of how this process is used, location x is different from location y in a variety of ways. while in location x the company must have 5 commercial ovens to maintain the business. in location y, commercial ovens are not an immediate option, but brick ovens will do a good enough job. by first identifying the differences in the locations, finding the relatable areas and subsequently developing another way to do the same job, success can be found until the ovens can be shipped in. being able to transport the needed items into the area is extremely important in developing business in new, differing, and unrelated areas. region refers to an overall set of places sharing certain characteristics. when the set of characteristics of that certain area are defined marketing becomes easier. an example of a region could be tornado alley. tornado alley extends specifically from northern texas, oklahoma, kansas, and nebraska. a marketing plan could include building shelters all along this area for the protection from tornados. while they may form throughout the u.s., this area dominates in the volume of tornados. this discussion can be taken a bit further. omura, todorova, and chung (2015) developed the discussion on how storage and holding inventory in a region affects the overall pricing of a durable goods. this example certainly applies to crude oil within a given region. the larger the number of barrels of crude oil begin produced and stored in a particular region allows for a reduction in gas prices and vice versa. the u.s. showed this to be true by importing and allowing use of a significant increase of crude oil, and the gas prices dropped by over a \n 7 dollar within in the last few years. robb, liu, lai, and ren (2012) take this discussion to the international market. by analyzing the affects of inventory held within the regions of china. by scaling not only inventory, but the size of stores, and the frequency of store locations, a company will certainly benefit. if there is too much inventory or too many stores, the market will be flooded and prices will be diminished. the opposite is true of too little inventory or too few stores. the pricing will be increased until a competitor comes in and establishes their own location. the idea is to find the correct balance between all factors. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment was to evaluate geographical challenges in global marketing. when launching a product globally there are certainly differences between those companies that are successful and those that are not unsuccessful. as a researcher begins to conduct an analysis of the global environment, conclusions can be drawn on the most effective international marketing strategies. these strategies need to take into consideration not only the physical geographic factors, but the culture and perspectives within each of those regions. by identifying geographic perspective and trade patterns, a marketing strategy and strategic global launch plan can be developed. in order develop a successful marketing strategy there must be in depth research to review those companies that have previously attempted this type of venture. in addition to this discussion there are several additional items that will be addressed within the following paper to include: 1) geography and product distribution, 2) location and place, and 3) international marketing impacts. \n 8 \n 9 references czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013) international marketing. mason: southwestern gabrielsson, p., gabrielsson, m., & seppäl, t. (2012). marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance. journal of international marketing, 20(2), 2548. doi:10.1509/jim.11.0068 hollis, n. (2011). globalization in context. journal of advertising research, 513741. retrieved from http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com omura, a., todorova, n., li, b., & chung, r. (2015). convenience yield and inventory accessibility: impact of regional market conditions. resources policy, 44111. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.12.002 robb, d. j., liu, f., lai, r., & ren, z. j. (2012). inventory in mainland china: historical, industry, and geographic perspectives. international journal of production economics, 135(advances in optimization and design of supply chains), 440450. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.08.020 ",
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0937b694afa89d59dff24c9c25f0dbca | for the three vectors shown in figure ex3.20, a u + b u + c u = 1nj. what is vector b u ? a. write b u in component form. b. write b u as a magnitude and a direction. | for the three vectors shown in figure ex3.20, a u + b u + | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " psyc 1000 notes week 10 march 1418 textbook notes introduction to emotion (p. 459467) emotion: response involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience jameslange theory: theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli cannonbard theory: theory that an emotionarousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion twofactor theory: theory that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal spillover effect: arousal from one event can fuel an emotion that can intensify other emotions brain's pathways for emotions the thinking high road: stimulus travels through the thalamus to the cortex and labeled, and a response is sent by the amygdala (ex. love/hate) the speedy low road: stimulus travels thorough the thalamus directly to the amygdala (ex. fear) physical responses the sympathetic division arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion the parasympathetic division calms us when a crisis passes expressing emotion (p. 468475) experience can sensitize us to certain emotions women are better than men at reading emotional cues facial expressions are similar between different cultures, but cultures differ in how much emotion they express facial feedback effect: the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings behavior feedback effect: the tendency of behavior to influence our own and other's thoughts, feelings, and actions experiencing emotion (p. 476487) catharsis: emotional release catharsis hypothesis: releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges (although usually, expressing anger breeds more anger) managing anger distance, distraction, support, and time feelgood, dogood phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood subjective wellbeing: selfperceived happiness \n positive emotion during the course of a day rises and then falls, while negative emotions stays about the same we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency economic growth in affluent countries does not significantly boost happiness or wellbeing adaptionlevel phenomenon: tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our previous experience indicators of happiness levels genetics selfesteem in individualist cultures and social acceptance in communal cultures optimism sleep and exercise age and gender are not factors stress and illness (p. 488492) stress: the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event (called a stressor) stressors: catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles hormones involved in stress: epinephrine and norepinephrine general adaption syndrome (gas): threestep response to stress 1. alarm reaction: activation of sympathetic nervous system 2. resistance: full physiological engagement with no relief 3. exhaustion: vulnerability to illness or even death tend and befriend: response to extreme stress by providing support to others in order to cope with one's own stress stress and immune systems (p. 494) surgical wounds heal mores slowly in stressed people stressed people are more vulnerable to colds low stress may increase effectiveness of vaccinations health and coping (p. 501515) coping: alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods problemfocused coping: alleviating stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor used when we feel like we have control over a situation emotionfocused coping: alleviating stress by avoiding/ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction used when we believe we don't have control over a situation personal control learned helplessness: learned passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated adverse events \n vulnerability to ill health: rising stress hormones and lower immune system function external locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fate internal locus of control: the perception that we control our own fate selfcontrol: the ability to control impulses and delay shortterm gratification for longerterm rewards social support and optimism promote happiness and health reducing stress aerobic exercise relaxation and meditation religious involvement developmental issues, prenatal development, and the newborn (p. 177183) prenatal development zygote: fertilized egg that enters a 2week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo embryo: developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month fetus: developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth teratogens: chemicals and viruses that can harm the fetus or embryo fetal alcohol syndrome (fas): physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's drinking newborns habituation: decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation infancy and childhood (p. 184202) maturation: biological growth processes that enable changes in behavior assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation: adapting current understandings to incorporate new info piaget's theory of cognitive development sensorimotor stage: stage from birth to 2 years old during which infants know the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived preoperational stage: stage from 2 years to 6/7 years when a child learns language but does not understand the mental operations of logic concrete operational stage: stage from 7 to 11 years when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage: stage beginning at age 12 when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts egocentrism: preoperational child's difficulty of taking someone else's point of view \n theory of mind: people's ideas about their own and other's mental states vygotsky: theory that children's mind develop because of social interaction autism spectrum disorder (asd): a disorder marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction, rigidly fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors social development stranger anxiety: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display attachment: an emotional tie with another person imprinting: the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life self concept: thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, \"who am i?\" parenting styles authoritarian permissive authoritative adolescence (p. 203212) begins with puberty (sexual maturation) identity: our sense of self social identity: the \"we\" aspect of our selfconcept intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships adulthood (p. 213227) menopause: natural cessation of menstruation and women's biological changes as ability to reproduce declines memory and physical health decline with age crosssectional study: people of different ages are compared with one another longitudinal study: the same people are restudied and retested over a long period neurocognitive disorders: acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits social clock: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement over time, the amygdala responds less to negative events aging and intelligence (p. 400401) crosssectional evidence: older adults give fewer correct answers on intelligence tests than younger adults longitudinal evidence: until late in life, intelligence remains stable (more accurate evidence) crystallized intelligence: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age fluid intelligence: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood \n the nature of gender: our biological sex (p. 165169) biology influences gender genetically, with differing sex chromosomes, and genetically, with differing combinations of sex hormones primary sex characteristics: body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible secondary sex characteristics: nonreproductive sexual traits, such as breasts and voice quality disorder of sexual development: an inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy lecture notes chapter 12 emotion emotion: thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physiological arousal purpose: to focus our attention and motivate our actions biology of emotion autonomic nervous system: controls internal organs/glands physiological changes sympathetic division: arousal parasympathetic division: calming physiological measures of emotion heart rate, breathing rate temperature muscle tension skin conductance (sweating) can't necessarily tell what emotion someone is feeling by measuring physiological changes, because two emotions can produce the same pattern of changes brain mechanisms limbic system amygdala theories of emotion jameslange theory event > specific physiological and behavioral changes > emotion requires that each emotion has specific physical/behavioral changes associated with it (not the case) supporting evidence: facial and behavioral feedback phenomena (when changes in facial/behavioral expression produce a corresponding change in emotion) application: lie detection polygraph measures autonomic activity assumption: if polygraph shows physiological arousal, subject is lying \n problem: measures arousal, not lying validity: cannot distinguish between different types of arousal individual variations error rate: 33% more likely to label innocent people as guilty than guilty people as innocent excluded/restricted in court cannonbard theory event > nonspecific physiological/behavioral changes and emotion (neither one causes the other) schacter and singer's twofactor theory event > nonspecific physiological/behavioral changes > cognitive interpretation of situation and changes > emotion takes cognition into account support transferred excitation (spillover effect): physical arousal produced by one situation intensifies our emotional reaction to a subsequent situation it is unclear which theory is correct emotions do seem to involve cognition, most of the time communicating emotions facial expressions in humans: help social behavior primary emotions unlearned: surprise, interest/excitement, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust within first 6 months of life expressions are similar crossculturally blind individuals use similar facial expressions selfconscious or secondary emotions empathy, jealousy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt less obvious/consistent facial expressions between 1 ½ 2 ½ years require selfawareness mirror and rouge test: babies with a mark on their nose seeing themselves in a mirror will either recognize it is their own nose (self awareness) or not anger does venting provide catharsis? recommended to wait to calm down before expressing emotion about anger happiness factors related (correlation): social relationships, resources, religion, and health \n factors unrelated: age, gender, and physical attractiveness money buys happiness if you have no money diminishing returns spending on experiences increases happiness more than spending on things, and people are happier after spending money on someone else rather than spending money on themselves social comparisons: comparing self with someone who has less leads to satisfaction, but comparing self with someone who has more leads to selfdeprivation also observed in animals how much impact an event has on our happiness depends on our experiences/what we're used to adaptationlevel phenomenon: tendency to judge new stimuli/events in relation to what we have recently experienced we adjust to new circumstances until they become neutral we always want more than what we have major events often don't have as much of an impact on or happiness as we think they will (ex. winning the lottery or becoming paralyzed) genetic influence on happiness inherited personality characteristics show a stronger relationship to happiness than a person's attractiveness, popularity, or wealth happiness is not necessarily fixed chapter 5: human development developmental psychologists: study the behavioral, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan children behavior in infancy reflexes: involuntary, unlearned, automatic reactions ex. sucking, grasping motor development experience and biological maturation result in voluntary control biological maturation: synaptic growth/connections between neurons babies born with all the neurons they'll ever have, but they are not connected babies reach milestones in the same order crossculturally, but age varies from baby to baby studying infants we can get an idea of what babies sense, know, and remember by measuring what they look at and how long they look at it habituation: decreased response to unchanging or repeated stimuli babies look for a longer time at novel stimuli cognitive development piaget's theory \n children are active learners stages: thinking is qualitatively different in each sensorimotor period 02 years find out about the world through sensory and motor interactions with environment lack of mental representations/mental time travel lack of object permanence: the understanding that an object continues to exist even if you don't directly perceive it develops between 68 months separation anxiety develops at 8 months preoperational period 27 years egocentrism: not knowing that other people don't know what you know/see what you see lack of theory of mind: the ability to take another person's perspective (other people have different thoughts) develops around 4 months continued difficulty for autistic kids difficulty with mental operations lack of conservation: understanding that quantity stays the same even if appearance changes concrete operational period 7 years adolescence understand conservation can perform simple mental operations limited to concrete objects formal operational period adolescence abstract, hypothetical thinking systematic, logical reasoning piaget's theory today sequence is correct, but he underestimated the timing (kids know more sooner than what piaget's stages indicated) more gradual change than stages imply some people suggest stages should be added (teens vs. adults) social and emotional development in childhood temperament: behavioral and emotional response style reactivity, sensitivity, intensity \n genetic influence: reactivity of nervous system appears early in life and stays stable over time animals show differences in temperament foundation of personality but not determiner temperament classifications easy babies: positive emotion, relaxed, predictable, react well to new situations difficult babies: negative emotion, irregular, irritable slowtowarmup babies: in between easy and difficult attachment: a close emotional bond causes: food used to be believed to be the cause, but harlow's studies implied contact comfort had to do with attachment harlow's monkeys raised in isolation from their mother cloth vs. wire mother monkeys spent time clinging to cloth mother even if wire mother provided food contact comfort vs. nourishment less distressed when taken away from mothers if monkeys can still touch the mother harlow's monkeys didn't make good mothers which suggests there isn't a maternal instinct premature babies can leave hospital faster if they are massaged",
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2ccdf322a178764505b9f7e273b36993 | ucstat sas log10 ucstat | ucstat | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " getting started with sas programming in this class you will learn: statistical programming in sas to write sas programs using sas language good programming style general layout of sas on windows reading data into sas o in-stream o external data o list input o column input o mixed input o formatted data temporary vs. permanent datasets concatenating datasets merging datasets there is also a gui front-end to sas called sas enterprise guide ",
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e92fa55bd88e507c91f0dae8894c6789 | in exercises 1 10, determine whether each relation is a function. give the domain and range for each relation. | answer: in exercises 1 10, determine whether each relation is a function. give the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " psyc 1000 notes week 10 march 1418 textbook notes introduction to emotion (p. 459467) emotion: response involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience jameslange theory: theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli cannonbard theory: theory that an emotionarousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion twofactor theory: theory that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal spillover effect: arousal from one event can fuel an emotion that can intensify other emotions brain's pathways for emotions the thinking high road: stimulus travels through the thalamus to the cortex and labeled, and a response is sent by the amygdala (ex. love/hate) the speedy low road: stimulus travels thorough the thalamus directly to the amygdala (ex. fear) physical responses the sympathetic division arouses us for more intense experiences of emotion the parasympathetic division calms us when a crisis passes expressing emotion (p. 468475) experience can sensitize us to certain emotions women are better than men at reading emotional cues facial expressions are similar between different cultures, but cultures differ in how much emotion they express facial feedback effect: the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings behavior feedback effect: the tendency of behavior to influence our own and other's thoughts, feelings, and actions experiencing emotion (p. 476487) catharsis: emotional release catharsis hypothesis: releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges (although usually, expressing anger breeds more anger) managing anger distance, distraction, support, and time feelgood, dogood phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood subjective wellbeing: selfperceived happiness \n positive emotion during the course of a day rises and then falls, while negative emotions stays about the same we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency economic growth in affluent countries does not significantly boost happiness or wellbeing adaptionlevel phenomenon: tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our previous experience indicators of happiness levels genetics selfesteem in individualist cultures and social acceptance in communal cultures optimism sleep and exercise age and gender are not factors stress and illness (p. 488492) stress: the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event (called a stressor) stressors: catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles hormones involved in stress: epinephrine and norepinephrine general adaption syndrome (gas): threestep response to stress 1. alarm reaction: activation of sympathetic nervous system 2. resistance: full physiological engagement with no relief 3. exhaustion: vulnerability to illness or even death tend and befriend: response to extreme stress by providing support to others in order to cope with one's own stress stress and immune systems (p. 494) surgical wounds heal mores slowly in stressed people stressed people are more vulnerable to colds low stress may increase effectiveness of vaccinations health and coping (p. 501515) coping: alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods problemfocused coping: alleviating stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor used when we feel like we have control over a situation emotionfocused coping: alleviating stress by avoiding/ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction used when we believe we don't have control over a situation personal control learned helplessness: learned passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated adverse events \n vulnerability to ill health: rising stress hormones and lower immune system function external locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fate internal locus of control: the perception that we control our own fate selfcontrol: the ability to control impulses and delay shortterm gratification for longerterm rewards social support and optimism promote happiness and health reducing stress aerobic exercise relaxation and meditation religious involvement developmental issues, prenatal development, and the newborn (p. 177183) prenatal development zygote: fertilized egg that enters a 2week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo embryo: developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month fetus: developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth teratogens: chemicals and viruses that can harm the fetus or embryo fetal alcohol syndrome (fas): physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's drinking newborns habituation: decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation infancy and childhood (p. 184202) maturation: biological growth processes that enable changes in behavior assimilation: interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation: adapting current understandings to incorporate new info piaget's theory of cognitive development sensorimotor stage: stage from birth to 2 years old during which infants know the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived preoperational stage: stage from 2 years to 6/7 years when a child learns language but does not understand the mental operations of logic concrete operational stage: stage from 7 to 11 years when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage: stage beginning at age 12 when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts egocentrism: preoperational child's difficulty of taking someone else's point of view \n theory of mind: people's ideas about their own and other's mental states vygotsky: theory that children's mind develop because of social interaction autism spectrum disorder (asd): a disorder marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction, rigidly fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors social development stranger anxiety: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display attachment: an emotional tie with another person imprinting: the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life self concept: thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, \"who am i?\" parenting styles authoritarian permissive authoritative adolescence (p. 203212) begins with puberty (sexual maturation) identity: our sense of self social identity: the \"we\" aspect of our selfconcept intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships adulthood (p. 213227) menopause: natural cessation of menstruation and women's biological changes as ability to reproduce declines memory and physical health decline with age crosssectional study: people of different ages are compared with one another longitudinal study: the same people are restudied and retested over a long period neurocognitive disorders: acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits social clock: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement over time, the amygdala responds less to negative events aging and intelligence (p. 400401) crosssectional evidence: older adults give fewer correct answers on intelligence tests than younger adults longitudinal evidence: until late in life, intelligence remains stable (more accurate evidence) crystallized intelligence: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age fluid intelligence: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood \n the nature of gender: our biological sex (p. 165169) biology influences gender genetically, with differing sex chromosomes, and genetically, with differing combinations of sex hormones primary sex characteristics: body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible secondary sex characteristics: nonreproductive sexual traits, such as breasts and voice quality disorder of sexual development: an inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy lecture notes chapter 12 emotion emotion: thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physiological arousal purpose: to focus our attention and motivate our actions biology of emotion autonomic nervous system: controls internal organs/glands physiological changes sympathetic division: arousal parasympathetic division: calming physiological measures of emotion heart rate, breathing rate temperature muscle tension skin conductance (sweating) can't necessarily tell what emotion someone is feeling by measuring physiological changes, because two emotions can produce the same pattern of changes brain mechanisms limbic system amygdala theories of emotion jameslange theory event > specific physiological and behavioral changes > emotion requires that each emotion has specific physical/behavioral changes associated with it (not the case) supporting evidence: facial and behavioral feedback phenomena (when changes in facial/behavioral expression produce a corresponding change in emotion) application: lie detection polygraph measures autonomic activity assumption: if polygraph shows physiological arousal, subject is lying \n problem: measures arousal, not lying validity: cannot distinguish between different types of arousal individual variations error rate: 33% more likely to label innocent people as guilty than guilty people as innocent excluded/restricted in court cannonbard theory event > nonspecific physiological/behavioral changes and emotion (neither one causes the other) schacter and singer's twofactor theory event > nonspecific physiological/behavioral changes > cognitive interpretation of situation and changes > emotion takes cognition into account support transferred excitation (spillover effect): physical arousal produced by one situation intensifies our emotional reaction to a subsequent situation it is unclear which theory is correct emotions do seem to involve cognition, most of the time communicating emotions facial expressions in humans: help social behavior primary emotions unlearned: surprise, interest/excitement, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust within first 6 months of life expressions are similar crossculturally blind individuals use similar facial expressions selfconscious or secondary emotions empathy, jealousy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt less obvious/consistent facial expressions between 1 ½ 2 ½ years require selfawareness mirror and rouge test: babies with a mark on their nose seeing themselves in a mirror will either recognize it is their own nose (self awareness) or not anger does venting provide catharsis? recommended to wait to calm down before expressing emotion about anger happiness factors related (correlation): social relationships, resources, religion, and health \n factors unrelated: age, gender, and physical attractiveness money buys happiness if you have no money diminishing returns spending on experiences increases happiness more than spending on things, and people are happier after spending money on someone else rather than spending money on themselves social comparisons: comparing self with someone who has less leads to satisfaction, but comparing self with someone who has more leads to selfdeprivation also observed in animals how much impact an event has on our happiness depends on our experiences/what we're used to adaptationlevel phenomenon: tendency to judge new stimuli/events in relation to what we have recently experienced we adjust to new circumstances until they become neutral we always want more than what we have major events often don't have as much of an impact on or happiness as we think they will (ex. winning the lottery or becoming paralyzed) genetic influence on happiness inherited personality characteristics show a stronger relationship to happiness than a person's attractiveness, popularity, or wealth happiness is not necessarily fixed chapter 5: human development developmental psychologists: study the behavioral, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan children behavior in infancy reflexes: involuntary, unlearned, automatic reactions ex. sucking, grasping motor development experience and biological maturation result in voluntary control biological maturation: synaptic growth/connections between neurons babies born with all the neurons they'll ever have, but they are not connected babies reach milestones in the same order crossculturally, but age varies from baby to baby studying infants we can get an idea of what babies sense, know, and remember by measuring what they look at and how long they look at it habituation: decreased response to unchanging or repeated stimuli babies look for a longer time at novel stimuli cognitive development piaget's theory \n children are active learners stages: thinking is qualitatively different in each sensorimotor period 02 years find out about the world through sensory and motor interactions with environment lack of mental representations/mental time travel lack of object permanence: the understanding that an object continues to exist even if you don't directly perceive it develops between 68 months separation anxiety develops at 8 months preoperational period 27 years egocentrism: not knowing that other people don't know what you know/see what you see lack of theory of mind: the ability to take another person's perspective (other people have different thoughts) develops around 4 months continued difficulty for autistic kids difficulty with mental operations lack of conservation: understanding that quantity stays the same even if appearance changes concrete operational period 7 years adolescence understand conservation can perform simple mental operations limited to concrete objects formal operational period adolescence abstract, hypothetical thinking systematic, logical reasoning piaget's theory today sequence is correct, but he underestimated the timing (kids know more sooner than what piaget's stages indicated) more gradual change than stages imply some people suggest stages should be added (teens vs. adults) social and emotional development in childhood temperament: behavioral and emotional response style reactivity, sensitivity, intensity \n genetic influence: reactivity of nervous system appears early in life and stays stable over time animals show differences in temperament foundation of personality but not determiner temperament classifications easy babies: positive emotion, relaxed, predictable, react well to new situations difficult babies: negative emotion, irregular, irritable slowtowarmup babies: in between easy and difficult attachment: a close emotional bond causes: food used to be believed to be the cause, but harlow's studies implied contact comfort had to do with attachment harlow's monkeys raised in isolation from their mother cloth vs. wire mother monkeys spent time clinging to cloth mother even if wire mother provided food contact comfort vs. nourishment less distressed when taken away from mothers if monkeys can still touch the mother harlow's monkeys didn't make good mothers which suggests there isn't a maternal instinct premature babies can leave hospital faster if they are massaged",
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872780149a5b764d2ce8dd777d6ddf73 | the pressure on a surface is equal to the force divided by the area: p f/a. a 53-kgwoman exerts a force (weight) of 520 newtons. if the pressure exerted on the floor is32,500 n/m2, what is the area of the soles of her shoes? | the pressure on a surface is equal to the force divided by | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " monday notes 4/4: scientific rationalism gives us the world we live in today mythic consciousness gives us an ancient world that those like plato, sophocles, and sappho lived in speaks to the emotions and bodies and the intuitive/imaginative/spiritual dimensions wisdom: athena taking a bath, don’t look at her naked or else you will be blinded (blinded by nakedness? or by wisdom?) seeing and living in a world of action, life, and opportunity childhood living in a world in which everything is alive dead world “totally uninteresting” lost in a world marbled with terror and wonder and opportunity (or is it lost?) best selling most popular wall ports sold to college students (20132015) consumers born in 1990’s marilyn monroe, lennon, notorious b.i.g., bob marley, etc.; they all will never die all icons of the past i. someone that we look at and worship ii. when you look at an image of one of these people something happens inside of you emotionally (idealism), no one forces us to put these posters up can connect us with sappho, plato, homer, sophocles, etc. and connect them with us, always in the presence of the greek gods (the divine and supernatural; posters on their walls) just as we are in the presence of a poster of marilyn monroe (bestows upon them a life full of life) the emotional experience is why we like things; ex. the waves likes the surf instructor today, poseidon likes the surf instructor today is this what constitutes literature as being literary? as cushing gets older, he comes to the conclusion that the human motivation is either fear or love no religion or bible listing sings for sophocles or plate’s time to constrict themselves by; so many more doors open victoria’s secret and fanny wrappers: aphrodite (the excitation is the spiritual power), bull’s tavern and drunk college students: dionysus mythic consciousness is confident that the world is full of life and sublime power cushing email on sappho and the mythic consciousness: mythic consciousness, sappho and the “hymn to aphrodite” joan didion: “we tell ourselves stories in order to live.” thomas mann: “myth is the foundation of life; it is the timeless pattern, the religious formula to which life shapes itself, inasmuch as life’s characteristics are a reproduction of the human \n unconscious. the moment when a storyteller acquires the mythical way of looking at things, the gift of seeing the mythic features of characters and events, that moment marks a beginning in his life. it involves a pervasive awareness of oneself not only as an individual, but also as the temporary manifestation, or embodiment, of an ageold and ongoing continuity.” charles olson: “myth is a bed in which human beings continue to make love to the gods.” ezra pound: “no apter metaphor having been found for certain emotional colors, i assert that gods exist.” roberto calasso: “whatever else it might be, the divine is certainly the thing that imposes with maximum intensity the sensation of being alive.” mythic consciousness is the sense that one is living in the continuous presence of the supernatural, the sacred, the allpowerful, the often mysterious “divine.” life, seen through the lens of mythic consciousness, is a dynamic set of personal relationships with vivid immortal characters who control our lives, not a static set of objects to be manipulated or a complicated set of variables one needs to decode. one can think of this sensibility using the analogy of a very large, powerfully connected, semi dysfunctional family. we all were born into this family, and its members are always with us because they are part of who we are. did the ancient greeks “believe in” their myths? the period we’re studying did not make clear distinctions between truth and legend. people did not have access to “historical facts” as we understand them – documents that prove what happened when. nor did they have access to experimental science as we understand it. external life was lived very close to nature, and internal life was very close to fundamental human desires and fears. mythic consciousness enabled human beings to understand reality in personally relevant ways they could understand, share, and use. without a story, an underlying structure in time, events lose their meaning and claim on our memory. myth is always a story with characters, and it always enables some kind of emotionally satisfying explanation of the real – of the natural world, of human behavior, of the terrifying things (floods, fires, earthquakes) out of our control. physics, chemistry, biology and documented history offer many fine things, but emotionally satisfying explanations are not among them. it’s tempting, maybe helpful, to see mythic consciousness as a metaphor for the “childhood” of humanity, with the copernican and newtonian and darwinian revolutions as rites of passage into “adulthood.” indeed, your own childhood memories may help you understand mythic consciousness better! from the rationalist viewpoint, mythic consciousness is a primitive, superstitious way of looking at things, as opposed to the “grownup” way. we don’t really \n believe in santa claus any more, do we? no – we believe in chemistry and physics and biology. yet somehow, as mature adults, we remain glad that santa claus (or the virgin birth of the christ child) comes around every year instead of the chemistry final exam... scientific rationalism superseded mythic consciousness during the enlightenment, but that does not mean mythic consciousness vanished; it was too powerful to be erased, and so was relegated largely to the realm of “religion,” where churches could attempt to control it. but in our electronic media age, our ongoing need for mythic consciousness is largely provided by celebrities; this is, some would argue, the true function of celebrities in our culture. consider what it means for an athlete to be voted into the hall of fame, among the “immortals.” consider why the academy awards are such a big deal to so many people who have no connection to the movie business. consider why the bestselling wall posters among consumers born in the 1990s include marilyn monroe, farrah fawcett, tupak shakur, notorious b.i.g., john lennon, che guevara, kurt cobain, jim morrison, and bob marley. sappho. we know very little about sappho as a person, and most of her poems exist only in broken fragments; the “hymn to aphrodite” is the only complete poem of hers we have, and we only have it because a later latin poet, catullus, though it worth translating in full. but evidence tends to support the speculation that she lived in approximately 600 bce with her husband and daughter on the island of lesbos and ran a “finishing academy” for the daughters of welloff families. the word “lesbian” originally meant “any native from or resident of the island of lesbos,” including the island’s plants (there were good wine grapes there). the “lgbt” meaning of the term is less than 150 years old (its first use is in a british medical dictionary published in 1890!) and may have its roots in jealous male reaction to the personal freedom and human respect girls had in places like sappho’s academy. the girls would live together and study weaving, homemaking, religious ritual, art, dance and music. at this academy, girls had the greatest amount of personal freedom they probably ever had before or would ever have again. the adult world was maledominated, but here, female experience, physical and emotional, was taken seriously. after graduation, the girls would move on to their arranged marriages and their adult life. sappho’s “hymn to aphrodite.” this poem is remarkable for its enactment of the speaker’s passionately personal relationship the with the goddess of love and sexuality. aphrodite has the \n power to harm or to delight. her movements are divine and heavy with significance, yet symbolized by something natural and airborne: the flight of “beautiful swift sparrows.” aphrodite’s relationship with the speaker is ongoing. the woman has prayed to aphrodite before this, and her prayers have been answered. the poem’s resolution is openended, but full of hope. in the fifth and sixth centuries bce, most marriages among the well to do, of which credible record survives, were arranged by families; romantic love as the basis of marriage was many centuries in the future. also, athenian culture, with its absence of a theology of original sin, did not romanticize sexual relations the way we do. for them, romantic passion may or may not fulfill one’s inner drives, but it certainly threatens the larger social order. (who’s papa?) girls, if their families were rich, could go to a private allgirl school, like the one sappho probably ran on lesbos. sexual segregation was a given, and “seclusion [in the home]…would undoubtedly have been viewed by athenian males as indicative of their great regard for women and their own diligence in protecting them” (blundell 138). hence, not many opportunities for malefemale social interaction presented themselves outside of marriage arrangements. the desired “loveinterest” of the poem is female, a fact which raises more questions than it answers. is the speaker sappho, who wishes to pursue what we today would call a “lesbian” sexual relationship? quite possibly. is sappho speaking as a “lover” in the “mentor” sense, wishing for a warmer personal relationship with a “beloved”? quite possibly – see the notes on plato’s symposium for more on this distinctive tradition. is sappho speaking from the viewpoint of a lonely teenaged girl with an emotional crush on another? less likely, but still possible. or, was this poem possibly part of a larger, lost dramatic performance with girls taking all the parts? we don’t know. further reading: joseph campbell, hero with a thousand faces gary lachtman, a secret history of consciousness julian jaymes, the origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind camille paglia, sexual personae jim powell, sappho: a garland (my favorite translation – balmer is also very good) margaret reynolds, the sappho history margaret williamson, sappho’s immortal daughters \n wednesday notes 4/6: “truly sweet mother i cannot do my weaving, i am overcome with desire for a boy because of slender aphrodite.” –sappho socrates must have read/met sappho because her considered her similar to the divine what is the symposium? banquet: party with food and drinks, a celebration of agathon’s victory play this specific symposium includes many encomiums what is an encomium? speech of praise and recognition p.115139 boys are hungober from being hammered the night before decide the symposium will be an individual decision on drinking night so the boys will drink however much they want, get a nice buzz and talk a night of being drunk is a night of praise to dionysus different representations of aphrodite: of hymnaeus is the goddess of marriage and specifically wanting arranged marriages to involve love; of uraneus is the more earthy and natural representation; of pornae……. giving wine back to ground to show respect for ecology and economy everything we learn about love in the symposium is mediated by 2 speakers which enacts doubt in the truth of the event so we can’t read this work passively textbook vs. an oral story can’t trust speeches to be the true value of the statements about love there is no real true definition of love outside of what the human experience with it is (subjective to by everyone) speaker who speaks about the “army of lovers” is phaedrus contradiction between phaedrus feeling eros is oldest and agathon thinking youngest neither speaker is wrong and neither is technically right judeochristian: mythic narrative coherence, tradition found in a book (bible); bible offers the different stories of character and jesus in the same way as shakespeare offers stories of hamlet (this is the only place we learn things about hamlet); stories in scripture have the effect of making beliefs socially coherent or socially suspect the bible is the authority of jesus, there is no “little sister” named brittany what if instead of 1 book, there are a compilation of works that all involve jesus and continue on in the story of who he was \n greek mythology has this compilation, there are no borders, always various stories of the gods every reader of the symposium is technically invited to chime in, there are always more representations of a god; tradition tends to encourage imagination rather than confine it ?? why is the “mentorship” tradition important to this text? idea of mentorship, old man instructing younger man is crucial in that all members at the symposium have had this experience boys parents would find a mentor for their son come time for him to become a citizen if not then it shows the parents don’t care if the son amounts to anything, meaning it is imperative wasn’t the father figure because what kid wants his dad to have secret and sexual conversations with his father? gymnasium: gymnos naked without clothing, culture doesn’t feel naked body is guilty or shameful emotional and physical intimacy trust, support, link to members like a team and their coach modern day ex: mike tyson i. one of the scariest men in the world ii. arrested countless times before age 13 iii. abandoned by both parents iv. would assault cops in order to be arrested so he could get food and shelter in jail over night v. augustus custamado comes and sees tyson as a great wrestler and begins to coach him at the prison vi. augustus negotiates his early release and moved tyson in with him to coach him not only as a wrestler but as a civilized man (such as eating with utensils because tyson’s parents never bothered to teach him things like that) vii. tyson declines after augustus dies viii. tyson loves augustus, not in any type of homosexual way but in a admiring father figure/coach type way, he breaks down crying in a report when asked how he’s been feeling after augustus’s loss symposium email from cushing: plato, symposium key divinities in symposium: \n dionysus, agent of natural processes, change and transformation, wine and wild partying. eros and aphrodite, forms of love – male/female, child/woman. eros figures much more prominently than aphrodite, probably due to the allmale cast. zeus, the king of the gods – a willful, bisexual, olympian rebel. he had led the overthrow of the titans, earlier and crueler deities. premise and characters: “symposium” means “drinking together,” a formal banquet or party. plato’s symposium is the story of what happened at such a party thrown in honor of agathon having won first prize in that year’s dramatic contest (something like an academy award party). the party took place in 416bc. remember, mythic consciousness involves feeling the constant presence of the sacred. “what is love?” becomes “how shall we give praise and worship to eros?” “how drunk shall we get?” becomes “how shall we give praise and worship to dionysus?” the story consists of a sequence of speeches made by wellknown men: phaedrus and pausanius, two public intellectuals associated with philosophical tendencies opposed to socrates; eriximachus, a medical doctor; aristophanes, a comedian; agathon, a dramatist; socrates, a maverick philosopher; and alcibiades, an alcoholic politician. socrates is the speaker plato most favors, yet all the others get their say. mediation, aka the “framing” device plato sets the speeches within two narrative “frames,” apollodorus (who speaks to his friend as they walk toward town) and aristodemus (who had previously told apollodorus the story of what happened at this party about fourteen years earlier). in this way, plato introduces a mysterious “hearsay” element to the narrative. this element tends to encourage our critical skepticism. if we question the simple accuracy of these “hearsay” statements, must we not also question their truthvalue? or is plato suggesting that one can only learn about love from other people, who can pass their knowledge on? either way, the book suggests that no meaningful conversations about love can occur outside the complexities of subjective human experience; the symposium never presents love as an abstraction. educational mentoring and the “army of lovers”(178e) \n phaedrus mentions the “army of lovers and beloveds” (178e) and pausanius insists “eros of the heavenly aphrodite does not partake of female but only of male” (181c). we’ll misunderstand these remarks if we don’t know about the mentoring of adolescent boys by adult men, a tradition to which both phaedrus and pausanius seem to be referring. th in 5 centurybce athens, no formal high schools or colleges existed, but adult mentoring, tutoring, and apprenticeship were all available to boys. training the body in sports aided muscular development (important in warfare) and helped bring grace to movement. “gymnasium,” a word we still use, comes from gymnos, naked – which the young athletes were as they trained. and keep on mind that these men’s mythology – their fundamental belief structure – did not assume that the genitals were shameful or that sexuality had anything to do with a fall from grace. athenian culture assumed that true beauty, like true strength and intellect, was a property of the masculine. the male body, not the female, was the erotic ideal. historian damoxenos writes, “a youth of about 17 was throwing a ball…. we all raised a shout, for symmetry and character and order were seen in everything he did. it was the perfection of beauty; i had never seen or heard of such grace before.” as with the body, the mind is developed through instruction. the older man’s task was to inspire a boy to love his life as a citizen of the citystate. one’s highest social duty was to pass on the culture to one younger. historian xenophon: “by the very fact that we breathe our love into beautiful boys, we keep them away from avarice, increase their enjoyment in work, trouble and dangers, and strengthen their modesty and selfcontrol.” voltaire: “those who were called ‘lovers’ [in the symposium] were precisely those who, among us, are the companions of our prince, the elite; these people attended to the education of a distinguished child, partaking of the same education, the same military life…the regiment of lovers was an invincible army of young warriors dedicated by the oath to give their lives for one another.” was there ever sexual contact between the teenage boy and his mentor? given the nature of adolescent sexual curiosity, and the lack of risk, it would be odd if there were not. but we must beware of applying latemodern distinctions like “lgbt” to this mentoring tradition. the “lover/beloved” relationship was in no sense an “alternative life style” that marked one as a member of an historically oppressed minority. (the idea that “lgbt” citizens deserve full legal and civil rights causes controversy in some places even today!) this relationship was the mainstream of a young man’s education. \n the most important & influential speeches in the symposium are aristophanes and socrates. socrates’ speech also involves those by agathon and alcibiades, to which it serves as a reply or reproach, respectively. aristophanes: the myth of division (189c193e) hiccups: he makes sure we all notice the body and its functions “ridicule”: clouds had publicly ridiculed socrates zeus slicing eggs: gods as targets for satire forming the body: explanation of sexual orientation the two becoming one: the invention of “romantic love”? the dark side of his theory: the odds are (definitely) against us, and what we really want is (perhaps) impossible – i.e., love as tragicomedy socrates: diotima and the ladder of love (199c212c) socrates, 470399 bc: the speaker, the asker of questions, the mentor (“lover”) who does not write; condemned to death for “impiety and corruption of youth.”* plato, 427348 bc: the writer, the student or disciple (“beloved”) of socrates; may have made socrates’ thinking seem more systematic than it really was. diotima, the inspired woman who taught socrates everything about eros: not a shred of evidence for the existence of this person has ever been found. she is most likely a third “framing device,” after apollodorus and aristodemus. the symposium strongly emphasizes socrates’ personal unusualness. we learn that he’s all dressed up, which is unusual for him; he’s the only one who brings a technically uninvited guest; he stands staring into space for a socially awkward length of time before entering the banquet; finally, he seems immune to the effects of alcohol, which suggests an antipathy to dionysus and a corresponding loyalty to apollo. his speech about eros is at least as unusual as his personality, and it has given the world the expression “platonic love.” \n socrates vs agathon: love as identical with desire the realm of forms: what “the real world” is for socrates *philosophical idealism: the transitory vs. the permanent philosophy as love of wisdom – that is, desire for wisdom the ladder (or stairway) of love *“impiety & corruption of youth” may have to do with socrates’ devaluation of the sensory world the gods have made as “unreal” and his skeptical approach to what the world accepts as “truth.”",
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"text": "study guide for quiz 1 what would we type in the unix shell to change our current directory to the parent directory? solution: cd .. what command would we type to delete a folder called stuf? solution: rmdir stuf or rm -fr stuf what would we type in the unix shell in order to run a program called date, but reading its input from a file called dates.txt instead of the keyboard? date < dates.txt what’s the primary job of the linker? solution: among other things, the linker combines our object files with the objects found in li- braries that we’ve used in our programs to form an executable. what would we type in the unix shell in order to run a program called date, but writing its output to a file called dates.txt instead of the",
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9c249611ec1f5aa1e442bee8614f60bf | inverse functions two functions are said to be inverses of each other if the graph of one can be obtained from the graph of the other by reflecting it across the line . for example, the functions with the graphs shown below are inverses of each other:(a) two of the twelve basic functions in this section are inverses of each other. which are they? (b) two of the twelve basic functions in this section are their own inverses. which are they? (c) if you restrict the domain of one of the twelve basic functions to it becomes the inverse of another one. which are they? | inverse functions two functions are said to be inverses of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " review for chemistry 121 b professor: dr. thomas holovics southern illinois universityedwardsville chapters 14 &15 test date: march 3, 2016 referencing back to the blue lecture notes book chapter 14 chemical equilibrium key terms, vocab, equations what does “equilibrium constant” mean? o when the amount of the products are relatively the same as the amount of reactants what is the definition of “dynamic equilibrium”? o when the rates of the forward and revers reactions are equal. what is the formula for equilibrium constant, kc? o kc=[c]^c[d]^d/[a]^a[b]^b where c & d are the products and a&b are the reactants so, concentration of products or the concentration of the reactants how do we know if the products are favored or if the reactants are favored? o if k is larger than 1, then the products are favored. if k is smaller than 1, then the reactants are favored. there is an example of a problem finding if the reactants or products are favored in the lecture note book page 138 when referring to a reverse reaction, what does k’ (k prime) stand for? o it is the reciprocal of k there is an example problem of this on page 140 and 141 equilibrium constant o if you add the given equation, you get the desired equation. o if you multiply the given k values, you get the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction. what is the formula for partial pressure equilibrium constant? o kp= (pg)^p(ph)^h/(pa)^a(pb)^b \n partial pressure of the products over the partial pressure of the reactants how is kp related to kc? o kp=kc(rt)^δn t is temperature in kelvin r=.08206 δn is the difference in the number of moles of reactants and the moles of products kp=kc when δn=0 partial pressure is always in atm o there are example problems for this on page 145 kc does not work for solids or liquids because their concentrations do not change. o the amount of solid and liquids may change but the concentrations do not. what is the most direct way to find equilibrium constant? o to measure the amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium equilibrium constant is independent of the initial amount of reactants or products. for nonequilibrium conditions, instead of using kc or kp, you use? o qc or qp what is the qc or qp used for? o for prediction the direction of the net change of the reaction. to do this, compare the magnitude of qc to kc qc vs. kc no products/ reactants k>>q products formed shifts right k is much larger than q products/ reactants k>q products formed shifts right k is larger than q products/reactants k= q no products or does not shift k and q are at reactants formed equilibrium products/reactants k<q reactants formed shifts left k is smaller than q products/ no reactants k<<q reactants formed shifts left k is much smaller than q use an ice table to work these types of problems o ice stands for initial change equilibrium o examples of these types of problems on pages 151,152,153,154, 157,158 if when doing an ice and you encounter a binomial term, you can compare the constant to the value obtained for x. this is called “neglect x” \n so, instead of doing (ex) x^2/(5x)=20, do instead x^2/5=20 o this only works if (dropped x term/ constant of binomial)>.05 example on page 158 le châterlier’s principle helps us predict the effects from various changes in equilibrium conditions o meaning, if the equilibrium is disturbed, then the position of equilibrium will shift as to minimize the disturbance. o example: you have two countries right next to each other, a and b. a and b are at equilibrium. but then some people from a move over to b, making it have more people. now the equilibrium is messed up and b is a bit crowded. so, to fix this, some people from b move to a, making then equal again. o equilibrium shifts away from the side with added stuff. or equilibrium shifts towards the side with removed stuff. there is an illustrated example of this on page 161 does adding a gas reactants increases the partial pressure causing the equilibrium to shift to what side? o right increasing the partial pressure increases the concentration but it does not increase the partial pressure of other gases in the mix does adding or removing pure solids or liquids affects the equilibrium? o no, they do not. when the external pressure is increased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the smaller number of gas moles when the external pressure is decreased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the larger number of gas moles if there is no change in the number of gas mole what effect does the change in external pressure have? o it has no effect. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the endothermic reaction. o raising lowering the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_reaction. o exothermic consider heat as though it is a product of the endothermic reaction and a reactant of the exothermic reaction \n o this is a really nice summary diagram for this on page 165 and an example equation remember: adding a catalyst will lower the activation energy of both the forward and revers reaction but it does not affect the equilibrium state. a standard example table of disturbing equilibrium adding more shift to the right shift to the left no change product removing some shift to the right shift to the left no change reactant increase in shift to the right shift to the left no change temperature decrease in shift to the right shift to the left no change pressure adding a catalyst shift to the right shift to the left no change le châterlier’s summary change effect concentration increase in [reactant] or decrease in [product] favors forward reaction partial pressure increase in [product] or decrease in [reactant] favors revers reaction temperature increase in temp. favors endothermic reaction decrease in temp. favors exothermic reaction pressure increase in pressure favors side with less gas moles decrease in pressure favors side with more gas moles volume increase in volume favors side with less gas moles decrease in volume favors side with more gas moles catalyst added equilibrium reached faster. make sure to do the selftests on pages 143, 155, and 167 \n chapter 15 acids and bases fun fact: mild heartburn can be cured by neutralizing the acid in ones esophagus. acids o taste sour o can dissolve many metals o neutralizes bases o change blue litmus to red o some common acids sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid bases o bitter taste o feels slippery o turns red litmus paper blue o neutralizes acids o common bases sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, sodium carbonate arrhenius theory definition of acids and bases svante arrhenius o bases off of h+ and oh h+ is for acid and oh is for bases (18591927) brønstedlowery definition o based in reactions win which h+ is transferred lewis definition o based on the reaction in which lone pairs are transferred arrhenius acids and bases o arrhenius acid is a compound that ionizes in h2o to form a solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? h+/h3o+ ions and anions o arrhenius base is a compound that ionizes in h2o to forma solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? oh and cations just to be clear, what is the definition of neutralizing? o it is the process of an acid reacting with a base to form h2o and an ionic salt. and what is an ionic salt? o it is the combination of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid what are some problems regarding the arrhenius theory? \n o it does not explain why some molecular substances dissolve to form basic solutions even though they do not contain oh ions o it does not explain why some molecular substance dissolves to form acidic solutions even though they do not contain h+ ions. o it does not explain acidbase reactions that take place outside of (aq) solutions. brønstedlowery acids and bases o a brønstedlowery acid is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton donor johannes n. bronsted o a brønstedlowery base is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton acceptor (18791947) o what is a conjugate base? it is an acid minus the proton it donated. o what is a conjugate acid? it is a base plus the accepted proton o the base accepts the proton and becomes a conjugate acid. o the acid donates the proton and becomes a conjugate base. there is a picture to show you the reaction on page 174 lewis acids and bases o a lewis acids electron pair acceptor o a lewis base electron pair donor o the base donates the lp electrons to the acid. gilbert newton lewis (18751946) normally, a covalent bond forms the product formed is called an \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? in organic chem, lewis acids are an adduct o arrhenius and brostedlowery are also lewis called electrophiles and lewis reactions. bases are called nucleophiles there is a very nice diagram that visually explains this on page 176 how to identify acids binary acids general formula: hx examples: hf,hcl,hbr,hi, h2s, h2te complex acids general formula: hx(poly) examples: hno2, h2so4, oxoacids (h,o, and 1 hcn, h2co3, h3po4, other) hobr, hclo2, hno3 organic acids gen formula: rcooh examples: hcooh, ch3cooh,c2h5cooh, c6h5cooh lewis acids gen. formula: m+ examples: fe+3, hg+2, \n incomplete octets/open cr+2, h+ bf3,aih2 orbitals ions as acids positive ions can be acidic examples: nh4+, some anions of complex c5nnh+, honh3+, acids hso41, hco31, hpo42 how to identify bases metal hydroxide gen. formula: moh examples: naoh, lioh, koh, ca(oh)2, mg(oh)2 amines gen. formula: amines examples: nh3, ch3nh2, c5h5n, (ch3)3n, honh2, (ch3)2 nh lewis bases has a lone pair that can easilyexamples: (nh3), cn, h2o be donated ions as bases negative ions can be basic examples: co32, clo2, hs, cn, po43, ch3o, no2, ch3coo0, f what is the name for the substance that can act as either an acid or a base? o an amphoteric substance they can do this because they have both a transferable h and an atom with lone pair electrons. what is the most common amphoteric substance? o that’s right, water. good ol’ h2o a strong acid or strong base are strong electrolytes o basically 100% acid molecules ionize and all base molecules form oh ions. a weak acid or a weak base are weak electrolytes. strong acids o hydrochloric acid (hcl) o hydrobromic acid (hbr) o hydriodic acid (hi) o nitric acid (hno3) o perchloric acid (hclo4) o sulfuric acid (h2so4) all other acids are weak measure an acid or base’s strength by using the equilibrium constant. \n the stronger the acid is at donating h, the weaker the conjugate base is at accepting h. higher oxidation number= stronger oxyacid cation is stronger that neutral molecules which are stronger than anions o h3o+>h2o>oh base strength trend is the opposite binary acids o strength increase to the right across the period and down the column so, iodine (i) is the best oxyacid, hoy o the more electronegative y, the stronger the acid o acidity increases to the right and up a group o the larger the oxidation number of the central atom, the stronger the oxyacid o the more oxygens attached to the y, the stronger the oxyacid carboxylic acids o rcooh o the more electronegative the r group, the stronger the acid page 185186 has a huge list of acids and bases. it’s worth checking out acid strength is measured by the equilibrium constant o larger ka= stronger acid ka= [h3o+][a]/ [ha]= [h+][a]/[ha] neutral solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] and [oh] equal acidic solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] than [oh] larger basic solutions have\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[ oh] than [h3o+] larger ph is used to express acidity or basicity o ph= log[h3o+] o waters ph is –log[10^7]=7 o [h3o+]= 10^ph ph<7 is acid, 7 is neutral, ph >7 is basic o there is an example to find ph on page 191 another way to express acidity/basicity is using poh o poh= log[oh] o [oh]= 10^poh o you need to know the [oh] to find poh o ph+ poh=14.0 another way is pk o pka= log(ka), ka= 10^pka o pkb= log(kb), kb= 10^pkb o smaller pka= stronger acid o larger ka= smaller pka \n why? because it has a neg. log o smaller pkb= stronger the base o larger kb+ smaller pkb finding the ph for strong o for monoprotic strong acids [h3o+]=[hacid] o for strong ionic bases [oh]= (number oh ions)*[base] o there are examples showing the work for these types of problems on page 195 finding ph for weak o hacid+h2o acid +h3o+ o use the ice table o you can use neglect x o there are tons of examples on pages 196, 197, and 198. acid ionization o another way to measure acid strength. o to do this determine the percentage of acid molecules ionized when dissolved in water called percent ionization o the higher the percent ionization, the stronger the acid o percent ionization= ((molarity of ionized acid)/(initial molarity of acid))*100% example page 199 a monoprotic acid has one single ionizable h atom per molecule a polyprotic acid has more than one ionizable h atom ions as acids and bases o salts of strong acids and strong bases form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions neutral o salts of weak acids and strong acids form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions basic o salts of strong acids and weak bases form\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions acidic o salts of weak acids and weak basics can form solutions that are acidic or basic or neutral it depends on the relative strength of the cations and anions o there are examples on page 202 don’t forget to do the selftests on pages 187 and 207 also, maybe review the oxidation rules if you are rusty with those and what bases are strong or weak \n good luck on the test!!! i believe in you!!!",
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f9b00ea3c42fc037e61d7272a21092aa | a model rocket blasts off from the ground, rising straight upward with a constant acceleration that has a magnitude of 86.0 m/s2 for 1.70 seconds, at which point its fuel abruptly runs out. air resistance has no eff ect on its fl ight. what maximum altitude (above the ground) will the rocket reach? | a model rocket blasts off from the ground, rising straight | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. jtb70138 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility bridging the gap to bridge the gap between an american mnc working in china, and local chinese companies, a number of factors must be taken into consideration. american companies need to be aware of how the chinese conduct business. one of the main considerations will be the chinese and their relationship building process. in business, the chinese focus on building long term business and personal relationships. they often will contact an individual they know from \n 3 their current business dealings that have an established relationship that has an existing relationship with and bring all parties together. if a trusted company and personnel conduct business with the potential new company this establishes a report as the current business partner vouches for new business in the relationship. this may be difficult avenue for new vendors to establish themselves within until other relationships have been built. as the chinese people and partners become more comfortable with the individuals in their friendships and partnerships, communications become much more direct, allowing the gap between cultures to be bridged. (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012). the chinese businessmen and women focus on utilizing high context communication styles and relationships. the high context communication style is a very passive form of communication, offering a bit of interpretation and translation into any conversation. this form of communication leaves a significant area open to guessing and assuming while reading between the lines. while the chinese may operate on one side of the spectrum, american’s fall on the other side of the spectrum. americans, in general, are very pointed and direct in their business dealings and require very little context to develop an understanding of what the desires and wants of the company. while low context language is a characteristic of american communication styles, and high context language is representative of the chinese business practices. high context language requires a significant amount of body language and interpretation of symbolic gestures while low context requires very little interpretation (zhu, 2009). an american company desiring to move into the chinese marketplace must recognize the differences between the cultures and study the specific nuances between them. in addition, a \n 4 strong entry method for an american company moving into the chinese marketplace is to form a partnership with a local company. as the u.s company partners with a local corporation, the company begins to build rapport. building rapport in this fashion would significantly benefit an american company. another area that could be a problem for an american company is the use of children for labor. the estimated total of child laborers being utilized as recently as 2011, is between 2 and 3.5 million children. this includes the number of children forced into labor not only by employers but parents as well. this is a significant issue and is now becoming more prevalent due to the increased media coverage (minli & jun sung, 2011). while american’s and a significant portion of the world see utilizing child labor as a significant issue, the chinese tend to have a different mindset. in some cases, parents in a chinese household may be necessary for children to work to help the family keep from starving. in some families this is the only way the family can survive. to bridge this gap, the u.s. company must find an appropriate strategy to conduct business without offending the chinese. leadership a man that exuded leadership and a mentor to my own work is steve jobs. apple is one of the most successful global companies in existence due to his perseverance and insightfulness. his character consisted of many qualities that were not appreciated by many, but his level of success was extraordinary. he was a harsh man, driven, and had very little time for other peoples’ opinions. although, what he did have was a creative side that allowed him to focus upon and blend art, creativeness, and technology. his instruction was very clear and his focus and intention shared with his employees. jobs was also known for following a path in life and business that were unique. conforming to a standard other than his own was not part of his plan \n 5 (cusumano, 2011). as on of the most controversial leaders and ceos within the current history, a researcher could debate as to the effectiveness of job’s leadership. one could assume that his leadership style as unbending and direct as it was potentially lost business for apple, but his creativity and level of vision could be debated as the reasons why apple was so successful in the first place (hurleyhanson & giannantonio, 2013). cultural differences marketers have an increasingly difficult position as they are responsible for not only getting the product out to market but the nuances of the people in the country the product is being marketed within. while it may seem obvious that understanding cultural differences are second nature to a marketer, they are not necessarily so. american marketers, as most american’s in general, have an opinion that other cultures should bend to the will of the american. other cultures do not appear to be as forward with the same opinion. in many cases, while traveling abroad, other cultures have a tendency to shy away from americans as we are viewed as unbending, too direct, and often times brash and offensive. while cultural differences should be considered second nature and reflexive, a majority of the time they are not. the statement “all too often cultures are insufficiently studied or wrongly interpreted by newly entering outsiders” is true. many marketers focus on certain aspects of a culture and then begin to apply the aspect to all others within that culture. the term used for this concept is stereotyping. while culture is generally analyzed and evaluated at a societal or national level, the culture needs to be analyzed at the regional, organizational, and individual level to effectively uncover smaller cultures within a culture (samaha, beck, & palmatier, 2014). one of the main challenges for any mnc is negotiating deals with people or companies \n 6 within different countries with differing values and beliefs. the challenge while conducting business in a new environment is doing so in a way that will not offend the other culture. with one small slip of the tongue or the perception of the body language being presented, could put an end a deal before it begins. negotiating in a foreign county can be difficult due to the context, high or low, direct or indirect communication, and the underlying meanings of body language. the variations of each of the items noted can be the make or break decision within a deal (payne, 2013). while a negotiator may believe a certain culture will act a certain way, there are no clear cut guidelines. in addition, the rules and the line may become very fuzzy, the negotiator must stay cognizant of the other culture. a personal example to provide a further insight of this existed while serving on active duty as a contracts manager in afghanistan. the rule of taking gifts from a contractor over $25 was not allowed. the guideline was outlined in the regulations and was a policy throughout the department of defense. while the local national afghan contractors knew about the rule; it was their custom to bring gifts to those offering a contact for bid. as the solicitation document was advertised for twentyfoot twalls, an afghan business owner chose to bring a large gift of flowers to me personally as the deputy commander in theater, otherwise known as the war zone. the flowers were freshly picked from the local lands as their dirt caked roots were still attached when presented. the gesture for me was a bit out of the norm as a u.s. citizen, in a position of authority, but this concept was customary to them. the procedure was to make the attempt to politely refuse the gift if it exceeded the $25 threshold. if politely declining didn't work and if the person would be highly offended if the gift was refused, an individual could accost the gift and subsequent spread it amongst the office or turn it into the judge advocate general (jag). after the jag received the gift, a formal report was created and \n 7 placed on file. if the gift was valuable, for instance jewelry or silk rugs, the gift was later sold and the funds distributed back to the office. from the military standpoint, this type of gesture was considered to be an improper gift known as a bribe, while the afghan businessmen may see the offering a purely a custom and polite gesture. another challenge for any mnc entering a foreign market is what actually constitutes a crime. each country has a unique set of rules and laws that make up the justice system. the rules from one country to another can vary from slightly different to completely different in nature. an mnc or even just the individuals working within that company can find the way to a jail sentence rather rapidly if laws are not followed. ignorance and/or not knowing the rules is not an excuse that is acceptable to the lawmakers and enforcers of other countries. it is the individual's responsibility to know and ensure the country's rules are understood prior to traveling and functioning in a given environment. even if all of the specific rules are not understood, a mitigation technique would involve hiring a local to help walk through the customs and courtesies within each individual country. recently after conducting an interview with s. long, (personal communication, december 30, 2015) this concept i found to be true. she was discussing a story of her most recent experiences while working abroad. ms. long and her coworker participated in the doctors without borders and found out the customs were very different while working in saudi arabia. ms. long’s coworker, a british citizen, was unaware of certain laws in saudi arabia. as they traveled to one of their sites, her coworker decided to light a cigarette in the back seat of the taxi. after lighting up, the taxi driver pulled over, grabbed her coworker by the hair and beat her so severely she need an emergency room. even as \n 8 a british citizen, this woman had little to no rights in this country. she was not pulled out for the actual lighting of a cigarette, but rather that she was a woman and lighting the cigarette. ms. long and her coworker put themselves in a hostile situation by not knowing the customs and law in saudi arabia. the laws, no matter how obscene they may seem to the rest of the world, ms. long’s friend could have been killed without any repercussions of the saudi government. according to the saudi government, the taxi driver had every right to discipline a woman that was not conforming to certain standard. now, this may be an extreme example of culture and a country's custom, any incident could cause issues if the rules and laws are not followed nor translated appropriately. child slavery and trafficking are significant issues to contend with while working within china's borders. china is a developing country with and overcrowded population. trafficking, slavery, and child labor will affect those businesses operating in china. a business may come into contact with one or all of these issues while working within the county (payne, 2013) the important part each business owner must know and understand is how to battle each effectively to avoid unethical business dealings. trust in business china and india both have similar cultures in the sense that they are focused on building relationships in business. trust is a significant factor between entities that are conducting business within the chinese culture. not only is the relationship factor a significant attribute of any business wishing to conduct business within china, but reputation is important as well. the chinese release products and conduct business with corporations that are proven in safety as well as reputation. this also relates directly back to developing relationships. the chinese are loyal \n 9 to the products that have developed positive relationships within the marketplace (cayla & arnould, 2008). relationships are also important for the people of india. social structures, networks, and norms are areas that the people of india firmly believe in. the structures and networks are set up over time allowing relationships to be built over a period of many years. this concept allows for a certain level of trust to be maintained. larger nations such as the u.s. are primarily focused upon profit and contracts, and are generally not concerned about other areas outside of profitability (levien, 2015). the family and social element within both india and china support a barrier to entry for outside firms. an outside firm would best function in this type of environment by developing a relationship with a local business and creating a partnership first and foremost. with the partnership, the local company can serve as the face of that partnership, allowing for an outside firm to perform on the backend. this strategy may or may not be effective if the connection between the two companies is identified by the consumers and the consumers do not approve. consumers may see this as a betrayal to the overall system, but on the other hand, the opportunity cost may be worth the risk. global business responsibility one of the questions for this week’s assignment takes a look at milton friedman’s viewpoint towards corporate responsibility in the global business environment. as a researcher, one must ask, who is milton friedman and why do we care? milton friedman, according to wikipedia (2015) was “…an american economist who received the 1976 nobel memorial prize in economic sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.” milton friedman’s contention that the only \n 10 responsibility of a global business is “to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game?” friedman’s theory was that corporate social responsibility went only as far as to make and increase profits (wikipedia, 2015). the question was asked is if i personally agree with this philosophy. the answer to this question is no, not at all. corporations are entities and just as humans, they have responsibility and liabilities. as we can see from the past, companies that were not held accountable and were only in business to make money, did so at a cost to not only other people, but to wildlife and the environment as well. while people that enter into the business world may not consider the responsibilities they need to face if something goes wrong. it’s not a shock to most of the world that most companies would do what they could to not have to be responsible for a potential issue. when it comes to money, greed consistently brings out the worst in people and to defeat this, laws must be put into place to protect land, wildlife, as well as human life. an example of a corporate entity being made to take responsibility, even if saving face is what made the final determination to clean up the mess, was bp. bp’s oil spill in 2010 killed 11 workers, caused injuries to 17 others, created billions in environmental damage, as well as losses to companies in the business of seaside tourism and real estate (winkler, & gordon, 2013). other issues that need to be considered during an oil spill are ties to renewable sources, damage to ecosystems, future economic worries, and safety issues with seafood harvests in oiled areas. in addition, full ecosystems can be lost with the newly polluted water whether the aquatic life rests on the tainted waters or eats the prey living in the ocean that have been tainted (gill, ritchie, picou, langhinrichsenrohling, long, & shenesey, n.d). in addition, businesses closed and weren’t opened. if an area is a tourist attraction is \n 11 affected by an oil spill in the area and business are not able to take in enough income, the doors will close, and many on a permanent basis. once the businesses close, people may have to relocate to find employment or begin a new business, lessening the funds in the community even further. also, those individuals that fish and utilize the sea to provide an income, can also be affected. people that have lived their entire lives providing an income for their families are now faced with dire conditions. the company that had the spill needs to fully compensate individuals for the current and future loss. this issue can become very difficult when attempting to place a figure on the level of damage inflicted. during these types of scenarios, greed can be found on every end. no one wants to give up profit and those with the loss will want to do everything that can be done to acquire every last penny. finding an equitable adjustment for all parties involved is extremely to do as there are now more individuals involved. now, companies have to pay attorney’s fees, surveyors, assessors, judges, and the list goes on. in 2010, there was yet another oil spill that was large enough to make the news. there were eleven crew members of exxon’s deepwater horizon drilling rig killed, and others injured in a significant accidental spill. this large spill affected thousands of fishermen, marine life and organisms, as well as marshes and the lands along the coast of louisiana, mississippi, alabama, and florida. during this spill 4.4 million barrels of oil were discharged, and while exxon was able to clean up a significant portion of the oil, the effects of the spill will be seen for decades to come (griggs, 2011). while bp and exxon were charged with cleaning up the mess they created, there were mandated to pay out current as well as potential future losses as well. the companies were sued by hundreds of people, from employees to family members of employees, to land owners, to \n 12 wildlife associations. the damage that was caused was greater than anyone could have imagined and while that is a significant issue, the fact that the u.s. federal government had to assist the people affected by the spills. the government assisted with ensuring individuals were properly taken care of and housed, fed, and clothed during the time of crisis. the question that needs to be asked was; why are government funds, otherwise known as taxpayer dollars are being utilized to clean up a mess created by an extremely large global organization (mancuso, alemayehu, fox, & fulk, 2014). \n 13 conclusion the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility \n 14 references cayla, j., & arnould, e. j. (2008). a cultural approach to branding in the global marketplace. journal of international marketing, 16(4), 86112. doi:10.1509/jimk.16.4.86 cusumano, m. a. (2011). the legacy of steve jobs. communications of the acm, 54(12), 26 28. doi:10.1145/2043174.2043184 czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013). international marketing. mason: southwestern gill, d., ritchie, l., picou, j., langhinrichsenrohling, j., long, m., & shenesey, j. (n.d). the exxon and bp oil spills: a comparison of psychosocial impacts. natural hazards, 74(3), 19111932. griggs, j. w. (2011). bp gulf of mexico oil spill. spill. energy law journal, 32(1), 5779 hurleyhanson, a. e., & giannantonio, c. m. (2013). staying hungry, staying foolish: academic reflections on the life and career of steve jobs. journal of business & management, 19(1), 79 levien, m. (2015). social capital as obstacle to development: brokering land, norms, and trust in rural india. world development, 747792. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.012 mancuso, l. c., alemayehu, b., fox, m. a., & fulk, h. k. (2014). covered in oil—again. entrepreneurial executive, 191934. milton friedman. (2015). in wikipedia. retrieved january 1, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/milton\\_friedman minli, l., & jun sung, h. (2011). child labor in the people’s republic of china: an ecological systems analysis. international social work, 54(4), 565. doi:10.1177/0020872810382804 park, h. s., levine, t. r., weber, r., lee, h. e., terra, l. i., botero, i. c., & wilson, m. s. (2012). individual and cultural variations in direct communication style. international journal of intercultural relations, 36179187. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.010 payne, r. j. (2013). global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. samaha, s. a., beck, j. t., & palmatier, r. w. (2014). the role of culture in international relationship marketing. journal of marketing, 78(5), 7898. doi:10.1509/jm.13.0185 winkler, d. t., & gordon, b. l. (2013). the effect of the bp oil spill on volume and selling prices of oceanfront condominiums. land economics, 89(4), 614631 \n 15 zhu, y. (2009). managing business relationships in new zealand and china: a semantic perspective. management international review, 49(2), 225248. retrieved from http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575 personal interview. sarah long (2015) ",
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9eb4e0ae2e545cc8d8870d5574dbb65f | ?problem 105ap
thalidomide is converted to the drug cc-4047 by substitution of an amino group for one of the h atoms on the aromatic portion of the molecule. using curved arrows, and starting with the structure on page 984, draw the mechanism for this reaction and all the resonance structures for the carbocation intermediate. | thalidomide is converted to the drug cc-4047 by | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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d0a7061db1f28a1bdaa1f0e8c09e4d33 | problem 62p kicking an extra point.? in canadian football, after a touchdown the team has the opportunity to earn one more point by kicking the ball over the bar between the goal posts. the bar is 10.0 ft above the ground, and the ball is kicked from ground level, 36.0 ft horizontally from the bar (?fig. p3.58?). football regulations are stated in english units, but convert them to si units for this problem. (a) there is a minimum angle above the ground such that if the ball is launched below this angle, it can never clear the bar, no matter how fast it is kicked. what is this angle? (b) if the ball is kicked at 45.0° above the horizontal, what must its initial speed be if it is just to clear the bar? express your answer in m/s and in km/h. | kicking an extra point. in canadian football, after a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
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"text": " physical anthropology 3/21/16 fossils and their place in time and nature chapter 8 continued taphonomy most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because of either constant flooding or other sources bring sediment onto the fossil problems w/ the fossil records ● decomposition and predation ● geological distortion/deformation ● weathering limitations of the fossil record ● low likelihood of anything becoming a fossil ● bias towards hard parts ○ cartilage and soft tissue not likely to fossilize ● missing pieces ○ causing not to have all the pieces for each fossil ○ causing to mix up fossils ● time bias ● no idea what animals actually look like ● environments pressure different ○ wet environments pressure better ○ acidic soils (tropics) will eat the fossils away the fossil record and the timing and tempo of evolution ● provides evidence for evolution and its process ● it is incomplete so their is some disagreement of time and tempo ● two models of it ○ gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium ■ gradualism change is a slow process ■ punctuated equilibriumslow stasis than a rapid change ○ both will happen, case by case basis of which is appropriate bringing fossils to life ● what did they look like? ● exclusive: building the face of a newly found ancestor ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eatqu7hww5g time in perspective ● hard to comprehend ● eon4 total, half a billion years or more ● era 10 defined, several hundred million years ● period22 defined, 10s to 1 hundred millions years ● epoch34 defined \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 geological time: earth history ● 200 mya ○ pangean ● late jurassic (about 150 mya ● cretaceous (about 70 mya) ● present day stratigraphic correlation ● krakatau, indonesia ● 1883 ● massive volcano, deposit ash 3,700 miles away ○ creates a layer, a new strata ○ can no date that layer ○ chemical dating ● fluorine dating ● krapina neanderthal fossils ● dragutin gorjanovickarmberger ○ first guy to use fluorine levels to date fossils items ○ the longer the fossil is in the soil the more fluorine it will absorb ○ is a localized technique because fluorine levels are different based on the area biostratigraphic (faunal) dating ● index fossils ○ fossil pig molars \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ irish elk ■ extinction 10.600 bpy ● have to be widespread ● evolve fairly quickly cultural dating ● deals with human artifacts ● its relatively recent ● ceramics ● stone tools ○ oldowan industry ○ 2.61.7 mya ○ don’t change for a long time relative and absolute dating ● previous methods were relative dendrochronology ● a.e. douglas 1920s ● dating by the growth cycle of trees carbon dating ● half lifes ● works for fossils up to about 60,000 years ● for older fossils use elements that are more unstable early hominin origins and evolution: the roots of humanity chapter 10 ● olduvai gorge, in east africa. ○ questions addressed in this chapter: ■ what is a hominin? ■ why did hominins evolve? ■ what was the evolutionary fate of the first hominins? ○ hominid = all the great apes ○ hominins = the humans ancestry tree ● what is a hominin? ○ what is different about humans ■ upright walking ■ nonhoning chewing ● the teeth do not get sharpened by each other ○ apes do have honing chewing ■ material culture \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ speech ■ hunting and cooperation ■ domestication of plants and animals ○ foramen magnum ■ humans have it directly underneath the skull ■ gorillas have it in the back of the head ○ spine ■ s curve in the human spine ● allows for the human head to sit straight over the body ■ gorilla mostly straight ○ pelvis ■ humans hips are on the side ■ gorillas hips are on the back of the body ○ femur ■ human has an angle, body condylar angle ■ gorillas straight ○ feet ■ humans, an arch ■ gorillas, flat, an opposable thumb ○ teeth ■ canines ● humans have smaller canines ■ apes ○ honing (wearing at the back) versus apical (wearing at the point) wear ○ shearing versus grinding ○ male male aggression ○ have thinner enamel ■ allows for the teeth to remain sharp ● why did hominins evolve? ○ bipedal ■ 47million ○ tool use ■ 2.6 million ○ canines size ○ brain size ○ hunting hypothesis ■ charles darwin ● hominins evolved in africa ● hunting meat= tool use = large brain ● tool use = small canine ● tool use = free hands ● free hands = bipedalism \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ the times don’t add up ■ patchy forest hypothesis ● peter rodman and henry mchenry ● african savanna ● two legs energetically more efficient than four? ○ problem is the earliest hominins come from straight up forests ■ provisioning hypothesis (dinner date) ● owen lovejoy ○ apes have a long interbirth interval ■ about 7 years ○ humans have a shorter interbirth interval ■ about 2 years ○ if you get more food have more infant ○ suite of anatomies and behaviors coevolve ■ food provisioning ■ bipedalism ■ pair bonding ● reduced canine size ■ cooperation ■ predicts reduced sexual dimorphism but that is not the case ● who were the first hominins? ○ fall in the time period 47million years ago ○ genre ■ not in agreement that these two are actually hominins ■ sahelanthropus tchadensis ● chad, central africa ● 67 million years old ○ forest near lake ● m. brunet ● not in east africa but out in the middle of africa ● discovered in 2001 ● anatomies ○ small brain(350cc) ■ low end for a chip ○ bipedal? foramen magnum is pointing down ○ nonhoning chewing ■ smallish canines ■ massive brow ridge ● flat face ■ orrorin tugenensis ● tugen hills, kenya, africa \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ● 6million years old ○ forest ● m.pickford and b. senut ● anatomies ○ bipedal ■ based on femur ■ obturator externus groove, on the femur proves that there's a muscle important for bipedalism ■ tree climber ● based on hand bones ■ partially honing canines ○ next genus ardipithecus and the middle awash valley ■ almost everyone agrees they were hominins ○ ardipithecus kadabba ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 5.25.8 million years old ● forest ■ t. white and y haileselassie ■ anatomies: ■ bipedal ● found a toe bone ● it proved that they can push off with there foot just like humans do ● perihoning complex ○ the honing canines are decreasing ○ it is transitional ○ ardipithecus ramidus ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 4.416 million years old ○ forest ■ international team led by t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies: ● bipedal ○ based on pelvis, femur, and foot ○ climbing based on hand and foot ■ she would not be able to walk on her knuckles ○ nonhoning canines the earliest hominins evolve \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 preaustralopithecine australopithecine teeth wear on tip of canine, nonhoning but with modified honing bones vestiges of apelike loss of traits arboreal traits brain small slight increase ● australopithecus ○ australopithecus anamensis ■ kenya and ethiopia, africa ■ 4 million years old ● woodland ■ m. leakey and t. white ■ anatomies ● bipedal ○ based on shin bone ■ was well adapted to upright walking but spent time tree climbing ● nonhoning canines ○ australopithecus afarensis ■ lucy ■ dikika, ethiopia (infant) ■ korsi ■ 33.6 million years ago ● woodland and grassland ■ d. johanson and others ■ anatomies ● small brain ● nonhoning canines ○ large molars and premolars ■ eats different diet ■ grasses, tubers, nuts, etc... ● bipedal ○ short and stout pelvis ○ femur bends in ● no language (hyoid bone) ○ important for speech production ■ animals bones w/cut marks ● meat, but no tools ○ australopithecus afarensis \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ footprints ■ fingers are bent in the middle, not completely like a gorilla, but not straight like ours ○ australopithecus (kenyanthropus) platyops ■ burtele foot (3.4 ma) ■ kenya, africa ■ 3.5million years old ● woodland ■ m.leakey ■ anatomies ● flat face ● small molar teeth ○ can be placed into 3 different groups? ■ robust australopithecus ■ south african australopithecus ■ australopithecus garhi ○ australopithecus garhi ■ ethiopia, africa ■ 2.5 million years old ● woodland ■ t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies ● large teeth (premolars and molars) ● long legs ● stone tools ○ oldowan stone tools (2.6 million years) ○ australopithecus first stonetool make; not homo ",
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83015f80195681270c297b3c05a98209 | as shown in fig. p4.17, air with a volumetric flow rate of 15,000 ft3 /min enters an air-handling unit at 358f, 1 atm. the air-handling unit delivers air at 808f, 1 atm to a duct system with three branches consisting of two 26-in.-diameter ducts and one 50-in. duct. the velocity in each 26-in. duct is 10 ft/s. assuming ideal gas behavior for the air, determine at steady state (a) the mass flow rate of air entering the air-handling unit, in lb/s. (b) the volumetric flow rate in each 26-in. duct, in ft3 /min. (c) the velocity in the 50-in. duct, in ft/s. | as shown in fig. p4.17, air with a volumetric flow rate of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " ethical and philosophical foundation of crj 03.05.2015 question: identify and discuss three ethical issues in the juvenile justice system. how have they been addressed? the families, society and the police departments make its best effort to prevent crime. especially, they try to keep the kids away from committing crime so that they don’t have to enter the juvenile justice system. despite all these efforts, kids always get involved in crime; hence, they enter into the juvenile justice system where they have to face incarceration, mandatory probation hours etc. the main reason of putting them behind the bars is to teach discipline and scare them from committing any further crime. however, federal reports have shown, putting troubled kids into more punitive situation can cause them to commit more crime and ruins all the opportunity to learn new skills and ways of behaving that are more positive. the society and the juvenile justice system should make more efforts in preventing crime before the kids enters the juvenile justice system so that they have a better chance of leading a successful life. according to federal reports, a very few juveniles go towards a healthy successful life after finishing their sentence and twothirds of them are more likely to come back within three to five years period. in this case, the juvenile justice system is failing to accomplish the primary reason they are created for which is to make sure that the juveniles don’t come back to doing crimes and start leading a more disciplined life. the critics and authors have argued that it is ethically wrong to put kids around 1619 ages in punitive situation because they are causing more harm instead of causing anything better. the president and ceo of the atlantabased southern education foundation, kent mcguire argued that they are still kinds. even though they have committed crime they deserve to be taught what is right and not put in more severe situation like long term incarceration and social isolation (morones, 1). thus, it is a mutual concern that the juvenile justice system should enforce more academic curriculum for the juveniles and not put them in more punitive situations for their betterment. one of the most alarming and concerning question raises when the federal report shows a very high percentage of african american and hispanic juveniles behind the bars but very low \n portion of white juveniles. according to the federal report, “on any given day, 70,000 students are in custody in juvenilejustice systems across the country. nearly, twothirds of those young people are either african american or hispanic, and an even higher percentage are male.” (morones, 1). another author, florencio ramirez stated that under his jurisdiction, about 95 percent juveniles are either africanamerican or hispanic. he questions to the readers, does this mean that the other races are not committing crime? especially white population are one of the rarest population that has been seen behind the bars. however, this does not conclude that they are not committing crime in the society. it is pretty visible that there is racial disparities among the society and the juvenile justice system. even if when the white population enters the juvenile justice system, they tend to get away with their crime and not face any punitive action because of their privilege. it is highly unethical to have racial disparities among the system because it tend to hurt the society in large. ramirez tells his readers, “reducing racial disparities requires specific strategies aimed at eliminating bias and ensuring a level playing field for youth of color” (ramirez, 2). to make it safe and fair for everybody in the society and the juvenile system, it is required to have a nonbiased look towards this. another ethical issue that the kids in juvenile system tend to face is lack of education and help with learning and developing social skills. kids that tend to drop out from high school or middle school tend to go towards crime more than the kids who is regular at their schools. these kids need special help in getting back to their track so that they can start going to school again and prevent themselves from committing any further crimes. however, proper education system is not available at the juvenile justice system. several authors and critics suggested that the juvenile justice system lacks coordination between learning and teaching during a student’s stay, and inconsistency in curricula (morones, 1). the federal report suggests students made very little academic progress while they were under juvenile justice system. kids that enters this system are usually with mental issues and poor learning skills. they should not be treated as regular kids. hence, their academic curricula is supposed to be modified and different from regular student’s curricula. many juvenile justice system workers don’t understand the severity and thus they kept doing the process years after years. now, light had been brought up to this situation and several essential steps are needed to be takes in order to solve this injustice. kids that enter the system \n with poor social skills, a little or no learning skill and poor mental health have to be taken in special consideration and set up essential help group to support them and help them to succeed in life. the juvenile justice system’s goal should be to make these kids life better, not worse than what it was before. adults and the children were basically treated the same under the justice system until the twentieth century. after that, two different justice systems were established to make the children’s life a better place and prevent them from committing any further crime. even they there were two different systems and policies for adults and kids, they still lacked numerous ethical and important aspects of a justice system. after writing on article and seeing the federal reports, many states and counties decided to modify their system in order to prevent crimes in a better way and help the kids more than they have ever done. reports have shown, the less children drop out from school or college is the less people joins the juvenile justice system every year. hence, several states started establishing more discipline in schools to lower down the drop out number. georgia was successful in lowering down that number by 44 percentage which helped them to lower down the crime percentage of the whole entire year. since 2010, every states have been working on removing racial disparities from every system under resolving crime. especially the southern states have been decreased the rate of racism in juvenile justice system. to improve the educations system under juvenile justice system, officers have changed their curricula and started to pay extra attention towards the mentally disabled kids and the kids with poor social skills; so that they can go back to school after their sentences and lead a better life with their friends and families. \n work cited: alyssa morones (2014). juvenilejustice system not meeting educational need, report says. education week.com florenceio ramirez (2008). juvenile delinquency. americanbar.org \n ethical and philosophical foundation of crj 03.18.2015 question: thinking about ‘corrections’ its purposes and ethical drawbacks identify and discuss some ethical issues in corrections and efforts to address them. corrections is one of the most important part of the criminal justice system. every system is associated with various different issues. when it comes to correction issues, people tend to talk about the problems with budget and healthcare rather than talking about the ethical aspect of it. however, there are several ethical issues related with corrections system that needs to be looked at and fixed at everyone’s earliest concern. there are several ethical problems that authors, critics or officers have pointed out in last couple years. this paper will focus on three main ethical issues regarding the correction system and what step are taken as well as needs to be taken in order to eradicate them. the three main ethical issues are inmate mental health, prison privatization and prison or corrections stuff ethics. every prison in united states fills their lockers with inmates with mental issues. putting inmates with mental issue in traditional prisons is hardly a new news. this has been going on since decades and people finally decided to change it in last couple years. the writer robert winters (2013) wrote in his article ‘examining two fundamental ethical issues in u.s. corrections’ that, “today about 10 percent of the national offender population can be characterized as having a “serious” mental illness, and about 20 percent have some form of antisocial personality disorder as defined by the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi)” (p.2). the criminal justice system used to put a large number of mentally ill inmates because they didn’t realize the important of treating them. treating those patients is more expensive than putting them behind traditional lockers and fulfilling their quota. hence, no actions were taken in order to change this unfairness for several years. but what they didn’t understand was, if they put them in traditional jails and don’t take care of them they will end up staying there for a longer time than the other inmates. studies say that these ill inmates stays in prison 5 times longer than the other inmates. which will cause in spending more money on them \n anyway. so why not build centers or organizations that will take care of them in the first place and help them to get better. the next main ethical issue of the correction system is prison privatization. the government collects a certain amount of tax from all the citizens for the correction system. therefore, there’s a quota of inmates that need to be fulfilled every year to collect that required money from citizens. this means, the law enforcement has to put people in jail regardless they are guilty or not to reach a certain number. this is highly unethical because inmates might not deserve all those punishment but they would still have to because the system requires them to. every year people see cases after cases where inmates don’t get fair trial and get locked up behind the bars for several years for no reason. the congress has created this law; hence, the congress enforces every sector of criminal justice system to fulfil this quota without thinking what the prisoners might have to go through. it is not only unfair for the prisoners, but also unfair for the taxpayers that are working so hard to raise all these money but giving it away because the law requires them to do so. the congress should take a better look at it and either lower the quota number or get rid of this whole quota system so save money and people’s life. the last but not the least issue of the correction system is correction stuff ethics. it is debatable that every stuff at prisons or correction office works as honestly as possible every day. the correction or prison officers have quotas to fulfil; which is one of the main reasons why sometimes they put people in the system who don’t deserve. correction officers can’t let people get out of the programs because they have to hold them coming back. in this scenarios, the system doesn’t care if people are guilty, guilty enough to serve long term prison sentence or if they are succeeding in life after getting out of the system. as a result, it is difficult for the officers too to be fair to everyone and make sure that everyone gets their fair share in every section of the criminal justice system. these officers often don’t get paid enough to deal with all these troubles every day. often it gets hectic too because they deal with all kinds of dangerous criminals in office or outside of office. they put their own life in risk to solve other criminals’ lives. as a result, some officers tend to not complete their duties honestly. often they get discouraged too when they see criminals not getting better in the society. they think, there is no \n hope for them, so why even bother. these are some of the reasons why correction or prison officers get distracted or discouraged at their jobs to do it with full honesty and fairness. all these ethical issues mentioned above were neglected for several years. however, the criminal justice system has finally looked at them and trying to take proper steps to eradicate all these issues from the society. several counties in united states are building health center where they take care of the mentally ill inmates. proper care have been provided in those centers so that they can get better soon and the system can move them to either the traditional jail or can let them go to the society. instead of wasting billions and billions of money on those ill inmates, the system is taking the right step by treating them well. prison quota system has been in society for a long time and many writers have been writing about it and prosecutors have been debating about it so that the criminal justice system can get rid of it. every action serves some positive and some negative service. this quota system is not different either; as a result, the society might not be able to get rid of it entirely, but they are working on making everything fairer than it has been so far. if the government get rid of the quota system, it will make a large impact on making the correction officers life ten times easier. they wouldn’t have to worry about keeping the inmates in and they would be able to help out everyone if they want to. also increasing their payment would help the situation in several ways too. each year the counties are putting more and more money towards the correction system to help the society. if things keep going in such rate, people of this society can finally hope to get a better correction system. \n work cited: robert winter (2013). examining two fundamental ethical issues in u.s. corrections. retrieved from http://www.corrections.com/news/article/32769examiningtwofundamentalethicalissuesinu scorrections \n ethical and philosophical foundation of crj 03.26.2015 question: interrogation is an integral part of law enforcement; however, they are some ethical issues that must be recognized. identify and discuss three ethical issues. police department often brings eye witnesses or suspects to their office to question in order to reach the bottom of every case. this process is known as interrogation system in law enforcement. it has been an integral part of the case solving process and helped the law enforcement plethora of times. however, interrogation has been raised several ethical question in last couple years. it is evident that the law enforcement has been breaking the code of ethics and crossing the line in order to have their suspects to spill secrets. the question is, is it morally okay for police officers to cross this line to save the nation? or should they stop even if it might cost the nation a huge damage? this paper will focus on three main ethical questions that have been arose by the law makers regarding the interrogation process. the first issue is breaking the “do no harm” rule. united states has pledged not to punish anyone to get information, they don’t haze, period. however, for having ‘time clicking’ circumstances, police officers were often forced to break this rule. the second ethical issue is questioning someone indirectly, such as, lying to them or tricking them in order to spill the answers. this tactic has helped the police department in solving many cases, but there has been incidents where innocent people were forced to claim guilty because there was no way out. the last but not the least is being sexually harassed or seduced by a police officer or detective in order to gain some information. all these may help the law enforcement to solve crimes, but they also might be ethically wrong or those to be keep doing. the first ethical issue regarding interrogation is punishing people in order to spill information. according to the code of ethics, police officers cannot torture and punish anyone to get any information from them. for example, if someone is under police’s custody, they have to be fed and put in a comfortable situation when he/she is being asked questions. police officers cannot make them suffer by not giving food and torture them with anything while those people are under their custody. however, police officers have broken this code of ethics numerous times \n when its life and death situation. in these ‘clock ticking moment’ they have to apply certain kinds of torture in order to solve or stop any crime. one of this tactics used by the police department is called ‘waterboarding’ which is a kind of torture but nearly not as bad as electric shock or putting up for starvation. polices usually use them only when they know the nation is under attack and they think they are doing this for the best of everyone. the question is, is it still ethical to torture those people that are being interrogated for the sake of saving the nation. the author paul lauritzen mentions in his book “the ethics of interrogation” that it is a tough situation for the law enforcement officers to decide what’s ethically right and what needs to be done at that certain time. officers tend to choose the fastest tactic, which is scare them or make them uneasy to tell the officers what they know; which is without a doubt a breakage of the ‘do no harm’ rule. another tactic that police officers apply to avoid punishing is to investigate ‘indirectly’; which means officers will either lie or beat around the bush to confuse the person in custody to get information out of them. these type of incidents kept happening throughout the history of crime investigation. police department always either denied or refused to talk about it. recently in a conference, edward ohlbaum shared a story when he was working as a public defendant for a case in 1979. the defendant had confessed to a robbery because he failed a polygraph test. but later they found out, the police department didn’t use any legit polygraph machine. instead, they faked it and defendant had absolutely no idea about it. they solved the case; but the question was either the tactic was fair to the defendant or not. because often people confess to thing they didn’t do because of being under pressure. if police officers keep a possible terrorist and scare him to deport his family or harm them, he might spill the truth about terrorism or confess because he doesn’t want his family to be harmed. this situation can go both ways. it is kind of hard to say when an officer is making the right move and when he’s not by tricking someone. the person under investigation might lie too while held in custody if he’s being tricked by the police. that will only cause harm to the case rather than solving it. officers argue that tricking them helps than jeopardize it for the majority of the time. but the question is, is it fair to the other person or not? is it helping the officers in solving crime or it is putting someone else’s life in danger? \n women getting sexually harassed or seduced by men is not a new news to anyone. women have to face such things in every sphere of the society. the criminal justice system is no different. when women have to go through the system, there is a high risk of getting sexually harassed at some point; either it is in prison or in interrogation room. as men are more dominant and intimidated looking, they can easily scare women while they are in the system to get any information out of them. some police officers not only intimidate them with their masculinity but also try to harm them while being on the criminal justice system. there has been several cases where women have reported being sexually harassed by the police department; such as, anita hill in 1991 who was sexually harassed and humiliated by a supreme court officer. she was a young law professor who was questioned and humiliated while she was being interrogated. another tactic that officers use to get information from a female suspect is to seduce them. polices officers always have ca’s who provide them information; but some tend to engage with their ca’s in a romantic way to get more benefitted. one of the popular television shows, dexter covers a similar story where a detective cheats on his wife with one of cas’ and takes advantage of her which eventually costs her life. this incident is nothing new, male police officers have been taking advantage of female suspects for ages and there is no way anyone can see it to be ethical. it is highly unethical to be sexually harassed or used in any way even if it helps the officers to solve the crime. it is everyone’s right that comes first, and then solving any crime. \n work cited: peter wehner (2009). morality and enhanced interrogation techniques. commentary web exclusive. emilia mckee (2012). the use of deception and other ethical implications in interrogation methods. temple law review. \n ethical and philosophical foundation of crj final exam there are 7 elements of crime- harm, severity, legality, mens rea, actus reas, causation, concurrence, punishment. 3 agencies of criminal justice system- police, court, correction. two models of criminal justice system- crime control model and due process model. correction in us in considered as ‘rehabilitation’. truth sentencing- enacted in 1984, you have to serve at least 80% of your time. branches of government- legislature, judicial, executive. rule of law- “no one is above the law” there are 100 senators and 435 house of representatives. two types of ‘writs’- habes corpus and social diversion is built on labeling theory. 2 sources of international human rights- customary law and treaty law sentencing that counts as cruel punishment- intermediate sentencing first three words of the constitution – “we the people” first ten amendments are called the ‘bill of rights’ how many amendments does the constitution have- 27 congress has two parts: the u.s. senate and the u.s. house of representatives. the supreme law of the land- the constitution. highest court of us- supreme court john glover roberts jr. law clerk: a law clerk or a judicial clerk is a person who provides assistance to a judge in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions. brief: a written legal document used in various legal adversarial systems that is presented to a court arguing why one party to a particular case should prevail. writ of certiorari: a type of writ, meant for rare use, by which an appellate court decides to review a case at its discretion. writ of habeas corpus: a writ of habeas corpus is used to bring a prisoner or other detainee (e.g. institutionalized mental patient) before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful. rule of four: in order to make a decision, four justices have to say ‘yes’. two main ethical issues for lawyers- the lecture and prepping witnesses. \n statistical backdrop of the immigration in us- 1910 – 1930 – steady growth of immigrant population; 1940 – 1970 – saw a decrease in numbers; 1980 – 2010 - increase was evident; by 2010 – the immigrant share of the population was 13%, a significant increase from 5% in 1970. primary states where immigrants moved in- california, texas, illinois, new jersey, florida, and new york. strain theory for immigration- “the american dream” diversion: occurs before trial. probation: occurs after a person has been convicted. goal of diversion: reduce recidivism through rehabilitation. diversion programs: drug courts, domestic violence, community, and mental health courts. shaming – temporary but labeling- permanent two ways of using diversion: unconditional diversion and conditional diversion. 3 stages of the drug court: detoxication, stabilization, and after care. 3 brunches of theory: applied, normative, meta country of origin variables: gdp, homicide rate, world governance, and religion. assimilation paths of immigration- straight line and downward assimilation",
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190bb87cb612599a818c11ee9151cf24 | determine the values of inductance that can be obtained by interconnecting a 4-mh inductor, a 6-mh inductor, and a 12-mh inductor | determine the values of inductance that can be obtained by | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "exam 4 review covering chapters 10, 11, 12 chapter 10 – personality disorders i. traits & causal factors of the different personality disorders a. paranoid personality disorder (cluster a) 1. experiences feelings of: a. mistrust b. doubts of loyalty c. paranoia d. bears grudges e. has suspicions of others f. thinks that people are out to get them g. guardedness h. see themselves as blameless (abnormal psychology p. 334) i. quick to act with anger/violent behaviors (abnormal psychology p. 334) 2. usually arises in early adulthood 3. impacts their personal functioning 4. limits their interactions with other people 5. causal factors: a. genetic through high levels of antagonism (low agreeableness) & neuroticism (angryhostility) (abnormal psychology p. 335) b. psychosocial factors include parental neglect & abuse and exposure to violent adults (abnormal psychology p. 335) b. schizoid personality disorder (cluster a) 1. experiences feelings of: a. detachment from social relationships b. doesn’t enjoy being around people c. doesn’t have sexual desires d. doesn’t participate in activities e. unable to express feelings (abnormal psychology p. 335) f. seen as cold and distant (abnormal psychology p. 335) g. lack social skills: seen as loners/introverts (abnormal psychology p. 335) h. not emotionally reactive (abnormal psychology p. 335) 2. causal factors a. dysfunctional beliefs view themselves as selfsufficient loners view others as intrusive \n “i am basically alone” “relationships are messy and undesirable (abnormal psychology p. 336) b. modest heritability (abnormal psychology p. 336) c. schizotypal personality disorder (cluster a) 1. experiences: a. acute discomfort b. odd beliefs c. delusional thoughts d. imaginable thinking e. illusions f. odd thinking & odd speech g. suspiciousness & paranoia h. lack of close friends i. lack of confidence j. social anxiety k. maintain contact with reality (unlike schizoid) (abnormal psychology p. 336) l. ideas of reference – the belief that conversations or gestures of others have special meanings or personal significance (abnormal psychology p. 336) 2. many researchers conceptualize schizotypal personality disorder as a form of schizophrenia (abnormal psychology p. 337) 3. causal factors a. prevalence is 23% in the general population (abnormal psychology p. 337) b. moderate heritability (abnormal psychology p. 337) c. impairments in cognitive functioning deficits in ability to sustain attention deficits in working memory (abnormal psychology p. 337) d. adolescent schizotypal personality disorder is associated with elevated exposure to stressful life events & low family socioeconomic status (abnormal psychology p. 338) d. histrionic personality disorder (cluster b) 1. experiences: a. dramatic & attention seeking behavior b. uncomfortable when not the center of attention c. exaggerates emotions d. causes problems in relationships with others e. sexually provocative and seductive behaviors (abnormal psychology p. 338) f. speech is vague and impressionistic (abnormal psychology p. 338) \n g. considered selfcentered, vain, and concerned about being approved by other people (abnormal psychology p. 338) h. seen as overly reactive, shallow and insincere (abnormal psychology p. 338) 2. causal factors a. prevalence is 23% b. occurs more often in women than men more traits such as over dramatization, vanity, seductiveness, and over concern for physical appearance in women sex bias in the diagnosis of this disorder c. many don’t believe it is a valid diagnosis d. highly comorbid with borderline, antisocial, narcissistic and dependent personality disorders e. some genetic links involves extreme versions of extraversion and neuroticism f. cognitive aspects maladaptive schemas for the need of attention to validate self worth “if i can’t entertain people, they will abandon me” (abnormal psychology p. 338339) e. narcissistic personality disorder (cluster b) 1. experiences: a. selfcenteredness b. wants admiration c. seen as full of themselves d. grandiose sense of self importance e. believes that they are special f. sense of entitlement g. interpersonally exploited h. arrogant i. hard to deal with j. unable to see things through other people’s eyes (abnormal psychology p. 340) 2. two subtypes: a. grandiose narcissism grandiosity aggression dominance overestimate their abilities & underestimate others abilities braggers (abnormal psychology p. 339340) b. vulnerable narcissism fragile & unstable sense of selfesteem \n arrogance is just a cover up for their intense shame and hypersensitivity to rejection & criticism avoid relationships for fear of rejection &/or criticism (abnormal psychology p. 340) 3. causal factors a. frequently observed in men more than women b. rare with only a prevalence of 1% c. grandiose narcissism parental overvaluation d. vulnerable narcissism emotional/physical/sexual abuse intrusive/controlling/cold parenting styles (abnormal psychology p. 340341) f. antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy (cluster b) 1. experiences: a. impulsive b. aggressive c. no remorse or guilt for their acts d. no morals or conscious developed e. ability to exploit and manipulate others f. little regard for safety (abnormal psychology p. 353) g. causes crimes & a lot end up in jail h. can’t keep close friends i. low fear j. deficient behavioral inhibition system (abnormal psychology p. 359) k. normal/overactive behavioral activation system (abnormal psychology p. 359) l. dominant response set for reward (abnormal psychology p. 359) m. low on empathy (abnormal psychology p. 360) n. o. psychopathy – moral insanity lack of empathy inflated & arrogant selfappraisal glib & superficial charm two dimensions: interpersonal core of the disorder reflects traits like lack of remorse/guilt, lack of empathy, superficial charm, selfworth, pathological lying verbal intelligence deficits in fear potentiated startle responding (abnormal psychology p. 359) (first dimension) reflects behavior \n antisocial/impulsive acts social deviance need for stimulation poor behavior controls irresponsibility parasitic lifestyle negatively related to intelligence alcohol abuse related elevated rates of suicide attempts & completed suicides (second dimension) (abnormal psychology p. 353355) 2. causal factors a. seen in more men than women b. 7080% of prison inmates qualify for aspd diagnosis (abnormal psychology p. 354) c. 2530% of prison inmates qualify for psychopathy diagnosis (abnormal psychology p.354) d. people with psychopathy are 3x more likely to reoffend & 4x more likely to reoffend violently after prison e. patterns of behavior must have been occurring since the age of 15 (abnormal psychology p. 341) f. before age of 15 the person must have had symptoms of conduct disorder (abnormal psychology p. 341) g. conduct disorder – occurs in children & young adolescents who show persistent patterns of aggression toward people/animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness/theft & serious violation of rules at home/school (abnormal psychology p. 341) h. high rates of alcohol abuse/dependence & other substance abuse/dependence disorders (abnormal psychology p. 355) i. genetic factors moderate heritability for antisocial/criminal behavior & for aspd & psychopathy environmental influences interact with genetic predispositions marital conflict/divorce legal problems parental psychopathology physical maltreatment monoamine oxidasea gene (maoa) involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin all of these are affected by maltreatment stress that leads to aggressive behavior \n conduct disorder & adhd are common precursors high comorbid level for aspd and alcoholism genetic involvement less activity in the amygdala during fear conditioning, sad/frightened faces (abnormal psychology p. 357360) j. parental rejection/abuse/neglect & inconsistent discipline (abnormal psychology p. 360) k. developmental factors children with an early history of oppositional defiant disorder (abnormal psychology p. 360) oppositional defiant disorder – a pattern of hostile & defiant behavior toward authority figures that usually begins by the age of 6 years & followed by earlyonset conduct disorder ~ age 9 (abnormal psychology p. 360) adhd: “fledgling psychopaths” (abnormal psychology p. 360) l. parent psychopathology employment education/occupation stress events divorce/transitions neighborhood/school ineffective parenting (discipline & supervision (abnormal psychology p. 361) m. children difficulty in learning to regulate their emotions n. show high levels of emotional reactivity aggressive antisocial behaviors frustration anger (abnormal psychology p. 362) o. negative emotions fearlessness low anxiety callous/unemotional traits reduced amygdala activation (abnormal psychology p. 362) p. sociocultural factors different frequencies of aggressive/violent behavior individualistic vs. collectivist societies individualistic societies tend to be more likely to promote some of the behavioral characteristics that result in psychopathy when carried to the extreme \n (abnormal psychology p. 362) q. aspd prevalence in u.s. is 1.54% lower in taiwan: 0.10.2% (abnormal psychology p. 362) g. borderline personality disorder (cluster b) 1. experiences a. trouble with maintaining relationships b. scared of abandonment c. attachment issues d. emotional instability e. feelings of emptiness f. extreme emotions: rapid shifts in mood g. hard to date someone with bpd h. highly unstable selfimage (abnormal psychology p. 342) i. impulsivity – rapid responding to environmental triggers w/o thinking about longterm consequences (abnormal psychology p. 342) j. suicide attempts can be manipulative 810% completed suicides k. reckless driving l. gambling sprees m. selfmutilation (cutting) (abnormal psychology p. 342) 2. causal factors a. 75% of those with bpd have cognitive symptoms short/transient episodes out of contact w/ reality experience delusions hallucinations paranoid ideas severe dissociative symptoms (abnormal psychology p. 344) b. 12% may qualify for diagnosis (abnormal psychology p. 344) c. more women than men (abnormal psychology p. 344) d. comorbid rate with unipolar mood bipolar mood anxiety disorders panic ptsd substance use eating disorders histrionic pd dependent pd \n antisocial pd schizotypal pd (abnormal psychology p. 344) e. genetic factors lower functioning of serotonin neurotransmitter disturbances in regulation of noradrenergic neurotransmitters used in chronic stress conditions decrease activation of parts of brain that inhibit aggressive behaviors abnormalities in hippocampus and amygdala (abnormal psychology p. 344) f. psychosocial factors childhood adversity maltreatment separation loss (abnormal psychology p. 344) h. avoidant personality disorder (cluster c) 1. experiences a. hypersensitivity b. scared to be criticized c. intense social anxiety d. avoids relationships e. introversion f. desire affection g. often lonely/bored h. do not enjoy loneliness i. feel inept/inadequate j. deficits in ability to experience pleasure k. severe manifestation of social phobia (abnormal psychology p. 345347) 2. causal factors a. innate temperament along with emotional abuse, rejection or humiliation from parents b. social phobia c. heritable (abnormal psychology p. 347) i. dependent personality disorder (cluster c) 1. experiences a. depends on others b. doesn’t want to be left alone c. needs others to make decisions for them d. submissive \n e. lack selfconfidence f. feel helpless (abnormal psychology p. 347) 2. causal factors a. 12% occurrences in population b. more common in women c. comorbid w/ mood & anxiety disorders d. overlap w/ borderline, histrionic, avoidant pd’s e. modest genetic influence f. neuroticism g. agreeableness h. authoritarian/overprotective parents i. maladaptive thoughts on needing others to survive (abnormal psychology p. 347348) j. obsessivecompulsive personality disorder (cluster c) 1. experiences a. perfectionism b. inflexible on their morals/ethics c. stubborn d. stingy e. have a strict pattern f. pays careful attention to rules, order & schedules g. careful to not make mistakes h. use time poorly i. difficult time seeing the larger picture j. difficulty relaxing/doing anything fun k. difficulty in interpersonal relationships b/c of devotion to work l. difficulty expressing emotions (abnormal psychology p. 348350) 2. differences between ocpd & ocd a. ocpd no obsessions no compulsive rituals have lifestyles characterized by: overconscientiousness high neuroticism inflexibility perfectionism b. comorbid with ocd 20% (abnormal psychology p. 349) 3. causal factors a. high levels of conscientiousness b. high assertiveness \n c. low on compliance d. low levels of novelty seeking (avoid change) e. low levels of reward dependence (work excessively at the expense of pleasurable pursuits) f. high levels of harm avoidance (respond strongly to aversive stimuli & try to avoid them) g. modest genetic influence (abnormal psychology p. 350) ii. different clusters a. cluster a 1. includes: a. paranoid b. schizoid c. schizotypal 2. odd/eccentric people 3. unusual behavior 4. distrust – suspiciousness – social detachment b. cluster b 1. includes: a. histrionic b. narcissistic c. antisocial d. borderline 2. dramatic, emotional, erratic behaviors c. cluster c 1. includes: a. avoidant b. dependent c. obsessivecompulsive 2. anxiety & fearfulness behaviors (abnormal psychology p. 328329) iii. treatment for borderline personality disorder a. biological treatment 1. antidepressants a. most safe b. useful for treating rapid mood shifts, anger, anxiety c. impulsivity symptoms – self mutilation 2. antipsychotic medication a. low doses b. improvements in: depression anxiety suicidality impulsive aggression \n rejection sensitivity transient psychotic symptoms cognitive/perceptual distortions 3. mood stabilizing medications a. carbazemine b. reduces: irritability suicidality affective instability impulsive aggressive behavior 4. drugs are only mildly beneficial b. psychosocial treatment 1. weaknesses are: a. long duration b. relative complexity 2. dialectical behavior therapy – marsha linehan – teaching patients to accept negative affects without engaging in selfdestructive/maladaptive behaviors a. individual/group components b. phone coaching c. efficacious treatment d. complex e. lasts several years 3. psychodynamic psychotherapy a. kernberg & colleagues b. strengthening the weakened egos c. integrate positive & negative views of themselves & others into more nuanced views d. expensive e. timeconsuming 4. mentalization a. bateman & fonagy b. help patients develop skills to accurately understand their own feelings & emotions as well as others c. efficacious treatment (abnormal psychology p. 351352) chapter 11 – substancerelated disorders i. alcohol abuse/dependence a. abuse – excessive use of a substance resulting in hazardous behavior or continued use despite persistent social, psychological, occupational or health problem (abnormal psychology p. 369) \n b. dependence – a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve a desired effect. will experience tolerance towards the substance and severe withdrawal symptoms when the drug is unavailable. (abnormal psychology p. 369) c. prevalence 1. major problem in the u.s. 2. most destructive of the psychiatric disorders a. b/c impact on personal lives & lives of other people 3. ~50% of 18+ are current regular drinkers 4. native americans have higher rates of alcohol abuse 5. asian americans have lower usage of alcohol 6. ~10% of men 65 years + are heavy drinkers 7. high comorbidity of substance abuse disorders with eating disorders 8. cooccurs with w/ personality disorders 9. 28.6% of those w/ an alcoholuse disorder have at least one personality disorder (abnormal psychology p. 369371) 10. causal factors a. biological addictive substances activate areas of the brain that produce intrinsic pleasure & immediate, powerful reward a person’s biological makeup mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (mclp) – the center of the psychoactive drug activation in the brain controls emotions, memory & gratification alcohol stimulates this area of the brain and creates pleasurable feelings continued use of psychoactive drugs results in tolerance & dependence on the substance develop heredity plays a role in developing sensitivity to the addictive power of drugs higher in men than women runs in families children who are born from alcoholic parents rather than raised by alcoholic parents are at higher risk heritability of personality characteristics predisposition to alcohol abuse impulsive prefers taking high risks emotionally unstable certain ethnic groups have higher risks than others asians have lower risk due to “alcohol flush reaction” native americans \n learning factors/influences exposure to the drug environment that promotes initial/continuous use (abnormal psychology p. 375377) b. psychosocial factors become socially dependent on drug to help them enjoy social situations failures in parental guidance stressful childhood experiences physical abuse sexual abuse personality traits of potential alcohol abusers emotionally immature expects a lot from the world require a lot of praise/appreciation reacts to failure w/ feelings of hurt/inferiority low frustration tolerance feel inadequate/unsure of abilities to fulfill gender role of male or female impulsive aggressive association b/t depression & alcoholabuse stronger problems among women trauma inability to tolerate tension & stress drinking to relax social successes increase sexual desire/pleasure increase popularity & acceptance by peers seen in young adolescents more trouble with marital/intimate relationships drinking follows sadness & hostility begins during crisis periods one of the most frequent causes of divorce in the u.s. two common causes: financial & sexual problems family relationship problems (abnormal psychology p. 377381) c. sociocultural factors “social lubricant”: tension reducer cultural attitudes towards drinking high in europeans \n french have highest rates of alcoholism in the world (abnormal psychology p. 381) ii. treatments for alcoholism a. biological treatments 1. medications a. blocking the desires to drink drugs that cause vomiting when ingestion of alcohol occurs (antabuse) could be problematic b/c alcoholbased substances (like lotions) can result in vomiting expensive b. blocking the pleasureproducing effects of alcohol naltrexone reduces cravings for alcohol c. reduce side effects of withdrawal reduces: insomnia headache gastrointestinal distress tremulousness usually handled in a hospital or clinic setting alleviate tension & anxiety that comes with withdrawal diazepam & valium (abnormal psychology p. 382) b. psychological treatments 1. therapy a. group therapy b. environmental intervention c. behavioral & cognitivebehavioral therapy aversive conditional therapy – involves the presentation of a wide range of noxious stimuli w/ alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behavior pairing the ingestion of alcohol w/ electric shock or drug that produces nausea “skills training procedure” – imparting specific knowledge about alcohol, developing coping skills, modifying cognitions & expectancies, acquiring stressmanagement skills & providing training in life skills brief motivational intervention – goal of therapy is to get alcoholics to reduce alcohol intake without abstaining altogether promotes selfcontrol (abnormal psychology p. 382383) \n c. controlled drinking 1. learn to drink moderately a. more likely to be successful in persons with less severe alcohol problems (abnormal psychology p. 383) b. hard for people that have abused alcohol 2. alcoholics anonymous a. free b. sponsor that is always available to contact iii. legal limit in state a. blood alcohol content (bac) 1. considered intoxicated at 0.08% 2. at 0.5% the neural balance is upset & individual can pass out 3. concentrations about 0.55% are usually lethal (abnormal psychology p. 372) iv. drug abuse/dependence a. prevalence 1. 37% for seniors in high school 2. 35% for college students 3. 34% for 1928 year olds 4. 27% for 10 graders 5. 14% for 8 graders 6. most common during adolescents 7. ~10% of the population abused drugs (abnormal psychology p. 386387) b. opium & its derivatives 1. relieves pain a. morphine b. heroin preferred abused drug injected into the bloodstream very water soluble most euphoric effects 2. derivatives a. codeine used in cough syrups addictive 3. effects a. poor nutrition b. not sleeping well c. fluctuating withdrawal symptoms impacts immune system 4. treatments a. drugs that prevent withdrawal symptoms b. quitting cold turkey \n not as effective c. drugs that block the pleasurable feelings of opiates c. cocaine and amphetamines 1. cocaine a. stimulant b. can snort or smoke it c. impacts dopamine floods brain with dopamine pleasurable/enjoyable feelings 2. amphetamines a. “wonder pills” help people stay awake & alert function at a level beyond normal temporarily wwii soldiers used to ward off fatigue used by night workers, truck drivers, students cramming for tests, athletes suppress appetite widely prescribed by doctors calming rather than stimulating effect b. effects heighten blood pressure enlarge pupils unclear/rapid speech profuse sweating tremors excitability loss of appetite confusion sleeplessness high levels of abuse suicide homicide assault other acts of violence c. methamphetamine high power stimulant highly addictive quick & long lasting “high” supplies to make methamphetamine are easily accessible most harmful for your body kills body tissue comprises values brain impairment can be snorted, smoked, swallowed, or injected \n increases level of dopamine in the brain (abnormal psychology p. 390393) d. sedatives 1. barbiturates a. not around anymore b. very small lethal dose rarely prescribed c. powerful sedatives d. used to calm patients and induce sleep e. depressant f. common effects: impaired decision making/problem solving sluggishness slow speech sudden mood shifts g. excessive use increases tolerance h. leads to brain damage & personality deterioration 2. xanax a. dependent b. builds up tolerance (abnormal psychology p. 393394) e. lsd & related drugs 1. lsd a. powerful drug b. ~10,000 in just one gram c. hallucinating impact d. volatile emotions e. low lethal dose rate f. shrooms g. referred to as psychedelics h. also known as “acid”, mescaline, psilocybin i. odorless, colorless, tasteless j. feelings of depersonalization & detachment k. can be extremely traumatic distorted objects/sounds, illusory colors & thoughts can be terrifying l. flashbacks can occur (abnormal psychology p. 394) f. ecstasy 1. hallucinogen & stimulant a. popular party drug among adults b. used for medical treatment for conditions such as: ptsd phobias \n psychosomatic disorders depression suicidality drug addiction relationship difficulties c. chemically similar to methamphetamine d. experiences “rush” sensation feelings of calmness, energy & wellbeing follow e. effects can last several hours f. also known as mdma g. accompanied by: nausea sweating clenching of teeth muscle cramps blurred vision hallucinations h. increasing among college students i. more personality characteristics result as effects more likely to use marijuana engage in binge drinking smoke cigarettes have many sexual partners (abnormal psychology p. 395) g. marijuana 1. uses a. used to help ease suffering b. increase blood flow c. most frequently used illicit drug 2. effects a. mild euphoria b. increased feelings of wellbeing c. heightened perceptual acuity d. pleasant relaxation e. sensations such as drift/floating away f. pleasurable experiences sexual intercourse g. relieve pain/nausea 3. seen as the safer drug 4. low lethal dose rate 5. contains thc (always varies) (abnormal psychology p. 396) chapter 12 – sexual variants, abuse, and dysfunctions \n i. sexual variants a. fetishism 1. fetishism – the individual has recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges & behaviors involving the use of some inanimate object or a part of the body not typically found erotic a. feet b. transvestic fetishism 1. transvestic disorder – if they experience significant distress or impairment due to the condition of heterosexual men who experience recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve crossdressing as a female a. during adolescence b. involves masturbation while wearing female clothing/undergarments c. voyeurism 1. voyeurism – has recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the observation of unsuspecting females who are undressing or of couples engaging in sexual activity a. “peeping toms” b. masturbates while peeping c. most common illegal sexual activity d. exhibitionism 1. exhibitionistic disorder – a person with recurrent, intense urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve exposing his genitals to others (usually strangers) in inappropriate circumstances & w/o their consent a. usually begins in adolescence b. most common sexual offense reported c. associated with greater psychological problems: lower life satisfaction greater use of pornography more frequent masturbation e. sadism 1. sadism – person has recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve inflicting psychological or physical pain on another individual a. fantasies include themes of dominance, control & humiliation b. bondage and discipline c. 50 shades of grey – christian grey f. masochism 1. masochism – a person experiences sexual stimulation and gratification from the experience of pain & degradation in relating to a lover; experiences recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or \n behaviors involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise made to suffer. a. usually goes handinhand with sadism (s&m) b. 50 shades of grey – anastasia steele g. pedophilia 1. pedophilic disorder – an adult has recurrent, intense sexual urges or fantasies about sexual activity w/ a prepubertal child a. generally, 13 years or younger b. nearly all pedophiles are male & victims are 2/3 are female (abnormal psychology p. 409423) ii. sexual dysfunctions a. male dysfunctions 1. erectile disorder – inability to achieve/maintain an erection sufficient for successful sexual intercourse 2. delayed ejaculation – persistent inability to ejaculate during intercourse a. occurs in only ~ 310% of men 3. early ejaculation – “premature ejaculation”; the persistent & recurrent onset of orgasm & ejaculation w/ minimal sexual stimulation 4. hypoactive sexual desire disorder – men who have been distressed/impaired due to low levels of sexual thoughts, desires, or fantasies for at least 6 months b. women dysfunctions 1. female sexual interest/arousal disorder – dysfunctional low desire & dysfunctional low sexual arousal a. absent/reduced interest in sexual activity b. absent/reduced sexual/erotic thoughts/fantasies c. no/reduced initiation of sexual activity & typically unreceptive to a partner’s attempts to initiate 2. orgasmic disorder – women who are readily sexually excitable & who otherwise enjoy sexual activity but who show persistent/recurrent delay in/absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase & who are distressed by this 3. genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder – genital pain and muscle tension & fear/anxiety related to genital pain/penetrative sexual activity (abnormal psychology p. 432439) iii. treatments a. male dysfunctions 1. testosterone injections (male hypoactive sexual desire disorder) 2. medications that promote erections (erectile dysfunction) 3. penile implants (erectile dysfunction) 4. behavioral therapy (early ejaculation) 5. antidepressants (early ejaculation) 6. psychological treatments such as couples’ therapy (delayed ejaculation) b. women dysfunctions 1. raising estrogen levels (sexual interest/arousal disorder) \n 2. antidepressant (sexual interest/arousal disorder) 3. cognitivebehavioral interventions (genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder & orgasmic disorder) 4. medical treatments (genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder (abnormal psychology p. 434439)",
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b7d73598437a21675d4e7c0be92134c1 | four atoms and/or ions are sketched below in accordance with their relative atomic and/or ionic radii. z 7 50 so31g2 + h2o1l2 sro1s2 + h2o1l2 i21s2 + na+1aq2 + br-1aq2 which of the following sets of species are compatible with the sketch? explain. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) fe, rb, co, cs. | four atoms and/or ions are sketched below in accordance | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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de459ff644030178f8d53024c2df53f7 | in exercises 1 10, approximate each number using a calculator. round your answer to three decimal places. | solved: in exercises 1 10, approximate each number using a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " mgmt 3850 foundations of entrepreneurship ch.11 creating a successful financial plan financial management o a process that provides entrepreneurs with relevant financial information in an easytoread format on a timely basis; it allows entrepreneurs to know not only how their businesses are doing financially but also why they are performing that way. lo1: describe how to prepare the basic financial statements and use them to manage a small business. a balance sheet o a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a business’s financial position, estimating its worth on a given date; it is built on the fundamental accounting equation: assets = liabilities +owner’s equity o ex: page 407 o any increase or decrease on one side of the equation must be offset by an increase or decrease on the other side, hence the name balance sheet. current assets o assets such as cash and other items to be converted into cash within one year or within the company’s normal operating cycle. fixed assets: o assets acquired for long term use in a business. liabilities: o creditors’ claims against a company’s assets current liabilities o those debts that must be paid within one year or within the normal operating cycle of a company longterm liabilities o liabilities that come due after one year owner’s equity o value of the owner’s investment in the business. income statement o a financial statement that represents a moving picture of a business, comparing its expenses against revenue over a period of time to show its net income (or loss). o ex: page 408 cost of goods sold \n o the total cost, including shipping, of the merchandise sold during the accounting period gross profit margin o gross profit divided by net sales revenue operating expenses o those costs that contribute directly to the manufacture and distribution of goods. statement of cash flows o a financial statement showing the changes in a company’s working capital from the beginning of the year by listing both the sources and the uses of those funds. lo2: create projected (pro forma) financial statements. projected financial statements are a basic component of a sound financial plan. they help the manager plot the company’s financial future by setting operating objectives and by analyzing the reasons for variations from targeted results. in addition, the small business in search of startup funds will need these pro forma statements to present to prospective lenders and investors. they also assist in determining the amount of cash, inventory, fixtures, and other assets the business will need to begin operation. determine the amount of funding required to begin operation as well as the amount required to keep the company going until it begins to generate positive cash flow. every new firm must have enough capital to cover all startup costs, including funds to rent or buy plant, equipment, and tools, and to pay for advertising, wages, licenses, utilities and other expenses. the projected income statement o create a sales forecast o net profit margin = (net income/ sales (annual) the projected balance sheet o an entrepreneur must develop a pro forma balance sheet outlining the fledgling firm’s assets and liabilities. assets o cash is one of the most useful assets the business owns; it is highly liquid and can be converted into other tangible assets. o average inventory turnover =(cost of goods sold/average inventory level) lo3: understand the basic financial statements through ratio analysis. the 12 key ratios described are divided into four major categories: liquidity ratios, which show the small firm’s ability to meet its current obligations; leverage ratios, which tell how much of the company’s financing is provided by owners and how much by creditors; operating ratios, which show how effectively \n the firm uses its resources; and profitability ratios, which disclose the company’s profitability. many agencies and organizations regularly publish such statistics. if there is a discrepancy between the small firm’s ratios and those of the typical business, the owner should investigate the reason for the difference. a belowaverage ratio does not necessarily mean that the business is in trouble. to avoid becoming a failure statistic, entrepreneurs must understand the numbers that drive their businesses. ratio analysis o a method of expressing the relationship between any two accounting elements that allows business owners to analyze their companies’ financial performance. liquidity ratios o tell whether a small business will be able to meet its shortterm financial obligations as they come due. o the primary measures of liquidity are the current ratio and quick ratio. o current ratio: current assets/ current liabilities measures a small firm’s solvency by indicating its ability to pay current liabilities out of current assets o quick ratio: quick assets/ current liabilities a conservative measure of a firm’s liquidity, measuring the extent to which its most liquid assets cover its current liabilities leverage ratios o measure the financing supplied by a firm’s owners against that supplied by its creditors; they are a gauge of the depth of a company’s debt. debt ratio o measures the percentage of total assets financed by a company’s creditors compared to its owners. debttonetworth (debttoequity) ratio o expresses the relationship between the capital contributions form creditors and those from owners and measures how highly leveraged a company is. timesinterestearned ratio o measures a small firm’s ability to make the interest payments on its debt. operating ratios o helps an entrepreneur evaluate a small company’s overall performance and indicate how effectively the business employs its resources. averageinventoryturnover ratio o measures the number of times its average inventory is sold out, or turned over, during an accounting period. averagecollectionperiod ratio o measures the number of day it takes to collect accounts receivable. averagepayableperiod ratio \n o measures the number of days it takes a company to pay its accounts payable. float o the net number of days of cash flowing into or out of a company; float= days payables outstanding (dpo) days sales outstanding (dso) netsalestototal assets (total assetturnover) ratio o measures a company’s ability to generate sales in relation to its asset base. profitability ratios o indicate how efficiently a small company is being managed. netprofitonsales ratio o measures a company’s profit per dollar of sales. operating leverage o a situation in which increases in operating efficiency mean that expenses as a percentage of sales revenue flatten or even decline. netprofittoassets (returnonassets) ratio o measures how much profit a company generates for each of dollar of assets that it owns. netprofittoequity ratio o measures the owners’ rate of return on investment lo4: explain how to interpret financial ratios. to benefit from ratio analysis, the small company should compare its ratios to those of other companies the same line of business and look for trends over time. when business owners detect deviations in their companies’ ratios from industry standards, they should determine the cause of the deviations. in some cases, such deviations are the result of sound business decisions; in other instances, however, ratios that are out of the normal range for a particular type of business are indicators of what could become serious problems for a company. critical numbers (or key performance indicators, kpis) o these indicators measure key financial and operational aspects of a company’s performance o ex: employee satisfaction, sales per labor hour, utilization ratio, site traffic and sales dollars per transaction. ratio analysis o ex: page 432,433 lo5: conduct a break-even analysis for a small company. business owners should know their firm’s breakeven point, the level of operations at which revenues equal total costs; it is the point at which companies neither earn a profit nor incur a loss. although just a simple screening device, breakeven analysis is a useful planning and decisionmaking tool. breakeven point \n o the level of operation (sales dollars or production quantity) at which a company neither earns a profit nor incurs a loss. fixed expenses o expenses that do not vary with changes in the volume of sales or production variable expenses o expenses that vary directly with changes in the volume of sales or production step 1: forecast the expenses the business can expect to incur. step 2: categorize the expenses estimated in step 1 into fixed expenses and variable expenses. step 3: calculate the ratio of variable expenses to net sales. step 4: compute the breakeven point using breakeven sales = total fixed cost/ contribution margin expressed as a percentage of sales",
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aecb100b0352e41832610ac55344f0cc | ?problem 24e
units and measurement (section)
use appropriate metric prefixes to write the following measurements without use of exponents: (a) 2.3 × 10-10 l, (b) 4.7 × 10-6 g, (c) 1.85 × 10-12 m, (d) 16.7 × 106 s, (e) 15.7 × 103 g, (f)1.34 × 10-3 m, (g) 1.84 × 102 cm. | units and measurement (section)use appropriate metric | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": " psychology 457: exam 2 review page 1 sexuality in childhood & adolescence ● summarize typical sexual behavior in: ○ infancy ■ infants can be observed discovering the pleasure of genital stimulation soon after they are born ■ body begins first sexual response in utero ■ boys have erections in utero ■ girls may have vaginal lubrication and genital swelling when infants ■ both male and female infants have been observed experiencing what appears to be an orgasm ○ early childhood ■ typically they’ll disguise their interest rather than risk the disapproval of their elders ■ begin interacting with peers and children explore their bodies together ● masturbate ● play “mommy and daddy” ● hug and kiss and lie on top of each other ● play “doctor” so they can look at each other’s genitals ○ preadolescence ■ curiosity and sex play ■ masturbation and permission to feel pleasure ■ between ages 1012, 24% of boys and 29% of girls is very interested in the other sex ○ adolescence ■ masturbation ● males typically start this earlier than females (1315 for males) ■ motivation to have sex socialenvironmental factors and individual characteristics ■ first intercourse: average age for first intercourse is currently 17 years old ● define puberty and adolescence ○ puberty: the stage of human development when the body becomes capable of reproduction ○ adolescence: the social and psychological state that occurs between the beginning of puberty and acceptance into full adulthood ● summarize the impact of family, peers and the media on adolescent sexuality sex isn’t that simple ● in the us, most new cases of hiv infection are among \\_\\_\\_\\_ ○ people under 25 years of age, and the vast majority of these infections occur through sexual activity. ● what are sexual lifeways? ○ the sexual culture creates a system for categorizing certain sexual acts and behaviors as desirable and appropriate – individual develop their sexuality within different cultures and create sexual lifeways which are viewed as “erotic emotions, categories and roles” ● what is gay culture? ○ the culture consists of defining ethnic/racial groups within the psychological literature are applied to the lives of lesbians and gay men ○ gay and bisexual must learn “appropriate” sexual behaviors within tier sexual culture and learn the larger gay culture’s norms and expectations around ways of behaving, acting, and knowing ● what are the factors that impact acculturation? \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 2 ○ various forms of mass media have been sources of gay youths to use in becoming acculturated to gay culture – internet, gay cultural norms ○ when youths are able to feel comfortable with their sexual identity there is evidence that acculturation into a larger gay community can serve to buffer some of the negative effects of stigmatization and lead to deeecreased participation in hiv sexual risk behaviors ● what were the strategies used for developing culturally grounded hiv prevention programs? ○ these programs are grounded in the ethnic/racial culture of the targeted population and in an exploration of ethnic specific messages related to sexual identity and sexual risk/protective behaviors ○ subverting culture – created to examine the role of ethnic culture in hiv prevention programs ○ learning about gay culture, importance of contextual factors in hiv prevention programs (these intervention programs may not work in certain contexts where the people live – need to be developed with an understanding of the societallevel contextual factors that may influence the sexual lives of their participants), heterosexism and sexual risk/protection (lgb adolescents are often harassed), masculinity ideology and sexual risk/protection, sexual identity development, ethnic identity development sexuality in adulthood ● what are the developmental challenges for young adults? ○ establishing sexual orientation ○ integrating love and sex (sex versus love dichotomy should be addressed in adulthood) ○ forging intimacy and making commitments (as adults become more intimate, most desire to develop their ability to make commitments) ○ making fertility/childbearing decisions (becoming a parent or not?) ○ practicing safer sex to protect against stis (awareness must be integrated into communication, values, and behaviors of all people) ○ evolving a sexual philosophy (as individuals move into adulthood – reevaluate moral standards – develop personal principles of right and wrong, caring, and responsibility) ● current status of singlehood and reasons ○ reasons for greater numbers of single young adults: ○ greater sexual experience ○ increased number of singles are divorced or widowed ○ widespread acceptance of cohabitation ○ unintended pregnancies ○ increased numbers of abortions and births to single women ○ greater numbers of separated and divorced men and women ○ rise in the number of singleparent families ● reasons for cohabitation ○ people cohabitate because the climate regarding sexuality is more openminded than it was a generation ago, divorce is seen now more preferable than an unhappy marriage, young adults ar continuing to defer marriage (but want a companionship) ● what is posslq? what are the biases? \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 3 ○ person of opposite sex sharing living quarters (term coined in the 1970s) ○ biases is that this automatically assumes that two opposite sex people can’t live together without having sexual relations – i.e. what if they are both homosexual ● what are the developmental challenges for those in middle adulthood? ○ redefining sex in marital or other longterm relationships (in longterm relationships, sex may need to be redefine as more of an expression of intimacy and caring) ○ reevaluating one’s sexuality (weight the costs and benefits of sex in casual/lightly committed relationships; redefining sexual orientation and sexual philosophy evolves) ○ accepting the biological aging process (challenges of aging including physiological slowing and menopause for women) ● summarize the findings on frequency and satisfaction in established relationships ○ people have sex less frequently when they are married, but are more satisfied with the sex they have ● summarize sexuality within marriage ○ married couples have sex less frequently as they are together longer – might be because of their biological clock or an adaptation of the initial surge of dopamine that prompts romance and desire ○ married couples don’t seem to feel that declining frequency in sexual intercourse is a major problem if their overall relationship is good ○ higher levels of sexual satisfaction and pleasure seem to be found in marriage ● what are the developmental challenges for those in late adulthood? ○ biological changes: sexuality tends to diffuse, less genitally oriented, and less insistent ○ death of a partner: absence of a sexual partner signals a dramatic change in the survivor’s sexual interactions ○ psychological influences: many people deem it inappropriate for older individuals to be sexually active – might interfere with other individual’s ability or willingness to see themselves as sexual beings ● discuss impact of aging on men & women ○ women: perimenopause – decline in fertility; menopause: complete cessation of menstruation for 1 year ○ men: manopause (symptoms include fatigue, inability to concentrate, depression, loss of appetite, and a decreased interest in sex) ○ ejaculation takes longer or does not happen ○ sexual interest and enjoyment generally do not decrease ● what are the physical effects of menopause? ○ menopause comes with a multitude of symptoms including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and sleeping disturbances ○ lowered estrogen levels ○ some women also experience urinary incontinence, weakening of pelvic floor muscles, headaches, or weight gain ● what is benign prostatic hypertrophy? ○ an enlargement of the prostate gland ○ enlarged prostate puts pressure on the urethra and makes it difficult to urinate and frequent urgent need to urinate \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 4 sex education ● describe 4 types of sex education ○ four types of sex education include abstinence only (1950s movement for getting rid of unwanted teen pregnancy), comprehensive program (60s and 70s), abstinence only until marriage, and now abstinence only but use a condom if you do have sex (best program to prevent teen pregnancy). ● summarize findings re: effectiveness ○ the first three programs were basically ineffective, the last one has proven to make pregnancy rates go down as it encompasses the sex education component which is important for young people to understand ○ behaviors of the sexually healthy adult: ○ 1. human development: appreciating one’s own body, seeking further information about reproduction as needed, affirm that human development includes sexual development, interact with all genders in respectful/appropriate ways, affirm one’s own sexual orientation and respect the sexual orientation of others, affirm one’s own gender identities and respect the gender identities of others. ○ 2. relationships: express love and intimacy in appropriate ways, develop and maintain meaningful relationships, avoid exploitative/manipulative relationships, make informed choices about family options and relationships, exhibit skills that enhance personal relationships. ○ 3. personal skills: identify and live according to one’s own values, take responsibility for one’s own behavior, practice effective decision making, develop critical thinking skills, communicate effectively with family/peers/romantic partners. ○ 4. sexual behavior: enjoy/express one’s sexuality throughout life, express one’s sexuality in congruence with one’s values, enjoy sexual feelings without necessarily acting on them, discriminate between lifeenhancing sexual behaviors and those that are harmful to oneself and/or others, express one’s sexuality while respecting the rights of others, seek new information to enhance one’s sexuality, engage in sexual relationships that are consensual/nonexploitative/honest/pleasurable/protected. ○ 5. sexual health: practice healthpromoting behaviors such as regular checkups and exams, use contraception effectively to avoid unintended pregnancy, avoid stis and transmitting them, act consistently with one’s own values in dealing with an unintended pregnancy, seek early prenatal care, help prevent sexual abuse. ○ 6. society and culture: demonstrate respect for people with different sexual values, exercise democratic responsibility to influence legislation dealing with sexual issues, assess the impact of family/cultural/religious/media/societal messages on one’s thoughts/feelings/values/behaviors related to sexuality, critically examine the world around them for biases on gender/sexual orientation/culture/ethnicity/race, promote the rights of all people to have access to accurate sexuality information, \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 5 avoid behaviors that exhibit prejudice and bigotry, reject stereotypes about the sexuality of different populations, educate others about sexuality. ● list the siecus guidelines for sex ed ○ lifelong process of acquiring information and forming attitudes, beliefs, and values about identity, relationships and intimacy ○ primary goal of sexuality education is to promote adult sexual health ○ should assist young people in the developing a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information they need to take care of their sexual health, and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future the sexual health model ● what is sexual health? ○ practice health promoting behaviors ○ use contraception effectively ○ avoiding contracting or transmitting stis ○ act consistent with your own values if dealing with an unwanted pregnancy ○ seek early prenatal care ● what is sexual pluralism? ○ advocates an acceptance of the rights of others to differ from you in their choices and a belief that there is more than one way to achieve a moral life ● what is the sexual health model? ○ framework to improve overall sexual wellbeing ● list and describe the 10 components ○ 1. talking about sex ■ foundation of the sexual health model is the ability to communicate about sexuality (e.g. sexual values, preferences, attraction, history, and behavior) ■ goal is to encourage use of sexual language ■ exercise involve small groups (objective: each individual discusses own sexual journey) ○ 2. culture and sexual identity ■ culture influences one’s sexuality and one’s self ■ it is important to examine impact: sexual identity, attitudes, behaviors, health ■ all cultural meaning needs to be taken into account since that meaning may drive safe/unsafe sex ■ kammerer (2001): inform transgenders more about the impact of transphobia and harassment of hiv risk; transexuals who hide thier natal gender during sexual encounter may or may not want to raise safer sex issues which could jeopardize their secret and safety ○ 3. sexual anatomy functioning ■ sexual health: basic knowledge, understand and accept your sexual anatomy, sexual response and functioning, freedom of sexual dysfunction and other sexual problems ■ ehrhardt (1992): targeted aa women ● encouraged physical genitals exploration, increase comfort with genitals, teach the female response cycle, believe knowledge enables women to discuss safer sex ○ 4. sexual health care and safer sex ■ it is important to know: one’s body, obtaining regular exams for stds and cancer, and responding to physical changes with appropriate medical intervention ■ encourage exploration of the meanings of safe and unsafe sex behaviors \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 6 ● men who have sex with men testicular exams and medical checkup ● swallowing semen is considered a means of nourishing maleness among some femaletomale transgenders ○ 5. challenges ■ sexual abuse, substance abuse, compulsive sexual behavior, sex work, harassment and discrimination ■ promote safer sex with using resilience and empowerment ● bockting and robinson (2000) ○ targeted transgenders and men who have sex with men ○ goal was to help empower these individuals to challenge prejudice and internalized homo and transnegativity ○ 6. body image ■ different idea of beauty in cultures, media, and individuals ■ but unattainable for many ■ directly related to unsafe sexual practices ■ selfacceptance is relevant across all culture ■ ex: gay men are more likely to practice unsafe sex with “attractive” males ■ transgenders struggle with body image issues including: body dysphoria and deciding on outer appearance ○ 7. masturbation and fantasy ■ frowned upon ■ associated with sin, illness, immaturity ■ male stereotypes (males should masturbate) ■ female stereotypes (women should not masturbate) ■ positive light: great appreciation, ultimate role in safer sex, decreases the pressure of partner sex, positive views linked to positive communication and sex negotiation, and linked to positive attitudes toward condoms ○ 8. positive sexuality ■ appropriate experimentation, affirming sensuality, attaining sexual competence through ability to get and give pleasure, setting boundaries ■ explore to know who one’s self is sexually ■ exploring and celebrating sexuality in a positive and selfaffirming perspective ■ when comfortable, one can know and communicate what pleasures them sexually ■ set boundaries which leads to safer sex ■ what one knows as safe and responsible ○ 9. intimacy and relationships ■ critical area to address sti prevention ■ everyone needs intimacy in some form throughout their relationships ■ affects safer sex decisions ■ less likely to use condoms with primary partner than in more casual relationship ■ communication is important ■ taught dating and relationship skills ■ improve selfefficacy ○ 10. spirituality \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 7 ■ congruence between one’s ethical, spiritual and moral beliefs and one’s sexual behaviors and values ■ spirituality may or may not include identification with a formal religion ■ used to address moral and ethical concerns ■ it’s important to be successful while dealing with institutionalized homonegativity from many organized religions ■ transgender may research the spiritual meanings and roles of a transgender person in various religions and cultures ■ deeper reflection on values leads to better integration of sexual and spiritual selves ■ leads to safer selfcare the sexual health model (cont.) ● how does the model apply to hiv prevention? ○ the application of the sexual health model consists of collecting background of the target population and using the 10 components as intervention which leads to sexuality and hiv risk reduction outcomes ● summarize the preliminary findings ● a higher proportion of men who have sex with men in the intervention group reported consistent condom use at the 12 month follow up period ● significant reduction in internalized homonegativity in experimental group ● aa women who exhibited unsafe sex before intervention had positive changes in attitudes toward female condoms ● change in compulsive behaviors and body image in sample men who have sex with men ● what are the strengths and limitations of the model as it applies to hiv prevention? ○ limitations include the fact that the model posits the importance of a large number of variables, yet their relative importance and interactions with each other are currently unknown ■ not appropriate for all hiv prevention environments and not all components of the model need to be applied in all situations ■ doesn’t take into account chemical dependency, sexual dysfunction, and psychological issues ○ strength of the model include providing a stimulating,m motivational and fun environment, which can in turn motivate people to learn ■ might motivate people to have open communication about one’s own sexuality love and communication ● what is the relationship between love & sexuality? ○ love is an important determinant of sexual satisfaction ● what are some of the reasons people choose celibacy? ○ religious reasons, life circumstance, absence of a partner or imprisonment ● list and describe the seven types of love ○ 1. mania: obsessive and possessive love ○ 2. ludus: playful love ○ 3. storge: love between companions – natural affection ○ 4. eros: love of beauty – passionate and delight in the tactile, sensual, and immediate ○ 5. agape: chaste, patient, undemanding, altruistic \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 8 ○ 6. pragma: practical love – businesslike in approach to looking for someone who meets their needs ○ 7. philia: sibling love ● describe the triangular theory of love ○ emphasizes the dynamic quality of love relationships ○ ● what are the components? ○ components include passion (elements of romance, attraction, and sexuality in the relationship), commitment (shortterm = an individual’s decision that he or she loves someone; longterm = maintenance of love), and intimacy (refers to the warm close bonding feeling we get when we love someone) ● what types of “love” arise? ○ liking: intimacy only ○ infatuation: passion only (love at first sight) ○ romantic love: intimacy and passion (more intense than liking as a result of physical/emotional attraction) ○ companionate love: intimacy and commitment (love begins romantically and turns into this) ○ fatuous love: passion and commitment (whirlwind love – develops really quickly) ○ consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment (kind of love we dream about) ○ empty love: commitment only (staying together for appearance sake) ○ nonlove: absence of all components (might occur because of financial reason, fear, or the fulfillment of neurotic needs) ● describe the types of attachment ○ secure attachments: adults who find it relatively easy to get close to other people; don’t worry about being abandoned or having someone get too close to them ○ anxious/ambivalent attachments: believe that other people did not get as close as they themselves wanted; feel that it is easy to fall out of love \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 9 ○ avoidant attachments: feel discomfort when close to other people; not likely to focus on partner’s needs; feared intimacy and experienced emotional highs and lows and jealousy ● how does attachment type impact romantic love? ○ attachment style developed in infancy combines with sexual desire and caring behaviors to give rise to romantic love ○ however, an individual’s past does not necessarily determine the future course of his or her relationships ● what are the types of communication? ○ verbal and nonverbal ○ nonverbal communication makes up the majority of our communication – our moods, proximity, eye contact, and touching convey how we feel ● what are the goals of communication? what are common difficulties? ○ establish human contact, exchange information, and reinforce or change the attitudes and behaviors of ourselves and others ○ common difficulties include having trouble articulating our feelings about sex because we rarely have models for talking openly and honestly about sexuality, talking about sexual matters defines us as being interested in sex, we may believe that talking about sex will threaten our relationships ● what are helpful communication strategies? ○ selfdisclosure – revealing ourselves to others ○ trust – believe in the reliability and integrity of another person ○ feedback – constructive response to another’s selfdisclosure sexual orientation ● describe and compare the three models of sexual orientation ○ first model was a dichotomy that simply consisted of heterosexuality and homosexuality ○ kinsey challenged this model and made a model that resembled a continuum between homosexuality and heterosexuality ○ storms criticized kinsey’s model because he thought homo/heteroeroticism we important components of sexual orientation ■ his model has four boxes homosexual, bisexual, asexual and heterosexual ■ an individual who is homosexual is high on the homoeroticism dimension, but low on the heterosexual dimension; a bisexual person would be high on both dimensions, an asexual person would be high on heteroeroticism; an asexual person would be low on both dimensions \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 10 ○ ● define sexual orientation ○ an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender ● homoeroticism ○ feelings of sexual attraction to members of the same sex ● sexual fluidity ○ regardless of one’s sexual orientation, sexual fluidity makes it possible for some women under unique circumstances to experience samesex or othersex desires ○ women are more likely to view their sexuality is flexible and dependent upon the context they are in while men view their sexual orientation as rigid and fixed/innate ● internalized homophobia ○ a set of negative attitudes and affects toward homosexuality in other persons and toward same sex attraction in oneself ● heterosexism ○ feelings of sexual attraction to members of the opposite sex ● heterosexual privilege ○ being heterosexual is already approved by society so they do not have the difficult task of establishing their sexual orientation and fighting against prominent cultural taboos asexuality ● define asexuality ○ a person who does not experience sexual attraction or desire ● list and define the categories ○ behavior/desire – lack of sexual acts or lack of desire for sexual acts (usually examines it as either a bodily dysfunction that requires health intervention or a psychological diagnosis and treated through therapeutic means) \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 11 ○ identity: production of the identity associated with being asexual; identifying with asexuality typically prompts discrimination because of its association of mental and physical health; asexual identity reflects an introspective process and internal experience of coming to the identity to others ● what were the three themes discussed? ○ the meaning of the sexual ■ definition of asexuality: “a person who does not experience sexual attraction” (aven 2007) ○ essentially asexual ■ scherrer argues being essentially asexual could be used as a strategy for those who do not want to be completely identified as asexual ■ the idea behind this notion is that people may not feel their asexuality is particularly important but only in certain situations ■ many participants say asexuality is naturally who they are ■ the “essentialness” of asexual identity was absent before people created the language to describe their true selves ○ romantic dimension ■ romantics are those who desire a partnership but delineate this romantic partnership from sexual acts ■ aromantics are individuals who desire relationships that are friendships and do not feel the need for anything more than emotional support ● how does asexuality differ from celibacy? ○ celibacy is a choice not to have sex while asexuality is the absence of desiring sex variations in sexual behavior ● define sexual variation ○ many of the behaviors that are uncommon to us have been labeled as unnatural, pathological, and perverted ○ sexulity can be expressed in a variety of ways, more are very common and others are more uncommon ● paraphilia – definition ○ paraphillias: apa defines as “any intense and persistent sexual interest other than genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature consenting human partners.” ○ paraphilias don not need to be treated because they are less harmful ○ on the other hand paraphilic disorder does cause stress or harm to the individual or others as it is harmful sexual behaviors ● types and descriptions of paraphilias ○ noncoercive paraphilias: regarded as relatively harmless because they are victimless ■ fetishism: using an inanimate object or focus on nongenital body parts ■ transvestism: crossdressing in clothing of the other sex ○ coercive paraphilias: involve victimization and therefore are a source of concern for society because they are harmful to others ■ exhibitionism: exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspected person ■ frotteurism: touching or rubbing sexually against a nonconsenting person in public places \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 12 ■ pedophilia: have a sexual focus on a prepubescent child or children ■ bdsm: bondage, discipline, sadism, masochism ■ sexual masochism: being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer ■ sexual sadism: inflicting psychological or physical suffering upon another person ■ voyeurism: observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or having sex ■ necrophilia: having sexual activity with dead bodies ■ telephone scatologia: making sexual and obscene phone calls ■ zoophilia: having sexual activity with nonhuman animals (beastiality is those who are not interested in the welfare of the animal) ● causes of paraphilias ○ combination of biology, sociocultural norms, and life experiences ○ could be linked to higher levels of testosterone, brain damage, or inheritance ○ seems to be heavily linked to biology most are male ○ dysfunctional home environments as well as unhealthy early sexual experiences ● treatment of paraphilias ○ many go untreated by some therapies they use to treat paraphilias include: psychodynamic therapy, aversive conditioning, cognitivebehavioral programs, relapse prevention, medical intervention, enhancing social and sexual skills, developing selfmanagement plans, modifying sexual interests, providing sexuality and relationship education feminist sm: a contradiction in terms… ● define – ○ feminism ■ movement that involves women and men working together for equality ○ bdsm ■ encompasses various types of play involving pain, power exchange, restriction of movement and punishment ○ sex hierarchy ■ the terms ‘top’ or ‘dom(me)’ is used to refer to people who give the sensation or exert control, and the terms ‘bottom’ or ‘submissive’ are used to refer to the people who receive sensation or give up control ■ feminists argue that this isn’t necessarily reinforcing gender stereotypes because sometimes it is two women and couples will often switch roles from being the submissive and being the dominant ○ 24/7 relationship ■ this is where a woman submitted to a male top or dom all of the time women are consensual in this situation ○ autoethnography ■ part of the agenda in sm is to tell their own sexual stories they would inevitable be telling the stories of their lovers, play partners, and friends it seems more honest to allow those women into the story construction, and invite their lovers in telling their own stories too feminist sm: a contradiction in terms… ● list 3 misconceptions about bdsm ○ 1. men are always dominant/tops and women are always submissive/bottoms ○ 2. female submissives don’t have any power \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 13 ○ 3. sm reproduces negative gender stereotypes ● who holds the power in bdsm relationships? why? ○ the submissive holds the power in bdsm relationships because that person is relinquishing their body and trusting the other person – “giving in” and allowing it to happen",
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d3cc80d9c25f35b9433f63e8fc5cbc4f | explain how comparing proteins of two species can yield data about the species evolutionary relationship. | explain how comparing proteins of two species can yield | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " week 6: comparative anatomy ● occipital lo mostly important for sight ● temporal lobe responsible for processing sensory information, includes fusiform gyrus (for face recognition), wernicke’s area (for speech comprehension, primary auditory cortex; medial temporal lobes play important role in encoding episodic memories ● parietal lo includes the somatosensory cortex; lesion in right parietal cortex results in hemineglect syndrome (person doesn’t process stimuli in left visual field) ● frontal lo includes the primary motor cortex, involved in executive functions like decision making, planning, inhibition of unwanted behavior ● gyrusthe ridges formed from the folding of the cortex ● sulcusthe valleys formed from the folds ● axial, coronal, sagittal refer to different kinds of cuts that are made to study the anatomy of the brain \n medial:towards the middle lateral towards the side ● gray matter:regions of the brain that are rich in neuronal cell bodies; includes nuclei of brain, cerebral and cerebellar cortices ● white matter: large axon tracts in the brain and spinal cord, often myelinated ● gyrification inde a way to quantitatively measure the folding of the brain cortex across species; takes the length of the contour along all the gyri/folds and divides it by the length of the actual exposed surface of the cortex ○ gi = complete contour/outer exposed contour ○ a higher gi is associated with more folding of the cortex, and generally indicates higher intelligence (humans have a higher gi than sheep, for example) ● brainstem: sits atop the upper end of the spinal cord and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla; manages reflexive behavior like breathing rate, consciousness, and heart rate; also involved with reward system (covered in the next section) ● hippocampus: important for retention and encoding of episodic memory, but not so much semantic memory ● medial temporal lobes: damage to this area generally results in amnesia that impairs declarative memory, but not so much working memory ● amygdala: part of limbic system that is important for the processing of emotion; also important for acquisition and expression of conditioned fear ● synaptic pruning: the loss or rearrangement of synaptic connections that we don’t use/are no longer necessary ● whisker barrel cortex the primary somatosensory cortex of rodents show overrepresentation for their whiskers → each whisker has a module of cortex called a whisker barrel that is disproportionately large compared to other cortex areas ○ demonstrates the specialization of the brain to the behavior of different species ○ for example, humans have an overrepresentation of fingers in the primary motor cortex \n week 7: reinforcement learning/emotion ● neuroeconomics: the use of neuroscience to resolve issues in economics ○ developed because rational choice models did not accurately predict what people actuall choose, since people don’t always make rational choices ● dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in learning and reward evaluation ● dopaminergic pathways: ○ mesolimbic pathway: vta project to nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia → amygdala, hippocampus, other cortical regions ○ nigrostriatal pathway: substantia nigra projects to dorsal striatum of basal ganglia ● reward prediction erro r vpredicted = reward prediction error ○ gets minimized over time ● rescorlawagner learning: ○ vpredicted = vpredicted + α( r vpredicted) ○ first vpredicted is the value being updated; second and third vpredicted are the initial prediction of the values ○ α= learning rate ○ r = reward value ● temporal difference learninsuccessive states of the world are correlated over time, so our predictions about those states also change and correlate over time ○ reward prediction error guides behavior through temporal difference learning ● autonomic nervous system: responsible for unconscious bodily functions like breathing, digestion, and regulating heart beat ○ sympathetic: prepares the body for fight or flight; release of adrenaline, increases heart rate, perspiration, attention ○ parasympathetic: counters the effects of sympathetic nervous system after the body becomes aroused ● skin conductance response: measured by placing electrodes on the skin surface to measure the electrical activity in response to emotions ○ sweat glands are activated more during emotional arousal → increased electrical conductance ● nucleus accumbens: part of the basal ganglia, vta projects to nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway ● ventral tegmental area (vta dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to nucleus accumbens ● substantia nigr dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia \n week 8: memory ● double dissociatio using experimental behavior tests to dissociate different brain areas and functions ● in the context of tweather prediction task: ○ weather prediction task → 4 cards predicted rain/shine with a certain probability ○ involves working memory/skill learning ○ accuracy in skill learning for control population increases over number of trials ○ amnesiacs (damage to mtl): accuracy improves over time ○ parkinson’s disease (damage to basal ganglia): accuracy doesn’t improve over time ● in context of tpairedassociation task: ○ paired association task→ certain pairings of cards were associated with rain or shine ○ involves episodic memory ○ control and parkinson’s populations have about same accuracies ○ amnesiacs more impaired in accuracy ● from this double dissociation, one can conclude that since damage to basal ganglia → impaired skill learning, and damage to mtl → impaired episodic memory, the basal ganglia and mtl have different functions for memory that are independent of each other ● classical conditioning: ○ unconditioned response (ucr): an innate response to a stimulus ○ unconditioned stimulus (ucs): the stimulus that elicits the ucr ○ conditioned stimulus (cs): an unrelated stimulus paired with the ucs ○ conditioned response (cr): the reflex that happens with presentation of the cs ○ ex: dog salivates (ucr) at sight of food (ucs) → pair bell tone with food → dog salivates (cr) when it hears the bell tone (cs) ● operant conditionin increasing or decreasing a behavior by giving rewards or punishments ● fear conditioninrats are conditioned with a tone (cs) that precedes a mild foot shock (us) → after many trials, rats show change in physiology and react in fear when the tone is presented alone (cs) → show increased blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rates, engagement of sympathetic fight or flight response ● extinctio: removal of unconditioned stimulus when subject repeatedly performs conditioned response → conditioned response decreases in absence of unconditioned stimulus ● contextual fear conditioniwhen a fear response is also elicited by features of the environment, such as parts of the testing chamber where the conditioning took place, as opposed to fear response being elicited by a cue/conditioned stimulus (this is cued fear conditioning) \n ● synaptic consolidatigrowth of new synaptic connections or restructuring of existing ones in the first few hours of learning ● system consolidatio gradual process of reorganization of structures in the brain pertaining to memory after learning, slower process than synaptic consolidation ● standard consolidation theoduring encoding of a memory, details are stored in cortical areas involved in processing different aspects of the event (auditory, visual, etc.) and summary of the event is stored in hippocampus → during storage/consolidation, traces of the memory are stabilized → during retrieval of an event, hippocampus receives a cue that activates the various cortical traces that stored the parts of that event ● multiple trace theo distinguishes between episodic and semantic memories ○ episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus, and each time a memory is reactivated, it leaves a new memory trace in the hippocampus → older memories then have more traces stored in hippocampus and are harder to erase when hippocampus is partially damaged ○ semantic memories are gradually stored in the cortex independently from the hippocampus ● pattern separation: ○ we encode representations very differently in our brains even though they’re visually similar ○ the different representations are encoded by different patterns of brain activity so that they can be encoded as separate memories ● pattern completio using a clue/piece of evidence to trigger a memory of a complete pattern ○ ca3 region has a recurrent collateral mechanism → input causes a pattern that’s associated with a memory ○ if the input is incomplete, then the input associates back to itself and activates other connections at the same time, completing the pattern ● subsequent memory paradigm: can be used to distinguish between brain activity for encoding vs. retrieval of memories ○ subjects study a series of items while brain activity is recorded ○ subjects perform encoding trials, requiring them to remember some of the studied items and forgetting others ○ encoding trials are then labeled as subsequently remembered or subsequently forgotten depending on how the subjects did ○ brain activity during these two trials are then compared using data from eventrelated potentials brain structures important for memory: ● prefrontal corteworking memory ● medial temporal lob involved in episodic memory ● hippocampus: integrates memory traces from cortices when encoding memory, then activates all traces when retrieving memory ● basal gangli important for skill learning \n ● amygdala: important in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning ● cerebellum:error correction and learning ● sensory cortexperceptual priming week 9: synapse ● synapse:the space between neurons ● axon termina the end of the axon ● presynaptic/postsynap the neuron before vs after the synapse ● electrical synap current flows from presynaptic neuron into postsynaptic neuron ○ pre and post synaptic neurons are linkap junction ○ gap junction contains specially aligned ion channels that allow ions to pass through ○ transmission across gap junction can go either way and is really fast ● chemical synapse communication between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters/chemicals ○ space between pre and postsynaptic neurons is cynaptic cl space is much larger than a gap junction ○ presynaptic neuron haesicle small spheres, membranebounded, contains neurotransmitters ● voltage gated ion channpens/closes based on electrical current ● ligand gated ion channpens/closes depending on chemical that binds to it ● ionotropic receptolinked directly to ion channels ○ contains an extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters, and membranespanning domain that creates an ion channel ○ combines neurotransmitter binding and ion channel functions ○ made up of several units ○ create rapid postsynaptic potentials ● metabotropic receptoactivate ion channels by activation of intermediate called gprotein ○ contains extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters and intracellular site that binds g proteins ○ binding of neurotransmitter → binding and activation of g protein → g protein interacts directly with ion channels or other proteins ○ consist of single units ○ create slower postsynaptic potentials ● ca2+: ○ in vesicle release: calcium ion voltage gated channels open when action potential reaches axon terminal → influx of ca2+ into the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles to fuse with neuronal membrane and empty neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft \n ○ in ltp: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell, triggering ltp ● neurotransmitter reuptak neurotransmitters that was emptied into the synapse by the presynaptic cell get taken back into the presynaptic cell ● excitator increase likelihood of action potential firing in postsynaptic cell ● inhibitor decrease likelihood of action potential firing ● glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for brain function; nearly all excitatory neurons activated by glutamate ○ its precursor is glutamine ● dopamine: reward evaluation and learning ● serotoninmood regulation, also mediates gut regulation ○ precursor is tryptophan ○ binds to 5ht receptor ● long term potentiatia longlasting increase in neural transmission between two neurons, results in strengthening of synapses ● nmda receptor: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell ○ ltp is triggered when the presynaptic neuron fires to release glutamate while the postsynaptic cell is depolarized at the same time → strengthens the synapse between the neurons and in turn changes the gene expression of the cell → increases the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptnmda ll ( upregulation) week 10: ● autism spectrum disordeneurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication, social interactions, repetitive stereotyped behaviors ○ different from other disorders by having social deficits as core symptom ○ dsm criteria: impairment using nonverbal behavior, failure to develop peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share interests with others, lack of social/emotional reciprocity ○ difficulty processing faces, emotional expressions, and biological motion ○ reduced activation in fusiform gyrus and amygdala when viewing faces ○ difficulty integrating parts into wholes/synthesizing information ○ difficulty following gaze/using gaze to infer other people’s intentions ○ tend to analyze problems by applying rigid rules ● pathway for face processinpathway begins in occipital lobe upon seeing a face ○ divided into ventral and dorsal pathways that process in parallel \n ○ ventral: processes invariant aspects of face, discriminates faces from other objects and other faces, includes fusiform face area → sent to anterior temporal lobe, where face is linked with semantic/episodic knowledge about the person ○ pathway important for person recognition ○ dorsal: processes changeable aspects of faces like perception of eye gaze and expressions, superior temporal sulcus → limbic system (emotion processing), auditory complex (speech perception), and intraparietal sulcus (spatial attention processing) ○ ventral pathway: occipital lobe → fusiform face area → anterior temporal lobe ○ dorsal pathway: occipital lobe → superior temporal sulcus → limbic system, auditory complex, intraparietal sulcus ● mirror neurons: discovered in macaque monkeys in inferior prefrontal gyrus ○ increase activity when grasping action is performed and also when grasping action of another person/animal is viewed ○ may be important in understanding empathy, theory of mind, and language acquisition ○ evidence for mirror neurons in humans is suggestive but do not have same anatomical features as those found in monkeys ● theory of mind:inferring the mental states of others, attributing actions of others to their beliefs, goals, desires, feelings ● join attentio directing your attention to something that is cued by someone else ● savant syndrome: people who have mental disabilities such as autism but possess abnormally high capabilities in specific areas ventral medial prefrontal cortreceives and regulates sensory input temporoparietal junction border between parietal and temporal lobes; contributes to outofbody experiences fusiform face area face recognition and person identification superior temporal sulcus processes changeable aspects of faces like eye gaze and expressions, projects to the limbic system during face perception amygdala: activity in this area related to implicit racial biases ",
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51ae714bf6c6385488c992322a260a82 | describe three attributes of habitat patches that could affect population density and rates of immigration and emigration. | describe three attributes of habitat patches that could | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " 1 introduction a. what is anthropology? a. the study of human beings in all times and places i. all human beings in all times and places b. interested in the essence of humanity and what makes us human c. what does it mean to be human? d. branch of social sciences b. special features of anthropology: a. distinct through the way we study human beings b. applied to almost any career c. biological anthropologists i. the way we study human beings: field work 1. some anthropologists use field work to study closest relative (monkeys and apes) in their natural habitat to understand normal primate behavior d. archeologists i. interested in evidence of change over time ii. excavate evidence of human behavior through time e. cultural anthropologists (linguists) i. use field work – participant observation ii. listen to the words people say, watch facial expressions f. understand other perspectives g. anthropological toolkit i. contrast the develops from participant observation 1. want to gain others’ perspectives on life ii. subjective perspective “emic approach” must be balanced with an outsiders perspective “etic approach” \n 2 iii. contrast between seeing human beings as biological organisms and seeing human being as social creatures 1. examine the origins of social behavior a. how did we come to have societies? where is the evidence of this? iv. anthropology is comparative 1. most humans have not lived in large scale western societies which many people focus on 2. “take the blinders off” and look at the entire range of human societies all times, all societies of all sizes a. broad range of societies v. universality – easy to dismiss societies different as ours (some societies may not be as complex and intelligent as ours) 1. no matter how different societies are, all of us are equally human 2. share essence of humanity as a whole vi. cultural relativity 1. not unique to anthropology 2. idea that when we study behaviors of humans in societies, we do not pass value judgments on behaviors not like our own 3. morally neutral recognize difference but try to understand them 4. cannot discount traditions that do not agree with our ones today 5. not the same as moral relativity a. there are certain kinds of moral behaviors that are morally reprehensible 6. counter point ethnocentrism a. idea that your way of life is superior to others’ way of life b. not used by good anthropologists \n 3 c. very common idea but also very dangerous b/c then the next logical step is then that group needs to conform to your way of life d. if a resistance to change, that group is labeled as bad (terrorists) which causes conflicts/wars e. example: ancient hawaiians, egyptians could not marry commoners so brothersister marriage would occur to not contaminate bloodline vii. conflicts & dilemmas 1. what behaviors should be changed and who makes that decision? a. label between morally right/ wrong b. where are the moral lines drawn? c. what cultural practices are so reprehensible and how can you stop them? viii. holistic approach 1. put practice back into cultural where it took place and try to understand it as part of a larger cultural complex a. see how it fits in in that time and society 2. example: nuclear family is ideal creates extreme social pressure a. can relate to other parts of american culture ix. culture 1. set of rules that we carry in our heads that tell us how to think and act in the world around us a. both mental and behavioral 2. “rules to the game of life” 3. shared by members of society, not individualistic most people follow most rules most of the time 4. a learned behavior \n 4 5. how do anthropologists study culture? a. sit down and talk to people b. watch human behavior as a reflection of the rules people carry in their heads i. observe patterns of behavior c. archeologists study culture by analyzing the outcomes of human behavior i. changes to the physical environment ii. evidence of past human behavior d. study evolution of culture? i. evidence of origins of human behavior ii. looking at our closest human relatives (apes and chimps) can give us clues to the origins of human behavior 6. what does culture mean? a. fundamental way of thinking about and acting in the world b. natural human behavior commonality of social inequality (leaders and followers) i. human beings are fatally flawed so we need leaders and laws to prevent chaos ii. other cultures do not have that same basic assumption don’t have leaders and laws 1. example of the range of human possibilities 2. challenges us to look at other cultural norms iii. value of competition differs between societies (some follow a cooperative approach vs. a competitive one) iv. supreme being (what gender?) \n 5 1. male 2. varies between cultures c. subfields/specializations of anthropology a. most anthropologists specialize in more than one subfield of the field b. biological/physical anthropology i. studies humans as biological organisms ii. major questions 1. how similar are we to our closest living relatives 2. what can ape behavior tell us about human behavior 3. what can ape behavior tell us about the origin of human behavior 4. how did we become to be human a. look for scientific evidence iii. human variation how can it be explained? 1. example: blood types iv. how does certain physical variations influence human health and disease v. sometimes rely on geneticists 1. provide evidence for evolution vi. sometimes rely on zoologists 1. study animals in their natural habitat vii. sometimes rely on psychology 1. evolution of human brain viii. sometimes rely on medical specialists 1. help to better understand human health and disease resistance ix. sometimes work close with law enforcement 1. forensic anthropology help in solving crimes c. archeology study human cultures of the past i. look at evidence people leave behind and try to reconstruct the events that put that stuff there \n 6 ii. evidence based field iii. interested in human cultures iv. don’t have luxuries of talking to people v. questions of interest 1. how did human beings come to live in largescale societies? 2. why did people give up individual freedom to be controlled by extremely powerful leaders? 3. why did some societies fail in the past? 4. why did people develop domestication? a. plants and animals b. compare societies before and after domestication 5. how do we document the lives of people who lived beyond history? a. example: life of president vs. life of servants vi. need historians, geologists, botany, zoology, experts in human anatomy, architects, d. cultural anthropology interested in essence of what it means to be human i. look at modern day human societies ii. interested in questions like 1. how do societies decide what strategies they use to extract food from their physical environment? a. agriculture 2. what strategies do societies use to decide who gets what resources and how they get distributed? 3. what kind of ways of raising children are there different definitions of family a. what are the social obligations 4. how many deities to societies worship and why? \n 7 5. what is the process by which we learn our cultural value iii. rely on economists, sociologists iv. use field work, emic or etic perspectives v. cross cultural 1. study all societies large and small e. linguistic anthropology – look at relationship between humans and their languages i. how to languages relate to the essence of being human? ii. questions of interest 1. how is it possible for you to process the sounds that one makes and transform them into words/ ideas 2. how are languages put together? a. logical structures of the words and language b. some common structure to every human language that related to every human brain 3. how did human language evolve? a. as we become human, we must evolve language 4. why did human language evolve the way it did? a. common threads between languages b. what does this tell us about patterns of human migrations 5. why is language so critically important to human societies? 6. social use of language why do certain dialects come to have certain social meanings 7. what other ways are there of communicating information besides language iii. rely on experts from a wide variety of fields 1. psychologists 2. educational specialists \n 8 3. historians 4. computational experts f. applied anthropology – applies toolkit of anthropology to solving problems i. problems can be global or micro ii. example: international development, solve sids, iii. uses approach unique to anthropology to understand humans iv. can be applied to any career biological anthropology a. introduction a. subfield of anthropology that studies human as biological organisms i. try to understand essence of being human b. some may study monkeys and apes clues c. some may study scientific evidence for evolution d. some may study human variation i. why do we genetically differ? what do these differences mean? b. evolution: a. introduction i. life changes over time by means of the accumulation of favorable traits ii. one of best scientifically proven ideas 1. we know life changes over time through evolution (fact) b. darwin's theory of evolution i. nineteenth century theory ii. explain life’s diversity iii. he drew upon ideas that were already established at his time 1. geology – uniformitarianism a. same processes that occur today have always been occurring at the same rate \n 9 b. the earth must be must older than anybody previously thought c. gave darwin a window of time to include life’s diversity 2. too many people born in each generation than the earth can sustain – surplus population 3. drew upon his own observations a. coral grows slowly, must take a very long time to accumulate coral islands b. galapagos species of birds that differed in appearance c. generation after generation farmers have been cross breeding favorable traits to increase productivity iv. final theory explained life’s diversity 1. there are too many individual born in each generation for all to survive (applies to all life forms) 2. between each generation of life form parents differ from children a. variation within and between generations 3. those individual with favorable traits will most likely survive and pass them on to the next generation a. not strongest most favorable traits b. tend to survive no guarantee c. reproductive success must survive to pass those traits on d. those traits have to be inheritable 4. through long periods of time, as favorable traits are passed, they accumulate in populations, as they accumulate, the populations change through time 5. didn’t know biomechanical process through which evolution worked though \n 10 6. acts on populations over thousands of years c. impact— v. social darwinism 1. maybe evolution can explain societal advancements since it can explain biological advancements 2. this idea could be exploited a. one culture greater than another 3. assumption that complex societies are superior to less complex societies d. modern synthesis and modifications i. added new information and getting rid of some old fashioned assumptions – “modern synthesis” 1. an update of darwin’s ideas ii. genetics was not fully understood by people of darwin’s time – could not explain biomechanical process 1. gregor mendel a. figured out process for how traits were passed on b. this was when genetics was officially added to darwin’s theory and it was significantly improved c. genetics can offer an independent way to test evolutionary ideas i. look at fossils, compare dna; allows the ability to crosscheck iii. paleontogoloy – study of ancient life 1. adds a tremendous amount of fossil evidence which shows the change of life over huge periods of time iv. physics 1. no one was able to date these fossils \n 11 2. discovered subatomic particles decay at fixed rates over time a. revolutionized our understanding of the history of the earth v. assumptions 1. life progresses from simple to complex a. absolutely false b. no ladder of increasing complexity c. instead, we see a “bush” of radiating diversity d. most life starts simple and ends simple i. some may increase in complexity but not the vast majority – even these are not guaranteed survival ii. some start complex and end simple e. life diversifies 2. evolution progresses gradually a. often time, there are long periods of equilibrium punctuated by relatively short bursts of change i. “punctuated equilibrium” 3. determinism – evolution has a predetermined outcome a. no rational plan of direction, history of life on earth is totally random b. perfectly okay to believe that there is a rational plan – not in the realm of science however 4. perfectionism – history of life on earth perfects organisms to be completely adapted to their environments a. life on earth is flawed in design b. physical environment changes faster than most life forms can adapt c. imperfections hint at our ancestors way of life \n 12 d. genetic variation shows adaptive traits but also traits that serve no evolutionary purpose i. example: no benefit in different eye colors vi. modern synthesis is different from darwin’s original idea – improvement over time as new knowledge has been discovered e. facts supporting darwinism evolution i. paleontology revolutionized how we think about life changing over time ii. genetics reconstruct genetic variation between all living organisms 1. humans and chimpanzees share 9899% of all dna 2. match genetic record to fossil record a. proves we share a common ancestor iii. design flaws/ imperfections 1. example: whales have hip bones iv. artificial selection – humans select for the qualities we want in organisms 1. reflection of natural selection in a larger scale v. evolution of organisms through natural selection 1. organisms that evolve rapidly allow us to physically see natural selection a. viruses, pesticides c. science and intelligent design/creationism a. reasons why id/creationism are not science i. artificially creates a dichotomy between religion and science ii. argue for the fact that there is only one interpretation for the beginning of life (holy bible) – “literalists” believe everything is literally true iii. young earth creationists – dates of earth genesis are not clear iv. old earth creationists – recognize physical facts but life is relatively recent \n 13 v. theistic evolution – god is creative force but uses evolution to diversify life 1. could be any god from any religion 2. vast majority of christians believe this vi. nontheistic evolutionists – god does have to do with the biological processes on earth vii. problems 1. creationists argue the bible must be literally interpreted – fundamental flaw a. religion vs. religion argument rather than religion vs. science 2. creationist scientists do not hold advanced degrees in the area that they criticize 3. creationists mislead the public with half truths a. there are certain laws of physics (second law of thermodynamics – energy goes from higher to lower state unless an added input of energy) that evolutionists violate (*creationists leave out*) b. evolution doesn’t happen because nobody can observe it i. there is evidence fossil record c. life is too complex to have evolved through chance – must have been designed by someone d. evolution is a theory in crisis i. is there enough information to support? ii. over 95% of scientists accept evolution not debated iii. question is how does evolution happen? \n 14 e. evolution is not science because it cannot be observed, tested, or corrected d. reconciling science and religion a. why not let people choose what they want to believe? i. creationism is not a science while evolution is ii. do not continue to offer equal time for nonscientific ideas 1. do not teach religion or discarded ideas in science class/ school in general iii. religion is linked to a political party in the united states b. if one believes in evolution, does one have to give up on god? i. no, evolution deals with how we got here and how long the process took 1. explains diversity 2. evolution does not address who is behind the process or why c. should not be in conflict, just play by different rules i. both equally important primatology a. intro: a. one topic of study for biological anthro. b. study of humans' closest living relativesprimates. c. done to note basic sim and diff twt humans et nonhumans, i. to gain understanding of exactly what \"human\" is. ii. what are differences? iii. establish \"base line\" for change. iv. note taxonomic chart. b. primate char: as primates, humans share traits with monkeys, apes. other animals have some, but primates have all. ancestors mod char, helped in human evolution. a. grasping hands/ft with opposable thumbnails, not claws: precision grip. \n 15 i. varies in degree. ii. later imp for human tool use, carrying. 1. reduced sense of smell, more reliance on sight: b. leads to rounded face, shorter snout. c. sight also imp for later grounddwellers. i. stereoscopic vision, in color: c. judging distances, gaining perspective; d. finding food; e.identifying others. f.later implications for human evolutionhelped prehumans survive in dangerous ground environ. a. increase in brain/body size, esp. in certain lobes: g. greater learning potential. h. brain increases in complexity, more convolutions; i. impl for human evol: brain space for learning info = culture. “behavioral plasticity.” a. tendency toward upright posture b. helped when on ground. i. reduced # of offspring (12 instead of litters); young dep on parents longer than other mammals (210 yrs). 1. implgreater time to learn from adults, sibs. 2. impl for human evol: time to learn cult info; brain space + time. 3. to care for young, need social organization: 4. gen, primates organ into groups (esp on ground); ii. have learned rules for social interaction. 1. impl for human evol: origins of human social org; mechanism for learning culture. “beh. plasticity.” iii. humans took basic primate chars, used in new ways. how evolution works. \n 16 j. primate relations a. promisians i. smaller bodies ii. nocturnal iii. tooth comb iv. grooming claw v. rhinarium vi. postorbital bar b. anthropoids i. larger bodies ii. sexual dimorphism iii. fewer teeth iv. postorbital closure v. new world monkeys vs. old world monkeys 1. old world arboreal and terrestrial a. baboons, etc. – sexual dimorphism (body size different between sexes vi. hominoids (apes and humans) \n 17 1. larger body size 2. no tail 3. elongated forelimbs 4. suspensory behavior 5. y5 molar 6. complex brains, means of survival, no tail 7. hylobatid (lesser apes) a. gibbons and siamangs b. asia c. smallest bodies d. brachiators e. monogamous f. gibbons i. live in south east asia 8. great apes a. pongins (pongo) i. orangutans ii. mother and children live together while males separate iii. indonesia iv. four handed locomotion v. sexually dimorphic vi. solitary b. gorillins i. gorillas ii. terrestrial – easier for us to keep track of them iii. live in central africa iv. sexual dimorphism – males 2x larger than females \n 18 v. knuckle walkers vi. extra long arms vii. highly intelligent viii. live in social groups of 30+ 1. more females than males 2. very stable groups 3. led by a silverback male 4. one male multifemale ix. eat only plants, herbivorous c. panins (pan) i. bonobos 1. africa 2. terrestrial 3. small chimps 4. unique sexual behavior stress related a. malemale, femalefemale, male female b. sexual activity for other social purposes 5. more bipedal locomotion ii. chimpanzees 1. closest living relatives 2. live in central africa 3. terrestrial 4. knuckle walkers 5. social organization jane goodall 6. less sexually dimorphic 7. sexual activity from reproduction \n 19 8. seen hunting a. omnivores 9. use tools termite fishing a. take natural object, modify it, and use it for a particular purpose i. exactly what humans do 10. have a culture 11. posses botanical knowledge 12. defend space aggressive towards other chimp social groups d. hominins (homo) – considered a tribe i. only living member of homo 1. modern humans ii. habitual bipeds 1. always upright iii. complex brains iv. culturally dependent v. wide geographical dispersion c. primates today i. 50% of species are endangered 1. deforestation, global poverty 2. hunted, captured ii. great ape species may become extinct in the wild within our lifetime human evolution a. dating methods: a. how do we know how old something is? i. rate of decay of radioactive particles half life \n 20 ii. carbon14 dating 1. only works on relatively recently deceased things 2. only organic things iii. potassium argon dating 1. works in deeper time than carbon 14 2. k40 will decay into argon gas a. when volcanic rocks are heated the subatomic particle of k40 is frozen in the volcanic rock and then will decay into argon gas which is then trapped in the rock b. the more argon gas, the older the rock c. only works for inorganic materials d. date volcanic layers around fossils e. takes a long time for the decay to happen 45 billion yrs. b. fossil forms in human evolution. a. began in africa – around 8 millions years ago (pongins became hominins) i. fossil evidence shows mix of ape and human traits ii. dna of modern chimps and humans differ only by 2% iii. 2% difference in dna can take 8 million years iv. west and east africa split – east became forest and west became tropical b. ardipithecus (5.7 – 4.2 mya). i. first definite hominins ii. we are not descendants of chimps iii. relatively small cranial capacity, still later than chimps iv. brow ridge v. forward jutting face vi. canine teeth longer – ape characteristic vii. “u” shaped jaw \n 21 viii. habitual upright posture 1. hip bones, leg bones 2. foramen magnum, hole at bottom of skull where spinal cord passes a. more towards base of skull, indicates upright posture ix. increasing reliance on learned behaviors x. found in forested environment c. early australopithecines (4.5 – 3.0 mya) i. two species probably ii. ape like characteristics 1. sexual dimorphism iii. heavy brow ridge iv. forward jutting face v. longer canines vi. “u” shaped jaw vii. lucy was this 1. very good skeletal remains viii. arms longer than legs in proportion to torso ix. brain storage space was larger than ardipithecus x. permanent teeth were erupting later in life – like humans 1. babies needed protection 2. longer childhood, more necessity for group social behavior xi. early upright posture 1. pelvic bone similar to humans xii. volcano erupted over africa 1. animals walked across volcanic ash, leaving footprints 2. two hominin footprints a. measure gate \n 22 b. looks a lot like modern humans xiii. increasing reliance on learned behaviors d. late australopithecines and paranthropus (3.0 – 2.4 mya) i. east africa and south africa goes through a major speciation event ii. late australopithecines stay in east and south africa 1. still have basic human like traits 2. upright locomotion – can tell from fossilized bones 3. increased cranial space 4. still have ape like characteristics a. forward jutting face, brow ridge, canine length longer but decreasing 5. scavengers and gatherers iii. paranthropus 1. different genus than late australopithecines 2. still sexual dimorphism 3. different skull shape a. large crest over face, anchor jaw bone b. molar teeth similar to human but 2x in size 4. probably mostly a gatherers and a consumers of nuts, roots, seeds a. reason for large teeth 5. had tools (baskets, digging tools, etc.) 6. lived side by side with late australopithecines a. both bipedal b. how did they interact? i. evolutionary competition? 1. maybe not – scavengers vs gatherers e. early homo (homo habilis, e.g.) (2.4 – 1.6 mya). i. east africa again \n 23 ii. more closely related to humans than anything else before iii. same genus iv. abundant fossil evidence v. still some primitive features, but gradually receding vi. much larger brain – used to store learned information in a more complex way vii. much more concrete evidence on increasing cultural complexity viii. find stone tools – represent significant intellectual achievement 1. “oldowan” tools a. scrape meat from bones – protein to feed need of growing brain b. proves there was a intellectual step by step process i. “syntax” c. implies that someone collects that material and brings it somewhere (“quarry sites”) i. collections of bones d. suggests that this is the beginning of a home base i. when you have to support people, you must supply them with living materials indirect evidence of some sort of exchange of materials ii. social bond (need to trust; some form of communication) ix. more human like behavior than ever before, but not considered modern human behavior f. homo erectus (1.6 – 600k ya). i. same genus as modern humans again ii. hard to distinguish late habilis from early erectus iii. very successful \n 24 1. around for over a million years iv. pioneer fossils found in asia (china and southeast), europe 1. old soviet state of georgia, place called dmanisi a. fossils found from 2.4 million years ago v. evidence of fire making 1. social bonding – camp fires, human creativity 2. break down meat protein vi. from the neck down, very similar to modern humans vii. different skull however, brow ridge, forward jutting face, use teeth as tools, cranial capacity mush larger that habilis (2/3 size of modern humans) 1. adult teeth come in later in life, extended childhood, more time to learn information viii. tools – acheulian (named after site in france) 1. bifaces – worked on both sides 2. ex: hand axe 3. found generation after generation in the same place 4. problem: the tools almost never change, no regional or cultural evolution which is a modern human trait ix. skull gives evidence of more complexity (speech, but not modern human language) x. non utilitarian objects (objects not used as tools) 1. red pigment, crystals a. maybe some type of cultural thing? g. homo heidelbergensis (600k – 200k ya). i. very early version of modern humans archaic homo sapiens ii. however majority opinion is that it is a separate species iii. found throughout europe, africa, and asia \n 25 iv. evolved from late erectus – very vague difference though v. skull shows transition between erectus and sapien vi. some consider this as homo sapien h. h. sapiens, homo neanderthalensis, and homo floresiensis (200k to present). i. most modern form of human ii. earliest found in southeast africa 1. homeland for human evolution 2. greatest genetic diversity on the planet 3. evolutionists were racist (from europe) so they didn’t want to admit evolution occurred first in africa iii. out of africa hypothesis 1. human evolution occurs only in africa 2. homo sapiens replaced all other early hominins while branching out from africa iv. human like behavior 1. exactly like our own 2. different kind of tool kit a. composite blades i. blades composed of other parts ii. can be spear, scraper, saw, etc. iii. indicate homo sapiens are using the natural resources in a more efficient manner iv. improvement over hand axes b. body adornment, necklaces, clothes, sewing materials i. varying by region, shows ethnic identity 3. camp in particular places for period of time a. seasonal occupation in sites dependent on resources 4. trade between neighboring groups \n 26 a. shows human social groups are not entirely independent b. trade of economic goods as well as knowledge/ ideas i. also sexual trade v. homo neanderthalensis 1. could not interbreed with homo sapiens 2. found in europe and neareast, no more west than ural mountains 3. brow ridge, slightly forward jutting face, teeth same size as humans, low sloping forehead, bodies more robust (because of ice ages) a. neck down, fully erect and upright b. cranial capacity is larger than that of modern humans 4. cultural differences a. different toolkit “mousterian tools” b. scrapers, axes, saws (woodworking tools) c. no personal adornment, sewing d. spears, can kill large animals i. lots of injuries found because they had to approach large animals (mammoths) for food e. injured persons were not left to die, however they were cared for by other group members i. deliberate burial of dead ii. buried with animal bones, tools, food 1. shows evidence of belief in afterlife 5. no indicators that homo sapiens and neanderthals fought 6. no fossils since about 30k years ago a. neanderthal dna is almost the same as modern day dna b. homo sapiens mated with neanderthals and therefore changed their genetic makeup to match ours \n 27 c. around time when humans entered north and south america i. realized there were other hominins living in other parts of the world ii. eastern siberia (denisova) recently found dna of another hominin not previously found iii. islands of south east asia 1. 2015 years ago during an excavation they found a new hominin – not anything like other species “homo floresiensis” 2. probably isolated on islands and evolved independently over thousands of years 3. latest fossils date to 12k years ago 4. locals have stories about little people that live up in the caves of southeast asia a. could they still exist today? i. upper paleolithic culture. i. cultural period where homo sapiens persisted ii. 40 k years ago iii. europe, asia covered with glacial sheets, africa was cooler iv. prime time to be a hunter gatherer v. associated with cave paintings in europe 1. something more concrete and visible as a form of art 2. some challenges what did this art mean to the people who created it 3. interpreting art depends on the person viewing it (class, race, region, etc.) \n 28 4. scientists compared modern hunter gatherers to past ones to see if values and beliefs were similar 5. animals not depicted in homes of humans, usually in deep caves vi. found fragments of flutes 1. almost always found in places with good acoustics, indicate organized music could be initiation rituals vii. found large dots, tallies, holes in animal bones that could indicate the people were keeping track of things 1. when sun rises and sets know time to hunt and gather viii. 12k years ago humans faced a dilemma human variation a. problems with “race” as biological category: a. why do we divide humans into categories by biological background b. where do these divides exist? c. main issues i. what is the reason why skin color is the most important classification that we see? could be eye color, height, etc. 1. no biological reason to do so 2. more of a social reason, not biological ii. how many distinctions can there be? this division is arbitrary, there could be an infinite amount of skin color categories 1. these are cultural categories, not biological iii. when we look at the distribution of genetic traits across the globe, we do not see distinct boundaries where skin color starts and stops, it is a consistent variation 1. gradual trends \n 29 2. all human genetic traits vary from place to place “clinal distribution” a. like a stone’s ripple in a pond d. race is a social category, has nothing to do with biology e. brazil – much like the us i. huge native american population ii. settled by portuguese (imported slaves) iii. multiethnic country iv. brazil classifies humans into multiple racial categories 1. skin color, heritage, where you live, language, etc. v. brazilians believe that education can change race 1. nothing to do with biology, and they recognize it f. white privilege i. majority group presents social benefits ii. no one thinks race is a factor when talking about benefits, accomplishments, or advantages b. human variation: it’s a fact a. clinal distribution creates genetic spread b. as people moved further distances, huge difference between people became apparent c. colonialism – exploit native people because they were seen as inferior d. how do anthropologists study human variation? i. recognize that humans vary ii. try to understand why particular genetic traits exist iii. sickle cell trait 1. strong correlation between sickle cell and tropical regions 2. these regions are also susceptible to malaria 3. sickle cell from one parent your red blood cells change shape \n 30 a. malaria cannot infect these sickle cells b. helps populations offset malaria c. regional adaptation iv. melanin – skin color, eye color, hair color 1. more melanin = darker skin colors 2. correlation between tropical locations and more melanin a. skin color darker by equator than at the poles b. human evolution started in africa we had to have had a lot of melanin c. advantages i. melanin protects against uv radiation ii. why don’t we all have high levels of melanin 1. places where sunlight isn’t as strong, need a lot of vitamin d and need to get that from the sun so less melanin allows more uv radiation v. lactose intolerance – don’t have lactase, enzyme that digests milk 1. lactose = sugar in milk 2. every mammal nurses young with milk 3. why some population that cannot digest milk? a. every mammal ceases production of lactase after weaning except from some african populations and western european populations... why? i. correlation = african and western european population are herding populations dependent highly on milk vi. random neutral changes help with genetic variation 1. finger prints \n 31 2. blood types 3. melanin in eyes (eye color) c. medical anthropology subfield of biological anthropology a. combination of human variation with human survival b. how does variation benefit in human survival? c. links medical practitioners with biological anthropologists and cultural anthropologists d. understanding how and why humans gets sick is party biological and party cultural e. ethical dilemmas i. cdc sends anthropologists into amazon rainforest to study people 1. see that certain plant cures diseases bring back to usa and patents plant component, makes huge amount of money, natives do not benefit ii. who owns human genetic information? f. spread of disease i. epidemiology ii. cultural and biological phenomenon 1. how do we explain death? a. bubonic plague th i. 14 century crusade middle easterners had the plague and it spread to european countries ii. 30% of europe died g. amazon rainforest i. lots of resources from their surroundings ii. changes upon contact with large scale societies iii. modern day people keep pushing into the rainforest, bringing with them unwanted things such as diseases that native people have never faced \n 32 iv. indigenous people now work for big corporations which changes entire culture h. global inequalities i. product of hundreds of years of colonial exploitation ii. time depth not a recent phenomenon iii. at one time, all of africa was owned by europe 1. resources did not benefit indigenous people d. development and indigenous peoples e.forensic anthropology a. application of our knowledge of human variation to the real world b. solving real life problems c. questions of interest i. are these bones human? ii. male/ female, young/ old? iii. who was this person? d. when a human skeleton is discovered… i. are all the pieces here? how is it positioned? ii. is the skull there? are there cut marks on the bones? iii. are the hands tied? are the feet cut off? iv. is there an arrow point, bullets, etc.? v. basic variables 1. sex, age, height, and race of the skeleton a. sex i. sexual dimorphism still present (males more heavily muscled); bones are living tissue, as muscles form, they attach to the bone, makes bones more rough ii. males have a more protruding brow ridge \n 33 iii. pelvis public angle (very wide for females), angle of public bone (females it angles outward), angle of sciatic notch (very wide in females) b. age i. chronological age does not always match with biological age ii. skull indicators – presence or absence of deciduous teeth (lose baby teeth at young age), wisdom teeth, teeth fall out with age – skull sutures (bones do not ossify immediately, takes a few years), as we age the sutures get tighter iii. long bones – cartilage ossifies into bone as we age iv. osteoporosis, arthritis different diseases affect bones (usually more common with age) c. race i. not a biological category – social category ii. no definitive markers iii. skull bones may hint in a particular direction d. height i. femur ratio – longer femur = taller person e. specific identity i. any unique indicators on the bones ii. cant do dna because we don’t know who to match it to iii. dental record iv. family oddities 1. scoliosis v. different occupations embed themselves in bones \n 34 1. physical jobs create more muscle which can be seen on bones vi. right handed or left handed? f. then take the skull and pack clay onto it to make a 3d exact replica of who that person looked like vi. work in criminal justice system, social work, coroner offices, us military, human rights organizations introduction to archaeology a. introduction: a. most popular subfield b. archaeological methods. a. have a problem to investigate b. chose a site that would yield an answer c. excavation i. find evidence of structures of buildings, homes, etc. 1. bricks, stones, clay ii. features – human modifications to the landscape 1. example: storage pit, post holes (indicates where posts once were) 2. pollen samples show what plants were there iii. document location of all their findings (position in site, horizontal relation, as well as depth) using notes, photographs, diagrams, etc. d. try to figure out what their findings mean analysis i. experts in ceramics and pottery can determine shape of thing based on only a fraction of it the purpose of this is to determine its use which can help us understand the culture ii. determine if things were mixed with the clay “tempering” \n 35 iii. materials from which pots were made can tell us a lot about human behavior iv. decorations on pots tells us something about cultural period and religious ideas v. determine where the clay came from 1. trade patterns 2. tells us something about economics vi. stone and metal tools can tell us the use of that place 1. understand stone and metal tools using the same questions as clay pots 2. economics, culture, uses, religions, location, etc. vii. floral and faunal remains 1. animals and plants that lived in the area 2. things that were being consumed at that place 3. social inequality a. type of meat consumed (low class vs. upper class diets) 4. process of domestication a. further back in time we go, plants and animals look different i. corn used to be small ii. animals get more robust as time goes on viii. human burials 1. tell us about the people who live at that site 2. ages of people who died (life expectancy) 3. nutritional qualities 4. injuries, wounds, weapons (indication of warfare) 5. population size and depth 6. social inequality (way people are buried) 7. religious ideas (what are people buried with) \n 36 8. ethnic identities 9. indicative of a lot of social information ix. features and structures 1. size of structure – social inequality 2. number of houses represents population 3. relationship of one site to other sites shows relationships between places x. goal of archaeology 1. reconstruct human behaviors to ultimately reconstruct the culture that shaped those behaviors 2. how did people in the past live? e. presenting the evidence to the public i. analysis is worthless unless you publish the results of your research 1. other people can examine your data so they can test your hypothesis and conclusions 2. each archaeological report is a step or page the entire history of the world 3. publish everything they find, don’t leave any parts out a. site maps b.pictures c. information about plants and animals d.human skeletons ii. save artifacts found in a store house because at some point in the future, someone will challenge your findings and compare it to other findings iii. native americans question archaeologists why they excavate their sites and not regular american ones 1. not fair 2. dig up native americans and display them in museums \n 37 c. archaeological ethics. a. archaeological sites on state property belong to the state b. archaeological sites on federal property are owned by the federal government (national parks, etc.) c. archaeological sites on native american reservations are subject to tribal and federal law d. when archaeologists dig, they destroy a culture’s heritage affects mostly native americans, put their ancestors in museums i. how is that culturally relative? ii. rebuttal: archaeologists need the data so scientists can examine in the future e. nagpra – congress legislation, when we find native american remains, they must be returned to the nearest living descendants i. can only be returned to federally recognized tribes, some tribes are still around but not federally recognized ii. native american remains are no longer in museums iii. archaeologists barter with the native americans so that they directly take data and give the results to the scientists 1. archaeologists assure that the remains are stored peacefully and securely iv. overall improved dialogue between native americans and archaeologists origins of food production a. introduction: a. why did people develop domestication? i. easier lifestyle? b. mesolithic a. 12,000 years ago: upperpaleolithic i. gradual warming trend \n 38 1. food resources multiply exponentially 2. wild plants and animals for humans to gather/hunt 3. so abundant, people settle in one place for longer periods of time a. called sedentism 4. people are aware of what it takes to grow food 5. human population increasing – why? a. human beings are prolific at reproducing b.children are an economic asset for huntergatherers c. women nurse for shorter periods of time i. ovulate more d.life expectancy increases ",
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9315db4af9b737c3a641d97d7e2bd2d9 | enc 101 enc101 environmental science final exam review | enc 101 | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "ap environmental science exam (2014) final review i. earth systems and resources (10–15%) a . earth science concepts 1. geologic time scale i. geological time: describes time over millions of years ii. divisions of geological time: a. eons b. eras c. periods d. epochs iii. how geological time is measured: a. mathematically b. chemically c. through observation ",
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d7fd9996c8c4a7aeb801d53a6d86e8f0 | determine the moment of inertia of the assembly about an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through point o. the block has a mass of 3 kg, and the semicylinder has a mass of 5 kg | answer: determine the moment of inertia of the assembly | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " physical anthropology 3/21/16 fossils and their place in time and nature chapter 8 continued taphonomy most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because of either constant flooding or other sources bring sediment onto the fossil problems w/ the fossil records ● decomposition and predation ● geological distortion/deformation ● weathering limitations of the fossil record ● low likelihood of anything becoming a fossil ● bias towards hard parts ○ cartilage and soft tissue not likely to fossilize ● missing pieces ○ causing not to have all the pieces for each fossil ○ causing to mix up fossils ● time bias ● no idea what animals actually look like ● environments pressure different ○ wet environments pressure better ○ acidic soils (tropics) will eat the fossils away the fossil record and the timing and tempo of evolution ● provides evidence for evolution and its process ● it is incomplete so their is some disagreement of time and tempo ● two models of it ○ gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium ■ gradualism change is a slow process ■ punctuated equilibriumslow stasis than a rapid change ○ both will happen, case by case basis of which is appropriate bringing fossils to life ● what did they look like? ● exclusive: building the face of a newly found ancestor ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eatqu7hww5g time in perspective ● hard to comprehend ● eon4 total, half a billion years or more ● era 10 defined, several hundred million years ● period22 defined, 10s to 1 hundred millions years ● epoch34 defined \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 geological time: earth history ● 200 mya ○ pangean ● late jurassic (about 150 mya ● cretaceous (about 70 mya) ● present day stratigraphic correlation ● krakatau, indonesia ● 1883 ● massive volcano, deposit ash 3,700 miles away ○ creates a layer, a new strata ○ can no date that layer ○ chemical dating ● fluorine dating ● krapina neanderthal fossils ● dragutin gorjanovickarmberger ○ first guy to use fluorine levels to date fossils items ○ the longer the fossil is in the soil the more fluorine it will absorb ○ is a localized technique because fluorine levels are different based on the area biostratigraphic (faunal) dating ● index fossils ○ fossil pig molars \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ irish elk ■ extinction 10.600 bpy ● have to be widespread ● evolve fairly quickly cultural dating ● deals with human artifacts ● its relatively recent ● ceramics ● stone tools ○ oldowan industry ○ 2.61.7 mya ○ don’t change for a long time relative and absolute dating ● previous methods were relative dendrochronology ● a.e. douglas 1920s ● dating by the growth cycle of trees carbon dating ● half lifes ● works for fossils up to about 60,000 years ● for older fossils use elements that are more unstable early hominin origins and evolution: the roots of humanity chapter 10 ● olduvai gorge, in east africa. ○ questions addressed in this chapter: ■ what is a hominin? ■ why did hominins evolve? ■ what was the evolutionary fate of the first hominins? ○ hominid = all the great apes ○ hominins = the humans ancestry tree ● what is a hominin? ○ what is different about humans ■ upright walking ■ nonhoning chewing ● the teeth do not get sharpened by each other ○ apes do have honing chewing ■ material culture \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ speech ■ hunting and cooperation ■ domestication of plants and animals ○ foramen magnum ■ humans have it directly underneath the skull ■ gorillas have it in the back of the head ○ spine ■ s curve in the human spine ● allows for the human head to sit straight over the body ■ gorilla mostly straight ○ pelvis ■ humans hips are on the side ■ gorillas hips are on the back of the body ○ femur ■ human has an angle, body condylar angle ■ gorillas straight ○ feet ■ humans, an arch ■ gorillas, flat, an opposable thumb ○ teeth ■ canines ● humans have smaller canines ■ apes ○ honing (wearing at the back) versus apical (wearing at the point) wear ○ shearing versus grinding ○ male male aggression ○ have thinner enamel ■ allows for the teeth to remain sharp ● why did hominins evolve? ○ bipedal ■ 47million ○ tool use ■ 2.6 million ○ canines size ○ brain size ○ hunting hypothesis ■ charles darwin ● hominins evolved in africa ● hunting meat= tool use = large brain ● tool use = small canine ● tool use = free hands ● free hands = bipedalism \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ the times don’t add up ■ patchy forest hypothesis ● peter rodman and henry mchenry ● african savanna ● two legs energetically more efficient than four? ○ problem is the earliest hominins come from straight up forests ■ provisioning hypothesis (dinner date) ● owen lovejoy ○ apes have a long interbirth interval ■ about 7 years ○ humans have a shorter interbirth interval ■ about 2 years ○ if you get more food have more infant ○ suite of anatomies and behaviors coevolve ■ food provisioning ■ bipedalism ■ pair bonding ● reduced canine size ■ cooperation ■ predicts reduced sexual dimorphism but that is not the case ● who were the first hominins? ○ fall in the time period 47million years ago ○ genre ■ not in agreement that these two are actually hominins ■ sahelanthropus tchadensis ● chad, central africa ● 67 million years old ○ forest near lake ● m. brunet ● not in east africa but out in the middle of africa ● discovered in 2001 ● anatomies ○ small brain(350cc) ■ low end for a chip ○ bipedal? foramen magnum is pointing down ○ nonhoning chewing ■ smallish canines ■ massive brow ridge ● flat face ■ orrorin tugenensis ● tugen hills, kenya, africa \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ● 6million years old ○ forest ● m.pickford and b. senut ● anatomies ○ bipedal ■ based on femur ■ obturator externus groove, on the femur proves that there's a muscle important for bipedalism ■ tree climber ● based on hand bones ■ partially honing canines ○ next genus ardipithecus and the middle awash valley ■ almost everyone agrees they were hominins ○ ardipithecus kadabba ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 5.25.8 million years old ● forest ■ t. white and y haileselassie ■ anatomies: ■ bipedal ● found a toe bone ● it proved that they can push off with there foot just like humans do ● perihoning complex ○ the honing canines are decreasing ○ it is transitional ○ ardipithecus ramidus ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 4.416 million years old ○ forest ■ international team led by t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies: ● bipedal ○ based on pelvis, femur, and foot ○ climbing based on hand and foot ■ she would not be able to walk on her knuckles ○ nonhoning canines the earliest hominins evolve \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 preaustralopithecine australopithecine teeth wear on tip of canine, nonhoning but with modified honing bones vestiges of apelike loss of traits arboreal traits brain small slight increase ● australopithecus ○ australopithecus anamensis ■ kenya and ethiopia, africa ■ 4 million years old ● woodland ■ m. leakey and t. white ■ anatomies ● bipedal ○ based on shin bone ■ was well adapted to upright walking but spent time tree climbing ● nonhoning canines ○ australopithecus afarensis ■ lucy ■ dikika, ethiopia (infant) ■ korsi ■ 33.6 million years ago ● woodland and grassland ■ d. johanson and others ■ anatomies ● small brain ● nonhoning canines ○ large molars and premolars ■ eats different diet ■ grasses, tubers, nuts, etc... ● bipedal ○ short and stout pelvis ○ femur bends in ● no language (hyoid bone) ○ important for speech production ■ animals bones w/cut marks ● meat, but no tools ○ australopithecus afarensis \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ footprints ■ fingers are bent in the middle, not completely like a gorilla, but not straight like ours ○ australopithecus (kenyanthropus) platyops ■ burtele foot (3.4 ma) ■ kenya, africa ■ 3.5million years old ● woodland ■ m.leakey ■ anatomies ● flat face ● small molar teeth ○ can be placed into 3 different groups? ■ robust australopithecus ■ south african australopithecus ■ australopithecus garhi ○ australopithecus garhi ■ ethiopia, africa ■ 2.5 million years old ● woodland ■ t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies ● large teeth (premolars and molars) ● long legs ● stone tools ○ oldowan stone tools (2.6 million years) ○ australopithecus first stonetool make; not homo ",
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688b9c0855bba418f53f6c0cf9d1d07a | as the car travels forward at 80 ft>s on a wet road, due to slipping, the rear wheels have an angular velocity v = 100 rad>s. determine the speeds of points a, b, and c caused by the motion. | as the car travels forward at 80 ft>s on a wet road, due | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701983 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 3 faculty use only thank you for the opportunity to review your assignment. this week you were asked to prepare a paper in which you evaluate the tyco international case study provided in kaplan (2009) and stephen et al. (2012). you needed to address the following in your paper: •briefly summarize the historical scenario surrounding tyco international. •how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? •evaluate the outcome of events. •was the punishment justified? why or why not? •is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? support your paper with a minimum of five (5) scholarly resources in \n 2 addition to required resources. in addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included. length: 57 pages not including title and reference pages. your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. your response should reflect scholarly writing and current apa standards. be sure to adhere to northcentral university's academic integrity policy. it is important for us as business leaders to review what others have done in the past, and to reflect on what could and should have been done differently. this allows us to learn from the mistakes from the past, and may help prevent them occurring in the future. you shared some good information in your paper, but you did have some minor format issues with your internal citations. incorrectly formatted citation. note that the citation format does change based on placement and use. for more help click here: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/. in future assignments, i encourage you to continue to use the writing prompts as headings in your paper. keep up the good work. if i can be of any assistance, or if you would like to discuss my comments, please let me know. dr. tom \n 3 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items will be discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. historical scenario surrounding tyco international the scenario surrounding tyco international stemmed from the ceo, dennis kozlowski. the historical scenario states that kozlowski took the company from 1.5billiondollar toy company to a 100billiondollar company kaplan (200 9). he became a star ceo and was widely known for how well he could run a corporation. the problem then began as he decided that he should be entitled to reap the benefits from his hard work by issuing himself various gifts from the company inclusive of money, art, and a yacht. while he made sure that what he was gifting himself with these items he ensured they were listed on the books almost making the transactions seem reasonable and appropriate. he had altered his sense of reality to work a bit outside of the ethical range. at some point, after acquiring onehalf of a billion dollars, the district attorney (da) began looking into kozlowsi’s tax documentation. upon investigation he da initially found almost a million dollars of unpaid sales tax. the da then pushed to open the investigation to other areas in kozlowsi’s life even further. as the investigation continued, the da was able to \n 4 show and prove that kozlowsi was embezzling funds from his company. this type of crime is considered a felony that holds up to a 25year sentence. how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? in these types of scenarios there are a number of factors that can play into the reasoning of how it could go on for so long. from what i’ve seen in my lifetime, it starts as one single incident of a small loan or a gift and begins to progress from there. the person receiving the benefit is most likely in a powerful position and those in subordinate roles are taught to do as the boss says. the person in power could later threaten the subordinate if they were to cause a problem. take for instance an abused woman. if she would begin dating an individual and he went all in abuse on the first date, she would drop him like a hot cake. this is rarely ever the case. abuse in most forms are progressive and gets more and more intense with time. this places fear into the weaker person making it impossible for the individual to fight back or even leave. in this case, i am sure the subordinates were in fear of losing their jobs or worse. as i have worked for five years in the middle east, i have seen the power that people in these positions hold and have heard of the associated death threats when the powerful were threatened. stephens, vance, and pettegrew (2012) discuss kohlbeg’s six stages of moral reasoning as to why people actually make an attempt at a moral and ethical lifestyle. if one of the items below are met, there is a strong chance that the individual will make the ethical choice. these items are as follows: “1) stage one: being ethical for fear of being caught or punished, 2) stage two: being ethical out of concern for one’s selfinterest, 3) stage three: being ethical because of peer pressure to do so 4) stage four: being ethical because it’s the rule, regulation, law, or standard 5) \n 5 stage five: being ethical out of concern for the good of others, because of a sense of social responsibility, and 6) stage six: being ethical out of a concern for the moral principle involved and knowing that it’s simply the right thing to do .” (stevens et al, 201 2) evaluate the outcome of events in this case, mr. kozlowsi was sentenced and ended up serving six and a half years of his sentence kaplan (200 9). according to kaplan (2015) and the new york times, mr. kozlowski also had to pay $167 million in restitution and fines. he is now out and living a more moderate life with his new wife and is happier than he’s ever been. he found an appreciation and a gratitude for life in his time away. was the punishment justified? why or why not? no, in no way was this punishment justified. a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison for a crime of this nature is absurd. our criminal justice system is so out of whack and those yielding the power are as guilty or guiltier than the criminal. the abuses of power extend far and wide and while mr. kozlowski did take something that wasn’t his, he was not a murderer. we as a society place far too much emphasis on money and it seems that when an actual life is at stake it is valued much less. our legal system has the ability to sentence those who knew about the crime, under the title “conspiracy” and give the one who knew abut it considerably more time than the person that actually did the crime. in this particular case, the individual was made to go to prison and was only sentenced $167 million of his worth. if they truly want to see equity, they should have hit him in the pocketbook hard enough that he would have to start his life over. this would have been a humbling experience for him, as the 6 ½ years in prison did. he certainly did not deserve to lose that much time in his life for a monetary crime, especially when those \n 6 committing heinous crimes are still on the streets. we as a nation seriously need to get our priorities straight. is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? yes, i believe it is difficult to see all ethical breaches that we ourselves commit. we as humans have a tendency to justify our actions. if we can find a way to place reason on a certain decision, it validates our actions. it may be something simple, or in the case of kozlowsi, he may very well have felt that he earned what he was receiving. he was responsible for a huge success within the company and felt justified in taking what he believed was his. we do this often within our own lives. how many of us would take the time to turn around and go back into the store if we recognized we received too much change? the justifications of why we would not turn around are endless. after many years of working within the government and the business environment, i realized the level of corruption and lack of ethical decision making increased the further up in government i went. from how promotions were conducted to who had to deploy to war zones, to which people were selected for an award. there was almost always a level of decision making that fell far beyond the ethical scope. these are truly just the small items on the list. one major point to identify is the fact that humans, while people want to find others “inherently good”, people are human and are tuned to survival. people will under most circumstances protect the ones they love or push for their own agenda whether it is fully ethical or not. this concept begs the question of whether or not teaching ethics and professional ethic in school actually makes a difference. borstner and gartner (2014) address this question and find that it does have an impact on society. they discuss that by bringing topics to light, discussing \n 7 and understanding the ethical issue at hand, a person can be taught to become more ethical. i am in agreement with the concept that teaching ethics does have an impact. i believe it will take a person more time to make a poor choice with the education at hand, although i do not believe that teaching will ever take over the human factor. ethics are in the eyes of the beholder and are taught as such. determining what is right is based upon someone’s answer of what thy believe to be right. this definition may or may not be true for everyone. i believe all we can truly hope for at this point is that people have a foundation of ethical concepts and evaluate the big picture and identify the best possible outcome. martinez (2014) wrote an article that talks to the points i’ve discussed above. her article discusses ethics and loyalty and how thy may play into one another. this article refers to serving as an assistant principal in a school where her cousin’s son was enrolled and was causing issues. she was asked to handle the situation and while she wanted to do her job, it was difficult to go against the family. she found herself making an exception for the boy to protect him from embarrassment. later a second issue with her cousin’s husband and she was once again asked to take sides. the difficulty of making a decision between family and ethics. one would have to consider if she would have made the same decision if it was a direct relative, a sister perhaps. the conflict of interest here is great and i would certainly have to recommend removing the family member from the decision making process to remove bias. conclusion in conclusion, purpose of this week’s paper was to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items were discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco \n 8 international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. \n 9 references borstner, b., & gartner, s. (2014). teaching ethics and critical thinking in contemporary schools. problems of education in the 21st century, 61917 friedman, m. (1970). the social responsibility of business to increase its profits. the new york times magazine. retrieved from http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/ issues/friedmansocrespbusiness.html kaplan, d. a. (2009). koz makes his case. fortune, 160(11), 1416 kaplan, d., (2015). tyco’s ‘piggy,’ out of prison and living small. retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/business/dealbook/denniskozlowskispathfrom infamytoobscurity.html?\\_r=0 martinez, m. a. (2014). questions of ethics and loyalty: an assistant principal's tale. journal of cases in educational leadership, 17(4), 6677 stephens, w., vance, c. a., & pettegrew, l. s. (2012). embracing ethics and morality. cpa journal, 82(1), 1621 ",
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da25063bd03d190ce1d2be73a4b4581f | why is it not possible to put a satellite in geosynchronous
orbit above the north pole? | why is it not possible to put a satellite in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 money and prices in the long run chapter 16 notes the monetary system ● barter economy ○ “double coincidence of wants.” ● money ○ set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people. ● the functions of money ○ medium of exchange. ○ unit of account. ○ store of value. ○ means of deferred payment. ● money is a subset of wealth. it is the only thing that can be exchanged for goods universally. ● medium of exchange ○ item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services. ● unit of account ○ yardstick people use to post prices and record debts. ● money eliminates the coincidence of wants! ● store of value ○ item that people can use to transfer purchasing power. ■ from the present to the future. ● means of deferred payments; ○ you settle your debts with money. ● liquidity ○ ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange. ● commodity money ○ money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value. ■ ex. gold, cigarettes, etc. ● intrinsic value ○ item would have value even if it were not used as money. ● gold standard gold as money ○ or paper money that is convertible into gold on demand. ● fiat money ○ money without intrinsic value. notes key boldedtexts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ used as money because of government decree. ○ “this note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.” ● fiat an order or decree. ● money stock ○ quantity of money circulating in the economy . ● currency ○ paper bills and coins in the hands of the public. ● demand deposits ○ balances in bank accounts; depositors can access on demand by writing a check. ● measures of money stock ○ m1 ■ demand deposits. ■ traveler’s checks. ■ other deposits. ■ currency. ○ m2 ■ everything in m1. ■ saving deposits. ■ small time deposits. ■ money market mutual funds. ■ a few other minor categories. ● the federal reserve (the fed) ○ the central bank of the u.s. ● central bank ○ institution designed to ■ oversee the banking system. ■ regulate quantity of money in economy. ● federal reserve ○ created in 1913 ○ after a series of bank failures in 1907 it was established. ○ purpose: to ensure the health of the nation’s banking system. ● board of governors ○ seven members, 14year terms. ■ appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. ○ the chairman ■ directs the fed staff. ■ presides over board meetings. ■ testifies regularly about fed policy in front of congressional committees. notes key boldedtexts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ■ appointed by the president by 4year (renewable) terms. ● the federal reserve system ○ fed reserve board in washington, d.c. ○ 12 regional federal reserve banks. ■ major cities around the country. ■ the presidents are chosen by each bank’s board of directors. ● the fed’s job ○ regulate banks and ensure the health of the banking system. ■ regional federal reserve banks. ■ monitors each bank’s financial condition. ■ facilitates bank transactions clearing checks. ■ acts as a bank’s bank. ■ the fed lender of lost resort. ○ control money supply. ■ quantity of money available in the economy. ■ monetary policy. ● by federal open market committee (fomc). ● money supply ○ quantity of money available in economy. ● monetary policy ○ setting of the money supply. ● fomc ○ seven members on the board of governors. ○ 5 of 12 regional bank presidents. ■ all 12 regional presidents attend an fomc meeting, but only 5 get to vote. ○ meets about every six weeks in d.c. ○ discuss the condition of the economy. ○ consider changes in monetary policy. ● fed’s primary tool: openmarket operations. ○ openmarket operations the buying and selling of u.s. government bonds. ● fomc decrease the money supply. ○ the fed: openmarket sale. ● fomc increase the money supply. ○ the fed: openmarket purchase. ● the fed does not issue bonds, only trades them! ● money ○ currency and demand deposits. notes key bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided y instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ● behavior of banks ○ can influence the quantity of demand deposits in the economy (and the money supply). ○ ∴money supply = currency + demand deposits ● reserves ○ deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out. ● the simple case of 100% reserve banking ○ all deposits are held as reserves. ● banks do not influence that supply of money. ● fractionalreserve banking ○ banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves. ● reserve ratio ○ fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves. ● reserve requirements ○ minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold; set by the fed. ○ ∴funds to cover withdrawals. ● excess reserve ○ banks may hold reserves above the legal minimum. ■ ex. first national bank reserve ratio of 10%. ○ commonly occurs during seasonal holidays or when economy is not as reliable (people are less likely to pay). 1 ● the money multiplier = wherr r is the required reserve. ○ ex. started $100 → bank (x 10) → $1000 ○ r = 10% therefore multiplier is 0.1 vs. 10 or 1/10. ○ amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves. 1 ○ ∴reciprocal of the reserve ratio = r ● the higher the reserve ratio ○ the smaller the money multiplier. ● banks do not create wealth! ○ though they increase supply of money, they create equal amounts of debt for those they loan to; thus an equilibrium. ● bank capital ○ resources a bank’s owners have put into the institutions. ○ used to generate profit. ● assets and liabilities must be equal! ● “when banks assets don’t alleviate liabilities the bank is insolvent.” ○ from here they can only apply for a loan from the fed or be dissolved and have all their assets sold. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided b instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ good reason put your money in multiple banks. assets liabilities reserves deposits loans debt securities capital (owners’ equity) ● leverage ○ use of borrowed money to supplement existing funds for purposes of investment. ● leverage ratio ○ ratio of assets to bank capital. assets ○ leverage ratio = bank capital ● capital requirement ○ government regulation specifying a minimum amount of bank capital. ● influences the quantity of reserves. ○ openmarket operations. ○ fed lending to banks. ● influences the reserve ratio. ○ reserve requirements. ○ paying interest on reserves. ● openmarket operations ○ purchase and sale of u.s. government bonds by the fed. ○ to increase the money supply. ■ the fed buys u.s. government bonds. ○ to reduce the money supply (ex. inflation) ■ the fed sells u.s. government bonds. ○ easy to conduct. ○ used more often. ● fed lending to banks ○ to increase the money supply. ○ discount window. ■ at the discount rate. ○ term auction facility ■ the highest bidder. ● the fed determines the discount rate. ○ the fed sets a quantity of funds it wants to lend to banks. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ eligible banks can bid to borrow those funds. ○ loans go to the highest eligible bidder. ■ acceptable collateral. ■ pay the highest interest rate. ● reserve requirements ○ minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposit. ■ an increase in reserve requirements. ● decrease in money supply. ■ a decrease in reserve requirements. ● increase the money supply. ○ used rarely disrupt business of banking. ○ less effective in recent years. ■ many banks hold excess reserves. ● paying interest on reserves ○ since october 2008. ○ the higher the interest rate on reserves. ■ the more reserves banks will choose to hold. ○ an increase in the interest rate on reserves. ■ increase the reserve ratio. ■ lower the money multiplier. ■ lower the money supply. ● the fed’s control of the money supply ○ not precise. ● the fed does not control: ○ the amount of money that households choose to hold as deposits in banks. ○ the amount that bankers choose to lend. ● the federal funds rate ○ interest rate at which banks make overnight loans to one another. ■ lender has excess reserves. ■ borrower need reserves. ○ a change in federal fund rate. ■ changes other interest rates. ● fed reserve bank does not determine the federal fund rate. ● the fed: target the federal funds rate. ○ openmarket operations. ■ the fed buys bonds. ● decrease in the federal funds rate. ● increase in the money supply. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided b instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ■ the fed sells bonds. ● increase in the federal funds rate. ● decrease in the money supply. ● federal funds do not come from fed but banks to banks. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instr ctor.",
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4cbf1c7be91974d597d1ea55d970842d | biol 379 study guide biology midterm biology midterm study guide | biol 379 study guide | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " biology 1114 midterm 2 study guide: 1. a group of male deer begin developing antlers that are larger and larger because they attract females. however, the antlers begin to weigh so much that the deer’s neck movement is restricted. despite the disadvantages that having this increased antler size has, no predator or environmental stimulus is there to select against these over-large antlers. what is this an example of? a. unregulated selection b. stabilizing selection c. runaway sexual selection d. trait perpetuation 2. in the above example, if a group of mountain lions capitalizes on the deer’s lack of visibility due to neck movement, and kills deer with larger antlers, what d",
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0f4817c6ffa4c76038f9d57ed8710e45 | nubiol nubiol nubiol | nubiol | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": "in order to study for biochem quiz/midterm do book problems memorize certain acid names from the notes should be able to think about objects relative to each other a helpful study guide is to make a web with one word in the middle and time yourself 10 seconds at a time and see how many words you can come up with that relates to that word, then 10 more seconds that relates to the new words, etc this works memory and knowledge skills working in a group and asking each other questions will also help because it tests your actual knowledge and then you will know if you are unsure of something or don’t know it for memorization you should only memorize for 10 minutes at a time, any more than this is useless, your brain will not reta",
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844beaa38ae2f5582f0ac8309ef3fe38 | if av = ), v for some veclor v. lhen a is an eigenvalue of lhe matrix a | if av = ), v for some veclor v. lhen a is an eigenvalue of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " chapter 3 elicited behaviors – behavior that happens in response to some environmental event innate vs. learned behaviors reflexes involuntary and automatic response (unlearned) - pathway from sensory stimulus to motor response > processing handled solely by spine - palmar grasp, eye blink, knee jerk, diving reflex reflex arc – nerve pathway involved in a reflex action includes sensory and motor nerve w/ a synapse between habituation – decreasing responses to a frequent bur innocuous stimulus sensitization – increasing responses to a noxious/arousing stimulus dishabituation – renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is resented w/ novel stimulus stimulus intensity – the strength of stimuli ex. getting punched > if it hurt (high intensity), if it didn’t hurt (low intensity) dual process theory – habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate parallel > good at explaining short term habituation evolutionary perspective/advantage opposing reactivity opponent process theory of emotions – habituation and sensitization represent two opposing tendencies of reactivity > strong vs. weak ex. lotto ticket / roller coaster > both events elicited strong emotional response but when event was withdrawn, an opposite response was elicited and then gradually disappeared habituation neural process – activated by every presentation of a stimulus - occur in sr system > analogous of reflex arc sensitization neural process only activated by arousing events - occur in the state system > determines the animal’s general level of responsiveness or “arousal” * whether we habituate or sensitize will depend upon which is stronger in given set of circumstance types of learning: - mere exposure learning: perceptual learning without explicit training - perceptual learning: experience w/ a set of stimuli makes the same stimuli easier to distinguish > increased ability to make fine distinctions discrimination training – spatial learning/ tinbergen – acquisition of information about one’s surroundings - hippocampal place cells: special neurons involved in navigation in space - cognitive map: mental representation of the layout of one’s environment priming/ bluejays novel object recognition – test for recognition memory aplysia/habituation/sensitization - habituation: repeated touch depletes sensory neuron of transmitter (synaptic depression) \n - gentle touch to siphon, produces gill withdrawal > repeat every minute for 1015 min > progressively shorter with durations > recovers quickly but w/ many sessions becomes longlasting - sensitization: tail shock activates interneurons that release serotonin > serotonin modulates sensory neurons to release more transmitter onto next activation - gentle touch produces gill withdrawal > aversive shock to tail > next touch much longer withdrawal duration > recovers quickly but becomes long lasting w/ multiple sessions cortical plasticity: refinement in the receptive fields of neurons of the sensory cortex due to development or experience plasicity during development – brain changes with development and experience brain is consistently rewiring based on experience hebbian learning – suggests an experienced based “natural selection” for most useful synaptic connections homunculus/somatosensory cortex – pictorial representation of the primary somatosensory cortex hippocampus & spatial learning london taxi drivers study cochlear implant chapter 4 classical conditioning us – food ur salivation cs – bell cr – response to conditioning pavlov – physiological centers of learning us center – specific part of brain that becomes activated whenever us is present cs center – becomes activated during conditioning response center – part of the brain responsible for every ur appetitive conditioning – food is provided as a reward following the presentation of a stimulus aversive conditioning – noxious stimuli are associated w/ undesirable or unwanted behavior that is to be modified or abolished (ex. nauseainducing drugs in treatment of alcoholism) eyeblink conditioning – involves the pairing of a conditioned (usually a tone) stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus (air puff) > cr = blinking in response to tone used to studysteural structures and mechanisms that underlie learning and memory acquisition phase – 1 stage of learning when a response is established in classical condition, the period when the stimulus evokes the conditioned response extinction – gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing kamin's blocking effect – refers to failures of learning and/or the expression of classically conditioned responses when a target stimulus is presented spontaneous recovery – refers to the reemergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay timing in classical conditioning simultaneous conditioning – conditioning that occurs frequently, unintentionally, or unplanned \n delay conditioning – conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus by a significant time period and the organism learns to withhold its conditioned response backward conditioning – behaviorconditioning method in which unconditioned stimulus (us) is presented before a neutral stimulus (ns) latent inhibition – observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning than a new stimulus boy who cried wolf eventually ignored > when real wolf attacked, no one helped b/c “wolf” was not predictive rescorlawagner model – organisms anticipate important events from the stimuli around them >learning a csus association depends on how much the us is expected - sum of stimulus weights = animals prediction - when prediction is wrong, weights are adjusted > when error is 0, no learning occurs (ex. an injection hurt as much as you expected) mackintosh model cs – proposed a model of classical conditioning focused on attention and the way the cs is processed isi – “interstimulus interval” / timing of presentation (timing in classical conditioning) conditioned taste aversion – occurs when an animals associates the taste of a certain food w/ symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance physiological research / aplysia – use to study habituation b/c it has only about 20,000 neurons that are hardwired, some of which are large enough to see w/ the naked eye mammals/neural pathways purkinje cells – neurons located in the cerebellar cortex interpositus nucleus – involved in the formation & execution of the conditioned response pontine nuclei – part of the pons involved in motor activity climbing fibers –series of neuronal projections from inferior olivary nucleus located in brain mossy fibers – 2 different bundles of axons in the brain 1) cerebellum mossy fibers one of the major inputs to cerebellum source of pathway is cerebral cortex 2) hippocampus – unmyelinated axons project along mossy fibers inferior olive – largest nucleus situation in the olivary body part (prominent olive structures in brain), of the brain * involved in motor control humans /cerebellum compensatory response model – bodies would compensate for burst of adrenaline (ex. body would calm down and then adrenaline will rush but not too high > homeostasis balance higher order conditioning – refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral is paired with a condition stimulus to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus ex. tone that has been conditioning w/ food to produce salivation brain stimulation cerebellar damage/thompson studies inhibitory feedback – situation in which the substances at the end of a long series of reactions inhibits a reaction at the beginning of the series of reactions \n hippocampus & cs – removal of the hippocampus does not alter basic classical conditioning paradigms - does eliminate latent inhibition - disrupts other paradigms that depend on changes in the processing of the cs - us modulation occurs in the cerebellum (rescorlawagner) - cs modulation occurs in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe activitydependent enhancement – cs – weak sensory activation that primes the sensory neuron, but causes no further change us – serotonin release, but too weak to cause sensitization cs+us – primed sensory neuron responds to even a weak level of serotonin synapses changes in learning creb1/creb2 creb1: activated and promotes growth of new synapses creb2: deactivated, as it inhibits growth of new synapses clinical significance drug addiction/abuse and classical conditioning – environmental cs (ex. appearance and smell of drug taking location) produce cr drug craving in anticipation of us drug - even subtle changes (ex. to drug taste) can overrun tolerance and increase drug effects > increases possibility overdose - administer the medication in a slightly different environment each time bouton study (2002) – suggests that therapists conduct cueexposure therapy in different contexts including home over varying time lengths with small amounts of drug use",
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2fd1e3fd0da2777a5019b0ae5be9d63e | a at coil enclosing an area of 0.10 m2 is rotating at 60 rev/s, with its axis of rotation perpendicular to a 0.20-t magnetic eld. (a) if there are 1 000 turns on the coil, what is the maximum voltage induced in the coil? (b) when the maximum induced voltage occurs, what is the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic eld? | a at coil enclosing an area of 0.10 m2 is rotating at 60 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " week 8 exam 2 april 6! make sure you read the boxes for each chapter (8, 9, + 16). also study what was done in lab. read the article on elizabethkingia. day 22: we watched a movie; no chapter notes were taken. notes from the movie are on a separate document. day 23: microbes in the news elizabethkingia reported in winnebago county: ● 59 cases to date. ● 17 deaths. ● first winnebago city case (se wi has been hit with majority of cases). ● causes bloodstream infection. ● fever, shortness of breath, chills, cellulitis. three g+ infections you should know: ● clostridium botulinum. *need to know* ○ causes botulism; rare in u.s. ○ produces neurotoxins; also used as botox; can cause botulism related to making pruna. ○ most common cases in the u.s. are infant botulism (don’t give infants and toddlers honey). ● clostridium tetani. *need to know* ○ produces neurotoxins. ○ causes lockjaw and muscle stiffness. ● bacillus cereus. ○ intoxication; causes chinese restaurant syndrome. ● all three of these are treatable. start of gram negative: foodborne and waterborne infection: ● salmonellosis is caused by several species bacilli (rodin the genus salmonella. ○ symptoms: gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and possible fever. ● salmonella enteritidisinfects eggs (the ovaries of healthy hens are infected). \n ● salmonell may also contaminate meats, seafood, and fresh fruits and vegetables. ● iguanas, lizards, snakes, and turtles are carrier almonelspecies. ● crows may harbosalmonellin their feces. ● salmonelltyph causesyphoidever ○ typhoid occurs primarily in lessdeveloped countries. ○ infection is from fecallycontaminated food or hands. ○ transmission by flies and fomites is also common. ○ the organism invades the cells lining the small intestines, causing ulcers and bloody stools, fever, and possibly delirium. ■ typhoidary was a healthy carrier. ■ 47 cases; 3 died. ● shigellos is caused by speciehigel, ag bacillus (r. ) ○ symptoms: gastroenteriand possibysenter ■ severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus. ■ resulting in dehydration; which can be deadly. ○ sources: eggs, shellfish, dairy products, vegetables, water. ○ transmission via the fecaloral route, infectious dose (id) is very low (know this for exam). ● treatment involves oral or iv rehydration and possibly antibiotics. ● about one million annual deaths in developing countries. ● day care centers are prone to outbreaks. ● cholerintoxication is caused by the exotoxin sec (curved rovibrio cholera ○ consuming fecallycontaminated water or food (including raw shellfish) causes infection. ○ pandemicsdocumented over the centuries. ○ characteristic of cholera is a vicewater diarr. a ○ rehydration must be instituted quickly to avert death. ■ oral rehydration thercan save lives. ● review table 09.01. ○ know: ■ botulism. ■ salmonellosis. ■ cholera. ■ typhoid fever. ■ sclerosis. poverty, overcrowding, and poor sanitation favor the emergence and dissemination of cholera. foodborne and waterborne infection: ● e. co 0157:h7enterohemorrhagice. coli). ○ contaminates rare meat, particularly hamburgers, also fresh spinach, sprouts, etc. \n ○ hemolytic uremic syndrommay result in death in children under age five (kidney failure) ● enterotoxigen e. cois the most common causetraveler’s diarr ea. ○ e. co is easy to culture and detect; its presence is used as an indicator of fecal contamination. ● campylobacteriosi is caused burvedg bacillucampylobacterjejun. ○ the most frequent cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states. ○ poultry, cattle, and unpasteurized milk have been identified as potential sources. ○ in 1998, it was reported that 70% of supermarket chicken was contaminated with campylobacte . ○ many isolates are antibiotic resistant. more gram positive: ● listerios is caused by + bacilllisterimonocytogenes. ○ this organism is distributed worldwide. ○ contaminated cold cuts, hot dogs, soft cheeses, etc. ○ grows under refrigeration. ○ listeriosis is usually mild in healthy adults and children. ■ infants, the elderly, the immunocompromised, and pregnant women are at high risk. ■ fetuses and newborns may become acutely ill from their infected mothers. ■ antibiotics must be given promptly to prevent infection and miscarriage of a fetus. ● table 09.05 listeria recalls and outbreaks. ● pseudomembranous colitis caused by+, spore forming bacil clostridium diffic.*need to know* ● transmission is via fecaloral route. ○ a major cause nosocomial infecti n. ○ associated with hospital patients on antibiotics. ○ depletion of the normal flora by the use of antibio. diffto e w c “grow out,” usually causing mild to severe diarrhea. review notes on popping frozen poop pills. airborne diseases: upper respiratory tract infections: ● whooping cough is caused by t coccobacill bordetellpertussi ○ humans are the only reservoir; there is a particular threat to children under age 4. \n ○ transmission via contaminated droplets (talking, coughing, sneezing, and laughing). ○ bacilli bind to ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract. ■ exotoxin damages ciliated cells which function to clear mucus from air passages. ■ triggers deep and rapid inspirations choop.” ○ is consideredreemerging disease ○ b. pertuss iendemic to the united states. ■ epidemics occur every 35 years. ● streptococcus is a large genu+ cocci in chains the most virulet. s s pyogenes; infections range from mild to deadly. ○ streptococci reside in the human nose and throat. ○ transmitted by respiratory droplets or contact with sores or wounds. ○ streptococcapharyngiti(tonsillitis) is common in children 515. ○ longterm complications from repeated childhood strep infections. ■ glomerulonephritis a kidney disease. ■ rheumatic fever, a condition involving the heart and joints. ○ streptococcaoxic shock syndromeand ecrotizing fasci are caused by invasive strep that cause lifethreatening infections. ● erythrogenictoxin producing straintreptococcus pyogenescausescarlet fever and a characteristrawberry tongue not on test ● staphylococcus is g+ cocci in grape like clusters. helps with identification. invasiv s. pyogene can cause the life threatecrotizing fasci. is ● toxins made by the bacteria can cause tissue to die. ○ rare (650 to 800 cases annually in the united states). ○ not contagious (persontoperson). ○ treatment: antibiotics, skin grafts, amputations, hyperbaric oxygen therapy. other bacteria can cause life threecrotizing fascii is. ● toxins made by the following bacteria can cause tissue to die. ○ klebsiella. ○ clostridium. ○ e. coli. ○ staphylococcus aureus. ○ aeromonas hydrophila. ● 2012 cases in the news. upper respiratory tract infections: ● meningiti is an inflammation of the meninges. ○ early diagnosis is essential; coldlike symptoms progress quickly to fever, possibly delirium, and stiffness in the neck and back. ○ the two most common causes are: \n ■ neisseria meningitid a g diplococcu ● meningococcemia, responds to antibiotic therapy. ● a vaccine is available for epidemics. ● college students living in dormitories appear to be particularly susceptible to meningococcal meningitis. day 24: chapter 16 page: 484493 (review for exam). lower respiratory tract infections: ● tuberculosis is caused by the tubercle bacillus. ○ mycobacterium uberculosi ■ an ancient disease, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of infectious death worldwide. ■ about ten million people are infected (most are in the developing world), with an annual death toll of two million. ■ about eight million new cases develop annually. ■ tuberculosis is made even worseultiplying drug resistant str ns. ● tuberculosis: ○ mycobacterium uberculosiis the cause of tuberculosis (tb). ○ tb is the leading cause of death worldwide. ○ in the u.s. and other developed countries it is a reemerging disease. ○ evidence of tb dates back to 4,000 b.c. in egypt. ○ tb was once the leading cause of death in the u.s. and other countries. ○ tb “sanatoria” treated tb with fresh air, bed rest, and good nutrition. ○ tb declined as social conditions improved in the early 1900s. ○ antibiotics further pushed tb incidence back. ○ isoniazid is used to treat tb, even to this day. ● current status: ○ in 1993, the who declared tb lobamergency. ○ the number of tb has been falling since 2006. ○ asian africa has the most cases of tb. tb the disease: ● transmission of bacilli is usually by droplets sprayed into the air by tbinfected individuals coughing, sneezing, singing, talking, etc. ○ a waxy outer coat protects the bacilli from drying, ● the first exposure results in a primary infection (asymptomatic). ○ in most cases the primary infection is in the lungs. ○ infection can occur in the skin, brain, spinal cord, kidney, and bone. ● immune cells wall off the bacranulomas 90% of the time; in 10% of cases the bacilli escape. \n ● without treatment, it could take up to 2 years for the infection to die off. ● clinical signs and symptoms: ○ weight loss. ○ cough. ○ fatigue. ○ night sweats. ○ lowgrade fever. ● can be diagnosed by xray and skin test. ● the skin test: a minute amount of purified protein derivative (ppd) is injected and the site is examined after 4872 hours; a red, raised lesion 5 mm or more in diameter constitutes a positive test. ● the chest xray: if you have the infection, the chest xray will show cloudiness. antibiotic therapy: ● for tb infection, isoniazid for 6 months is completely effective. ● active tb disease requires: ○ taking a combination of antibiotics for 6 to 9 months. ○ supportive measures of adequate rest, a good diet, etc. ● five antibiotics are particularly effective against the tubercle bacilli: ○ isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. ○ toxicity and antibiotic resistance must be considered. ● noncompliance is a serious problem, and remains problematic even if antibiotics are provided for free. ○ 25% of the homeless in london and san francisco are infected by tb. ○ supplying infected individuals with takehome drugs has been unsuccessful, as antibiotics were taken haphazardly. ○ can foster the development of multiple drug resistant strains. dots : ● direct observational therapy short course (dots). ○ adopted by the who in 1992 to combat noncompliance and complacency. ○ it has saved lives and reduced emergence of drugresistance. ○ dots requires microscopy, drug supplies, direct observation, and surveillance and monitoring. ○ once tb is found in sputum, health workers must watch the patient swallow the full course of the prescribed antitb veryday. ■ sputum is retested after 2 months and again at 68 months of treatment. ■ within the first 24 weeks, patients become noninfectious. ■ dots is costeffective and has curerates of 8590% in china, bangladesh, peru, and even new york city. factors contributing to reemergence: ● a 20% increase in tb occurred from 1985 to 1992 in the u.s. due to: \n ○ tb and hiv coinfection (each accelerates the other’s progress). ■ those infected by hiv 00times more likely to develop active tb. ■ tb is the leading cause of death in hivinfected populations. sunny view sanatorium winnebago county: ● opened: 1915. ● for all classes of cases. ● capacity: 44. ● rates: ○ $10 per week to resident patients. ○ $12 per week to nonresidents. ● superintendentmiss helen scheller. ● medical director: dr. j.e. schein. ● application was made to the superintendent. other wisconsin sanitariums: ● madison, wi. ● sanitarium hill, 1202 northport drive. ● was lakeview sanitarium 19301966. ● contains 48 acre woods. ● cemetary. ● treatment center for most severe cases of tb. sexually transmitted diseases (or infections; stis): ● stds (stis) are transmitted by sexual contact; they continue to be a serious public health problem due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and the aids virus (hiv). ● syphili is caused by tg spirochetreponema allidu. ○ it frequently is found as a coinfection with other stds, including aids. ○ humans are the only known reservoirs, there is no vaccine. ○ most u.s. cases are in the 2939 year old group; men who have sex with men accounted for about two thirds of cases. ○ spirochetes can pass across the placenta, resongenital syphil s; stillbirths and deformities are possible. ● syphilis progresses through a series of three stages: ○ the primary stag is marked by a painchancre(sore). ○ the secondary stage is systemic, a rash dispersed on the body, but characteristically includalms andoles ○ a third of those untreated progtertia syphilis, which can develop over the next 40 years (during which the cardiovascular and nervous systems, especially, show degenerative changes). ■ neurosyphili can result in paralysis (paresis), and insanity. ■ gummas , tumor like lesions, may develop. \n ● gonorrhea, or the “clap,” is caueeisseria gonorrhoe ag diplococcus (two cocci togethe; like syphilis, humans are the only reservoir. ○ second only to chlamydia, infection rate highest in sexually active teens and young adults. ○ may be transmitted via vaginal, oral, or anal sex. ○ pili adhesions (not on exallow firm attachment to mucosal surfaces. ○ in males a purulent discharge from the penis and burning during urination is common. ● gonorrhea (2nd most common, chlamydia is number 1is associated with many complications. ○ asymptomatic males, but particularly women, can carry and transmit gonorrhea for up to 10 years. ○ pelvic inflammatory disea(pid) occurs in about 50% of untreated females causing abdominal pain and possible sterility. ○ antibiotic resistance has jumped from less than 1% to over 13% of strains isolated in recent years. ○ can be transmitted into the eyes of newborns during delivery, resulting the conditioophthalmia neonatorum. ● chlamydia, is caused chlamydia trachomatis ag coccobacillu it is the most common std. ○ chlamydia areobligate intracellular par ites. ○ it is most prevalent in sexually active young adults and teens. ○ 70% of female and 30% of male infectiosymptomatic. ○ males are subject to inflammation of the testes and infertility. ○ females have the most complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, abnormal pregnancy, and infertility. ○ as in gonorrhea, newborns whose mothers are infected have a 5050 chance of developing an eye infection; therefore antibiotics are administered at birth, by law. ○ most common std (sti), but is the most unknown/unaware. 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bb0615eb09e6f9c8b36604159aa3666f | a closed system consisting of 4 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation between pressure and volume is pvn 5 constant. the process begins with p1 5 15 lbf/in.2 , 1 5 1.25 ft3 /lb and ends with p2 5 53 lbf/in.2 , 2 5 0.5 ft3 /lb. determine (a) the volume, in ft3 , occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value of n. (c) sketch process 12 on pressurevolume coordinates | a closed system consisting of 4 lb of a gas undergoes a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 notes: social psychology week april 3 april 10 a. social psychology: the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. 12.1 how does group membership affect people? humans have an overriding motivation to fit with the group. interpersonal attachments motive have evolved for adaptive purposes. a. social brain hypothesis (dunbar) large prefrontal cortexes because of the high dynamic and complex social groups. i. people favor their own groups a. formation ofingroup (belong groups) anutgroups o not belong groups) b security from predators and assistance in hunting and gathering food. c. better mating opportunities i. two conditions appear to be critical for group formation: a. reciprocity: “if you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours” i. reciprocity means that if person a helps (or harms) person b, then person b will help (or harm) person a. b. transitivity “people generally share their friend’s opinions of other people” b. outgroup homogeneity effect: the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. c. social identity the the idea that in groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. d. ingroup favoritism the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors. the power of group membership is so strong that people exhibit ingroup favoritism even if the groups are determarbitrary processes. a. minimal group paradigm: the basis of group membership occurred even when the participants were told that the basis of group membership was arbitrary. \n b. women show a much greater automatic ingroup bias toward other women than men do toward other women. e. various brain regions (including the fusiform face area, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the amygdala) are differentially active when we consider ingroup versus outgroup members. f. the medial prefrontal cortex is less active when people are members of outgroups. ii. groups influence individual behavior a. social facilitation: the presence of others enhances performance. occurs in other animals i. zajonc’s model: animals are predisposed to become aroused by the presence of others of their own species. arousal leads animals to emit a dominant response. this model predicts that social facilitation can either enhance or impair performance. the change depends on whether the response that is required in a situation is the individual’s dominant response. i.e. crowds do not distract professional players while they will distract amatuer players due to pressure. b. deindividuation: reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group i. stanford prison study: this experiment demonstrate what people are willing to do when put in a situation with defined social roles. c. group decision making: riskyshift effect :groups often make riskier decision than individuals do. i.group polarization : the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. ii.groupthink: the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased d. social loafing: the tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone. occurs when people’s efforts are pooled so that individuals do not feel personally responsible for the group’s output. iii. people conform to others a. conformity: altering one’s beliefs/behaviors to match those of other people \n b. influence: i. normative influence occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in with the group and to avoid looking foolish ii.nformational influence occurs when people assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. autokinetic effect: power of conformity in social judgement. c. social norms: expected standards of conduct influence behavior d. the asch and sherif studies. i. groups enforce conformity, and those who fail to go along can be rejected. ii people tend to conform to social norms, even when those norms are obviously wrong. iii.) when do people reject social norms? group size too small lack of unanimity (any dissent from majority opinion can diminish the influence of social norms. anxiety of social exclusion (actually appeared as a signal in the amygdala iv. people are often compliant a. compliance: the tendency to do things requested by others: i. footinthedoor effect: once people commit to a course of action, they behave in ways consistent with that commitment. ii. door in the face people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request. iii. lowballing strategy once a person has committed to an option, then deciding to do so by spending a bit more money does not seem like such a big decision. v. people are obedient to authority \n a. milgram’s famous study demonstrated the tendency to follow the directions of authority. (experimentee was a teacher administering shocks to conduct a test) some situations produced less obedience i. nearly twothirds completely obeyed all the experimenter’s directives. 12.2 when do people harm or help others? vi. many factors can influence aggression a. aggression: any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. another factor that influences aggression is heat. b. biological factors: i. genetic research has identified the role of the maoa gene in aggression: a. maoa is not a “violence gene.” b. associated with amygdala and neurotransmitters(serotonin) c. maoa gene controls the amount of mao, an enzyme that regulates the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine. ii. the hormone testosterone also appears to have a modest correlation with aggression. however a particular form of the gene appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors. iii ) the prefrontal cortex is important for controlling emotional and behavioral reactions. c. social and cultural factors. i. culture of honor: men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. vii. many factors can influence helping behavior a. prosocial: actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping by providing benefits to others, prosocial behaviors promote positive interpersonal relationships. b. altruistic behavior: providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so: natural selection occurs at the genetic level rather than at the individual level. \n inclusive fitness (hamilton’s): the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival. people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes, also known as kin selection. i. kin selection ii. reciprocal helping: robert rivers: one animal helps another because the other may return the favor in the future. viii. some situations lead to bystander apathy a. bystander intervention effect: failure to offer help to someone in need if other bystanders are around. i. diffusion of responsibility : bystanders expect other bystanders to help. thus the greater the number of people who witness someone in need of help, the less likely it is that any of them will step forward. ii. social blunders: people feel less constrained from seeking help as the need for help becomes clearer. iii. wish to be anonymous people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so. iv. how much harm do they risk to themselves by helping? v. kitty genovese 38 witnesses and still none of them could do anything to stop the murder. ix. cooperation can reduce outgroup bias a. sherif's robbers cave experiment: among strangers, competition and isolation created enemies among enemies, cooperation created friends. b. shared superordinate goals — goals that require people to cooperate — reduce hostility between groups. c. jigsaw classroom i. children in jigsaw classrooms grow to like each other more and develop higher selfesteem than do children in traditional classrooms. dependent on one another to achieve a task as a group. each person is specialized in one thing. \n 12.3 how do attitudes guide behavior? a. attitudes are evaluations of: i. objects. ii. events. iii. ideas. and are shaped by social context and play an important role in how we evaluate and interact with people. x. people form attitudes through experience and socialization a. negative attitudes develop more rapidly than positive attitudes. in general, bad is always a stronger motivating force than good. b. mere exposure effe ct greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes. ex: when people are presented with normal photographs of themselves and the same images reversed, they tend to prefer the reversed version because the reversed versions correspond to what people see when they look in the mirror. xi. behaviors are consistent with strong attitudes in general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior. the strong and personally relevant nature of the attitude will lead the person to act the same across situations related to that attitude. the more specific the attitude, the more predictive it is. attitude accessibility: the ease or difficulty that a person has in retrieving an attitude from memory. a. ease of attitude accessibility predicts behavior resistant to change. xii. attitudes can be explicit or implicit a. explicit attitudes: because we know we hold them, we can report them to other people. b. implicit attitudes: at an unconscious level, they influence feelings and behavior. these influence feelings and behaviors because people can access these implicit attitudes from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. \n in a way, implicit attitudes function like implicit memories. xiii. discrepancies lead to dissonance a. cognitive dissonance: dissonance is a lack of agreement, occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. i. an uncomfortable mental state ii. due to contradiction between two attitudes or between behavior and attitude iii. insufficient justificatioone way to get people to change their attitudes is to change their behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible. iv. postdecisional dissonance: dissonance can arise when a person holds positive attitudes about different options but has to choose one of the options. for example, a person might have trouble deciding which of many excellent colleges to attend. post decisional dissonance then motivates to focus on one school’s the chosen school’s positive aspects and the other school’s negative aspects. v. justifying effort:when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance. after all, they would typically not choose to be in pain, embarrassed, or uncomfortable. people dissolve dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it. “they have sacrificed so much to join a group, people believe the group must be extraordinarily important. xiv. attitudes can be changed through persuasion a. persuasion is active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of message. persuasion is most likely to occur when people pay attention to a message, understand it, and find it convincing. most importantly, the message must be memorable. strong arguments that appeal to emotions are the most persuasive. advertisers also use the mere exposure effect, repeating the message over and over in the hope that multiple exposures will lead to increased persuasiveness. b. according to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasive communication changes attitudes through a: i. central routewhen people are motivated to process information and are able to take that information. people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. leads to strong attitudes that last over time. \n ii. peripheral route: minimal attention to information leads to impulsivity. when people are either not motivated to process information or are unable to process it. this route leads to moreimpulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because of endorsement \n 12.4 how do people think about others? xv. physical appearance affects first impressions first thing to notice is typically the face of a person during an initial interaction a. nonverbal behavior, otherwise referred to asbody language , ithe facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others: thin slices of behaviorpeople can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. thin slices of behavior are powerful cues for impression formation. i. accurate judgments can be based on brief observations. ii. facial expressions and body movements influence impressions. xvi. people make attributions about others a. attributions: people’s explanations for why events or actions occur they are explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behaviors. people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for both order and predictability. b. personal attributions: xplanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts these explanations refer to things within people, such as abilities, mood, or efforts. for example, you might assume that a firefighter saved the kitten because he is brave. c. situational attributions explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions fritz heider and harold kelley has described people as intuitive scientists who try to draw inferences about others and make attributions about events. but unlike objective scientists, people tend to be systematically biased when they process social information. when explaining other people’s behavior, people tend to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the expectancy that people’s actions correspond with their belief and personalities. these explanations refer to outside events, such as luck, accident or the actions of other people. d. in explaining behavior, undamental attribution error is the tendency to: i. overemphasize personality. \n ii. underestimate situation. e. actor/observer discrepancy: i. in interpreting our own behavior, we focus on situation. ii. in interpreting others’ behavior, we focus on personality. example: people tend to attribute their own lateness to external factors such as traffic. while they tend to attribute other’s lateness to personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of organization. xvii. stereotypes are based on automatic categorization a. stereotypes: mental shortcuts for rapid processing of social information b. as a result of directed attention and memory biases, people may see illusory correlations. stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence. *moreover when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. this latter process is known as subtyping. xviii. stereotypes can lead to prejudice a. prejudice : negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype b. discrimination: inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice c. ingroup/outgroup bias is the tendency to: i. positively evaluate groups we belong to. ii. negatively evaluate groups different from ours d. modern racism: subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs . modern racists tend to believe that discrimination is no longer a serious problems and that minority groups are demanding too much societal change as in too many changes to traditional values. ex: people may condemn racist attitudes toward latinos but be unwilling to help a latino in need. \n xix. prejudice can be reduced a. inhibiting stereotypes. i. in everyday life, inhibiting stereotyped thinking is difficult and requires selfcontrol. b. perspective taking and perspective giving: i . perspective taking involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people. such contemplation can reduce racial bias and help to smooth potentially awkward interracial interactions. taking another group’s perspective appears to reduce negative or positive stereotypes. ii. perspective giving, in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination. \n 12.5 what determines the quality of relationships? a. relationships are connections with friends and with romantic partners. xx. situational and personal factors influence interpersonal attraction and friendships a. relationships are promoted by: i. proximity and familiarity. a. the more people come into contact, the more likely they are to become friends. the more often people come into contact with each other because they are physically nearby, they more likely they are to become friends. ii similarity or “birds of a feather” matching principle and personal characteristics a. people tend especially to like those who have admirable personality characteristics and who are physically attractive. iv. physical attractiveness. a. how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures. b. “what is beautiful is good” stereotype; the belief that attractive people are superior in most ways some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures. nevertheless, how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures xxi. love is an important component of romantic relationships a. passionate love: intense longing and sexual desire i. generally happens early in relationships b. companionate love: strong commitment to caring for and supporting partner i. evolves in relationships \n c. love in relationships may be related to early attachment styles from childhood days. (how their parents treated them and their attachment behavior) people whose parents treated them inconsistently—sometimes warm and sometimes not—have ambivalent attachments. these people are best described as clingy. they worry that people do not really love them and are bound to leave them. about 11 percent of adults report having this attachment style. xxii. staying in love can require work if people do not develop companionate forms of satisfaction in their romantic relationships—such as friendship, social support, and intimacy—the loss of passion leads to dissatisfaction and often to the eventual dissolution of the relationship a. dealing with conflict: i. being overly critical ii. holding the partner in contempt (i.e., having disdain, lacking respect) iii. being defensive iv. mentally withdrawing from the relationship, arguing by only seeing things from one side of the relationship. b. happy couples also differ from unhappy couples in attributional style. attribution style: how one partner explains the other’s behavior. i. they overlook bad behavior or respond constructively, a process called accommodation. also, optimistic people typically have a happier relationship than those who are not. c. can psychology rekindle a romance? the following will help: i. show interest in your partner. ii. be affectionate. iii. show you care. iv. spend quality time together. v. maintain loyalty and fidelity. vi. learn how to handle conflict. 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a8e31f7b1bb151672d4f21a8ae8076ab | ?problem 119hp
a computer chip dissipates 2 kj of electric work over time and rejects that work as heat transfer from its 50°c surface to 25°c air. how much entropy is generated in the chip? how much entropy, if any, is generated outside the chip? | a computer chip dissipates 2 kj of electric work over time | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " fi 341 principles of risk management & insurance review for exam 3 chapters 11, 12, 13, 14 * it is important for you to know all the key concepts and terms for every chapter. chapter 11 life insurance key terms review questions 1.a.b.c., 3.a.b., 4.a.b., 5.a.b.c.d., 6.a.b.c.d., 7, 8.a.b. application questions 1., 2.a.b., 3.a.b., 4, 5, 6, 7.a.b.c.d.e.f.g., 8.a.b.c.d. chapter 12. life insurance contractual provisions key terms review questions 1.a.b.c., 2.a.b., 3.a.b., 4.a.b.c., 5.a.b., 6.a.b., 7.a.b.c., 8.a.b.c., 9.a.b.c.d., 10 application questions 1.a.b.c.d.e., 2.a.b.c.d.e., 3., 4.a.b.c.d.e. chapter 14. annuities and individual retirement accounts key terms review questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9. application questions 1.a.b.c., 3, 4.b., 5. (explain for roth iras only) a.b.c.d. chapter 13. buying life insurance key terms review questions 6.a.b.c.d.e., 7, 8. application questions 4.a.b.c.d. \n chapter 11: life insurance key terms: blackout period the period from the time that social security survivor benefits terminate to the time the benefits are resumed capital retention approach preserves the capital needed to provide income to the family cash surrender value the amount paid to a policy holder who surrenders the policy cash value life insurance the amount paid to a policyholder who surrenders the policy convertible the term policy can be exchanged for a cash value policy without evidence of insurability current assumption whole life insurance (also called interest sensitive whole life) a nonparticipating whole life policy in which the cash values are based on the insurer’s current mortality, investment, and expense experience dependency period follows the readjustment period; it is the period until the youngest child reaches age 18 endowment insurance pays the face amount of insurance if the insured dies within a specific period; if the insured survives to the end of the endowment period, the face amount is paid to the policyholder at that time estate clearance fund needed immediately when the family head dies group life insurance a type of insurance that provides life insurance on a group of people in a single master contract human life value the present value of the family’s share of the deceased breadwinner’s future earnings indexed universal life insurance – a variation of universal life insurance with certain key characteristics; minimum interest rate guarantee; additional interest may be credited to the policy based on the investment gains of a specific stock market index industrial (home service) life insurance a class of life insurance that was issued in small amounts; premiums were payable weekly or monthly; and an agent of the company collected the premiums at the insured’s home legal reserve – a liability item that must be offset by sufficient financial assets limited payment policy another type of traditional whole life insurance; permanent; life time protection modified life policy a whole life policy in which premiums are lower for the first three to five years and higher thereafter needs approach the various family needs that must be met if the family head should die are analyzed, and the amount of money needed to meet these needs is determined net amount at risk the difference between the legal reserve and face amount of insurance ordinary life insurance a level premium policy that provides cash values and lifetime protection to age 121 preferred risks – life insurers sell policies at lower rates in individuals premature death can be defined as the death of a family head with outstanding unfulfilled financial obligations readjustment period a one or twoyear period following the breadwinner’s death \n reentry term a term insurance policy in which renewal premiums are based on select (lower) mortality rates if the insured can periodically demonstrate acceptable evidence of insurability renewable – the policy can be renewed for additional periods without evidence of insurability savings bank life insurance (sbli) a type of life insurance that was sold originally by savings banks in ma, ny, and cn; it provides lowcost life insurance to consumers by holding down operating costs and payment of high sales commissions second to die life insurance (also called survivorship life) is a form of life insurance that insures two or more lives and pays the death benefit upon the death of the second or last insured single premium whole life insurance provides lifetime protection with a single premium term insurance provides temporary protection universal life insurance (also called flexible premium life insurance) a flexible premium policy that provides protection under a contract that unbundles the protection and saving components variable life insurance – a fixed premium policy in which the death benefit and cash values vary according to the investment experience of a separate account maintained by the insurer variable universal life insurance an important variation of whole life insurance; most are sold as investments or tax shelters; the policyholder determines how the premiums are invested, which provides considerable investment flexibility; the policy does not guarantee a minimum interest rate or minimum cash value whole life insurance – a cash value policy that provides lifetime protection review questions: 1. a. premature death can be defined as the death of a family head with outstanding unfulfilled financial obligations b. costs associated with premature death 1) the family’s share of the deceased breadwinner’s future earnings is lost forever; 2) additional expenses are incurred because of funeral expenses, uninsured medical bills and estate settlement costs; 3) insufficient income; 4) certain noneconomic costs are incurred (intense grief, loss of parental role model, and counseling and guidance for the children) c. economic justification for the purchase of life insurance if the insured has earned income, and others are dependent on those earnings for part or all of their financial support 3. a. human life value the present value of the family’s share of the deceased breadwinner’s future earnings b. steps in determining the human life value of a family head 1) estimate the individual’s average annual earnings over his or her productive lifetime; 2) deduct federal and state income taxes, social security taxes, life and health insurance premiums, and the costs of self maintenance; 3) determine the number of years from the person’s present age to the contemplated age of retirement; 4) using a reasonable discount rate, determine the present value of the family’s share of earnings for the period 4. a. needs approach 1) cash needs funeral expenses, medical services, car loan and credit card debts, probating will and attorney fees; 2) income needs money to keep standard of living, retirement income; 3) special needs house mortgage, emergency fund, and an educational fund b. capital retention approach for determining the amount of life insurance to own 1) prepare a personal balance sheet; 2) determine the amount of income producing capital; 3) determine the amount of additional capital needed \n 5. a. basic characteristics of term insurance 1) the period of protection is temporary, unless renewed protection expires at the end of the period; 2) renewable; 3) convertible; 4) no cash value or savings element b. the major types of term insurance sold today 1) yearly renewable term; 2) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 year term; 3) term to age 65; 4) decreasing term; 5) reentry term; 6) return of premium term insurance c. the situations that justify the purchase of term insurance 1) if the amount of income that can be spent on life insurance is limited; 2) if the need for protection is temporary; 3) guarantee future insurability d. the major limitations of term insurance 1) term insurance premiums increase with age at an increasing rate and eventually reach prohibitive levels; 2) term insurance is inappropriate if you wish to save money for a specific need 6. a. the basic characteristics of ordinary life policies a level premium policy that provides cash values and lifetime protection until age 121; 1) premiums are level throughout the premium paying period; 2) the accumulation of cash surrender values, which is the amount paid to a policyholder who surrenders the policy b. why does an ordinary life insurance policy develop a legal reserve? – because state law regulates the method of investing and accumulating the fund; it is a liability item that must be offset by sufficient financial assets c. situations that justify the purchase of ordinary life insurance appropriate when lifetime protection is needed; can also be used to save money d. the major limitation of ordinary life insurance some people are still underinsured after the policy is purchased 7. basic characteristics of variable life insurance a fixed premium policy in which the death benefit and cash values vary according to the investment experience of a separate account maintained by the insurer; a permanent whole life contract with a fixed premium; the entire reserve is held in a separate account and is invested in common stocks or other investments; cash surrender values are not guaranteed, and there are no minimum guaranteed cash values 8. a. basic characteristics of universal life policies 1) unbundling of protection and saving component; 2) two forms of universal life insurance; 3) considerable flexibility; 4) cash withdrawals permitted; 5) favorable income tax treatment b. limitations of universal life insurance 1) misleading rates of return; 2) decline in interest rates; 3) right to increase the mortality charge; 4) lack of firm commitment to pay premiums application questions: 1. richard’s human life value 1) estimate richard’s average annual earnings over his productive lifetime $60,000; 2) deduct federal and state income taxes, ss taxes, and health insurance premiums, and the cost of self maintenance 1/3 of richard’s annual earnings $60,00020,000=$40,000; 3) determine the number of years from the person’s present age to the contemplated age of retirement 20 years; 4) using a reasonable discount rate, determine the present value of the family’s share of earnings for the period determined in step 3 $11.47 ($40,000 x $11.47= $458,800) chapter 12: life insurance contractual provisions key terms: \n absolute assignment all ownership rights in the policy are transferred to a new owner accelerated death benefits policy that allows part or all of the life insurance face amount to be paid to a chronically or terminally ill policyholder accidental death benefit rider (double indemnity) doubles the face amount of life insurance if death occurs as a result of an accident automatic premium loan provision an overdue premium is automatically borrowed from the cash value after the grace period expires, provided the policy has a loan value sufficient to pay the premium aviation exclusion policy excludes death due to aviation change of plan provision allows policyholders to exchange their present policies for different contracts class beneficiary a specific person is not named but is a member of a group designated as beneficiary, such as “children of the insured” collateral assignment the policy holder temporarily assigns a life insurance policy to a creditor as collateral for a loan; only certain rights are transferred to the creditor to protect its interest, and the policy holder retains the remaining rights contingent beneficiary entitled to the proceeds if the primary beneficiary dies before the insured cost of living rider allows the policy holder to purchase oneyear term insurance equal to the percentage change in the consumer price index with no evidence of insurability dividend accumulation option 1) cash; 2) reduction of premiums; 3) dividend accumulations; 4) paid up additions entire contract clause states that the life insurance policy and attached application constitute the entire contract between the parties extended term insurance option the net cash surrender value is used as a net single premium to extend the full face amount of the policy (less any indebtedness) into the future as term insurance for a certain number of years and days fixed amount (income of elected amount) option a fixed amount is periodically paid to the beneficiary fixed period (income for elected period) option the policy proceeds are paid to a beneficiary over some fixed period of time grace period the policyholder has a period of 31 days to pay an overdue premium guaranteed purchase option gives policyholders the right to purchase additional amounts of life insurance at specified time in the future without evidence of insurability incontestable clause the insurer cannot contest the policy after it has been in force two years during the insured’s lifetime interest option the policy proceeds are retained by the insurer, and interest is periodically paid to the beneficiary irrevocable beneficiary one that cannot be changed without the beneficiary’s consent life income options 1) life income installment payments are paid only while the beneficiary is alive and cease on the beneficiary’s death; 2) life income with guaranteed period if the primary beneficiary dies before receiving the guaranteed number of years of payments, the remaining payments are paid to a contingent beneficiary; 3) life income with guaranteed total amount if the beneficiary dies before receiving installment payments equal to the total amount of insurance placed under the option, the payments continue until the total amount paid equals the total amount of insurance; 4) joint and survivor income income payments are paid to two persons during their lifetimes, such as a husband and wife life settlement – a financial transaction by which a policy holder who no longer needs or wants to keep a life insurance policy sells the policy to a third party for more than its cash value \n misstatement of age or sex clause if the insured’s age or sex is misstated, the amount payable is the amount that the premiums paid would have purchased at the correct age and sex nonforfeiture laws require insurers to provide at least a minimum non forfeiture value to policyholders who surrender their policies nonforfeiture options 1) cash value; 2) reduced paid up insurance; 3) extended term insurance nonparticipating policy a policy that does not pay premiums ownership clause the policyholder possesses all contractual rights in the policy while the insured is living paid up additions option the dividend is used to purchase a small amount of paid up whole life insurance participating policy a policy that pays premiums policy loan provision allows the policyholder to borrow the cash value primary beneficiary the beneficiary who is first entitled to receive the policy proceeds on the insured’s death reduced paid up insurance option the cash surrender value is applied as a net single premium to purchase a reduced paid up policy reinstatement provision permits the owner to reinstate a lapsed policy 1) evidence of insurability is required; 2) all overdue premiums plus interest must be paid from their respective due dates; 3) any policy loan must be repaid or reinstate, with interest from the due date of the overdue premium; 4) the policy must not have been surrendered for its cash value; 5) the policy must be reinstated within a certain period, typically three or five years from the date of lapse revocable beneficiary the policyholder reserves the right to change the beneficiary designation without the beneficiary’s consent settlement options refer to the various ways that the policy proceeds can be paid specific beneficiary the beneficiary is specifically named and identified suicide clause if the insured commits suicide within two years after the policy is issued, the face amount of insurance will not be paid; there is only a refund of the premiums paid viatical settlement the sale of a life insurance policy by a terminally ill insured to another party, typically to investors or investor groups who hope to profit by the insureds early death waiver of premium provision – if the insured becomes totally disabled from bodily injury or disease before some stated age, all premiums coming due during the period of disability are waived war clause a policy that does not include death by war review questions: 1. life insurance contractual provisions: a. suicide clause if the insured commits suicide within two years after the policy is issued, the face amount of insurance will not be paid; there is only a refund of the premiums paid b. grace period the policyholder has a period of 31 days to pay an overdue premium c. reinstatement clause permits the owner to reinstate a lapsed policy 1) evidence of insurability is required; 2) all overdue premiums plus interest must be paid from their respective due dates; 3) any policy loan must be repaid or reinstate, with interest from the due date of the overdue premium; 4) the policy must not have been surrendered for its cash value; 5) the policy must be reinstated within a certain period, typically three or five years from the date of lapse 2. \n a. incontestable clause the insurer cannot contest the policy after it has been in force two years during the insured’s lifetime b. purpose of the incontestable clause protect the beneficiary if the insurer tries to deny payment of the claim years after the policy was first issued 3. a. requirements for reinstating a lapsed life insurance policy permits the owner to reinstate a lapsed policy 1) evidence of insurability is required; 2) all overdue premiums plus interest must be paid from their respective due dates; 3) any policy loan must be repaid or reinstate, with interest from the due date of the overdue premium; 4) the policy must not have been surrendered for its cash value; 5) the policy must be reinstated within a certain period, typically three or five years from the date of lapse b. advantages and disadvantages of reinstating a lapsed life insurance policy 1) the acquisition expenses incurred in issuing the policy must be paid again if a new policy is purchased; 2) the incontestable period and suicide period under the old policy may have expired; 3) a substantial cash outlay is required is the policy lapsed several years earlier 4. beneficiary designations: a. primary and contingent beneficiary 1) the beneficiary who is first entitled to receive the policy proceeds on the insured’s death; 2) entitled to the proceeds is the primary beneficiary dies before the insured b. revocable and irrevocable beneficiary 1) the policyholder reserves the right to change the beneficiary designation without the beneficiary’s consent; 2) one that cannot be changed without the beneficiary’s consent c. specific and class beneficiary 1) the beneficiary is specifically named and identified; 2) a specific person is not named but is a member of a group designated as beneficiary, such as “children of the insured” 5. a. absolute assignment all ownership rights in the policy are transferred to a new owner b. collateral assignment the policy holder temporarily assigns a life insurance policy to a creditor as collateral for a loan; only certain rights are transferred to the creditor to protect its interest, and the policy holder retains the remaining rights 6. cash value life insurance policy: a. why is interest charged on a policy loan the insurer assumes a certain interest rate when premiums, legal reserves dividends, and surrender values are calculated b. advantages and disadvantages of a policy loan 1) relatively low rate of interest that is paid; 2) no credit check on the policyholder’s ability to repay the loan; 3) policyholder is not legally required to repay the loan 7. participating policy: a. sources from which dividends can be paid 1) the difference between expected and actual mortality experience; 2) excess interest earnings on the assets required to maintain legal reserves; 3) the difference between expected and actual operating expenses b. various dividend options in a typical life insurance policy 1) cash; 2) reduction of premiums; 3) dividend accumulations; 4) paid up additions; 5) term insurance c. can an insurer guarantee the payment of a dividend no 8. nonforfeiture laws that require the payment of a cash surrender value when a cash value policy is surrendered: a. cash value option the policy can be surrendered for its cash values, at which time all benefits under the policy cease b. reduced paid up insurance the cash surrender value is applied as a net single premium to purchase a reduced paid up policy \n c. extended term insurance the net cash surrender value is used as a net single premium to extend the full face amount of the policy (less any indebtedness) into the future as term insurance for a certain number of years and days 9. settlement options: a. interest option the policy proceeds are retained by the insurer, and interest is periodically paid to the beneficiary b. fixed period option the policy proceeds are paid to a beneficiary over some fixed period of time c. fixed amount option a fixed amount is periodically paid to the beneficiary d. life income option 1) life income installment payments are paid only while the beneficiary is alive and cease on the beneficiary’s death; 2) life income with guaranteed period if the primary beneficiary dies before receiving the guaranteed number of years of payments, the remaining payments are paid to a contingent beneficiary; 3) life income with guaranteed total amount if the beneficiary dies before receiving installment payments equal to the total amount of insurance placed under the option, the payments continue until the total amount paid equals the total amount of insurance; 4) joint and survivor income income payments are paid to two persons during their lifetimes, such as a husband and wife 10. total disability that is found in a typical waiver of premium provision if the insured becomes totally disabled from bodily injury or disease before some stated age, a premiums coming due during the period of disability are waived application questions: 1. dividend options: a. reduced premiums b. paid up additions c. cash d. paid up additions e. paid up additions 2. contractual provisions and policy benefits: a. fixed amount option b. waiver of premium provision c. life income option d. accelerated death benefits e. guaranteed purchase option 3. incontestable clause the insurer cannot contest the policy after it has been in force two years during the insured’s lifetime 4. riders and options: a. waiver of premium provisions if the insured becomes totally disabled from bodily injury or disease before some stated age, all premiums coming due during the period of disability are waived b. guaranteed purchase option gives policyholders the right to purchase additional amounts of life insurance at specified time in the future without evidence of insurability c. double indemnity rider doubles the face amount of life insurance if death occurs as a result of an accident d. cost of living rider allows the policy holder to purchase oneyear term insurance equal to the percentage change in the consumer price index with no evidence of insurability e. accelerated benefits rider policy that allows part or all of the life insurance face amount to be paid to a chronically or terminally ill policyholder \n chapter 13: buying life insurance key terms: certified financial planner (cfp) professional chartered financial consultant (chfc) professional chartered life underwriter (clu) professional interest adjusted cost method the time value of money is taken into consideration by applying an interest factor to each element of cost linton yield the average annual rate of return on a cash value policy if it is held for a specified number of years net payment cost index measures the relative cost of a policy if death occurs at the end of some specified time period such as 10 or 20 years no load or low load life insurance surrender cost index measures the cost of life insurance if you surrender the policy at the end of some time period such as 10 or 20 years traditional net cost method the annual premiums are added together yearly rate of return method i= (cv+d)+(ypt)(dbcv)(.001)/(p+cvp) 1 review questions: 1. basic defect in the traditional net cost method of determining the cost of life insurance it does not consider the time value of money 2. a. interest adjusted cost method a more accurate measure of the cost of life insurance the time value of money is taken into consideration by applying an interest factor to each element of cost b. surrender cost index measures the cost of life insurance if you surrender the policy at the end of some time period such as 10 or 20 years c. net payment cost index measures the relative cost of a policy if death occurs at the end of some specified time period such as 10 or 20 years 3. why is the rate of return on the saving component in most cash value policies negative during the early years of the policy 4. linton yield the average annual rate of return on a cash value policy if it is held for a specified number of years 5. yearly rate of return i= (cv+d)+(ypt)(dbcv)(.001)/(p+cvp) 1 6. federal income tax treatment of a cash value policy with respect to: a. payment of premiums not deductible for income tax purposes b. annual dividends income tax free c. annual increase in the cash value income tax free d. payment of death proceeds to a stated beneficiary generally income tax free 7. federal estate tax treatment of life insurance death proceeds the entire proceeds are included in the gross estate of the insured for tax purposes 8. suggestions when buying life insurance 1) determine whether you need life insurance; 2) estimate the amount of life insurance you need; 3) decide on the best type of life insurance for you; 4) decide whether you \n want a policy that pays dividends; 5) shop around for a low cost policy; 6) consider the financial strength of the insurer; 7) deal with a competent agent 9. required information life insurers to disclose certain policy information to applicants for life insurance 1) how the policy functions; 2) underwriting class; 3) death benefit option; 4) payment of premiums; 5) any riders; 6) annual report on the policy with any changes application questions: 4. income tax return: a. a lump sum payment to a beneficiary is not taxable income b. cash value increase does not have to be reported as taxable income c. premiums paid for individual life insurance policies are not deductible for income tax purposes d. cash dividends do not have to be reported as taxable income chapter 14: annuities and individual retirement accounts key terms: accumulation period period it is accumulated accumulation unit premiums are used to purchase these annuitant the person who receives the periodic payments or whose life governs the duration of payments annuity a periodic payment that continues for a fixed period or for the duration of a designated life or lives annuity settlement options 1) cash option; 2) life annuity (no refund); 3) life annuity with guaranteed payments; 4) installment refund option; 5) joint and survivor annuity; 6) inflation indexed annuity option annuity unit at retirement, accumulation units are converted into annuity units cash refund option if the annuitant dies before receiving total payments equal to the purchase price of the annuity, the balance is paid in a lump sun to the beneficiary deferred annuity provides income payments at some future date equity indexed annuity a fixed, deferred annuity that allows the annuity owner to participate in the growth of the stock market and also provides downside protection against the loss of principal and prior interest earnings if the annuity is held to term exclusion ratio determined by dividing the investment in the contract by the expected returns fixed annuity pays periodic income payments that are guaranteed and fixed in amount flexible premium annuity allows the annuity owner to vary the premium payments immediate annuity the first payment is due one payment interval from the date of purchase individual retirement account (ira) allows workers with taxable compensation to make annual contributions to a retirement plan up to certain limits and receive favorable income tax treatment inflation indexed annuity option provides periodic payments that are adjusted for inflation installment refund option pays a life income to the annuitant ira rollover account a rollover is a tax free distribution of cash or other property from one retirement plan, which is then deposited into another retirement plan joint and survivor annuity option pays benefits based on the lives of two or more annuitants, such as a husband and wife or a brother and sister \n life annuity (no refund) provides a life income to the annuitant only while the annuitant is alive life annuity with guaranteed payments (life annuity with period certain) pays a life income to the annuitant with a certain number of guaranteed payments such as 5, 10, 15, or 20 years; if the annuitant dies before the guaranteed number of payments, the remaining payments are paid to a designated beneficiary liquidation period follows the accumulation period and refers to the period in which the funds are being paid to the annuitant longevity insurance a generic name for a single premium deferred annuity that begins paying benefits only at an advanced age, typically age 85 nondeductible ira taxpayers with incomes that exceed the phase out limits can contribute to a traditional ira but cannot deduct their contributions roth ira another type of ira that provides substantial tax advantages; the annual contributions to a roth ira are not tax deductible single premium deferred annuity a deferred annuity purchased with a lump sum spousal ira allows a spouse who is not in the paid labor force to make a fully deductible contribution to a traditional ira up to the annual dollar limit even though the other spouse is covered under a retirement plan at work traditional ira an ira that allows workers to take a tax deduction for part or all of their ira contributions variable annuity pays a lifetime income, but the income payments vary depending on common stock prices; the fundamental purpose of a variable annuity is to provide an inflation hedge my maintaining the real purchasing power of the periodic payments during retirement review questions: 1. life insurance is for protecting your loved ones after you die, while annuities are periodic payments to a specific person for a specific time 2. fixed annuity pays periodic income payments that are guaranteed and fixed in amount; accumulation period vs. liquidation period; immediate annuity vs. deferred annuity; single premium deferred annuity vs. flexible premium annuity; annuity settlement options 3. annuity settlement options 1) cash option; 2) life annuity (no refund); 3) life annuity with guaranteed payments; 4) installment refund option; 5) joint and survivor annuity; 6) inflation indexed annuity option 4. variable annuity pays a lifetime income but the income payments vary depending on common stock prices; guaranteed death benefits; fees and expenses 5. equity indexed annuity a fixed, deferred annuity that allows the annuity owner to participate in the growth of the stock market and also provides downside protection against the loss of principal and prior interest earnings if the annuity is held to term; participation rate; maximum cap rate or cap; indexing method; guaranteed minimum value 9. roth ira another type of ira that provides substantial tax advantages; the annual contributions to a roth ira are not tax deductible; the investment income accumulates income tax free, and qualified distributions are not taxable if certain requirements are met; 1) age 59 ½ or older; 2) disabled; 3) distribution is paid to a beneficiary or to the estate after the individual’s death; 4) distribution is used to pay qualified first time home buyer expenses application questions: \n 1. compare and contrast a (1) fixed annuity with a (2) variable annuity: a. determining how the premiums are invested (1) ; (2) the premiums are used to purchase accumulation units b. stability of income payments after retirement c. death benefits if the annuitant dies before retirement (2) if the annuitant dies during the accumulation period, the amount paid to the beneficiary will be the higher of two amounts: the account value of the annuity or the amount of total premiums paid adjusted for any withdrawals 3. he must report $6000 on his tax return 4. b. 5. (explain for roth iras only) a. income tax treatment of ira contributions and distributions investment income accumulates tax free b. income limits for eligibility single person $110,000; married couple $173,000 c. determining how the ira contributions are invested d. eligibility, if any, of a spouse who is not in the paid labor force to make an ira contribution ",
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80bcb3e5ee233144a858d8f2129b0579 | ?problem 22e
for which nonnegative integers n is n2 ? n!? prove your answer. | for which nonnegative integers n is n2 n! prove your | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: mgt701985 save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701985 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 5 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> <grade earned> <date graded> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. many years ago the saying was along the lines of; a man’s word is his bond. these days, it may be difficult to find anyone that actually lives by this philosophy. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. brooks (2010) article discusses a number of areas which involve ethics and information technology. his article will be reviewed and evaluated in the following areas: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment societal ethical changes caused by information technology brooks (2010) article discusses a number of ethical considerations when referring to technology and it’s uses. by taking a look at and and discussing these areas, we can not only identify potential areas of concern but strategize on how to best incorporate the use of it within an educational environment. to begin to understand this concept, we must first understand that society is changing at faster pace than ever due to the speed of information exchange. the \n 3 technology that is available at no more than the distance of a fingertip is remarkable compared to even ten years ago. in addition, the way that society learns and conducts business is effected by how technology is used and implemented. brooks (2010) discusses this point on how stealing, lying, and cheating in america’s youth is on the rise each year. the individuals that participated in a survey of these areas also reported a viewpoint that they held very high ethical and moral standards. the survey showed that the perception that individuals had of themselves did not reflect in their actions. this discrepancy in viewpoint is then transferred into the business world as adults. if these individuals feel they have high ethics and high moral values and are committing the simplest of ethical and moral crimes at a young age, they will bring these characteristics with them into the working world. if a young man has no problem with cheating on a test, what is to stop him from acquiring insider trading information as an adult. the ethical usage of information technology brooks (2010) discussed a poll that was conducted by the ponemon institute in 2007 that surveyed 16,000 practitioners. this survey showed that 62% of it employees accessed someone else’s computer without their knowledge, 50% had read confidential information that they shouldn’t have, 42% had blatantly violated company privacy or security policy. this also is based upon people that were willing to actually admit their wrongdoing. the next question that has to be asked is, why? do people just like to break the rules for no reason or is it that they just aren’t in agreement with the rules put in place? it comes back to, he who has the gold rules the kingdom. \n 4 hamiti, reka , and baloghová (2015) discuss how students interpret the use of social media and whether or not it has a place in higher education. when asked, some felt the use of social media is ethical and moral and some did not. this goes back to the discussion of ethics is a function of philosophy and an attempt to understanding the right or wrongness of something. yet again, it is but of someone’s opinion. the question goes to determining in which circumstances would social media in the electronic classroom be appropriate? would it be appropriate in a setting of connecting a classroom or inappropriate? would a professional account such as linkedin be more appropriate to connect students over a myspace account when resumes or choosing people to interview on a certain topic? the answer would likely be yes, but would it be questioned as much when determining if a snapchat or an instagram account would be more appropriate in a course on photography? so, does social media have its place in education? it certainly could. the ethical factor would certainly be focused on the type of information shared over the medium. the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues the biggest issue that lies within the development of a code of ethics starts off with who is given the responsibility of making the rules. in so many cases it starts with who has the most \n 5 gold. he who has the most gold rules the kingdom. how often have you hear the term, “do as i say, not as i do?” the first problem with ethics is that everyone’s interpretation of ethics and moral standards are different. by nature, people are different, and by placing a certain set of rules on a society that may or may not believe in the same set of values as the rule makers creates a significant discrepancy. dika and hamiti (2011) discuss the use of facebook by students and professors and the potential ethical violations involved. by sharing content that is personal and potentially inappropriate, it could violate so many standards. now, while facebook is against the ethical standard, what would be the unethical standard of sharing linkedin profiles? a student could potentially develop a network in the field they are focused upon. does networking not outweigh the ethical implication? whose decisions and whose rulebook is being followed in this instance? enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology there are so many issues with enforcing a code of ethics for information technology it is hard to choose where to start. first off, there would need to be a set code of ethics that incorporated tangible evidence of compliance or noncompliance. without proof of concept, the code would not be enforceable. an example of an unenforceable ethics code for information technology is discussed by niederman, taylor, dick, & land, (2011). they discuss the ethical concept of the appropriateness for a student to upload educational software to their work pc or can the only upload it to their own personal pc? if a work pc was the only option for an individual to complete homework, would this outweigh the ethical dilemma? if the boss authorized use of on a work pc, does that make it less of an ethical dilemma? there are so may variations of the \n 6 question that it could make your head spin. it all goes back to who has created the rules and what their standard was at the time of making the rules. now the individual has to determine if getting an education outweighs the dilemma of uploading software to a computer that they don’t personally own. to enforce this type of issue, one would have to find a way to detect the owner of the computer. it doesn’t seem as if it would be possible to be able to enforce a code of ethics on this issue. interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment establishing and implementing a code of ethics in an online academic setting is an extremely difficult thing to even attempt. it takes the kid from the actual physical classroom that shifts his eyes to the person next door’s paper to an entirely new level. an institution can not rely on the fact that people will “do the right thing” just because they should. in an online setting, a school can only do so much. the turnitin software is a great start and a very useful tool. it can be utilized as proof for the blatant cheaters that submit copied work or someone else’s paper entirely. while this is a step in the right direction, it would be extremely difficult to catch people that pay others to write a paper or have the work done for them. an instructor has no real way to tell if the person on the other end is who signed up for the course and there’s only one true way to implement policy. this would be to have weekly online facetoface testing sessions to ensure the student understood the information being taught. only in a discussion can an instructor tell if that person is doing the work and turning in their own material. cheating these days takes on an entirely new form with websites such as www.chegg.com and www.coursehero.com. one has to only input a homework question and out pops up the answer. schools are creating problems that are exactly the same as other schools \n 7 and students are posting their answers. students may attempt to be helpful for free while others are being paid for their assignments. the way that information technology is now structured, it allows for easy access to given questions. in addition, mayville (2011) discusses this exact issue and how easy it is to come across a paper on the internet and turn it in as their own. the lack of facetoface interaction is cited as one of the significant factors in why more people online cheat over those that take a course in the classroom. one way to combat this would be to have the instructors change their questions each semester to help deter individuals from the function of copy and paste. that’s when one has to wonder when institutions do not require this of their instructors. while instructors shouldn’t be held accountable for cheating students, they should also be aware of this fact and do what they can to circumvent this situation. conclusion in conclusion, the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. in this paper a discussion of brook’s (2010) article and the effect of ethics on information technology. this article discussed the following concepts: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment \n 8 references brooks, r. (2010). the development of a code of ethics: an online classroom approach to making connections between ethical foundations and the challenges presented by information technology. american journal of business education, 3(10), 1 13. retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/757070798? accountid =28180 chegg, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. course hero inc, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. dika, a., & hamiti, m. (2011). challenges of implementing the ethics through the use of information technologies in the university. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 15(3rd world conference on educational sciences 2011), 11101114. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.247 mayville, k. l. (2011). technology, cheating, ethics, and strategies for creating a culture of honesty. chart, 109(3), 610. niederman, f., taylor, s., dick, g. n., & land, l. w. (2011). teaching is ethics: applying a research technique for classroom use. journal of information systems education, 22(3), 239251 turnitin, 2015. web. 24 sept. 2015. hamiti, m., reka, b., & baloghová, a. (2014). ethical use of information technology in high education. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 116(5th world conference on educational sciences), 44114415. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.957 \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: mgt701985 save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701985 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 5 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> <grade earned> <date graded> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. many years ago the saying was along the lines of; a man’s word is his bond. these days, it may be difficult to find anyone that actually lives by this philosophy. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. brooks (2010) article discusses a number of areas which involve ethics and information technology. his article will be reviewed and evaluated in the following areas: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment societal ethical changes caused by information technology brooks (2010) article discusses a number of ethical considerations when referring to technology and it’s uses. by taking a look at and and discussing these areas, we can not only identify potential areas of concern but strategize on how to best incorporate the use of it within an educational environment. to begin to understand this concept, we must first understand that society is changing at faster pace than ever due to the speed of information exchange. the \n 3 technology that is available at no more than the distance of a fingertip is remarkable compared to even ten years ago. in addition, the way that society learns and conducts business is effected by how technology is used and implemented. brooks (2010) discusses this point on how stealing, lying, and cheating in america’s youth is on the rise each year. the individuals that participated in a survey of these areas also reported a viewpoint that they held very high ethical and moral standards. the survey showed that the perception that individuals had of themselves did not reflect in their actions. this discrepancy in viewpoint is then transferred into the business world as adults. if these individuals feel they have high ethics and high moral values and are committing the simplest of ethical and moral crimes at a young age, they will bring these characteristics with them into the working world. if a young man has no problem with cheating on a test, what is to stop him from acquiring insider trading information as an adult. the ethical usage of information technology brooks (2010) discussed a poll that was conducted by the ponemon institute in 2007 that surveyed 16,000 practitioners. this survey showed that 62% of it employees accessed someone else’s computer without their knowledge, 50% had read confidential information that they shouldn’t have, 42% had blatantly violated company privacy or security policy. this also is based upon people that were willing to actually admit their wrongdoing. the next question that has to be asked is, why? do people just like to break the rules for no reason or is it that they just aren’t in agreement with the rules put in place? it comes back to, he who has the gold rules the kingdom. \n 4 hamiti, reka , and baloghová (2015) discuss how students interpret the use of social media and whether or not it has a place in higher education. when asked, some felt the use of social media is ethical and moral and some did not. this goes back to the discussion of ethics is a function of philosophy and an attempt to understanding the right or wrongness of something. yet again, it is but of someone’s opinion. the question goes to determining in which circumstances would social media in the electronic classroom be appropriate? would it be appropriate in a setting of connecting a classroom or inappropriate? would a professional account such as linkedin be more appropriate to connect students over a myspace account when resumes or choosing people to interview on a certain topic? the answer would likely be yes, but would it be questioned as much when determining if a snapchat or an instagram account would be more appropriate in a course on photography? so, does social media have its place in education? it certainly could. the ethical factor would certainly be focused on the type of information shared over the medium. the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues the biggest issue that lies within the development of a code of ethics starts off with who is given the responsibility of making the rules. in so many cases it starts with who has the most \n 5 gold. he who has the most gold rules the kingdom. how often have you hear the term, “do as i say, not as i do?” the first problem with ethics is that everyone’s interpretation of ethics and moral standards are different. by nature, people are different, and by placing a certain set of rules on a society that may or may not believe in the same set of values as the rule makers creates a significant discrepancy. dika and hamiti (2011) discuss the use of facebook by students and professors and the potential ethical violations involved. by sharing content that is personal and potentially inappropriate, it could violate so many standards. now, while facebook is against the ethical standard, what would be the unethical standard of sharing linkedin profiles? a student could potentially develop a network in the field they are focused upon. does networking not outweigh the ethical implication? whose decisions and whose rulebook is being followed in this instance? enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology there are so many issues with enforcing a code of ethics for information technology it is hard to choose where to start. first off, there would need to be a set code of ethics that incorporated tangible evidence of compliance or noncompliance. without proof of concept, the code would not be enforceable. an example of an unenforceable ethics code for information technology is discussed by niederman, taylor, dick, & land, (2011). they discuss the ethical concept of the appropriateness for a student to upload educational software to their work pc or can the only upload it to their own personal pc? if a work pc was the only option for an individual to complete homework, would this outweigh the ethical dilemma? if the boss authorized use of on a work pc, does that make it less of an ethical dilemma? there are so may variations of the \n 6 question that it could make your head spin. it all goes back to who has created the rules and what their standard was at the time of making the rules. now the individual has to determine if getting an education outweighs the dilemma of uploading software to a computer that they don’t personally own. to enforce this type of issue, one would have to find a way to detect the owner of the computer. it doesn’t seem as if it would be possible to be able to enforce a code of ethics on this issue. interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment establishing and implementing a code of ethics in an online academic setting is an extremely difficult thing to even attempt. it takes the kid from the actual physical classroom that shifts his eyes to the person next door’s paper to an entirely new level. an institution can not rely on the fact that people will “do the right thing” just because they should. in an online setting, a school can only do so much. the turnitin software is a great start and a very useful tool. it can be utilized as proof for the blatant cheaters that submit copied work or someone else’s paper entirely. while this is a step in the right direction, it would be extremely difficult to catch people that pay others to write a paper or have the work done for them. an instructor has no real way to tell if the person on the other end is who signed up for the course and there’s only one true way to implement policy. this would be to have weekly online facetoface testing sessions to ensure the student understood the information being taught. only in a discussion can an instructor tell if that person is doing the work and turning in their own material. cheating these days takes on an entirely new form with websites such as www.chegg.com and www.coursehero.com. one has to only input a homework question and out pops up the answer. schools are creating problems that are exactly the same as other schools \n 7 and students are posting their answers. students may attempt to be helpful for free while others are being paid for their assignments. the way that information technology is now structured, it allows for easy access to given questions. in addition, mayville (2011) discusses this exact issue and how easy it is to come across a paper on the internet and turn it in as their own. the lack of facetoface interaction is cited as one of the significant factors in why more people online cheat over those that take a course in the classroom. one way to combat this would be to have the instructors change their questions each semester to help deter individuals from the function of copy and paste. that’s when one has to wonder when institutions do not require this of their instructors. while instructors shouldn’t be held accountable for cheating students, they should also be aware of this fact and do what they can to circumvent this situation. conclusion in conclusion, the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. in this paper a discussion of brook’s (2010) article and the effect of ethics on information technology. this article discussed the following concepts: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment \n 8 references brooks, r. (2010). the development of a code of ethics: an online classroom approach to making connections between ethical foundations and the challenges presented by information technology. american journal of business education, 3(10), 1 13. retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/757070798? accountid =28180 chegg, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. course hero inc, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. dika, a., & hamiti, m. (2011). challenges of implementing the ethics through the use of information technologies in the university. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 15(3rd world conference on educational sciences 2011), 11101114. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.247 mayville, k. l. (2011). technology, cheating, ethics, and strategies for creating a culture of honesty. chart, 109(3), 610. niederman, f., taylor, s., dick, g. n., & land, l. w. (2011). teaching is ethics: applying a research technique for classroom use. journal of information systems education, 22(3), 239251 turnitin, 2015. web. 24 sept. 2015. hamiti, m., reka, b., & baloghová, a. (2014). ethical use of information technology in high education. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 116(5th world conference on educational sciences), 44114415. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.957 ",
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de4524149260f465993834a88129ad6b | define the following terms: monomer, polymer, homopolymer, copolymer | solved: define the following terms: monomer, polymer, | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 notes: social psychology week april 3 april 10 a. social psychology: the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. 12.1 how does group membership affect people? humans have an overriding motivation to fit with the group. interpersonal attachments motive have evolved for adaptive purposes. a. social brain hypothesis (dunbar) large prefrontal cortexes because of the high dynamic and complex social groups. i. people favor their own groups a. formation ofingroup (belong groups) anutgroups o not belong groups) b security from predators and assistance in hunting and gathering food. c. better mating opportunities i. two conditions appear to be critical for group formation: a. reciprocity: “if you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours” i. reciprocity means that if person a helps (or harms) person b, then person b will help (or harm) person a. b. transitivity “people generally share their friend’s opinions of other people” b. outgroup homogeneity effect: the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. c. social identity the the idea that in groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. d. ingroup favoritism the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors. the power of group membership is so strong that people exhibit ingroup favoritism even if the groups are determarbitrary processes. a. minimal group paradigm: the basis of group membership occurred even when the participants were told that the basis of group membership was arbitrary. \n b. women show a much greater automatic ingroup bias toward other women than men do toward other women. e. various brain regions (including the fusiform face area, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the amygdala) are differentially active when we consider ingroup versus outgroup members. f. the medial prefrontal cortex is less active when people are members of outgroups. ii. groups influence individual behavior a. social facilitation: the presence of others enhances performance. occurs in other animals i. zajonc’s model: animals are predisposed to become aroused by the presence of others of their own species. arousal leads animals to emit a dominant response. this model predicts that social facilitation can either enhance or impair performance. the change depends on whether the response that is required in a situation is the individual’s dominant response. i.e. crowds do not distract professional players while they will distract amatuer players due to pressure. b. deindividuation: reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group i. stanford prison study: this experiment demonstrate what people are willing to do when put in a situation with defined social roles. c. group decision making: riskyshift effect :groups often make riskier decision than individuals do. i.group polarization : the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. ii.groupthink: the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased d. social loafing: the tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone. occurs when people’s efforts are pooled so that individuals do not feel personally responsible for the group’s output. iii. people conform to others a. conformity: altering one’s beliefs/behaviors to match those of other people \n b. influence: i. normative influence occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in with the group and to avoid looking foolish ii.nformational influence occurs when people assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. autokinetic effect: power of conformity in social judgement. c. social norms: expected standards of conduct influence behavior d. the asch and sherif studies. i. groups enforce conformity, and those who fail to go along can be rejected. ii people tend to conform to social norms, even when those norms are obviously wrong. iii.) when do people reject social norms? group size too small lack of unanimity (any dissent from majority opinion can diminish the influence of social norms. anxiety of social exclusion (actually appeared as a signal in the amygdala iv. people are often compliant a. compliance: the tendency to do things requested by others: i. footinthedoor effect: once people commit to a course of action, they behave in ways consistent with that commitment. ii. door in the face people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request. iii. lowballing strategy once a person has committed to an option, then deciding to do so by spending a bit more money does not seem like such a big decision. v. people are obedient to authority \n a. milgram’s famous study demonstrated the tendency to follow the directions of authority. (experimentee was a teacher administering shocks to conduct a test) some situations produced less obedience i. nearly twothirds completely obeyed all the experimenter’s directives. 12.2 when do people harm or help others? vi. many factors can influence aggression a. aggression: any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. another factor that influences aggression is heat. b. biological factors: i. genetic research has identified the role of the maoa gene in aggression: a. maoa is not a “violence gene.” b. associated with amygdala and neurotransmitters(serotonin) c. maoa gene controls the amount of mao, an enzyme that regulates the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine. ii. the hormone testosterone also appears to have a modest correlation with aggression. however a particular form of the gene appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors. iii ) the prefrontal cortex is important for controlling emotional and behavioral reactions. c. social and cultural factors. i. culture of honor: men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. vii. many factors can influence helping behavior a. prosocial: actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping by providing benefits to others, prosocial behaviors promote positive interpersonal relationships. b. altruistic behavior: providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so: natural selection occurs at the genetic level rather than at the individual level. \n inclusive fitness (hamilton’s): the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival. people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes, also known as kin selection. i. kin selection ii. reciprocal helping: robert rivers: one animal helps another because the other may return the favor in the future. viii. some situations lead to bystander apathy a. bystander intervention effect: failure to offer help to someone in need if other bystanders are around. i. diffusion of responsibility : bystanders expect other bystanders to help. thus the greater the number of people who witness someone in need of help, the less likely it is that any of them will step forward. ii. social blunders: people feel less constrained from seeking help as the need for help becomes clearer. iii. wish to be anonymous people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so. iv. how much harm do they risk to themselves by helping? v. kitty genovese 38 witnesses and still none of them could do anything to stop the murder. ix. cooperation can reduce outgroup bias a. sherif's robbers cave experiment: among strangers, competition and isolation created enemies among enemies, cooperation created friends. b. shared superordinate goals — goals that require people to cooperate — reduce hostility between groups. c. jigsaw classroom i. children in jigsaw classrooms grow to like each other more and develop higher selfesteem than do children in traditional classrooms. dependent on one another to achieve a task as a group. each person is specialized in one thing. \n 12.3 how do attitudes guide behavior? a. attitudes are evaluations of: i. objects. ii. events. iii. ideas. and are shaped by social context and play an important role in how we evaluate and interact with people. x. people form attitudes through experience and socialization a. negative attitudes develop more rapidly than positive attitudes. in general, bad is always a stronger motivating force than good. b. mere exposure effe ct greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes. ex: when people are presented with normal photographs of themselves and the same images reversed, they tend to prefer the reversed version because the reversed versions correspond to what people see when they look in the mirror. xi. behaviors are consistent with strong attitudes in general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior. the strong and personally relevant nature of the attitude will lead the person to act the same across situations related to that attitude. the more specific the attitude, the more predictive it is. attitude accessibility: the ease or difficulty that a person has in retrieving an attitude from memory. a. ease of attitude accessibility predicts behavior resistant to change. xii. attitudes can be explicit or implicit a. explicit attitudes: because we know we hold them, we can report them to other people. b. implicit attitudes: at an unconscious level, they influence feelings and behavior. these influence feelings and behaviors because people can access these implicit attitudes from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. \n in a way, implicit attitudes function like implicit memories. xiii. discrepancies lead to dissonance a. cognitive dissonance: dissonance is a lack of agreement, occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. i. an uncomfortable mental state ii. due to contradiction between two attitudes or between behavior and attitude iii. insufficient justificatioone way to get people to change their attitudes is to change their behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible. iv. postdecisional dissonance: dissonance can arise when a person holds positive attitudes about different options but has to choose one of the options. for example, a person might have trouble deciding which of many excellent colleges to attend. post decisional dissonance then motivates to focus on one school’s the chosen school’s positive aspects and the other school’s negative aspects. v. justifying effort:when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance. after all, they would typically not choose to be in pain, embarrassed, or uncomfortable. people dissolve dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it. “they have sacrificed so much to join a group, people believe the group must be extraordinarily important. xiv. attitudes can be changed through persuasion a. persuasion is active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of message. persuasion is most likely to occur when people pay attention to a message, understand it, and find it convincing. most importantly, the message must be memorable. strong arguments that appeal to emotions are the most persuasive. advertisers also use the mere exposure effect, repeating the message over and over in the hope that multiple exposures will lead to increased persuasiveness. b. according to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasive communication changes attitudes through a: i. central routewhen people are motivated to process information and are able to take that information. people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. leads to strong attitudes that last over time. \n ii. peripheral route: minimal attention to information leads to impulsivity. when people are either not motivated to process information or are unable to process it. this route leads to moreimpulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because of endorsement \n 12.4 how do people think about others? xv. physical appearance affects first impressions first thing to notice is typically the face of a person during an initial interaction a. nonverbal behavior, otherwise referred to asbody language , ithe facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others: thin slices of behaviorpeople can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. thin slices of behavior are powerful cues for impression formation. i. accurate judgments can be based on brief observations. ii. facial expressions and body movements influence impressions. xvi. people make attributions about others a. attributions: people’s explanations for why events or actions occur they are explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behaviors. people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for both order and predictability. b. personal attributions: xplanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts these explanations refer to things within people, such as abilities, mood, or efforts. for example, you might assume that a firefighter saved the kitten because he is brave. c. situational attributions explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions fritz heider and harold kelley has described people as intuitive scientists who try to draw inferences about others and make attributions about events. but unlike objective scientists, people tend to be systematically biased when they process social information. when explaining other people’s behavior, people tend to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the expectancy that people’s actions correspond with their belief and personalities. these explanations refer to outside events, such as luck, accident or the actions of other people. d. in explaining behavior, undamental attribution error is the tendency to: i. overemphasize personality. \n ii. underestimate situation. e. actor/observer discrepancy: i. in interpreting our own behavior, we focus on situation. ii. in interpreting others’ behavior, we focus on personality. example: people tend to attribute their own lateness to external factors such as traffic. while they tend to attribute other’s lateness to personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of organization. xvii. stereotypes are based on automatic categorization a. stereotypes: mental shortcuts for rapid processing of social information b. as a result of directed attention and memory biases, people may see illusory correlations. stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence. *moreover when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. this latter process is known as subtyping. xviii. stereotypes can lead to prejudice a. prejudice : negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype b. discrimination: inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice c. ingroup/outgroup bias is the tendency to: i. positively evaluate groups we belong to. ii. negatively evaluate groups different from ours d. modern racism: subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs . modern racists tend to believe that discrimination is no longer a serious problems and that minority groups are demanding too much societal change as in too many changes to traditional values. ex: people may condemn racist attitudes toward latinos but be unwilling to help a latino in need. \n xix. prejudice can be reduced a. inhibiting stereotypes. i. in everyday life, inhibiting stereotyped thinking is difficult and requires selfcontrol. b. perspective taking and perspective giving: i . perspective taking involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people. such contemplation can reduce racial bias and help to smooth potentially awkward interracial interactions. taking another group’s perspective appears to reduce negative or positive stereotypes. ii. perspective giving, in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination. \n 12.5 what determines the quality of relationships? a. relationships are connections with friends and with romantic partners. xx. situational and personal factors influence interpersonal attraction and friendships a. relationships are promoted by: i. proximity and familiarity. a. the more people come into contact, the more likely they are to become friends. the more often people come into contact with each other because they are physically nearby, they more likely they are to become friends. ii similarity or “birds of a feather” matching principle and personal characteristics a. people tend especially to like those who have admirable personality characteristics and who are physically attractive. iv. physical attractiveness. a. how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures. b. “what is beautiful is good” stereotype; the belief that attractive people are superior in most ways some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures. nevertheless, how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures xxi. love is an important component of romantic relationships a. passionate love: intense longing and sexual desire i. generally happens early in relationships b. companionate love: strong commitment to caring for and supporting partner i. evolves in relationships \n c. love in relationships may be related to early attachment styles from childhood days. (how their parents treated them and their attachment behavior) people whose parents treated them inconsistently—sometimes warm and sometimes not—have ambivalent attachments. these people are best described as clingy. they worry that people do not really love them and are bound to leave them. about 11 percent of adults report having this attachment style. xxii. staying in love can require work if people do not develop companionate forms of satisfaction in their romantic relationships—such as friendship, social support, and intimacy—the loss of passion leads to dissatisfaction and often to the eventual dissolution of the relationship a. dealing with conflict: i. being overly critical ii. holding the partner in contempt (i.e., having disdain, lacking respect) iii. being defensive iv. mentally withdrawing from the relationship, arguing by only seeing things from one side of the relationship. b. happy couples also differ from unhappy couples in attributional style. attribution style: how one partner explains the other’s behavior. i. they overlook bad behavior or respond constructively, a process called accommodation. also, optimistic people typically have a happier relationship than those who are not. c. can psychology rekindle a romance? the following will help: i. show interest in your partner. ii. be affectionate. iii. show you care. iv. spend quality time together. v. maintain loyalty and fidelity. vi. learn how to handle conflict. 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01c4df24b38430491bdd9c0aa19913e2 | 3538. derivative rules prove the following identities. use theorem 14.11 (product rule) whenever possible. \_ 1ln \_ r \_2 = r \_ r \_2 | solved: 3538. derivative rules prove the following | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "geo 101 – the dynamic earth exam 4 study guide this is not all inclusive – especially if you don’t fill it out fully. what are the types of fossilization that we covered and how do they work? o frozen or dried o amber or tar sticky sap on a tree, tar is when oil has seeped to the surface looking like a drinking hole o preserved or replaced o permineralization o carbonization o molds and casts (replica or original) o trace fossils o extraordinary fossils (dna) what are evolution and natural selection? o evolution both fact and theory change in a population over a succession of generations, due to the transfer of inheritable characteristics o natural selection is theory that explains fact organisms are different same differences are advantages more advantages = more offspring population of organisms are always changing to adapt to their environment what are some the many pieces of evidence that help us understand how organisms evolve? o anatomy skeletons, teeth, anything left behind fossils modern o vestigial organ organ that no longer functions in the same way that it did o embryology way bone develops o genetics pnas phylogenic relationships among the major cetartiodactly subgroups o biogeography o homology the sameness how anatomy looks the same in different creatures what causes extinction? o climate change o tectonic activity causes sea level to rise \n habitat changes o asteroid or comet impact o new predators you must know the definitions of the relative dating techniques we covered in class and be able to use them like we did during the class activity. o original horizontality how sediment is deposited fairly horizontal o superposition applies to sedimentary only undeformed older on bottom can get tricky o lateral continuity sediments are deposited in continuous layers can be distributed later o cross cutting relationships formations in relation to each other baked contact inclusions what do unconformities tell us? o abrupt transitions in a stratigraphic column missing time non deposition erosion how do geologists use fossils for dating? o principle of fossil succession fossils are found in limited strata found in a definable order (amphibians, mammals, etc.) don’t reappear o how we use fossil index fossils trilobites well dated widespread short lived how was the geologic column created? o represents entire earths history o graphic representation of the layers of rock that make up the earths crust o divided into segments each of which represents a specific time interval how does a radioactive isotope give us a numerical age? o decay and half life \n unstable atoms eject particles predictably become more stable atom (14c – 14 n) parent isotope daughter isotope o half life time it takes for half of the population to decay cannot predict when single atom will decay what characteristics does an object need in order to be dated with radioisotopes? o carbon dating what can be dated with radioactive methods? what other methods can you use to determine a numerical age? o igeneous rocks o metamorphic sometimes, depends on temperature and mineral type what did we date to determine the age of the earth? o 4.5 billion years old know the major events in each eon or era that we covered in class: names of supercontinents, big geological events, types of life that first appeared. (use the handouts – they will make studying so much easier!!) hadean eon 4.55 ga formation of earth 4.5 ga differentiation o dense materials sink 4.5 ga formation of moon before 4.4 ga o molten tock surface o non oxygen atmosphere o no water after 4.4 ga (australian zircon) o maybe solid rock o non oxygen atmosphere o some water 4 ga meteor o destroyed existing surface o surface reformed small volcanic islands end of hadean eon o no life o very little land \n o acidic ocean not made out of water archean paleogeography o 80% of continental area seas and atmosphere o liquid water to create seas o not much oxygen in atmosphere first life o earliest fossil 3.5 ga single cell carbon isotopes stromatolites algae mats photosynthesis (creates oxygen) 2.95 ga helped increase oxygen proterozoic eon start paleography 90% of continental crust that we have today this is growing throughout the entire eon supercontinents large land masses nearly all continents constant splitting and reassembling profound affect on climate rodinia – first supercontinent pannotia reverse of rodinia atmosphere amount of oxygen increases so much algae is causing the leap of oxygen how do we know this o bif bandit iron formation cannot form unless a certain amount of oxygen is in the air o this changes chemistry of ocean \n life eukaryotic evidence = 2.7 ga first fossils from 2.1 ga symbiotic relationship life plants ocean – algae land algae o fungi fossil 650 to 544 ma o molecular clock= 1.3 ga ediacaran fauna – soft bodied – very unlikely we have the fossils for them 565 ma (million years) worms, jellyfish no shells underwater soft bodied fossils snowball earth – glaciers everywhere glaciers on land possible frozen ocean mass extinction ends eon end of the proterozoic o paleozoic era early o break up of pannotia o epic continental seas o taconic orogeny o new england o ends in glaciation life o cambrian explosion massive diversification of life plants o ocean algae seaweed o land simple fungi algae \n liverwort animal o diverse shelled animals o triobites o sponges o corals o echinoderms o first vertebrate jawless fish middle paleogeography o climate warmed and sea level rose reefs o progenies plants o vascular plants woody tissue, seeds, veins could grow larger o large swampy forests (mosses and ferns) animals o diverse shelled animals o fish: jawed, lobe fin, ray fin o spiders and insects o 1 amphibians tiktaalik o cross between fish and tetrapod o fish fins scales gills o tetrapod anything that has these four appendages flat head ribs neck fins support weight late paleogeography o global cooling sea level drop o pangaea forms o alleghanian orogeny appalachians ancestral rockies plants o gymnosperms conifer cycads (palm like) ginkgo \n animals o amphibians diversify st o 1 reptiles eggs with shells end giant extinction event at 248 million o 96% of marine species o 70% of terrestrial species o largest in history mesozoic early paleography break up of pangaea north atlantic ocean inland seas plants gymnosperms diversify animals 1 swimming and flying reptiles 1 turtles coral dinosaurs! warmblooded huge sauropods feathered birds last dinosaurs mammals very small not like modern late \n paleography pangaea broken o india warming and sea level rise o inland seas laramide orogeny plants 1 flowering plants flowering plants and hardwoods take over animals modern fish dinosaurs diversify mammals diversify end of mesozoic kt boundary extinction event o meteor o dinosaurs (except birds) o 75% plant life cenozoic paleogeography himalaya formation atlantic and pacific separated climate cooler climate o grasslands ice age: o creates land bridge plants flowering plants and gymnosperms diversify st 1 grasses \n animals mammals diversify and flourished o giant mammals at first what is the extremely general history of human evolution? (what did the graph on the slide look like?) how do the various fossil fuels form? o sun solar energy plant matter fossil fuel wind o gravity tides falling water o chemical reactions o nuclear fission o geothermal – happens in the center of the earth o oil and natural gas hydrocarbon compounds remains of marine algae and plankton in what geological formations do different fossil fuels get trapped? o anticline o fault o salt dome o stratigraphic what methods do we use to extract fossil fuels? o tar sands viscious oil in sand cannot pump mined then heated heated then pumped very expensive o oil shale has not reached oil window mined then heated very expensive \n o fracking hydraulic fracturing extracting natural gas increases well production drawbacks groundwater contamination land use issues o extracting oil and natural gas drilling puncture the seal rock pumping brings oil to the surface o refining oil crude oil is distilled process depends on grade sulfur content specific gravity are we running out of oil? what are the various answers to this question? o other sources exist liquidfied coal oil shade tar sands methane hydrate o not economically viable at current prices and technology o will we run out geologists soon economists will stop using it first what are the drawbacks of fossil fuel use? o air pollutions particles and gases acid rain o carbon dioxide greenhouse gas o byproducts mine runoff o spills groundwater ocean o fatalities in mines a lot \n what are the types of alternative energy we covered? what are their advantages and drawbacks? o nuclear power energy release when nucleus is split (fission) drawback controlling nuclear reactions o lot of work and planning o potential meltdown nuclear waste damaging to living organisms long time decay (decades centuries) o wind must have steady breeze clean drawback noisy ugly hazard to wildlife o solar sunlight converted to electricity clean drawbacks not efficient not cost effective o hydroelectric two kinds river o no pollutants o drawbacks damns tidal o no pollutants o drawbacks construction o geothermal use the earths eternal heat where it come near the surface used in two ways water steam to turn turbines drawbacks conditions limited extra office hours for exam prep: monday, april 11 from 12:002:00pm (if these don’t work, email for an appointment)",
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09f8ce2ed49da03e392a6600c3473fb9 | in exercises 3762, solve the equation. 21 = -2t + 9 | in exercises 3762, solve the equation. 21 = -2t + 9 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " mycenae 3/22/16: mycenaean culture continued reconstruction of mycenae ● cyclopean masonry : massive rough stones that have been levered/stacked into place without mortar; named because the monuments were so large, it was as if they could only have been built by mythical cyclops/giants ○ implied huge wealth and power; was used to fortify cities and intimidate enemies ● lion gate: ca 1250 bce; famous example of cyclopean masonry, features a relieving triangle with what appears to be two lions ● lion gate hattusa : hittite capital in anatolia ca. 13501200 bce; just like in mycenae, lions are used as a sort of gateway guardian \n ● tholos tombs: aka beehive tombs. first became popular in 1600 bce, but didn’t become the dominant over shaft graves until 1250. built from smoothed stones primarily around mycenae. made up of dromos (long approach), stomion (large tomb entrance), thalamos (burial chamber), and the beehive/conical roof (corbelled vault) ● treasury of atreus: amous tholos tomb built circa 13001250 bce; excavated by schliemann. empty space indicative of a relieving triangle that has since been lost ○ named for the mythological king atreus; possibly referred to as a treasury because there was once a large amount of grave goods that have since been lost ○ the cursed house of atreus:greek mythological background ● tantalus sacrificed his son pelops to the gods; they were offended and cursed him, at the same time they resurrected pelops. pelops betrayed and murdered his friend myrtilos, resulting in another curse on the family. atreus and his brother thyestes fight for years, resulting in a false reconciliation dinner at which atreus serves thyestes his two sons for dinner; the house is then cursed for a third time. atreus has two sons, menelaus (married to helen of troy) and agamemnon (who sacrifices his daughter iphigenia for good winds before going to war; is later \n murdered by his wife clytemnestra). basically, the whole family is a mythological mess mycenaean pottery: ● kraters: tall vases used to store and transport water/wine ● pictorial style 14001150: red or brown on buff; chariot scenes, nature scenes, departure scenes. early attempts at perspective ○ warrior vase: krater ca 1200 bce from mycenae, 40.6 cm height, depicts war scene ○ chariot krater:ca. 13001250 bce, found at an art market, 41.6 cm height, departure scene that is an early example of perspective with schematic figures end of the mycenaean period ● ca. 12001000 bce: massive destruction across the mediterranean and the near east ● on greek mainland: pylos is violently destroyed; athens is sacked and parts near the acropolis are destroyed; an earthquake hits mycenae and tiryns, though the area continue to be occupied into the 11th century potential causes of mycenae destruction: ● civil wa “seven against thebes” myth ● invasion: dorian invasion ? possible entry of new greeks speaking doric dialect may have taken advantage of existing instability and taken over ● natural disaster/climate changeleads to inability to grow crops \n ● attack by sea peoples: multiple dispossessed groups travel by water and survive by raiding cities descent into the dark ages ● 15001100 bce: significant loss of technology, decentralization of power and community ● late helladic iii (12001050 bce) ○ post palatial period; regionally diverse ceramic assemblages ○ unsettled conditions die to decentralization; many people move away from the larger cities and back to the small villages they came from ● octopus style pottery (12th11th century bce) ○ derived from the minoan marine ware style ○ “stirrup” jars, characterized by the stirruplike handles; large size, used to store/transport wines and water \n the neoassyrian empire 3/24/16 assyria is located in the northernmost region of mesopotamia neoassyrian period: 911612 bce neo babylonian period: 612539 bce achaemenid persian empire: 559331 bce the middle assyrian decline ● late 13th century bce: fullest extent of the empire. assyrians consumed parts of mitanni, hittite anatolia, and babylonia ● reasserts power under tiglath pileser i circa 11141076; declines end of 2nd millennium bce as aramean empire struggles against assyria notable rulers ● ashuranipal ii (883859 bce) ● sargon ii (721705) ● sennacherib (704681) ● esarhaddon (680669) ● ashurbanipal (668627) notable sites: nineveh (aka kuyunjik), assur, nimrud (aka kalhu), khorsabad (dur sharrukin) resources : sun, clay, mud, rain (as opposed to marshes in the south), salt, timber, stone (alabaster, limestone and gypsum) qualities of neoassyrian art ● strong continuity with middle assyrian period ● greater power=greater influence : subject nations sent craftsmen and objects to assyrian capitals as tribute; foreign craftsmen imitate assyrian style but add in some of their local style ● themes: power, mastery, and ritual/religion ○ power: images of warfare, siege, brutality ○ mastery: lions/beasts are shown being conquered ○ ritual/religion: king holds back chaos by appeasing gods \n assurnasirpal ii (883859 bce) ● assyrian ruler that consolidated terrestrial gains of his father/grandfather ● launched military campaigns basically everywhere, but especially in the west, in syria and levant; built many fortresses along borders ○ focus was more so on having influence (indirect control) rather than conquest (true rulership) ● moved capital to nimrud (aka kalhu): administrative center, palace site ○ northwest palace: completed construction ca. 860 bce. built atop a mud brick terrace 120 courses hugh and 28,000 square meters. large open courtyard for public affairs, separate throne room for meetings, inner palace complex organized around small courtyards ○ ideological statement: size/scale represents physical might and strength, materials show territorial reach and influence, and the art impresses and intimidates enemies ● lamassu : stone gateway guardians built/sculpted to resemble hybrids of humans, lions, bulls, and birds. identical within a single building, and at least partially carved in the quarry prior to being erected ○ lamassus of assurnasirpal ii: ca 883859 bce built at the northwest palace at nimrud, carved from one piece of stone, about 3.3 m tall ",
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5732fbaae3081c50016f1ec9b703a64b | consider the three flasks in the diagram below. assuming the connecting tubes have negligible volume, what is the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure after all the stopcocks are opened? 1.00 l 200. torr 1.00 l 0.400 atm 2.00 l 24.0 kpa | consider the three flasks in the diagram below. assuming | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " lecture 2/23/16 more on plants and the eukaryotic explosion continued sun dew plants o darwin studied them and their reactions to milk, urine, stone, paper and meat when he placed them on their leaves o the leaves reacted to milk, urine and meat but did not react to the stone and paper o it did not react to the stone and paper because they have no nutrients for the plant o he found that the plant would absorb anything with nitrogen through its leaves o they live in bogs and turned carnivorous because they can’t get nitrogen from the soil, so they have to find another place to get it venus fly trap o darwin studied this plant and found that there are three hairs on the plant o he touched the first hair and nothing happened, but when he touched the second hair it always closed the trap o the second hair is triggered because the plant knows that there is definitely food nearby o the gate is not tightly closed because it keeps big bug in and lets little bugs out so it doesn’t waste its energy breaking down a small bug classify carnivorous plants based on their source of carbon o autotrophs vertebrates make up about 5% of the animal population and the rest are invertebrates what is an animal? o multicellular; collection of cells that have a common goal o heterotrophs o get nutrients from ingestion o animal cells lack the cell walls that provide strong support in the bodies of plants and fungi o most animals have muscle cells nerve cells that control the muscles o most animals are are diploid reproduce sexually and proceed through a series of typically similar developmental stages early animals and the cambrian explosion o animal diversification appears to have accelerated rapidly from 525535 million years ago, during the cambrian period o because so many animal body plans \n o the cambrian explosion may have been ignited by increasingly complex predatorprey relationships and//or an increase in atmospheric oxygen the genetic framework for complex organisms, was already in place animal phylogeny o biologists categorize animals by “body plan” general features of body structure and genetic data o one major branch point distinguishes sponges from all other animals because, unlike more complex animals, sponges lack true tissue eukaryotic diversity: animals o three main lineages o see three distinct body plans no definite shape, asymmetrical radial symmetry bilateral symmetry animal phylogeny o a second major evolutionary split is based on body symmetry radial symmetry refers to animals that are identical bilateral symmetry exists where there is only one way to split the animal into equal halves major invertebrates phyla o invertebrates are animals without backbones and represent 95% of the animal kingdom eukaryotic diversity: animals o asymmetrical simplest living animals lack defined tissues or organs (such as sponges) sponges o sponges represent multiple phyla o sponges are stationary animals lack true tissue, and probably evolved very early from colonial protists o the body of a sponge resembles a sac perforated with holes o choanocyte cells draw water through the walls of the sponge where food is collected today’s objectives o explain why carnivore plants evolved o explain two features the venus fly trap uses to save energy \n o understand and be able to explain the variation amongst the 4 main phylotypes of plants we discussed o explain classification schemes we use for animals and how we would classify them based on source of carbon o explain some common features and shared developmental stages in animals o explain some defining characteristics of sponges \n february 25, 2016 invasion of the eukaryotes eukaryotic diversity: animals o radial symmetry body plan that is circular no clear left or right sides cnidarians o characterized by the presence of body tissues radial symmetry, and tentacles with stinging cells the basic body plan is a sac with a gastrovascular cavity, a central digestive compartment with one opening two main body compartments the stationary polyp the floating medusa bilateral symmetry o clear right and left halves o mirror images of each other o adaptations for seeking food, stalking prey, and avoiding predators mollusks o soft bodied invertebrate o generally, with a hard shell o slugs, snails, and clams flatworms o simplest bilateral animals o flatworms include forms that are parasites or free living in marine, freshwater, or damp habitats o the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms is highly branched increases the surface area of oxygen flow in their body provides an extensive surface area for absorption of nutrients annelids o three main groups earthworms, which eat their way through soil polychaetes, marine worms with segmental appendages for movement and gas exchange leeches, typically freeliving carnivores but with some bloodsucking forms \n leeches o promote blood flow and relieve clots in wounded tissue with poor blood flow. anticlotting compounds in saliva keep blood flowing. o some use to remove toxins from the blood roundworms o cylindrical in shape, tapered at both ends o the most numerous and widespread of all animals o important decomposers and o dangerous parasites in plants, humans, and other animals arthropods o most abundant invertebrates o segmented body, jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton protects organism from predators, keeps it from drying out, structure and support for movement made of chitin insects o there are over 1 million arthropods species identified, mostly insects o very diverse and successful group, occurring in nearly all habitats in the biosphere o four main groups arachnids crustaceans millipedes and centipedes insects arachnids o catch prey in webs made of silk (strongest natural fibers) o inject prey with proteolytic enzymes that digest tissues o drink digested parts from inside out o includes dust mites scorpions ticks crustaceans o nearly all aquatic o have multiple pairs of specialized appendages o examples include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, pill bug millipedes and centipedes o similar segments over most the body o millipedes eat decaying plant matter have two pairs of short legs per body segments o centipedes \n are terrestrial carnivores with poison claws and have one pair of short legs per body segments math and muscle and nature o evolution of muscle performance determines animal behavior and ecology amplification of force production the mantis shrimp o eyes can detect 5,000 wavelengths of light o punch generates 350lbs force from cavitation bubble o force actually generates heat and light insect anatomy o threepart body plan head thorax abdomen o the insect head usually bears a pair of sensory antennae and a pair of eyes o he mouthparts are adapted for particular kinds of eating o flight is one key to the great success of insects insect diversity o outnumber all other forms of life combined o insects live in almost every terrestrial habitat fresh water and the air o many insects undergo metamorphosis in their development o young insects may appear to be smaller forms of the adult or change from a larval form to something much different as an adult echinoderms o lack body segments o typically show radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as larvae, o have an endoskeleton, usually carbonate based o have a water vascular system that facilitates movement and gas exchange o ex. sea star, sand dollars, sea cucumber and sea urchin echinoderms (star fish) o in some, every limb contains vital organs needed to reproduce itself o no brain o eyespots on arms help sense environment around them o eats by inverting stomach outside the body cavity and digesting prey eukaryotic diversity: animals \n o invertebrates lack of backbone 95% of animals mollusks annelids nematodes arthropods echinoderms o vertebrate bony or cartilaginous back bone (chordates) vertebrate evolution and diversity o have a unique endoskeleton composed of a cranium a backbone made of a series of bones called vertebrae. (or just a possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord) the current consensus is that chordates are monophyletic 1 common ancestor fishes o the first vertebrates were aquatic and probably evolved during the early cambrian period, about 542 million years ago. they lacked jaws and are represented today by lampreys o the two major groups of living fishes are the cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), with a flexible skeleton made of cartilage, and bony fishes, with a skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts. bony fishes include rayfinned fishes and lobefinned fishes o cartilaginous and bony fishes have a lateral line system that detects minor vibrations in the water o to provide lift off the bottom cartilaginous fish must swim but bony fish have swim bladders, gasfilled sacs that help them be buoyant amphibians o exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations, o usually need water to reproduce, and o typically undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to a terrestrial adult o were the first vertebrates to colonize land and o descended from fishes that had lungs, \n fins with muscles, and skeletal supports strong enough to enable some movement on land o terrestrial vertebrates are collectively called tetrapods, which means “four feet” o tetrapods include amphibians, reptiles, and mammals reptiles o reptiles (including birds) and mammals are amniotes, which produce amniotic eggs, which are fluidfilled, have waterproof shells, and enclose the developing embryo nonbird reptiles o nonbird reptiles are ectotherms, sometimes referred to as “coldblooded,” which means that they obtain body heat from the environment o a nonbird reptile can survive on less than 10% of the calories required by a bird or mammal (endothermswarm blooded) of equivalent size eukaryotic diversity: animals o vertebrates o chordates mammals mammary glands body covered with fur for example, the fisher mammals o the first mammals arose about 200 million years ago and were probably small, nocturnal insecteaters o most mammals are terrestrial, although dolphins, porpoises, and whales are totally aquatic o mammals have two unique characteristics: hair and mammary glands that produce milk, which nourishes the young o there are threemajor groups of mammals: monotremes, egglaying mammals marsupials, pouched mammals with a placenta eutherians, also called placental mammals today’s objectives \n o explain existence of ancestral organisms that are still alive today in the context of evolution o explain an energetic advantage ectotherms have over organisms that are “warmblooded” or endotherms of equivalent size o explain how the progression from water to land amniotes still retains a “little piece” of ancestral aquatic environments o explain defining characteristics of each of the 9 groups we have discussed over the past few days and be able to name an example species from each group sponges cnidarians presence of body tissues, radial symmetry and tentacles with stinging cells ex. jelly fish molluscs softbodied invertebrate and generally with a hard shell ex. slugs, snails, clams flatworms bilateral animals, gastrovascular cavity is highly branched ex. parasites or free living in marine, freshwater or damp habitats annelids long, segmented body ex. earthworms, polychaetes, leeches roundworms cylindrical in shaped, tapered at both ends, the most numerous and widespread of all animals, and are decomposers ex. hookworm arthropods most abundant invertebrates, segmented body, jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton ex. millipedes and centipedes echinoderms lack body segments, typically show radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as larvae, have an endoskeleton, and have a water vascular system that facilitates movement and gas exchange ex. star fish chordates \n ",
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81fce56eb19a822ab95bb37f81ab0678 | figure 24-24 gives the electric j! potential v as a function of x. (a) rank the five regions according to the magnitude of the x component of the electric field within them, greatest first. what is the direction @ x -4q " x -2q 5 -- x of the field along the x axis in fig. 24-24 question 4. (b) region 2 and (c) region 4? | figure 24-24 gives the electric j! potential v as a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "mktg 315 – exam 1 study guide this review identifies concepts with which you should be familiar at this point at this point in the course. this list is not meant to be comprehensive; other concepts may be included on the exam. however, understanding the concepts included here is an essential first step toward an excellent exam score. the format of the exam will be multiple choice (around 40 questions) and essay (23 questions). exam questions may come from the text, lectures, assignments, and classroom discussion. this study guide focuses on the lecture material. i suggest that you also see the textbook review cards for the key points in each chapter. study hints: quiz yourself or another student on the items listed here. make sure that you know more than just the definition of each concept. how does it apply to consumer behavior and marketing? (think of examples!) if you have not yet acquired the powerpoint slides for this course, i highly recommend doing so. the slides provide an outline of what i consider to be most important in each unit. if you missed any lectures, or wish to review lecture material, listen to the “old lectures” posted to blackboard. (past students have said they found this to be very helpful.) the bulk of the exam material will come from the lecture material covered in class. however, some material from the text will be included. for an excellent exam score, you must read the text. visit me in office hours if there are concepts that you do not understand. self concept and consumption (ch 6, 11619) what is meant by the term selfconcept? refers to the totality of thoughts and feelings that an individual has about him or herself this includes: traits, values, selfesteem, feelings, goals, narratives, relationships, body image, gender identity and lifestyle what is the difference between an actual self and an ideal self? actual social self and ideal social self? selfconcept is multifaceted: actual self how i see myself ideal self how i would like to be actual social self how others see me the difference between the actual self and ideal self are that the actual self is how i see myself whereas the ideal self is how i would like to be. for example, when filling out a roommate survey for college roommates, it is often a problem when people fill them out for how they would like to be in college versus how they actually are, therefore they find that they often conflict with their roommates. the difference between actual social self and ideal social self is how people actually see you versus how you would like people to see you. how are consumption objects or brands used to communicate with others? products will be chosen when their attributes match some aspect of the self. for example, a study has found that store loyalty is influenced by the congruency between selfimage and store image. intro to consumer behavior (ch. 1, 2, 5* [8994]) what is consumer behavior? the dynamic interaction of affect, cognition, behavior and environmental events in the exchange process. what is value? what are the two types of value that consumers may derive from consumption? value could be anything (money, time, effort, products, services, good feelings, etc.) customers give up something of value (time, money) to obtain something of value (product, service) what are the three types of consumer responses? (know your acb’s and how to apply to either an advertising example or a purchase decision.) the three types of consumer responses are 1) affect how consumers feel 2) cognition what consumers think 3) behavior what consumers do describe several characteristics of the affective system. \n includes emotions, moods of varying intensity, and valence (positive/ negative) physiological as well as psychological system (responses vary in level of arousal produced) reactive system (automatic) what does the cognitive system do? includes the mental stuctures and processes involved in thinking, understanding, evaluating, planning and deciding (thoughts, beliefs, ideas, plans, etc) a major function of cognitive systems is to interpret, make sense of and understand significant aspects of personal experience what is the marketing concept? the social and economic justification for an organization’s existence is the satisfaction of customer wants and needs while meeting organizational objectives. *** the focus is on the consumer*** how is the focus of marketing different from other business disciplines? the focus of marketing is surrounding the customer’s needs being satisfied and a byproduct of that being a profit, rather than the focus being a profit by way of satisfying customer’s needs. ***the focus is on the consumer*** does consumer behavior only involve product purchase? what other consumer decisions/actions are relevant to the study of consumer behavior? *treat these 2 chapters as a general review of concepts that you should be familiar with after mktg 310, and that may appear on the exam. in addition, these chapters set the context for the course. *you do not need to know how to calculate price elasticity (p. 34), though you should have already learned this in mktg 310 (so review it if you don’t remember what it is!). *you do not need to know how to calculate customer lifetime value (p. 38) but understand the general principle behind it. ethics and consumer behavior (ch 16) what are some of the criticisms of marketing? why does marketing have such a poor reputation when it comes to ethics and honesty? criticisms of marketing: it is untruthful/ deceptive it is offensive it encourages stereotypes it influence/controls the media marketing has such a poor reputation when it comes to ethics and honesty because people believe that marketers try to deceive customers in order to make a profit. people believe marketers: intentionally discontinue products and support to force people to buy new ones marketers charge higher than reasonable prices when consumers have no choice marketers use manipulative sales tactics to unfairly influence people sometime consumers are completely unaware that they are being marketed to what are the 3 dimensions of the cst? be able to apply these to an example. 1) consumer capability are there any vulnerable factors that may limit decision making? (age, income, education) a. 3 kinds of vulnerability: 1) chronic you have to worry about these people all the time 2) product category specific lack of education/ knowledge (ex. college kids and credit card) 3) situation you need to make a decision but youre not in a good place (ex. death) 2) information does the consumer have adequate information to make a good decision or to judge whether expectations will be met? and misleading or withheld info? 3) choice does the consumer have a choice? *you should be familiar with the variety of areas of ethical concern identified in ch 16 (both consumer and marketer misbehavior) *we will cover “manipulative sales tactics” at another point in the course (p. 324325) *you do not need to know the various motivations of consumer misbehavior (p. 309310) *you do not need to know the specific legislation regulating commerce and consumer safety (i.e., don’t memorize the name of each act) but you should have a sense of the types of regulations that exist and the domains in which regulation has occurred (p. 322) \n memory (ch. 3* [56], 4* [7483]) what are the characteristics of short term memory? holds 59 pieces of information lasts 1830 seconds has sensory based inputs (echoic/ iconic memory) information loss (forgetting stuff) is due to rehearsal/ encoding failure rehearsal and encoding move information from stm to lrm o rehearsal= mental repetition o encoding= assigning something meaning to establish connections to previously stores concepts. what is the primacy effect? the recency effect? how can they be applied to marketing practice? primacy effect: first items into memory have a better chance of being remembered recency effect: last things into memory have a better chance of being remembered when showing a commercial, you should have the first and last things be the most important, for example, the first scene should show the product and the last thing should show the brand. in a billboard, the top left will most likely be the first thing read since we read from left to right and top to bottom. the brand should most likely be placed in the bottom right. what are the characteristics of long term memory? how can they be applied to marketing practice? unlimited capacity items are permanent semantic (meaning based) information is never lost, we just fail to retrieve it o decay not being able to remember because you haven’t used that path in a long time o interference when something else in the network is getting in the way of what you’re trying to remember discuss 3 principles of ltm. be able to give an example of how a marketer could use each principle. 1) organizational principle: organization facilitates memory performance a. if you are systematic about learning things, you will have a better chance of remembering it 2) encodingspecificity principle: contextual or background cues present during learning and during retrieval influence memory performance. a. ex. figuring out what you had for dinner last thursday would require the context of the day. 3) association principle: pieces of info stored in memory are connected to other related pieces of info a. this is how our memory works. explain the associative network model of memory (structure, how it works). eache piece of information stored in memory is represented by a node. each node is linked to other nodes through association closely related nodes may have a direct link; others may be connected through a series of associations. some links are strong while others are weak activation is the transfer of information from inactive ltm to stm retrieving info from memory begins with activation of a node continued activation (cognitive energy) spreads from this node with decreasing strength through the associative network, activating other concepts and priming other concepts to be activated. o when we activate, we light up a node and this lights up the other associated nodes (most strongly connected nodes) what is associative interference? when might you want to encourage/discourage it? how? this is the failure to retrieve/activate desire nodes due to activation of other nodes. this can occur when too many links have been activated in an associative network marketers try to discourage this so that you can clearly remember their ads you might want to use this to combat rumors ex. worms in mcdonald’s burgers what are schemas and scripts? schema: is organized general knowledge structures around a particular subject o like memory maps, all of your ideas around a topic script: organized procedural knowledge structures containing sequences of actions appropriate for a particular situation \n o ex how to get ready in the morning, how to move through a grocery store what is the difference between implicit memory and explicit memory? implicit memory: subconscious explicit memory: conscious perception (ch. 3 [p. 4760], 4 [p. 6574]) list the stages of perception. why is it important for a marketer to understand these? environmental stimuli > exposure > attention > comprehension > acceptance > retention what’s the difference between intentional, accidental, and selective exposure? what are some ways marketers can facilitate intentional exposure and maximize accidental exposure? (examples) intentional exposure: when a person purposely searched for information relevant to a goal or problem o ex. going to a store, talking to a salesperson accidental exposure: occurs when a person unexpectedly encounters marketing or other information in the environments o ex. running into a sample table at costco selective exposure: ways that we weed out exposure o ex. facebook filters, following things on twitter, etc. marketers should facilitate intentional exposure by making information easily accessible marketers should maximize accidental exposure by making people run into your ads so that when they need a product, your company is what comes to mind. be able to identify and/or explain the personal determinants of attention and give examples. motivation: o need: if you’re hungry you will pay attention more to food signs. o personal interest: if you like golf you will pay attention to golf ads. o attitudes we usually look for information that confirms what we believe. ability: o expertise: if you encounter a highly technical car ad, you will screen it out because you just aren’t getting it. o adaption level: you get used to things in your environment o attention span: you only have so long of an attention span opportunity: o arousal: the level of stimulation in the body o situational influences: what’s going on around you, are you distracted? be able to identify and/or explain the stimulus determinants of attention and give examples. size color contrast directionality movement/ scene changes intensity novelty vividness learned response what is the difference between a novel stimulus and a vivid one? novel something we would not expect to see. it’s new, creative. this grabs us because it is unusual or different. superbowl ads are known for their novelty. ex. rocking out mic jagger pepsi commercial, or budweiser commercials with puppy vividness something that grabs our attention because it has some sort of sensory proximity to us. grabs you emotionally, easy to imagine, put you in that scenario, etc. ex. benetton heart ads. social message that no matter what color you are on the outside we all have the same heart. this is vivid because it is hard to ignore and novel but the vividness is drawn because it kind of grabs you and it appeals to the emotion. it leaves nothing to the imagination. ex. tattoo parlor video the needle going in is painful. if something gets you to wince, it is pretty vivid. \n why is the concept of just noticeable differences important to marketers? in what situation might a marketer want to cross the differential threshold? when would a marketer not wish to cross it? (from the book) jnd: condition in which one stimulus is sufficiently stronger than another so that someone can actually notice that the two are not the same. o when marketers make a positive change, they should make sure that the difference is noticeable but when making a negative change, implement it in small increments so that each difference is not distinguished from what existed previously. ex. $24.49 is not seen as that different from $24.99 therefore price reductions should be made more obvious whereas price increases should be less obvious. quantity is the same way. 284 isn’t seen as that different from 296 describe the comprehension process. how does it relate to what we learned about memory? processing: highly automatic, little conscious awareness to more controlled, greater awareness level: shallow, concrete meanings: blue nikes;;; deep abstract meaning: these shoes will help me become a better athelte elaboration: low, few connections to high, many connections we comprehend things based on what we remember. we take in something new and figure out how to deal with it based on what we have stored in memory. similar to encoding because you are relating new information to already stored things, but comprehension continually relates information based on memory as well as new information. it is a continual process. elaboration is the process of adding on information to old information. a lot of time comprehension involves inferences. how may message design characteristics influence comprehension? color font figure/ground simplicity congruity what factors influence message acceptance? depends upon the persuasiveness of the stimulus cognitive responses support arguments—he’s a doctor we can trust him counterarguments she’s getting paid to say that affective response: if we have a positive one, we will be more likely to accept it. how do message sources influence acceptance? if we trust the source of the information then we will be more likely to accept it. likeability attractiveness expertise trustworthiness ",
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24a4ac8279886503dd7dd77a7047df97 | ?problem 3pe
which of the sequences whose nth terms appear in exercises 1–18 converge, and which diverge? find the limit of each convergent sequence. | solution: which of the sequences whose nth terms appear in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " unit 2 study guide for lecture topics micr 3050 for majors spring 2016 objectives: chapter 3.1 – 3.5 1. compare and contrast the structure, composition, and functions of the cell walls of gram positive and gramnegative bacteria. be able to label them. gram positive i. this cell wall is composed of mainly peptidoglycan 1. prevents the cell from lysing and helps the cell have turgor pressure 2. if you could hug a bacterial cell it would feel like a car tire 3. also contributes to the pathogenicity as well as provides protection form toxins 4. finally it gives the cell it shape! remember if the cell does not have a specific gene for the shape of the cell, it will be round! 5. more on peptidoglycan in a moment ii. very thin periplasmic space and then the plasma membrane iii. most pep is 90% iv. large amounts of techoic acids only found in gram positive cells negatively charged too 1. maintain the structure of the cell envelope 2. protection form harmful substances 3. may bind to host cells pathogenic bacteria v. lipotechoic acids attached to the cell membrane 1. some gram positive cells have proteins on the peptidoglycan. vi. gram negative i. outer membrane which has a bunch interaction functions but mainly focuses on the protection of the cell 1. lipids \n 2. lipoprotiens 3. lps lipopolysaccaride so much it can be called the lps layer a. lipid a b. core polysaccharide c. o side chain (o antigen) i. the o antigen is a pretty cool little guy because it is what is recognized by most immune systems. however, it can mutate like crazy and then once again, it is a new strain and the immune system can’t recognize it d. importance of lps i. contributes to the negative charge of the surface. ii. stabilizes the membrane 4. braun’s lipoproteins connect the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan 5. porins only allows hydrophilic substances through a. come in threes on the outer membrane 6. ii. thick periplasmic space chopped full of proteins and is similar to a subway scene iii. thin layer of peptidoglycan not as much which gives it the term gram negative (10% of the cell envelope) iv. plasma membrane old glory \n v. vi. 2. describe the effects of lysozyme and penicillin on a bacterial cell wall. to answer this question we need to know a thing or two about peptidoglycan i. structure: 1. made out of sugars called nag and nam a. nacetylglucosamine nag b. n acetylmuramic acid nam 2. this is an alternating sugar backbone (nag –nam nagnam) 3. now the cool part is that we can have amino acid chains that hang down only from nam periodically a. this will be a trick on the exam so watch out b. also, an amino acid chain does not have to bind to everyone as well. 4. so now we have a mesh like structure kind of like a knight’s armor (the mesh metal looking stuff) 5. so you have a. nag β1,4 glycosotic linkage nam \n b. hanging down or up from nam, an amino acid chain that is about 4 amino acids long c. 6. now let’s talk about the bonds between the hanging amino acids: a. direct peptide bond b. indirect interbridge chain of amino acids spanning the gap c. d. now all of these factors make pep extremely resistant now we can answer the question: i. lysozymes these break down the bonds between the nag and nam sugar molecules β1,4 glycositic linkages 1. this will cause the peptidoglycan to degrade and thus decreases its ability to prevent the cell from lysis ii. penicillin penicillin works great for a process called transpeptidation the building of new peptidoglycan 1. penicillin targets the peptide bonds between the amino acids and breaks them apart. thus the amino acids can’t stick together to form a mesh like structure. \n 2. when transpeptidation occurs the bacterial cell punches holes in its peptidoglycan and then is quickly replaced by a new piece of peptidoglycan 3. however, if the peptidoglycan can’t bind because the bonds are destroyed, then there will be hole in the cell wall which is really bad for the cell 4. ultimately it ends in lysis characteristic gram positive gram negative what color purple pink they stain pep 90% 10% (peptidoglyca n) (%) outer most pep outer membrane layer proteins techoic acids lipoprotiens involved lipotechoic acids lps lipid a core polysaccharide oside chain (antigen) cellular structure 3. explain how bacteria may survive without a cell wall. survival in isotonic environments (example) i. shreoplasts ii. protoplasts mycoplasma i. no cell wall ii. plasma membrane is more resistant to pressure 4. describe capsules and slime layers and discuss their functions. capsules i. compose of polysaccharides ii. well organized and not easily removed iii. protection for desiccation and phagocytosis \n iv. slime layers similar to capsule except diffuse and easily removed and may play a part in motility chapter 3.6 – 3.9 5. describe the following bacterial structures and their functions: cytoskeletal proteins, cell inclusions, fimbriae, pili, flagella, and endospores. cytoskeletal proteins: these are like the supervisors of the bacteria where they serve a role in division, protein localization, and shape i. ftsz cell division lots of them line up along the center of the molecule by finding the merb scaffolding protein ii. merb line up along the center of the chromosome during cell division. iii. mind prevents polymerization at the poles of the bacteria 6. describe flagella structure and movement. gramnegative filament flagellin type of protein, the actual whip part hook the little curve in the flagellum basal body o includes pring periplasam ring msring membrane (plasma) ring cring cytoplasm ring motorsits between the ms and c ring motor o l+p ring do not rotate/ ms+ c ring o mot protein surround ms ring and cring o fliprotiens commander of the flagellum sit in the ms and crings o memorize this structure below and know it very very well \n o grampositive only 2 rings o because of the diffrences in the cellular envelope shown below on the right flagellum characteristics how they are built: o so, it looks like a channel that leads from the cytoplasm to the top of the growing flagellum (assembly line) o they are channeling up flagellin molecules o cap proteins stand at the top and direct the flagellin to grow in a circular direction o imagine you are unscrewing the bolt from the back of your calculator with a screwdriver, as the screw comes out, you notice it looks like it is growing by spinning. this is what the cap protein does to grow the flagellin. \n o it just spins in a circle from one point and puts the proteins down in a circular fashion. o how they move: o gram negative (similar to gram positive except a minus a few rings) 2 –part motor that produces torque rotor this is when the c ring and the ms ring spin and interact with the stator statormot a and b proteins imagine a revolving door, where at the very center and top of the door you hook a flagellum. when you push (h ) on the door (cring and ms ring) you will rotate the stable column (l and p ring) that holds the flagellum the proton motive force (pmf) (i.e you pushing the door) is the real star of the show. this works by shuttling h across the membrane between the mot a protein and the ms and c rings \n takes 1000 protons to turn 360 degrees (monotrichous polar flagellum (fastest)) how they make the cell move: o rotates counter clockwise causes run o rotates clockwise tumble o up to 1100 rev/sec o so the way to think about it, bacteria with flagellum don’t have a steering mechanism to direct their movement (inefficient) o so, when their flagellum rotate, they can only go in one general direction, then once they have past their target they have to tumble to change directions o o peritrichous motility bundled flagella that looks like a spinning ponytail o spirochete motility multiple flagellum form an axial fibril and wraps around the cell so, they remain in the periplasmic space (remember they are gram negative so the periplasmic space is bigger). and boom they turn into an instant drill bit!!! so their movement is similar to that of a wiggling drill bit: spinning and flexing. 7. define chemotaxis and describe how bacteria move toward an attractant (or away from a repellent). i. movement toward a chemical attractant or a way from chemical repellent \n ii. concentrations of chemo attractants and chemo repellents detected by the chemoreceptors on the cells iii. complex but very rapid 1. response= 20miliseconds 2. 2 +60 cell lengths per second iv. positive and negative 1. bacteria are all or nothing type of folks 2. they will go after something 100 % if they detect it and want it. 3. or they will try not to go near it in the other case 4. therefore: a. want it= increase the run= decrease the tumble b. don’t want it= decrease the run= increase the tumble c. 8. describe other types of motility (spirochete, twitching, and gliding). i. twitching this goes on with the ends of the cell, involves short jerky motions ii. you know those sticky hands that you would get at like chucky cheese that you could throw out and stick to stuff? (like these) 1. 2. well, same concept, in twitching, the pili at the ends of the cell, send out their stick hands (polysaccharide) and stick them to the \n surface of another cell or the ground. then they haul them in which causes the cell to move (discontinuous = twitching) iii. gliding 1. no pilus! we think little baby feet move the bacteria. 2. a lot of slime production 3. gliding motion 9. understand the structure and functions of bacterial endospores, the basics of sporulation and germination, and endospore resistance. complex dormant structures formed by the bacteria typically due to the lack of nutrients in the surrounding environment can come back to life (germination) typically occurs in gram positive cells resistant to i. heat ii. radiation iii. chemicals iv. desiccation (water loss) where the endospore is made: i. central center of the cell ii. sub terminal kind of close to the end bit not all the way iii. terminalright on the edge of the cell iv. swollen sporangiumomg the cell is a lolly pop v. structure of an endospore \n i. ii. goes like this: 1. exosporangium 2. coat 3. outer membrane 4. cortexmade out of pep and less linked than the cell wall 5. germ cell wall 6. inner membrane 7. core 8. ecocgic 9. every coat on corn glows in cereal what makes the endospore so rock solid? i. core low water content 1. calcium dipicolinate (cadpa) 2. sasp ssmall, acid soluble , dna – binding proteins a. they are doublestranded dnabinding proteins that cause dna to change to an alike conformation. they protect the dna backbone from chemical and enzymatic cleavage and are thus involved in dormant spore's high resistance to uv light (radiation). sasp are degraded in the first minutes of spore germination and provide amino acids for both new protein synthesis and metabolism (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/ipr001448) 3. lower the ph as well ii. but the real stars of the show are the exosporangium and spore coat 1. supreme armor ok, cool so it can stand up to some stuff but what makes it so great? i. the fact that it is an escape pod for the cell that is virtually invincible means that the bacteria can keep on going and doing their thing no matter what ii. germination and sporulation 1. 3 steps: a. activation: i. prepares spores for germination ii. often results from treatments like heating b. germination: i. the nutrients it needs are detected \n ii. spore swelling and rupture of the coat iii. loss of resistance but…increased metabolic activity c. outgrowth: i. boom vegetative cell shows up from the germination process chapters 11.1, 10.1 – 10.4 10. know the requirements for microbial survival and growth and their sources. source of energy i. cellular work source of electrons i. role in energy production ii. reduce co2 to form organic molecules nutrients i. carbon and hydrogen and oxygen ii. synthesize building blocks for cell to be maintained and grow let’s break down energy and electrons i. sources 1. organic and inorganic compounds 2. energy is obtained through oxidation of a compound or sunlight (energy only) ii. energy is usually reserved in the cell and is used as a currency: atp iii. easy to break easy to make iv. 11. define and recognize the major nutritional types of microorganisms based on their energy source, electron source, and carbon source. i. different places where organisms get there energy: 1. phototrophs: use the sun 2. chemotrophs: obtain energy from the oxidation of compounds ii. different places where organisms get their electrons 1. lithotrophs use reduced inorganic substances 2. organotrophs obtain electrons from organic compounds iii. different places where organisms get their carbon \n 1. heterotroph use of organic molecules as carbon sources (which often serve as energy and as an electron source) 2. autotroph use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source 3. must obtain and energy and other electrons from other sources 4. primary producers iv. why all the names? 1. sample exam question 2. given these three characteristics, classify this organism 3. uses the sun as energy, digests a lot of organic compounds and make frequent use of carbon dioxide 4. answer: photolithoautotroph a. photo energy source b. litho electron source c. autotroph carbon source 12. define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. metabolism includes all of processes involved with energy exchange anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions. metabolism catabolism anabolism fueling reactions synthesis of complex organic molecules (glucose) from simpler ones (atp) energy conserving reaction requires energy and building blocks from fueling reactions provide reducing power electrons generates precursors for biosynthesis on constant cycle between the two 13. understand the concepts of free energy (g) and standard free energy change ( g ). g (gibbs free energy) the amount of free energy available to do work. δ g change of free energy after reaction is ran to completion o how much energy was used or released o free energy change \n characteristic exergonic endergonic energy is released used/ consumed o ( g ). negative positive spontaneous? yes no simple a+b a+b+energy reaction c+d+energy c+d 14. explain the importance of atp. energy currency of the cell atp adenosine triphosphate the phosphoanhydride bonds that attach the last two triphosphates to the bon are high in potential energy because they are easy to make and easy to break if you break 1 bond you will release 31 kj/mol if you break 2 bonds you will release 46 kj/mol i. why the negative? because this reaction is spontaneous and is releasing energy ii. why is it 46 for the next one and not 62? because as you get closer to the sugar, the bond becomes more difficult to break and thus causing a net energy gain of 46 kj/mol. iii. role of atp in metabolism i. the role is to make non spontaneous reactions spontaneous because the cell has too. \n ii. the big picture with atp i. like the economy, money is cycled around and around to make the world run. ii. in cells, the atp is cycled around and around to make the cell run. iii. so… to make money, (adp atp) you have to have an asset (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, phototrophy, and chemolithotrophy) iv. so… to get stuff you need (chick fila! or more prevalent chemical or transport work) you need to spend money (atp) v. vi. however, the cell must be efficient with its time because it needs a certain amount of atp to survive and if it does not make it in time the cell will die 1. cells only use reactions that release greater than 30 kj/mols 2. such as the ones give below \n a. 3. know this chart!!!! 15. understand redox reactions including the standard reduction potential 0e ) of half o reactions, the electron tower, and their relationship to g . oxidation reduction reactions o many metabolic processes involve electron transfers o carriers are used to transfer electrons from electron donors (oxidizing agent) to electron acceptor (reducing agent) o often results in things being restored (nad nadh) o oil rig oxidation involves loss reduction involves gain electron donating half reaction o o electron accepting half reaction o \n o therefore: o o half reactions are always written as reduction reactions h 2reaction is the best electron donor o 2is the best electron acceptor standard reduction potential (e’o) o equilibrium constant for an oxidation reduction reaction o measure of the reduction agent to lose electrons more negative e’o= better electron donor more positive e’o = better electron acceptor o electron tower 2 h/ h 2 ½ o /2h 2 the greater the difference in e’o between the donor and the acceptor the more negative δ g= more spontaneous when you receive an electron tower problem, always arrange it from negative to positive (negative at the top and positive at the bottom) sample question \n c4h4o4/c4h6o4 +0.31 v 2h / h 20.5 v between these two reactions what reactant or product will be the electron donator? (h 2 between these two reactions, what will be the electron acceptor? (c4h4o4) to solve these problems with no sweat: 1. arrange the reactions with the most negative on top of the other 2. the top right product of the two will be electron donor and the bottom left product will be the electron acceptor \n as you go down the tower you will release energy as you increase the number of carriers = increase energy released during photosynthesis light drives the electrons up the tower the relationship between δ g ’ and e´0 i. the greater the difference between the e´0 of the molecules involved (or the further the electrons go down the electron oower), the more energy that will be released (the more negative the δ g ’ will be for this redox reaction). 16. describe the location, organization, and functions of the electron transport chains in bacteria. etc in prokaryotes: plasma membrane in eukaryotes: christa of the mitochondrion this is a chain of mini electron towers 1. the first tower has a negative e’o 2. the first carrier is reduced and the electrons are transferred to the next carrier 3. since the first tower is spontaneous, the energy is used to phosphorylate atp 4. the net energy change of the complete reaction is calculated by the difference of reduction potentials of the primary and final acceptor 5. increase nutrition= increase the goodness of the carriers ii. electron carriers 1. 2 classes a. coenzymes freely diffusible; can transfer electrons from one place to another in a cell (nad) i. nannies on the move taking care of the electrons b. prosthetic groups fixed to the enzymes in the plasma membrane that function in membrane associated electron transport reactions (cytochromes) \n iii. oxidative phosphorylation 1. used in respiration a. atp is made by a proton motive force (atp synthase) b. 2. photophosphorylation a. used by phototrophic organisms b. light drives the redox reactions that generate the proton motive force c. iv. respiration 1. involves the use of an etc 2. as electrons pass through the electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, a proton motive force (pmf) is generated and used to synthesize atp 3. 2 types a. aerobic respiration i. final electron acceptor is oxygen b. anaerobic respiration i. final electron acceptor is an exogenous acceptor: ii. no3, so42, co2, fe3+, or seo42 4. oxidative phosphorylation this is the primary producer of atp 17. define the two classes of electron carriers. i. coenzymes freely diffusible; can transfer electrons from one place to another in a cell (nad) 1. nannies on the move taking care of the electrons ii. prosthetic groups fixed to the enzymes in the plasma membrane that function in membrane associated electron transport reactions (cytochromes) + + 18. describe how nad /nadh and nadp /nadph carry electrons and their roles in metabolism. i. the star of the electron carriers: nad 1. nad nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + 2. nadp nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate \n 3. nadh and nadph good election donors and have a reduction potential of 0.32 v not a part of the etc!!!! only brings electons!!!! 4. coenzyme 5. freely diffusible freely moving a. carries 2 e and 1h (the 1 h that is released) 6. nadp / nadph works the same way except is involved in anabolism a. chapter 11.2 – 11.8 19. compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation in bacteria. characteristic aerobic anaerobic fermentatio n final electron oxygen any other pyruvate acceptor (exogenous electron (endogenous ) acceptors ) other than oxygen (exogenous ) max yield atp 32 atp 2 atp 2 atp etc? yes yes no type of substrate substrate substrate phosphorylati level and level level on oxidative 20. compare and contrast substratelevel phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. substrate level phosphorylation synthesis of atp by reactions in which adp is one of several substrates and atp is one of several products of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. i. this is like the physical addition of a phosphate by an enzyme. \n ii. like adp atp by way of an enzyme oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform atp. this is using the reactants of other products to phosphorylate atp (etc) 21. describe aerobic catabolism (overview). process that completely catabolizes an energy source to co2 using o glycotic pathway o tca cycle (kreb’s cycle) o etc with o as2the final e acceptor produces atp and recycles electron carriers production: o max total yield of 32 atp (if all goes well) 4 atp from the oxidation of glucose (substrate level phosphorylation) 28 atp from nadh and fadh being oxidized in the etc (oxidative phosphorylation) 22. describe the organization and functions of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration including its role in atp production. as described before, the etc uses the electron carriers nadh and fadh2 to operate enzymes that can shuttle protons across the membrane thus creating a pmf. this pmf is vital in the use of atp synthase. this pmf established by the etc is what turns the motor this phosphorylating adpatp the term aerobic respiration is coined because at the end of the etc there has to be an electron dump. this is oxygen this also unique because the oxygen is the best electron acceptor (most positive e’0 value). 23. understand the chemiosmotic hypothesis. the chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that the action of atp synthase is coupled with that of a proton gradient. it is the action of the proton gradient that causes a proton motive force that allows atp synthase to phosphorylate adp and inorganic phosphate to atp. (https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php/chemiosmotic\\_hypothesis) 24. explain the function of atp synthase. atp synthase is the smallest molecular motor known. this motor is driven by the pmf established by the etc it phosphorylates adpatp by changing the conformation of its subunits. 25. for aerobic respiration, explain where in the pathway atp is produced (glycolysis, tca cycle, and etc), the methods of atp production used for each atp generated, the electron carriers used, and the number of atps produced (during the process and the final net yield). \n 26. summarize the major features of the entnerdoudoroff pathway. used by some soil bacteria yield pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3p the key diffrence is the product: 2keto3deoxy6 phosphogluconate kdpg i. so if you see this product get excited cause you got some points nd product (when coupled with 2 half of embdenmeyerhof) i. 1 atp ii. 1nadh iii. 1 nadph iv. \n 27. describe the process of fermentation, its functions, and its products. takes the place of the absence of the exogenous electron acceptor i. o not needed uses pyruvate endogenous (made inside the cell) reduces pyruvate “electron dump” recycles electron carriers (notice a theme?) (this is why they ferment) forms only 2 atp via substrate level phosphorylation 28. produces fermentation products i. classes 1. ethanol bread, wine and beer 2. lactic acid a. homolactic cheeses, sour cream b. heterolactic pickles, buttermilk and spoilage of food 3. mixed acid 2.3 butanediol 4. propionic acid 29. distinguish between mixed acid and butanediol fermentation. mixed acid i. test detects ph < 5 ii. during fermentation, several products can be produced. iii. a lot of them are acids and thus will drop the ph below 5 butanediol is an acid as well however, it has a key intermediate known as acetoin 30. explain the purpose of the mrvp test and know how it works. methyl red i. purpose: to test for the acids lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acid (mixed acid) ii. positive reaction: you have a red tube , like a little bit of red at the top of the tube iii. media/ reagents: mrvp \n iv. how the media and the reagents work together: (mrvp stands for the methyl red test and the voges proskauer test. so when the methyl red a ph indicator is added to the solution, it turns red indicting the presence of an acid. v. what you have: you have a mixedacid fermenter which is a great way to distinguish some of the bacterium. vouges proskauer i. purpose: instead of a mixed acid fermenter you have a butanediol fermenter. this is how you tell 1. positive reaction: burnt red tube all the way through ii. media/ reagents: mrvp and barritts reagent a and baritts reagent b. iii. how the media and the reagents work together: so for the reaction to work, butanediol needs to be converted to acetoin and can be accomplished by shaking the tube with the reagents in it. then over the course of 30 min at room temperature the solution changes to burnt red chapter 7.1, 7.3 – 7.4, 7.6 – 7.7 35. describe the growth of bacterial cells (binary fission). a. growth increase the number of cells i. usually study population growth rather than microbial growth ii. binary fission (two cells from one) b. cell elongation, cellular stuff increases proportionally i. dna is replicated and it is segregated ii. one cell two cell= one generation 36. describe in detail the four phases of bacterial growth observed in a batch culture. a. growth curve i. observed in a batch culture 1. one place, one medium, one vessel, no addition of food, 2. plotted as log of cell versus time ii. 4 phases 1. lag first starting out, the bacteria freaks out cause it might be different a. so if you take your bacteria out of one medium and put it another medium, then the bacteria must first orient itself before it can grow exponentially b. the more difference the new medium is the longer the lag phase will be 2. log this is the exponential growth phase a. exponential b. maximal c. constant d. uniform and the healthiest cells 3. stationary: when the cell number remains constant overtime a. stop reproduction b. death rate= reproductive rate \n c. reasons i. nutrient limitation ii. limit oxygen iii. toxic waste and cell accumulation iv. critical population density d. starvation responses: i. morphological changes 1. endospore formation 2. decrease in size ii. special starvation proteins 1. increases crosslinks in the cell wall 2. dps protein protects dna 3. chaperon protein prevents protein damage e. increases the length of this phase f. persister cells i. harder to kill ii. increase the virulence of the bacteria 4. death phase a. lysis b. cant reproduce iii. can be useful for absorbance and quantification b. 37. be able to label a growth curve. a. 38. define generation time, and be able to calculate it. a. generation time time needed to double in size (doubling time) b. varies depends on the species and environment \n c. exponential growth cell number doubles with in a fixed time period (slope of the line) d. number of bacteria = 2 n = number of generations e. calculating number of generation between two populations: n 0 i. log n −log¿ t n=3.3¿ f. n =specificnumber of bacteriaduringthelog phase t g. n 0intial populaiton i. you don’t have to know how to derive it. ii. just memorize this 39. calculating generation time: a. example: i. nt=1.0 x 10 8 7 ii. no= 5.0 x10 n 0 b. log nt−log¿ n=3.3¿ c. therefore: 7 5.0x10 log1.0x10 −log¿ n=3.3¿ n=1−→only1generation generation time =t/n2/1=2 hours/ generation=0.5 generations/ hour growth constant: k= 0.5 generations/ hour 40. explain the methods of measuring the growth (number) of microbes (microscopic count, plating methods, and turbidity measurements). a. direct i. total cell counts – physical counting ii. counting chamber iii. electron counter problem is that you may count dead cells b. viable cell counts counts the number of cfu’s i. plating techniquegives underestimate ii. membrane filter c. indirect i. dry weight \n ii. turbidity turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. d. spectrophotometer i. 540600 nm optimum absorbance for bacteria ii. gives an over estimate because it counts the dead cells too. 41. describe how water activity, ph, temperature, and oxygen affect microbial growth. a. water activity amount of water in the environment that is available to the organism i. 01 = pure water = 1 ii. any type of solutes is unavailable to micro iii. increase the solute concentration= lower the water availability iv. adaptation 1. in hypotonic solutions, bacteria use mechanosensetive channels in membrane to allow solutes out which changes the osmotic surroundings which will cause water to go out of the cell by osmosis 2. solutes leave first that pull water out 3. hypertonic solutions a. increase interval solute concentration with competitive solutes b. more water comes into the cell c. this explains why salt water is good for wounds, because the bacteria in the wound unless they are halophiles or extreme halophile, they will undergo plasmolysis b. ph this is always a factor as that every organism has an optimal ph range at which the organism can remain. c. oxygen is the key component in respiration which creates the most atp. if this component is taken away, then the atp yield would drop significantly and thus cause the rate of growth of bacteria to drop. 42. be able to name, recognize, and define the types of microorganisms that grow in various environments, and know the adaptations they have made to live there. i. nonhalophile= can survive in little to no salt ii. halophile can survive in little to a lot of salt iii. extreme halophile can survive in a lot to a crap ton of salt. iv. obligate aerobes can only grow in oxygen and nothing else v. microaerophiles only want 210 % oxygen, lower oxygen is necessary for their metabolism vi. facultative aerobes (anaerobes) flexible and able to grow in either vii. areotolerant anaerobes only fermentation with these guys obligate fermenters viii. obligate anaerobes no oxygen! ix. neutrophile bacteria grow in neutral environments \n x. acidophile bacteria grow in acidic environments xi. alkaliphile bacteria grow in basic environments 43. explain how microorganisms protect themselves from the toxic products of oxygen reduction. a. the enzyme, catalase, is produced by bacteria that respire using oxygen, and protects them from the toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism 44. describe biofilms including their characteristics, growth (formation), advantages (for bacteria), and disadvantages (for humans). a. growth i. freeswimming bacterial cells land on a surface, arrange themselves in clusters, and attach. ii. the cells begin producing a gooey matrix. iii. the cells signal one another to multiply and form a micro colony. iv. the micro colony promotes the coexistence of diverse bacterial species and metabolic states. v. some cells return to their freeliving form and escape, perhaps to form new biofilms. vi. http://www.colgateprofessional.com/patient education/articles/whatisbiofilm b. characteristics i. the plaque that forms on your teeth and causes tooth decay and periodontal disease is a type of biofilm. clogged drains also are caused by biofilm, and you may have encountered biofilmcoated rocks when walking into a river or stream. c. advantages for bacteria: i. they have the ability to grow in unfavorable conditions which means that they have several adaptations for nutrient scavenging. ii. when they grow as a colony they are much harder to eradicate iii. faulty cleaning techniques as well as bad cleaning chemicals induce this change. d. disadvantages for humans: i. they are hard to get rid of a can grow anywhere. this means that they are potentially dangerous for humans diseases* strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) a. group a betahemolytic streptococcus b. gram positive, cocci beta hemolytic c. transmitted via saliva or shared liquids d. sore throat. the back of the throat will be swollen and red and the tonsils enlarged, and there may be swelling and tenderness in other parts of the neck and throat. other symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, muscle pain and headache. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/streptococcal\\_pharyngitis/pages/i ndex.aspx#sthash.h36pgjns.dpuf cholera e. vibrio cholerea. f. gram negative, comma shaped \n g. spread mostly by water and food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. insufficiently cooked seafood is a common source. humans are the only animal affected. h. classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur... bacterial meningitis (meningococcal) i. n. meningitides j. gram negative, diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs k. respiratory and throat secretions l. nausea, m. vomiting, n. increased sensitivity to light (photophobia), and o. altered mental status (confusion). lyme disease p. borrelia burgdorferi q. spirochete class of the genus borrelia. can be either gram positive or gram negative r. spread through the bite of infected ticks. s. fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes t. severe headaches and neck stiffness infectious mononucleosis u. epsteinbarr virus (ebv v. virus w. saliva transmission x. pain circumstances: can occur while swallowing y. whole body: fatigue, fever, chills, malaise, or body ache z. also common: sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, swollen tonsils, headache, or nausea gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) a. c. perfringens aa. grampositive, rodshaped, anaerobic, sporeforming pathogenic bacterium of the genus clostridium ab. site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. in some cases, it occurs without an irritating event. persons most at risk of gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease (atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries), diabetes, or colon cancer. ac. symptoms i. air under the skin (subcutaneous emphysema) ii. blisters filled with brownred fluid iii. drainage from the tissues, foulsmelling brownred or bloody fluid (serosanguineous discharge) iv. increased heart rate (tachycardia) v. moderate to high fever \n vi. moderate to severe pain around a skin injury vii. pale skin color, later becoming dusky and changing to dark red or purple viii. swelling that worsens around a skin injury ix. sweating x. vesicle formation, combining into large blisters xi. yellow color to the skin (jaundice) ",
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d8d658b2da15f143910b30b13ef7cf1a | answer problem 50 again given that the sum is less than six. | answer again given that the sum is less than six. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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bfc1ff0fdf0cbea249806d2582591c00 | consider the system pictured in figure p19.21. a 15-cm length of conductor of mass 15 g, free to move vertically, is placed between two thin, vertical conductors, and a uniform magnetic fi eld acts perpendicular to the page. when a 5.0-a current is directed as shown in the fi gure, the horizontal wire moves upward at constant velocity in the presence of gravity. (a) what forces act on the horizontal wire, and under what condition is the wire able to move upward at constant velocity? (b) find the magnitude and direction of the minimum magnetic fi eld required to move the wire at constant speed. (c) what happens if the magnetic fi eld exceeds this minimum value? (the wire slides without friction on the two vertical conductors.) | consider the system pictured in figure p19.21. a 15-cm | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " physical anthropology 3/21/16 fossils and their place in time and nature chapter 8 continued taphonomy most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because of either constant flooding or other sources bring sediment onto the fossil problems w/ the fossil records ● decomposition and predation ● geological distortion/deformation ● weathering limitations of the fossil record ● low likelihood of anything becoming a fossil ● bias towards hard parts ○ cartilage and soft tissue not likely to fossilize ● missing pieces ○ causing not to have all the pieces for each fossil ○ causing to mix up fossils ● time bias ● no idea what animals actually look like ● environments pressure different ○ wet environments pressure better ○ acidic soils (tropics) will eat the fossils away the fossil record and the timing and tempo of evolution ● provides evidence for evolution and its process ● it is incomplete so their is some disagreement of time and tempo ● two models of it ○ gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium ■ gradualism change is a slow process ■ punctuated equilibriumslow stasis than a rapid change ○ both will happen, case by case basis of which is appropriate bringing fossils to life ● what did they look like? ● exclusive: building the face of a newly found ancestor ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eatqu7hww5g time in perspective ● hard to comprehend ● eon4 total, half a billion years or more ● era 10 defined, several hundred million years ● period22 defined, 10s to 1 hundred millions years ● epoch34 defined \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 geological time: earth history ● 200 mya ○ pangean ● late jurassic (about 150 mya ● cretaceous (about 70 mya) ● present day stratigraphic correlation ● krakatau, indonesia ● 1883 ● massive volcano, deposit ash 3,700 miles away ○ creates a layer, a new strata ○ can no date that layer ○ chemical dating ● fluorine dating ● krapina neanderthal fossils ● dragutin gorjanovickarmberger ○ first guy to use fluorine levels to date fossils items ○ the longer the fossil is in the soil the more fluorine it will absorb ○ is a localized technique because fluorine levels are different based on the area biostratigraphic (faunal) dating ● index fossils ○ fossil pig molars \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ irish elk ■ extinction 10.600 bpy ● have to be widespread ● evolve fairly quickly cultural dating ● deals with human artifacts ● its relatively recent ● ceramics ● stone tools ○ oldowan industry ○ 2.61.7 mya ○ don’t change for a long time relative and absolute dating ● previous methods were relative dendrochronology ● a.e. douglas 1920s ● dating by the growth cycle of trees carbon dating ● half lifes ● works for fossils up to about 60,000 years ● for older fossils use elements that are more unstable early hominin origins and evolution: the roots of humanity chapter 10 ● olduvai gorge, in east africa. ○ questions addressed in this chapter: ■ what is a hominin? ■ why did hominins evolve? ■ what was the evolutionary fate of the first hominins? ○ hominid = all the great apes ○ hominins = the humans ancestry tree ● what is a hominin? ○ what is different about humans ■ upright walking ■ nonhoning chewing ● the teeth do not get sharpened by each other ○ apes do have honing chewing ■ material culture \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ speech ■ hunting and cooperation ■ domestication of plants and animals ○ foramen magnum ■ humans have it directly underneath the skull ■ gorillas have it in the back of the head ○ spine ■ s curve in the human spine ● allows for the human head to sit straight over the body ■ gorilla mostly straight ○ pelvis ■ humans hips are on the side ■ gorillas hips are on the back of the body ○ femur ■ human has an angle, body condylar angle ■ gorillas straight ○ feet ■ humans, an arch ■ gorillas, flat, an opposable thumb ○ teeth ■ canines ● humans have smaller canines ■ apes ○ honing (wearing at the back) versus apical (wearing at the point) wear ○ shearing versus grinding ○ male male aggression ○ have thinner enamel ■ allows for the teeth to remain sharp ● why did hominins evolve? ○ bipedal ■ 47million ○ tool use ■ 2.6 million ○ canines size ○ brain size ○ hunting hypothesis ■ charles darwin ● hominins evolved in africa ● hunting meat= tool use = large brain ● tool use = small canine ● tool use = free hands ● free hands = bipedalism \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ○ the times don’t add up ■ patchy forest hypothesis ● peter rodman and henry mchenry ● african savanna ● two legs energetically more efficient than four? ○ problem is the earliest hominins come from straight up forests ■ provisioning hypothesis (dinner date) ● owen lovejoy ○ apes have a long interbirth interval ■ about 7 years ○ humans have a shorter interbirth interval ■ about 2 years ○ if you get more food have more infant ○ suite of anatomies and behaviors coevolve ■ food provisioning ■ bipedalism ■ pair bonding ● reduced canine size ■ cooperation ■ predicts reduced sexual dimorphism but that is not the case ● who were the first hominins? ○ fall in the time period 47million years ago ○ genre ■ not in agreement that these two are actually hominins ■ sahelanthropus tchadensis ● chad, central africa ● 67 million years old ○ forest near lake ● m. brunet ● not in east africa but out in the middle of africa ● discovered in 2001 ● anatomies ○ small brain(350cc) ■ low end for a chip ○ bipedal? foramen magnum is pointing down ○ nonhoning chewing ■ smallish canines ■ massive brow ridge ● flat face ■ orrorin tugenensis ● tugen hills, kenya, africa \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ● 6million years old ○ forest ● m.pickford and b. senut ● anatomies ○ bipedal ■ based on femur ■ obturator externus groove, on the femur proves that there's a muscle important for bipedalism ■ tree climber ● based on hand bones ■ partially honing canines ○ next genus ardipithecus and the middle awash valley ■ almost everyone agrees they were hominins ○ ardipithecus kadabba ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 5.25.8 million years old ● forest ■ t. white and y haileselassie ■ anatomies: ■ bipedal ● found a toe bone ● it proved that they can push off with there foot just like humans do ● perihoning complex ○ the honing canines are decreasing ○ it is transitional ○ ardipithecus ramidus ■ middle awash valley, ethiopia, africa ■ 4.416 million years old ○ forest ■ international team led by t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies: ● bipedal ○ based on pelvis, femur, and foot ○ climbing based on hand and foot ■ she would not be able to walk on her knuckles ○ nonhoning canines the earliest hominins evolve \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 preaustralopithecine australopithecine teeth wear on tip of canine, nonhoning but with modified honing bones vestiges of apelike loss of traits arboreal traits brain small slight increase ● australopithecus ○ australopithecus anamensis ■ kenya and ethiopia, africa ■ 4 million years old ● woodland ■ m. leakey and t. white ■ anatomies ● bipedal ○ based on shin bone ■ was well adapted to upright walking but spent time tree climbing ● nonhoning canines ○ australopithecus afarensis ■ lucy ■ dikika, ethiopia (infant) ■ korsi ■ 33.6 million years ago ● woodland and grassland ■ d. johanson and others ■ anatomies ● small brain ● nonhoning canines ○ large molars and premolars ■ eats different diet ■ grasses, tubers, nuts, etc... ● bipedal ○ short and stout pelvis ○ femur bends in ● no language (hyoid bone) ○ important for speech production ■ animals bones w/cut marks ● meat, but no tools ○ australopithecus afarensis \n physical anthropology 3/21/16 ■ footprints ■ fingers are bent in the middle, not completely like a gorilla, but not straight like ours ○ australopithecus (kenyanthropus) platyops ■ burtele foot (3.4 ma) ■ kenya, africa ■ 3.5million years old ● woodland ■ m.leakey ■ anatomies ● flat face ● small molar teeth ○ can be placed into 3 different groups? ■ robust australopithecus ■ south african australopithecus ■ australopithecus garhi ○ australopithecus garhi ■ ethiopia, africa ■ 2.5 million years old ● woodland ■ t. white and y. haileselassie ■ anatomies ● large teeth (premolars and molars) ● long legs ● stone tools ○ oldowan stone tools (2.6 million years) ○ australopithecus first stonetool make; not homo ",
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e3366cc69aa137c758b00787d6b754f0 | how do random digits behave? which of the following statements are true of a table of random digits, and which are false? explain your answers. (a) th ere are exactly four 0s in each row of 40 digits. (b) each pair of digits has chance 1/100 of being 00. (c) th e digits 0000 can never appear as a group, because this pattern is not random. | how do random digits behave which of the following | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "trends in evolution: ● larger brains ● larger and more muscles ● upright limb posture (appendages directly underneath body weight) ● nocturnal habits (led to development of 3 middle ear bones and whiskers for sensing at night) ● homeothermy maintenance of a stable internal body temperature despite environmental influences; can be regulated through behavior or metabolism ○ example: pelycosaurs (not a dinosaur) evolved large flat organ on top of their bodies with lots of blood flow through; could cool themselves or turn to sun to absorb heat ○ opposite=poikilothermy internal body temperature varies with environmental conditions these developments cost a lot metabolically need solutions for tradeoffs: ● heterodonty specialized teeth; could preprocess food so that digestive system absorbed more for each gram consumed ● secondary palate membrane that separates digestive tract from respiratory system; could breath while eating so that there is a constant supply of oxygen ● endothermy use of metabolism for heat; can regulate internal body temperature by metabolism. also blood vessels kept in fossilized bones. body structure and function: fundamental challenges= obtain nutrients and oxygen, excrete wastes, move natural selection lead to the more successful solutions being favored. if a trait has an adaptive function, its “form reflects its function.” this is seen at all levels: molecular: enzymes have a specific structure for a specific substrate phospholipids have characteristics (nonpolar and polar sides) to form bilayer cellular: cells have a certain shape for their job; nerve vs epithelial vs muscle tissue: groups of epithelial cells can be flat for a covering, vertically aligned to increase surface area, or shaped round a vessel embryonic tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) for specific function *give rise to different types of tissues, each with different function: connective (support, connect or separate) nervous (regulation and communication for control) \n muscle (movement) epithelial (line/cover) organs organ systems organism: body shape for fastest movement through water, or stride length for fastest movement on land specific solutions vary: for flight, pterodactyl has a single elongated digit to support flight membrane, while birds fused distal bony elements to support feathers, and bats elongated 4 digits. themes of form and function: a) body size larger animals need more food, take longer to mature, and reproduce slowly, but they lose heat and water slowly. smaller animals are the opposite with the tradeoffs. ~metabolic rate amount of oxygen used per unit time a measure of cellular activity as animal size decreases, metabolic weight per unit body mass increases (a shrew eats more per unit body weight than an elephant, even though it needs less total food). ~longevity how long the typical lifespan of an animal is as body mass increases, longevity increases. combining these relationships, the larger the animal, the slower the metabolic rate and the longer lifespan. the smaller the animal, the faster the metabolic rate and the shorter the lifespan. b) surface area to volume ratios surface area is needed for exchange (to obtain nutrients and oxygen and excrete wastes). therefore as animal size increases, there must be a solution. ex: salmon hatchlings begin with nearly all oxygen exchange occurring through their skin, but as they grow older, gills take over. in complex animals, each group of cells are specialized to increase surface area in their specific environment. ex: cells that line the intestines form many folds, lung tissue is arranged for the most surface area with capillaries, and blood vessels branch throughout kidney. adaptations: flattening folding branching c) homeostasis and thermoregulation ~homeostasis= keeping internal chemical and physical situations within a tolerable range despite external environment \n *important for enzyme function (each enzyme has an optimal temperature), chemical reactions in body, proteins (to not denature), and cells (to not destroy by freezing or heat) ~conformers body temperature varies with environmental temperature (poikilotherm) vs ~regulators body temperature maintains fairly stable despite changing environment (homeotherm) both use acclimatization adjustments to gradual environmental changes to stay near optimal performance. ex: daphnia changes what enzymes it mainly has for what works best at that new temperature. how to maintain homeostasis: negative feedback system 1. set point the optimal conditions 2. stimulus a change away from the set point 3. sensor/control center detects change, initiates response; 4. response reaction by turning off or activating a certain pathway to minimize effect ~thermoregulation= maintaining internal temperature within normal range by method of… ~endothermy metabolism produces main source of heat. positive: can sustain activity in different conditions or ~ectothermy use environment to absorb heat. positive: requires less energy mechanisms of heat exchange: ● conduction: direct contact between solids ○ ex snake on warm rock ● convection: direct contact between solid and gas ○ ex hare’s big, vascularized ears ● radiation: no direct contact (principally refers to heat from sun) ○ ex bird opening wings toward sunlight ● evaporation: water has the special property of a high heat of vaporization, therefore it takes a lot of heat with it when evaporated ○ ex dog panting generating and retaining heat: ● insulation layer of fur to form air barrier or layer of blubber for fat barrier ○ nearly all in endothermic animals (to avoid loss of heat from internal metabolism) ○ mainly in aquatic animals because water has high heat capacity (absorbs heat rapidly) \n ● behavioral heat absorption and regulation basking in sun, hiding in shade, being active only certain times of day, etc ● circulatory adaptations vasodilation and vasoconstriction = delivering different amounts of heated blood to skin surface to heat extremities/far tissues or cool blood (not the best because when heated blood is sent more to extremities, more heat is lost ■ countercurrent exchange = artery ‘hugs’ vein so that heat flows from artery into vein before heated blood gets to extremities heat goes back up with veins and stays in body keeps core temperature up and extremities cold ● metabolic heat production (endothermy) ○ shivering thermogenesis constriction of muscles produces heat ○ nonshivering thermogenesis burns brown fat for heat thermoregulation and energy conservation (for endothermic animals) ● torpor daily pattern of decreased physiological activity ○ mainly for small endotherms with high metabolic rates; active at night, don’t move much during day ● hibernation seasonal state of decreased physiological activity ○ mainly mammals ● aestivation “summer hibernation” often facultative ○ mainly in hot areas where resources are limited in summer instead of winter all are heterothermy mechanisms they change their set point (like body temperature) in response to environmental stress *white nose syndrome fungus grows on nose of bats, saps energy as hyphae extend through and feed off tissues wakes bats early in year (january/february) before enough insects to survive. 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4cdfc21e51e74f4c7803d0edcaafb162 | for what value of a is the following equation true? lim xl` s x 1 a x 2 a d x e | for what value of a is the following equation true lim xl` | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " review for chemistry 121 b professor: dr. thomas holovics southern illinois universityedwardsville chapters 14 &15 test date: march 3, 2016 referencing back to the blue lecture notes book chapter 14 chemical equilibrium key terms, vocab, equations what does “equilibrium constant” mean? o when the amount of the products are relatively the same as the amount of reactants what is the definition of “dynamic equilibrium”? o when the rates of the forward and revers reactions are equal. what is the formula for equilibrium constant, kc? o kc=[c]^c[d]^d/[a]^a[b]^b where c & d are the products and a&b are the reactants so, concentration of products or the concentration of the reactants how do we know if the products are favored or if the reactants are favored? o if k is larger than 1, then the products are favored. if k is smaller than 1, then the reactants are favored. there is an example of a problem finding if the reactants or products are favored in the lecture note book page 138 when referring to a reverse reaction, what does k’ (k prime) stand for? o it is the reciprocal of k there is an example problem of this on page 140 and 141 equilibrium constant o if you add the given equation, you get the desired equation. o if you multiply the given k values, you get the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction. what is the formula for partial pressure equilibrium constant? o kp= (pg)^p(ph)^h/(pa)^a(pb)^b \n partial pressure of the products over the partial pressure of the reactants how is kp related to kc? o kp=kc(rt)^δn t is temperature in kelvin r=.08206 δn is the difference in the number of moles of reactants and the moles of products kp=kc when δn=0 partial pressure is always in atm o there are example problems for this on page 145 kc does not work for solids or liquids because their concentrations do not change. o the amount of solid and liquids may change but the concentrations do not. what is the most direct way to find equilibrium constant? o to measure the amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium equilibrium constant is independent of the initial amount of reactants or products. for nonequilibrium conditions, instead of using kc or kp, you use? o qc or qp what is the qc or qp used for? o for prediction the direction of the net change of the reaction. to do this, compare the magnitude of qc to kc qc vs. kc no products/ reactants k>>q products formed shifts right k is much larger than q products/ reactants k>q products formed shifts right k is larger than q products/reactants k= q no products or does not shift k and q are at reactants formed equilibrium products/reactants k<q reactants formed shifts left k is smaller than q products/ no reactants k<<q reactants formed shifts left k is much smaller than q use an ice table to work these types of problems o ice stands for initial change equilibrium o examples of these types of problems on pages 151,152,153,154, 157,158 if when doing an ice and you encounter a binomial term, you can compare the constant to the value obtained for x. this is called “neglect x” \n so, instead of doing (ex) x^2/(5x)=20, do instead x^2/5=20 o this only works if (dropped x term/ constant of binomial)>.05 example on page 158 le châterlier’s principle helps us predict the effects from various changes in equilibrium conditions o meaning, if the equilibrium is disturbed, then the position of equilibrium will shift as to minimize the disturbance. o example: you have two countries right next to each other, a and b. a and b are at equilibrium. but then some people from a move over to b, making it have more people. now the equilibrium is messed up and b is a bit crowded. so, to fix this, some people from b move to a, making then equal again. o equilibrium shifts away from the side with added stuff. or equilibrium shifts towards the side with removed stuff. there is an illustrated example of this on page 161 does adding a gas reactants increases the partial pressure causing the equilibrium to shift to what side? o right increasing the partial pressure increases the concentration but it does not increase the partial pressure of other gases in the mix does adding or removing pure solids or liquids affects the equilibrium? o no, they do not. when the external pressure is increased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the smaller number of gas moles when the external pressure is decreased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the larger number of gas moles if there is no change in the number of gas mole what effect does the change in external pressure have? o it has no effect. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the endothermic reaction. o raising lowering the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_reaction. o exothermic consider heat as though it is a product of the endothermic reaction and a reactant of the exothermic reaction \n o this is a really nice summary diagram for this on page 165 and an example equation remember: adding a catalyst will lower the activation energy of both the forward and revers reaction but it does not affect the equilibrium state. a standard example table of disturbing equilibrium adding more shift to the right shift to the left no change product removing some shift to the right shift to the left no change reactant increase in shift to the right shift to the left no change temperature decrease in shift to the right shift to the left no change pressure adding a catalyst shift to the right shift to the left no change le châterlier’s summary change effect concentration increase in [reactant] or decrease in [product] favors forward reaction partial pressure increase in [product] or decrease in [reactant] favors revers reaction temperature increase in temp. favors endothermic reaction decrease in temp. favors exothermic reaction pressure increase in pressure favors side with less gas moles decrease in pressure favors side with more gas moles volume increase in volume favors side with less gas moles decrease in volume favors side with more gas moles catalyst added equilibrium reached faster. make sure to do the selftests on pages 143, 155, and 167 \n chapter 15 acids and bases fun fact: mild heartburn can be cured by neutralizing the acid in ones esophagus. acids o taste sour o can dissolve many metals o neutralizes bases o change blue litmus to red o some common acids sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid bases o bitter taste o feels slippery o turns red litmus paper blue o neutralizes acids o common bases sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, sodium carbonate arrhenius theory definition of acids and bases svante arrhenius o bases off of h+ and oh h+ is for acid and oh is for bases (18591927) brønstedlowery definition o based in reactions win which h+ is transferred lewis definition o based on the reaction in which lone pairs are transferred arrhenius acids and bases o arrhenius acid is a compound that ionizes in h2o to form a solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? h+/h3o+ ions and anions o arrhenius base is a compound that ionizes in h2o to forma solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? oh and cations just to be clear, what is the definition of neutralizing? o it is the process of an acid reacting with a base to form h2o and an ionic salt. and what is an ionic salt? o it is the combination of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid what are some problems regarding the arrhenius theory? \n o it does not explain why some molecular substances dissolve to form basic solutions even though they do not contain oh ions o it does not explain why some molecular substance dissolves to form acidic solutions even though they do not contain h+ ions. o it does not explain acidbase reactions that take place outside of (aq) solutions. brønstedlowery acids and bases o a brønstedlowery acid is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton donor johannes n. bronsted o a brønstedlowery base is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton acceptor (18791947) o what is a conjugate base? it is an acid minus the proton it donated. o what is a conjugate acid? it is a base plus the accepted proton o the base accepts the proton and becomes a conjugate acid. o the acid donates the proton and becomes a conjugate base. there is a picture to show you the reaction on page 174 lewis acids and bases o a lewis acids electron pair acceptor o a lewis base electron pair donor o the base donates the lp electrons to the acid. gilbert newton lewis (18751946) normally, a covalent bond forms the product formed is called an \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? in organic chem, lewis acids are an adduct o arrhenius and brostedlowery are also lewis called electrophiles and lewis reactions. bases are called nucleophiles there is a very nice diagram that visually explains this on page 176 how to identify acids binary acids general formula: hx examples: hf,hcl,hbr,hi, h2s, h2te complex acids general formula: hx(poly) examples: hno2, h2so4, oxoacids (h,o, and 1 hcn, h2co3, h3po4, other) hobr, hclo2, hno3 organic acids gen formula: rcooh examples: hcooh, ch3cooh,c2h5cooh, c6h5cooh lewis acids gen. formula: m+ examples: fe+3, hg+2, \n incomplete octets/open cr+2, h+ bf3,aih2 orbitals ions as acids positive ions can be acidic examples: nh4+, some anions of complex c5nnh+, honh3+, acids hso41, hco31, hpo42 how to identify bases metal hydroxide gen. formula: moh examples: naoh, lioh, koh, ca(oh)2, mg(oh)2 amines gen. formula: amines examples: nh3, ch3nh2, c5h5n, (ch3)3n, honh2, (ch3)2 nh lewis bases has a lone pair that can easilyexamples: (nh3), cn, h2o be donated ions as bases negative ions can be basic examples: co32, clo2, hs, cn, po43, ch3o, no2, ch3coo0, f what is the name for the substance that can act as either an acid or a base? o an amphoteric substance they can do this because they have both a transferable h and an atom with lone pair electrons. what is the most common amphoteric substance? o that’s right, water. good ol’ h2o a strong acid or strong base are strong electrolytes o basically 100% acid molecules ionize and all base molecules form oh ions. a weak acid or a weak base are weak electrolytes. strong acids o hydrochloric acid (hcl) o hydrobromic acid (hbr) o hydriodic acid (hi) o nitric acid (hno3) o perchloric acid (hclo4) o sulfuric acid (h2so4) all other acids are weak measure an acid or base’s strength by using the equilibrium constant. \n the stronger the acid is at donating h, the weaker the conjugate base is at accepting h. higher oxidation number= stronger oxyacid cation is stronger that neutral molecules which are stronger than anions o h3o+>h2o>oh base strength trend is the opposite binary acids o strength increase to the right across the period and down the column so, iodine (i) is the best oxyacid, hoy o the more electronegative y, the stronger the acid o acidity increases to the right and up a group o the larger the oxidation number of the central atom, the stronger the oxyacid o the more oxygens attached to the y, the stronger the oxyacid carboxylic acids o rcooh o the more electronegative the r group, the stronger the acid page 185186 has a huge list of acids and bases. it’s worth checking out acid strength is measured by the equilibrium constant o larger ka= stronger acid ka= [h3o+][a]/ [ha]= [h+][a]/[ha] neutral solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] and [oh] equal acidic solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] than [oh] larger basic solutions have\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[ oh] than [h3o+] larger ph is used to express acidity or basicity o ph= log[h3o+] o waters ph is –log[10^7]=7 o [h3o+]= 10^ph ph<7 is acid, 7 is neutral, ph >7 is basic o there is an example to find ph on page 191 another way to express acidity/basicity is using poh o poh= log[oh] o [oh]= 10^poh o you need to know the [oh] to find poh o ph+ poh=14.0 another way is pk o pka= log(ka), ka= 10^pka o pkb= log(kb), kb= 10^pkb o smaller pka= stronger acid o larger ka= smaller pka \n why? because it has a neg. log o smaller pkb= stronger the base o larger kb+ smaller pkb finding the ph for strong o for monoprotic strong acids [h3o+]=[hacid] o for strong ionic bases [oh]= (number oh ions)*[base] o there are examples showing the work for these types of problems on page 195 finding ph for weak o hacid+h2o acid +h3o+ o use the ice table o you can use neglect x o there are tons of examples on pages 196, 197, and 198. acid ionization o another way to measure acid strength. o to do this determine the percentage of acid molecules ionized when dissolved in water called percent ionization o the higher the percent ionization, the stronger the acid o percent ionization= ((molarity of ionized acid)/(initial molarity of acid))*100% example page 199 a monoprotic acid has one single ionizable h atom per molecule a polyprotic acid has more than one ionizable h atom ions as acids and bases o salts of strong acids and strong bases form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions neutral o salts of weak acids and strong acids form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions basic o salts of strong acids and weak bases form\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions acidic o salts of weak acids and weak basics can form solutions that are acidic or basic or neutral it depends on the relative strength of the cations and anions o there are examples on page 202 don’t forget to do the selftests on pages 187 and 207 also, maybe review the oxidation rules if you are rusty with those and what bases are strong or weak \n good luck on the test!!! i believe in you!!!",
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fc79f945cb4c8d72102093135235b2fd | find the horizontal asymptotes for the graph of 1x2 in exercise 37. | find the horizontal asymptotes for the graph of 1x2 in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 4 birth and the newborn infant 1. preparing for child birth a. birth plans i. expectations you have about the birth 1. medication? under what circumstances? 2. who is allowed in the birthing room? 3. music? clothes? ii. not a list of orders! iii. include contingencies 2. options for birth a. lamaze i. breath and visualization ii. different things to focus on rather than the pain iii. highly used in the 80s iv. anyone can coach them b. bradley method i. “husbandcoached” ii. very similar to lamaze c. hyponobirth i. relatively new ii. hypnotizing yourself d. water birth i. meant to ease pressure on the mother and contractions ii. makes birth more natural for the infant (liquid environment to a liquid environment) iii. incredibly important to have a sterile environment e. obstetrician i. medial specialist in birth ii. graduated from an accredited university f. midwife i. trained childbirth attendant ii. far more common outside the us g. doula i. provides support for mothers – “extra set of hands” ii. not medically trained in birth iii. historically often filled by mothers or sisters iv. associated with more positive births v. traditionally stick around postbirth 3. labor and birth a. corticotropinreleasing hormone i. triggers release of oxytocin b. 3 stages of labor i. stage 1 \n 1. contraction start 810 minutes apart, last ~30 seconds 2. increase to 2 minutes apart, last 2 minutes 3. actual muscles squeezing baby toward vaginal canal 4. dilation and effacement of the cervix 5. head first, face down ii. transition – contractions are at the greatest intensity 1. typically the most painful 2. cervix reaches peak opening iii. stage 2 – actual birth; length varies wildly 1. pushing occurs with each contraction 2. stage ends when baby is completely out of the womb iv. stage 3 1. shortest stage – few minutes 2. expelling of placenta and umbilical cord 4. cesarean delivery a. csections i. countrywide, no association between rate of csections and rate of successful births ii. linked to use of fetal monitors 1. sensors on the mother’s stomach for baby’s heart rate iii. more common in multiple births and breech births 5. neonates a. apgar scoring system i. activity (muscle tone), pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), appearance (skin color), respiration b. 10 point scale i. 03 severely depressed ii. 46 moderately depressed iii. 710 excellent conditions 6. birth complications a. preterm infants i. < 38 weeks ii. low birth weight 1. < 2,500 grams/5.5 pounds iii. verylowbirthweight 1. < 1,250 grams/2.5 pounds iv. underdeveloped organs, risk of impaired cognitive ability 7. risks for preterm delivery a. mother’s age b. father’s age c. multiples d. close pregnancies 8. postbirth a. screening \n i. american college of medical genetics recommends 29 different types of screening 1. hearing ability, genetic disorders, etc. ii. actual laws range from 3 to over 30 iii. early intervention can help with genetic disorders/health problems b. bonding i. no critical period for motherchild bonding 1. medical intervention is more important ii. human touch is key for infant development 1. skin to skin contact releases hormones c. stillbirth/infant mortality i. stillbirth – baby is never alive outside of the womb ii. infant mortality – death within a year of birth d. postpartum depression i. speculation is that it is caused by fluctuation in hormones ii. symptoms range from sadness to psychosis iii. mothers not feelings “motherly” to children e. hospital stays i. varies culturally, by insurance f. family leave i. issue in the us because we don’t have it ii. only nationwide law is one day 1. employer is not obliged to pay you after that one day 9. newborn development a. physical i. newborns have a variety of reflexes ii. rooting iii. sucking iv. swallowing/gag reflex v. grasping vi. moro – dropping, fling their arms outward vii. stepping viii. swimming – start to paddle when put in water ix. babinski – stroke their feet, toes curl b. cognitive i. habituation – newborns get used to things c. social i. imitation: mirror neurons 1. neurons in the brain light up as if actually performing a task, when in fact only observing the task 2. can lead to actual imitation 10. states of arousal a. see graph in powerpoint b. sleep 1618 hours a day typically \n 11. infant states a. active sleep (50%) b. quiet sleep (30%) c. drowsiness (7%) d. nonalert awake (3%) e. alert awake (7%) f. crying (3%) 12. fact of the day: giant pandas have the largest mothertooffspring ratio of any mammal, ranging from about 700:1 to 1500:1 \n language development 1. language – the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication a. phonology – basic sounds of language i. english has 40 phonemes (sounds) b. morphemes – smallest language unit that has meaning i. could be a word or a sound that you add to a word ii. example: adding an –s c. semantics – rules that determine the meaning of words i. how their phrased, positive or negative, where they go in the sentence 2. wernicke’s area and broca’s area of the brain, responsible for language a. comprehension (wernicke) b. production of language (broca) 3. comprehension (receptive language) precedes production (spoken/written language) a. comprehension i. understanding language and giving the desired response b. production i. adding vocal speech 4. apraxia – can’t produce language the same as everyone else 5. prelinguistic communication a. babbling starts with simple, modulated vowel sounds, then adds consonants later b. by 6 months, babbling reflects the language of origin c. can be needdriven or social in nature i. grunt, reach for something 6. first words a. first recognizable sound or first sound repeatedly applied to the same object? b. roughly between 16 and 24 months, language expands 8fold, leading to a vocabulary of around 400 words 7. holophrases a. single words that express entire sentences or thoughts, based on the situation 8. first sentences: ~18 months a. telegraphic speech i. summarized language ii. don’t include articles, conjunctions, etc. b. under/overextensions i. under: aren’t quite as common ii. over: word applies to more than it actually does c. different styles of language i. referential vs. expressive 1. referential: labeling 2. expressive: more social in nature than just informative 9. fast mapping a. learning a new word very quickly after being exposed to it once or only a handful of times \n 10. strategies for word learning a. principle of mutual exclusivity: what words refer to what objects; infants assume words can’t apply to overlapping categories b. syntactic bootstrapping: deduce word meanings and differentiate between word function based on how it is used 11. grammatical development a. overregulation: if they know adding –s makes it plural, they add –s to everything (“feets”) b. semantic bootstrapping: notice which words appear in the same position in sentences, use that to figure out how they combine with other words 12. theories of language development a. learning theory approach i. language follows basic reinforcement and conditioning ii. doesn’t explain untaught extensions in language b. nativist approach i. noam chomsky: genetic mechanism that drives the development of language; don’t have to taught or receive social feedback; born with innate language capabilities ii. all human languages share universal grammar iii. humans are born with a languageacquisition device (lad) 13. infantdirected speech a. originally called motherese i. shorter sentences ii. higher pitch iii. grammatically incorrect word usage iv. repetition v. evidenced in all cultures b. feedback: respond as if we know what they’re saying 14. fact of the day: in 1759, arthur guinness signed a 9,000year lease for land and water rights for his brewery in dublin, for a rate of 45 pounds a year. the original lease can be seen on the tour at st. james’ gate. \n chapter 1: introduction to child development 1) areas of development a) physical i) how the body develops and influences behavior ii) physical skills and abilities iii) how detriments in physical development affect behavior b) cognitive i) growth and change in intellectual capabilities ii) development of the brain iii) learning, memory, problem solving, intelligence c) social/personality (including emotion) i) social: how individuals interact with one another ii) personality: more stable, enduring aspects of behavior iii) emotional: partway between cognitive and personality 2) age ranges a) infancy and toddlerhood (birth3) b) preschool/early childhood (36) c) middle childhood (kindergartenmiddle school / 612) d) adolescence (1220) 3) individual differences a) skews generally reliable predictions 4) developmental cohorts a) generations i) baby boomers (19461960) ii) gen x (19601980) iii) millennials (19802000) b) environment impacts development as social culture influences thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors i) examples (1) civil rights / racism (2) great depression (3) internet 5) historical perspectives a) john locke (16321704) i) children as “tabula rasa,” meaning a blank slates – can be made into whatever, shaped by outside factors ii) no such thing as innate characteristics/traits b) jeanjacques rousseau (17121778) i) children as “noble savages” – born with an appropriate sense of right and wrong c) baby biographies (late 1700s) i) first systematic observations of identifiable developmental milestones d) eventually, universal education practices and public disapproval of child labor in western society contributed to recognition of childhood as a developmental state of its own \n 6) child development in the 20 century a) critical issues i) continuous vs. discontinuous change (1) continuous: constant; always growth present (2) discontinuous: collected/instantaneous; staged packages ii) critical vs. sensitive periods (1) critical periods: a time in development during which a given event/stimuli has greatest consequence; originally thought to be immutable (2) sensitive periods: a time in development during which individuals are most receptive to environmental stimuli; learning can occur across lifespan (a) example – learning a new language is easier at a young age because tons of development is occurring iii) lifespan vs. stage focus (not much of a debate anymore) iv) nature vs. nurture (1) nature=genetics, nurture=environment (2) twin studies have long been used to determine “how much” nature vs. nurture affects development (3) nature can be overcome and nurture can create outcomes just as deep and long lasting as genetics 7) other terminology a) plasticity: the brain’s ability to change neural pathways b) object permanence: if they don’t see something, it does not exist anymore 8) fact of the day a) mammals that lay eggs are called monotremes (platypus and echidna) \n chapter 5: infant physical development 1. patterns of growth a. cephalocaudal principle i. growth starts in the head ii. head is disproportionally large compared to the rest of the body iii. head takes up ¼ in fetal stage b. proximodistal principle i. growth starts in the center of the body ii. in terms of control and nervous development, you gain control over the center of the body before extremities c. principle of hierarchical integration i. complex skills are made up of simple skills d. principle of systems independence i. body systems develop at different rates ii. don’t reach maturity at the same time 2. nervous system a. electrical impulses travel through neurons and across synapses b. myelin: fatty substance that surrounds axons c. pruning: the death and removal of unused neurons/connections 3. brain a. occipital (vision), parietal (body sensations), frontal (voluntary movement and thinking), temporal (hearing) i. frontal is the largest, most complex, last to develop 1. doesn’t finish growing until mid20s 4. shaken baby syndrome a. aka abusive head trauma i. brain swelling ii. bleeding on the surface of the brain iii. bleeding behind the eyes b. diagnosis no longer considered limiting i. infection, stroke, or previous accidents can cause symptoms ii. washington post: shaken science 5. motor development a. gross motor development (coordinating entire body) i. sitting alone: ~56 months ii. crawling: ~810 months iii. walking: ~12 months b. fine motor development i. wholehand grasping: ~34 months 1. open hand closed fist ii. pincer grasping: ~8 months 1. one or two fingers c. all averages – 50% of babies will not follow these statistics 6. sensory development \n a. visual perception i. visual acuity develops rapidly, reaching 20/20 by around 6 months 1. depth perception, etc. ii. visual cliff experiment 1. one of the earliest experiments done on babies 2. strong plexiglas… babies won’t attempt to cross to mother 3. used to determine depth perception/how they process that information iii. looking time paradigms? iv. innate predispositions 1. curved lines 2. 3d figures 3. human faces b. auditory perception i. 1 month olds can distinguish between different phonetic sounds ii. 4.5 month olds can distinguish their own name iii. 5 month olds can distinguish languages iv. infants show preference for familiar melodies v. tested using sucking paradigms c. smell/taste i. infants born with highly sensitive smell and taste ii. show preference for sweet tastes d. touch i. one of the most developed senses at birth ii. babies are born with the capacity to feel pain and react to human touch iii. babies exposed to a high amount of pain in infancy develop a higher pain tolerance later in life iv. highly reactive to human touch – need to feel human touch for development, soothed by human touch 7. nutrition a. breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding i. breast milk is more nutritious and easier to digest 1. requires more frequent feeding because easier to digest ii. breast milk increases immune system and immune response iii. not all babies take to breastfeeding iv. bottle feeding can provide adequate nutrition b. weaning i. recommended no earlier than 12 months, but varies by culture and personal preference ii. solid foods can start to be introduced ~ 6 months 1. as babies grow, breast milk no longer provides enough c. malnutrition – not getting enough calories and nutrients to promote development; exists in about 1 in 5 children in the us; can effect cognitive and physical development \n d. obesity e. see cdc national statistics for breastfeeding in powerpoint 8. developmental norms a. don’t rely exclusively on them, only averages b. not true for 100% of people 9. fact of the day: on august 11, 2015, all 15 home teams in major league baseball won their games for the first time in history \n chapter 3 the start of life: genetics and prenatal development 1) conception a) gamete (23 chromosomes) + gamete (23 chromosomes) = zygote (46 chromosomes) b) multiple births i) monozygotic – one zygote splits into two (genetic identicals) (1) environmental impact: temperature/atmospheric changes, for example ii) dizygotic – two zygotes are created from two separate ova (eggs) (1) fraternal twins (2) more common – one in every sixty births (a) why? (i) better health care, increased obstetric knowledge iii) 1 in every 330 births 2) genetics a) dna genes chromosomes b) chromosomes are organized in 23 pairs, with one of each pair coming from the mother and father c) biological sex i) the 23 pair of chromosomes generally determines the sex of the baby ii) if the male gamete has a y chromosomes, the child will be male; x = female d) dominant vs. recessive traits i) dominant traits come from the genes that will express whenever present ii) recessive traits express when no dominant genes are present e) homozygous vs. heterozygous i) homozygous – same gene ii) heterozygous – different genes f) xlinked traits/genes i) genes only present on the x chromosome ii) more common in males g) polygenic inheritance i) the majority of our physical traits are polygenic: eye color, hair color, many diseases h) behavioral genetics i) the genetic study of diseases and disorders that are mainly emotional/behavioral in nature 3) genetic disorders a) down syndrome i) trisomy 21 (1) “genetic” disorder is a misnomer – technically a chromosomal disorder b) williams syndrome i) microdeletion on chromosome 7 (1) approximately 30 genes are “deleted” ii) ears stick out, appear to have thin skin, seem to age more quickly (not enough elastin in skin) iii) “antiautism” – no social barriers \n c) praderwilli syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the paternal copy of chromosome 15 (1) 2 copies from your mother ii) intellectual disability; failure to thrive at birth; low muscle tone; overeating (hyperfasia?); tend to be very short; highly underdeveloped metabolism; tend to be very anxious – require a schedule d) angelman syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the maternal copy of chromosome 15 ii) nonverbal; tend to be incredibly cheerful all the time; lots of shrieking; shorter lifespan than previously mentioned disorders (lifespan about 30 years) 4) genetics a) gene expression i) phenylketonuria (pku) – can have genotype with no phenotypic symptoms (1) can be very dangerous; blood test as soon as baby is born ii) phenotype – the outward expression of traits or genetics iii) genotype – what genes you have iv) by eliminating foods with phenylalanine, individuals can avoid any cognitive or physical symptoms, resulting in typical phenotype 5) genes and environment a) personality b) psychopathology i) diathesisstress model – genetics can predispose an individual to greater risk for developing a disorder, but it takes a stressor, or environmental factor, to “turn on” the symptoms (1) having the gene does not necessarily mean you will express it (a) example: alcoholism c) bidirectional effects i) genes environment genetic expression 6) prenatal development a) at about 8 weeks, the zygote becomes known as an embryo b) germinal stage – fertilization to 2 weeks i) zygote begins to divide (blastocyst) ii) implants into the uterine wall iii) cells begin to differentiate (1) some cells from the blastocyst form the placenta c) embryonic stage – 28 weeks i) three layers: ectoderm (skin & peripheral nervous system), mesoderm (muscles, bones, & circulatory system), and endoderm (digestive system) d) fetal stage – 8 weeks to birth i) high rate of growth (20x) ii) importance of environment (1) hormonerelated sex differentiation (2) behavioral stage (a) babies can hear \n (b) mother under a lot of stress can greatly impact how baby grows e) threats to healthy prenatal development i) maternal age (by age 35, body’s screening system begins to shut down) ii) maternal physical health (1) diet (2) smoking (3) drinking iii) maternal mental health iv) paternal behaviors 7) teratogens a) environmental agent b) sensitive period c) vary with the age of fetus at exposure d) examples i) fetal alcohol syndrome (1) most common result: underdeveloped frontal cortex (brain injury, responsible for decision making, much more likely to be exceptional impulsive, drastic social consequences) e) alcohol f) illegal drugs i) heroin: baby addicted at birth g) prescription drugs i) acutane h) tobacco i) smaller babies, smaller head circumference i) incompatible blood types j) environmental hazards i) infectious diseases; hiv/aids k) other maternal factors i) age, stress, etc. ii) study: 4 years is ideal time between children 8) fact of the day: “big ben” is the name of the great bell inside of the clock tower, not the tower itself \n chapter 2: theoretical perspectives and research 1. psychodynamic perspective a. behavior is motivated by sub or unconscious thoughts and memories or “inner force” b. sigmund freud i. pioneer of essentially all of psychology ii. psychoanalytic theory 1. personality driven by three unconscious forces: a. id i. innate (present at birth) ii. driven entirely by pleasure principle iii. entirely selfish b. ego i. acts as a buffer between the id and society ii. driven by the reality principle c. superego i. last to develop ii. forms as a result of environmental and social expectations (e.g. interaction with authority figures) iii. superego would look different in different cultures/ places iv. wants to please everyone; selfless iii. psychosexual development 1. stage age a. oral birth to 1218 months b. anal 1218 months to 3 years c. phallic 3 to 56 years d. latency 56 years to adolescence e. genital adolescence to adulthood 2. oral – fixation with putting things in their mouth; ability to use their mouth easier than hands 3. anal – wanting control over bodily functions 4. phallic oedipus complex 5. latency – didn’t think much happened during this time period c. erik erikson i. psychosocial theory 1. infancy: trust vs. mistrust a. reliance on parents for everything; needs must be met by them b. good – feelings of trust and safety in your environment and with other people c. bad – anxiety, fear, and concern \n 2. toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt a. good – feeling confident in your own abilities b. bad – selfdoubt, lack of independence 3. early childhood: initiative vs. guilt a. explore new things b. good – comfort with initiating interactions with your environment c. bad – guilt over the [potential] results of your choices 4. middle childhood: industry vs. inferiority a. how you see yourself in comparison to your peers b. good – sense of competence c. bad – low selfesteem, no sense of mastery 5. adolescence: identity vs. role diffusion a. good – a strong sense of self and where you fit in b. bad – inability to identify and behave in appropriate roles in life; no selfawareness 6. early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation a. good – development of loving, close relationships b. bad – forever alone 7. middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation a. now that you’ve successfully gotten through these stages, can you continue to grow? b. good – feelings of meaning and contribution to the world c. bad – sense of triviality 8. late adulthood: egointegrity vs. despair a. looking back on life; what is going to happen after i die? b. good – “i’ve done well” c. bad – regret 2. critiques of psychodynamic theories a. difficult to observe/measure b. more focused on males (from freud’s perspective) c. fairly apocalyptic: if one thing went wrong, you’re screwed for the rest of your life 3. behavioral theories a. development can be understood as a collection of observable, interacting environmental stimuli and the resulting behavior b. development doesn’t occur in stages – rather, it depends entirely on individual experience i. what you’re shown, what your parents teach you, etc. c. human representations of pavlov’s classical conditioning i. ringing of a bell paired with food to make dogs salivate before they see food d. john watson \n i. “give me a dozen healthy infants…and i’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist i might select.” ii. little albert experiment 1. paired stimulus effect – watson made loud noises every time albert was presented with a white mouse 2. despite no initial fear, albert began to scream and cry at the sight of the mouse. this behavior generalized to all white, fuzzy things e. b.f. skinner i. operant conditioning 1. voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on the stimuli they’re paired with 2. 3. for young children, consistency is important; young children need to know what to expect 4. let the punishment fit the crime f. albert bandura i. socialcognitive learning theory 1. learning through imitation 2. children don’t necessarily need to experience the rewards/ punishments themselves; if they see positive reinforcement for a behavior in others, they’re likely to imitate it 4. critiques of behavioral theories a. morally dubious experiments b. too much reliance on animal models i. discounts metacognition and conscience 5. cognitive theories a. jean piaget’s stages of cognitive development i. sensorimotor ii. preoperational iii. concreate operational iv. formal operational b. assimilation – taking something new and fitting it in to what you know \n c. accommodation – changing your existing mental mass d. informationprocessing i. neopiagetian ii. cognition is made up of different skills that take different time to develop e. cognitive neuroscience i. focuses on the neurological activity behind cognition 6. contextual theories a. considers development within the environment b. sociocultural approach i. lev vygotsky ii. development is a reciprocal interaction between the child and his/her environment c. bioecological approach i. zpd (zone of proximal development) and scaffolding 1. you have a level of competence and a level of challenge 2. if you push them too hard, the child won’t want to continue learning ii. microsystem – who the child interacts with an a near daily basis (immediate family, neighborhood play area, child care center) iii. mesosystem iv. exosystem v. macrosystem 7. dynamic systems theory a. integrated systems b. complex from basic, simple conditions c. similar to individual differences theory 8. main theories a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. contextual e. evolutionary* 9. fact of the day: if you start with one cent and double your money every day, it would only take 27 days for you to become a millionaire 10. science and research in child development a. the scientific method – definitions i. theory 1. “broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest” 2. “a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct” ii. hypothesis 1. “a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested” iii. operationalization \n 1. “the process of translating a hypothesis into specific testable procedures” iv. scientific method 1. formulate a research question 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions based on the results of your test 5. make the findings available b. research studies i. descriptive 1. what does a certain phenomenon look like? a. how many? how much? b. no comparison group, no relationship between variables c. research methods i. systematic observation 1. naturalistic observation – not getting involved, just watching; meant to reflect participants’ everyday lives; can’t control conditions; observees don’t know that you’re there 2. structured observation – researchers set up a situation; manipulation; conditions are the same for all participants 3. limitations a. observer influence b. observer bias (more likely to see what you’re looking for) ii. selfreport – person telling you what they feel/how they act 1. clinical interviews – open conversation; they tell you whatever they want to 2. structured interviews – open ended questions, but same questions for each participants 3. surveys – responses in the exact same way; same questions; easier to quantify and compare 4. limitations a. selfawareness iii. psychophysiological methods – biofeedback 1. used in order to generalize findings iv. case study 1. what does something look like in one person? 2. wolf boy of avignon? 3. generalizability is limited v. ethnography 1. observation of a culture or social group 2. not very common d. research studies i. correlational 1. relationship between two or more variables \n 2. quantitative mathematical data 3. correlation does not imply causation e. true experiments i. determine the casual effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable ii. require random assignment to control or experimental group 1. what determines a control group? a. placebo effect – when people are given a pill, even if it’s a sugar pill, they will psychologically think that they are getting better i. no one should know who has what, even the doctors, in order to avoid bias f. challenges in human research i. theoretical vs. applied 1. theoretical research seeks to explain processes, while applied research seeks to identify how we can change and improve development a. stockholm syndrome – becoming attached to your abuser b. applied example: medications ii. longitudinal vs. crosssectional 1. development is, by nature, longitudinal 2. crosssectional: how they are at a specific time a. allows direct comparison 3. longitudinal: measuring the same people over and over again 4. cohortsequential iii. functional challenges 1. generalizability – include additional factors to approve it iv. ethical considerations 1. working with children – assent/parental consent required, restrictions on what you can make them do 2. deception – must deceive people if studying them without their knowledge to avoid bias 3. manipulation 4. internal review boards (irbs) g. research concerns i. reliability 1. will observation be consistent? ii. validity 1. are you measuring what you think you’re measuring? 2. face validity 3. divergent validity \n 4. convergent validity iii. increase validity 1. sample size – larger, representing multiple geographic regions 2. representative sample – must reflect the people you are trying to prove research for 3. blind experimenters a. double blind study – don’t know which is which b. don’t want them to know what exactly they’re looking for 4. operational definitions – must be very explicit 5. experimental and control groups iv. ethics and research 1. freedom from harm 2. informed consent 3. use of deception – must debrief them afterwards 4. maintenance of privacy – complete deidentification h. research findings i. empirical articles include 1. abstract 2. introduction or literature review 3. method 4. results 5. 6. 7. ii. be cautious iii. don’t assume, over generalize, accept a single study, or accept casual conclusions from correlational studies iv. consider the source 11. fact of the day: both pope john paul ii and pope francis were designated as honorary harlem globetrotters \n chapter 6 cognitive development in infancy 1. piagetian theory a. four stages of development i. sensorimotor 1. development of object permanence and motor skills; little to not capacity for symbolic thought; if it wasn’t right in front of them, they had no concept of it 2. six substages a. simple reflexes: birth to 1 month b. first habits and primary circular reactions: 14 months i. coordination of simple actions into more complex processes ii. infants begin to repeat activities they find enjoyable iii. primary – actions involving the infants own body c. secondary circular reactions: 48 months i. same repetitive activities, but now involve interacting with the outside world d. coordination of secondary circular reactions: 812 months i. advent of goaldirected behavior and object permanence e. tertiary circular reactions: 1218 months i. infants start to modify their repetitive behavior to observe the consequences f. beginnings of thought: 1824 months i. advent of mental representation and deferred imitation ii. preoperational iii. concrete operational iv. formal operational b. children learn through assimilation and accommodation c. support i. importance of infants interacting with their environment ii. sequence of development d. critique i. development isn’t stagefocused ii. lack of acknowledgement of sensory development iii. cultural differences e. early motor development may disguise advances in cognitive development f. renee baillargeon’s lookingtime studies show that infants seem to understand object permanence and other physical properties of objects 2. information processing a. memory processes \n i. encoding ii. storage iii. retrieval 3. long term memory a. memory capacity increases as infants age i. infants remember how to activate a mobile by kicking b. infantile amnesia i. implicit vs. explicit memory ii. relation of memory to language 4. infant intelligence a. developmental quotient i. motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, personalsocial behavior b. bayley scales of infant development i. mental and motor abilities ii. visualspatial, nonverbal iii. see chart in powerpoint c. visualrecognition memory measurement d. information processing approach i. processing efficiency 1. how quickly infants can encode and retrieve information ii. crossmodal transference 1. how easily infants can transfer knowledge from one sense to another 5. fact of the day: the logo for the new zealand air force includes the silhouette of a kiwi bird. kiwi birds can’t fly \n chapter 7: social, emotional, and personality development in infancy 1. infant emotions a. infants are born with the capacity to express certain emotions b. social smiling/happiness doesn’t appear until at least 1 month i. rudimentary; in reaction to other people; social c. degree of emotional expression differs by culture d. determined by a study using facial coding system of babies; mapping average adult expressions onto babies; can’t tell exactly what they’re thinking; support: facial expressions tend to be the same across different cultures and in blind people; facial expressions are innate/not learned emotional expression age interest, distress, disgust present at birth social smile 12 months anger, surprise, sadness 24 months fear 56 months shame, shyness 6 months contempt, guilt 24 months e. expression i. social smiles – infants’ smiling reactions to other humans ii. social reciprocity – if they smile and an adult doesn’t smile back, they’ll stop smiling f. decoding i. understanding of verbal and tonal indicators of emotion in others ii. what is the other person actually feeling? iii. infants become skilled at picking up on happiness/joy in others iv. can pick up on tension and anger; being in an unstable environment g. social referencing i. 89 months ii. infants use the emotions of other adults to determine how to act in a situation iii. helps infants adapt to new environments and develop social skills iv. important to be consistent; learn what situations to fear/are bad 1. if they’re in an emotionally unstable environment, children will be incredibly confused when different adults react differently 2. development of self a. self awareness – the recognition of oneself as separate from others i. develops around 18 months ii. “rouge test” 1. infants are placed in front of a mirror with a spot on their face 2. also tested on chimpanzees iii. awareness of self expands to awareness of capabilities \n 1. once you recognize yourself, you can begin to tell what you can do 2. flip side: aware that you’re unique theory of mind 3. social development a. theory of mind i. understanding of thought processes and how they translate to behaviors ii. differentiating people from inanimate objects iii. development of empathy 1. an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of others iv. big step for infants: learn that people have emotions different from your own b. attachment i. the bond that forms between a child and a particular individual ii. book defines it as positive, but not always a positive 1. unhealthy attachment in adults (examples): stockholm’s syndrome, abusive relationships c. studies show preference for comfort over nourishment i. experiment with monkeys – wire “mother” vs. cloth “mother” ii. preference to cuddle with cloth over getting milk from wire d. john bowlby: attachment as a “secure base” i. person that they can always go back to; emotional and mental e. mary ainsworth’s strange situation experiment i. mom lets baby explore the room ii. stranger enters and talks to mom iii. mom leaves the room iv. mom returns and stranger leaves v. mom leaves baby alone entirely vi. stranger enters vii. mom returns and stranger leaves f. attachment styles i. secure – 60% of infants ii. avoidant iii. insecureambivalent iv. disorganized g. linked to emotional adjustment and behavior throughout life h. reactive attachment disorder i. extreme pathological form in insecure attachment ii. children who were never given the chance for secure attachment iii. latch on to any adult that they are put with without introduction; pour emotion into them iv. can become violent \n i. secure attachment ambivalent avoidant attachment attachment separation anxiety distressed when infant shows signs of infant shows no sign mother leaves intense distress when of distress when mother leaves mother leaves stranger anxiety avoidant of stranger infant avoids the infant is okay with when alone but stranger – shows fear the stranger and friendly when mother of stranger plays normally when present stranger is present reunion behavior positive and happy child approaches infant shows little when mother returns mother but resists interest when mother contact, may even returns push her away other will use the mother as infant cries more and mother and stranger a safe base to explore explores less than the are able to comfort their environment other 2 types infant equally well j. attachment and parenting i. securelyattached infants have caregivers who are more responsive and consistent 1. secure attachment built on trust ii. initially thought to apply only to mothers iii. ~1/3 of infants develop early attachments to more than one person iv. bidirectional effects k. social anxiety (78 months) i. stranger anxiety 1. as infants’ memory capacity expands, they become more wary of “new” people 2. capacity to recognize familiar faces ii. separation anxiety (appears around the same time) 1. prior to the development of object permanence, infants become anxious when their caregivers leave 2. observed across cultures 3. infants with different attachment styles will see this throughout their life l. infantinfant interactions i. babies prefer peers to inanimate objects ii. 912 monthold infants will engage in social games iii. older infants begin to imitate each other iv. older siblings serve as social models 4. personality development \n a. personality: the collection of enduring characteristics that differ among individuals b. erikson’s stages in infacy i. trust vs. mistrust ii. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. temperament – consistent, enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality i. how children behave, not why ii. infants seem to have innate temperamental characteristics, but parenting can significantly alter these patterns over time d. activity level active time : inactive time approach/withdrawal response to new stimuli adaptability how easily a child adapts to a new situation quality of mood pleasant vs. unpleasant behavior attention span how long a child will engage in activity distractibility how stimuli alter behavior rhythmicity regularity of basic functions intensity of reaction energy level of responses intensity of stimuli needed to elicit a threshold of responsiveness response e. general temperament categories i. easy – 40% of babies 1. generally happy, adaptable, followed a schedule ii. difficult – 10% of babies 1. withdrawn iii. slowtowarm – 15% 1. typically unresponsive f. goodnessoffit i. how well a baby’s temperament matches his/her environment ii. example: household they grow up in, how many siblings they have iii. slowtowarm babies are less likely to reach out g. gender differences i. adults ascribe different characteristics to infants based on the presented gender 1. children raised through society’s lens of gender differences ii. parents often treat children different by gender 1. boys: physical play 2. girls: singing, music, etc. iii. biology can play a role in physical, cognitive, and emotional difference by gender 1. exposure to different hormones in the womb 5. day care a. patterns of day care use \n i. about 60% of mothers in the us work outside the home ii. more and half of all mothers with infants under age 1 work iii. most infants are cared for by relatives iv. mothers who work fulltime are more likely to use day care centers or nonrelatives 1. day care centers require strict schedule v. ethnic differences 1. african american children are more likely to be cared for in centerbased programs 2. latino children are more likely to be cared for by family members 3. caucasian children are more likely to be cared for by nannies vi. these differences reflect income, access to child care arrangements and cultural values vii. most child care facilities are privately owned and operated viii. requirements for standards of care are minimal ix. improvement in day care quality is needed b. effects of day care i. there are contradictory conclusions 1. day care may benefit low and middleclass children 2. high quality day care may have positive effects on intellectual and verbal development 3. day care may increase aggression and decrease compliance 4. poor quality day care may affect attachment adversely c. guidelines for quality day care i. safety ii. adult/child ratios and group size 1. ratio grows as children get older, but typically 1:2 for infants 2. preference to small group size iii. staff training and program 1. degree in childhood early education? cpr/crisis management? iv. curriculum 1. appropriate day care has a structured curriculum along with free play d. culture i. child care is influenced by the broader cultural, social, political, economic and physical environments ii. there are wide variations in the form day care takes e. types of child care i. commercial child care centers ii. nonprofit child care centers (funded by government or charities; can’t compete with better/newer equipment or teachers; little to no cost) iii. private homes 1. professional home care 2. other parents earning extra money (casual arrangement) \n 3. extended family members a. less likely to have a curriculum or follow state guidelines f. patterns of use of child care i. high reliance and early entry 1. by 4 months, nearly ¾ of infants had some nonmaternal child care ii. socioeconomic factors affect number of hours and type of care 1. income level, education 2. dependence on mother’s income 3. believe maternal employment positive g. high quality child care i. medical and administrative expertise ii. small class sizes iii. low childteacher ratios iv. teachers trained in developmentally appropriate practices v. safe environment vi. stimulating toys h. outcomes of child care i. highquality care and fewer hours in care lead to positive outcomes 1. improved cognitive skills 2. improved language skills 3. good relations with parents 4. positive, skilled peer interaction 5. fewer behavior problems 6. studies show children in child care have better immune systems since they are exposed to more 6. romanian orphans a. nicholas ceausescu – leader of romania 19651989 i. outlawed contraception ii. between 1966 and 1967, birth rates increase from 1.9 to 3.7 per woman 1. could not afford children, state could not provide enough b. orphanage understaffed, malnutrition, severely deprived of attention, no behavioral regulation, not taught what parents would normally teach them (speak, stand up, sit up, etc.) 7. fact of the day a. andrew wakefield, the author of the 1998 study that claimed a link between vaccines and autism, was found to have falsified data for all 12 participants and was subsequently stripped of his medical license. additionally, he had failed to disclose that he was being funded by a law firm that planned to sue vaccine companies b. starbucks is named after a character in moby dick: starbuck, captain ahab’s first mate \n 1 hod ",
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63cc1ead0fe6f4118b85863c57a15976 | in each of problems 1 through 10, find the inverse laplace transform of the given function.
f(s) = 2s 3
s2 + 2s + 10 | full solution: in each of 1 through 10, find the inverse laplace transform of the given | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " week 6: comparative anatomy ● occipital lo mostly important for sight ● temporal lobe responsible for processing sensory information, includes fusiform gyrus (for face recognition), wernicke’s area (for speech comprehension, primary auditory cortex; medial temporal lobes play important role in encoding episodic memories ● parietal lo includes the somatosensory cortex; lesion in right parietal cortex results in hemineglect syndrome (person doesn’t process stimuli in left visual field) ● frontal lo includes the primary motor cortex, involved in executive functions like decision making, planning, inhibition of unwanted behavior ● gyrusthe ridges formed from the folding of the cortex ● sulcusthe valleys formed from the folds ● axial, coronal, sagittal refer to different kinds of cuts that are made to study the anatomy of the brain \n medial:towards the middle lateral towards the side ● gray matter:regions of the brain that are rich in neuronal cell bodies; includes nuclei of brain, cerebral and cerebellar cortices ● white matter: large axon tracts in the brain and spinal cord, often myelinated ● gyrification inde a way to quantitatively measure the folding of the brain cortex across species; takes the length of the contour along all the gyri/folds and divides it by the length of the actual exposed surface of the cortex ○ gi = complete contour/outer exposed contour ○ a higher gi is associated with more folding of the cortex, and generally indicates higher intelligence (humans have a higher gi than sheep, for example) ● brainstem: sits atop the upper end of the spinal cord and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla; manages reflexive behavior like breathing rate, consciousness, and heart rate; also involved with reward system (covered in the next section) ● hippocampus: important for retention and encoding of episodic memory, but not so much semantic memory ● medial temporal lobes: damage to this area generally results in amnesia that impairs declarative memory, but not so much working memory ● amygdala: part of limbic system that is important for the processing of emotion; also important for acquisition and expression of conditioned fear ● synaptic pruning: the loss or rearrangement of synaptic connections that we don’t use/are no longer necessary ● whisker barrel cortex the primary somatosensory cortex of rodents show overrepresentation for their whiskers → each whisker has a module of cortex called a whisker barrel that is disproportionately large compared to other cortex areas ○ demonstrates the specialization of the brain to the behavior of different species ○ for example, humans have an overrepresentation of fingers in the primary motor cortex \n week 7: reinforcement learning/emotion ● neuroeconomics: the use of neuroscience to resolve issues in economics ○ developed because rational choice models did not accurately predict what people actuall choose, since people don’t always make rational choices ● dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in learning and reward evaluation ● dopaminergic pathways: ○ mesolimbic pathway: vta project to nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia → amygdala, hippocampus, other cortical regions ○ nigrostriatal pathway: substantia nigra projects to dorsal striatum of basal ganglia ● reward prediction erro r vpredicted = reward prediction error ○ gets minimized over time ● rescorlawagner learning: ○ vpredicted = vpredicted + α( r vpredicted) ○ first vpredicted is the value being updated; second and third vpredicted are the initial prediction of the values ○ α= learning rate ○ r = reward value ● temporal difference learninsuccessive states of the world are correlated over time, so our predictions about those states also change and correlate over time ○ reward prediction error guides behavior through temporal difference learning ● autonomic nervous system: responsible for unconscious bodily functions like breathing, digestion, and regulating heart beat ○ sympathetic: prepares the body for fight or flight; release of adrenaline, increases heart rate, perspiration, attention ○ parasympathetic: counters the effects of sympathetic nervous system after the body becomes aroused ● skin conductance response: measured by placing electrodes on the skin surface to measure the electrical activity in response to emotions ○ sweat glands are activated more during emotional arousal → increased electrical conductance ● nucleus accumbens: part of the basal ganglia, vta projects to nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway ● ventral tegmental area (vta dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to nucleus accumbens ● substantia nigr dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia \n week 8: memory ● double dissociatio using experimental behavior tests to dissociate different brain areas and functions ● in the context of tweather prediction task: ○ weather prediction task → 4 cards predicted rain/shine with a certain probability ○ involves working memory/skill learning ○ accuracy in skill learning for control population increases over number of trials ○ amnesiacs (damage to mtl): accuracy improves over time ○ parkinson’s disease (damage to basal ganglia): accuracy doesn’t improve over time ● in context of tpairedassociation task: ○ paired association task→ certain pairings of cards were associated with rain or shine ○ involves episodic memory ○ control and parkinson’s populations have about same accuracies ○ amnesiacs more impaired in accuracy ● from this double dissociation, one can conclude that since damage to basal ganglia → impaired skill learning, and damage to mtl → impaired episodic memory, the basal ganglia and mtl have different functions for memory that are independent of each other ● classical conditioning: ○ unconditioned response (ucr): an innate response to a stimulus ○ unconditioned stimulus (ucs): the stimulus that elicits the ucr ○ conditioned stimulus (cs): an unrelated stimulus paired with the ucs ○ conditioned response (cr): the reflex that happens with presentation of the cs ○ ex: dog salivates (ucr) at sight of food (ucs) → pair bell tone with food → dog salivates (cr) when it hears the bell tone (cs) ● operant conditionin increasing or decreasing a behavior by giving rewards or punishments ● fear conditioninrats are conditioned with a tone (cs) that precedes a mild foot shock (us) → after many trials, rats show change in physiology and react in fear when the tone is presented alone (cs) → show increased blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rates, engagement of sympathetic fight or flight response ● extinctio: removal of unconditioned stimulus when subject repeatedly performs conditioned response → conditioned response decreases in absence of unconditioned stimulus ● contextual fear conditioniwhen a fear response is also elicited by features of the environment, such as parts of the testing chamber where the conditioning took place, as opposed to fear response being elicited by a cue/conditioned stimulus (this is cued fear conditioning) \n ● synaptic consolidatigrowth of new synaptic connections or restructuring of existing ones in the first few hours of learning ● system consolidatio gradual process of reorganization of structures in the brain pertaining to memory after learning, slower process than synaptic consolidation ● standard consolidation theoduring encoding of a memory, details are stored in cortical areas involved in processing different aspects of the event (auditory, visual, etc.) and summary of the event is stored in hippocampus → during storage/consolidation, traces of the memory are stabilized → during retrieval of an event, hippocampus receives a cue that activates the various cortical traces that stored the parts of that event ● multiple trace theo distinguishes between episodic and semantic memories ○ episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus, and each time a memory is reactivated, it leaves a new memory trace in the hippocampus → older memories then have more traces stored in hippocampus and are harder to erase when hippocampus is partially damaged ○ semantic memories are gradually stored in the cortex independently from the hippocampus ● pattern separation: ○ we encode representations very differently in our brains even though they’re visually similar ○ the different representations are encoded by different patterns of brain activity so that they can be encoded as separate memories ● pattern completio using a clue/piece of evidence to trigger a memory of a complete pattern ○ ca3 region has a recurrent collateral mechanism → input causes a pattern that’s associated with a memory ○ if the input is incomplete, then the input associates back to itself and activates other connections at the same time, completing the pattern ● subsequent memory paradigm: can be used to distinguish between brain activity for encoding vs. retrieval of memories ○ subjects study a series of items while brain activity is recorded ○ subjects perform encoding trials, requiring them to remember some of the studied items and forgetting others ○ encoding trials are then labeled as subsequently remembered or subsequently forgotten depending on how the subjects did ○ brain activity during these two trials are then compared using data from eventrelated potentials brain structures important for memory: ● prefrontal corteworking memory ● medial temporal lob involved in episodic memory ● hippocampus: integrates memory traces from cortices when encoding memory, then activates all traces when retrieving memory ● basal gangli important for skill learning \n ● amygdala: important in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning ● cerebellum:error correction and learning ● sensory cortexperceptual priming week 9: synapse ● synapse:the space between neurons ● axon termina the end of the axon ● presynaptic/postsynap the neuron before vs after the synapse ● electrical synap current flows from presynaptic neuron into postsynaptic neuron ○ pre and post synaptic neurons are linkap junction ○ gap junction contains specially aligned ion channels that allow ions to pass through ○ transmission across gap junction can go either way and is really fast ● chemical synapse communication between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters/chemicals ○ space between pre and postsynaptic neurons is cynaptic cl space is much larger than a gap junction ○ presynaptic neuron haesicle small spheres, membranebounded, contains neurotransmitters ● voltage gated ion channpens/closes based on electrical current ● ligand gated ion channpens/closes depending on chemical that binds to it ● ionotropic receptolinked directly to ion channels ○ contains an extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters, and membranespanning domain that creates an ion channel ○ combines neurotransmitter binding and ion channel functions ○ made up of several units ○ create rapid postsynaptic potentials ● metabotropic receptoactivate ion channels by activation of intermediate called gprotein ○ contains extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters and intracellular site that binds g proteins ○ binding of neurotransmitter → binding and activation of g protein → g protein interacts directly with ion channels or other proteins ○ consist of single units ○ create slower postsynaptic potentials ● ca2+: ○ in vesicle release: calcium ion voltage gated channels open when action potential reaches axon terminal → influx of ca2+ into the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles to fuse with neuronal membrane and empty neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft \n ○ in ltp: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell, triggering ltp ● neurotransmitter reuptak neurotransmitters that was emptied into the synapse by the presynaptic cell get taken back into the presynaptic cell ● excitator increase likelihood of action potential firing in postsynaptic cell ● inhibitor decrease likelihood of action potential firing ● glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for brain function; nearly all excitatory neurons activated by glutamate ○ its precursor is glutamine ● dopamine: reward evaluation and learning ● serotoninmood regulation, also mediates gut regulation ○ precursor is tryptophan ○ binds to 5ht receptor ● long term potentiatia longlasting increase in neural transmission between two neurons, results in strengthening of synapses ● nmda receptor: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell ○ ltp is triggered when the presynaptic neuron fires to release glutamate while the postsynaptic cell is depolarized at the same time → strengthens the synapse between the neurons and in turn changes the gene expression of the cell → increases the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptnmda ll ( upregulation) week 10: ● autism spectrum disordeneurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication, social interactions, repetitive stereotyped behaviors ○ different from other disorders by having social deficits as core symptom ○ dsm criteria: impairment using nonverbal behavior, failure to develop peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share interests with others, lack of social/emotional reciprocity ○ difficulty processing faces, emotional expressions, and biological motion ○ reduced activation in fusiform gyrus and amygdala when viewing faces ○ difficulty integrating parts into wholes/synthesizing information ○ difficulty following gaze/using gaze to infer other people’s intentions ○ tend to analyze problems by applying rigid rules ● pathway for face processinpathway begins in occipital lobe upon seeing a face ○ divided into ventral and dorsal pathways that process in parallel \n ○ ventral: processes invariant aspects of face, discriminates faces from other objects and other faces, includes fusiform face area → sent to anterior temporal lobe, where face is linked with semantic/episodic knowledge about the person ○ pathway important for person recognition ○ dorsal: processes changeable aspects of faces like perception of eye gaze and expressions, superior temporal sulcus → limbic system (emotion processing), auditory complex (speech perception), and intraparietal sulcus (spatial attention processing) ○ ventral pathway: occipital lobe → fusiform face area → anterior temporal lobe ○ dorsal pathway: occipital lobe → superior temporal sulcus → limbic system, auditory complex, intraparietal sulcus ● mirror neurons: discovered in macaque monkeys in inferior prefrontal gyrus ○ increase activity when grasping action is performed and also when grasping action of another person/animal is viewed ○ may be important in understanding empathy, theory of mind, and language acquisition ○ evidence for mirror neurons in humans is suggestive but do not have same anatomical features as those found in monkeys ● theory of mind:inferring the mental states of others, attributing actions of others to their beliefs, goals, desires, feelings ● join attentio directing your attention to something that is cued by someone else ● savant syndrome: people who have mental disabilities such as autism but possess abnormally high capabilities in specific areas ventral medial prefrontal cortreceives and regulates sensory input temporoparietal junction border between parietal and temporal lobes; contributes to outofbody experiences fusiform face area face recognition and person identification superior temporal sulcus processes changeable aspects of faces like eye gaze and expressions, projects to the limbic system during face perception amygdala: activity in this area related to implicit racial biases ",
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e807256221a72d305d801f90619dbfa7 | ?problem 109qp
how much water must be added to 935.0 ml of 0.1074 m hcl to obtain a solution that is exactly 0.1000 m? | must be added to 935.0 ml of 0.1074 m hcl to obtain a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y ",
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1e2a2e0413dc7360dc0312a4169f7987 | a small solid ball is released from rest while fully submerged in a liquid and then its ki- ~ netic energy is measured when it has ~ moved 4.0 cm in the liquid. figure 14-40 gives the results after many liquids are used: the kinetic energy k is plotted versus the liquid density o 2 plig, and ks = 1.60 j sets the scale on fig. 14-40 problem 38. the vertical axis. what are (a) the density and (b) the volume of the ball? | answer: a small solid ball is released from rest while | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 political structures are invisible in a lot of ways. although we don’t see them, they still shape us in many ways. governments markets culture civil society individual liberty (john stuart mill) two maxims of liberty o no impingement on liberty unless it negatively affects others o only those actions that negatively affect others can be subject to regulation on liberty the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. his own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. freedom as utilitarian he regards utility as ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in largest sense, grounded on permanent interests of man as a progressive being tyranny of the majority if all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person was of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind on free speech can free speech ever become harmful to others? “no one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions. on the contrary, even opinions lose their immunity when the circumstances in which they are expressed as such as to constitute their expression a positive instigation to some mischievous act… liberty of the individual must be thus far limited: he must not make himself a nuisance to other people” truth as a market of ideas examples of liberty prohibition of alcohol o social rights vs individual rights polygamy among mormons adam smith division of labor three results (direct) \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 o increase of dexterity of every worker o saving of time which is commonly lost when moving from one species of work to another o invention of machines which facilitate & abridge labor & enable one man to do the work of many rising standards of living (more & cheaper goods) > abundance leads to savings & investment markets & commodities labor value vs exchange value “the actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold is called its market price. it may either be above or below or exactly the same w/ its natural price” on monopolies role of gov’t providing for common defense from outside aggressors adjudicating disputes w/in society public works that go beyond private interest/gain culture (harrison) dp moynihan: “the central conservative myth is that it is culture, not politics, that determines success of a society. the central liberal truth is that politics can change a culture & save it from itself” marx vs weber o economic vs cultural forces in shaping society/history (progress) o weber: important of protestant ethic why protestant countries grew faster than catholic ones why western nations grew faster than nonwestern ones how to explain success of certain nonwestern nations? democratic capitalism it does a better job of promoting human progress & wellbeing than other systems but as experience of most third world countries in recent decades shows, building of durable democratic capitalist institutions can be dauntingly difficult four cultural forces 1. radius of trust: social empathy/community 2. rigor of ethical system: good life 3. exercising of authority: impersonal, responsible selfgovernance 4. positive attitudes towards work: rationality, education, delayed gratification civil society (putnam) how to explain disappearance of social capital & civic engagement in america? o not just civic but community engagement the problem \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 time spent on informal socializing & visiting is down since 1965: ptas, church attendance, etc o increased isolation possible explanations busyness & time pressure economic hard times or rising affluence residential mobility suburbanization movement of women into work place & twocareer families disruption of marriage & family ties disillusion w/ public life due to cultural revolt against authority & visible corruption growth of welfare state civil rights revolution television & telecommunications revolution television as opposed to newspapers, tv is a low social capital activity (encourages disengagement rather than engagement) tv viewers are isolated, distrustful of others, pessimistic about politics & society, passive moral economy 4.7.16 brief history of capitalism 1. rise of industrial capitalism, transition from feudal mercantile capitalism 2. rationalization of economic science, disembedding of market/economy from society at large 3. planned/centralized national economies (keynesianism) 4. deregulated economies (neoliberalism), rise of financial capitalism, dominance over industrial capitalism 5. crisis economics (post2008), rise of populist economics? moral economy (sayer) “moral economy embodies norms & sentiments regarding responsibilities and rights of individuals & institutions w/ respect to others” “these norms & sentiments go beyond matters of justice & equality to conceptions of the good; for example, regarding needs & ends of economic activity/ they may also be extended further to include treatment of the environment” he wants to use the term “moral economy” to refer to the study of the ways in which economic activities are influenced by moralpolitical norms & sentiments o also how those norms are comprised by economic forces so much so that in some cases norms represent little more than legitimations entrenched power relations” grappling w/ the market market comes into being as soon as abstract people replace abstract activities w/ people that we do know \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 what is gained & what is lost in transition to market society? o gained: spatial & social mobility, questioning of status quo, creativity, entrepreneurship, individualism, critical attitude o lost” traditional communities, social solidarity & identity, prejudice & provincial bias, social roles (gender, class, ethnic) these transformations are not isomorphic (don’t follow same pattern) * simultaneous, but rather piecemeal, uneven, & fragmented. some things change while others remain the same, become more rigid, etc early moral economists what sayer says about them: o “looking back at work of scottish enlightenment authors such as hume, ferguson & smith, one cannot help but be struck by extent to which they saw moral sentiments, involving sympathy as cement of society” o along w/ increase in market relations comes fragmentation/extension of society o “but hume & smith were also well aware of extent to which such moral sentiments tended to decline w/ distance’ from here the shift occurs from moral to market economy as growth of trade increased proportion of economic relations w/ others, they adapted their theories accordingly, giving increasing emphasis to more abstract, reason based notions of justice rather than moral sentiments o in case of smith, to selfinterest as regulator of economic activity even smith retains his social conception of morality. he only comes to defend pursuit of individual selfinterest on grounds that it increased collective welfare of society at large continued are moral economies precapitalist? is economics amoral? o meaning, without moral? detached from questions of morality? is there hidden morality in contemporary economics that conceals fundamental political orientation? what is gained/lost from demoralization of economics? how economics was demoralized construction of “national economy” (methodological nationalism\\_ o in what ways is such an economy fundamentally deterritorialized? individuals as rational economic agents (methodological individualism) o utility maximizers (pursue selfinterest) > eliminates moral question bc utilitarianism harmonizes egoistic behavior w/ general good/social welfare o to what extent is ability to be selfish universal? are markets really ‘free”? (chang) \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 we are told by economists that markets need to be kept free of gov’t interference in order to operate efficiently “free market doesn’t exist. every market has rules & boundaries that restrict freedom of choice. market looks free only bc we unconditionally accept underlying restrictions that we fail to see them” o “how ‘free’ a market is cannot be defined. it is a political definition. gov’t is always involved & those freemarketers are as politically motivated as anyone else. overcoming myth that there is such a thing as an objectively defined “free market” is the first step towards understanding capitalism” example of child labor laws o before their enactment “many people judged child labor regulation to be against principles of free market” o their argument: the children need and want to work, & factory owners want to employ them so what is the problem” freedom of a market is in the eyes of the beholder o should there be a freemarket in wage labor? o wages in rich countries are determined more by immigration control than anything else, including any minimum wage legislation. 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1398013bbf1979c71638f8cbca124c1e | what are two common ways by which signal transduction pathways enhance the activity of specific enzymes? | what are two common ways by which signal transduction | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " history 102 3/15/16 by summer of 1792, france is loosing to austria. austria had invaded. french riot against legislative asssembly convention (sept. 17921795) o wanted to end french monarchy. wanted to change to a republic in the new constitution o jacobins = french republicans girondists: rich republicans mountains: poor republicans (artisans, merchants) sansculottes o robespierre appointed by convention to save revolution levée en masse draft to build up army (age 1550) committee of public safety protect republic from people who wants monarchy back (nobles and priests) o reign of terror invention of guillotine (40,000 dead) o in order to protect republic, robespierre killed all nobles and priests but still doesn’t feel safe so he goes on to kill a bunch of jacobins. directory (17951799) o convention produces a republic for a 5 person executive (5 presidents) o directory calls up napoleon and his artillery to control rioting. o people back in france start having the argument about republic v. monarchy. napoleon gets called back to deal with it. consulate (17991804) o napoleon creates it because the directory kept on arguing over monarchy v. republic o military takeover. dictatorship o napoleon = 1 consulate (dictator) the concordant deal with the catholic church to make peace. all priests must be licensed by the state. will only get back churches, not land. napoleon approves all higher ups. the civil code (napoleonic code) guarantees equality before the low \n women have few rights. husbands have authority over women men have to carry a book that says where they live and work (authority of property) empire (18041814) o napoleon declares himself emperor and going to battle o battle of trafalgar v. britain and russia (oct. 1805) gets defeated by british. napoleon will never conqueror britain o battle of austerlitz v. austria and russia (dec 1805) france wins o battle of jena v. prussia and russia (oct. 1806) france wins o austria and prussia are forced to become allies of napoleon o the continental system wants to boycott britain because napoleon couldn’t conqueror it backfires. britain is more advanced technologically advanced than france so france falls behind al the countries that france are “allies” with try to get british technology o napoleon invades russia in 1812 because they were going against continental system. napoleon looses because of the extreme russian winter o battle of leipzig (oct. 1813) wiping out of napoleon army o the congress of vienna (sept 1814 – nov 1815) redrawing of country borders o napoleon gets sent to an island, st. helena, where he is left to die because they didn’t want him to go on a crazy conquering spree again. 1794 – 1804: the haitian revolution o toussaint l’ouverture fights napoleon on reintroducing slavery 1810 – 1824: latin america o spanish creole elite lead revolution o simon bolivar venezuela, columbia writes constitution that says you cant compare them with america \n o jose de san martin argentina, chile liberator o father hidalgo mexico talks about democracy and land reform history 102 3/17/16 political consolidation in europe the congress of vienna (sept 1814 – nov 1815) o austria, prussia, russia, and britain get to redraw country lines. o metternich (austrian) is where congress of vienna takes place o v. nationalism (want to suppress it) germany, italy, spain, greece language and culture draws lines based on culture. the areas of germans became germany o v. constitutional monarchy british bail out of congress of vienna because people were opposing constitutional monarchy. britain wanted monarchy. british liberalism russia: the decembrist revolt (1825) o when alexander ii dies, his 2 sons argue over what type of monarchy to have o people wanted a constitutional monarchy so they try to kill the older brother who opposed it france: louis xvii (18151824) o constitutional monarch despite what other monarchs say charles x (18241830) o considered himself an absolute monarch so the people kick him out o louis philippe (18301848) constitutional monarch parliament; property qualification = right to vote britain \n o catholic emancipation act (1829) catholics can now work in ant profession o great reform bill (1832) abolish rotten boroughs, which is when you have to move off the land if you don’t live off of it. people move to cities to work in factories double # of voters because it lowered the property qualification needed to vote o william gladstone (liberal)/benjamin disraeli (conservative) disraeli reform act (1867) o to change the way people looked at nobles public health act (1875) o government is responsible for clean water going in and out of public buildings artisans act (1875) o public housing gladstone education act (1870) o universal public education nationalism irish land act (1887) o makes irish pay taxes for farming on british land. o if you live in a cottage it is not yours. you own it coercion act (1881) o no violence allowed or you go to jail europe: revolutions (1848) o for liberalism/for democracy/for wage and price controls o france: 18481852: republic napoleon iii shuts down revolution and makes it an empire national workshops napoleon iii o germany: frankfort parliament (+ for nationalism) o middle class liberals with/against artisans, crafts men, factory workers",
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c5909ebeaabb3e5c6f53ac631ecce7af | two motorcycles are traveling due east with different velocities. however, four seconds later, they have the same velocity. during this four-second interval, cycle a has an average acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 due east, while cycle b has an average acceleration of 4.0 m/s2 due east. by how much did the speeds differ at the beginning of the four-second interval, and which motorcycle was moving faster? | two motorcycles are traveling due east with different | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " additional notes for cathedral by raymond carver binary motif between sight and touch robert allows the narrator to see through touching him robert sees things through touch narrator can literally see, but not make a connection with anyone because he refuses intimacy (touch) intimacy the closer someone is to you in an intimate embrace, the lesser they are a visible object for you; you have to be kinda far away in able to be seen to what extent are the senses used to connect and communicate? love, religion, blindness: all make you see something that is not there cathedral is a literal synthesis of sight and touch the act of drawing is what brings together sight and touch at once sight (observation), touch (communication) task is to communicate to us what is unseen in the scene text needs to be read actively 3/2: understanding the text, p. 8592 1. plot theme: one common message action: the events recounted in a fictional work, the “what”, raw data, will never be accessed by the reader, the action will always be plotted plot: the way the author sequences and paces the events so as to shape our response and interpretation; gives significance to the action; the how, forcing us to ask why; conflict drives the plot, must be some destabilization of a situation sequencing: the precise order in which events are related in media res: “in the middle of things”; to start a work in the middle of the story; things have happened before the first scene and will happen after it flashbacks episode flashforward “a story might jump forward in time to recount a later episode or event in a flash forward” foreshadowing: when an author merely gives subtle hints about what will happen later in the story subplot: a plot that receives significantly less time and attention than another 2. pace \n pacing: the duration of particular episodes (events) discriminated occasion: when an author slows down the pace and homes in on a particular moment and scene, ex: “late that evening” or “the day before…” paragraphs devoted to minutes 3. conflinct conflict: struggle external: arise between characters and something or someone outside of them internal: when a character struggles to reconcile 2 competing desires, needs, or duties; or 2 parts or aspects of himself, ex. head vs. heart the shroud by jacob and wilhelm grimm lovable seven year old died and taken from mother son came back as ghost ad cried when mom cried in previous play sites son can’t pass to heaven unless mother stops grieving child passed and mother silently grieves instead of crying 5 parts of plot 1. exposition: introduces character, their situations a setting (time and place) all basic information usually revels some source of potential conflict in the initial situation; characters may be unaware \n 2. rising action: begins with an inciting incident (a destabilizing event) or some action that destabilizes the initial situation and incites open conflict complication: an event that introduces a new conflict or intensifies an existing one 3. climax/turning point: the moment when the outcome of the plot and the fate of the characters is decided epiphany: a sudden revelation of truth inspired by a seemingly trivial event crisis: precedes and precipitates the climax, the confrontation of the climax 4. falling action: brings a release of emotional tension and moves us toward the resolution of the conflict(s) deus ex machina: “god out of a machine” from ancient theatrical practice of using a machine to lower onto the stage a god who solves the problems of the human characters 5. conclusion: presents us with a new and at least somewhat stable situation, gives a sense of closure, conflicts have been resolved many plots end with a situation that is similar to one it began with why and how are things different? epilogue: ties up loose ends, updates on what happened to the characters after conflicts are resolved, provides commentary on story’s larger significance denouement: can be a synonym for falling action, conclusion, or resolution, or epilogue (not used much in the textbook) plot summary/synopsis: recount of plot briefly; define terms action and plot “guests… are a convention of chivalric romance and epic”… heroes are of high rank, sent by someone of higher power tragedy: trace a downward movement centering on the character’s fall from fortune into misfortune and isolation; end unhappily (death) comedy: end happily in marriage or celebration sonny’s blues by james baldwin (a punishing story) narrator learns of brother’s arrest and rehab for heroine druggy friend waits for narrator in schoolyard to tell about sonny’s incident narrator writes to brother in rehab after daughter gracie passes away flashback to memory of last time with mother who expresses concern for sonny gives light to a dead uncle who narrator didn’t know about, he died by being run over drunk by whites, destroyed narrator’s father stopped notetaking after p. 105 background context: post war middle of 20 century precivil rights harlem (ghetto) \n rising of jazz and musical expression ww2 for equal rights of others even though america itself was struggling for equality harlem not approached by whites, always a segregated circle rebuilding/coping all residents of harlem are african american must think of political context in order to realize the anchor of the story zero opportunities for advancement in harlem harlem is a world that offers its citizens no hope narrator’s coping strategies: teaches in harlem, embedded himself in education, obeys the rules to keep from drowning fear characterizes the narrator, fear of life, gives himself a safe life sonny can’t hide from life so he has the 2 outlets drugs and music reread last page and listen to blues for alice by charlie parker where are you going, where have you been? by joyce carol oates (1938) background: arnold friend character written in thought of “the pied piper of tucson” who raped and killed teen aged girls kids knew but kept his secret crazy because girls always gave in “the fateful attractions of death (or the devil)” setting: written in the 60’s, white middle class suburban, generic ambiguity of the setting maybe shows how the story can occur anywhere mother/daughter relationship is not universal but archetypal; a very immediate legibility to how connie feels about her mom and how her mom thinks connie feels about her connie’s fantasies referred to as “trashy daydream” connie’s duality or reality vs. fantasy arnold friend coming to her home clashes the separation between her 2 worlds fantasy almost overwhelms her reality connie wants to be special, to be looked at, to be wanted/desirable, reach sexual maturity (romanticized love), to be possessed, to find her value in/through others, to be an object not a subject, an object of desire connie gets her fantasies from music desire is based off of distance; we want the things that we don’t really want narration and point of view p. 174178 \n narrator: someone that mediates and tells us the events in fiction voice: the verbal quality of the narration focus: the visual angle, chooses direction of our gaze and the framework of which we see things style, tone, irony everything above ^ makes up the point of view types of narration 1. 3 person: narrator tells an unidentified listener or reader what happened, referring to all characters using pronouns he, she, or they always external, narrator isn’t a character omniscient/unlimited: has access to the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences of more than one character limited: tells story from a distinct point of view, usually that of a single character revealing that character’s thoughts and perspectives, also known as the central consciousness objective: does not explicitly report thoughts and perspectives but hints at them through the character’s speech and actions; consists mostly of dialogue 2. 1 person: pronoun i, can be major/minor character of story, making he/she an internal character, either tells a story about someone else or one from personal experience can address an auditor: a listener in fiction whose possible reaction is part of the story unreliable narrator: ironic, unintentionally reveal flaws when trying to impress, may make false claims first person plural: pronoun we, shared perspective of a community nd 3. 2 person: consistently speak to “you”, turns the reader into a character of the story, instructional manuals or “howto” books past and present tense used to be conversational implied author: thoughts and perspectives of both the narrator and the author the narrator is neither the real or implied author",
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b8390f751cf95c428a768b4b8acb14e9 | soc 212 what is a social problem? so how do we get companies to pay their workers more? | soc 212 | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "what is a social problem? a personal problem is individual and a result of that person’s characteristics a social problem is part of a social construct, outside of individual control, it has a negative effect and requires social change we live in a postindustrial society where there are more service jobs than manufacturing jobs this causes unemployment problems because people can’t provide for themselves; they have to pay for basic necessities to survive (universal base income) ways of study: objectively asks how many people are unemployed looks at effects of unemployment looks at how it effects community focuses on statistics ",
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e3376e7c951962a4824091922fe77329 | in the circuit of fig. 8.65, find: (a) and (b) and (c) and v() i(). di( | in the circuit of fig. 8.65, find: (a) and (b) and (c) and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " gph210geographyofterrestriallife springsemester2016 professor:dr.elizabethlarson elitenotetaker:phoebe([email protected]) 1. interstate biogeography ○ human activities effects ■ roads / highways blocking animals and plants ■ fire suppression stopping cyclical succession ■ removal of animal species ■ bison ■ wolves ■ exotic species ■ increasing range of deserts ○ endemism ■ a species that thrives within a very restricted geographic range (at a biological hotspot) ■ migratory birds are most influenced by the loss of two different biomes ■ e.g. salamander (only in southern appalachian mountains) 2. the geography of biomes ○ biomes ■ communities of similar organisms in a certain climate ■ defined by the key features of the plants that grow there ■ determined by atmosphere and climate (temperature/precipitation) ■ the colder it is, the drier the air gets ■ grouped into three climatic zone ■ tropical zone— equator to 25° n/s ■ temperate zone— 25° n/s to 60° n/s ■ polar zone— above 60° n/s 1 \n ○ climatography ■ presenting the climate of biomes ■ shows the pattern of seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature ■ moisture availability isn’t directly indicated but can predict ○ tropical zone ■ 0°25° latitude ■ high diversity ■ warm climate ■ tropical rainforest ■ annual rainfall > 2000mm (80in) ■ greatest net primary production (npp) ■ rapid nutrients cycled ■ great unique niches and endemic species ■ tropical seasonal rainforest ■ annual rainfall 15002500 (6098in) ■ wet and dry season ■ ranges from tall tree canopy (wet) to scrubby woodlands (dry) ■ tropical savanna ■ climate overlapping with seasonal tropical forest ■ highly seasonal rainfall ■ drought persists more than half the year ■ dominated by grasses ■ massive herds of grazing animals ○ temperature zone ■ 25°60° latitude ■ annual rainfall 2002000mm ■ annual temperature 520℃ ■ 60% of earth's land mass ■ dominated by forest ■ growing season ranges from 410 months ■ temperate deciduous forest 2 \n ■ broadleaf trees ■ no leaves in winter ■ moderate summer / cold winter ■ growing season: between first and last hard frosts ■ little remains undisturbed ■ temperate evergreen forest ■ evergreen conifers (keep leaves) ■ drier summer / warmer winter ■ some can be temperate rainforest ■ mild temperature all year ■ less precipitation ■ seeing solution— using fire to conserve a biome ■ fire suppression ■ litter accumulating ■ shadetolerant trees invades the ecosystem ■ 1960s: ecologists realize stopping the fire = disrupt natural cycles ■ beneficial fire ■ primarily burning litter and woody debris on soil surface ■ not damaging forest canopy ■ allows giant sequoias' seeds to germinate ■ chaparral ■ 30°40° latitude ■ mediterranean climate ■ dominated by summer drought ■ adapted to fire ■ evergreen shrubland + low woodlands ■ stony leafed ■ water loss resistant ■ wilting 3 \n ■ e.g. sclerophyllous leaves of manzanita ■ temperate grasslands ■ 90% are altered by agriculture and cattle grazing ■ best climate and soil condition for corn, wheat and soybeans ■ long/cold winter ■ hot summer ■ in between the wetness of forest and the dryness of desert ■ e.g. konza prairie of eastern kansas (undisturbed) ■ dominated by grasses and herbs (dense sod) ■ bunch grasses— tussocks of fescue in the arid grasslands of patagonia (southern chile) ■ able to grow back after grazed ■ individual clumps can survive centuries ○ polar biomes ■ 60° and above latitude ■ less than 5℃ ■ short growing seasons ■ limited abundance and diversity ■ e.g. northern hemisphere / antarctica ■ global warming impacts ■ increasing depths to permafrost ■ increasing infestation of bark beetles ■ boreal forest ■ cold and wet ■ less than 4 months of growing season ■ long/dry/bitterly cold winters ■ forests are dominated by conifers ■ permafrost ■ permanently frozen soil ■ 30100 cm below surface ■ e.g. siberia taiga ■ tundra 4 \n ■ annual rainfall 100500mm ■ less than 3 months of growing season ■ cold and dry (harsh winter) ■ permafrost ■ e.g. alaska range ■ supports a diverse array of shrubs and herbs ■ alaska pipeline disturbs the tundra ○ deserts ■ occur worldwide ■ 25% of earth’s surface ■ extremely arid ■ annual rainfall < 250mm ■ daily temperature vary extremely (cold to hot) ■ animals and plants adapted for litter water (succulents) ■ kangaroo rat of north america (never drinks) ■ being nocturnal (active at night) ■ e.g. dry valleys of antarctica / asian gobi / north american sonoran 3. mountains and coastlines ○ facts ■ not biomes ■ including all climatic zones ■ affected by environmental change ■ changes in elevation produce different climates ■ vulnerable to human activities and global warming ■ elevation of treeline is lower at higher latitudes ○ mountains ■ climate changes ■ temperature decreases as altitude increases ■ same biome transitions in altitude as continent in latitude ■ rain shadow (orographic rainfall) ■ rain falls on the side of the mountain where air climbs (windward) 5 \n ■ rain doesn’t fall on the side of the mountain where air slides (leeward) ○ coastlines ■ narrow transition of terrestrial biomes and ocean ■ vegetation ■ saltwater / wave action = harsh environment ■ plants / animals are adapted to high salt / less fresh water ■ human actions damage coastal areas ■ e.g. sea rocket ■ dune pioneer ■ stabilize 6 \n gph210biodiversityconsevation springsemester2016 professor:dr.elizabethlarson elitenotetaker:phoebe([email protected]) 1. requiem for the po'ouli ○ human activities effects ■ 1973, in hawaii ■ 2004, extinct due to: ■ overhunting ■ exotic species ■ indian mongoose to control rats ■ affected akiapola’au (honeycreeper) ■ destructed habitat ○ captive breeding ■ puaiohi (small thrushlike bird) ■ in kauai, hawaii ■ san diego zoo hatched over 200 of them out of 20 ■ over 150 have been reintroduced into wild ■ population growing still 2. biodiversity ○ definition ■ variety of life in all forms, combinations and organization ○ types of biodiversity ■ landscape biodiversity ■ variety and abundance of species from place to place ■ two factors ■ gradual change in environmental factors ■ e.g. temperature / growing seasons / water availability ■ history of local ■ e.g. fire / food cycles ■ community biodiversity ■ definition ■ the number of different species (richness) ■ the relative abundance of different species (evenness) ■ the spatial distribution of different species (3d) ■ structural complexity ■ complexity = diversity 1 \n ■ marine complexity ■ coral reefs supports many more species comparing to sandy ocean bottoms ■ the higher the latitudes, the less species we should see ■ population biodiversity ■ definition ■ genetic diversity (genetic variation) ■ outbreeding (mating with nonrelated individual) ■ inbreeding (mating with closely related individuals) ■ impacts ■ improves survival ■ maximize diversity ■ increases genetic disease and reproductive failure ○ importance of biodiversity ■ impacts on human ■ provide humans with a lot more ecosystem services ■ depending on individual species and interactions ■ producers are more abundant ■ increases productivity ■ complementarity effect ■ resources used by various species in a complementary way are more efficient ■ ecosystem stability ■ help ecosystem to change/adjust/recover/resist to disturbances ■ enhance survival rates (increase tolerance) ■ economic value ■ improve production of good ■ e.g. food, fuel, fiber, medicine ■ ecotourism ■ interested in exploring natural exploring natural environments ■ existence value ■ intrinsic value of plants and animals ■ religious beliefs ■ ethics (un charter for nature) 3. global patterns of biodiversity ○ facts ■ earth supports 715 million species of eukaryotes ■ 1020% are described by human ■ land: 80% are insects ■ marine: 50% are algae ■ specie richness ■ number of species decreases when moving away from equator ○ 4 factors for global pattern ■ net primary production 2 \n ■ past disturbance ■ habitat gradients ■ ecosystem complexity ○ biodiversity hotspots ■ large number of endemic species ■ human actions are threatening habitats ■ 1.5k endemic species have at least 70% of original area disturbed ■ conservation internationally to prioritize hotspot areas (25 of them in the world ○ ecological communities biodiversity ■ immigration / extinction ■ mostly due to human activities ■ affects species on island the most ■ habitat diversity ■ more niches and species supported ■ different topography = different habitat ■ e.g. mountains, rivers, valleys ■ species interaction ■ competition ■ predation ■ predators (no single prey can dominate) ■ herbivores (drive adaptation/diversity of plants) ■ disturbance ■ peaks at intermediate level of disturbance ■ acts like an herbivore ■ prevent one species dominating ■ fire / flood / hurricanes 4. threats to biodiversity ○ habitat loss ■ greatest treat ■ 82% of endangered bird lost their habitat ○ logging / agriculture / development ■ 95% of north american deciduous forest are gone or altered ■ 3% of u.s. mixed and tallgrass prairie remain ○ endangered species ■ gopher tortoise ■ redcockaded woodpecker ■ dugong ○ habitat fragmentation ■ habitat divided into small disconnected habitats due to roads, dams, developments ■ behave as islands ■ reduces/eliminates movement or dispersal ■ reduces gene flow 3 \n ■ e.g. forest songbirds, shad and salmon declining ○ overharvesting ■ human consumption (food, industry, pet) ■ reproduction rate cannot keep up with the harvest rate ■ certain vulnerable species ■ slow population growth rates ■ flocking/schooling behavior ■ large bodied ○ nonnative invasive species ■ population explodes and displaces natives ■ lacking predators / pathogens ■ lacking competitors ■ own adaptations ■ disrupt food web or species composition ○ pollution ■ air / water pollution kill species ■ pollutants build up through food web ○ altered patterns of disturbance ■ change in frequency and intensity ■ e.g. floods / fire ■ change in species composition ○ climate change ■ alter or eliminate habitat ■ example ■ sea ice melting (polar bear habitat) ■ coral bleaching 5. strategies for conserving biodiversity ○ preserves and protected areas ■ health of individual species population ■ management of habitat ■ maximizing migration ■ maintaining cycles ■ minimizing human influence (buffers) ■ behave as islands (distance from other preserves) ■ depend on principles of island biogeography ■ larger preserves support more species ■ migration corridors increases connectivity ■ using abandoned railway or streams to connect the preserves ○ managing populations of individual species ■ restoration / maintenance of healthy population ■ population viability ■ probability of extinction in given number of years 4 \n ■ affecting factors ■ availability/quantity of habitat ■ size of population ■ disease ■ predators ■ umbrella species ■ species whose protection protects other species that require similar habitat ○ national parks and wilderness areas ■ park system setting high standards ■ establish protection of habitat and preservation for human use ■ protect sensitive habitat ■ some suffer from overuse or visitation 6. u.s. policies for conserving biodiversity ○ legislation to protect species ■ limit commerce and injury to threatened and endangered species ■ e.g. 1900 lacey act (prevent illegal killing or sale) / u.s. fish and wildlife service ■ endangered species act ■ species whose population is reduced to near critical levels are threatened ■ prohibits taking endangered or threatened species regardless of landownership 7. international policies for conserving biodiversity ○ convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ■ aka cites ■ slowing down overhunting and collection of plants and animals ■ created black market ■ e.g. regulation of whaling (more effective than rhinos since it’s easier to kill rhinos) ○ economic incentives ■ hotspots are in poor developing countries ■ ecotourism ■ debtfornature swags (debts forgiven if create preserves and parks) 5",
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be6a5e44703fcbd053290f416154c6a5 | ?problem 7e
suppose that when a string of english text is encrypted using a shift cipher f(p) = (p + k) mod 26. the resulting ciphertext is dy cvooz zobmrkxmo dy nbokw. what was the original plaintext string? | suppose that when a string of english text is encrypted | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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811ec5b9c03775badb837eca8088cac9 | some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stomachs, contain 262 mg of bismuth subsalicylate, c7h5bio4, per tablet. assuming two tablets are digested, calculate the mass of bismuth consumed | some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "study guide – midterm 2 lecture 6: bond markets treasury notes & bonds o issued by the u.s. treasury to finance national debt and other government expenditures o are default risk free; meaning they are backed by the full faith and credit of the u.s. government o have low return; because of low default risk low interest rates (yields to maturity) o because of their long maturity, they experience wider price fluctuations than money market securities when interest rates change – interest rate risk o older issued tbonds & tnotes trade less frequently than those newly issued – liquidity risk treasury bond quote: maturity | coupon | bid | ask | chg. | asked yield o if coupon rate is 4.5 paid semiannually coupon payment is $2.25 each 6mo o coupons paid same day as bond maturity date & 6mo anniversary o on maturity, coupon payment and face value are paid o bid is the closing price per the par value that the dealer is willing to pay the seller would receive this price from selling to the dealer o ask is the closing price per the par value that the dealer requires selling the bond the buyer would pay this to the dealer o chg. is the change from the prior closing ask price o asked yield is the promised compound yield rate if purchase was made at asked price bond valuation (clean price) – buy the bond right after the last coupon payment/ in the time when your next coupon payment will take place 6 months away , where: = ; =fv; = a ; = # ; = # ; = () bond valuation (dirty price) – buy from middle or somewhere in the 6mo o when the bond is sold on dates different from coupon dates, the buyer pays “accrued interest” o the full (dirty) price of tbonds and tnotes is the sum of the clean price and the accrued interest inflationindexed notes and bonds (tips) – give you protection against inflation; by adjusting the fv of the bond on a regular basis o treasury inflationindexed securities: the principal amount is tied to the current rate of inflation to protect investor purchasing power principal (fv) adjusts for inflation based on the cpi (consumer price index) fixed coupon rate is determined by auction process minimum denomination is $1,000 \n separate trading of registered interest and principal securities (strips) o also known as treasury zero bonds or treasury zerocoupon bonds o created by financial institutions and government securities brokers and dealers, from tnotes & tbonds o have the periodic interest payments separated from each other and from the principal payments one set of securities reflects interest payments one set of securities reflects principal payments o used to immunize against interest rate risk municipal bonds o securities issued by state and local governments to fund imbalances between expenditures and receipts, and to finance longterm capital outlays o these are attractive to household investors because interest is exempt from federal and most local income taxes o types include: general obligation (go): backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing municipality revenue bonds: sold to finance specific revenue generating projects municipal bonds: tax benefits o by calculating the after tax return for corporate bonds a comparison of municipal returns and fully taxable corporate bonds can be made: ; where, = aftertax rate of return on a taxable corporate bond = beforetax rate of return on a taxable bond = marginal total income tax rate of the bond holder o alternately, convert municipal interest rates to tax equivalent rates of return: corporate bonds o longterm bonds issued by corporations o a bond indenture is the legal contract that specifies the rights and obligations of the issuer and the holders o bearer vs. registered bonds o term vs. serial bonds o mortgage bonds are secured debt issues (has collateral – a debenture bond doesn’t) o highly risky bonds (no collateral) o pay interest semiannually o degree of risk varies with each bond, even from the same issuer. the required interest rate varies with level of risk. the bond indenture o collateral mortgage bonds real assets pledged equipment trust certificates specific, titled, or identifiable equipment. – collateral bonds secured by financial assets. debentures unsecured bonds. \n o claim on assets senior debt first priority to general assets. subordinated debt asset claim ranking of unsecured debentures below senior or specific general creditors. o provisions; issuer has some freedom/ they exercise whenever it is good for them sinking fund provision; requirement for issuer saying that there is a certain amount of bond that issuer has to purchase in the market; no matter what happens to market ir, they have to buy back in the secondary market of the bonds call provision; the right of the issuer to buy back the bonds o convertible bonds; exercise option whenever they think it is good for them; demand for bond higher, price is higher, and so the yield is lower bonds that can be converted into common stock o restrictive covenants mitigates conflicts with shareholder interests may limit dividends, new debt, ratios, etc. usually includes a crossdefault clause lecture 7: mortgage markets mortgages – longterm debt & the collateral – the house o mortgages are backed by a specific piece of real property. if the borrower defaults on a mortgage, the lender can take the ownership of the property. o mortgage loans are made for varied amounts no standard denomination. o mortgages are private loan contracts themselves, not public securities. however, there are active secondary markets for mortgages through securitization, which creates mortgagebacked securities. amortization: paying off principal bit-by-bit (not in the same amount; it keeps increasing) o in a frm (fixed-rate mortgage) contract, there is no fv, and cf=pmt frms: payments and balance o three ways of calculating balance of mortgage: 1. accumulated monthly payments loan amount + accumulated interest payments 2. pv of the remaining payments in the future 3. fv after the paidout payment in the past balloon mortgages o for a balloon mortgage with i and fv balance at the end of the term t, the monthly payment of a balloon mortgage is calculated by \n adjustable rate mortgages (arms) o interest rate will be periodically adjusted by a market interest rate o interest rate = index rate + margin o interest rate changes periodically with market interest rates, and the interest rate risk is not shared by borrowers as well o lender point of view an arm contract is good in terms of interest rate risk (lower) however there is higher probability of the borrower to default! refinancing o very prevalent – when existing mortgage has higher interest rate than the current rate o borrow as much as you currently owe to the first lender take out new mortgage and use proceed to pay off existing mortgage prepayment o paying off a loan earlier than the maturity date o a main risk factor for lenders o in order to refinance, the contract should allow a pay off of the loan before maturity date o most loan contracts do not allow borrowers to pay off early; corporate bonds & commercial mortgages risk in mortgage lending: borrowers o for borrowers of frm mortgages are safe no interest rate risk option to prepay but those benefits are not free o for borrowers of arm mortgages are risky interest rate risk there is a reward for taking risk in terms of higher interest rates arms are cheaper than frms at least at the beginning risk in mortgage lending: lenders o prepayment the borrower recalls the loan a majority of prepayment is due to refinancing also happens if the house is sold (due on sales) o defaults the borrower fails to make payments & ultimately this leads to foreclosure foreclosure o foreclosure is the ultimate recourse for the lender in mortgage defaults. o it will terminate all claims of ownership by the borrower and all liens inferior to the foreclosing loan. o it is a long and complicated legal process, which can take up to two years (and possibly longer). lenders have incentives to avoid foreclosure if they can. o the property will be auctioned off at the county courthouse in a public sale to the highest bidder. hedging default risks o by asking for a large down payment. \n the larger the down payment, the safer the mortgage o private mortgage insurance (pmi) is generally required when ltv>80% o federally insured mortgages: federal housing administration (fha) veterans administration (va) o conventional mortgages are those which are not federally insured o conforming mortgages are conventional mortgages eligible for sale to fannie mae & freddie mac; who either hold these mortgages in their portfolios or package the loans into mortgagebacked securities (mbs) that may be sold. lecture 8: stock markets common stock o = fundamental ownership claim o owners have a lower claim compared to preferred stock owners dividends residual claims: common stockholders have the lowest priority claim in the event of bankruptcy o voting rights: common stockholders control the firm’s activities indirectly election of the board of directors authorization to issue new shares approval of amendments to the corporate charter adoption of bylaws preferred stocks o hybrid securities with characteristics of both bonds and common stock o dividends are generally fixed and are paid quarterly o generally no voting rights unless dividend payments are missed o preferred share types: nonparticipating versus participating cumulative versus noncumulative perpetual vs. nonperpetual ipo: primary markets for equity o a first time offering of shares by a firm to the public. o costly process and only for offerings of at least $50 million o firms at ipo are required to provide detailed info about their operations & financial conditions in order to gain investors. o a lead underwriter helps the ipo in developing a prospectus and also pricing and placement of the shares ipo: prospectus o filed with sec. o provides detailed information about the firm and includes financial statements and a discussion of the risk involved. o once sec approves, it will be sent to potential investors, many of who are institutional investors, and so they are provided with the information they need for investment decisions. \n o red herring: a preliminary version of the formal prospectus sent to potential investors. ipo: road shows o firm’s management and the lead underwriter meet with potential investors o they travel to different cities and make presentations to the potential investors, mainly target the institutional investors who can purchase a large block of shares. o online road shows become more popular. ipo: allocation o two types of underwriting: best efforts underwriting: underwriters act as distribution agents firm commitment underwriting: underwriters act as principals gross proceeds – net proceeds = underwriter’s spread o a syndicate is a group of investment banks working in concert to issue stock; the lead underwriter is the originating house. each underwriter in the syndicate contacts and sell the shares to institutional investors. seasoned (secondary) offering o the sale of additional securities by a firm whose securities are already publicly traded o preemptive rights given to the existingstockholders the ability to maintain their proportional ownership the existing stockowners buy at a price slightly lower than the market value of the existing shares. o shelf registration allows firms to offer multiple issues of stock over a twoyear period with only one registration statement secondary stock market o markets in which issued stocks are traded among investors o u.s. stock markets include: nyse/euronext exchange – purchased by ice in 2013 nasdaq bats/direct edge (former ecns) o choice of market listings nyse: extensive listing requirements (e.g., firm market value & trading volume) nasdaq: cheaper requirements that can be met by smaller firms with less active trading o electronic communication networks (ecns) extendedhours trading occurs bats (better alternative trading system) has now become an exchange o online trading via the internet is becoming increasingly popular with both individual & professional investors o search investors have to find the best trading partners brokers: find compatible trading partners and negotiate acceptable prices for their clients & charge commission for their services dealers: buy and sell their own inventory @ their quoted prices & earn their revenues by bidask spread o auction markets \n provide centralized procedures for exposures of purchase and sell orders to all the market participants simultaneously over the counter (otc) o trading of small companies’ stocks with low liquidity o primarily dealer markets a network of brokers and dealers customers contact their brokers who solicit quotes from dealer to find the best transaction prices. o main otc markets for stocks otc bulletin board & pink otc markets o main regulator: finra (financial industry regulatory authority) nasdaq o the world’s first electronic market and has no physical trading floor provides continuous trading for the most active stocks traded overthecounter primarily a dealer market where many, often more than 20, dealers act as market makers a small order execution system (soes) provides automatic order execution for orders of less than or equal to 1,000 shares the nasd maintains an electronic “otc bulletin board” and “pink sheets” for small firms that are not part of the nasdaq nyse o has a specialist system that acts as broker and dealer at the same time. a single dealer for each stock historically every trade had to go through the specialist but now it is a hybrid of floor trading, super dot and nyse direct + o currently a part of the ice, which owns nyse euronext. stock market indexes o the composite value of a group of secondary markettraded stocks o two types: priceweighted index: the dow jones industrial average (djia) – composed of 30 companies – is the most widely known stock market index valueweighted index nyse composite s&p 500 nasdaq composite wilshire 5000 lecture 9: commercial banks commercial banks o largest group of financial institutions in terms of total assets major assets are loans major liabilities are federally insured deposits—thus, they are considered depository institutions o perform services essential to u.s. financial markets play a key role in the transmission of monetary policy provide payment services \n provide intermediation in terms of maturity, risk, liquidity and denomination o banks are regulated to protect against disruptions to the services they perform offbalancesheet activities o commercial banks engage in many feerelated activities that are conducted off the balance sheet guarantees such as letters of credit future commitments to lend derivative transactions (e.g., futures, forwards, options, and swaps) o offbalancesheet assets: move onto the asset side of the balance sheet or income is realized on the income statement o offbalancesheet liabilities: move onto the liability side of the balance sheet or an expense is realized on the income statement commercial banks o the reigleneal act of 1994 allowed nationwide branch networks to evolve 14,483 banks with some 60,000 branches in 1984 7,350 banks with some 83,000 branches in 2007 o the financial services modernization act of 1999 gave commercial banks the full authority to enter the investment banking and insurance business regulators o fdic insures the deposits of commercial banks o u.s. has a dual banking system—banks can be either nationally or statechartered the office of the comptroller of the currency (occ) charters and regulates national banks state agencies charter and regulate state banks o the federal reserve system (frs) has regulatory power over nationally chartered banks and their holding companies and state banks that opt in to the federal reserve system holding company parent company that owns a controlling interest in a subsidiary bank or other fi lecture 10: bank credit risk management importance of credit risk management o larger banks are generally more likely to accept riskier loans than smaller banks o larger banks are also exposed to more counterparty risk offthebalancesheet than smaller banks o managerial efficiency and credit risk management strategies directly affect the return and risk of the loan portfolio o at the extreme, credit risk can lead to insolvency as large loan losses can wipe out a commercial bank’s equity capital lending standards o analysis of the 6c’s pertaining to the borrower: [[character, collateral, capacity], capital, conditions], and compliance character personal traits & attitudes about debt payment commitment collateral pledged assets capacity borrower’s success at running a business cash flows capital financial condition of the borrow net worth conditions economic conditions \n compliance compliance with laws & regulations (community reinvestment act, the environmental superfund act, lender liability, etc.) managing credit risk o for cbs, different methods are used in managing credit risks: individual borrowers, small firms, midsized firms, and large firms real estate loans, personal loans, and c&i loans o cbs use: scoring system, financial statements, and ratio analysis approaches credit scoring: fico o developed by fair isaac inc. & widely used in residential mortgages & consumer loans o factors considered when determining fico score: payment history (35%); amounts owed (30%); length of credit history (15%); type of credit in use (10%); new credit (10%) o score ranges from 300 – 850 bad (350620); fair (620660); good (660750); excellent (750850) credit scoring: large businesses o altman’s zscore (z=1.2x + 11 x + 3.2 + 0.3x + 1.04 ) 5 if z < 1.81 high risk firm if 1.81 ≤ z ≤ 2.99 intermediate risk firm if z > 2.99 low risk firm o problems with zscore weights are less likely to stay constant over time the 5 ratios used in the model may not be enough other quantifiable factors, such as reputation of borrowers or the borrower lender relationship, exist economic condition accounting variables are infrequently updated financial analysis o traditionall y, banks analyze financial statements of potential borrowers very typical in loans to corporations and business less typical in residential mortgage loans and consumer loans. o purposes evaluating financial conditions and creditworthiness of potential borrowers monitoring the financial behavior of borrowers after credit has been extended. o comparison historical trends comparison with other companies financial analysis: cash flow analysis o banks make sure if the (potential) borrowers have enough cash flows (=cash receipts – cash disbursement) compared to loan payments o cash flows are not the same as net income! o cash flows (not) the same as net income – they are from: operating activities investment activities financing activities \n ratio analysis o ratios are conveniently used to summarize information in financial statements o similar companies can be compared using a ratio analysis real estate lending o real estate loans mortgage loan applications are among the most standard of all credit applications decisions to approve or disapprove a mortgage application depend on: the applicant’s ability and willingness to make timely interest and principal payments the value of the borrower’s collateral consumer loans/ small business loans o techniques are very similar to that of mortgage lending; however, nonmortgage consumer loans focus on the ability to repay rather than on the property o smallbusiness loan decisions often combine computerbased financial analysis of borrower financial statements with behavioral analysis of the business owner commercial and industrial (c&i) loans: midmarket firms o generally a profitable market for creditgranting commercial banks o midmarket corporations typically: have sales revenues from $5million to $100million per year have a recognizable corporate structure do not have ready access to deep and liquid capital markets o commercial loans can be for as short as a few weeks to as long as 8 years or more shortterm: finance working capital needs longterm: finance fixed asset purchases commercial and industrial (c&i) loans: large firms o fees and spreads are smaller compared to small & mid, but transactions are often large enough to make them worthwhile o cb’s relationships with large clients often center around broker, dealer, and advisor activities with lending playing a lesser role o large corporations often use: loan commitments performance guarantees term loans o account officers often rely on rating agencies and market analysts to aid in their credit analysis along with sophisticated models such as altman’s zscore or kmv models. calculating the return on a loan o the return on assets (roa) approach uses the contractually promised gross return on a loan, k, per dollar lent where, f = loan origination fee; b = compensating balance requirement; rr = reserve requirement ratio; br = base lending rate; m = credit risk premium on loan lecture 11: interest rate risk management \n interest rate risk o when interest rates change, bank’s cash flows and asset values are effected in different ways o financial institutions use two main methods to measure interest rate exposure 1) the repricing model – examines the impact of interest rate changes in net interest income (nii) – it is also known as the funding gap model or maturity gap model 2) the duration model – examines the impact of interest rate changes on the overall market value of a financial institution and thus ultimately on net worth the repricing model o the repricing gap is the difference between those assets & liabilities whose interest rates will be re priced or changed over some future period the change in net interest income for any given bucket i (δnii) is meisured as: δnii = igap )δr = (isa – ril)δr i i i where: gap = ihe dollar size of the gap between the book value of ratesensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities in maturity bucket i δri = the change in the level of interest rates impacting assets and liabilities in the ith maturity bucket the repricing model: spread effect o rate changes on rate sensitive assets (rsas) generally differ from those on rate sensitive liabilities (rsls) o suppose interest rates rise: if the spread increases, interest income increases by more than interest expense, resulting in nii to rise if the spread decreases, interest income increases by less than interest expense, resulting in nii to fall o the spread effect is the effect that a change in the spread between rates on rsas and rsls has on net interest income as interest rates change ∆ = (i × ∆ i rsa) – ( × ∆i rsl) = (( – ) × ∆ ) + ( × (∆ − ∆ )) i i rsa i rsa rsl o spread = ∆ ∆ rsa rsl o if positive pricing gap + positive spread effect + rising interest rate nii will increase o if positive pricing gap + negative spread effect + rising interest rate nii will increase then decrease the duration gap model o duration measures the interest rate sensitivity of an asset or liability’s value to small changes in interest rates \n o the duration gap is a measure of overall interest rate risk exposure for an fi o the change in market value of equity of an fi given a change in interest rates is determined from the basic balance sheet equation a = l + e ∆a = ∆l + ∆e ∆r ∆e = (d ka ) x alx 1+r , where k is l/a = a measure of the fi’s leverage o the effect of interest rate changes on the market value of equity or net worth of an fi breads down to 3 effects: 1) the leverage adjusted duration gap = d a d (ml sured in years; reflects duration mismatch on fi’s balance sheet; the larger the gap the more exposed the fi is to interest rate risk) 2) the size of the fi 3) the size of the interest rate shock o difficulties emerge when applying the duration model to realworld fi balance sheets duration matching (immunization) can be costly as restructuring the balance sheet is time consuming, costly, and generally not desirable immunization is a dynamic problem duration of assets and liabilities change as they approach maturity the rate at which the duration of assets and liabilities change may not be the same duration is not accurate for large interest rate changes unless convexity is modeled into the measure convexity is the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some interest rate level \n study guide – midterm 2 lecture 6: bond markets treasury notes & bonds o issued by the u.s. treasury to finance national debt and other government expenditures o are default risk free; meaning they are backed by the full faith and credit of the u.s. government o have low return; because of low default risk low interest rates (yields to maturity) o because of their long maturity, they experience wider price fluctuations than money market securities when interest rates change – interest rate risk o older issued tbonds & tnotes trade less frequently than those newly issued – liquidity risk treasury bond quote: maturity | coupon | bid | ask | chg. | asked yield o if coupon rate is 4.5 paid semiannually coupon payment is $2.25 each 6mo o coupons paid same day as bond maturity date & 6mo anniversary o on maturity, coupon payment and face value are paid o bid is the closing price per the par value that the dealer is willing to pay the seller would receive this price from selling to the dealer o ask is the closing price per the par value that the dealer requires selling the bond the buyer would pay this to the dealer o chg. is the change from the prior closing ask price o asked yield is the promised compound yield rate if purchase was made at asked price bond valuation (clean price) – buy the bond right after the last coupon payment/ in the time when your next coupon payment will take place 6 months away , where: = ; =fv; = a ; = # ; = # ; = () bond valuation (dirty price) – buy from middle or somewhere in the 6mo o when the bond is sold on dates different from coupon dates, the buyer pays “accrued interest” o the full (dirty) price of tbonds and tnotes is the sum of the clean price and the accrued interest inflationindexed notes and bonds (tips) – give you protection against inflation; by adjusting the fv of the bond on a regular basis o treasury inflationindexed securities: the principal amount is tied to the current rate of inflation to protect investor purchasing power principal (fv) adjusts for inflation based on the cpi (consumer price index) fixed coupon rate is determined by auction process minimum denomination is $1,000 \n separate trading of registered interest and principal securities (strips) o also known as treasury zero bonds or treasury zerocoupon bonds o created by financial institutions and government securities brokers and dealers, from tnotes & tbonds o have the periodic interest payments separated from each other and from the principal payments one set of securities reflects interest payments one set of securities reflects principal payments o used to immunize against interest rate risk municipal bonds o securities issued by state and local governments to fund imbalances between expenditures and receipts, and to finance longterm capital outlays o these are attractive to household investors because interest is exempt from federal and most local income taxes o types include: general obligation (go): backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing municipality revenue bonds: sold to finance specific revenue generating projects municipal bonds: tax benefits o by calculating the after tax return for corporate bonds a comparison of municipal returns and fully taxable corporate bonds can be made: ; where, = aftertax rate of return on a taxable corporate bond = beforetax rate of return on a taxable bond = marginal total income tax rate of the bond holder o alternately, convert municipal interest rates to tax equivalent rates of return: corporate bonds o longterm bonds issued by corporations o a bond indenture is the legal contract that specifies the rights and obligations of the issuer and the holders o bearer vs. registered bonds o term vs. serial bonds o mortgage bonds are secured debt issues (has collateral – a debenture bond doesn’t) o highly risky bonds (no collateral) o pay interest semiannually o degree of risk varies with each bond, even from the same issuer. the required interest rate varies with level of risk. the bond indenture o collateral mortgage bonds real assets pledged equipment trust certificates specific, titled, or identifiable equipment. – collateral bonds secured by financial assets. debentures unsecured bonds. \n o claim on assets senior debt first priority to general assets. subordinated debt asset claim ranking of unsecured debentures below senior or specific general creditors. o provisions; issuer has some freedom/ they exercise whenever it is good for them sinking fund provision; requirement for issuer saying that there is a certain amount of bond that issuer has to purchase in the market; no matter what happens to market ir, they have to buy back in the secondary market of the bonds call provision; the right of the issuer to buy back the bonds o convertible bonds; exercise option whenever they think it is good for them; demand for bond higher, price is higher, and so the yield is lower bonds that can be converted into common stock o restrictive covenants mitigates conflicts with shareholder interests may limit dividends, new debt, ratios, etc. usually includes a crossdefault clause lecture 7: mortgage markets mortgages – longterm debt & the collateral – the house o mortgages are backed by a specific piece of real property. if the borrower defaults on a mortgage, the lender can take the ownership of the property. o mortgage loans are made for varied amounts no standard denomination. o mortgages are private loan contracts themselves, not public securities. however, there are active secondary markets for mortgages through securitization, which creates mortgagebacked securities. amortization: paying off principal bit-by-bit (not in the same amount; it keeps increasing) o in a frm (fixed-rate mortgage) contract, there is no fv, and cf=pmt frms: payments and balance o three ways of calculating balance of mortgage: 1. accumulated monthly payments loan amount + accumulated interest payments 2. pv of the remaining payments in the future 3. fv after the paidout payment in the past balloon mortgages o for a balloon mortgage with i and fv balance at the end of the term t, the monthly payment of a balloon mortgage is calculated by \n adjustable rate mortgages (arms) o interest rate will be periodically adjusted by a market interest rate o interest rate = index rate + margin o interest rate changes periodically with market interest rates, and the interest rate risk is not shared by borrowers as well o lender point of view an arm contract is good in terms of interest rate risk (lower) however there is higher probability of the borrower to default! refinancing o very prevalent – when existing mortgage has higher interest rate than the current rate o borrow as much as you currently owe to the first lender take out new mortgage and use proceed to pay off existing mortgage prepayment o paying off a loan earlier than the maturity date o a main risk factor for lenders o in order to refinance, the contract should allow a pay off of the loan before maturity date o most loan contracts do not allow borrowers to pay off early; corporate bonds & commercial mortgages risk in mortgage lending: borrowers o for borrowers of frm mortgages are safe no interest rate risk option to prepay but those benefits are not free o for borrowers of arm mortgages are risky interest rate risk there is a reward for taking risk in terms of higher interest rates arms are cheaper than frms at least at the beginning risk in mortgage lending: lenders o prepayment the borrower recalls the loan a majority of prepayment is due to refinancing also happens if the house is sold (due on sales) o defaults the borrower fails to make payments & ultimately this leads to foreclosure foreclosure o foreclosure is the ultimate recourse for the lender in mortgage defaults. o it will terminate all claims of ownership by the borrower and all liens inferior to the foreclosing loan. o it is a long and complicated legal process, which can take up to two years (and possibly longer). lenders have incentives to avoid foreclosure if they can. o the property will be auctioned off at the county courthouse in a public sale to the highest bidder. hedging default risks o by asking for a large down payment. \n the larger the down payment, the safer the mortgage o private mortgage insurance (pmi) is generally required when ltv>80% o federally insured mortgages: federal housing administration (fha) veterans administration (va) o conventional mortgages are those which are not federally insured o conforming mortgages are conventional mortgages eligible for sale to fannie mae & freddie mac; who either hold these mortgages in their portfolios or package the loans into mortgagebacked securities (mbs) that may be sold. lecture 8: stock markets common stock o = fundamental ownership claim o owners have a lower claim compared to preferred stock owners dividends residual claims: common stockholders have the lowest priority claim in the event of bankruptcy o voting rights: common stockholders control the firm’s activities indirectly election of the board of directors authorization to issue new shares approval of amendments to the corporate charter adoption of bylaws preferred stocks o hybrid securities with characteristics of both bonds and common stock o dividends are generally fixed and are paid quarterly o generally no voting rights unless dividend payments are missed o preferred share types: nonparticipating versus participating cumulative versus noncumulative perpetual vs. nonperpetual ipo: primary markets for equity o a first time offering of shares by a firm to the public. o costly process and only for offerings of at least $50 million o firms at ipo are required to provide detailed info about their operations & financial conditions in order to gain investors. o a lead underwriter helps the ipo in developing a prospectus and also pricing and placement of the shares ipo: prospectus o filed with sec. o provides detailed information about the firm and includes financial statements and a discussion of the risk involved. o once sec approves, it will be sent to potential investors, many of who are institutional investors, and so they are provided with the information they need for investment decisions. \n o red herring: a preliminary version of the formal prospectus sent to potential investors. ipo: road shows o firm’s management and the lead underwriter meet with potential investors o they travel to different cities and make presentations to the potential investors, mainly target the institutional investors who can purchase a large block of shares. o online road shows become more popular. ipo: allocation o two types of underwriting: best efforts underwriting: underwriters act as distribution agents firm commitment underwriting: underwriters act as principals gross proceeds – net proceeds = underwriter’s spread o a syndicate is a group of investment banks working in concert to issue stock; the lead underwriter is the originating house. each underwriter in the syndicate contacts and sell the shares to institutional investors. seasoned (secondary) offering o the sale of additional securities by a firm whose securities are already publicly traded o preemptive rights given to the existingstockholders the ability to maintain their proportional ownership the existing stockowners buy at a price slightly lower than the market value of the existing shares. o shelf registration allows firms to offer multiple issues of stock over a twoyear period with only one registration statement secondary stock market o markets in which issued stocks are traded among investors o u.s. stock markets include: nyse/euronext exchange – purchased by ice in 2013 nasdaq bats/direct edge (former ecns) o choice of market listings nyse: extensive listing requirements (e.g., firm market value & trading volume) nasdaq: cheaper requirements that can be met by smaller firms with less active trading o electronic communication networks (ecns) extendedhours trading occurs bats (better alternative trading system) has now become an exchange o online trading via the internet is becoming increasingly popular with both individual & professional investors o search investors have to find the best trading partners brokers: find compatible trading partners and negotiate acceptable prices for their clients & charge commission for their services dealers: buy and sell their own inventory @ their quoted prices & earn their revenues by bidask spread o auction markets \n provide centralized procedures for exposures of purchase and sell orders to all the market participants simultaneously over the counter (otc) o trading of small companies’ stocks with low liquidity o primarily dealer markets a network of brokers and dealers customers contact their brokers who solicit quotes from dealer to find the best transaction prices. o main otc markets for stocks otc bulletin board & pink otc markets o main regulator: finra (financial industry regulatory authority) nasdaq o the world’s first electronic market and has no physical trading floor provides continuous trading for the most active stocks traded overthecounter primarily a dealer market where many, often more than 20, dealers act as market makers a small order execution system (soes) provides automatic order execution for orders of less than or equal to 1,000 shares the nasd maintains an electronic “otc bulletin board” and “pink sheets” for small firms that are not part of the nasdaq nyse o has a specialist system that acts as broker and dealer at the same time. a single dealer for each stock historically every trade had to go through the specialist but now it is a hybrid of floor trading, super dot and nyse direct + o currently a part of the ice, which owns nyse euronext. stock market indexes o the composite value of a group of secondary markettraded stocks o two types: priceweighted index: the dow jones industrial average (djia) – composed of 30 companies – is the most widely known stock market index valueweighted index nyse composite s&p 500 nasdaq composite wilshire 5000 lecture 9: commercial banks commercial banks o largest group of financial institutions in terms of total assets major assets are loans major liabilities are federally insured deposits—thus, they are considered depository institutions o perform services essential to u.s. financial markets play a key role in the transmission of monetary policy provide payment services \n provide intermediation in terms of maturity, risk, liquidity and denomination o banks are regulated to protect against disruptions to the services they perform offbalancesheet activities o commercial banks engage in many feerelated activities that are conducted off the balance sheet guarantees such as letters of credit future commitments to lend derivative transactions (e.g., futures, forwards, options, and swaps) o offbalancesheet assets: move onto the asset side of the balance sheet or income is realized on the income statement o offbalancesheet liabilities: move onto the liability side of the balance sheet or an expense is realized on the income statement commercial banks o the reigleneal act of 1994 allowed nationwide branch networks to evolve 14,483 banks with some 60,000 branches in 1984 7,350 banks with some 83,000 branches in 2007 o the financial services modernization act of 1999 gave commercial banks the full authority to enter the investment banking and insurance business regulators o fdic insures the deposits of commercial banks o u.s. has a dual banking system—banks can be either nationally or statechartered the office of the comptroller of the currency (occ) charters and regulates national banks state agencies charter and regulate state banks o the federal reserve system (frs) has regulatory power over nationally chartered banks and their holding companies and state banks that opt in to the federal reserve system holding company parent company that owns a controlling interest in a subsidiary bank or other fi lecture 10: bank credit risk management importance of credit risk management o larger banks are generally more likely to accept riskier loans than smaller banks o larger banks are also exposed to more counterparty risk offthebalancesheet than smaller banks o managerial efficiency and credit risk management strategies directly affect the return and risk of the loan portfolio o at the extreme, credit risk can lead to insolvency as large loan losses can wipe out a commercial bank’s equity capital lending standards o analysis of the 6c’s pertaining to the borrower: [[character, collateral, capacity], capital, conditions], and compliance character personal traits & attitudes about debt payment commitment collateral pledged assets capacity borrower’s success at running a business cash flows capital financial condition of the borrow net worth conditions economic conditions \n compliance compliance with laws & regulations (community reinvestment act, the environmental superfund act, lender liability, etc.) managing credit risk o for cbs, different methods are used in managing credit risks: individual borrowers, small firms, midsized firms, and large firms real estate loans, personal loans, and c&i loans o cbs use: scoring system, financial statements, and ratio analysis approaches credit scoring: fico o developed by fair isaac inc. & widely used in residential mortgages & consumer loans o factors considered when determining fico score: payment history (35%); amounts owed (30%); length of credit history (15%); type of credit in use (10%); new credit (10%) o score ranges from 300 – 850 bad (350620); fair (620660); good (660750); excellent (750850) credit scoring: large businesses o altman’s zscore (z=1.2x + 11 x + 3.2 + 0.3x + 1.04 ) 5 if z < 1.81 high risk firm if 1.81 ≤ z ≤ 2.99 intermediate risk firm if z > 2.99 low risk firm o problems with zscore weights are less likely to stay constant over time the 5 ratios used in the model may not be enough other quantifiable factors, such as reputation of borrowers or the borrower lender relationship, exist economic condition accounting variables are infrequently updated financial analysis o traditionall y, banks analyze financial statements of potential borrowers very typical in loans to corporations and business less typical in residential mortgage loans and consumer loans. o purposes evaluating financial conditions and creditworthiness of potential borrowers monitoring the financial behavior of borrowers after credit has been extended. o comparison historical trends comparison with other companies financial analysis: cash flow analysis o banks make sure if the (potential) borrowers have enough cash flows (=cash receipts – cash disbursement) compared to loan payments o cash flows are not the same as net income! o cash flows (not) the same as net income – they are from: operating activities investment activities financing activities \n ratio analysis o ratios are conveniently used to summarize information in financial statements o similar companies can be compared using a ratio analysis real estate lending o real estate loans mortgage loan applications are among the most standard of all credit applications decisions to approve or disapprove a mortgage application depend on: the applicant’s ability and willingness to make timely interest and principal payments the value of the borrower’s collateral consumer loans/ small business loans o techniques are very similar to that of mortgage lending; however, nonmortgage consumer loans focus on the ability to repay rather than on the property o smallbusiness loan decisions often combine computerbased financial analysis of borrower financial statements with behavioral analysis of the business owner commercial and industrial (c&i) loans: midmarket firms o generally a profitable market for creditgranting commercial banks o midmarket corporations typically: have sales revenues from $5million to $100million per year have a recognizable corporate structure do not have ready access to deep and liquid capital markets o commercial loans can be for as short as a few weeks to as long as 8 years or more shortterm: finance working capital needs longterm: finance fixed asset purchases commercial and industrial (c&i) loans: large firms o fees and spreads are smaller compared to small & mid, but transactions are often large enough to make them worthwhile ",
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695d7cf834f34f2225f334a339966ff6 | determine the force in each member of the pratt truss, and state if the members are in tension or compression. a b c d e f g h i j k l 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 10 kn 10 kn 20 kn 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m prob. 611 | solved: determine the force in each member of the pratt | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701983 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 3 faculty use only thank you for the opportunity to review your assignment. this week you were asked to prepare a paper in which you evaluate the tyco international case study provided in kaplan (2009) and stephen et al. (2012). you needed to address the following in your paper: •briefly summarize the historical scenario surrounding tyco international. •how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? •evaluate the outcome of events. •was the punishment justified? why or why not? •is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? support your paper with a minimum of five (5) scholarly resources in \n 2 addition to required resources. in addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included. length: 57 pages not including title and reference pages. your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. your response should reflect scholarly writing and current apa standards. be sure to adhere to northcentral university's academic integrity policy. it is important for us as business leaders to review what others have done in the past, and to reflect on what could and should have been done differently. this allows us to learn from the mistakes from the past, and may help prevent them occurring in the future. you shared some good information in your paper, but you did have some minor format issues with your internal citations. incorrectly formatted citation. note that the citation format does change based on placement and use. for more help click here: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/. in future assignments, i encourage you to continue to use the writing prompts as headings in your paper. keep up the good work. if i can be of any assistance, or if you would like to discuss my comments, please let me know. dr. tom \n 3 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items will be discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. historical scenario surrounding tyco international the scenario surrounding tyco international stemmed from the ceo, dennis kozlowski. the historical scenario states that kozlowski took the company from 1.5billiondollar toy company to a 100billiondollar company kaplan (200 9). he became a star ceo and was widely known for how well he could run a corporation. the problem then began as he decided that he should be entitled to reap the benefits from his hard work by issuing himself various gifts from the company inclusive of money, art, and a yacht. while he made sure that what he was gifting himself with these items he ensured they were listed on the books almost making the transactions seem reasonable and appropriate. he had altered his sense of reality to work a bit outside of the ethical range. at some point, after acquiring onehalf of a billion dollars, the district attorney (da) began looking into kozlowsi’s tax documentation. upon investigation he da initially found almost a million dollars of unpaid sales tax. the da then pushed to open the investigation to other areas in kozlowsi’s life even further. as the investigation continued, the da was able to \n 4 show and prove that kozlowsi was embezzling funds from his company. this type of crime is considered a felony that holds up to a 25year sentence. how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? in these types of scenarios there are a number of factors that can play into the reasoning of how it could go on for so long. from what i’ve seen in my lifetime, it starts as one single incident of a small loan or a gift and begins to progress from there. the person receiving the benefit is most likely in a powerful position and those in subordinate roles are taught to do as the boss says. the person in power could later threaten the subordinate if they were to cause a problem. take for instance an abused woman. if she would begin dating an individual and he went all in abuse on the first date, she would drop him like a hot cake. this is rarely ever the case. abuse in most forms are progressive and gets more and more intense with time. this places fear into the weaker person making it impossible for the individual to fight back or even leave. in this case, i am sure the subordinates were in fear of losing their jobs or worse. as i have worked for five years in the middle east, i have seen the power that people in these positions hold and have heard of the associated death threats when the powerful were threatened. stephens, vance, and pettegrew (2012) discuss kohlbeg’s six stages of moral reasoning as to why people actually make an attempt at a moral and ethical lifestyle. if one of the items below are met, there is a strong chance that the individual will make the ethical choice. these items are as follows: “1) stage one: being ethical for fear of being caught or punished, 2) stage two: being ethical out of concern for one’s selfinterest, 3) stage three: being ethical because of peer pressure to do so 4) stage four: being ethical because it’s the rule, regulation, law, or standard 5) \n 5 stage five: being ethical out of concern for the good of others, because of a sense of social responsibility, and 6) stage six: being ethical out of a concern for the moral principle involved and knowing that it’s simply the right thing to do .” (stevens et al, 201 2) evaluate the outcome of events in this case, mr. kozlowsi was sentenced and ended up serving six and a half years of his sentence kaplan (200 9). according to kaplan (2015) and the new york times, mr. kozlowski also had to pay $167 million in restitution and fines. he is now out and living a more moderate life with his new wife and is happier than he’s ever been. he found an appreciation and a gratitude for life in his time away. was the punishment justified? why or why not? no, in no way was this punishment justified. a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison for a crime of this nature is absurd. our criminal justice system is so out of whack and those yielding the power are as guilty or guiltier than the criminal. the abuses of power extend far and wide and while mr. kozlowski did take something that wasn’t his, he was not a murderer. we as a society place far too much emphasis on money and it seems that when an actual life is at stake it is valued much less. our legal system has the ability to sentence those who knew about the crime, under the title “conspiracy” and give the one who knew abut it considerably more time than the person that actually did the crime. in this particular case, the individual was made to go to prison and was only sentenced $167 million of his worth. if they truly want to see equity, they should have hit him in the pocketbook hard enough that he would have to start his life over. this would have been a humbling experience for him, as the 6 ½ years in prison did. he certainly did not deserve to lose that much time in his life for a monetary crime, especially when those \n 6 committing heinous crimes are still on the streets. we as a nation seriously need to get our priorities straight. is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? yes, i believe it is difficult to see all ethical breaches that we ourselves commit. we as humans have a tendency to justify our actions. if we can find a way to place reason on a certain decision, it validates our actions. it may be something simple, or in the case of kozlowsi, he may very well have felt that he earned what he was receiving. he was responsible for a huge success within the company and felt justified in taking what he believed was his. we do this often within our own lives. how many of us would take the time to turn around and go back into the store if we recognized we received too much change? the justifications of why we would not turn around are endless. after many years of working within the government and the business environment, i realized the level of corruption and lack of ethical decision making increased the further up in government i went. from how promotions were conducted to who had to deploy to war zones, to which people were selected for an award. there was almost always a level of decision making that fell far beyond the ethical scope. these are truly just the small items on the list. one major point to identify is the fact that humans, while people want to find others “inherently good”, people are human and are tuned to survival. people will under most circumstances protect the ones they love or push for their own agenda whether it is fully ethical or not. this concept begs the question of whether or not teaching ethics and professional ethic in school actually makes a difference. borstner and gartner (2014) address this question and find that it does have an impact on society. they discuss that by bringing topics to light, discussing \n 7 and understanding the ethical issue at hand, a person can be taught to become more ethical. i am in agreement with the concept that teaching ethics does have an impact. i believe it will take a person more time to make a poor choice with the education at hand, although i do not believe that teaching will ever take over the human factor. ethics are in the eyes of the beholder and are taught as such. determining what is right is based upon someone’s answer of what thy believe to be right. this definition may or may not be true for everyone. i believe all we can truly hope for at this point is that people have a foundation of ethical concepts and evaluate the big picture and identify the best possible outcome. martinez (2014) wrote an article that talks to the points i’ve discussed above. her article discusses ethics and loyalty and how thy may play into one another. this article refers to serving as an assistant principal in a school where her cousin’s son was enrolled and was causing issues. she was asked to handle the situation and while she wanted to do her job, it was difficult to go against the family. she found herself making an exception for the boy to protect him from embarrassment. later a second issue with her cousin’s husband and she was once again asked to take sides. the difficulty of making a decision between family and ethics. one would have to consider if she would have made the same decision if it was a direct relative, a sister perhaps. the conflict of interest here is great and i would certainly have to recommend removing the family member from the decision making process to remove bias. conclusion in conclusion, purpose of this week’s paper was to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items were discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco \n 8 international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. \n 9 references borstner, b., & gartner, s. (2014). teaching ethics and critical thinking in contemporary schools. problems of education in the 21st century, 61917 friedman, m. (1970). the social responsibility of business to increase its profits. the new york times magazine. retrieved from http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/ issues/friedmansocrespbusiness.html kaplan, d. a. (2009). koz makes his case. fortune, 160(11), 1416 kaplan, d., (2015). tyco’s ‘piggy,’ out of prison and living small. retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/business/dealbook/denniskozlowskispathfrom infamytoobscurity.html?\\_r=0 martinez, m. a. (2014). questions of ethics and loyalty: an assistant principal's tale. journal of cases in educational leadership, 17(4), 6677 stephens, w., vance, c. a., & pettegrew, l. s. (2012). embracing ethics and morality. cpa journal, 82(1), 1621 ",
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181deafdf9d87019cc756cfea151a629 | would you predict the surface tension of t-butyl alcohol, coh, to be greater than or less than that of n-butyl alcohol, ? explain. | would you predict the surface tension of t-butyl alcohol, | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "general motors installment plan a cartoon publicizing the current pay system we have for our cars now. the pay system where you pay for your car a little bit at a time in “installments” every month or term this ad came out during a time when people did not want to pay for a car or consider themselves in debt or paying off something. debt was not only acceptable but was the american way to be. you could be a good american by buying your car in installment plans. \n the tennessee valley authority is a federally owned corporation in the united states created by congressional charter in may 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the tennessee valley, a region particularly affected by the great depression. the enterprise was a result of the efforts of senator george w. norris of nebraska. tva was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. \n roosevelt’s idea for social insurance was to create a system for employees to contribute to their future retirement through payroll taxes. roosevelt’s goal was to provide long term economic security for the elderly. in 1935, roosevelt signed the social security act, creating a social insurance program to provide income to workers who were 65 and older. the act also provided unemployment insurance, oldage assistance, and aid to dependent children. the newly formed social security board contracted with the postal service to help register workers for social security benefits. between 1936 and 1937, the federal government displayed posters to encourage people to register for social security. \n background history: battle of stalingrad november 1942, the soviet victory at stalingrad was the turning point of the war in europe russians repel the nazis at stalingrad a soviet soldier stopping a german tank. other than the show of soviet force and soviet power in this cartoon, we see stalingrad depicted as unharmed, still standing city, rather than the rubble \n that was the reality. this cartoon depicts how the war in europe was advertised to the american people. not the gritty day to day battle, but the pretty depiction of war. \n the poster shows all non american last names but there are american citizens building the tank. in the quote fdr is calling all americans to not discriminate in a work setting. \n “a world divided” background: after the formation of the united nations security council consisting of the u.s., the soviet union, great britain, france, and china. this replaced the league of nations. the american and soviet flags are on the same world, but there is a huge divide in the world, and the other flag with america’s is great britain’s. britain flag being behind america shows that they were weaker than america. this is a reminder of the bolshevik revolution, and the brutality of joseph stalin. \n joseph mccarthy holding fraudulent evidence during a courtroom hearing. the cartoon title references when mccarthy said he had a list of 205 communists within the state department during a speech at the republican women's club of wheeling in 1950. the clearly visible \"doctored photo\" and \"faked letter\" are designed to depict mccarthy as a liar. this cartoon signifies what caused mccarthy's ultimate downfall. after mccarthy launched an attack on the army for allegedly harboring communists, during the course of the televised testimonies mccarthy presented evidence that was discovered to be utterly fraudulent. combined with his behavior in the courtroom, the falsified evidence caused both the american pubic as well as \n politicians to end their support for mccarthy, therefore attributing to his downfall. the rise and fall of the senator embodies the chaotic situation of the time. the american people were forced to examine the notion that the hunt for communists is in reality a fruitless investigation that results only in the terrorizing of innocent lives. though the red fear was not extinguished after mccarthy's downfall, the american people became more critical and suspicious of politicians who advocated similar principles as mccarthy. \n \n a nonviolent tactic was sit ins. a group of college students, this one particularly happened at (insert where it happened), was the first? it was a group of colored and white students who sat at a white only counter at a restaurant in a non violent protest against the separation of races in restaurants, they would sit there as restaurant attendees would pour food on them and drag them out of their seats and beat them up. regardless of how much they were attacked, they never fought back. they didn’t fight back because if they stayed innocent in the matter no one could call blame on them because all they did was sit at the white only counter. \n the violence tactic against civil rights by robert f. williams and mabel williams in opposition to dr. king and friends nonviolent techniques. if any kkk member shot at him, he would shoot back. \n \n during the civil rights movement, for the marches, adults would march and get put into jail. dr. king had the idea to put children in the marches so that when they were arrested, and pictures were taken of them, it would tug at america’s heart strings. \n this cartoon depicts the fear of the domino theory which was the fear that if vietnam fell to communism, the other weak countries would fall to communism like dominos behind vietnam. ",
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0bf7154c5729b1d44fcce94a88f36a0b | in exercises 21 to 24, find the measure of the reference angle for the given angle . assume is in standard position. | solution: in exercises 21 to 24, find the measure of the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of the final assignment is to select four countries and compare and contrast the business environment of each country. in order to become successful as a manager, marketer, or ceo of an international business, one must understand the environment where business is being conducted. to do this, one must review a variety of different types of data and analyze appropriately. the types of information required for this analysis includes the following: (1) performance information, (2) challenges, (3) advantages, and (4) disadvantages for selected st countries in the 21 century. corporate social responsibilities and the global financial crisis also play a significant role in the global environment. once this understanding is formulated, an individual can begin to compare and contrast various regions throughout the world to determine the best strategy moving forward. the following paper will include an analysis of each country and will include an evaluation, comparison analysis, and discussion of the business environment within each selected country. this evaluation will allow for a multinational company (mnc) to have an understanding of the stability of each country addressed for potential entry. in addition, this understanding will help a mnc to not only how to enter a country but how to be successfully strategize and wade through cultural barriers. selected countries the original primary selection method utilized to select four countries to evaluate is based upon areas i am personally interested in conducting business within. after making the attempt to find scholarly articles on the smaller islands and countries chosen, i had to look to find alternatives. the main focus was to look to countries that utilized a more direct communication \n 3 approach; as the alternative indirect approach would prove to be more frustrating than what it would be worth to me. while most of my choices are similar in nature to the u.s., i am including an alternative country, china. by incorporating china, a differing perspective can be shown within this paper. the countries selected for this study are as follows: 1) new zealand, 2) australia 3) brazil, and 4) china . challenges identified one major challenge that every intercultural country will face is intercultural sensitivity or the lack thereof. while cultures begin to come together, the members that are part of the newly formed teams will need to become sensitive to the cultural attributes of the group. while the differences between cultures certainly make the work environment unique, each culture may want to label their own as superior. the limited understanding that each culture may have of one another may need to be identified and sensitivity training provided to avoid unnecessary conflict. by understanding those differences up front, the ability to accept and appreciate each culture becomes possible. as a u.s. citizen attempting to conduct business in a strict islamic country, one may view the differences in culture as appalling and backwards. to be effective in this environment, one must take a step back and at least make the attempt to understand the history and the reasoning behind why the other culture thinks the way it does. now, to take a deeper look at the chosen countries and the associated challenges. new zealanders tend to focus on small, communitybased business partners. the residents tend to choose to conduct business amongst friends in their tight niche community with people termed “business mates”. the relationships built are extremely informal and community based. the challenge to enter into business in new zealand will be to build enough trust to become part of \n 4 the existing community. to do so, this will take time to build the relationship (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012) . australia offers very few barriers to entry, especially with american firms. the legal and corporate structures are very close in nature and entry is easily acquired. the one main area that could be a potential barrier is the level of competition. the easier the entry, the higher the level of completion from local and foreign businesses. brazil’s challenges when it comes to entering this market include the pure number of businesses battling for a market share. this emerging global market is being saturated with foreign companies that are trying to be the first in line. as a smaller company entering the market, businesses like walmart may take the upper hand (luthans & doh, 2012). lastly, one of china’s challenges that recently made the news is the level of pollution in the country. not only were schools shut down for several days but businesses as well. the population in china is high as well as the output of pollution. entering china will require a lot of thought and preparation on green and sustained building. performance the next area to evaluate is performance during the global financial crisis. during the global financial crisis only a few countries reported doing well. those that did, fell into the category of the brics countries. china was one of those countries. the reason they did so well was because the chinese government had placed over $2 trillion in reserves and economic growth remained above 7%. in addition, the population in general save more than 40% of their income. with the savings in hand, government and individual, china was not as affected by the \n 5 crisis as they had planned for times such as these. in addition, china utilized $600 billion to stimulate it’s economy and develop infrastructure (payne, 2013). brazil is a second brics country that did well during the global financial crisis. brazil’s growth was 5.7% in 2005, 3.2% in 2006, 4% in 2007, and 5.1% in 2008 due to the confidence in it’s economy as well as a positive and smooth presidential election and appreciation of the brazilian real. brazil offers a stable economy as well as a central location close to the u.s. and strong european countries. it has become one of the fastest growing automobile exporters, the second largest location for direct foreign investment next to china for developing countries, and one of the largest passenger airplane manufacturing countries (luthans & doh 2012). australia also took a significant hit during the global financial crisis. the australian dollar depreciated rapidly by over 30% in 2008. to attempt to stimulate the economy, australia’s reserve infused the country with additional funds to become more liquid. a significant portion of the dollar’s depreciation was recovered in 2009. until 2008, new zealand’s treasury, kaitohutohu kaupapa rawa, the country experienced an average gdp growth rate until the global financial crisis. as the crisis took place, the country started a recession and began a decline. new zealand’s gdp during the global crisis has steadily declined by 2.2% in 2009, 2.2% in 2010, and subsequently declined by 3.3% in 2014 (reserve bank of australia, 2010). ethical perspective elkington (2012) discussed the concept of sustainable development and social responsibility of multinational corporations. companies like bp, monsanto and shell are only a few named that need to take into consideration the rules of the global world rather than just the \n 6 originating country. multinational companies can no longer ignore the human element behind conducting business in various locations and a variety of cultures. while standards are put into place for u.s. citizens, they are not necessarily in place for third world countries. in addition, other areas of concern such as corruption, bribery, overworking employees, and utilizing child labor need to be analyzed and addressed. to further clarify what is meant by ethical perspective, i will share a personal example of conducting business in afghanistan. osha standards are put into place for expatriate contractors. they are not necessarily put in place for local national contractors. the contracts written by the u.s. government are written differently for local national personal and contractors versus those contractors brought in from countries located outside of afghanistan. during my tenure in country, one of the contracts was to build facility that would house an army detachment. in the time we were on base, the contract that was put into place was awarded to an afghan company. the personnel did not have to comply with ohsa standards as the standard only applied to expatriate contractors. as the local national company’s workers began to place the roof on the facility in january. the afghan workers were seen in their moccasins on the metal roof, working in slick conditions. they did not have fall protection of any kind. this meant they were not hooked to anything and they were thirty plus feet off of the ground. the workers’ shoes did not have rubber soles, and the method of getting onto the roof was a wobbly, concocted ladder. in addition, the workers were seen having their very own snowball fight from one side of the roof to the other. all of this was done under the noses of headquarters staffing. at one point, one of the local nationals slipped and almost came off of the rooftop. now, while discussing this story, the point being made is who has the responsibility to ensure that everyone \n 7 working on contract has the same standard? is it reasonable to say that local national companies have to abide by the same rules, and in turn are then mandated to purchase safety equipment to meet the standard from the company conducting business in that country? while multinational companies work in other countries, a company must decide what is the correct balance between complying with the typical standard of the home country, and the location of where business is being conducted. whose has the responsibility for work being conducted safety? in addition, which set of rules and can a company mandate third world country workers to comply? it it feasible to demand compliance with first world country standards? these are the questions that must be answered prior to ever conducting business within a country that holds a different standard. now, how does this scenario apply to the four countries selected? it applies because of the emerging markets and strong markets that are building multinational companies within each country’s borders. the companies need to make decision up front on what their goals are and what their ethical responsibilities are in the operating environment. brazil and china known as up and coming, developing countries. china may be the most controversial when it comes to ethical standards. while working in china, the decisions that come to mind are those that have to do with child labor, unequitable pay, gender equality, corruption, contract kickbacks, and favoritism for contract awards towards family and friends. the positive aspect of a business that is sourcing products from china will find that products made more quickly and are less expensive. with that in mind, a multinational company must make the decision as to which ethical standards they may need to break or to what extent they willing to bend for that cheaper product. while china has a considerable level of successful \n 8 business dealings without corruption or the other negative connotations, the negative aspects also need to be considered. in brazil, one of the concerns is in regards to ethics is consulting a legal team. while in the more westernized countries, legal counsel is utilized to avoid ethical issues, it is a concern to contact them in brazil. brazil managers and nonmanagers alike tend to steer away from legal council finding it to be more of a risky concept to utilize legal versus not utilizing legal (leila trapp, 2011). ethical standards in new zealand are much like the u.s. individuals that work in new zealand find that while generally ethical standards are high, that the belief is that the standards have been compromised over the last few years. individuals find that further down the line in the chain of command, the more likely it is to have to bend the rules and the overall standard in order to make a successful transaction happen (alam, 1999). while business ethics is growing as an important issue in australia, the overall concern by senior management, the overall concern by lower level employees believe that ethical standards are lacking (miltonsmith, 1997). in a later study, it was noted that the code of ethics is not a normalcy in australia. australians do believe in an ethical standard, but they do not have the same belief in creating and following a written policy (callaghan, m., wood, g., payan, j. m., singh, j., & svensson, g, 2012). communications building business relationships is extremely important concept to become successful in the international environment. each culture has a different method and form and way of communication desires and wants. the difficulty becomes knowing which form of \n 9 communicating is being utilized as well as understanding the nuances behind each type. by studying each of the four identified countries, a baseline can be developed. once that baseline is identified, a marketer or business owner could understand how not to offend the other country’s culture as well as work within the alternative guidelines towards success. to begin, new zealand boasts a very similar culture to the u.s. in the form of business communications. new zealand has a culture that incorporates the direct communication method as well as low context methods. low context styles focus on monochrome styles, tangible or shortterm business goals, and one relationship at a time. the business relationship is a very pointed and direct relationship where most issues are discussed openly and meanings are clear and up front. china on the other hand is a high context culture boasting indirect communication. the chinese tend to imply their message through body language and meanings are imbedded in an individual’s actions. they also have a tendency to focus on a multitude of relationships at the same time (zhu, 2009). australia utilizes many of the same communication methods that new zealand and the u.s. utilize. australians, even in business, are generally easy going, friendly, and informal. negotiators and managers conducting business in australia need to pay attention to sporting events in the area, local news, and entertainment. in addition, informal and friendly conversation, a sense of humor, and eye contact are all important. australians move towards utilizing first names very quickly. it is important for individuals conducting business in australia to have a business card readily available, to be on time, and while a gift is not required, a small one is appreciated (clark & vemuri, 2008). \n 10 brazil is a bit tougher to navigate as there are four distinct subcultures within the country. a marketer, negotiator or manager must identify which subculture they are working with and subsequently choose the appropriate communication strategy. the personality traits such as achievement, selfdirection, enjoyment, security, and restrictive conformity vary amongst the four different subcultures. as one learns to navigate the various areas of brazil and begins to understand the differences, an individual can alter the strategy to end in success (volkema, 2012). challenges and differences challenges and differences are prevalent in each culture. finding a way to understand those differences will be part of any successful business strategy. one of the ways to ensure that business students are taught about the various cultures they intend to conduct business within. students and employees alike will need extensive crosscultural training to provide another frame of reference. if the individual is not properly trained, the only frame of reference that individual will ever know is his or her own. this creates a limited understanding of the way the other country’s team members operate and will certainly be the cause of disputes in the future (durocher, 2009). to attempt to combat cultural disputes and potentially offending team member sand coworkers, a mnc moving into a new country must evaluate a number of areas. bharadwaj (2013) discussed the following areas as key areas to research and prepare answers for prior to conducting business in another environment: 1) approach towards formality and individual status 2) attitude towards uncertainty, 3) attitude towards time, 4) role of hierarchy, 5) role of gender, 6) choice of communication channels, and 7) degree of formality. by having a good \n 11 understanding of each of these items, an individual can be much more prepared for the alternative business environment. one of the primary challenges to entering the australian market is making assumptions that the other culture is understood. u.s. marketers may think they understand another culture and their philosophies, but in the end, truly may not. by making the assumption that american business personnel understand australian culture, many points can be missed. while both of the cultures are similar in nature, the smallest of nuances that are missed may be the difference between signing the deal or being eliminated from the deal (clark & vemuri, 2008). in brazil, there are a number of entry barriers including: (1) restricted access to financing (2) inefficient government assistance systems, (3) shortages of skilled labor, and (4) weak institutional frameworks (cardoza, fornes, farber, gonzalez, & ruiz gutierrez, 2015). as the chinese conduct business, the initial team meeting is utilized to start the relationship building process. the chinese businessmen and women tend to focus on bringing in a third party that knows both parties to vouch for each other. by doing so, this begins building the relationship as well as helps to gain trust and confidence in each party. new zealand and australia are more independent and tend not to rely on a third party to build relationships, but rather utilize direct relationship building strategies and shortterm goals. chinese managers tend to focus more on the personal touch, feelings, and friendship while conducting business. new zealanders on the other hand do not. their primary focus was on the achievement of business goals and getting to the end state as quickly as possible. the new zealand managers focused on developing and building business relationships to achieve objectives while the chinese managers would focus on business as well as friendship. the end goal for the chinese was to build long \n 12 term business and personal relationships. as the chinese became more comfortable with the individuals in their friendships, communication would become much more direct (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012). conclusion in conclusion, multinational corporations face a number of varying issues when it comes to entering a new market. the incentives for conducting business in the international environment can be lucrative, but at the same time can be challenging. the purpose of this assignment was to select four countries and evaluate the business environment for each country. the countries selected for this study were: 1) new zealand, 2) australia, 3) brazil, and 4) china. the focus of the selection was based on countries that as a business leader, i would choose to conduct business within. the criteria were based upon a preference of countries with direct communication and low context styles. the differences and challenges identified will help to further tailor the list to the ideal location. in addition, china was added to provide a variation to the above paper. the culture differences between each of the cultures were discussed not only in communication styles, but perspective, ethical perspectives, as well as advantages and disadvantages in the various environments. \n 13 references alam, k. f. 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