Hello, I always believed expression matrix on GEO is normalized. However, I get huge big log2FC from [GSE85957](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE85957) today.

    > head(expr_3)
    # A tibble: 6 x 8
      SYMBOL  logFC AveExpr     t    P.Value adj.P.Val      B ENTREZID
      <chr>   <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl>      <dbl>     <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>   
    1 Spp1    3419.   2421. 10.2  0.00000368   0.00128  0.221 25353   
    2 Gstp1   2125.   2338. 10.3  0.00000328   0.00128  0.243 24426   
    3 Cyp2e1  2047.   2833.  4.32 0.00204      0.0235  -1.89  25086   

Here is how my expression data extracted  
    

     gse_path <- "/datapool/pengguoyu/Microarray/20190711_geo/rawdata/GSE85957_series_matrix.txt.gz"
     gse <- getGEO(filename=gse_path, AnnotGPL=TRUE)
     expr <- exprs(gse)
So I go back to check expression matrix

    PROBEID GSM2288460      GSM2288461      GSM2288462      GSM2288463      GSM2288464 
    1367452_at      1165.0328       1011.4838       1193.8429       1143.6874       1162.2721
    1367453_at      512.07166       519.57355       502.8087        433.26254       480.2318    
    1367454_at      647.18243       619.50635       673.89526       644.89575       685.5907        
    1367455_at      1226.1555       1299.9249       1318.0239       1363.5055       1308.6063          
    1367456_at      1530.6841       1611.0748       1768.4469       1761.0474       1751.5911           
    1367457_at      426.08826       282.9359        433.74475       421.27148       445.81595

This seems to be data without normalized. How can I know any one expression matrix from GEO is normalized or not, wether I can apply `lmFit` function from `limma` directly? Thanks.
Well, the easiest way is to read the data processing sections for each sample.

> The data were analyzed with Microarray Suite version 5.0 (MAS 5.0)
> using GeneData Expressionist® Pro Refiner. The trimmed mean target
> intensity of each array was arbitrarily set to 100.

The next easiest is to use [GEO's built-in analysis tools](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/?acc=GSE85957) (really just R scripts, but whatever) to view the value distributions. RMA normalized microarrays are typically very obvious, as their distributions are all the same. 

<a href="https://ibb.co/t8VVqRS"><img src="https://i.ibb.co/9sQQbPJ/geo2r.png" alt="geo2r" border="0"></a>

That isn't the case here, though the distributions aren't completely nuts. These have clearly been normalized in some capacity, though you'd typically hope for bit more detail in how it was done. I don't know exactly what `limma` expects (does it expect log2 values?), so you may do a little more reading on that. You could also normalize through `limma` and just see if the results make more sense.