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[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 85 del programa provisional*", "El derecho de los acuíferos transfronterizos", "El derecho de los acuíferos transfronterizos", "Informe del Secretario General", "Adición", "II. Comentarios y observaciones recibidos de los Gobiernos", "Chile", "1. Chile no ha concertado arreglos bilaterales o regionales específicos en relación con los acuíferos transfronterizos.", "2. Debido a la importancia de los acuíferos como objeto de estudio y regulación en Chile, se considera útil y conveniente el inicio de negociaciones de un acuerdo multilateral que establezca principios fundamentales en la materia, teniendo como base los proyectos de artículo de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional.", "3. La discusión en la materia debiera tener como estructura los principios generales, el carácter de acuerdo marco para la celebración de acuerdos específicos, el respeto del derecho soberano de cada Estado a promover la gestión, la supervisión y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos hídricos de un acuífero de su territorio, la utilización de dichos recursos sobre la base de criterios de uso racional y sostenible y el respeto de la obligación de un Estado de no causar perjuicio a otros Estados ni al medio ambiente.", "* A/66/150." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 85 of the provisional agenda*", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "* A/66/150.", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "Chile", "1. Chile has no specific bilateral or regional agreements regarding transboundary aquifers.", "2. Due to the importance of the aquifers as a subject of study and regulation in Chile, it is considered useful and convenient to start negotiating a multilateral treaty to establish fundamental principles on this matter on the basis of the draft articles of the International Law Commission.", "3. The discussion of the issue should focus on the general principles, the character of a framework agreement for the execution of specific agreements, respect of the sovereign rights of each State to promote the management, oversight and sustainable exploitation of water resources of an aquifer in its territory, the use of such resources under the criteria of rational and sustainable use and respect of the duty of a State not to harm other States or the environment." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 85 of the provisional agenda*", "The right of transboundary aquifers", "The right of transboundary aquifers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "Chile", "1. Chile has not entered into specific bilateral or regional arrangements for transboundary aquifers.", "2. Owing to the importance of aquifers as a subject of study and regulation in Chile, it is considered useful and appropriate to start negotiations on a multilateral agreement that establishes fundamental principles on the subject, based on the draft articles of the International Law Commission.", "3. The discussion on the subject should have as a structure the general principles, the framework agreement for the conclusion of specific agreements, respect for the sovereign right of each State to promote the management, monitoring and sustainable use of water resources of an aquifer in its territory, the use of such resources on the basis of rational and sustainable use criteria and respect for the obligation of a State not to harm other States or the environment.", "* A/66/150." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 84 del programa provisional*", "Alcance y aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal", "Alcance y aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal", "Informe del Secretario General", "Índice", "Página", "II. Alcance y 2 aplicación de la jurisdicción universal de acuerdo con las normas jurídicas nacionales pertinentes, los tratados internacionales aplicables y la práctica judicial: comentarios de los gobiernos", "IV. Carácter de 3 la cuestión que se examina: comentarios concretos de los Estados", "Cuadros", "3. Tratados 4 pertinentes mencionados por los gobiernos, incluidos los tratados que contienen disposiciones sobre el principio aut dedere aut judicare", "II. Alcance y aplicación de la jurisdicción universal de acuerdo con las normas jurídicas nacionales pertinentes, los tratados internacionales aplicables y la práctica judicial: comentarios de los gobiernos", "República Dominicana", "Las infracciones pasibles de la aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal son aquellos crímenes que afectan a la comunidad internacional y que, por ende, van en contra de las normas y disposiciones establecidas por el derecho internacional. En estos casos, la gravedad propia del asunto justifica por sí sola la persecución por parte de cualquier Estado miembro de la comunidad internacional.", "El artículo 26 de la Constitución de 2010 dispone que la República Dominicana que es un Estado miembro de la comunidad internacional, abierto a la cooperación y apegado a las normas del derecho internacional: a) reconoce y aplica las normas del derecho internacional general y americano, en la medida en que sus poderes públicos las hayan adoptado; b) las normas de los convenios internacionales que haya ratificado regirán en el ámbito interno, una vez publicados de manera oficial.", "El artículo 56 del Código Procesal Penal atribuye competencia a los tribunales dominicanos para ejercer la jurisdicción universal sobre algunos crímenes, cometidos total o parcialmente en el territorio nacional o cuyos efectos se produzcan en él, salvo los casos exceptuados en tratados o convenciones internacionales adoptados por los órganos públicos o en los principios reconocidos por el derecho internacional general y americano. Es competencia de los tribunales nacionales juzgar los casos que constituyan genocidio, crímenes de guerra o crímenes contra la humanidad, independientemente del lugar de su comisión, siempre que el imputado resida, aun temporalmente, en el país o los hechos se hayan cometido en perjuicio de dominicanos.", "Por su parte, el artículo 62 del Código establece el tribunal competente en los casos de aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal y señala: “En los casos en que los tribunales nacionales conocen de hechos punibles cometidos fuera del territorio nacional, es competente el Tribunal de Primera Instancia del Distrito Nacional”.", "La Suprema Corte de Justicia se ha pronunciado en contadas ocasiones en relación con el principio de la jurisdicción universal. Tal es el caso de la sentencia de la Cámara Penal (hoy Sala) de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, de fecha 16 de diciembre de 2009, que señaló: “en cuanto a la jurisdicción y competencia de los tribunales penales dominicanos, el artículo 56 del Código Procesal Penal otorga capacidad legal a nuestros tribunales solo para conocer y juzgar los hechos punibles imputados a personas dominicanas o extranjeras cometidos total o parcialmente en el territorio nacional o cuyos efectos se produzcan en él ... por otra parte, el Código Procesal Penal, en su artículo 62 establece la posibilidad de que los tribunales dominicanos conozcan hechos punibles cometidos fuera del territorio nacional; lo cual señala bajo el epígrafe de ‘competencia universal’, y aunque en el referido texto no se especifica cuáles son esos casos, es evidente que se trata de asuntos de gran trascendencia, como serían el genocidio, los delitos contra la humanidad, el lavado de activos, el tráfico internacional de drogas, etc., que no es el de la especie”.", "Asimismo, la sentencia considera que debido a la “connotación de universalidad que tienen ciertos hechos correspondientes al crimen organizado, hasta hace poco desconocidos, cuya extrema gravedad y el hecho de estos desbordar los límites fronterizos los convierten en delitos de lesa humanidad, y por lo tanto debe permitirse el enjuiciamiento y castigo de sus autores por todos los Estados víctimas de ese comportamiento delictivo”. La jurisdicción universal se ha convertido en una herramienta necesaria para la lucha contra la impunidad de ciertas acciones u ofensas, cuya gravedad justifica la aplicación de una justicia a nivel internacional. Por esto, el poder judicial de la República Dominicana aplica la jurisdicción universal y la considera en la medida de las necesidades de cada caso.", "IV. Carácter de la cuestión que se examina: comentarios concretos de los Estados", "Cuba", "El alcance y la aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal son cuestiones que deben ser debatidas por todos los Estados Miembros en el marco de la Asamblea General, con el principal objetivo de evitar que se recurra a este principio cuando no corresponde. El uso indebido del principio de la jurisdicción universal tiene efectos negativos para el estado de derecho a nivel internacional y para las relaciones internacionales.", "El alcance de la aplicación del principio de la jurisdicción universal debe estar limitado, en primer lugar, por el respeto absoluto de la soberanía y la jurisdicción nacional de los Estados Miembros. Los principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente la igualdad soberana y la independencia política de los Estados, y la no injerencia en los asuntos internos de los Estados, deben respetarse estrictamente durante los procedimientos judiciales.", "El ejercicio unilateral y selectivo de la jurisdicción penal y civil extraterritorial de los tribunales nacionales no emana de normas o tratados internacionales. A ese respecto, Cuba condena la promulgación, a nivel nacional, de leyes basadas en motivos políticos y dirigidas contra otros Estados.", "La aplicación de la jurisdicción universal debe regularse internacionalmente, a fin de evitar abusos y resguardar la paz y la seguridad internacionales. La regulación internacional debe considerar la posibilidad de que, cuando un Estado desee invocar el principio de la jurisdicción universal, obtenga previamente la anuencia del Estado donde se produjo el hecho, y del país o los países de los cuales el acusado es ciudadano. De igual forma, debe establecer los requisitos para la regulación y el uso del principio y su compatibilidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, y debe definir su excepcionalidad y supletoriedad.", "La aplicación de este principio no debe violentar la inmunidad de los Jefes de Estado, el personal diplomático y otros funcionarios de alto rango en ejercicio, concedida en virtud del derecho internacional. Las acusaciones y la emisión de órdenes de detención contra tales funcionarios, sin tener en cuenta su inmunidad funcional, socavan el principio de la igualdad soberana y la independencia de los Estados. El principio de la jurisdicción universal no debe invocarse para quebrantar el respeto a la jurisdicción nacional de un país, menospreciar la integridad y los valores de su sistema jurídico o utilizarse con fines políticos, en detrimento de normas y principios del derecho internacional.", "La jurisdicción universal debe ser supletoria de la acción y la jurisdicción nacional de cada Estado. Por consiguiente, cuando los tribunales nacionales asumen la investigación y el procesamiento judicial de un caso, no debería aplicarse la jurisdicción universal. El principio de la jurisdicción universal debe limitarse a circunstancias excepcionales que ameriten que sea invocado, y debe enfocarse desde la óptica de coexistencia con el derecho nacional y con la jurisprudencia de los tribunales nacionales.", "Es necesario que se precisen en una regulación internacional universalmente aceptada los delitos para los cuales resultaría posible invocar la jurisdicción universal y se definan los elementos para su aplicación. Tales delitos deben restringirse a los crímenes de lesa humanidad y la jurisdicción universal solo deberá invocarse cuando se haya reconocido que no existen otros modos de ejercer una acción penal contra los responsables.", "La jurisdicción universal no se debe analizar al margen de la obligación de extraditar o juzgar, dado que ambos postulados tienen como fin combatir la impunidad para ciertos tipos de delitos previstos en instrumentos jurídicos internacionales. La comunidad internacional ha estado determinando un conjunto de delitos a los que se podrían aplicar ambos conceptos, pero aún deberá definir si todos estos delitos, o solo algunos de ellos, están sujetos tanto a la jurisdicción universal como a la obligación de extraditar o juzgar.", "Cuadro 3 Tratados pertinentes mencionados por los gobiernos, incluidos los tratados que contienen disposiciones sobre el principio aut dedere aut judicare", "A. Instrumentos universales", "Derechointernacionalhumanitario\tConvenios deGinebra de 1949\tCuba (señala queintrodujo la aplicaciónde la jurisdicciónuniversal para lasviolaciones que secalifican deinfracciones graves)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 84 of the provisional agenda*", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "PageII.Scope 2 and applicationofuniversal jurisdictionon thebasisof the relevant domesticlegalrules,applicableinternational treaties and judicialpractice: commentsby \nGovernments IV.Natureof 3 theissue for discussion: specific \ncommentsbyStates \nTables 3. 4 Relevant treatieswhich were referredtoby Governments,including treatiescontainingaut dedere aut \njudicareprovisions", "II. Scope and application of universal jurisdiction on the basis of the relevant domestic legal rules, applicable international treaties and judicial practice: comments by Governments", "Dominican Republic", "The offences subject to the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction are crimes that affect the international community and thus violate the rules and provisions of international law. In such cases, the gravity of the issue in itself justifies prosecution by any member State of the international community.", "Under article 26 of its 2010 Constitution, the Dominican Republic as a member State of the international community, is open to cooperation and bound to adhere to the provisions of international law: (a) it recognizes and applies the provisions of general international law and American law, insofar as its public authorities have adopted them; (b) the provisions of the international conventions that it has ratified shall be applicable as domestic law following their official publication.", "Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants Dominican courts the competence to exercise universal jurisdiction over certain crimes, which are committed fully or partially in the national territory or which produce effects therein, unless otherwise provided in international treaties or conventions adopted by public organs or in the principles recognized by general international law and American law. The national courts have the authority to prosecute cases involving genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, wherever committed, provided that the accused person is resident, even temporarily, in the country or that the acts caused harm to Dominicans.", "In addition, article 62 of the Code establishes the competent tribunal for the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, indicating that: “The Santo Domingo court of first instance shall have competence for cases in which a national court must investigate offences committed outside the national territory”.", "The Supreme Court has ruled on the principle of universal jurisdiction on several occasions. For instance, in the 16 December 2009 judgement of the Criminal Chamber (now Division) of the Supreme Court of Justice, it stated: “with regard to the jurisdiction and competence of the Dominican criminal courts, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants our courts the legal capacity to investigate and prosecute only offences of which Dominican or foreign persons are accused and which were committed fully or partially in the national territory or produced effects therein … Furthermore, article 62 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that Dominican courts may investigate offences committed outside of the national territory — which thus fall into the category of universal jurisdiction — and although that provision does not specify the offences in question, it is clear that these are very serious crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, money-laundering, international drug trafficking, etc., which do not apply in this case.”", "The judgement also states that owing to the “universal nature of some offences committed by organized crime, which were, until recently, unheard of, and to the extreme seriousness and transboundary nature that define them as crimes against humanity, all the States that have fallen victim to these offences must be permitted to prosecute and sentence the perpetrators”. Universal jurisdiction has become a necessary tool for combating impunity for certain actions or offences, the seriousness of which justifies the application of justice at the international level. The judiciary of the Dominican Republic therefore applies and considers universal jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis.", "IV. Nature of the issue for discussion: specific comments by States", "Cuba", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be discussed by all Member States in the framework of the General Assembly, primarily to prevent this principle from being invoked inappropriately. Unwarranted use of the principle of universal jurisdiction has negative effects on the rule of law at the international level, as well as on international relations.", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be limited, first and foremost, by absolute respect for the sovereignty and national jurisdiction of Member States. The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the sovereign equality and political independence of States and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, must be scrupulously respected in judicial proceedings.", "The unilateral and selective exercise of extraterritorial criminal and civil jurisdiction by national courts has no basis in international norms or treaties. In that connection, Cuba condemns the adoption at the national level of politically motivated laws targeting other States.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should be regulated internationally in order to prevent abuses and safeguard international peace and security. International regulation should consider the possibility that, when a State wishes to invoke the principle of universal jurisdiction, it should first obtain the consent of the State in which the violation took place or the country or countries of which the accused is a national. It should also establish requirements for the regulation and use of this principle, as well as its compatibility with the Charter of the United Nations, and should define it as exceptional and secondary in nature.", "Its application should not violate the immunity granted under international law to Heads of State, diplomatic personnel and other serving high-level officials. Issuing charges and detention orders against such officials irrespective of their functional immunity undermines the principle of the sovereign equality and independence of States. The principle of universal jurisdiction should not be invoked to diminish respect for a country’s national jurisdiction, to denigrate the integrity and values of its legal system, or for political ends, in violation of the rules and principles of international law.", "Universal jurisdiction must be secondary to the action and national jurisdiction of each State. Therefore, when a case is being investigated and prosecuted by the national judicial system, universal jurisdiction should not apply. Universal jurisdiction should be exercised only under exceptional circumstances that warrant its use, and from the perspective of coexistence with national statutory and case law.", "Universally acceptable international regulations must specify the crimes for which universal jurisdiction may be invoked and must define the bases for its application. Such crimes should be restricted to crimes against humanity and universal jurisdiction should be invoked only when it has been recognized that no other means of bringing a criminal action against the perpetrators exist.", "Universal jurisdiction cannot be analysed without also considering the obligation to extradite or prosecute, since the purpose of both concepts is to combat impunity for certain types of crimes defined in international legal instruments. The international community has been identifying a body of crimes for which both concepts may be invoked, but it has yet to determine whether all or only a subset of these crimes are subject to both universal jurisdiction and the obligation to extradite or prosecute.", "Table 3 Relevant treaties which were referred to by Governments, including treaties containing aut dedere aut judicare provisions", "A. Universal instruments", "Internationalhumanitarian law\tGeneva Conventionsof 1949\tCuba (stating that itintroduced theapplication ofuniversaljurisdiction toviolationscharacterized asgrave breaches)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 84 of the provisional agenda*", "Scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page", "II. Scope and 2 application of universal jurisdiction in accordance with relevant national legal standards, applicable international treaties and judicial practice: comments by Governments", "IV. Character of 3 the question under review: specific comments of States", "Tables", "3. Relevant treaties mentioned by Governments, including treaties containing provisions on the aut dedere aut judicare principle", "II. Scope and application of universal jurisdiction in accordance with relevant national legal standards, applicable international treaties and judicial practice: comments by Governments", "Dominican Republic", "The passive breaches of the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction are those crimes that affect the international community and thus go against the norms and provisions established by international law. In these cases, the seriousness of the matter alone justifies the persecution by any State member of the international community.", "Article 26 of the 2010 Constitution provides that the Dominican Republic, which is a member State of the international community, open to cooperation and adhering to the norms of international law: (a) recognizes and applies the rules of general and American international law, to the extent that its public authorities have adopted them; (b) the rules of international conventions it has ratified shall govern in the domestic sphere, once they have been formally published.", "Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure assigns jurisdiction to the Dominican courts to exercise universal jurisdiction over certain crimes, committed in whole or in part in the national territory or whose effects occur therein, except for cases excepted in international treaties or conventions adopted by public bodies or in the principles recognized by general and American international law. It is the jurisdiction of the national courts to try cases that constitute genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, regardless of the place of their commission, provided that the accused resides, even temporarily, in the country or the facts have been committed to the detriment of Dominicans.", "For its part, article 62 of the Code establishes the competent court in cases of application of the principle of universal jurisdiction and states: “In cases where national courts are aware of punishable acts committed outside the national territory, the Court of First Instance of the National District is competent”.", "The Supreme Court of Justice has repeatedly pronounced on the principle of universal jurisdiction. Such is the case of the judgement of the Criminal Chamber (today the Chamber) of the Supreme Court of Justice, dated 16 December 2009, which stated: “In respect of the jurisdiction and jurisdiction of the Dominican criminal courts, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure gives legal capacity to our courts only to know and to judge the punishable acts imputed to Dominican or foreign persons who are committed in whole or in part in the national territory or whose other effects are ...", "Moreover, the judgement considers that due to the “connotation of universality that has certain facts pertaining to organized crime, until recently unknown, whose extreme gravity and the fact of these overflowing the border limits make them crimes against humanity, and therefore the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators must be allowed by all the States victims of such criminal behaviour.” Universal jurisdiction has become a necessary tool for the fight against impunity for certain actions or offenses, whose gravity justifies the application of justice at the international level. For this reason, the judiciary of the Dominican Republic applies universal jurisdiction and considers it to the extent of the needs of each case.", "IV. Character of the question under review: specific comments of States", "Cuba", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction are issues that should be discussed by all Member States within the framework of the General Assembly, with the main objective of avoiding recourse to this principle when it does not correspond. The misuse of the principle of universal jurisdiction has a negative impact on the rule of law at the international level and on international relations.", "The scope of the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be limited, first, by absolute respect for the sovereignty and national jurisdiction of Member States. The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, especially the sovereign equality and political independence of States, and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, must be strictly respected during judicial proceedings.", "The unilateral and selective exercise of the extraterritorial criminal and civil jurisdiction of national courts does not emanate from international norms or treaties. In that regard, Cuba condemned the enactment, at the national level, of laws based on political motives and directed against other States.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should be regulated internationally in order to avoid abuse and safeguard international peace and security. International regulation should consider the possibility that, when a State wishes to invoke the principle of universal jurisdiction, it must first obtain the consent of the State where the act occurred, and of the country or countries of which the accused is a citizen. It should also establish the requirements for the regulation and use of the principle and its compatibility with the Charter of the United Nations, and should define its exceptionality and complementarity.", "The application of this principle should not violate the immunity of Heads of State, diplomatic staff and other high-ranking officials granted under international law. The accusations and issuance of arrest warrants against such officials, regardless of their functional immunity, undermine the principle of sovereign equality and the independence of States. The principle of universal jurisdiction should not be invoked to violate respect for a country ' s national jurisdiction, to underestimate the integrity and values of its legal system or to be used for political purposes, to the detriment of norms and principles of international law.", "Universal jurisdiction should be supplemented by the national action and jurisdiction of each State. Therefore, when the national courts undertake the investigation and prosecution of a case, universal jurisdiction should not apply. The principle of universal jurisdiction should be limited to exceptional circumstances that merit it being invoked, and should focus from the perspective of coexistence with national law and the jurisprudence of national courts.", "There is a need for universally accepted international regulation for which universal jurisdiction could be invoked and the elements for its implementation defined. Such crimes should be restricted to crimes against humanity and universal jurisdiction should be invoked only when it has been recognized that there are no other ways of criminal proceedings against those responsible.", "Universal jurisdiction should not be analysed outside the obligation to extradite or prosecute, as both postulates were intended to combat impunity for certain types of crimes under international legal instruments. The international community has been identifying a set of offences to which both concepts could be applied, but it must still define whether all such crimes, or only some of them, are subject to both universal jurisdiction and the obligation to extradite or prosecute.", "Table 3 Relevant treaties mentioned by Governments, including treaties containing provisions on the aut dedere aut judicare principle", "A. Universal instruments", "Inter-national Humanitarian Law Geneva Conventions of 1949 Cuba (signed to introduce the application of the universal jurisdiction for the violation of serious breaches)" ]

[ "Carta de fecha 11 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de transmitir adjunto un informe sobre la labor realizada por el Consejo de Seguridad cuando Colombia ocupó la Presidencia del Consejo en abril de 2011 (véase el anexo).", "El documento se elaboró bajo mi responsabilidad, tras cursar consultas con los demás miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Néstor Osorio Embajador Representante Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 11 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas", "Evaluación de la labor del Consejo de Seguridad durante la Presidencia de Colombia (abril de 2011)", "Introducción", "Bajo la Presidencia de Colombia en abril de 2011, el Consejo de Seguridad celebró 35 reuniones, entre ellas 18 consultas, ocho reuniones informativas, dos debates abiertos y dos sesiones con los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas policiales a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. El Consejo aprobó cinco resoluciones y dos declaraciones de la Presidencia; y emitió cuatro comunicados de prensa.", "África", "Côte d’Ivoire", "Los días 4, 8 y 11 de abril se realizaron consultas oficiosas sobre el desarrollo de la situación política y humanitaria en Côte d’Ivoire, así como sobre la implementación de las decisiones del Consejo acerca de esta cuestión.", "El 13 de abril el Consejo de Seguridad recibió el vigésimo séptimo informe del Secretario General sobre la marcha de los trabajos de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/211) y escuchó las presentaciones del Representante Especial del Secretario General y Jefe de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire, Choi Young-jin; la Secretaria General Adjunta de Asuntos Humanitarios, Valerie Amos y la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, Navanethem Pillay. El Representante Permanente de Côte d’Ivoire, Embajador Youssoufou Bamba, también hizo uso de la palabra. Tras realizar consultas oficiosas, los miembros del Consejo adoptaron un comunicado de prensa en el que, entre otras cosas, se acogió con beneplácito que el Presidente Alassane Dramane Ouattara estuviese en posición de asumir sus responsabilidades como Jefe de Estado de Côte d’Ivoire, se urgió a las partes a trabajar de manera conjunta para promover la reconciliación nacional y restaurar una paz sostenible, y se expresó reconocimiento a las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana y la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental por el papel desempeñado en la solución del conflicto.", "El 28 de abril el Consejo, en su resolución 1980 (2011), decidió, entre otras cosas, prorrogar hasta el 30 de abril de 2012 las medidas impuestas en los párrafos 7 a 12 de la resolución 1572 (2004), párrafo 5 de la resolución 1946 (2010), párrafo 12 de la resolución 1975 (2011) y párrafo 6 de la resolución 1643 (2005), relativas al embargo de armas, prohibición de viajar, congelación de activos y bloqueo de transacciones financieras y restricciones sobre las transacciones de diamantes en bruto, respectivamente. Asimismo, en la resolución 1980 (2011), el Consejo prorrogó hasta el 30 de abril de 2012 el mandato del Grupo de Expertos establecido en el párrafo 7 de la resolución 1727 (2006), y solicitó al Grupo que presentara al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1572 (2004) un informe de mitad de período, a más tardar el 15 de octubre de 2011, y un informe final al Consejo por conducto del Comité, 15 días antes de que terminara su mandato. Tras la aprobación de la resolución el Representante Permanente de Côte d’Ivoire, formuló una declaración.", "Jamahiriya Árabe Libia", "El 4 de abril el Consejo escuchó al Enviado Especial del Secretario General a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib, quien presentó un informe sobre las actividades realizadas en cumplimiento de su mandato. El Enviado Especial informó sobre su participación en la Conferencia de Londres sobre Libia el 29 de marzo, en la que se creó el Grupo de Contacto Internacional sobre Libia, y también informó al Consejo de las reuniones que sostuvo en Trípoli y Benghazi. Asimismo, hizo referencia a la reunión organizada por la Unión Africana el 31 de marzo con el propósito de analizar las distintas opciones para resolver la crisis en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. En las consultas oficiosas que siguieron a la sesión informativa, los miembros del Consejo intercambiaron opiniones sobre la cuestión y analizaron el desarrollo de los acontecimientos.", "De acuerdo con lo establecido en el párrafo 12 de la resolución 1973 (2011), el 28 de abril se realizaron consultas privadas en las que el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, B. Lynn Pascoe, presentó un informe sobre la situación en Libia y el estado de aplicación de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) del Consejo. El Secretario General Adjunto hizo un resumen de los acontecimientos recientes y destacó las actividades realizadas por la Secretaria General Adjunta de Asuntos Humanitarios, para atender la creciente crisis humanitaria y del Enviado Especial del Secretario General a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, destinadas a resolver la situación y, de acuerdo con su mandato, encontrar una salida política a la crisis. Posteriormente, los miembros del Consejo intercambiaron opiniones sobre la cuestión.", "Sáhara Occidental", "El 18 de abril se llevó a cabo una sesión privada en la que el Consejo y los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía a la Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el Referéndum del Sáhara Occidental (MINURSO) recibieron información por parte del Director de la División de Asia y el Oriente Medio del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Wolfgan Weisbrod-Weber, tras lo cual se adoptó un comunicado oficial (S/PV.6516).", "El 19 de abril el Enviado Personal del Secretario General para el Sáhara Occidental, Christopher Ross y el Representante Especial del Secretario General para el Sáhara Occidental y Jefe de la MINURSO, Hany Abdel-Aziz, presentaron información actualizada al Consejo sobre sus actividades y el informe del Secretario General sobre la situación relativa al Sáhara Occidental (S/2011/249). Los miembros del Consejo intercambiaron opiniones sobre la cuestión.", "Posteriormente, el 27 de abril el Consejo, en la resolución 1979 (2011), prorrogó el mandato de la MINURSO hasta el 30 de abril de 2012 y exhortó a las partes a que siguieran dando muestras de voluntad política y trabajaran en una atmósfera propicia para el diálogo a fin de iniciar una fase más intensiva y sustantiva de las negociaciones. En la sesión hicieron uso de la palabra los representantes de Sudáfrica, Nigeria, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Francia y el Gabón.", "Somalia", "El 11 de abril el Consejo, mediante su resolución 1976 (2011) sobre los incidentes de piratería y robo a mano armada en el mar frente a las costas de Somalia, decidió considerar urgentemente el establecimiento de tribunales especializados somalíes para juzgar a los presuntos piratas tanto en Somalia como en la región, incluido un tribunal extraterritorial somalí especializado en piratería, que menciona en las recomendaciones contenidas en el informe del Asesor Especial del Secretario General sobre las cuestiones jurídicas relacionadas con la piratería frente a las costas de Somalia, Jack Lang (S/2011/30, anexo), de conformidad con las normas de derechos humanos aplicables. Se solicitó al Secretario General que le informara en un plazo de dos meses sobre las modalidades de dichos mecanismos de enjuiciamiento.", "Sudán", "El 14 de abril el Consejo celebró una sesión privada con los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas policiales a la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS). La Directora de la División de África del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Margaret Carey, realizó una presentación, tras lo cual hubo un intercambio de opiniones e información, y se adoptó un comunicado oficial (S/PV.6514).", "El 20 de abril se realizó una sesión informativa, que fue seguida de consultas oficiosas, en las que el Subsecretario General de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Atul Khare, realizó exposiciones sobre los informes del Secretario General (S/2011/239 y S/2011/244). El Subsecretario General informó al Consejo sobre los acontecimientos recientes en el Sudán y las actividades de la UNMIS y la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID). Los miembros del Consejo intercambiaron opiniones sobre la cuestión.", "El 21 de abril el Consejo adoptó una declaración de la Presidencia (S/PRST/2011/8) y el 27 de abril aprobó por unanimidad la resolución 1978 (2011), mediante la cual se prorrogaba el mandato de la UNMIS hasta el 9 de julio de 2011.", "Asia", "Afganistán", "El 1 de abril, el Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Alain LeRoy, informó al Consejo sobre el ataque ocurrido en Mazar-e-Sharif contra personal de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán (UNAMA), en el que fallecieron ocho funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas. Los miembros del Consejo publicaron un comunicado de prensa en el que se condenaba el ataque y todo tipo de incitación a la violencia. Al mismo tiempo, se hizo un llamamiento al Gobierno del Afganistán para que hiciera comparecer a los responsables ante la justicia y adoptara todas las medidas necesarias para proteger al personal de la UNAMA.", "Iraq", "El 8 de abril el Representante Especial del Secretario General para el Iraq y Jefe de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, realizó una exposición informativa sobre la ejecución del mandato de la Misión y la situación en el Iraq. El Representante Especial destacó los avances realizados en la formación de un nuevo gobierno de coalición, aunque llamó la atención sobre la persistencia de preocupaciones legítimas del pueblo iraquí por la falta de empleo, servicios básicos y compromiso institucional. Subrayó las visitas de alto nivel realizadas por delegaciones de Kuwait al Iraq y viceversa. Con respecto a la UNAMI, resaltó su estrecha colaboración con el Consejo de Representantes y el Gobierno para crear una comisión independiente de derechos humanos, y expresó su preocupación por los informes sobre los incidentes violentos ocurridos en el campamento de Ashraf.", "La situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión palestina", "El 21 de abril el Consejo celebró un debate abierto para examinar la situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión palestina. El Consejo escuchó una exposición del Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos.", "El Secretario General Adjunto lamentó que se hubieran suspendido las negociaciones entre Israel y Palestina y destacó la importancia de prevenir expresiones violentas que socavaran los esfuerzos políticos. Asimismo, informó que el 13 de abril, en Bruselas, en la reunión del Comité Especial de Enlace para la Coordinación de la Asistencia Internacional a los Palestinos, las Naciones Unidas habían sostenido que las funciones gubernamentales eran suficientes para el gobierno viable de un Estado en las esferas en que participaba con la Autoridad Palestina (buena gobernanza, estado de derecho y derechos humanos; medios de subsistencia y sectores productivos; educación y cultura; salud; protección social; infraestructura y agua). Asimismo, señaló que las medidas israelíes para facilitar la circulación también habían apoyado la actividad económica y el acceso a los servicios básicos. El Secretario General Adjunto reiteró que las actividades de los asentamientos eran contrarias al derecho internacional y a los compromisos contraídos por Israel en virtud de la hoja de ruta.", "En cuanto a la situación en el Líbano, expresó su preocupación de que varios meses después del nombramiento de Najib Mikati como Primer Ministro, no se hubiera concretado la formación de un nuevo Gobierno. Al referirse a las condiciones generales en la zona de operaciones de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano, indicó que habían continuado estables en general.", "El Representante Permanente de Israel y el Observador Permanente de Palestina también formularon declaraciones y otros 41 oradores participaron en la sesión.", "América", "Haití", "El 6 de abril se llevó a cabo un debate abierto sobre Haití, que fue presidido por el Presidente de Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, quién explicó que la intención de la sesión convocada por su país era impulsar la estabilización y el fortalecimiento del estado de derecho en Haití. Lamentó que se hubiera avanzado lentamente en la reconstrucción física e institucional del país y resaltó el deber que tenía la comunidad internacional de cumplir con su compromiso de contribuir a la reconstrucción de Haití, de manera coordinada y coherente, con una vocación de logros concretos, sostenibles y de largo plazo orientada al fortalecimiento de las instituciones y la transparencia.", "El Consejo escuchó al Secretario General, quien felicitó al pueblo de Haití por la celebración pacífica de la segunda vuelta electoral como un paso importante hacia la consolidación de la democracia. El Secretario General destacó los avances realizados en materia de seguridad y el respeto de las libertades fundamentales y señaló que la Policía Nacional de Haití se estaba convirtiendo en una institución capaz y confiable, que estaba logrando contener el avance de las bandas delictivas y resolviendo otros problemas de seguridad. Instó al Gobierno entrante de Haití, a aprovechar los importantes progresos alcanzados sin descuidar los grandes retos que enfrenta el país, como el deterioro de la situación económica y la incapacidad de las instituciones públicas de brindar servicios básicos. El Enviado Especial de las Naciones Unidas para Haití, William J. Clinton, destacó el papel de la Comisión Provisional para la Reconstrucción de Haití creada por el Presidente y el Parlamento para coordinar la labor del Gobierno de Haití con la de los donantes internacionales y la comunidad de organizaciones no gubernamentales que participan en la reconstrucción, y asegurar que todos los proyectos aprobados sean coherentes con el plan de desarrollo del Gobierno de Haití y velar por la transparencia en la utilización de los recursos. El Enviado Especial indicó que se habían aprobado más de 87 proyectos que, una vez concluidos, beneficiarían a 2 millones de haitianos. El Presidente de Haití, René Garcia Préval, llamó a las Naciones Unidas a reflexionar sobre la eficacia de sus intervenciones y, reconociendo que la disuasión militar era solo un aspecto de la búsqueda de la estabilidad, invitó a reorientar las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, de manera que incluyeran la labor de otras instituciones especializadas, como el Banco Mundial y los fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas. Subrayó que la estabilidad en Haití solo podía lograrse con los esfuerzos de los propios haitianos, y, evidentemente, con la solidaridad y el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, en particular en lo que respecta a la consolidación de las instituciones que son indispensables en un estado de derecho. En la sesión participaron 40 oradores.", "El 6 de abril el Consejo adoptó una declaración de la Presidencia (S/PRST/2011/7), en la que reafirmó su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la independencia, la integridad territorial y la unidad de Haití, y puso de relieve que el Gobierno y el pueblo de Haití tenían la responsabilidad primordial por el logro de la paz y la estabilidad y por los esfuerzos de recuperación de Haití. El Consejo reconoció la contribución que estaba haciendo la comunidad internacional para apoyar el proceso de estabilización en Haití, incluido el fortalecimiento de sus instituciones legislativas, judiciales y ejecutivas. Reconoció también que los desafíos que enfrentaba Haití estaban interconectados, y reafirmó que los progresos sostenibles en materia de seguridad y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional, incluido el estado de derecho, así como la consolidación de las estructuras gubernamentales nacionales, la democracia, la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y el desarrollo, se reforzaban entre sí.", "Cuestiones temáticas", "Las mujeres y la paz y la seguridad", "El 12 de abril el Consejo celebró una sesión pública para escuchar a la Secretaria General Adjunta para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres y Directora Ejecutiva de la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), Michelle Bachelet. En las consultas privadas realizadas inmediatamente después, los miembros del Consejo escucharon comentarios adicionales de la Secretaria General Adjunta y le formularon preguntas. La mayoría de los miembros expresaron su apoyo a las actividades y programas de ONU-Mujeres y la necesidad de avanzar en el proceso de implementación de las decisiones pertinentes del Consejo.", "El 14 de abril se realizó una sesión pública sobre violencia sexual, luego de la cual se celebraron consultas privadas. El Consejo escuchó a la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos, Margot Wallström. Al término de las consultas, el Presidente leyó ante los medios de difusión unos elementos aprobados por los miembros del Consejo. En particular, señaló que los miembros tomaban nota de la evaluación de la Representante Especial con respecto a la situación en la República Democrática del Congo y en la frontera entre ese país y Angola, así como sus recomendaciones para enfrentar situaciones de violencia sexual en la región; también señaló que los miembros del Consejo observaban con satisfacción los anuncios sobre cooperación entre los dos Gobiernos y la aplicación de medidas para prevenir actos de violencia sexual y poner fin a la impunidad relacionada con esos actos; que el Consejo había escuchado también su exposición sobre las reuniones celebradas con la Unión Africana y los avances logrados en la implementación de la resolución 1960 (2010) del Consejo; y que los miembros del Consejo acogían con beneplácito el anuncio de que se había intensificado la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana en esta materia y expresaban su pleno apoyo a los esfuerzos de la Representante Especial para poner fin a las situaciones de violencia sexual en los conflictos armados.", "Armas pequeñas", "El 25 de abril el Consejo celebró consultas privadas sobre armas pequeñas. El Alto Representante para Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, Sergio de Queiroz Duarte, presentó el segundo informe del Secretario General sobre armas pequeñas (S/2011/255), en cumplimiento de la declaración de la Presidencia de 29 de junio de 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24). Los miembros del Consejo agradecieron al Alto Representante por el informe. Esta presentación fue seguida de consultas privadas durante las cuales algunos oradores hicieron referencia a las negociaciones en curso sobre un tratado de comercio de armas, que deberá establecer los más altos estándares posibles para regular la comercialización de las armas, en tanto que otros se refirieron a la importancia de la cooperación, la asistencia y el fomento de la capacidad nacional y la necesidad de implementar plenamente el Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, de 2001.", "La paz y la seguridad en África (Kenya)", "El 8 de abril el Consejo celebró consultas en relación con la solicitud de Kenya al Consejo de que, en virtud del artículo 16 del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional, pidiera a ese tribunal que difiriera ciertos procesamientos contra ciudadanos de Kenya iniciados de oficio por el Fiscal en noviembre de 2009. Tras celebrar esas consultas, el Presidente leyó una declaración a los medios de difusión, en nombre de los miembros del Consejo. En particular, destacó que, tras recibir la solicitud de Kenya, el Consejo había mantenido un diálogo interactivo en marzo y celebrado consultas oficiosas en abril; que el Consejo también había tenido en cuenta la posición expresada por la Unión Africana y que, tras considerar la cuestión a fondo, los miembros del Consejo no habían logrado llegar a un acuerdo al respecto. El Presidente también recibió la instrucción de transmitir al Representante Permanente de Kenya y al Observador Permanente de la Unión Africana los elementos acordados y la carta, que fueron transmitidos.", "Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1540 (2004)", "El 20 de abril el Consejo, mediante su resolución 1977 (2011), prorrogó el mandato del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1540 (2004) por un período de diez años, hasta el 25 de abril de 2021, y estableció dos períodos de revisión, uno a los cinco años y el otro antes del término del mandato. Mediante esa resolución, el Consejo reiteró su llamamiento a los Estados a aplicar apropiadamente medidas efectivas orientadas a contrarrestar la amenaza que representa la proliferación de armas de destrucción en masa y sus sistemas vectores en poder de actores armados no estatales. Asimismo, reafirmó la necesidad de que todos los Estados Miembros cumplieran sus obligaciones y respetaran sus compromisos en relación con el control de armamentos, el desarme y la no proliferación en todos sus aspectos de todas las armas de destrucción en masa y sus sistemas vectores, y reconoció que la proliferación de armas nucleares, químicas y biológicas y sus sistemas vectores constituían una amenaza a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. El Consejo también destacó la necesidad de que todos los Estados aplicaran plenamente la resolución 1540 (2004), y puso de relieve la importancia de prestar a los Estados, a solicitud de estos, una asistencia efectiva que satisficiera sus necesidades.", "Reunión informativa del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos", "El 18 de abril el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, informó al Consejo sobre la celebración de una reunión consultiva de alto nivel que se celebró en Nairobi los días 12 y 13 de abril, con el propósito de iniciar un proceso de consultas en el marco de la Carta Federal de Transición de Somalia y el Acuerdo de Paz en Djibouti sobre el futuro de Somalia después del período de transición que finaliza en agosto de 2011. El Secretario General Adjunto también se refirió al informe del Grupo de Expertos sobre la rendición de cuentas en Sri Lanka, entregado al Secretario General el 12 de abril. El Secretario General Adjunto señaló que el informe se haría público oportunamente." ]

[ "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia in April 2011 (see annex).", "The document was prepared under my responsibility, after consultation with the other members of the Security Council.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Néstor Osorio Ambassador Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Assessment of the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia (April 2011)", "Introduction", "Under the presidency of Colombia in April 2011, the Security Council held 35 meetings, including 18 consultations, eight informational meetings, two open debates and two meetings with countries contributing troops and police forces to peacekeeping operations. The Council adopted five resolutions and two presidential statements and issued four statements to the press.", "Africa", "Côte d’Ivoire", "On 4, 8 and 11 April, informal consultations were held on developments in the political and humanitarian situation in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the implementation of the Council’s decisions on its situation.", "On 13 April, the Security Council received the twenty-seventh progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/211) and heard briefings by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Chief of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, Choi Young-jin; the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Valerie Amos; and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay. The Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire, Ambassador Youssoufou Bamba, also made a statement. After holding informal consultations, the members of the Council adopted a statement to the press, in which, inter alia, they welcomed the fact that President Alassane Dramane Ouattara was in a position to assume his responsibilities as Head of State of Côte d’Ivoire, urged the parties to work together to promote national reconciliation and restore sustainable peace, and expressed appreciation to the United Nations, the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States for the roles they had played in resolving the conflict.", "On 28 April, the Council, by resolution 1980 (2011), decided, inter alia, to renew until 30 April 2012 the measures imposed by paragraphs 7 to 12 of resolution 1572 (2004), paragraph 5 of resolution 1946 (2010), paragraph 12 of resolution 1975 (2011) and paragraph 6 of resolution 1643 (2005), concerning the arms embargo, travel ban, freezing of assets and blocking of financial transactions and restrictions on transactions involving rough diamonds, respectively. By resolution 1980 (2011), the Council likewise extended until 30 April 2012 the mandate of the Group of Experts as set out in paragraph 7 of resolution 1727 (2006), requesting the Group to submit a midterm report to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) by 15 October 2011 and to submit a final report to the Council through the Committee 15 days before the end of its mandate period. After the adoption of the resolution, the Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire made a statement.", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "On 4 April, the Council heard the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib, who gave a briefing on the activities carried out in fulfilment of his mandate. The Special Envoy reported on his participation in the London Conference on Libya of 29 March, at which the International Contact Group on Libya was established, and also informed the Council about the meetings held in Tripoli and Benghazi. He also made reference to the meeting held by the African Union on 31 March for the purpose of analysing various options to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the informal consultations that followed the informational meeting, the members of the Council exchanged views on the question and analysed the unfolding events.", "In accordance with paragraph 12 of resolution 1973 (2011), closed consultations were held on 28 April, at which the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, gave a briefing on the situation in Libya and the status of implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Under-Secretary-General provided a summary of recent events and highlighted the efforts of the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs to address the growing humanitarian crisis and of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to resolve the situation and, in accordance with his mandate, to find a political solution to the crisis. The members of the Council subsequently exchanged views on the question.", "Western Sahara", "On 18 April, a private meeting was held at which the Council and the countries contributing troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) received a briefing by the Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, after which it adopted an official communiqué (S/PV.6516).", "On 19 April, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross, and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara and Chief of MINURSO, Hany Abdel-Aziz, updated the Council on their activities and submitted the report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2011/249). The members of the Council held an exchange of views on the question.", "Later, on 27 April, by resolution 1979 (2011), the Council extended the mandate of MINURSO until 30 April 2012 and called upon the parties to continue to show political will and work in an atmosphere propitious for dialogue in order to enter into a more intensive and substantive phase of negotiations. The representatives of South Africa, Nigeria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and Gabon made statements at the meeting.", "Somalia", "On 11 April, by resolution 1976 (2011) concerning piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, the Council decided to urgently consider the establishment of specialized Somali courts to try suspected pirates both in Somalia and in the region, including an extraterritorial Somali specialized anti-piracy court, as referred to in the recommendations contained in the report of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, Jack Lang (S/2011/30, annex), consistent with applicable human rights law. The Secretary-General was requested to report within two months on the modalities of such prosecution mechanisms.", "Sudan", "On 14 April, the Council held a private meeting with the countries that contribute troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS). The Director of the Africa I Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Margaret Carey, gave a briefing, which was followed by an exchange of views and information, in addition to the adoption of an official communiqué (S/PV.6514).", "On 20 April, an informational meeting was held, followed by informal consultations, at which the Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Atul Khare, discussed the reports of the Secretary-General (S/2011/239 and S/2011/244). The Assistant Secretary-General briefed the Council on recent events in the Sudan and the activities of UNMIS and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The members of the Council exchanged views on the question.", "On 21 April, the Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/8), and on 27 April it unanimously adopted resolution 1978 (2011), extending the mandate of UNMIS until 9 July 2011.", "Asia", "Afghanistan", "On 1 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain LeRoy, briefed the Council on the attack that occurred in Mazar-e-Sharif against personnel of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), in which eight United Nations staff members died. The members of the Council issued a statement to the press condemning the attack and all types of incitement to violence. At the same time, they called on the Government of Afghanistan to bring those responsible to justice and take all possible steps to protect the staff of UNAMA.", "Iraq", "On 8 April, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and Chief of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, gave an informational briefing on the execution of the mandate of the Mission and the situation in Iraq. The Special Representative noted progress in the formation of a new coalition government, while drawing attention to the ongoing legitimate concerns of the Iraqi people regarding the lack of jobs, basic services and institutional commitment. He underlined the high-level visits made by delegations from Kuwait to Iraq and vice versa. With reference to UNAMI, he highlighted the close collaboration with the Council of Representatives and the Government in the establishment of an independent human rights commission, and also expressed his concern at the reports of violent incidents occurring in the Ashraf camp.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine", "On 21 April, the Council held an open debate to consider the situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine. The Council heard a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "The Under-Secretary-General expressed regret at the stalemate in negotiations between Israel and Palestine. He underlined the importance of preventing violent expressions that undermined political efforts and reported that on 13 April in Brussels, at the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, the United Nations had expressed the view that the governmental functions were adequate for a viable State Government in the areas in which it participated with the Palestinian Authority (good governance; the rule of law and human rights; means of subsistence and productive sectors; education and culture; health care; social protection; and infrastructure and water). He noted that, Israeli measures to facilitate movement had also supported economic activity and access to basic services. The Under-Secretary-General reiterated that settlement activities ran counter to international law and the commitments made by Israel under the road map.", "Regarding the situation in Lebanon, he expressed concern that, several months after the nomination of Najib Mikati as Prime Minister, a new Government had not yet been formed. He said that the overall situation in the area of operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon had remained generally stable.", "The Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine also made statements, and 41 other speakers took part in the meeting.", "Americas", "Haiti", "An open debate on Haiti was held on 6 April, chaired by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, who explained that the purpose of the meeting convened by his country was to promote the stabilization and strengthening of the rule of law in Haiti. He regretted the slow progress on rebuilding the country physically and institutionally and emphasized that the international community had a duty to fulfil its commitments to Haiti’s reconstruction in a coordinated and coherent manner, seeking specific, sustainable and long-term achievements aimed at strengthening institutions and improving transparency.", "The Council was briefed by the Secretary-General, who commended the people of Haiti for taking an important step towards the consolidation of democracy with the peaceful conduct of the second round of polling. The Secretary-General highlighted the progress made towards security and respect for basic freedoms and stressed that the Haitian National Police was becoming a more capable and trusted institution, which was making progress against the advance of criminal gangs and other security threats. He urged the next Government of Haiti to build on the considerable progress made without disregarding the major challenges faced by the country, such as the deterioration in its economy and the incapacity of public institutions to deliver essential services. The United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, William J. Clinton, highlighted the role of the Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission established by the President and the Parliament to coordinate the work of the Government of Haiti with that of international donors and the community of non-governmental organizations involved in reconstruction, making sure that all projects approved were consistent with the Government of Haiti’s own development plan and that resources were used transparently. the Special Envoy said that over 87 projects had been approved, which, when completed, would help 2 million Haitians. The President of Haiti, René Garcia Préval, invited the United Nations to reflect on the effectiveness of its interventions, and, recognizing that military deterrence was only one aspect of the quest for stability, suggested that peacekeeping missions should be reoriented to include the work of other specialized institutions, such as the World Bank and the United Nations funds and programmes. He stressed that stability in Haiti could be achieved only through the efforts of Haitians themselves, with, obviously, the support and solidarity of the international community, particularly in building those institutions essential to the rule of law. Forty speakers took part in the meeting.", "The Council adopted a presidential statement on 6 April (S/PRST/2011/7), in which it reaffirmed its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Haiti, and emphasized that the Government and people of Haiti bore the primary responsibility for the attainment of peace and stability, and for the recovery efforts in Haiti. The Council acknowledged the contribution that the international community was making to support the stabilization process in Haiti, including the strengthening of its legislative, judicial and executive institutions. It also recognized the interconnected nature of the challenges in Haiti, and reaffirmed that sustainable progress on security, institutional capacity-building, including rule of law, as well as consolidation of national government structures, democracy, promotion and protection of human rights and development, were mutually reinforcing.", "Thematic issues", "Women and peace and security", "On 12 April, the Council held an open meeting to hear a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Michelle Bachelet. In the closed consultations conducted immediately afterwards, the members of the Council heard additional comments by the Under-Secretary-General and put questions to her. Most members expressed their support for the activities and programmes of UN-Women and the need to make progress in the implementation of the relevant Council decisions.", "On 14 April, an open meeting on sexual violence was held, followed by closed consultations. The Council was briefed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wallström. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media on a number of elements agreed by the members of the Council. In particular, it was stated that the members took note of the Special Representative’s assessment of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and at the border between that country and Angola, as well as her recommendations for addressing situations of sexual violence in the region; that the members noted with satisfaction the announcements regarding cooperation between the two Governments and the implementation of measures to prevent acts of sexual violence and end the associated impunity; that the Council had also heard her briefing on meetings with the African Union and the progress made in the implementation of Council resolution 1960 (2010); and that the members welcomed the announcement regarding increased cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union on that matter and expressed their full support for the Special Representative’s efforts to end situations of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "Small arms", "On 25 April, the Council held closed consultations on small arms. The United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Sergio de Queiroz Duarte, introduced the second report of the Secretary-General on small arms (S/2011/255), submitted pursuant to the presidential statement of 29 June 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24). The Council members thanked the High Representative for the report. That presentation was followed by closed consultations, during which some speakers referred to the negotiations under way on an arms trade treaty, which should establish the highest possible standards for governing the arms trade, while others referred to the importance of cooperation, assistance and national capacity-building and the need to implement fully the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.", "Peace and security in Africa (Kenya)", "On 8 April, the Council held consultations regarding Kenya’s request that the Council, pursuant to article 16 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, should request the Court to defer certain proceedings against Kenyan citizens initiated proprio motu by the Prosecutor in November 2009. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media, on behalf of the Council members. In particular, he highlighted that, after receiving the request from Kenya, the Council had held an interactive dialogue in March and informal consultations in April; that the Council had also taken into consideration the position expressed by the African Union; and that, after in-depth consideration, the Council members had been unable to reach agreement on the matter. The President was also instructed to transmit the agreed elements and the letter to the Permanent Representative of Kenya and the Permanent Observer of the African Union, which was done.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "On 20 April, the Council, by resolution 1977 (2011), extended the mandate of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) for a period of 10 years, until 25 April 2021, and provided for two reviews, one after five years and the other prior to the end of the mandate. By that resolution, the Council reiterated its call for States to appropriately implement effective measures to counter the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in the hands of non-State actors. It also reaffirmed the need for all Member States to comply with their obligations and fulfil their commitments in relation to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects of all weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and recognized that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery, constituted a threat to international peace and security. The Council also stressed the need for full implementation of resolution 1540 (2004) by all States, and emphasized the importance of providing States, in response to their requests, with effective assistance that meets their needs.", "Briefing by the Department of Political Affairs", "On 18 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs briefed the Council on a high-level consultative meeting held in Nairobi on 12 and 13 April, with the aim of initiating a consultation process within the framework of the Transitional Federal Charter of Somalia and the Djibouti Peace Agreement on the future of Somalia after the transition period ending in August 2011. The Under-Secretary-General also referred to the report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, submitted to the Secretary-General on 12 April. He said that the report would be made public in due course." ]

[ "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the work of the Security Council when Colombia took up the presidency of the Council in April 2011 (see annex).", "The document was prepared under my responsibility, following consultations with the other members of the Security Council.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Néstor Osorio Embajador Representante Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas", "Annex to the letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Assessment of the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia (April 2011)", "Introduction", "Under the presidency of Colombia in April 2011, the Security Council held 35 meetings, including 18 consultations, eight briefings, two open discussions and two meetings with troop- and police-contributing countries to peacekeeping operations. The Council adopted five resolutions and two presidential statements; and issued four press releases.", "Africa", "Côte d’Ivoire", "Informal consultations on the development of the political and humanitarian situation in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as on the implementation of the Council ' s decisions on this issue, were held on 4, 8 and 11 April.", "On 13 April, the Security Council received the twenty-seventh progress report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/211) and heard presentations by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, Choi Young-jin; the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Valerie Amos and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Nava. The Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire, Ambassador Youssoufou Bamba, also spoke. After informal consultations, the members of the Council adopted a press release in which, inter alia, it was welcomed that President Alassane Dramane Ouattara was in a position to assume his responsibilities as Head of State of Côte d’Ivoire, the parties were urged to work together to promote national reconciliation and restore sustainable peace, and recognition was expressed to the United Nations, the African Union and the Economic Community of States.", "On 28 April, the Council, in its resolution 1980 (2011), decided, inter alia, to extend until 30 April 2012 the measures imposed by paragraphs 7 to 12 of resolution 1572 (2004), paragraph 5 of resolution 1946 (2010), paragraph 12 of resolution 1975 (2011) and paragraph 6 of resolution 1643 (2005), concerning the arms embargo, travel ban, asset freeze and blocking of financial transactions and restrictions on rough diamond transactions, respectively. Furthermore, in resolution 1980 (2011), the Council extended until 30 April 2012 the mandate of the Panel of Experts established in paragraph 7 of resolution 1727 (2006), and requested the Group to submit to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) a midterm report, no later than 15 October 2011, and a final report to the Council through the Committee, 15 days before the end of its mandate. Following the adoption of the resolution, the Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire made a statement.", "Libya", "On 4 April, the Council heard the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib, who submitted a report on the activities carried out pursuant to his mandate. The Special Envoy reported on his participation in the London Conference on Libya on 29 March, which established the International Contact Group on Libya, and also briefed the Council on its meetings in Tripoli and Benghazi. He also referred to the meeting organized by the African Union on 31 March to discuss the various options for resolving the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the informal consultations following the briefing, Council members exchanged views on the issue and discussed developments.", "Pursuant to paragraph 12 of resolution 1973 (2011), private consultations were held on 28 April in which the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, submitted a report on the situation in Libya and the status of implementation of Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Under-Secretary-General summarized recent developments and highlighted the activities undertaken by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs to address the growing humanitarian crisis and the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, aimed at resolving the situation and, in accordance with his mandate, finding a political solution to the crisis. The members of the Council subsequently exchanged views on the issue.", "Western Sahara", "On 18 April, a private meeting was held at which the Council and the troop- and police-contributing countries to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) received information from the Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Wolfgan Weisbrod-Weber, following which a formal communiqué was adopted (S/PV.6516).", "On 19 April, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara and Head of MINURSO, Hany Abdel-Aziz, provided an update to the Council on their activities and the report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2011/249). The members of the Council exchanged views on the issue.", "Subsequently, on 27 April, the Council, in resolution 1979 (2011), extended the mandate of MINURSO until 30 April 2012 and called upon the parties to continue to show political will and to work in an atmosphere conducive to dialogue in order to begin a more intensive and substantive phase of the negotiations. At the meeting, the representatives of South Africa, Nigeria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and Gabon spoke.", "Somalia", "On 11 April, the Council, by its resolution 1976 (2011) on incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, decided to urgently consider the establishment of Somali specialized tribunals to judge suspected pirates both in Somalia and in the region, including a Somali offshore court specialized in piracy, which mentions in the recommendations contained in the report of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the legal issues related to piracy off the coast of Somalia,/2011/30 The Secretary-General was requested to report within two months on the modalities of such prosecution mechanisms.", "Sudan", "On 14 April, the Council held a private meeting with troop- and police-contributing countries to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS). The Director of the Africa Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Margaret Carey, made a presentation, following which there was an exchange of views and information, and a formal communiqué was adopted (S/PV.6514).", "A briefing was held on 20 April, followed by informal consultations, at which the Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Atul Khare, made presentations on the reports of the Secretary-General (S/2011/239 and S/2011/244). The Assistant Secretary-General briefed the Council on recent developments in the Sudan and the activities of UNMIS and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The members of the Council exchanged views on the issue.", "On 21 April, the Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/8) and on 27 April unanimously adopted resolution 1978 (2011), by which the mandate of UNMIS was extended until 9 July 2011.", "Asia", "Afghanistan", "On 1 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain LeRoy, briefed the Council on the Mazar-e-Sharif attack on United Nations Assistance Mission personnel in Afghanistan (UNAMA), killing eight United Nations staff. Council members issued a press release condemning the attack and all forms of incitement to violence. At the same time, an appeal was made to the Government of Afghanistan to bring those responsible to justice and to take all necessary measures to protect UNAMA staff.", "Iraq", "On 8 April, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, made a briefing on the implementation of the Mission ' s mandate and the situation in Iraq. The Special Representative highlighted the progress made in the formation of a new coalition government, although he drew attention to the persistence of legitimate concerns of the Iraqi people for lack of employment, basic services and institutional commitment. He highlighted high-level visits by Kuwaiti delegations to Iraq and vice versa. With regard to UNAMI, he highlighted his close cooperation with the Council of Representatives and the Government to establish an independent human rights commission, and expressed concern at reports of violent incidents in the Ashraf camp.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "On 21 April, the Council held an open debate to discuss the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The Council heard a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "The Under-Secretary-General regretted the suspension of negotiations between Israel and Palestine and stressed the importance of preventing violent expressions that undermined political efforts. He also reported that on 13 April, in Brussels, at the meeting of the Special Liaison Committee for the Coordination of International Assistance to Palestinians, the United Nations had held that governmental functions were sufficient for the viable government of a State in the areas in which it participated with the Palestinian Authority (good governance, rule of law and human rights; livelihoods and productive sectors; education and culture; health; social protection; infrastructure and water). It also noted that Israeli measures to facilitate movement had also supported economic activity and access to basic services. The Under-Secretary-General reiterated that settlement activities were contrary to international law and Israel ' s commitments under the road map.", "As to the situation in Lebanon, he expressed concern that several months after the appointment of Najib Mikati as Prime Minister, the formation of a new Government would not have been completed. Referring to the general conditions in the area of operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, he indicated that they had remained stable in general.", "The Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine also made statements and 41 other speakers participated in the meeting.", "America", "Haiti", "On 6 April, an open debate was held on Haiti, which was chaired by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, who explained that the intention of the meeting convened by his country was to promote the stabilization and strengthening of the rule of law in Haiti. He regretted that progress had been made slowly in the physical and institutional reconstruction of the country and stressed the international community ' s duty to fulfil its commitment to contribute to the reconstruction of Haiti, in a coordinated and coherent manner, with a vocation for concrete, sustainable and long-term achievements aimed at strengthening institutions and transparency.", "The Council heard the Secretary-General, who congratulated the people of Haiti for the peaceful holding of the second electoral round as an important step towards the consolidation of democracy. The Secretary-General highlighted the progress made in the area of security and respect for fundamental freedoms and noted that the Haitian National Police was becoming a capable and reliable institution, which was succeeding in curbing the advance of criminal gangs and resolving other security concerns. It urged the incoming Government of Haiti to take advantage of the significant progress achieved without neglecting the country ' s major challenges, such as the deterioration of the economic situation and the inability of public institutions to provide basic services. The United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, William J. Clinton, highlighted the role of the Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission established by the President and Parliament to coordinate the work of the Government of Haiti with that of international donors and the NGO community involved in reconstruction, and to ensure that all approved projects are consistent with the development plan of the Government of Haiti and to ensure transparency in the use of resources. The Special Envoy indicated that more than 87 projects had been approved and would benefit 2 million Haitians once completed. The President of Haiti, René Garcia Préval, called on the United Nations to reflect on the effectiveness of its interventions and, recognizing that military deterrence was only an aspect of the search for stability, invited the reorientation of peacekeeping missions, so as to include the work of other specialized institutions, such as the World Bank and United Nations funds and programmes. He stressed that stability in Haiti could only be achieved through the efforts of Haitians themselves, and obviously with the solidarity and support of the international community, in particular with regard to the consolidation of institutions that are indispensable in a rule of law. The meeting was attended by 40 speakers.", "On 6 April, the Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/7), in which it reaffirmed its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Haiti, and emphasized that the Government and people of Haiti had the primary responsibility for achieving peace and stability and for Haiti ' s recovery efforts. The Council recognized the international community ' s contribution to supporting the stabilization process in Haiti, including the strengthening of its legislative, judicial and executive institutions. It also recognized that the challenges facing Haiti were interconnected, and reaffirmed that sustainable security progress and institutional capacity-building, including the rule of law, as well as the consolidation of national governmental structures, democracy, the promotion and protection of human rights and development, were mutually reinforcing.", "Thematic issues", "Women and peace and security", "On 12 April, the Council held a public meeting to hear the Under-Secretary-General for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Michelle Bachelet. In closed consultations immediately thereafter, the members of the Council heard additional comments from the Under-Secretary-General and asked him questions. Most members expressed their support for UN-Women activities and programmes and the need to move forward in the process of implementing the relevant decisions of the Council.", "A public session on sexual violence was held on 14 April, following which private consultations were held. The Council heard the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wallström. At the end of the consultations, the President read to the media some elements approved by the members of the Council. In particular, it noted that the members took note of the assessment of the Special Representative regarding the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the border between that country and Angola, as well as her recommendations for dealing with situations of sexual violence in the region; it also noted that the members of the Council noted with satisfaction the announcements on cooperation between the two Governments and the implementation of measures to prevent sexual violence and to end impunity related to those acts; that the African Council had also heard", "Small arms", "On 25 April, the Council held closed consultations on small arms. The United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Sergio de Queiroz Duarte, introduced the second report of the Secretary-General on small arms (S/2011/255), pursuant to the presidential statement of 29 June 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24). The members of the Council thanked the High Representative for the report. This presentation was followed by private consultations during which some speakers referred to the ongoing negotiations on an arms trade treaty, which should establish the highest possible standards for regulating the marketing of weapons, while others referred to the importance of cooperation, assistance and national capacity-building and the need to fully implement the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects of 2001.", "Peace and security in Africa (Kenya)", "On 8 April, the Council held consultations on Kenya ' s request to the Council, pursuant to article 16 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, to request that court defer certain prosecutions against Kenyan citizens initiated by the Prosecutor in November 2009. Following those consultations, the President read a statement to the media on behalf of the members of the Council. In particular, it stressed that, following the request of Kenya, the Council had engaged in an interactive dialogue in March and informal consultations in April; that the Council had also taken into account the position expressed by the African Union and that, after considering the issue in depth, the members of the Council had failed to agree on it. The President also received the instruction to transmit to the Permanent Representative of Kenya and the Permanent Observer of the African Union the agreed elements and the letter, which were transmitted.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "On 20 April, the Council, by its resolution 1977 (2011), extended the mandate of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) for a period of 10 years, until 25 April 2021, and established two periods of review, one at five years and the other before the end of the mandate. By that resolution, the Council reiterated its call on States to appropriately implement effective measures to counter the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery by non-State armed actors. It also reaffirmed the need for all Member States to fulfil their obligations and to respect their commitments to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects of all weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and recognized that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery constituted a threat to international peace and security. The Council also stressed the need for all States to fully implement resolution 1540 (2004), and stressed the importance of providing effective assistance to States, at their request, to meet their needs.", "Briefing by the Department of Political Affairs", "On 18 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs briefed the Council on the holding of a high-level consultative meeting in Nairobi on 12 and 13 April, with the aim of initiating a consultative process under the Transitional Federal Charter of Somalia and the Djibouti Peace Agreement on the Future of Somalia after the transition period ending in August 2011. The Under-Secretary-General also referred to the report of the Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, delivered to the Secretary-General on 12 April. The Under-Secretary-General noted that the report would be made public in a timely manner." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 115 a) del programa provisional*", "Nombramientos para llenar vacantes en órganos subsidiarios y otros nombramientos", "Nombramiento de miembros de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "Nota del Secretario General", "1. En los artículos 155 y 156 del reglamento de la Asamblea General se dispone lo siguiente:", "“Artículo 155", "La Asamblea General nombrará una Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto integrada por dieciséis miembros, tres de los cuales, por lo menos, deberán ser expertos financieros de reconocida competencia.", "Artículo 156", "Los miembros de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto entre los cuales no deberá haber dos nacionales de un mismo Estado, serán escogidos a base de una amplia representación geográfica y de su capacidad y su experiencia personales; desempeñarán su cargo por un período de tres años correspondientes a tres años civiles. Los miembros cesarán por rotación en sus funciones y serán reelegibles. Los tres expertos financieros no podrán cesar en sus cargos simultáneamente. La Asamblea General nombrará los miembros de la Comisión Consultiva en el período ordinario de sesiones que preceda inmediatamente a la expiración del mandato de los miembros o, en caso de producirse vacantes, en el siguiente período de sesiones.”", "2. La composición actual de la Comisión Consultiva es la siguiente:", "Aïcha Afifi (Marruecos)*", "Renata Archini (Italia)*", "Jasminka Dinić (Croacia)**", "Vladimir A. Iosifov (Federación de Rusia)*", "Collen V. Kelapile (Botswana)**", "Namgya C. Khampa (India)***", "Peter Maddens (Bélgica)***", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu (México)***", "Richard Moon (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte)***", "Stafford Oliver Neil (Jamaica)**", "Akira Sugiyama (Japón)***", "Mohammad Mustafa Tal (Jordania)**", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Argentina)*", "David Traystman (Estados Unidos de América)*", "Nonye Udo (Nigeria)**", "Zhang Wanhai (China)***", "* El mandato expira el 31 de diciembre de 2011.", "** El mandato expira el 31 de diciembre de 2012.", "*** El mandato expira el 31 de diciembre de 2013.", "3. Dado que los mandatos de la Sra. Afifi, la Sra. Archini, el Sr. Iosifov, el Sr. Torres Lépori y el Sr. Traystman expiran el 31 de diciembre de 2011, la Asamblea General tendrá que nombrar, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, a cinco personas para cubrir las vacantes que se van a producir. Las personas nombradas desempeñarán sus funciones por un período de tres años que comenzará el 1 de enero de 2012.", "4. En períodos de sesiones anteriores, la Quinta Comisión presentó a la Asamblea General un proyecto de decisión en el que figuraban los nombres de las personas cuyo nombramiento se recomendaba. Se sugiere que en el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones se siga un procedimiento similar." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 115 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Appointments to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs", "and other appointments", "Appointment of members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Rules 155 and 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly provide as follows:", "“Rule 155", "“The General Assembly shall appoint an Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions consisting of sixteen members, including at least three financial experts of recognized standing.", "“Rule 156", "“The members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be selected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience and shall serve for a period of three years corresponding to three calendar years. Members shall retire by rotation and shall be eligible for reappointment. The three financial experts shall not retire simultaneously. The General Assembly shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee at the regular session immediately preceding the expiration of the term of office of the members or, in case of vacancies, at the next session.”", "2. The present membership of the Advisory Committee is the following:", "Aïcha Afifi (Morocco)*", "Renata Archini (Italy)*", "Jasminka Dinić (Croatia)**", "Vladimir A. Iosifov (Russian Federation)*", "Collen V. Kelapile (Botswana)**", "Namgya C. Khampa (India)***", "Peter Maddens (Belgium)***", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu (Mexico)***", "Richard Moon (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)***", "Stafford Oliver Neil (Jamaica)**", "Akira Sugiyama (Japan)***", "Mohammad Mustafa Tal (Jordan)**", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Argentina)*", "David Traystman (United States of America)* Nonye Udo (Nigeria)**", "Zhang Wanhai (China)***", "* Term of office expires on 31 December 2011.", "** Term of office expires on 31 December 2012.", "*** Term of office expires on 31 December 2013.", "3. Since the terms of office of Ms. Afifi, Ms. Archini, Mr. Iosifov, Mr. Torres Lépori and Mr. Traystman will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint five persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The persons so appointed will serve for a period of three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "4. At previous sessions, the Fifth Committee submitted to the General Assembly a draft decision containing the names of the persons recommended for appointment. It is suggested that a similar procedure be followed at the sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 115 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Appointments to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other appointments", "Appointment of members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Rule 155 and 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly provides as follows:", "“Article 155", "The General Assembly shall appoint an Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions consisting of sixteen members, three of whom shall at least be financial experts of recognized competence.", "Article 156", "The members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, among which there should be no two nationals of the same State, shall be chosen on the basis of wide geographical representation and personal capacity and experience; they shall serve for a three-year term of office for three calendar years. Members shall cease for rotation in their functions and be re-elected. The three financial experts will not be able to cease at the same time. The General Assembly shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee at the regular session immediately preceding the expiration of the term of office of the members or, in the event of vacancies, at the next session. ”", "2. The current composition of the Advisory Committee is as follows:", "Aïcha Afifi (Morocco)*", "Renata Archini (Italy)*", "Jasminka Dinić (Croatia)**", "Vladimir A. Iosifov (Russian Federation)*", "Collen V. Kelapile (Botswana)**", "Namgya C. Khampa (India)***", "Peter Maddens, Belgium***", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu (Mexico)***", "Richard Moon, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland***", "Stafford Oliver Neil (Jamaica)**", "Akira Sugiyama (Japan)***", "Mohammad Mustafa Tal (Jordan)**", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Argentina)*", "David Traystman, United States of America*", "Nonye Udo (Nigeria)**", "Zhang Wanhai (China)***", "♪ The mandate expires on 31 December 2011.", "** Term of office expires on 31 December 2012.", "*** The mandate expires on 31 December 2013.", "3. Since the terms of reference of Ms. Afifi, Mrs. Archini, Mr. Iosifov, Mr. Torres Lépori and Mr. Traystman expires on 31 December 2011, the General Assembly will have to appoint, at its sixty-sixth session, five persons to fill the vacancies to occur. The persons appointed will serve for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012.", "4. At previous sessions, the Fifth Committee submitted to the General Assembly a draft decision containing the names of persons recommended for appointment. It is suggested that a similar procedure be followed at the sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 140 de la lista preliminar*", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los Miembros de la Asamblea General el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público”.", "* A/66/150.", "Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)", "Preparado por", "Gérard Biraud", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Ginebra 2010", "[]", "Naciones Unidas", "Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)", "Preparado por", "Gérard Biraud", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "[]", "Naciones Unidas, Ginebra 2010", "Resumen\n Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS) JIU/REP/2010/6", "El objetivo del presente informe es ofrecer una visión general de la transición a las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS) en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y de la situación en que se encuentra su aplicación, así como mostrar en qué medida ha puesto en marcha ese proceso cada organización, haciendo hincapié en la delimitación de las mejores prácticas y los posibles riesgos.", "Después de 25 años de intentos de armonizar las prácticas de presentación de informes financieros en todas las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y de prever una mejor comparabilidad de sus estados financieros mediante la utilización de un conjunto concreto de normas contables de las Naciones Unidas, en 2006 la Asamblea General hizo suya la recomendación de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación y aprobó que las Naciones Unidas adoptasen las IPSAS. Otras organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas hicieron pronto lo propio, al reconocerse que las IPSAS resultaban especialmente apropiadas para las organizaciones intergubernamentales no lucrativas.", "La adopción de las IPSAS se considera un elemento clave de la reforma del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y sigue recibiendo apoyo de los órganos rectores y del personal directivo superior. Desde 2006 las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas han realizado avances en su adaptación a los requisitos de las IPSAS. Con todo, cada vez son más conscientes de que esa labor resultará más ardua y compleja que la inicialmente prevista. De las 22 organizaciones examinadas, 1 (el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA)) ya ha sido objeto de una opinión sin salvedades (es decir, favorable) de sus auditores externos acerca de sus estados financieros correspondientes a 2008 y 2009, cuya presentación se considera que se ajusta a las IPSAS (su experiencia y sus mejores prácticas se presentan en el anexo IV); 8 organizaciones (la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI), la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM), la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI), la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT)) han adoptado las IPSAS en el plazo inicialmente previsto, es decir para 2010, y sus auditores externos determinarán en 2011 si las están cumpliendo; 2 organizaciones (el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) y la Unión Postal Universal (UPU)) esperan aplicar las IPSAS en 2011; 9 organizaciones (el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA), la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS), el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)) en 2012; y 2 organizaciones (las Naciones Unidas y la Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT)) en 2014.", "El examen muestra que la adopción de las IPSAS está comenzando a tener importantes repercusiones en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, ya que se extienden más allá de la contabilidad. La conversión a las IPSAS debe hacer posible una mejor gestión de los recursos, de los procesos institucionales y de la gestión basada en los resultados en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En función del grado de preparación inicial de las organizaciones para adoptar los requisitos de las IPSAS, la transición a éstas ha resultado una tarea fundamental para la mayoría de las organizaciones, ya que afectan a su contabilidad, a la presentación de informes financieros y a los sistemas conexos de tecnología de la información y deben dar lugar a un nuevo enfoque respecto de la planificación, la adopción de decisiones, la presupuestación y la presentación de informes financieros. Se prevé que la información sobre el activo, el pasivo, los ingresos y los gastos de conformidad con normas internacionales independientes mejorará considerablemente la calidad, la comparabilidad y la credibilidad de los estados financieros que el sistema Naciones Unidas presenta a los Estados Miembros, los donantes y el personal, lo que a su vez servirá para mejorar la rendición de cuentas, la transparencia y la gobernanza.", "Muchas organizaciones subestimaron los esfuerzos coordinados y los recursos que se necesitarían y no llevaron a cabo una preparación inicial ni evaluaciones de los riesgos. Además, el examen mostró que el éxito de la transición a las IPSAS dependía del firme apoyo y la participación del personal directivo superior, la dedicación de los equipos de tareas intradepartamentales y la adopción de un enfoque de gestión de los proyectos.", "Como apoyo a los proyectos de las IPSAS de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, ha resultado esencial poner en marcha un proyecto a nivel de todo el sistema bajo la autoridad del Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión. El proyecto, coordinado por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad, abarcaba la preparación de orientaciones en materia de contabilidad, material de capacitación e intercambio de experiencias entre los equipos de las IPSAS (tal como muestran el informe del Secretario General sobre la marcha de la adopción de las Normas y el sitio web sobre normas contables, etc.) y la participación en la labor de establecimiento de normas del Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público.", "Además de exponer los beneficios que se esperan de la aplicación de las IPSAS, en el presente informe se señalan y examinan varios riesgos que los jefes ejecutivos deberían tener en cuenta a fin de garantizar la debida transición a las IPSAS.", "En el informe se recomienda que los jefes ejecutivos garanticen la aplicación del siguiente conjunto de 16 prácticas óptimas, además de las 2 recomendaciones que se formulan a sus respectivos órganos legislativos. El Inspector es consciente de que la mayoría de las prácticas recomendadas están siendo aplicadas o ya han sido aplicadas por muchas organizaciones.", "Conjunto de las 16 prácticas óptimas para una transición sin trabas a las IPSAS", "1. Establecer un comité directivo de proyectos o un órgano equivalente encargado de conseguir que el personal directivo superior comprenda los objetivos y la visión en que se sustenta la transición a las IPSAS. El comité debería tener un mandato plurianual e incluir a funcionarios especializados en el diseño previo, el diseño propiamente dicho y la aplicación de sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales.", "2. Realizar un análisis a fondo de las disparidades entre los procesos institucionales existentes, los procedimientos, los informes financieros y las funciones que se han establecido según el marco de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y los requisitos y repercusiones de cada una de las IPSAS.", "3. En el caso de un cambio importante en el entorno del proyecto, revaluar la estrategia inicial de adopción de las IPSAS y ajustarla de ser necesario.", "4. Aplicar metodologías probadas en materia de planificación y ejecución de proyectos, lo que incluye objetivos estratégicos, productos, plazos, hitos y procedimientos de supervisión claramente definidos.", "5. Establecer una estrategia para preparar saldos de apertura que se ajusten a las IPSAS para la fecha prevista de la aplicación (primer día del primer año de cumplimiento), así como el saldo del cierre para el día anterior, sobre la base de la norma de contabilidad previa (Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas), pero fácilmente traducible en términos de las IPSAS respecto del saldo de apertura del año previsto.", "6. Con miras a garantizar la participación permanente de los órganos rectores en el proceso de cambio, informar periódicamente a los órganos rectores sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación de las IPSAS y pedirles que adopten las decisiones pertinentes, particularmente en relación con las modificaciones que requiera el Reglamento Financiero y la asignación de recursos al proyecto.", "7. Determinar y presupuestar los recursos humanos adicionales que se requieran en las esferas administrativa, presupuestaria y financiera para garantizar no sólo la eficacia en la transición a las IPSAS, sino también la capacidad adecuada para mantener en lo sucesivo el cumplimiento de las IPSAS.", "8. Velar por que se disponga de recursos financieros para la capacitación, cuando sea viable, de expertos internos en contabilidad, actividades empresariales y gestión del cambio o para la contratación de expertos externos.", "9. Analizar detalladamente los sistemas de información existentes (el legado) para comprobar la compatibilidad y la sinergia con los requisitos de las IPSAS y, como principal elemento del análisis inicial de las lagunas, apreciar los cambios que el sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales ha de experimentar para servir de apoyo a las IPSAS.", "10. Transmitir conocimientos sobre la transición a las IPSAS recurriendo a todos los medios disponibles de comunicación, capacitación y documentación. Ello puede lograrse mediante contactos personales, presentaciones y testimonios de personas relacionadas con casos que hayan tenido éxito fuera de la entidad, retiros, ejercicios prácticos y otro material de capacitación que compare las políticas contables existentes y nuevas.", "11. Garantizar que el personal actual y futuro, en particular los gerentes y el personal de la cadena de producción y distribución, estén plenamente familiarizados con los nuevos procedimientos y requisitos mediante la utilización de documentación concreta (manuales) y actividades de formación.", "12. Adoptar estrategias y prácticas de evaluación, gestión y mitigación de riesgos para la ejecución del proyecto de conformidad con los objetivos de éste.", "13. Planificar y preparar estados financieros provisionales para que sean examinados por auditores externos con suficiente antelación respecto de la fecha final de ejecución para evitar sorpresas desagradables.", "14. Establecer y mantener, tan pronto como sea posible, un diálogo bilateral entre la organización y sus auditores externos en relación sobre la transición a las IPSAS para contribuir a que los auditores externos e internos comprendan a fondo el nuevo sistema y sus efectos en los procedimientos de control, dado que la aplicación de las IPSAS exigiría la migración a la contabilidad basada en valores devengados.", "15. Realizar pruebas constantes de los mecanismos de control interno durante la etapa preliminar de ejecución de un proyecto de IPSAS para garantizar la exactitud de los datos.", "16. Garantizar que se lleve a cabo una validación y una verificación independientes y globales del sistema una vez ultimado.", "Teniendo en cuenta todas esas prácticas óptimas, las dos primeras recomendaciones que figuran a continuación están dirigidas concretamente a los órganos legislativos de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la tercera a sus jefes ejecutivos: todas tienen por objeto mejorar la rendición de cuentas, la eficacia y la eficiencia de la transición de todas y cada una de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "Recomendación 1", "Los órganos legislativos deberían pedir a sus respectivos jefes ejecutivos que publiquen periódicamente informes sobre la situación de la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "Recomendación 2", "Los órganos legislativos deberían proporcionar el apoyo, el personal y los fondos necesarios para garantizar una transición adecuada y efectiva a las IPSAS.", "Recomendación 3", "Los jefes ejecutivos deberían velar por que el conjunto de las 16 prácticas óptimas señaladas en el presente informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección se aplique cuando se ejecute el proyecto de las IPSAS.", "Índice", "Párrafos Página", "Resumen 4", "Siglas 10", "I. Introducción 1–8 12", "A. Origen 2–3 12", "B. Objetivos 4–5 13", "C. Metodología 6–8 13", "II. Hacia las IPSAS 9–28 14", "A. Por qué se necesitan normas internacionales de contabilidad para preparar informes financieros 9–13 14", "B. El problema que enfrentan las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas 14 15", "C. Una primera y fugaz solución: las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas 15–18 16", "D. Una nueva solución a un antiguo problema: las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS) 19–21 17", "E. 2005-2007: Las decisiones políticas de adoptar las IPSAS 22–28 18", "III. Efectos de las IPSAS en las organizaciones. Cuestiones clave 29–72 21", "A. El cambio fundamental a la contabilidad basada en valores devengados 29–37 21", "1. Novedad 29–30 21", "2. Problemas 31–35 21", "3. Ventajas 36–37 23", "B. Otras cuestiones relacionadas con la aplicación de las IPSAS 38–51 24", "1. Riesgo de descrédito 38–40 24", "2. Posibles riesgos 41–43 25", "3. Gestión del cambio 44 26", "4. Las IPSAS resultan laboriosas y costosas 45–46 26", "5. Aspectos culturales 47–48 27", "6. Aspectos políticos 49–51 28", "C. Algunas modificaciones contables con repercusiones más significativas 52–72 29", "1. Presentación de los estados financieros 53 29", "2. Tratamiento de los activos: propiedades, planta y equipo 54–59 29", "3. Prestaciones de los empleados 60–64 31", "4. La cuestión del presupuesto 65–69 33", "5. Reconocimiento de ingresos 70 34", "6. Contabilidad de los fondos 71 34", "7. Tipos de cambio y periodicidad de los estados financieros 72 35", "IV. Ejecución de los proyectos relativos a las IPSAS en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas 73–163 36", "A. El proyecto para todo el sistema (Junta de los jefes ejecutivos) 74–83 36", "1. Una labor interinstitucional 74–76 36", "2. Productos y servicios 77–83 37", "B. Los proyectos de las organizaciones: cuestiones estratégicas y diversidad 84–155 39", "1. Gobernanza y gestión del cambio 84–94 39", "2. Análisis de las lagunas y los usuarios 95–96 42", "3. Una estrategia gradual y planificada 97–102 42", "4. Gestión del proyecto 103–108 44", "5. Planificación de los recursos institucionales 109–111 47", "6. Cumplimiento de las disposiciones del órgano rector y sus expectativas iniciales 112–113 47", "7. Recursos humanos 114–116 49", "8. Recursos financieros 117–118 51", "9. La planificación de los recursos institucionales y su interacción con la aplicación de las IPSAS 119–129 51", "10. Sensibilización y comunicación 130–133 55", "11. Capacitación 134–139 57", "12. Evaluación de los riesgos 140–143 60", "13. Supervisión 144–155 63", "C. Un indicador clave: la fecha prevista de aplicación por la organización 156–163 67", "V. Las IPSAS y la crisis financiera y económica 164–168 69", "VI. Conclusión 169–171 71", "Anexos", "I. Lista de las IPSAS (Manual de Pronunciamientos del Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público, Federación Internacional de Contadores, 2010) 73", "II. Importancia atribuida a cada una de las IPSAS por las organizaciones participantes (porcentajes) 75", "III. Diagrama del proceso de transición a la aplicación de las IPSAS 76", "IV. Un caso de éxito: el proceso del PMA 77", "V. Sinopsis de las medidas que han de adoptar las organizaciones participantes respecto de las recomendaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección – JIU/REP/2010/6 88", "Siglas", "ACNUR Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados\n CAC Comité Administrativo de Coordinación", "CCAAP Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "CCCA (FP) Comité Consultivo en Cuestiones Administrativas (Cuestiones Financieras y Presupuestarias)", "CCCA Comité Consultivo en Cuestiones Administrativas", "FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación", "FASB Junta de Normas de Contabilidad Financiera", "FIC Federación Internacional de Contadores", "FIDA Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola", "IAS normas de contabilidad internacional", "IASB Junta Internacional de Normas de Contabilidad", "IASC Comisión Internacional de Normas de Contabilidad", "IMIS Sistema Integrado de Información de Gestión", "IPSAS Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público", "NIC Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad", "NIIF Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera", "OACI Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional", "OCDE Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos", "OIEA Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica", "OIT Organización Internacional del Trabajo", "OMI Organización Marítima Internacional", "OMM Organización Meteorológica Mundial", "OMPI Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual", "OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud", "OMT Organización Mundial del Turismo", "ONG organización no gubernamental", "ONUDI Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial", "OOPS Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "OPS Organización Panamericana de la Salud", "OSSI Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna", "PMA Programa Mundial de Alimentos", "PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo", "TIC tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones", "UIT Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones", "UNESCO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura", "UNFPA Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas", "UNICEF Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "UNOPS Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos", "UPU Unión Postal Universal", "WINGS Sistema Mundial y Red de Información del PMA", "I. Introducción", "1. Como parte de su programa de trabajo para 2008, la Dependencia Común de Inspección llevó a cabo un estudio titulado \"Aplicación de las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS) en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas\". El presente informe, que va dirigido a un amplio público, tiene por objeto abordar varias cuestiones complejas e interrelacionadas y ofrecer una visión general. Habida cuenta del volumen y del carácter sumamente técnico del proyecto de las IPSAS (el texto completo de las IPSAS abarca más de 1.000 páginas), constituyó una ímproba tarea sintetizar el estudio en un informe legible y lo más conciso posible. Así pues, los datos que se proporcionan en el presente informe aparecen en secciones relativamente cortas que resultan adecuadas, de ser necesario, para realizar un estudio a título individual. Se anima a los lectores a utilizar el índice como guía de las cuestiones que les susciten especial interés:", "El capítulo II tiene particular interés para quienes deseen comprender la razón de ser de la reforma;", "El capítulo III explica algunas diferencias concretas entre las IPSAS y las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y cómo los requisitos y beneficios de las IPSAS repercutirán en las organizaciones;", "El capítulo IV explica cómo ha abordado cada organización el mismo problema en diferentes ámbitos; cuáles fueron los componentes del éxito o del fracaso; cómo actuó el equipo de proyectos que apoyó a las organizaciones a nivel interinstitucional; y cuáles son las prácticas óptimas, ámbito en que tanto los jefes ejecutivos como los Estados Miembros han de desempeñar un importante papel;", "El capítulo V ofrece una visión del marco general de las IPSAS; y", "El anexo IV se centra en el primer y hasta el momento único caso de éxito respecto del cumplimiento de las IPSAS en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "A. Origen", "2. Desde 1980 y en especial desde 2004, las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas han reconocido la necesidad de poner en marcha un proceso coordinado para lograr una transición ordenada hacia el cumplimiento de normas contables comunes e internacionalmente reconocidas. El examen de ese proceso común ofrece una oportunidad excepcional para que la Dependencia Común de Inspección desempeñe su mandato de hacer un uso óptimo de los recursos disponibles de las organizaciones, en particular mediante una mayor coordinación entre ellas[1]. Este examen dio comienzo en 2008 y la mayor parte de la labor de investigación y de redacción se llevó a cabo en 2009.", "3. Como era de esperar, los primeros en considerar que era urgente emprender esa reforma fueron los expertos en contabilidad internacional de todo el sistema las Naciones Unidas. El Inspector recuerda la dura valoración de la Federación Internacional de Contadores (FIC), que destacó que \"pese a la importancia de contar con normas de calidad en materia de informes financieros y de contabilidad para mejorar la gobernanza, la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia, en la mayoría de los informes sobre la reforma de la gestión del sistema de las Naciones Unidas no se han vinculado los informes financieros ni las normas contables con esos tres objetivos de la reforma\"[2] (con la excepción del proyecto de gobernanza del Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA)). En concreto, si las IPSAS se hubieran aplicado en los últimos decenios, no hubiera habido sorpresas desagradables en relación con la necesidad y el costo del Plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura, las obligaciones relacionadas con el seguro médico después de la separación del servicio o los millones de activos no contabilizados, especialmente en misiones de mantenimiento de la paz.", "B. Objetivos", "4. Habida cuenta de que todas las decisiones de principio a los efectos de la adopción de las IPSAS ya se tomaron en 2006 y 2007, en el presente informe no se examinará si son o no apropiadas, sino que se intentará proponer medios y arbitrios para que se apliquen de la manera más eficiente posible. Por consiguiente, los objetivos del informe son:", "Naciones Unidas decidieron poner en marcha un proceso de tránsito hacia las IPSAS, junto con los principales beneficios, retos y dificultades que se plantean;", "modificaciones comunes en las prácticas contables y de gestión de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y", "con objeto de ayudar a los órganos legislativos, los jefes ejecutivos y los administradores de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a evaluar la situación de la aplicación de su proyecto sobre las IPSAS y, de ser necesario, reconsiderar su estrategia de adopción.", "5. En el presente informe se intenta hacer que aumente la concienciación sobre las IPSAS entre los delegados y funcionarios de las diferentes secretarías, quienes, en su mayor parte, carecen de formación en contabilidad. El Inspector considera que es esencial que esta reforma contable, que es muy técnica, sea comprendida como cualquier otra reforma de la gestión de manera que tanto los Estados Miembros como los funcionarios puedan apreciar los beneficios que se esperan de la adopción de las IPSAS. Otro de los objetivos es ayudar a los encargados de adoptar decisiones a tener plenamente en cuenta los principales factores de éxito a los efectos de la consecución de su objetivo común de preparar lo antes posible un conjunto de estados financieros ajustado a las IPSAS, de conformidad con las decisiones adoptadas en 2004 y 2005 por los directores de contabilidad y finanzas de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y posteriormente por sus órganos legislativos en 2006 y 2007.", "C. Metodología", "6. El estudio abarca la aplicación de las IPSAS en todas las organizaciones participantes desde 2006 a mediados de 2010[3]. De conformidad con las normas y directrices internas de la Dependencia Común de Inspección y sus procedimientos de trabajo internos, la metodología que se siguió en la preparación del presente informe consistió en un examen preliminar, cuestionarios, entrevistas y análisis pormenorizados. La Dependencia tuvo acceso a las respuestas a los cuestionarios semestrales distribuidos por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación. Además, la Dependencia envió un cuestionario detallado a todas las organizaciones participantes. Sobre la base de las respuestas recibidas, el Inspector se entrevistó con funcionarios de las organizaciones participantes. Además, recabó las opiniones de la secretaría de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación y de las organizaciones que habían adoptado las IPSAS, entre las que figuraban la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), la Comisión Europea y el Banco Mundial. También se solicitaron las opiniones del Consejo de las IPSAS, la FIC, la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas y el Gobierno de Francia.", "7. Para preparar el informe, se han solicitado observaciones sustantivas sobre el proyecto de informe a las organizaciones participantes, observaciones que se han tenido en cuenta. De conformidad con el artículo 11.2 del Estatuto de la Dependencia Común de Inspección, el presente informe recibió su forma definitiva tras la celebración de consultas entre los inspectores de modo que las recomendaciones y conclusiones fueran sometidas a la prueba del juicio colectivo de la Dependencia. Para facilitar la utilización del informe y la aplicación de sus recomendaciones y su seguimiento, el anexo V contiene un cuadro en el que se indica si el informe es presentado a las organizaciones a que concierne para que tomen medidas o para su información. En el cuadro se señalan las recomendaciones de interés para cada organización y se especifica si requieren una decisión de su órgano legislativo o rector o si su jefe ejecutivo puede llevarlas a la práctica. El Inspector desea manifestar su agradecimiento a quienes le prestaron ayuda en la preparación del informe y, en particular, a quienes participaron en las entrevistas y compartieron sus conocimientos y experiencia.", "8. El informe se dedica a la memoria de Jean François des Robert, cuya conferencia en la Dependencia sirvió de inspiración al presente proyecto y quien, pese a ser un reconocido especialista en la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) y las IPSAS en diferentes países de África, Asia y Europa Central, aceptó modestamente trabajar para este proyecto en calidad de oficial de investigaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección de enero de 2008 hasta los últimos días de su vida, en abril de ese año[4]. Deja un gran vacío como experto y como ser humano ejemplar. Posteriormente el presente proyecto se dejó en suspenso durante un año.", "II. Hacia las IPSAS", "A. Por qué se necesitan normas internacionales de contabilidad para preparar informes financieros", "9. Hasta que decidieron migrar de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a las IPSAS, la mayoría de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas tenían pocos contadores y apenas comprendían el papel sustantivo que los contadores podían desempeñar para mejorar la gestión financiera de los servicios públicos y conseguir un mejor uso de los recursos.", "10. El objetivo de los estados financieros es proporcionar información básica estructurada sobre el desempeño de una entidad privada o pública y sobre su posición financiera (es decir, sobre su \"salud\" y su patrimonio) a los usuarios tanto internos como externos[5].", "11. Para que sean de utilidad, los estados financieros han de ser comprendidos del mismo modo por todos los usuarios y, por consiguiente, deben utilizar principios, políticas o normas contables comunes preparados por especialistas que sean autoridades en la materia e independientes: de ahí el concepto de normas contables. A causa del desarrollo del comercio internacional, las finanzas y los intercambios de inversiones, la necesidad de contar con mecanismos comunes para analizar el valor de las entidades comerciales entrañó el reconocimiento internacional de esas normas.", "12. Esa necesidad, sentida inicialmente en el sector privado, ha sido abordada principalmente por contadores, quienes primero se reunieron a nivel nacional y posteriormente a nivel internacional para establecer y mantener órganos normativos como la Comisión Internacional de Normas de Contabilidad (IASC)[6] y su sucesora, a saber, la Junta Internacional de Normas de Contabilidad (IASB)[7], con sede en Londres e integrada por 15 miembros. Sus NIIF, dimanantes de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad (NIC), fueron declaradas obligatorias en 2005 por la Unión Europea para todas las sociedades admitidas a cotizar en bolsa y las NIIF, o sus equivalentes nacionales, están pasando gradualmente a ser obligatorias en otros países como los Estados Unidos, la India, Sudáfrica y Turquía.", "13. \"Según la filosofía subyacente en las normas internacionales de contabilidad, tales normas constituyen una serie de principios para juzgar las decisiones sobre la contabilización de determinadas transacciones. La aplicación y la auditoría de tales normas se basan en la hipótesis de que éstas serán aplicadas por personas que tienen profundos conocimientos de la teoría y la práctica contables y serán auditadas por personas con una formación similar.\"[8]", "B. El problema que enfrentan las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "14. Las organizaciones del sistema Naciones Unidas tardaron 25 años en pasar de una situación en que la falta de un marco común para preparar informes contables y financieros impedía realizar comparaciones entre los estados financieros de las organizaciones con miras a la adopción gradual de las mismas normas de contabilidad internacionalmente reconocidas. Las principales etapas de esa evolución han sido las siguientes:", "1980: Creación de un grupo de trabajo sobre la armonización de losestados financieros por el sector financiero y presupuestario delComité Consultivo en Cuestiones Administrativas (CuestionesFinancieras y Presupuestarias) (CCCA (FP)) y su acuerdo de que lasrecomendaciones de la IASC deberían servir como directrices útiles. 1981: Aprobación por el Comité Administrativo de Coordinación (CAC)de varios principios de sentido común basados en principios decontabilidad generalmente aceptados y que tenían a su vez comofundamento normas, convenios y reglas que aplicaban los contadores alcontabilizar las transacciones y preparar los estados financieros. Enparticular, los principios guardan relación con la continuidad(\"empresa en marcha\"), la uniformidad, la prudencia, lapreponderancia de la sustancia sobre la forma, la divulgación de laspolíticas significativas de contabilidad que se hayan seguido, lamaterialidad, la sinceridad, la periodicidad y la regularidad. Esemismo año el CCCA (FP) estableció la obligatoriedad de la divulgaciónde las políticas contables para las organizaciones del sistema de lasNaciones Unidas. Decenio de 1980: Había dos escuelas de pensamiento opuestas enrelación con la dificultad (CCCA (FP)) o la necesidad (Grupo deAuditores Externos) de establecer un órgano de normas de contabilidadque se aplicaran concretamente a las organizaciones del sistema delas Naciones Unidas. \n1991: El Grupo de Auditores Externos explicó claramente el problemaque enfrentaban las organizaciones del sistema de las NacionesUnidas: \"Desde luego hay numerosas razones por las que las normas quese han preparado expresamente para satisfacer las necesidades de lasempresas y de la contabilidad comercial no puedan, en líneasgenerales, aplicarse directamente en las situaciones totalmentedistintas de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas [...] Enlíneas generales, las metas y los objetivos de las organizaciones delas Naciones Unidas, los requisitos correspondientes de presentaciónde datos, los intereses y las necesidades de las organizaciones quepreparan los estados financieros y los de los diversos usuarios delas cuentas finales son en muchos aspectos apreciablemente distintosde los que son convenientes para los organismos comerciales\"[9]. Esemismo año se estableció una Comisión de Normas.", "C. Una primera y fugaz solución: las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "15. Finalmente, en respuesta a una solicitud de la Asamblea General al Grupo de Auditores Externos[10] de fecha 21 de diciembre de 1990, el anexo del informe del Secretario General de 1993 sobre normas de contabilidad[11] pasó a ser la primera versión de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Aunque esas Normas han sido objeto de una serie de revisiones y seguían siendo aplicadas por la mayoría de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en el momento del examen por la Dependencia Común de Inspección, sus objetivos han permanecido inalterados.", "16. La utilización de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas constituyó un importante paso con miras a la adopción de un lenguaje y una terminología comunes por parte de los contadores de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, aunque sus objetivos únicamente se alcanzaron en parte.", "17. Independientemente de las medidas que puedan adoptarse para revisar las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, persistirán tres importantes aspectos negativos, que serán el precio que hay que pagar por su flexibilidad y adaptabilidad a las diferentes necesidades de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas:", "a) Las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas dejan un amplio margen para la interpretación, dado que en el propio texto que las establece se reconoce el principio de la libertad de que dispone la autoridad competente en asuntos financieros, lo que hace posible que las organizaciones no se sometan a una disciplina estricta[12];", "b) En consecuencia, realmente no están \"en vigor\" y no son \"comunes\" ni, por extensión, creíbles;", "c) Desde el punto de vista de un auditor, pueden dar lugar a un conflicto de intereses, dado que han sido promulgadas por una autoridad que representa a las propias organizaciones cuyas cuentas han de ser auditadas de conformidad con sus propias normas.", "18. Aunque el sistema de las Naciones Unidas llevó a cabo repetidas revisiones de sus propias normas con el fin de modernizar sus prácticas contables, las tendencias contables evolucionaban rápidamente en la sociedad civil, especialmente a finales de siglo, a raíz de varios escándalos (Enron, WorldCom, etc.) que dieron lugar a que la opinión pública fuera partidaria de reforzar las normas y políticas contables y su convergencia internacional. Así pues, cada vez estaba más claro que el único modo de garantizar la presentación de informes financieros y procesos de contabilidad coherentes y comparables en todo el sistema Naciones Unidas consistía en asegurarse de que todos los datos financieros que se divulgaran se ajustaran a un mismo conjunto de normas emitido por una autoridad independiente y externa, de composición internacional y adaptada a las necesidades de las entidades no lucrativas.", "D. Una nueva solución a un antiguo problema: las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)", "19. Afortunadamente, después del éxito de las NIIF y como complemento, en 1996 se puso en marcha una iniciativa para atender a esas necesidades. La FIC[13] estableció en Toronto el Consejo del Sector Público, posteriormente denominado Consejo de las IPSAS, con miras a la preparación de IPSAS, sustentadas por un sistema independiente y transparente de garantías procesales[14] similar al de la IASB[15]. El objetivo era establecer normas contables de gran calidad para ser utilizadas en la preparación de los estados financieros generales de las entidades del sector público de todo el mundo. Las entidades del sector público abarcaban los gobiernos nacionales, los gobiernos regionales y locales y sus entidades integrantes. Las organizaciones intergubernamentales no estaban incluidas dentro del ámbito inicial de las normas. El Consejo de las IPSAS realiza sus actividades con muy poco personal como órgano normativo independiente bajo los auspicios de la FIC. Para alcanzar sus objetivos recurre a:", "contables; y", "de informes financieros en el sector público.", "20. En esencia, en las IPSAS se establecen requisitos de reconocimiento, medición, presentación y divulgación relacionados con transacciones y actividades que han de sintetizarse en los estados financieros generales. En el texto completo de las IPSAS se utiliza en parte nueva terminología[17] y se exponen ejemplos de la aplicación de las normas a transacciones concretas a fin de que se comprendan mejor sus requisitos. Como ayuda para establecer los cambios necesarios que requiere la adopción de las IPSAS a nivel de todo el sistema, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad ha examinado interpretaciones de las normas y directrices. A finales de 2007, el equipo del proyecto para todo el sistema había creado una serie de políticas y directrices ajustadas a las IPSAS que fueron aceptadas por las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, ya que proporcionaban una plataforma estable para facilitar la armonización de la presentación de informes financieros conformes con las IPSAS en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En 2008 y 2009, se aceptaron, aprobaron o respaldaron nuevos documentos a nivel de todo el sistema. Sin embargo, la interpretación de las normas contables es objeto de constantes debates, incluso dentro de la misma organización, y evoluciona a lo largo de los años (a este respecto, el PMA, uno de los primeros organismos en adoptarlas, no podía beneficiarse de las orientaciones de otros).", "21. Al igual que en el caso de las NIIF, las IPSAS requieren una aplicación cabal. No cabe afirmar que un estado financiero se ajusta a las IPSAS si no se ha cumplido íntegramente algún requisito de las IPSAS. No obstante, a fin de facilitar la aplicación progresiva de las IPSAS, el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión propuso, sobre la base de una recomendación del Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad (véase el párrafo 26 infra), que, hasta que culminara la transición, las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas se aplicaran de manera flexible y se adaptaran a las políticas y prácticas contables que ya estuvieran en consonancia con los requisitos de las IPSAS.", "E. 2005-2007: Las decisiones políticas de adoptar las IPSAS", "22. A fin de centrar la atención en la necesidad de reestructurar el sistema contable de las Naciones Unidas, en 2002 se estableció un Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad. Ese grupo interinstitucional, integrado por contadores de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, fue constituido por el entonces Director de la División de Contaduría General de las Naciones Unidas (actualmente Contralor Adjunto), quien sigue presidiéndola, además de copresidir la Red de Finanzas y Presupuesto de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación[18]. El Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión aprobó el establecimiento de un \"proyecto\" conjunto sobre normas contables internacionales, tal como había recomendado el Grupo de Trabajo. Una vez que se hubieron conocido quién era el jefe cualificado del equipo y cómo se procedería a la financiación conjunta, el proyecto brindó a las organizaciones la oportunidad de intercambiar ideas y experiencias mediante cuestionarios y comentarios sobre diferentes instrumentos (documentos de posición, proyectos de directriz, etc.) que fueron publicados con arreglo a un calendario estricto.", "23. Las primeras preguntas básicas que el equipo del proyecto de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación formuló a los miembros del Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad se referían a las mejores normas contables para el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y los criterios para evaluarlas. Se propusieron cuatro posibilidades:", "Nueva Zelandia;", "acompañados de una norma externa preferida y varias exenciones para situaciones propias de las Naciones Unidas.", "24. En las 12 respuestas oficiales recibidas de las 28 organizaciones contactadas (algunas de las cuales eran de las organizaciones más grandes), se atribuía considerable importancia a los criterios de \"carácter internacional, firmes garantías procesales y contabilidad totalmente en valores devengados\" (véanse los párrafos 29 a 37). Es interesante señalar que las organizaciones estaban casi divididas por igual entre una escuela de pensamiento \"práctica\", partidaria de las NIIF —el conjunto de normas internacionales ampliamente utilizadas por grandes empresas privadas de muchos países y conocido por la mayoría de los contadores y sobre el que se disponía de amplia información y material de formación— y una escuela \"lógica\", partidaria de la nueva serie de IPSAS, que consideraba que se ajustaban especialmente a las necesidades concretas de las entidades del sector público. Al final no se decantó ninguna clara mayoría en favor de alguno de los dos enfoques (11 en favor de las IPSAS y 10 en favor de las NIIF).", "25. En lo concerniente a la pregunta \"¿Está de acuerdo con lo que se sugiere en el documento en el sentido de que la plena adopción de un conjunto externo de normas contables tal vez no sea posible en el caso de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a corto ni a mediano plazo?\", en junio de 2005 habían dicho sí 10 de las 12 entidades que respondieron. Por consiguiente, se desplegaron importantes esfuerzos a nivel de todo el sistema para difundir la opinión de que la transición a las normas internacionales podía llevarse a cabo a mediano plazo. Esos esfuerzos constituyeron un componente esencial de las actividades que realizó el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad, con el apoyo del Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión, para impulsar la transición de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a las IPSAS. Como es lógico, cada organización debería haber realizado un análisis a fondo de su grado de preparación en 2005. Ello habría requerido una buena comprensión de los requisitos de las IPSAS por parte de todas las organizaciones, lo que en general no fue así. En lugar de ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio sobre la preparación a nivel de todo el sistema. Sobre la base de sus resultados y del éxito de las experiencias de la OCDE, la Comisión Europea y la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN), se seleccionaron cinco años como marco (rígido) estándar para la transición. Además, se identificó a tres organizaciones que era probable que pudieran adoptar las normas internacionales ya en 2008, en tanto que se esperaba que las demás estuvieran en condiciones de cumplirlas en 2010. Aunque en teoría se deberían haber cuestionado la viabilidad y la falta de flexibilidad de ese plazo, en el verano de 2005 las organizaciones se vieron presionadas a aceptarlo. Por otra parte, es preciso reconocer que, en esa etapa inicial, el establecimiento de un plazo difícil de cumplir suscitó la atención del personal directivo superior y los órganos rectores respecto de esa transición e impulsó la obtención de recursos para el proyecto y el compromiso de realizar esfuerzos en la gestión del cambio.", "26. Eso explica por qué únicamente cinco meses después, a saber, el 30 de noviembre de 2005, el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión aprobó por unanimidad las recomendaciones siguientes:", "a) Que las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas adoptaran las IPSAS;", "b) Que las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas formularan sus calendarios de ejecución y que todas las organizaciones adoptaran y empezaran a aplicar las IPSAS a más tardar en los períodos de presentación de informes que se iniciaran el 1º de enero de 2010, y el 1º de julio de 2010 por lo que respecta a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas;", "c) Que se siguiera brindando apoyo, coordinación y dirección a este cambio, que abarcaba a todo el sistema, por medio del Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad, bajo los auspicios de la Red de Finanzas y Presupuesto, al tiempo que se siguiera aportando recursos para los proyectos a fin de lograr una interpretación y aplicación coherentes de los requisitos de las IPSAS en todo el sistema;", "d) Que se añadiera la siguiente oración al final del párrafo 3 de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas: \"En caso de que una organización se aparte de las prácticas establecidas a continuación para aplicar una o varias IPSAS, se asumirá que dicha organización cumple con las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas\";", "e) Que se siguiera aportando financiación y apoyo de otra índole, de carácter interinstitucional, para asegurar una representación efectiva del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en el Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público[19].", "27. Habida cuenta de los informes pertinentes del Secretario General[20] y los intercambios de comunicaciones mantenidos con funcionarios de la Secretaría, la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto (CCAAP) hizo suya la recomendación con un grado de entusiasmo sumamente inusual en ese órgano. \"La Comisión Consultiva considera evidente que la Organización debe sustituir las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas por las IPSAS.\"[21] No obstante, paralelamente se pronunció de manera cautelosa y acertada contra un calendario carente de realismo y destacó que la aplicación debía sincronizarse con la introducción de un nuevo sistema de tecnología de la información.", "28. El 7 de julio de 2006, la Asamblea General se ajustó a lo manifestado por la CCAAP en ambos casos y decidió aprobar la adopción de las IPSAS por las Naciones Unidas, aunque se abstuvo de imponer la fecha límite propuesta por el Secretario General. Además, de conformidad con la recomendación de la CCAAP, aprobó los recursos solicitados por el Secretario General para comenzar el proceso de aplicación[22]. En menos de dos años, todas las organizaciones siguieron los pasos de las Naciones Unidas y comenzaron su transición a las IPSAS, lo que constituyó un logro notable.", "III. Efectos de las IPSAS en las organizaciones. Cuestiones clave", "A. El cambio fundamental a la contabilidad basada en valores devengados", "1. Novedad", "29. En 2000, la CCAAP asistió a uno de los simposios anuales sobre devengos organizado por la OCDE para expertos financieros de sus Estados miembros con objeto de examinar el establecimiento de una nueva base contable: el \"devengo\" como contrapuesto al \"efectivo\"[23]. Desde entonces se acepta como convención entre los profesionales que la contabilidad en valores devengados es el mejor método posible para atender las nuevas necesidades de la presentación de informes financieros y el método más adecuado para ofrecer una imagen completa de la situación financiera de una entidad, con información sobre su activo, su pasivo, sus ingresos y sus gastos reales en un año concreto. Actualmente todas las normas contables internacionales exigen que se aplique ese método de consignación de las transacciones.", "30. Con arreglo a la contabilidad en valores devengados, las transacciones y otras operaciones se reconocen cuando ocurren (y no únicamente cuando se recibe o se paga el efectivo o su equivalente). En consecuencia, las transacciones y operaciones se consignan en los registros contables y se reconocen en los estados financieros de los períodos con los que guardan relación. Si bien es muy frecuente que difieran las fechas de las transacciones y las fechas de los pagos, según el nuevo método cada una de esas operaciones se reconoce en su fecha real y ha de ser consignada en el estado financiero o el período financiero en cuestión. Así pues, el tratamiento contable será diferente. Los elementos reconocidos con arreglo a la contabilidad en valores devengados son el activo, el pasivo, los ingresos y los gastos (IPSAS 1).", "2. Problemas", "31. El uso de la contabilidad en valores devengados en la administración pública produce un efecto que va más allá de los asuntos financieros, ya que afecta a las prácticas del trabajo ordinario, desde la adopción de decisiones políticas a las operaciones cotidianas. Ciertamente la adopción de este método equivale como mínimo a una revolución cultural. Algunas organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas llevan largo tiempo utilizando la contabilidad en valores devengados para consignar ciertos ingresos o gastos y, por consiguiente, se encuentran en mejores condiciones para aplicar las IPSAS. Sin embargo, para otras organizaciones ese cambio requiere ser asimilado no sólo por sus contadores, sino también por los delegados y administradores, quienes necesitan consultar los estados financieros existentes o tienen que contribuir a generar otros nuevos.", "32. El cambio puede resultar igual de intimidante que cuando un cantante o un director de televisión pasa de un estudio de grabación a un programa con público en directo. En la contabilidad tradicional en efectivo, las transacciones se consignan sobre la base de los pagos realizados; sin embargo, mediante la utilización del método del devengo se consignan cuando el ingreso es exigible y cuando se incurre en un gasto (en lugar de cuando se recibe o se paga el efectivo) y se consignan en los estados financieros de los períodos con los que guardan relación. Las fechas de las transacciones y de los pagos frecuentemente no coinciden y, por ello, su tratamiento contable es diferente con arreglo a cada método.", "Ejemplo ALa contratación de servicios de un consultor \nLa firma del contrato no tendrá efectos contables. En cambio, lafecha de ejecución o de prestación del servicio contratado (y no lareserva de fondos presupuestarios) pasará a ser la única referencia.Ahora el acontecimiento clave es la recepción de la solicitud de pago(salvo que pueda fijarse una fecha única de ejecución, como para laadquisición de un bien) y de ella dependerá la asignación de lascargas al ejercicio. Esto supone, pues, que el cumplimiento de lascondiciones de los pagos intermediarios se ha comprobado plenamente.Ya no se tratará de liquidar una reserva de fondos, sino de registrarcada operación cuando se haya efectuado[24].", "Ejemplo BEnvío de mercancías \nCuando una entidad compra 900 carpas para su ulterior distribuciónentre los beneficiarios, según la contabilidad en efectivo latransacción reconocerá el gasto en el momento en que se hayaefectuado el pago del envío al proveedor, siempre que haya tenidolugar realmente la entrega del envío (el pago suele seguir a laentrega de las mercancías). Con arreglo a la contabilidad en valoresdevengados, el recibo del envío se consignará primeramente en lacuenta del inventario (activo) como el incremento del valor delactivo que representa la inclusión en el inventario de 900 carpasdepositadas en el almacén de la entidad. Posteriormente, en elmomento de la distribución a los beneficiarios, mediante la segundatransacción o las transacciones subsiguientes se consignará unareducción en el valor de inventario (activo) y un incremento en losgastos para representar el valor de las carpas distribuidas. Asípues, la distribución de 200 carpas a 200 beneficiarios dará lugar auna reducción del valor de inventario (activo) equivalente a 200carpas, con lo que quedará un saldo de 700 carpas, pero secontabilizarán 200 como gastos.", "33. De conformidad con las IPSAS, ya no es posible efectuar pequeños reajustes en los registros contables, dado que cualquier actividad que repercuta en la consignación del patrimonio de la entidad habrá de ser reconocida en el momento en que ocurra.", "34. Según los métodos tradicionales de contabilidad en efectivo, los gastos y los ingresos no necesitan consignarse en el período con el que guardan relación; los gastos e ingresos, junto con los gastos de capital, se contabilizan en totales en el año en que se efectuó la compra o la enajenación de bienes de capital. Además, en la contabilidad en efectivo no se reconoce íntegramente el activo y el pasivo. Por el contrario, en la contabilidad en valores devengados se miden el desempeño y la situación financiera de una entidad al reconocerse las actividades económicas en el momento en que se producen las transacciones (en lugar de en el momento en que se efectúan los pagos). Por ello, los estados financieros preparados según el método del devengo deben proporcionar información sobre elementos tales como los recursos controlados por la entidad que presenta el informe, el costo de sus operaciones (el costo de proporcionar bienes y servicios), la corriente de efectivo y otra información financiera útil sobre su desempeño y su capacidad de recuperación financiera.", "35. Habida cuenta de que en muchas organizaciones la información presupuestaria (la supervisión de la ejecución del presupuesto aprobado) seguirá presentándose con arreglo a la contabilidad en efectivo, la transición a las IPSAS dará lugar a una marcada disociación entre la contabilidad y los datos financieros (párrs. 65 a 69).", "3. Ventajas", "36. Una vez que se han creado las condiciones apropiadas, la contabilidad en valores devengados ofrece numerosas ventajas, que en buena medida contrarrestan los inconvenientes iniciales:", "devengados permiten que los usuarios:", "entidad informante controla y del despliegue de tales recursos;", "efectivo de la entidad; y", "realizar operaciones con ella[25].", "cuentas más completas que las de la contabilidad en efectivo y, por definición, en ellas desaparece el margen para manipular los pagos y los recibos con el fin de alcanzar determinados objetivos en materia de presentación de informes y de control;", "devengados puede mejorar la gestión y la adopción de decisiones y servir para que las organizaciones utilicen de manera más eficiente los recursos (en la contabilidad en efectivo, el gasto de lo que se utiliza durante muchos años se consigna únicamente cuando el dinero se gasta y no se consigna ulteriormente si el activo se sigue utilizando, ha llegado al final de su vida útil o ha sido vendido)[26];", "establecer elementos para una eficaz contabilidad de costos y modificar el comportamiento organizativo mediante la utilización de incentivos y penalizaciones, incluidas comparaciones de los costos de los servicios proporcionados por los sectores privado y público; así como", "se vean afectadas por las circunstancias variables de los plazos para los pagos de efectivo y los recibos y que incluyan información sobre el activo y el pasivo fijo y corriente;", "vida útil;", "a la realidad de la situación financiera de una entidad.", "37. En suma, la aplicación de las IPSAS entraña:", "a) Un mayor grado de control interno y de transparencia respecto de todo el activo y el pasivo;", "b) Una información más exhaustiva y homogénea acerca de los costos y los ingresos, con lo que se presta un mayor apoyo a la gobernanza, particularmente en el caso de la gestión basada en los resultados;", "c) Una integración del material no fungible en el sistema de contabilidad, con lo que los registros de ese material resultan más precisos y completos;", "d) Una mayor homogeneidad y comparabilidad de los estados financieros a lo largo del tiempo y entre las distintas organizaciones;", "e) La adopción de prácticas contables óptimas mediante la aplicación de normas internacionales de contabilidad creíbles e independientes.", "B. Otras cuestiones relacionadas con la aplicación de las IPSAS", "1. Riesgo de descrédito", "38. Una cuestión fundamental es si los plazos para la aplicación establecidos por las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas se pueden cumplir de manera realista y si las organizaciones podrán recibir del auditor una opinión sin salvedades sobre su primera serie de estados financieros ajustados a las IPSAS.", "[] Riesgo: El riesgo estriba en que, si sus estados financieros pretenden ajustarse a las IPSAS, pero sólo lo hacen en parte, el auditor externo emitirá una opinión con salvedades en relación con la información facilitada.", "39. En términos financieros, se prevé que algunas de las modificaciones contables requeridas para aplicar las IPSAS reduzcan considerablemente el valor del patrimonio[27] (saldo de los fondos) de las organizaciones y que incluso den lugar a un patrimonio negativo, como es el caso de los escasos gobiernos, con excepción de Nueva Zelandia, que han optado por los estados financieros en valores devengados. Para los funcionarios de la Comisión Europea constituyó una sorprendente revelación descubrir que el primer estado financiero de la Comisión realizado íntegramente en valores devengados registraba un total de cargos devengados por valor de 64 millones de euros, en tanto que el total de los ingresos devengados se cifraba en 2,5 millones de euros y había 54 millones de euros adeudados por Estados miembros, en lugar de registrarse como anteriormente un valor positivo de 13,5 millones de euros. Esas variaciones obedecen al reconocimiento de las obligaciones íntegras por concepto de prestaciones de los empleados, particularmente el seguro médico después de la separación del servicio (párrs. 60 a 64). Se estimaba que, al 31 de diciembre de 2007, el pasivo de las Naciones Unidas por concepto de prestaciones del seguro médico después de la separación del servicio que abarcaban a todos los participantes se cifraba en 2.430 millones de dólares procedentes de todas las fuentes de financiación[28]. Esas obligaciones inesperadamente cuantiosas en los estados financieros no entrañan nuevos gastos. Se trata sencillamente de información completa sobre obligaciones existentes que anteriormente no se habían reconocido, es decir, no se habían cuantificado nominalmente en los estados financieros.", "40. Algunas organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas ya han dado a conocer en parte en sus estados financieros prestaciones de empleados abonables en el futuro (aunque generadas en períodos contables anteriores). Dado que no había requisitos de divulgación en las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, esas obligaciones únicamente se recogieron en notas de los estados financieros. Aunque técnicamente puede parecer que es insolvente una organización que facilita información, la experiencia muestra que el reconocimiento de esas obligaciones a raíz de la adopción de la contabilidad en valores devengados frecuentemente entraña un patrimonio negativo para los gobiernos y las organizaciones. Por otra parte, tal como se señala en el informe de la FIC titulado Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities, el reconocimiento de las obligaciones:", "reconocer y planificar el pago de las obligaciones reconocidas;", "existentes en los futuros recursos;", "obligaciones; y", "determinen si pueden mantener sus actividades.", "2. Posibles riesgos", "41. La adopción de las IPSAS es un proceso complejo y exhaustivo de gestión del cambio. Si bien ofrece numerosas ventajas a mediano y a largo plazo, también entraña costos a corto plazo y problemas que han de ser abordados con atención por los jefes ejecutivos de todas las organizaciones afectadas.", "42. Para aprovechar el pleno potencial que ofrece la utilización de información basada en valores devengados los gerentes deben estar convencidos del valor de los datos en valores devengados y deben poder adoptar medidas al respecto para mejorar los procesos de gestión. La contabilidad en valores devengados no debe ser un fin en sí misma.", "[] Riesgos: Según la Federation des Experts-Comptables Européens (FEE), los principales riesgos que entrañan las IPSAS se refieren más a las percepciones que al contenido:", "comprendan realmente las cuestiones planteadas;", "las \"lagunas\" de las IPSAS;", "constantemente[29].", "43. La reforma de las IPSAS influirá en los procedimientos operativos, en las prácticas de presentación de informes y, por ende, en la gobernanza y en las relaciones con los Estados Miembros. Además de aportar información útil para mejorar la gestión y la adopción de decisiones, las IPSAS también expondrán al personal directivo a un mayor escrutinio público y, por consiguiente, harán que sea más responsable de la eficiencia y la eficacia de sus programas.", "3. Gestión del cambio", "44. Inevitablemente la adopción de las IPSAS supone un precio para cada organización. Como se destacó en una comunicación de 2002 de la Comisión Europea, \"la experiencia de los Estados Miembros muestra que la reforma de los sistemas de contabilidad pública representa una importante convulsión tanto desde el punto de vista de la adopción de nuevas prácticas como desde el punto de vista humano, por no hablar ya de los recursos financieros que se requieren\"[30].", "4. Las IPSAS resultan laboriosas y costosas", "45. La adopción de métodos contables ajustados a las IPSAS requiere un compromiso adicional de tiempo y esfuerzo por parte del personal. Durante la etapa de transición, en función de la disponibilidad de sus recursos, las organizaciones ora tendrán que depender durante un período de tiempo prolongado del apoyo del personal existente, lo que se sumará a sus obligaciones cotidianas, ora tendrán que contratar a muchos nuevos funcionarios. A este respecto, la recomendación del auditor externo de la UNESCO se aplica a todos los proyectos de las IPSAS: \"Cuando calculen el tiempo necesario para introducir los cambios requeridos por una norma IPSAS, las organizaciones deberían contar con un plazo suplementario para evitar el riesgo de subestimar el tiempo necesitado. Con frecuencia, el alcance de la labor que se requiere para la instalación del sistema no se apreciará plenamente hasta que se hayan iniciado estos trabajos\"[31]. Una vez que se haya puesto en marcha el sistema, habrá nuevas esferas contables que precisarán atención permanente. Por ejemplo, además de proporcionar información esencial sobre los activos que se tengan en propiedad y sobre su vida útil restante, según la norma 17 de las IPSAS, relativa a propiedades, planta y equipo, los componentes de propiedades, planta y equipo habrán de ser objeto de control, reconocimiento, medición, depreciación y divulgación en notas de los estados financieros, a diferencia de la práctica de imputarlos inmediatamente a gastos, según se dispone en las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Ese control permanente respecto de las propiedades, planta y equipo exigirá que las organizaciones designen funcionarios y establezcan sistemas para garantizar un ciclo completo de contabilización de las propiedades, planta y equipo.", "Las cuentas del inventario[32] serán particularmente laboriosas y con gran densidad de mano de obra. El cumplimiento de la norma 12 de las IPSAS requerirá que se proceda a la capitalización[33] y a la divulgación del inventario al valor que proceda. El inventario se traspasará a gastos cuando el control sobre él se ceda a los beneficiarios finales (como las ONG o las poblaciones destinatarias). Esa nueva divulgación permitirá un mejor control sobre los inventarios, pero también requerirá esfuerzos adicionales para contabilizarlos (también físicamente), valorarlos y determinar cuándo gastarlos.", "46. La preparación de saldos de apertura precisos para los inventarios fue un importante reto para el PMA. Los preparativos de la contabilización de los inventarios dieron comienzo más de un año antes de la fecha del saldo de apertura (1º de enero de 2008) y entrañaron la participación de unas 1.000 personas en 700 localidades dependientes del PMA.", "[] Riesgos", "necesarios, y mecanismos de gestión centrados en los activos fijos;", "requieren las IPSAS.", "5. Aspectos culturales", "47. La adopción de las IPSAS dará lugar a un cambio cultural que repercutirá en los tratamientos contables y en el modo en que se efectúan algunas transacciones mercantiles. Por ejemplo, una importante diferencia entre las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y las IPSAS es el \"principio de la entrega\". Según las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, un gasto se reconoce en el momento en que se emite una orden de compra, que inicia la contabilización de una obligación por liquidar[34]. Así pues, una obligación por liquidar se contabiliza antes de la recepción de los bienes o servicios. La práctica vigente (con arreglo a las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas) de considerarla un gasto significa que la intención se consigna como una obligación por liquidar. Por el contrario, en las IPSAS se permite el reconocimiento de gastos sólo cuando la entrega se ha producido realmente. Ese importante cambio hará innecesario informar sobre las obligaciones por liquidar en los estados financieros y entrañará una adecuación más precisa entre los gastos y el presupuesto autorizado en el ejercicio al que se refieran. No obstante, a efectos de la presentación de informes, las obligaciones por liquidar se seguirán registrando en los sistemas presupuestarios y de compra y una práctica que ha de seguirse consiste en informar sobre ellas en las notas de los estados financieros.", "48. La adopción de las IPSAS fomentará prácticas útiles como la contabilidad de costos y el intercambio de datos entre los departamentos o servicios que hasta el momento han trabajado de manera aislada con el fin de proporcionar a los contadores información completa, precisa y fiable para preparar estados financieros con arreglo a las nuevas normas. Además, puede dar lugar a la preparación de un diagrama común de cuentas. Los recibos y las distribuciones de inventario habrán de consignarse oportunamente en el libro mayor a fin de divulgar con precisión los saldos de inventario.", "6. Aspectos políticos", "49. Políticamente el requisito más sensible figura en la norma 6 de las IPSAS (Estados financieros consolidados y separados)[35], en que se dispone que una entidad presentará estados financieros en que consolide todas las entidades que controla[36]. La aplicación de esa disposición plantea algunas cuestiones clave para una organización como las Naciones Unidas, como las de si todos los fondos y programa de las Naciones Unidas deben considerarse subsidiarios de la Organización y si el concepto de consolidación debe aplicarse a iniciativas conjuntas y, de ser así, qué organización debe ser designada entidad principal. Estas son importantes consideraciones jurídicas, financieras y políticas que han de abordarse y ser objeto de acuerdos, teóricamente en la etapa inicial de la preparación, tal como recomendó la Junta de Auditores[37]. Sobre la base de la recomendación de la Comisión Consultiva[38], el Secretario General abordó esta cuestión en un informe, en el que confirmó la complejidad que entrañaba para las Naciones Unidas el cumplimiento de las IPSAS[39]. El equipo del proyecto de aplicación de las IPSAS en las Naciones Unidas observó que en la norma 6 de las IPSAS no se establecía taxativamente el modo de identificar a la entidad \"básica\" informante, que podía consistir en un acuerdo administrativo sin identidad jurídica. Así pues, las Naciones Unidas y sus entidades conexas, incluidos los fondos y programas, no necesitarían realizar una consolidación formal, lo que haría posible la adopción de un enfoque pragmático en este terreno poco claro. El equipo del proyecto de aplicación de las IPSAS en las Naciones Unidas finalmente acordó no presentar datos consolidados.", "50. Hay otras dos cuestiones políticamente sensibles que guardan relación con la consignación de los ingresos: el modo de tratar los retrasos en el cobro de las contribuciones pendientes y la contabilización de las contribuciones voluntarias. Por lo que respecta a las primeras, en tanto que, de conformidad con las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, una organización podía efectuar una provisión para esas demoras, en las IPSAS se requiere que todos los activos (incluidas las deudas por cobrar) se consignen con su valor razonable. Por consiguiente, en los casos en que sea improbable que se reciban las contribuciones, su valor tendrá que ser reajustado en consecuencia. Esto puede generar un debate político acerca de si algunos Estados Miembros pueden estar excusados de pagar sus cuotas a causa de los retrasos en los pagos y si otros Estados Miembros tendrán que sufragar el déficit resultante. El Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA) tuvo que resolver un problema similar para ajustarse a las NIIF. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad publicó un documento sobre el asunto en diciembre de 2009. En junio de 2008 la Junta de Auditores sugirió que, habida cuenta de la adopción de las IPSAS, tal vez fuera necesario que las organizaciones hicieran una provisión para deudas incobrables o deudores que pagaran con retraso.", "51. La transición al método de contabilidad íntegra en valores devengados significa que las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas tendrán que determinar rápidamente los criterios que habrán de aplicarse a los compromisos jurídicos que sustentan las contribuciones voluntarias. La aplicación de la norma 23 de las IPSAS significa que los términos de los compromisos habrán de ser estudiados detenidamente para conocer la fecha y la cuantía que se consignarán en los estados financieros. Los compromisos de los donantes pueden variar considerablemente en función del proyecto o del Estado de que se trate. Por ello, es importante definir el grado de formalización del compromiso: la situación del firmante y el tipo de documento (contrato, promesa, documento presupuestario, etc.).", "C. Algunas modificaciones contables con repercusiones más significativas", "52. En un estudio realizado por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad (véase el anexo II), las personas que respondieron señalaron las normas que consideraban tenían repercusiones más significativas para sus organizaciones. Todas las organizaciones señalaron tres normas de las IPSAS: la norma 1, Presentación de estados financieros (sumamente indispensable); la norma 17, Propiedades, planta y equipo; y la norma 24, Presentación de información del presupuesto en los estados financieros. Se esperaban otros importantes efectos de resultas de la adopción de la norma 3, Superávit o déficit neto del período, errores fundamentales y cambios en las políticas contables; la norma 12, Inventarios; la norma 18, Información financiera por segmentos; la norma 19, Provisiones, pasivos contingentes y activos contingentes; la norma 23, Ingresos de transacciones sin contraprestación (impuestos y transferencias); la norma 25, Prestaciones de los empleados; y la norma 31, Activos intangibles. A continuación figuran comentarios sobre las cuestiones de particular interés para las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "1. Presentación de los estados financieros", "53. Según la norma 1 de las IPSAS, Presentación de los estados financieros, \"los estados financieros se elaborarán con una periodicidad que será, como mínimo, anual\"[40], ya que su \"utilidad [...] se ve perjudicada si éstos no se ponen a disposición de los usuarios dentro de un período razonable de tiempo, tras la fecha de presentación del período sobre el que se informa. Una entidad debe estar en posición de emitir sus estados financieros dentro de los seis meses posteriores a esta fecha\"[41]. Este requisito será arduo de cumplir para todas las organizaciones y sus auditores externos, ya que casi todos los informes financieros se han presentado hasta la fecha cada dos años o más.", "2. Tratamiento de los activos: propiedades, planta y equipo", "54. Según los principios básicos de la norma 17 (revisada) de las IPSAS, los activos que se utilicen durante más de un ejercicio económico deben ser \"capitalizados\" en el balance. Esa norma permite a las entidades reconocer inicialmente los artículos correspondientes a propiedades, planta y equipo a su costo histórico[42] o su valor razonable[43], que después se imputa a gastos a lo largo del período de utilización de cada activo. La utilización del valor razonable se justifica por la dificultad de fundamentar de forma fiable el costo de adquisición de artículos correspondientes a propiedades, planta y equipo que se encuentren en poder de una entidad durante un largo período de tiempo, su traspaso entre oficinas exteriores, etc. Cualquier método tendrá que estar respaldado por documentación justificante, lo que requerirá un importante esfuerzo, incluida la labor de identificar y clasificar todos los artículos correspondientes a propiedades, planta y equipo utilizando un método apropiado de valoración. Para la ulterior medición de las propiedades, planta y equipo, las IPSAS permiten elegir entre el modelo de costo y el modelo de revaluación. Los costos que han de capitalizarse han de distinguirse de los contabilizados como gastos; es un proceso difícil en el caso de una operación compleja como el Plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura para la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York. En relación con este caso, la Junta de Auditores recomendó que la División de Contaduría General considerase la posibilidad de capitalizar las obras de renovación realizadas en activos de las Naciones Unidas.", "55. El nivel mínimo para el reconocimiento de las propiedades, planta y equipo fue objeto de un intenso debate entre las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas: hubo quienes defendieron un nivel mínimo más elevado para reducir los costos administrativos de obtener y mantener datos, en tanto que otros eran partidarios de un nivel mínimo más bajo para lograr un mejor control respecto de las propiedades, planta y equipo. El nivel recomendado por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad es de 5.000 dólares. Actualmente no hay ningún requisito para el reconocimiento del legado patrimonial[44].", "56. La contabilidad en valores devengados exige que los artículos correspondientes a propiedades, planta y equipo se deprecien a lo largo de su vida útil. Periódicamente se imputa un cargo por depreciación a un artículo correspondiente a propiedades, planta y equipo para reducir su valor de manera gradual. El tratamiento contable de una depreciación con arreglo a las IPSAS permitirá que la administración tome decisiones informadas sobre asuntos tales como las obras de construcción y renovación, en ocasiones con años de anticipación. En la práctica, ello exigirá el establecimiento de un módulo de un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales que pueda realizar automáticamente cálculos y llevar a cabo los correspondientes apuntes en el sistema contable.", "57. Aunque en el contexto de las Naciones Unidas frecuentemente es difícil determinar el carácter de los bienes de los proyectos y los inventarios[45], es importante que sean reconocidos en los estados financieros. Aunque las IPSAS contienen definiciones de \"activo\" y \"control\", la aplicación de tales definiciones resulta compleja y puede dar lugar a diferentes interpretaciones. Por ejemplo, el control sobre los activos que se transfieren de una entidad que financia a un socio encargado de la ejecución puede depender de la sutil redacción de los acuerdos de ejecución o de la utilización de los activos.", "58. El Consejo de las IPSAS ha incluido disposiciones transitorias respecto de la adopción inicial de ciertas normas a fin de conceder más tiempo a quienes las adopten para que puedan ajustarse íntegramente a sus requisitos. Por ejemplo, en las disposiciones transitorias de la norma 17 de las IPSAS se establece una excepción al requisito de reconocer todas las propiedades, plantas y equipos en los estados financieros durante los cinco primeros años del cumplimiento previsto. Dado que la mayoría de las organizaciones cuenta con numerosos artículos correspondientes a propiedades, planta y equipo que está previsto que se deprecien totalmente al final del período de transición de cinco años, la invocación de las disposiciones transitorias las excluirán del requisito de tener que reconocer esos artículos en sus estados financieros. Por ejemplo, el PMA se amparó en tales disposiciones en 2008 en el sentido de reconocer únicamente los activos tangibles cuya vida útil excediera de cinco años a partir de su fecha inicial de adopción de las IPSAS.", "59. Al incorporar los activos capitalizados integrados y los módulos de inventario en programas informáticos de contabilidad financiera, las organizaciones podrían mejorar sus controles de gestión existentes respecto de la ubicación y el estado de sus activos en todo el mundo. Además, tendrían la capacidad de divulgar los valores de los activos capitalizados de conformidad con las normas internacionales. La ventaja social de esa capitalización para las organizaciones del sector público y los ciudadanos por lo que respecta a sus costos ha sido cuestionada por algunos contadores por considerar, en particular, que \"los gobiernos [y las organizaciones intergubernamentales] no existen con fines comerciales, sino para prestar servicios, fundamentalmente de carácter social y otros servicios respecto de los que el sector comercial no está dispuesto a arriesgarse por razones económicas\"[46].", "[] Riesgo: En los primeros países en que se adoptó la contabilidad en valores devengados (1991-1992), como el Reino Unido y Nueva Zelandia, \"ha suscitado especial preocupación la eficacia de las imputaciones de capital cuando las normas son aplicadas por administradores del máximo nivel en lugar de mediante la integración y la educación de los usuarios de tal información\"[47].", "3. Prestaciones de los empleados", "60. El Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión ha tomado nota de la magnitud de las repercusiones de la adopción de las IPSAS, sobre todo a los efectos del pleno reconocimiento de las obligaciones en materia de prestaciones de los empleados, como el seguro médico después de la separación del servicio, las vacaciones anuales y la prima de repatriación. Ciertamente el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión destacó que, aunque las IPSAS únicamente exigirían el reconocimiento y el suministro de información sobre tales obligaciones, la cuestión de la financiación tendría que ser abordada con una atención simultánea e igualmente urgente[48].", "61. La cuestión fue planteada por primera vez por la CCAAP en 1997, es decir, mucho antes de que se previeran las decisiones sobre la adopción de las IPSAS. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), que fue su precursora, reconoció el seguro médico después de la separación del servicio en 2001. No obstante, con la puesta en marcha del proyecto de aplicación de las IPSAS, en los estados financieros habrán de reconocerse obligaciones plenas en materia de seguro médico después de la separación del servicio. Habida cuenta de su magnitud, y a pesar de que existe un serio margen de incertidumbre que afecta a las estimaciones que usan diferentes parámetros[49], cada vez es más importante delimitar las fuentes presentes y futuras de financiación. En los períodos de sesiones sexagésimo y sexagésimo primero de la Asamblea General[50], el Secretario General recomendó que las Naciones Unidas reconocieran íntegramente en sus estados financieros las obligaciones correspondientes al seguro médico después de la separación del servicio y que pusieran en marcha una estrategia de financiación encaminada a su plena financiación en el plazo de 30 años. Aunque la Asamblea General aplazó la adopción de una decisión sobre el tema, varias organizaciones, como la FAO, el PNUD, el UNICEF, el PMA, la OMS y la OMM, ya habían decidido adoptar medidas para garantizar —aunque nunca de manera plena— los fondos necesarios para hacer frente a tales obligaciones[51]. Otras organizaciones mantuvieron una posición indecisa acerca de cuáles eran los medios más adecuados de financiación y destacaron la necesidad de una mayor armonización de los mecanismos de financiación y de un claro compromiso de los Estados Miembros, ya que eran ellos los que en definitiva tenían que determinar las modalidades de financiación de tales costos. A este respecto, se aconseja a los Estados Miembros que sean consecuentes al adoptar decisiones en todas las organizaciones de las que son miembros, sobre todo para arbitrar una solución común a nivel de todo el sistema. Por el momento, cada organización tendrá que examinar las dos siguientes opciones cuando evalúe los efectos a largo plazo de esa obligación, junto con sus riesgos inherentes:", "financiación, el cumplimiento de los requisitos de las IPSAS debería garantizar la gestión de los recursos en un fondo que contenga contribuciones de los Estados Miembros a lo largo del tiempo y que genere ingresos por concepto de inversión, lo que facilitaría los futuros pagos a los ex empleados; y", "obligación puede verse afectada por el estado de la economía y la gestión de los fondos públicos no sólo por el Estado Miembro afectado, sino también por todos los Estados Miembros de la organización de que se trate, todos los cuales tendrían que pagar en el futuro cuantiosas sumas con destino al presupuesto de la organización para sufragar las obligaciones contraídas realmente con los ex empleados.", "62. En los casos en que existe una estrategia de financiación convenida, las IPSAS destacarán la responsabilidad de los Estados Miembros mediante la divulgación de su volumen de obligaciones en comparación con los activos acumulados en el fondo. Si no existe esa estrategia, será menor la responsabilidad de los Estados Miembros. Hay incertidumbres en ambos casos, y la reciente crisis financiera pone de manifiesto que no hay ninguna opción carente de riesgo. Una estrategia de financiación convenida podría ser una opción más segura si las inversiones estuvieran bien gestionadas, como parece ser el caso en otro contexto con la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas (CCPPNU).", "63. Actualmente la mayoría de las obligaciones respecto de los empleados se liquidan \"sobre la marcha\", atendiéndose los pagos carentes de financiación con cargo a los recursos disponibles en el período en el cual se efectúan dichos pagos. Esto significa, por lo general, que algunos gastos correspondientes a obligaciones no previamente contabilizadas ni consideradas contraídas se imputan a períodos contables posteriores[52]. La reciente crisis financiera puso de manifiesto la necesidad de una planificación a largo plazo.", "64. La financiación de las obligaciones por concepto de seguro médico después de la separación del servicio resulta cada vez más compleja debido a que muchos fondos fiduciarios son a corto plazo. Una vez clausurados, no pueden proporcionar recursos para prestaciones después de la separación del servicio con destino a ex empleados que, por ejemplo, hayan pasado a trabajar en otra organización. Eso significa que las futuras obligaciones tendrán que ser sufragadas en su totalidad por la organización receptora.", "4. La cuestión del presupuesto", "65. La norma 24 de las IPSAS (Presentación de información del presupuesto en los estados financieros) dispone la presentación obligatoria de las sumas del presupuesto, que han de cotejarse con los datos contables. Al realizarse la transición desde las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas (\"sistema de contabilidad de caja modificada\") a la contabilidad en valores devengados se puede recurrir a dos opciones:", "1) Aplicar plenamente el principio de la contabilidad en valores devengados al presupuesto y a las cuentas generales (en cuyo caso el balance presupuestario se ajustará a la diferencia entre las prestaciones presupuestadas y las obligaciones establecidas durante el ejercicio económico, independientemente de la suma que se haya desembolsado o recaudado).", "2) Aplicar el principio de los valores devengados únicamente a las cuentas generales, al tiempo que la ejecución del presupuesto sigue estando sometida al principio del efectivo (en cuyo caso existe un sistema \"dual\", sobre el cual ha de procederse a una conciliación cada año, publicada en notas de los estados financieros y ratificada por el auditor). Uno de los principales retos que plantea la adopción de las IPSAS es adecuar la información de los estados financieros a los presupuestos, práctica que puede servir para evaluar mejor el desempeño de la organización que informa. Eso exigirá una conciliación expresa anual (o trimestral) entre el presupuesto y los estados financieros. Por ejemplo, el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) fue invitado por su auditor externo a vincular más las cuentas y el presupuesto[53]. Se plantea el reto de cómo alentar a los directores de los programas a analizar los datos correspondientes a valores devengados y hacer un buen uso de sus conclusiones.", "66. En 2006 únicamente dos de los ocho países europeos que habían adoptado oficialmente la contabilidad en valores devengados asumieron ese doble reto: el Reino Unido (que había tardado 13 años en llevar a cabo la transición) y Suiza.", "67. Por el momento la mayoría de las organizaciones intergubernamentales que ya han pasado a aplicar la contabilidad en valores devengados (incluida la Comisión Europea) consideran difícil implantar la presupuestación en valores devengados, por lo menos a corto plazo. Mantendrán la presentación del presupuesto en efectivo por considerar que la presupuestación en valores devengados no será fácilmente aceptada por sus Estados miembros. No obstante, las presentaciones del presupuesto en efectivo han de realizarse sobre la base de un ejercicio económico anual, en tanto que la mayoría de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas tienen presupuestos bienales o incluso plurianuales. Otro argumento utilizado en favor de esa posibilidad es el hecho de que la etapa de aplicación de las IPSAS exige considerables recursos financieros y humanos, lo que afecta su capacidad para emprender otros proyectos en gran escala. Además, la presupuestación basada en valores devengados es más adecuada para un entorno estable como el de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, pero resulta menos adecuada en situaciones rápidamente cambiantes, como las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz.", "68. Aunque la presupuestación basada en valores devengados no es un requisito de las IPSAS, la propugnan varias autoridades contables, incluida la Fédération des Experts‑Comptables Européens, que manifestó en 2006 que \"Es importante destacar que las ventajas de la contabilidad en valores devengados únicamente pueden materializarse y afianzarse si los presupuestos también se preparan en valores devengados. Sin los presupuestos en valores devengados, los administradores financieros no estarán dispuestos a gestionar sus indicadores clave en valores devengados y, por consiguiente, es menos probable que realicen una función financiera íntegramente en valores devengados. También es menos probable que aprovechen todas las posibilidades de la información financiera en valores devengados como un instrumento de gestión financiera durante el ejercicio\"[54].", "69. La actualización de los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales para hacer posible una contabilización simultánea de cada gasto en los libros de contabilidad \"en valores devengados\" y \"en efectivo\", como ya lo han realizado algunos proveedores, facilitará la comparación entre las cuentas reales e iniciales. La preparación de cuadros comparativos requerirá un esfuerzo conjunto por parte del personal encargado de las cuentas y del presupuesto, que hasta el momento ha trabajado aparte y carece de experiencia en este nuevo ámbito.", "5. Reconocimiento de ingresos", "70. El reconocimiento de ingresos es otra esfera que tiene exigencias técnicas. En la norma 23 de las IPSAS, Ingresos de transacciones sin contraprestación[55] (lo contrario de los ingresos por ventas o arrendamientos) se determina cuándo deben reconocerse los ingresos y cómo deben medirse. La dificultad para las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, a diferencia del sector privado, estriba sobre todo en el predominio (entre el 80 y el 90%) de esas transacciones sin contraprestación en el caso de tales organizaciones y el requisito de distinguir entre los diferentes tipos de esas transacciones de ingresos, que han de contabilizarse de diferentes maneras. En tanto que las cuotas estarán sujetas a un tratamiento similar en todas las organizaciones, los diferentes tipos de acuerdos de financiación voluntaria y de promesas de contribuciones requieren un tratamiento específico de las cuentas, que ha de determinarse únicamente después de un detenido examen y una interpretación de los acuerdos de financiación[56]. Los millares de fondos fiduciarios constituidos mediante acuerdo en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas suscitan un problema real al respecto[57].", "6. Contabilidad de los fondos", "71. Los fondos representan un conjunto de recursos destinados a la realización de determinadas actividades o a la consecución de ciertos objetivos de conformidad con restricciones legislativas o normativas de otra índole impuestas a la utilización de tales recursos. La mayoría de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas informaron de que utilizaban la contabilidad de los fondos con arreglo a las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En consecuencia, en los estados financieros deben figurar desgloses e información de cada fondo, al tiempo que han de \"consignarse por separado la naturaleza de cada fondo de capital y cuenta de reserva, la autoridad con arreglo a la cual se establecieron, los montos autorizados, las fuentes de financiación y el movimiento de los fondos constitutivos de cada uno de ellos\"[58]. \"Cuando presenten datos en columnas, las organizaciones deben mostrar claramente qué fondos están a disposición de los Estados miembros de la organización que informa (por ejemplo, fondos del presupuesto ordinario o fondos del capital circulante, etc.) y qué fondos no lo están (por ejemplo, fondos recibidos de donantes para financiar proyectos).\"[59] No obstante, esas cuestiones no son abordadas en las IPSAS, que guardan silencio sobre la contabilidad de los fondos, otro indicio de que las necesidades de las organizaciones intergubernamentales no fueron tenidas en cuenta por los redactores de las IPSAS. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad recomendó un enfoque armonizado, pero en el momento del examen por la Dependencia Común de Inspección no se había encontrado una solución común a causa de los diferentes acuerdos concertados con donantes y las interpretaciones contrapuestas del concepto de \"fondo fiduciario\". Posteriormente cada organización habrá de examinar y acordar con sus auditores externos la cuestión de la aplicación.", "7. Tipos de cambio y periodicidad de los estados financieros", "72. Según la norma 4 de las IPSAS, Efectos de las variaciones en las tasas de cambio de la moneda extranjera, \"una transacción en moneda extranjera deberá registrarse, en su reconocimiento inicial, utilizando la moneda funcional, aplicando al importe en moneda extranjera, la tasa de cambio de contado existente entre la moneda funcional y la moneda extranjera en la fecha de la transacción\". Esa disposición de las IPSAS fue destacada por la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría, auditor externo del PMA, para poner de manifiesto que el sistema existente de fijar el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas no era suficiente para cumplir con los requisitos de las IPSAS, dado que la \"tasa de cambio de contado (spot exchange rate) es la tasa de cambio utilizada en las transacciones con entrega inmediata\"[60]. Según las normas, \"puede utilizarse la media de los cambios mensuales o semanales para todas las transacciones que se han producido, en cada moneda extranjera, durante el período\" siempre que los tipos de cambio no varíen considerablemente. No obstante, este problema fue resuelto por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad en 2009. Se decidió que las organizaciones que desearan utilizar el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas (tipo de cambio oficial de las Naciones Unidas) en lugar del tipo de cambio de contado debían demostrar que eso no generaba ninguna discrepancia sustancial. Como complemento de esa decisión, se puso en marcha un procedimiento para reducir al mínimo las diferencias entre el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas y los tipos de cambio de contado, lo que incluía realizar ajustes a mitad del mes cuando se hubiese llegado a cierto límite. Además, se decidió que, sobre la base de los tipos de cambio de contado, se publicaría un tipo de cambio operacional revisado de las Naciones Unidas a finales de junio y de diciembre para garantizar que no hubiera diferencias de tipo de cambio en la fecha del balance.", "IV. Ejecución de los proyectos relativos a las IPSAS en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "73. Tras su adopción por todas las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, el proceso de transición hacia las IPSAS, adoptado en principio, dio lugar a una estrategia de dos niveles para facilitar la coexistencia y la interacción de los proyectos:", "propio equipo para el proyecto y de destinar suficientes recursos humanos y financieros para asegurar el éxito de la aplicación de las IPSAS. En la estrategia inicial acordada se previeron dos fases: algunas de las organizaciones precursoras pondrían en práctica las IPSAS en 2008 (sólo una logró ese objetivo) mientras que otras organizaciones lo harían en 2010;", "para todo el sistema se encarga de la elaboración de políticas contables para promover y estimular una interpretación homogénea de los requisitos de las IPSAS en todo el sistema, y facilitar el examen de cuestiones comunes relativas a la aplicación cuando sea posible adoptar un enfoque para todo el sistema que aumente la eficiencia[61].", "A. El proyecto para todo el sistema (Junta de los jefes ejecutivos)", "1. Una labor interinstitucional", "74. Una vez que se optó por las IPSAS, era necesario traducir cada uno de los requisitos contenidos en esas normas en directrices y documentos de política que cada organización utilizaría para satisfacer necesidades concretas y relacionadas con sus proyectos. La cooperación interinstitucional era esencial. De hecho, como lo señaló un ex Auditor Externo de la ONUDI, \"[e]s de suma importancia que la Organización participe en las diversas reuniones sobre las IPSAS y contribuya a su interpretación y aplicación coherente en todo el sistema\"[62].", "75. Como parte de las actividades de financiación conjunta establecida en el Presupuesto de las Naciones Unidas, en 2005 se inició un primer proyecto conocido como el proyecto de normas de contabilidad, a fin de determinar la manera en que el sistema de las Naciones Unidas podía aplicar normas de contabilidad apropiadas[63]. Este proyecto concluyó en noviembre de 2005 con la recomendación de que se adoptaran las IPSAS. El Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión aprobó un nuevo proyecto para el período 2006-2009 con un presupuesto anual de 1.160.000 dólares de los Estados Unidos por año[64], para apoyar la aplicación de las IPSAS a nivel de todo el sistema y velar por una aplicación armonizada y por la obtención de economías de escala. El proyecto fue prorrogado hasta 2011, pero se redujo a 1,33 millones de dólares por bienio. El proyecto dispone de un jefe de equipo y dos profesionales. El equipo para todo el sistema con sede en Nueva York, que también se redujo considerablemente, rinde cuentas a un Comité Directivo, formado por dos organizaciones de cada uno de los principales centros del sistema de las Naciones Unidas (Nueva York, Ginebra, Viena y Roma) que se reúne cada 15 días y rinde cuentas al Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad, integrado por altos funcionarios de finanzas de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se encarga de establecer las prioridades de los proyectos, definir los productos y examinar los progresos realizados con respecto a las IPSAS. El equipo elaboró amplias políticas contables para asegurar la coherencia y la armonización, y facilitar el examen de cuestiones comunes relativas a la aplicación cuando sea posible adoptar un enfoque para todo el sistema que aumente la eficiencia y mejore la calidad de los informes financieros. El equipo ha establecido también un proceso de examen en el que participan cuatro grupos de debate regionales integrados por profesionales contables de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Esos grupos de debate, establecidos en Nueva York, Ginebra, Viena y Roma, examinan los documentos sobre políticas y directrices contables preparados por el equipo y formulan recomendaciones y observaciones que el equipo analiza y luego presenta al Grupo de Trabajo para su examen y aprobación. En 2010 se establecieron grupos de trabajo interinstitucionales para intercambiar conocimientos y experiencias sobre importantes requisitos específicos de las IPSAS, como las prestaciones de los empleados, las entidades controladas, los servicios comunes, los inventarios y la donación de los derechos de utilización de locales en virtud de acuerdos conjuntos[65], al tiempo que el equipo para todo el sistema brindaba apoyo y orientación en materia de políticas. Por último, el equipo también se encarga de presentar las cuestiones contables de las Naciones Unidas al Consejo de Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público, aunque su influencia se limita a la de un simple observador.", "76. Si bien la mayoría de los contadores de las organizaciones entrevistados en 2009 manifestaron que esta cooperación interinstitucional era de gran utilidad, algunos expresaron preocupación por lo que consideraban un proceso de normalización excesiva aun en los casos en que no era seguro que hubiera una fórmula uniforme aplicable a todos. Se indicó además que el proceso de armonización había retrasado el logro de un consenso sobre las políticas esenciales relativas a las IPSAS, como el tratamiento de los ingresos, los gastos y los activos del proyecto. Teniendo en cuenta esas observaciones críticas, el Grupo de Trabajo decidió en mayo de 2010 permitir y gestionar la nueva diversidad de políticas contables entre las organizaciones, derivadas de los distintos marcos normativos, acuerdos institucionales, mandatos, procesos institucionales, etc. Se establecería un conjunto básico de políticas y prácticas cuando fuera necesario y se crearían a nivel de todo el sistema procesos para lograr una mayor vigilancia y armonización.", "2. Productos y servicios", "77. En 2006 el equipo elaboró una primera serie de políticas y directrices contables conformes con las IPSAS para que se examinaran en los cuatro grupos de debate regionales. Desde entonces, se ha encargado de elaborar notas informativas, documentos y directrices que detallan las propuestas para armonizar las políticas y directrices contables conformes con las IPSAS. En diciembre de 2009, los documentos y notas informativas del equipo así como las actas de las reuniones conexas sirvieron de base para preparar 59 documentos de políticas y directrices contables, que fueron examinados por el Grupo de Trabajo y posteriormente aprobados por la Red de Finanzas y Presupuesto y el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión[66].", "78. El equipo también se encarga de mantener y actualizar constantemente las normas contables en el sitio web de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos y de prestar servicios a las reuniones semestrales del Grupo de Trabajo. Además, se invitó al Equipo de la Dependencia Común de Inspección a participar en su reunión de mayo de 2009, celebrada en Roma, en la cual presentó una ponencia sobre los preparativos para el examen de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "79. El equipo colabora con las organizaciones dando seguimiento a sus progresos en la aplicación de las IPSAS, para lo cual utiliza un cuestionario que les envía periódicamente. También se comunica con los auditores externos de las organizaciones para proporcionarles copias de sus documentos y directrices. Además, ha establecido un proceso formal de comunicación con el Grupo Técnico del Grupo de Auditores Externos para solicitarles su opinión sobre las políticas y directrices contables[67].", "80. Una actividad importante del equipo fue la creación de los cursos de capacitación sobre las IPSAS para su utilización en todo el sistema. Tras una demora de varios años, ahora los 18 cursos se han ultimado. Se trata de 7 cursos por computadora y 11 cursos con instructor, ahora disponibles en Internet y CD-ROM. Si bien cada organización se encarga de elaborar su propio plan de capacitación relacionado con las IPSAS y de poner en marcha las actividades de capacitación según ese plan, en los cursos pueden participar personas de todas las organizaciones.", "81. Los productos de capacitación abarcan aspectos generales de las IPSAS así como aspectos técnicamente especializados. Como se señala en el informe de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos sobre las IPSAS, los comentarios recibidos en relación con los cursos han sido muy positivos. Se espera que los cursos se impartan durante varios años, en función de los planes de capacitación y el calendario de aplicación de cada organización.", "82. La futura labor se centrará en: la resolución de cualquier problema que surja; la evaluación formal de los materiales de capacitación; el mantenimiento de los cursos (modificaciones según la evolución de las IPSAS); y en la traducción de los cursos al español y al francés. El Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión aprobó recursos para el ejercicio 2010-2011 en relación con las actividades de administración y comunicación sobre la adopción de las IPSAS, el desarrollo de las políticas y directrices contables y la participación en el Consejo de Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público, pero no se asignaron recursos para más actividades de capacitación sobre las IPSAS.", "83. Pese al reducido tamaño del equipo (constituido por 1 jefe de equipo de la categoría P-5 y 3 funcionarios del cuadro orgánico en 2008, reducido a 1 jefe de equipo de la categoría P-5, 2 funcionarios del cuadro orgánico a tiempo completo y 1 funcionario de la categoría de servicios generales a tiempo parcial en 2010-2011), hay consenso general en el sentido de que el equipo contribuye de manera importante a facilitar la labor interinstitucional de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos relativa a las IPSAS.", "B. Los proyectos de las organizaciones: cuestiones estratégicas y diversidad", "1. Gobernanza y gestión del cambio", "84. Según la Federación Europea de Contadores[68] deben existir varias condiciones esenciales en las entidades del sector público para asegurar que la introducción de una contabilidad basada en valores devengados no sólo tenga éxito desde el punto de vista técnico sino que también contribuya a mejorar la calidad de la gestión financiera y aumentar la independencia y la transparencia del proceso de presentación de informes financieros. Algunas de esas condiciones son las siguientes:", "[] Riesgos: La ausencia de algunas de estas condiciones entraña riesgos graves.", "85. A juicio del Inspector, ahora resulta difícil determinar si esas condiciones existían en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas entre 2005 y 2007, cuando se estaban tomando decisiones individuales y colectivas con respecto a la adopción de las IPSAS en 2010.", "86. El concepto de \"aceptación\" es de particular importancia en el caso de esta reforma e implica, en el contexto actual, la voluntad de los funcionarios públicos de aceptar que las reformas supondrán cambios en las funciones que desempeñan los encargados de la gestión financiera, y modificarán considerablemente su influencia y sus responsabilidades. La aceptación debe ir más allá de un grupo relativamente pequeño de tecnócratas. El personal directivo debe estar convencido de que esa decisión, de aplicarse seriamente, redundará en beneficios claros y concretos para la organización, lo que compensaría las dificultades y complejidades que surjan durante la transición. Dada la importancia fundamental del proyecto, el pleno compromiso del personal directivo superior y de los funcionarios encargados de las finanzas es esencial, especialmente porque una empresa de este tipo requiere cambios importantes en el comportamiento profesional y es probable que se oponga resistencia a ella.", "87. La resistencia es inherente al proceso de cambio. Según John P. Kotter, uno de los principales expertos mundiales en liderazgo empresarial, siempre que una comunidad humana se ve obligada a ajustarse a condiciones cambiantes el proceso es doloroso\"[69]. Basándose en su observación de los errores comunes que se cometen al liderar cambios, Kotter definió un interesante proceso de ocho etapas que puede resumirse en los términos siguientes:", "88. Las primeras tres etapas se ajustan perfectamente al contexto de la transición a las IPSAS. Para poner en marcha el cambio en una organización es necesario crear una fuerte coalición que sirva de guía. La composición adecuada del grupo de personas, el nivel de confianza y la visión compartida son factores esenciales para el éxito del equipo y para romper la resistencia de las fuerzas partidarias del statu quo. Un líder fuerte no puede por sí sólo hacer que cambien las cosas. Además, el equipo debe tener mucha credibilidad dentro de la organización para que pueda ser eficaz.", "89. Es indispensable que todo el personal directivo superior comprenda la importancia, el alcance y los beneficios que cabe esperar de la transición a las IPSAS.", "Práctica óptima Nº 1 \nPara una aplicación satisfactoria de las IPSAS es necesarioestablecer un comité directivo o un órgano equivalenteinterdepartamental para el proyecto de las IPSAS encargado deconseguir que el personal directivo superior comprenda los objetivosy la visión en que se sustenta la transición a las IPSAS. Se deberíaencomendar a ese comité un mandato plurianual, e incluir al personaly a los consultores especializados en el diseño previo, el diseñopropiamente dicho y la aplicación de los sistemas de planificación delos recursos institucionales.", "90. La mayoría de las organizaciones han adoptado una estructura estándar de gobernanza del proyecto (véase el gráfico 1 infra) que abarca a un patrocinador, en la mayoría de los casos (que proporciona liderazgo estratégico y político); un comité directivo o una junta del proyecto (que se reúne por lo menos una vez al mes, brinda asesoramiento sobre cuestiones estratégicas y políticas y brinda apoyo al más alto nivel); un órgano interno o externo de supervisión (que proporciona información al comité directivo); un jefe del proyecto y un equipo del proyecto (encargados de poner en marcha los trabajos).", "91. El equipo del proyecto por lo general cuenta con el apoyo de grupos de trabajo integrados por profesionales de las distintas esferas orgánicas pertinentes, que se encargan de aportar conocimientos técnicos basados en las actividades específicas que realiza su organización.", "92. Una práctica óptima sería crear un puesto, a tiempo completo, de jefe del proyecto, que rinda cuentas directamente al personal directivo superior y cuente con las atribuciones necesarias que le permitan hacer frente a la resistencia que generará inevitablemente la imposición de una importante reforma de la cultura de presentación de informes y las prácticas de la organización. La estructura de gobernanza del proyecto de las IPSAS de las Naciones Unidas figura en un gráfico del informe de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto (A/63/496).", "Gráfico 1 Estructura común de gobernanza de un proyecto", "[]", "93. Algunas organizaciones, como la OIT y la OMPI, no han establecido una estructura formal para la ejecución del proyecto. Los equipos encargados de la ejecución eran grupos informales que rendían cuentas al contralor o al director de finanzas. El Inspector duda que esas estructuras de apoyo sean eficientes y está de acuerdo con los expertos que consideran que una fuerte coalición al más alto nivel de cada organización debería servir de apoyo a los proyectos de esa magnitud, la cual debería dar a conocer su visión así como el carácter urgente del proyecto.", "94. En muchas organizaciones el equipo del proyecto dispone de un importante componente de tecnología de la información, ya que los sistemas de la tecnología de la información deben mejorarse para apoyar la adopción de las IPSAS (véase el capítulo III, sección B 4). Sin embargo, muchas de ellas también han mantenido el proyecto de aplicación de las IPSAS separado de un elemento mucho más grande que es la planificación de los recursos institucionales. Las buenas prácticas consisten en colocar los dos proyectos distintos bajo la misma autoridad; por ejemplo, una junta común de proyectos, como lo hace el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) o una dirección común (PMA). La UIT ejecuta un proyecto conjunto de racionalización de las IPSAS y planificación de los recursos institucionales. La OMS es la única organización que no ha iniciado un proyecto de ejecución separado, ya que las IPSAS forman parte de su proyecto de planificación de los recursos interinstitucionales, con lo cual se corre el riesgo de desatender algunos aspectos de la transición a las IPSAS.", "2. Análisis de las lagunas y los usuarios", "95. Es esencial evaluar primero el alcance y la magnitud de la acción prevista. La transición hacia la adopción de normas internacionales de contabilidad requiere una cantidad considerable de estudios y análisis de los procesos institucionales, junto con la formulación de políticas y directrices de procedimiento. En alguna etapa del proceso cada organización u organismo de ejecución deberá formular sus propias políticas, de acuerdo con sus propios objetivos y procesos institucionales. De acuerdo con un antiguo proverbio griego, \"conócete a ti mismo\", la planificación debería basarse en una visión clara de los objetivos que se ha fijado la entidad en cuestión y en un conocimiento a fondo de sus actividades, procesos y flujos contables. Una buena práctica consiste en definir desde el principio el contenido de la presentación de informes basados en las IPSAS, integrando los informes operacionales y financieros e identificando los usuarios actuales y posibles de los futuros informes financieros. Los usuarios internos son el personal directivo superior, los servicios de autorizaciones y los auditores internos. Al mes de junio de 2010, el 81% de las organizaciones había examinado las normas y habían determinado el efecto de cada una de ellas. Las Naciones Unidas no figuraban entre ellas.", "96. Entre los usuarios externos se incluye a los miembros de los órganos rectores, los gobiernos, los auditores externos, los analistas políticos y financieros, las agencias de calificación, los medios de información y el público en general. Se debería proporcionar a los usuarios información financiera acerca de cuestiones tales como los recursos que controla la entidad, el costo de sus operaciones (el costo de la prestación de bienes y servicios), información más detallada sobre la corriente de efectivo y otros datos financieros que sean de utilidad para evaluar la situación financiera de la entidad y los cambios que se producen en ella, y para determinar si su funcionamiento es rentable y eficiente. Los usuarios también pueden utilizar los informes financieros para evaluar la manera en que la organización administra los recursos y determinar si cumple con la legislación. En síntesis, la calidad de la información proporcionada en los informes financieros determina la utilidad que tienen esos informes para los usuarios. A ese respecto, la contabilidad basada en valores devengados exige que las entidades mantengan en sus balances registros completos de los activos y pasivos y que identifiquen y registren cualquier transacción fuera de balance.", "Práctica óptima Nº 2 \nPara que el proceso de transición a las IPSAS tenga éxito, primero esnecesario realizar un análisis de las lagunas de los procesosinstitucionales, los procedimientos, los informes financieros, y lasfunciones que se han establecido según el marco de las Normas decontabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y luego realizar unanálisis a fondo de los requisitos y repercusiones de cada una de lasIPSAS.", "3. Una estrategia gradual y planificada", "97. Las organizaciones no deberían afirmar que cumplen con las IPSAS antes de haber puesto en marcha y sometido a prueba todos los procedimientos y políticas que rigen la aplicación de las normas. Como parte de la estrategia de adopción, cada organización debería haber planificado un calendario viable para introducir los cambios necesarios en los procedimientos y políticas, optando por una adopción de tipo \"big-bang\", una fecha de aplicación de tipo \"Día-D\" bien planificada con antelación, o una aplicación progresiva, por grupos de normas. La respuesta colectiva del sistema de las Naciones Unidas consistió en un \"enfoque de tipo big-bang gradual\". Las organizaciones pioneras fijaron el 1º de enero de 2008 como fecha de aplicación y otras el 1º de enero de 2010. Sin embargo, las estrategias de algunas organizaciones fueron mal definidas y el período de transición estaba sujeto a ciertas condiciones y restricciones. En algunos casos influyeron mucho las recomendaciones de las empresas consultoras.", "98. La experiencia de los primeros países que comenzaron a aplicar las IPSAS (Nueva Zelandia, Canadá, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido) muestra que en su caso la transición tardó en promedio diez años. La transición de Francia, de tipo \"big-bang\", tardó sólo cinco años (2001-2006), gracias a una clara división de las responsabilidades (servicios de autorización y certificación), el establecimiento de puntos de referencia, sugerido por los expertos británicos, norteamericanos y canadienses, y ante todo a la asistencia prestada durante tres años por un equipo especializado de 15 expertos.", "99. Al igual que la OCDE, durante el mismo período (2000-2005) y con el mismo grado de éxito, la Comisión Europea ha experimentado un proceso acelerado bien preparado. Cumplió con los plazos establecidos en su reglamento financiero para la preparación de estados financieros ajustados a las normas internacionales, realizó estudios financieros y de viabilidad en 2002 y estudios contables en 2003; y en 2004 reunió toda la información necesaria para establecer un saldo de apertura al 1º de enero de 2005. Ello demuestra que una \"estrategia de tipo big-bang\" es compatible con una planificación rigurosa; es más, esa planificación rigurosa podría ser indispensable para su adopción.", "100. La estrategia de tipo \"big-bang\" ofrece varias ventajas claras y puede ayudar a las organizaciones a aplicar las IPSAS más rápidamente. Sin embargo, supone más riesgos, ya que si el cambio es inmediato hay que tomar una serie de medidas simultáneas, una situación difícil para un equipo de proyecto pequeño o una organización compleja. El equipo de aplicación de las IPSAS en las Naciones Unidas ha optado por incorporar progresivamente los requisitos de las IPSAS en la medida en que lo permitan los actuales sistemas de información de la Organización, y es consciente de que el año 2013 será particularmente difícil porque algunas oficinas llevarán su contabilidad con arreglo a las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otras lo harán con arreglo a los requisitos de las IPSAS. El equipo de Umoja está buscando una solución a este problema. Sin embargo, ello pone en duda la viabilidad del objetivo fijado para 2014. Cualquiera que sea la estrategia elegida, y especialmente en el momento de su adopción, se alienta a las organizaciones a que, en consulta con sus auditores externos, realicen una serie de pruebas para la presentación de los estados financieros que abarquen el período de nueve meses previo a la presentación del primer estado financiero anual con arreglo a las IPSAS, a fin de evaluar hasta que punto están preparadas para la adopción de esas normas. Ello les permitirá recibir información importante sobre la magnitud de las modificaciones y mejoras que se requieren para que el auditor pueda emitir una opinión sin salvedades sobre su estado financiero conforme con las IPSAS al final del año. Además, deberían actualizar periódicamente sus planes y presupuestos de adopción de las IPSAS, de acuerdo con la recomendación formulada por la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas al ACNUR[70] y al OOPS[71].", "101. Lo anterior plantea otra cuestión, la de si los procesos conformes con las IPSAS pueden funcionar paralelamente con los métodos contables tradicionales. A juicio del Inspector, existe el riesgo grave y probable de que se sacrifiquen actividades que se realizan actualmente para asegurar el futuro cumplimiento de esas normas y el personal ya tiene una sobrecarga de trabajo en relación con las IPSAS, además de sus funciones habituales. La calidad de los trabajos que se realizan en ambos casos podría verse afectada negativamente, lo que impediría establecer una comparación válida entre el ejercicio económico en curso y los subsiguientes.", "102. La competencia entre las iniciativas de gestión podría entrañar otro tipo de riesgos graves que los órganos rectores y el personal directivo superior deberían tener en cuenta. En 2009, el PNUD, con la aprobación de su Junta Ejecutiva, decidió aplazar la aplicación de las IPSAS de 2010 a 2012. Asimismo, decidió cambiar el enfoque de la aplicación de todas las normas IPSAS de un enfoque gradual a uno de tipo \"bing-bang\". La consideración esencial era mitigar los riesgos que entrañaba la existencia de múltiples iniciativas de cambio a nivel de toda la Organización, en particular la aplicación a nivel de todo el sistema de la reforma de los arreglos contractuales de las Naciones Unidas y el nuevo sistema de administración de justicia, ambos establecidos por la Asamblea General y cuya entrada en vigor estaba prevista para julio de 2009. El aplazamiento también garantizaba que el PNUD invertiría tiempo y recursos suficientes para la ejecución de un amplio programa de gestión del cambio (por ejemplo, numerosas actividades de capacitación y comunicación) y que las oficinas en los países tendrían tiempo suficiente para prepararse para las consecuencias que tendría la adopción de las IPSAS, como por ejemplo, obtener una dotación de personal adecuada y los conocimientos técnicos necesarios. Ello evitaría la sobrecarga de trabajo de las oficinas en los países en 2008, cuando se esperaba que participaran en varias otras iniciativas en gran escala, como la puesta en marcha de planes estratégicos y la presupuestación basada en los resultados.", "Práctica óptima Nº 3 \nEn el caso de un cambio importante en el entorno del proyecto, esimportante que las organizaciones revalúen su estrategia inicial deadopción de las IPSAS y la ajusten de ser necesario.", "4. Gestión del proyecto", "103. Una gestión racional, la identificación con el proyecto, la claridad en la definición de las responsabilidades y la asignación de las tareas, una buena participación de todos los interesados y la existencia de sinergias entre los subproyectos son elementos fundamentales para la fluidez del proceso de transición a las IPSAS. Como lo señaló un funcionario de la Comisión Europea al referirse al éxito de la experiencia de esa Comisión, la cuestión principal no son las normas ni las políticas contables, sino la gestión del proyecto.", "104. Al mes de junio de 2010, el 86% de las organizaciones disponía de un plan de proyecto y un cronograma detallado (81% en diciembre de 2009). Algunas organizaciones (por ejemplo el UNICEF, el PNUD, el PMA, la UNESCO y la OACI) tienen mecanismos formales para la gestión de proyectos, que han sido a menudo el fruto de la experiencia adquirida en la gestión de iniciativas estratégicas y proyectos anteriores. Otras organizaciones (por ejemplo, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS)) han adoptado mecanismos normalizados para la gestión de proyectos como el \"PRINCE2\"[72]. Las principales características de este instrumento son:", "proyecto;", "controlables; y", "proyecto[73].", "105. Muchos equipos del proyecto disponen de un importante componente de tecnología de la información, ya que los sistemas de tecnología de la información deben perfeccionarse para apoyar la aplicación de las IPSAS. Ello viene creando una verdadera dependencia recíproca entre los proyectos; por ejemplo, la dificultad para financiar el proyecto de las Naciones Unidas de planificación de los recursos institucionales ha sido una de las principales razones de las demoras en la aplicación del proyecto de las IPSAS. Sin embargo, se señalaron otras; y la Junta de Auditores tuvo que recomendar que se terminara de elaborar el cronograma y el plan de proyectos detallados para la aplicación de las IPSAS[74].", "106. Además de la adopción de principios contables basados en valores devengados, una de las medidas necesarias para lograr la armonización con las IPSAS es la creación de un nuevo sistema de contabilidad integrada. Ese sistema debería proporcionar los instrumentos necesarios para la presentación de cuentas en valores devengados, en particular información sobre los métodos contables, las reglas de valoración y los principios contables adoptados. Ello debería dar lugar a una mejor calidad de los informes financieros y un cuadro más preciso de la situación financiera de la organización en términos de activos y pasivos, ejecución del presupuesto y flujo de efectivo.", "107. Para ello habría que elaborar una serie completa de políticas contables. Según la Comisión Europea es necesario:", "políticas antes de la aprobación final;", "necesitarán políticas contables;", "políticas (la orientación mínima es adecuada cuando los funcionarios están familiarizados con la contabilidad basada en valores devengados y las normas aplicadas);", "apropiadas en el marco de los nuevos criterios contables;", "transacciones y operaciones contables específicas;", "como fuera de balance;", "interno[75] para garantizar la exactitud y la exhaustividad de los datos;", "y establecidos por el cuadro directivo para garantizar la legalidad y la regularidad de las transacciones, en particular mediante la protección de los activos y la información, la calidad de los registros contables y la producción oportuna de información financiera y de gestión fidedignas);", "108. El Inspector determinó que los equipos de proyectos trabajaban mejor cuando aplicaban los principios siguientes:", "un equipo multidisciplinario;", "usuarios;", "[] Riesgos", "proyecto;", "comité directivo;", "la junta de supervisión).", "Práctica óptima Nº 4 \nEl proceso de aplicación de las IPSAS funciona mejor si se le tratacomo un proyecto en todo el sentido de la palabra y biendiferenciado. Para facilitar la aplicación, deberían adoptarsemetodologías probadas en materia de planificación y ejecución deproyectos que contengan elementos tales como objetivos estratégicos,productos, plazos, hitos y procedimientos de supervisión claramentedefinidos.", "5. Planificación de los recursos institucionales", "109. La elaboración de nuevos sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales es un requisito indispensable para la aplicación gradual de las IPSAS en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Actualmente esos sistemas o ya se han elaborado y están plenamente en funcionamiento, o se están poniendo en marcha en las oficinas sobre el terreno. Un análisis amplio de las lagunas existentes debería venir acompañado de una estimación realista de las tareas relacionadas con los cambios necesarios. En la medida de lo posible, los equipos encargados de los proyectos de aplicación de las IPSAS y de la planificación de los recursos institucionales deberían combinar sus esfuerzos y colaborar estrechamente[78].", "110. En el caso de las organizaciones pioneras, como la Comisión Europea y el PMA, incluso el establecimiento de los saldos de apertura resultó ser una tarea difícil. Los saldos de apertura conformes con las IPSAS al 1º de enero del año Y se basarán en los saldos contables al 31 de diciembre del año Y-1 recalculados utilizando las IPSAS en lugar de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas[79].", "111. Un ejemplo elocuente de las dificultades que se plantean a este respecto es el de la Comisión Europea. En enero de 2005 se incorporaron en el sistema central de contabilidad de la Comisión Europea todos los datos necesarios para la contabilidad basada en valores devengados. Esto incluía más de 7.000 facturas o declaraciones de gastos, 30.000 prefinanciaciones, 92.000 activos y 3.100 garantías. Se invitó a cada servicio[80] a comprobar la exactitud de los datos introducidos antes del 1º de mayo de 2005, y en julio de 2005 más de 50 Directores Generales y Jefes de Servicio debieron validar formalmente sus saldos de apertura operativos. Después de haber procedido a las correspondientes verificaciones y controles, cada Director General validó las cifras, pero pidió algunas correcciones para garantizar la calidad de los datos. La última validación se recibió en enero de 2006. En 2005 el grueso de la labor de transición consistió en finalizar los saldos de apertura en valores devengados al 1º de enero de 2005, lo que resultó ser una tarea ingente para la Dirección General de Presupuestos y todos los demás servicios. La Dirección General de Presupuestos procedió a revisar y verificar la coherencia de las cifras para asegurar la calidad de los datos.", "Práctica óptima Nº 5 \nPara reducir al mínimo la posibilidad de que surjan problemas durantela transición, es conveniente elaborar una estrategia para establecersaldos de apertura que se ajusten a las IPSAS para la fecha previstade aplicación (primer día del primer año de cumplimiento), así comoel saldo de cierre para el día anterior, sobre la base de las normasde contabilidad anteriores (Normas de Contabilidad del Sistema de lasNaciones Unidas), pero fácilmente traducible en términos de las IPSASrespecto del saldo de apertura del año previsto.", "6. Cumplimiento de las disposiciones del órgano rector y sus expectativas iniciales", "112. Los Estados Miembros han tomado la decisión de adoptar las IPSAS teniendo en cuenta los beneficios que se prevén para las respectivas organizaciones y han asignado recursos específicos para ello. Por lo tanto, los órganos rectores tienen derecho a que se les mantenga informados sobre los progresos previstos y efectivamente logrados durante la fase de transición; aunque ello suponga invertir esfuerzos en la elaboración de informes que contribuyan a simplificar algunas cuestiones sumamente técnicas. En particular, el cuadro directivo debería compartir sus propias expectativas y compararlas con los logros, en un espíritu de gestión basada en los resultados.", "113. Las respuestas de las secretarías al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección muestran que los principales beneficios que esperaban las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas de la transición a las IPSAS eran: la mejora de los estados financieros en términos de transparencia (84,2% de las organizaciones que respondieron), normalización, armonización y coherencia (57,9%), calidad (52,6%), comparabilidad (47,4%), mejora de los controles internos (36,8%), así como otros beneficios que se señalan en el gráfico 2.", "Gráfico 2", "Beneficios que se esperan de la aplicación de las IPSAS", "[]", "Fuente: Respuestas al comentario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "Práctica óptima Nº 6 \nCon miras a garantizar la participación permanente de los órganosrectores en el proceso de cambio y contar con su compromiso, esnecesario informar periódicamente a los órganos rectores sobre losprogresos realizados en la aplicación de las IPSAS y pedirles queadopten las decisiones pertinentes, particularmente en relación conlas modificaciones que requieran los reglamentos financieros y laasignación de recursos al proyecto.", "Se espera que las recomendaciones siguientes contribuyan a aumentar la rendición de cuentas, la eficacia y la eficiencia.", "Recomendación 1 \nLos órganos legislativos deberían pedir a sus respectivos jefesejecutivos que publiquen periódicamente informes sobre la situaciónde la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "Recomendación 2 \nLos órganos legislativos deberían proporcionar el apoyo, el personaly los fondos necesarios para garantizar una transición adecuada yefectiva a las IPSAS.", "7. Recursos humanos", "114. Según datos obtenidos en el cuestionario del Grupo de Trabajo de enero de 2009, el 52% de las organizaciones contaban con un jefe de proyecto a tiempo completo, el 33% con un jefe de proyecto a tiempo parcial, mientras que el 14% aún no había nombrado jefe de proyecto a tiempo completo o a tiempo parcial (porcentaje que se redujo a 5% en junio de 2010). En junio de 2009, el 68% de las organizaciones que respondieron al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección informó de que se disponía de los recursos humanos necesarios para trabajar exclusivamente en la aplicación de las IPSAS. Al mes de junio de 2010, sólo el 88% de las organizaciones que debían comenzar a aplicar las Normas en 2010 había nombrado al director del proyecto. Los proyectos relativos a las IPSAS por lo general cuentan con un equipo pequeño (como máximo cuatro funcionarios) y un jefe del proyecto que trabaja a tiempo completo. Los otros miembros del equipo por lo general trabajan en el proyecto a tiempo parcial, además de desempeñar sus funciones habituales. Es esencial que todas las organizaciones analicen los cambios necesarios e identifiquen las posibles deficiencias en los recursos humanos de que disponen. Las organizaciones deben determinar si su personal dispone de los conocimientos especializados que se requieren o si es necesario contratar expertos externos para que asuman las nuevas tareas y retos. En el caso de algunos equipos fue necesario negociar con antelación el tiempo que se dedicaría al proyecto relativo a las IPSAS (por ejemplo, la Unión Postal Universal (UPU)). En 2009 y 2010, la falta de personal adecuado que integrara el equipo encargado de las IPSAS fue una de las principales razones que adujeron las organizaciones para revisar sus fechas de aplicación. El traslado de los miembros del equipo encargado de las IPSAS de una organización a otra no ayuda a hacer frente al problema general. Al mes de junio de 2010 seis organizaciones aún no disponían del personal necesario para integrar sus equipos encargados de las IPSAS.", "115. La experiencia adquirida hasta ahora muestra que es fundamental iniciar el proyecto de las IPSAS mediante un análisis básico de las deficiencias y un inventario de las capacidades técnicas con el fin de hacer un balance de los servicios de expertos de que se dispone y de la experiencia de los profesionales contables y de finanzas de la organización, y determinar en qué medida y durante cuánto tiempo se necesitarán los servicios de expertos externos para complementar la capacidad de la organización.", "[] Riesgo: Una estrategia que no tiene en cuenta los recursos humanos que se necesitan para el proyecto de las IPSAS puede hacer que el personal pierda interés cuando las tareas que desempeña habitualmente entren en conflicto con las del proyecto.", "Práctica optima Nº 7 \nDurante la transición a las IPSAS las organizaciones deberíandeterminar y posteriormente presupuestar los recursos humanosadicionales que se requieren en las esferas administrativa,presupuestaria y financiera para garantizar no sólo la eficacia en elproceso de transición a las IPSAS, sino también la capacidad adecuadapara mantener en lo sucesivo la aplicación de las IPSAS. Si esnecesario, debería obtenerse financiación adicional de los órganosrectores o de otras fuentes, procurando evitar cualquier conflicto deinterés.", "Práctica óptima Nº 8 \nEs esencial tener en cuenta el costo de la capacitación del personalpara una transición satisfactoria a las IPSAS. Deberíanproporcionarse recursos financieros para la capacitación de expertosinternos en contabilidad, actividades empresariales y gestión delcambio o para la contratación de expertos externos.", "116. Las organizaciones, en su mayoría, indicaron en sus respuestas al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección que su capacidad en materia de recursos humanos era \"suficiente\" o \"parcialmente suficiente\". Sin embargo, debido a los estrictos plazos fijados, tenían dificultades para contratar a expertos en las IPSAS. La FAO, la ONUDI, el ACNUR y la UNOPS no tenían personal suficiente que les permitiera aplicar satisfactoriamente las IPSAS. Además, el hecho de que hubiera simultáneamente una demanda de expertos en IPSAS (un nuevo perfil específico) en los gobiernos, las municipalidades y las organizaciones, hacía que su contratación resultara más difícil y onerosa. Si bien el éxito del proyecto depende de los servicios de expertos disponibles, las organizaciones en general sólo pueden ofrecer contratos a corto plazo debido a las restricciones presupuestarias, con lo cual las condiciones contractuales resultan menos atractivas. Algunas organizaciones, como las Naciones Unidas, el UNICEF y el PMA consideraron que sería ventajoso incluir a contadores públicos titulados en los equipos del proyecto. En respuesta a la inquietud manifestada con respecto a las futuras necesidades de recursos humanos, el representante de las Naciones Unidas subrayó, en una reunión del Grupo de Trabajo la necesidad de comenzar de inmediato a contratar contadores públicos titulados y buscar también la forma de retenerlos en sus puestos por lo menos durante la puesta en marcha del proyecto. La Junta de Auditores, en su riguroso análisis de las cuestiones relacionadas con las IPSAS en las Naciones Unidas, había recomendado aumentar la plantilla del equipo encargado del proyecto[81]. Organizaciones como el UNICEF y la UNESCO han proporcionado ejemplos de buenas prácticas al respecto. La primera ha establecido una red informal de profesionales a fin de lograr que los expertos internos participen en el proyecto, mientras que la segunda espera lograr un alto grado de participación del personal a lo largo del proceso. Su política tiene por objeto velar por que durante el proceso de adopción se tenga pleno conocimiento de la estructura y las operaciones de la UNESCO, y también facilitar que se retengan los conocimientos relativos a las IPSAS dentro de la organización. La función esencial como tal del equipo de gestión del proyecto se desempeña internamente. Los consultores y la empresa internacional de contadores PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) prestan apoyo, principalmente en forma de asesoramiento continuo y asistencia en la gestión del proyecto y los recursos técnicos, tras el estudio de la documentación relativa a las IPSAS.", "8. Recursos financieros", "117. Pese a las dificultades de financiación, prácticamente todas las organizaciones han venido trabajando con los presupuestos asignados para sus proyectos de adopción de las IPSAS, lo que algunas veces ha supuesto dificultades importantes para el personal en cuestión. Para financiar el proyecto, las organizaciones han venido utilizando su presupuesto ordinario, fondos extrapresupuestarios, fondos de reserva, saldos arrastrados y excedentes presupuestarios de años anteriores. Si bien algunas secretarías han presentado estimaciones muy precisas, otras han subestimado las necesidades para el proyecto relativo a las IPSAS.", "118. El análisis de los datos disponibles, aunque no muy comparables, sobre las IPSAS y los presupuestos de planificación de los recursos institucionales muestran que si bien las organizaciones grandes, como el PNUD y la FAO, disponían de presupuestos de ejecución importantes en cifras absolutas (dada la magnitud de la organización y de sus numerosas oficinas sobre el terreno), los presupuestos para las IPSAS y la planificación de los recursos institucionales de las organizaciones más pequeñas, como la OMM, la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI) y la Unión Postal Universal (UPU), representaban una proporción considerable de su presupuesto anual total. En la OMS, el proyecto de adopción de las IPSAS no se consideró un proyecto específico. Por otra parte, la obtención de los fondos para el proyecto resultó ser sumamente difícil para algunas organizaciones más pequeñas, especialmente cuando las asignaciones de fondos sólo podían hacerse mediante arrastre presupuestario (por ejemplo la OACI) o mediante excedentes de años anteriores (la segunda mejor opción en caso de una política presupuestaria restrictiva o de ciclos presupuestarios no alineados). Desde junio de 2010, todas las organizaciones disponen de un presupuesto aprobado para su transición a las IPSAS. La Junta de Auditores recomendó a la Quinta Comisión de las Naciones Unidas que vigilara de cerca los costos para evitar una escalada de costos excesiva e innecesaria (12 de mayo de 2009).", "9. La planificación de los recursos institucionales y su interacción con la aplicación de las IPSAS", "119. Un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales integra todos los datos y procesos en un sistema de tecnología de la información unificado. Esto incluye la consolidación de varias o todas las aplicaciones de programas informáticos de la organización relacionados con las finanzas, los recursos humanos, la logística, las adquisiciones, los inventarios, etc. Por ejemplo, cuando se hace una orden de compra, se pone en marcha el proceso de adquisición, se selecciona al proveedor, se piden las mercancías y se reciben en un almacén, y luego se recibe una factura y se paga. Los datos sobre esta actividad se transmiten a las distintas dependencias orgánicas de la entidad. Cada dependencia obtiene los detalles relacionados con sus operaciones y a larga contribuye a la preparación del estado financiero. La ventaja de esta planificación es que los usuarios pueden obtener la información pertinente en el mismo sistema y en todo momento, en lugar de tener que buscarla en varias aplicaciones distintas. Por esa razón el sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales es el medio más idóneo para cumplir con las disposiciones de las IPSAS, según las cuales debe obtenerse información de las distintas dependencias orgánicas de la entidad.", "120. El proceso de transición a las IPSAS requiere un análisis específico de las deficiencias de todos los sistemas de información existentes (el legado) con el fin de determinar si pueden servir de apoyo a una contabilidad en valores devengados (que incluya libros de inventarios y libros de clientes y proveedores); servir de interfaz con otros sistemas; y proporcionar eficazmente seguridad. En junio de 2009, el 91% de las organizaciones había realizado una evaluación de los cambios que se requerían en sus sistemas de información.", "121. La mayoría de las organizaciones tuvieron que actualizar sus sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales o sustituir los sistemas que habían heredado (por ejemplo el Sistema Integrado de Información de Gestión (IMIS) utilizado por las Naciones Unidas) a fin de crear condiciones conformes con las IPSAS. Los cambios en los procedimientos contables para lograr la armonización con las IPSAS ofrecen la oportunidad de introducir nuevos procesos optimizados mediante el desarrollo, la adaptación o la sustitución de los sistemas preexistentes. Algunos de los motivos para introducir un nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales son la necesidad de integrar varios sistemas o el hecho de que la mayoría de los sistemas heredados ya no son capaces de dar cabida a ciertos procesos necesarios con arreglo a las IPSAS, especialmente si su objetivo original era la mecanización de actividades manuales más que la modernización de los procesos operativos. Ello explica por qué las grandes organizaciones descentralizadas, como la OMS, la FAO y las Naciones Unidas decidieron vincular la aplicación de las IPSAS con los proyectos de planificación de los recursos institucionales en que participaban las oficinas descentralizadas y sobre el terreno. Al mes de junio de 2010, el 90% de las organizaciones había realizado una evaluación de los cambios en sus sistemas.", "[] Riesgos: El mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de esos sistemas heredados podrían requerir una intervención manual, lo que aumentaría el riesgo de imprecisión y la falta de exhaustividad en los datos que se obtengan en parte manualmente y que han de utilizarse para la preparación de los estados financieros.", "Por otra parte, una vinculación estrecha de los proyectos relativos a las IPSAS con nuevos proyectos importantes de planificación de los recursos institucionales en los que participan las oficinas sobre el terreno y descentralizadas entraña el riesgo de que haya demoras importantes y de que se establezcan cronogramas inciertos, ya que su puesta en marcha está condicionada a la financiación y la gestión de los proyectos de planificación de los recursos institucionales.", "122. Teniendo en cuenta las especificidades de cada organización y el estado de su arquitectura informática, un análisis estratégico a corto, mediano y largo plazo del beneficio en función de los costos debería permitir la consideración de las opciones siguientes:", "a) Seguir utilizando el sistema actual;", "b) Adoptar el enfoque de un solo programa comercial (un programa estándar o un programa acompañado de varios módulos compatibles);", "c) Adoptar un nuevo sistema integrado con un programa básico integrado, además de sistemas sectoriales que se mantengan o desarrollen en el marco de la estructura global.", "La situación ideal sería disponer de todas las funciones plenamente integradas a fin de garantizar la homogeneidad de los datos en todo momento. Las grandes empresas y organizaciones han adoptado ampliamente tres programas comerciales de planificación de los recursos institucionales. Los programas son producidos por PeopleSoft (adquirido recientemente por Oracle), SAP y Oracle. Los sistemas de segundo nivel, como Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide y JD Edwards son algunos de los programas más utilizados por entidades medianas. Como los sistemas más recientes de planificación de los recursos institucionales fueron desarrollados de acuerdo con las NIIF, en su mayoría pueden ser compatibles con los requisitos de las IPSAS, siempre que se configuren los sistemas necesarios. Sin embargo, la elección de un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales se basa principalmente en las necesidades y funciones de la entidad y en el precio razonable que ofrezca el proveedor. En el caso de sistemas multifuncionales de gran escala, como las Naciones Unidas, es posible que se tarde mucho tiempo en desarrollar un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales. Un problema fundamental es que estos sistemas distintos de planificación de los recursos institucionales no pueden interactuar entre sí.", "123. En el gráfico 3 se indican los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales adoptados por distintas organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas (según los datos disponibles).", "124. La puesta en marcha del sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales en las grandes entidades exige el compromiso del personal y de los consultores especializados en el diseño previo, el diseño propiamente dicho y la aplicación de esos sistemas de planificación, y es posible que se tarde varios años en lograrlo.", "Gráfico 3", "Elección de sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "[]", "Fuente: Respuestas a las listas de verificación de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos y al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "125. Los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales en cada organización del sistema de las Naciones Unidas se encuentran en distintas etapas de aplicación (véase gráfico 4 infra). Los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales que ya funcionan en la mayoría de las organizaciones se encuentran en la fase de perfeccionamiento, aunque quizás todavía tengan que ajustarse a la versión más reciente o añadir un módulo para lograr la conformidad con las IPSAS. Por otra parte, algunas organizaciones, repitiendo una de las principales deficiencias del sistema IMIS en las Naciones Unidas, aún no han puesto en marcha su sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales en las oficinas fuera de la sede. A principios de 2009, las Naciones Unidas seleccionaron e iniciaron un nuevo proyecto de planificación de los recursos institucionales denominado \"Umoja\". El primer informe sobre la marcha del proyecto Umoja[82], proyectaba un despliegue con carácter experimental durante el cuarto trimestre de 2011 y poner en marcha un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales plenamente operacional a nivel de toda la Organización para finales de 2013, con lo cual se esperaba poder preparar para 2014 estados financieros conformes con las IPSAS. Sin embargo, si bien algunas de las conclusiones del informe de auditoría de la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI) de las Naciones Unidas, de 24 de agosto de 2010, sobre la gestión de los recursos humanos en la oficina del director del proyecto sobre planificación de los recursos institucionales eran tranquilizadoras, en particular con respecto a la estructura orgánica de la planificación de los recursos institucionales y la experiencia y los conocimientos especializados del personal contratado, algunas infracciones graves de las normas relativas a los recursos humanos, las finanzas y las adquisiciones entrañaban riesgos de descrédito del proyecto de planificación de los recursos institucionales, al cual está vinculado estrechamente el proyecto de las IPSAS.", "Gráfico 4", "Progresos logrados en la aplicación del proyecto de planificación de los recursos institucionales", "[]", "Fuente: Respuestas a las listas de verificación de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos y al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "126. A comienzos de 2009, el 76,2% de las organizaciones estaba evaluando o había concluido la evaluación de la compatibilidad de sus sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales con los requisitos de las IPSAS. El PNUD, el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) y la UNOPS disponen de una plataforma conjunta para la planificación de los recursos institucionales; y el UNFPA y la UNOPS dependen del resultado del análisis del PNUD.", "127. Para principios de 2009, tras un análisis a fondo de los sistemas heredados, a fin de determinar su compatibilidad y sinergias con los requisitos de las IPSAS, varias organizaciones perfeccionaron sus sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales, mientras que otras tuvieron que adquirir un nuevo sistema de planificación compatible con las IPSAS. En junio de 2009, el 86% de las organizaciones había concluido los estudios para determinar en qué medida debían perfeccionarse los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales y aprobaron su aplicación. Las demás organizaciones tuvieron que modificar la fecha prevista de aplicación de las IPSAS, ya que la aplicación sólo puede darse de manera simultánea con el perfeccionamiento de los sistemas existentes de planificación de los recursos institucionales. Sin embargo, el ACNUR y el PMA indicaron que las IPSAS podían aplicarse en el plazo previsto aunque hubiera retrasos en el perfeccionamiento de los sistemas de planificación de los recursos, y explicaron que las actuales versiones de los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales podían llegar a ser compatibles con las IPSAS mediante algunas operaciones manuales y podían actualizarse después de la aplicación de las IPSAS (véase PMA, anexo IV).", "128. Algunas organizaciones con presencia sobre el terreno, como la OIT, experimentaron dificultades respecto de la aplicación de las IPSAS y la capacidad conexa del proyecto de planificación de los recursos institucionales. Esta organización, que en el momento del examen de la Dependencia Común de Inspección había concluido la puesta en marcha de su sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales, no dispone de una infraestructura adecuada de planificación de los recursos institucionales sobre el terreno y deberá procesar manualmente los datos contables para armonizar ese sistema con las IPSAS. Este no es un caso aislado. La Comisión Europea también experimenta dificultades para introducir nuevos sistemas y brindar capacitación en localidades que están geográficamente dispersas. Por lo tanto, es esencial tener en cuenta las necesidades sobre el terreno desde las primeras etapas del proyecto.", "129. La depuración de los datos es el proceso de limpieza de los datos que se han heredado a fin de garantizar que los datos que se están introduciendo en el nuevo sistema de planificación sean válidos, correctos y se ajusten al nuevo formato exigido. A menudo la depuración de los datos continúa hasta la etapa final del proyecto o la etapa posterior a su ejecución. Las organizaciones suelen subestimar los esfuerzos y el tiempo que se requieren para llevar a cabo este proceso.", "Práctica óptima Nº 9 \nLos sistemas existentes (el legado) deben analizarse a fondo paracomprobar la compatibilidad y la sinergia con los requisitos de lasIPSAS, teniendo plenamente en cuenta las necesidades y la capacidadsobre el terreno.", "10. Sensibilización y comunicación", "130. La sensibilización sobre el proceso de cambio debería realizarse a través de actividades de comunicación y la capacitación. El objetivo de las actividades de sensibilización es \"dar a conocer a todos los interesados los cambios que se producirán en el futuro y sus efectos para la organización, alentar al personal a que empiece a considerar las posibles repercusiones en sus esferas de trabajo respectivas y fomentar la adhesión al proceso de cambio que entraña la adopción de las IPSAS. La capacitación de sensibilización se considera un componente clave del proceso general de gestión del cambio\"[83]. Debido a la magnitud de los proyectos de aplicación de las IPSAS, es necesario ampliar las actividades de sensibilización para incluir a los órganos rectores y al personal directivo. Hacer llegar el mensaje adecuado a las personas adecuadas, en el lugar adecuado y en el momento adecuado, es fundamental para que la comunicación sea eficaz. Para ello hay tres reglas: la comunicación debe ser frecuente, debe ser abierta y debe ser para todos. Por eso, la capacitación de sensibilización impartida a estos grupos específicos es aún más importante que la destinada a la comunidad de usuarios que experimentará el nuevo entorno.", "Práctica óptima Nº 10 \nPara crear un sentido de apropiación colectiva del proyecto, lasorganizaciones deberían invertir tiempo y esfuerzos para asegurarsede que todas las partes interesadas comprendan la visión en que sebasa la transición a las IPSAS. Ello puede lograrse de diversasformas: mediante actividades de capacitación, retiros, presentacionesdestinadas al personal, productos de información y testimonios depersonas relacionadas con casos que hayan tenido éxito fuera de laentidad.", "131. Gracias a las actividades de sensibilización, el personal directivo superior y los directores de programas tendrán a su disposición los instrumentos necesarios para generar mejor información sobre las repercusiones financieras de las decisiones; estarán en mejores condiciones de explicar los resultados financieros y de rendir cuentas, y estarán más motivados para adoptar una visión a más largo plazo de los planes y las finanzas. Los directores de los distintos departamentos deberían aprender a utilizar el nuevo sistema a fin de lograr los beneficios esperados. Además, podrán apreciar cómo cambia el \"control\" cuando se pasa de un enfoque basado en el \"tiempo\" (que se manipula con el propósito de atender las exigencias presupuestarias) a un enfoque basado en los recursos utilizados y el precio pagado. Este proceso está relacionado y se corresponde con la tendencia hacia una gestión basada en los resultados.", "132. Las transiciones son de importancia fundamental en el proceso de cambio de una organización, pero sin ellas hay muy pocas probabilidades de que el proceso de cambio de una organización tenga éxito. El personal directivo y los funcionarios desempeñan funciones distintas en esas transiciones. La función del personal directivo es convencer a los interesados (incluidos los empleados) de la necesidad de adoptar los cambios. Cada empleado es importante para el éxito en la transición definitiva[84]. En junio de 2010, el 86% de las organizaciones había preparado un plan de comunicación, un avance importante con respecto a diciembre de 2009 (48%) que quizá haya llegado demasiado tarde.", "133. Entre los instrumentos de comunicación de las organizaciones internacionales cabe mencionar el uso de Internet o sitios de Intranet, la transmisión de programas, los comunicados de prensa, los boletines electrónicos, los mensajes en el tablero de anuncios, las conferencias de expertos destinados al personal y funcionarios de las misiones permanentes, actividades especiales, exposiciones y conferencias, etc. En junio de 2009, sólo el 63,6% de las organizaciones disponía de planes de comunicación relacionados con el proyecto de las IPSAS y, paradójicamente, un porcentaje más alto (68,2%) había iniciado realmente las actividades de sensibilización. En el gráfico 5 infra se señalan los destinatarios de las actividades de comunicación.", "Gráfico 5", "Planes de comunicación por grupo destinatario", "[]", "Fuente: Respuestas al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "11. Capacitación", "134. De acuerdo con la encuesta realizada en 2007 a nivel de todo el sistema, 36.000 funcionarios de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas debían recibir capacitación relacionada con las IPSAS, de los cuales el 65% necesitaba capacitación de sensibilización, el 25% capacitación conceptual básica y el 10% capacitación conceptual especializada[85]. En 2008 y 2009 la división del trabajo entre el equipo encargado del proyecto de las IPSAS en todo el sistema y cada una de las organizaciones, con respecto a la elaboración de los productos de capacitación, era un tanto confusa y debía establecerse claramente. El segundo informe del Secretario General sobre la marcha de la adopción de las IPSAS por las Naciones Unidas aclaró que las organizaciones debían encargarse de elaborar sus planes de capacitación sobre las IPSAS e impartir la capacitación correspondiente conforme a ellos, y agregó que se había adoptado un enfoque para todo el sistema a fin de apoyar los planes de capacitación de las organizaciones. El enfoque consistía en tres etapas: la evaluación de las necesidades de capacitación; la adquisición de los cursos de capacitación; y la puesta en marcha de los cursos[86].^(.)", "135. En respuesta a la llamada a licitación hecha en septiembre de 2007, se seleccionó al mejor licitante, a saber, la empresa Internacional Business and Technical Consultants, Inc., y estaba previsto que se concertara un contrato en breve[87]. Sin embargo, las entrevistas realizadas en 2009 por el equipo de la Dependencia Común de Inspección confirmaron que debido a la falta de recursos el material de capacitación no estaría disponible antes de fines de 2009. A pesar de ello, el equipo encargado de la adopción de las IPSAS en las Naciones Unidas, con el apoyo del proveedor de los servicios externos, pudo ultimar el contenido, el diseño y la puesta en marcha de las actividades de capacitación. De acuerdo con la encuesta de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos sobre el proceso de adopción de las IPSAS, que abarcó el período hasta finales de diciembre de 2009, el 77% de las 21 organizaciones que respondieron había realizado un análisis de las necesidades de capacitación y el 59% había llevado a cabo sus planes de capacitación. Sin embargo, un porcentaje más elevado (52% en junio de 2009, según la encuesta de la Dependencia Común de Inspección) ya había comenzado a prestar servicios de capacitación, aunque sólo el 32% había llevado a cabo sus planes de capacitación en ese momento.", "136. Algunos de los problemas que afectaban la puesta en marcha de las actividades de capacitación eran la necesidad de realizar una evaluación formal del material de capacitación; el mantenimiento de los cursos (modificaciones en respuesta a las novedades relativas a las IPSAS), y la traducción de los productos de capacitación al español y al francés. Según una evaluación preliminar realizada por el PNUD, la traducción de los cursos requería una cantidad considerable de tiempo y recursos. En opinión del Inspector, lo que se requiere es voluntad política, como lo ha demostrado el PMA, que había podido preparar satisfactoriamente material de capacitación en árabe, español, francés e inglés.", "Práctica óptima Nº 11 \nLas organizaciones deberían velar por que el personal actual yfuturo, en particular el personal directivo y el encargado de lasfinanzas y adquisiciones, se familiarice plenamente con los nuevosprocedimientos y requisitos mediante la utilización de instrumentosconcretos de comunicación como manuales y productos de capacitaciónen los idiomas apropiados.", "137. La encuesta de la Dependencia Común de Inspección realizada en marzo de 2009 demostró que el 88,2% de las organizaciones ya había impartido capacitación de sensibilización sin utilizar el material del equipo de apoyo de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos. El 70,6% de los cursos de capacitación era conceptual; el 41,2% era práctico (a menudo con la ayuda de un proveedor de servicios de planificación de los recursos institucionales); y otro 23,5% consistió en módulos no específicos relacionados con las IPSAS, que incluían capacitación en la gestión de proyectos. En el gráfico 6 se presenta el resultado de las respuestas de las 17 organizaciones al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "Gráfico 6", "Inicio de la capacitación sobre las IPSAS (marzo de 2009)", "Fuente: Respuestas al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "138. Según las organizaciones entrevistadas, las actividades de capacitación y comunicación deben sincronizarse con la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "[] Riesgo: La realización de actividades de capacitación antes de la puesta en marcha de los sistemas pertinentes podría desmotivar al personal.", "139. En el gráfico 7 se muestra la distribución por tipo de capacitación ofrecida a los distintos beneficiarios, al mes de marzo de 2009, con respecto al número total de organizaciones que respondieron a la encuesta. Es esencial que el personal directivo superior reciba capacitación de sensibilización desde el inicio del proyecto a fin de garantizar su pleno apoyo a la fase de aplicación. Se debería alentar a los miembros de los órganos rectores a que participen en esa capacitación. Sin embargo, en la primavera de 2009, en casi la mitad de las organizaciones, el personal directivo superior y los órganos rectores no habían recibido aún capacitación de sensibilización, lo que pone en duda su capacidad para liderar reformas importantes y necesarias.", "Gráfico 7", "Capacitación de los beneficiarios y tipo de capacitación ofrecida", "Fuente: Respuestas al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "12. Evaluación de los riesgos", "140. Se pidió también a las organizaciones que compartieran las conclusiones sobre las evaluaciones de riesgos que hubieran hecho, teniendo en cuenta que una medida de este tipo era un factor importante para la ejecución satisfactoria del proyecto. Según sus respuestas a la lista de verificación de la aplicación de enero de 2009, preparada por el equipo de trabajo, más de un tercio de las organizaciones (38,1%) no había realizado ninguna evaluación de los riesgos para su proyecto sobre las IPSAS. Esa categoría abarcaba:", "integrados parcial o totalmente en sus proyectos de planificación de los recursos institucionales (OMS, OMPI); y", "proyecto (Naciones Unidas, OMT).", "141. En los casos en que se efectuaron evaluaciones de los riesgos no siempre se utilizó una metodología formal de evaluación de los riesgos, como el modelo COSO 2[88]^(.). El Inspector desea señalar que la evaluación de los riesgos es un requisito indispensable para la gestión de los riesgos y es esencial para garantizar el logro de los objetivos del proyecto, como lo confirmó la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas al PNUD[89] y al UNFPA[90]. Un ejemplo positivo al respecto es el caso de la OMPI, que realizó una evaluación a fin de determinar las necesidades para cumplir con la fecha de aplicación de 2010 y los aspectos que podrían ocasionar retrasos.", "142. La información reunida por el equipo de la Dependencia Común de Inspección confirma los factores de riesgo mencionados en el segundo informe del Secretario General sobre la marcha de la adopción de las IPSAS por las Naciones Unidas[91]. En el informe se señaló otro factor importante: \"una mayor comprensión de la escala y la complejidad de la labor necesaria después de completar el diagnóstico de los cambios de procedimientos y sistemas necesarios\". Las principales razones que se adujeron para aplazar la fecha de aplicación de las IPSAS son las siguientes:", "planificación de los recursos institucionales con los requisitos de las IPSAS (70% de los que respondieron a la encuesta). Por ejemplo, el obsoleto Sistema Integrado de Información de Gestión (IMIS) \"de fabricación casera\", aplicado en la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, elaborado a finales de los años ochenta y ampliado a mediados de los noventa, requería una compleja renovación, lo cual dio lugar a una llamada a licitación y a la concesión de un contrato a mediados de 2009 para sustituirlo como parte del proyecto global de gestión \"Umoja\". El Equipo de las Naciones Unidas encargado del proyecto de aplicación de las IPSAS colaboró estrechamente con los jefes del equipo encargado del proyecto Umoja para asegurar que se tuvieran en cuenta los requisitos del sistema de información con arreglo a las IPSAS en el proceso de selección de programas informáticos para el sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales (véanse el párrafo 51 del informe mencionado y los siguientes informes sobre la marcha de los trabajos).", "completo, con los conocimientos técnicos necesarios (el 30% de las organizaciones que respondieron). Otro de los aspectos señalados al respecto fue la dificultad para retener al personal con conocimiento institucional.", "fondos (el 20% de las organizaciones que respondieron).", "a veces a nivel de todo el sistema, y que contribuyen a desviar la atención de las cuestiones relacionadas con las IPSAS (el 15% de las organizaciones que respondieron). Por ejemplo, el UNICEF se refirió a 12 importantes iniciativas que la organización estaba poniendo en marcha en el período 2009-2011, además del proyecto de las IPSAS; el ACNUR estaba poniendo en marcha un nuevo sistema de gestión basada en los resultados, cuya ejecución tenía prioridad sobre el proyecto de las IPSAS, lo que limitaba la disponibilidad del personal para trabajar coon las IPSAS; y en la OACI, otras dos iniciativas simultáneas eran la introducción de un nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales y la aplicación del sistema de presupuestación basada en los resultados.", "Trabajo o las decisiones de política a nivel de todo el sistema (el 10% de las organizaciones que respondieron).", "terreno y las entidades subsidiarias dependieran de la aplicación de las IPSAS en las sedes; la incertidumbre con respecto a los saldos de apertura y la contabilización inicial de las propiedades; las demoras en la preparación del material de capacitación; la incertidumbre con respecto a la nueva configuración de los procesos institucionales; y las cuestiones de seguridad (el 5% de las organizaciones que respondieron).", "[] Riesgo: La ausencia de una estrategia adecuada de mitigación de los riesgos.", "143. La UNESCO y la OMM dieron ejemplos de prácticas óptimas a este respecto. La UNESCO publicó un marco normativo de control interno que recoge en un sólo documento el marco revisado de políticas procesos y procedimientos financieros. Este marco sirve de base para la elaboración de reglas, políticas y procesos específicos que permitan cumplir con los requisitos de las IPSAS y establece una concepción común de las cuestiones relativas al control interno entre todo el personal. La OMM publicó un cuadro completo sobre la evaluación de los riesgos relacionados con su proyecto de las IPSAS.", "Gráfico 8", "Factores de riesgo percibidos por la organización", "[]", "Fuente: Respuestas a las listas de verificación de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos sobre la adopción de las IPSAS.", "Práctica óptima Nº 12 \nTodas las organizaciones que están en el proceso de transición a lasIPSAS deben adoptar estrategias y prácticas de evaluación, gestión ymitigación de riesgos para la ejecución del proyecto, de conformidadcon los objetivos de éste.", "13. Supervisión", "144. La transición a las IPSAS y la presentación de estados financieros basados en valores devengados tendrán repercusiones importantes en las tareas de supervisión.", "145. Para comprobar en qué medida se cumplen las IPSAS, los auditores, internos y externos, deberán determinar si la administración ha establecido mecanismos de control interno apropiados y los correspondientes procedimientos de prueba, y en qué medida son eficaces.", "146. Los auditores internos y externos deberán también invertir para adquirir conocimientos especializados en contabilidad basadas en valores devengados y sobre las IPSAS o para mejorarlos (según su experiencia y formación profesional), y para adaptar sus prácticas de auditoría a los nuevos mecanismos de control y cambios en las prácticas de gestión, a fin de armonizar sus prácticas con las nuevas condiciones. Por ejemplo, los nuevos procedimientos para establecer fechas de cierre[92] hacen que el cierre de las operaciones resulte más complejo, lo que incrementa el alcance y el nivel de detalle de los procedimientos de auditoría.", "a) Auditores externos", "147. El Inspector está de acuerdo con la opinión de las organizaciones en el sentido de que a los auditores externos les corresponde desempeñar una función importante al examinar y comentar las nuevas políticas contables, especialmente durante un proceso de transición de una norma contable a otra. Una vez que se apliquen las IPSAS en los estados financieros correspondientes a un ejercicio económico, los auditores externos tendrán que decidir de manera independiente si emiten una opinión con o sin salvedades sobre la aplicación general de las IPSAS. Esa decisión pondría fin a una relación técnica y humana que debería haber acompañado al proceso de transición a las IPSAS a lo largo de los años. Teniendo en cuenta que nadie tiene un conocimiento absoluto en un ámbito tan nuevo como el de la aplicación de las IPSAS a las organizaciones intergubernamentales, la única manera viable de avanzar es con la buena disposición que manifiesten ambas partes de aprender de esas normas, así como de las interpretaciones que traducen esas normas en políticas contables (en particular la labor del Grupo de Trabajo) y también de la realidad concreta de una organización. La relación entre el PMA y la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido, que se describe en el anexo IV, es un ejemplo de ese proceso.", "148. Resulta interesante señalar que en la reunión del Grupo de Trabajo celebrada en Roma, la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas señaló las siguientes cuestiones que podrían dificultar un examen a fondo por parte de las organizaciones:", "fiduciarios;", "frente al tipo de cambio al contado;", "seguro médico después de la separación del servicio;", "opinión (inicial o provisional) para una organización antes de que se hayan terminado de preparar los estados financieros;", "desde el principio del año).", "149. Varias organizaciones (OACI, OMI, ONUDI, PMA, OMPI, OMS, OMM) prepararon un estado financiero provisional (simulacro) que sería examinado por sus auditores externos antes de la presentación de su primer estado financiero conforme con las IPSAS. Por ejemplo, el PMA hizo revisar sus cuentas dos veces antes de la presentación definitiva. Sin embargo, como lo señaló acertadamente la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos, no se pueden emitir opiniones formales de auditoría para estados financieros provisionales. Sin embargo, el Inspector considera que es indispensable que las organizaciones identifiquen y resuelvan oportunamente cualquier cuestión pendiente que pueda dar lugar a una opinión de auditoría con salvedades.", "Práctica óptima Nº 13 \nPlanificar y preparar estados financieros provisionales para que seanexaminados por los auditores externos con suficiente antelaciónrespecto de la fecha definitiva de ejecución a fin de evitarsorpresas desagradables.", "150. Además, es probable que haya diferencias entre las opiniones de auditoría emitidas por las diez entidades fiscalizadoras superiores que participan en la verificación de cuentas de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas[93], puesto que tienen distintos grados de experiencia en la verificación de cuentas basadas en las IPSAS. Algunas de ellas ya han participado en ese tipo de auditorías, a saber: la Oficina Federal de Auditoría de Suiza (las entidades públicas de Suiza utilizan las IPSAS como sus normas contables); la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido (las IPSAS se utilizan en las cuentas del Gobierno del Reino Unido y la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido verificó las cuentas basadas en las IPSAS del PMA); la Cour des Comptes de Francia también se beneficia de su reciente experiencia en la verificación de las cuentas del Gobierno de Francia basada en un enfoque de tipo IPSAS.", "151. Por lo tanto, la elaboración de directrices es sumamente importante. La Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido ha elaborado instrumentos para ayudar a los auditores externos a utilizar las IPSAS en sus auditorías. También ha publicado una guía de aplicación de las IPSAS destinada a ayudar a las organizaciones a las que presta servicios a comprender el requisito indispensable para poder emitir una opinión de auditoría sin salvedades; la guía incluye una lista de verificación detallada para ayudar a los profesionales a asegurarse de que las cuentas se hayan preparado de acuerdo con los requisitos de las IPSAS. Las directrices establecen las condiciones necesarias y las pruebas que requieren los auditores externos del personal directivo; y presenta ejemplos de las cuestiones y los problemas que pueden plantearse en las auditorías y que deben evitarse. En el caso de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, las directrices aprobadas por la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos son, naturalmente, el criterio de referencia. Sin embargo, aún es necesario crear un marco que sirva de guía para las interacciones de las organizaciones con los auditores externos. El marco adoptado por el Grupo de Trabajo debería ser examinado por el Grupo de Auditores Externos. El Inspector se abstuvo de formular recomendaciones a ese órgano, lo que habría sido inusual de parte de la Dependencia Común de Inspección, pero espera que el marco facilite la adopción de las prácticas óptimas Nº 13 y Nº 14.", "Práctica óptima Nº 14 \nEstablecer y mantener, tan pronto sea posible, un diálogo bilateralentre la organización y sus auditores externos en relación con latransición a las IPSAS para contribuir a que los auditores externos einternos adquieran un conocimiento a fondo del nuevo sistema y susefectos en los procedimientos de control, dado que la aplicación delas IPSAS exigirá la migración hacia la contabilidad basada envalores devengados.", "b) Auditores internos", "152. El mayor compromiso de los auditores internos respecto de las cuestiones relacionadas con las IPSAS es uno de los factores que garantizan la elaboración de procedimientos adecuados que permitan analizar objetivamente la situación y los resultados financieros de las organizaciones. Lamentablemente, las directrices en materia de normas de control interno para el sector público de la Organización Internacional de Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores, actualizadas en 2004 y aprobadas por esa organización, sólo tienen un valor limitado de uso práctico.", "153. Durante el examen, el Inspector observó que el grado de compromiso de los auditores internos en el proceso de cambio variaba considerablemente entre las organizaciones, según la apertura, el compromiso y la política del equipo encargado del proyecto. En algunas organizaciones, los auditores internos no participaron en absoluto o participaron en calidad de observadores únicamente, mientras que en otras, participaron activamente, siguieron los avances logrados y examinaron las dificultades del proyecto e intercambiaron opiniones sobre los riesgos con los miembros del equipo encargado del proyecto. En su reunión con el Inspector, los auditores internos describieron algunas de sus actividades:", "(por ejemplo, PNUD, UNICEF y PMA);", "las IPSAS (OACI, PNUD, UPU, OMM, UNESCO);", "cambios que deben introducirse en las disposiciones o reglamentos financieros (OIT, UIT, UNFPA, OMPI, OMM, UNOPS);", "(FAO, OOPS) y mantener conversaciones con los auditores externos (UNFPA);", "las políticas contables, coordinar actividades con la Junta de Asesores y aprobar planes de capacitación (OOPS);", "las cuentas de inventario de las oficinas sobre el terreno (ACNUR);", "las IPSAS (Naciones Unidas, ONUDI); el auditor externo desempeñó la principal función de supervisión;", "de la adopción de las IPSAS, con un coordinador de gestión del cambio y un coordinador de gestión del proyecto, lo que permitiría depender menos de los consultores y daría estabilidad a las principales funciones de gestión.", "154. Un subgrupo de auditores internos presentó, ante la Reunión de representantes de servicios de auditoría interna de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y las instituciones financieras multilaterales (UN-RIAS), celebrada en septiembre de 2008 en Washington[94]^(,) un documento detallado sobre el papel de la auditoría interna en la adopción de las IPSAS. En el documento se definió el papel fundamental de la auditoría interna en la conversión a las IPSAS para asegurar que los riesgos relacionados con la conversión a esas normas se evaluaran y gestionaran correctamente, mediante la verificación de los resultados del análisis de las deficiencias en la etapa inicial; y una labor de control mediante una serie de exámenes del proyecto de las IPSAS en las distintas fases del proyecto, tales como la puesta en marcha, los hitos y los productos, en las que los auditores internos pueden brindar asesoramiento de alto valor añadido al cuadro directivo durante la transición a las IPSAS. Para ellos esas funciones pueden consistir en la elaboración de directrices con respecto a la gobernanza y la gestión de los riesgos; los productos del proyecto y las fechas convenidas; el balance de apertura, el perfeccionamiento de los sistemas y la liquidación del proyecto; todo lo cual abarca la mayoría de los componentes del proyecto de adopción de las IPSAS. En el documento también se propusieron funciones de auditoría interna que podían desempeñarse en la fase de transición y se señaló al mismo tiempo que la función de asesoramiento que cumplía la auditoría interna y la programación de los diversos exámenes podía en sí entrañar riesgos para la objetividad de la auditoría interna. Por consiguiente, para proteger su independencia y objetividad, se recomendó a los auditores externos que no intervinieran en el proceso de adopción de decisiones sobre la adopción o la aplicación de las IPSAS; por ejemplo, en la realización de los análisis de las deficiencias o el establecimiento de políticas contables.", "155. El tema de las IPSAS fue tratado nuevamente en 2009 en una Reunión de representantes de servicios de auditoría interna de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y las instituciones financieras multilaterales (UN-RIAS) basándose firmemente en las lecciones aprendidas y la experiencia adquirida recientemente. Posteriormente, el subgrupo de UN-RIAS encargado de las IPSAS insistió en la responsabilidad del personal directivo (de las organizaciones y en particular de los proyectos de las IPSAS y de la planificación de los recursos institucionales), el cual debe rendir cuentas de las continuas pruebas de los nuevos mecanismos de control interno instalados durante la etapa preliminar de aplicación. Una vez más, los auditores internos de 14 organizaciones indicaron, de manera acertada, que era preciso evitar asumir responsabilidades de gestión a este respecto.", "Práctica óptima Nº 15 \nDurante la etapa preliminar de aplicación de las IPSAS losresponsables del proceso institucional deberían realizar pruebasconstantes de los mecanismos de control interno a fin de garantizarla exactitud de los datos.", "Práctica óptima Nº 16 \nGarantizar que se lleva a cabo una validación y una verificaciónindependientes y globales del sistema una vez ultimado.", "C. Un indicador clave: la fecha prevista de aplicación por la organización", "156. De acuerdo con las entidades encargadas de las IPSAS, se considerará que las organizaciones cumplen plenamente con esas normas una vez que hayan recibido de sus auditores externos una opinión sin salvedades sobre su estado financiero. Por ello, la Junta de Auditores, al verificar los estados financieros de las Naciones Unidas para el bienio 2006-2007, recomendó que la Organización examinara continuamente sus hitos con miras a la aplicación de las IPSAS. El informe de febrero de 2010 sobre la marcha de la adopción muestra que sólo ocho organizaciones seguían bien encaminadas hacia el cumplimiento de las IPSAS en 2010. A la luz de las respuestas por escrito al cuestionario de la Dependencia Común de Inspección y a las entrevistas realizadas durante sus primeras misiones, el Inspector expresó serias dudas, que posteriormente fueron confirmadas, acerca de la fecha de aplicación de las IPSAS a nivel de todo el sistema prevista para 2010.", "157. En 2009, el 76% de las organizaciones que respondieron señalaron que sus órganos rectores eran conscientes de las consecuencias de la aplicación cuando votaron a favor de la adopción de las IPSAS en 2006 y 2007. En ese momento, en respuesta a las recomendaciones del Grupo de Trabajo y de la Junta de Auditores, la mayoría de las organizaciones fijaron el ejercicio económico que terminaba el 31 de diciembre de 2010 como plazo para aplicarlas, mientras que algunas de las organizaciones pioneras fijaron como plazo 2008.", "158. Al principio, el Grupo de Trabajo proporcionó sólo una descripción breve y general de los beneficios comunes y las consecuencias de las IPSAS, señalando que la adopción tendría importantes repercusiones en los informes contables y financieros y en los sistemas conexos de tecnología de la información de la organización; también tendría repercusiones importantes en los sistemas de presupuestación, financiación y gestión de las organizaciones[95]. Sin embargo, ninguna de las organizaciones se encontraba en el mismo punto de partida en 2006 y el documento utilizado por la mayoría de las secretarías y publicado con sus respectivos logotipos para movilizar a sus órganos rectores no mostraba (y probablemente no estaba en condiciones de hacerlo) en qué medida estaba cada una de las organizaciones preparada para la aplicación de las IPSAS o la magnitud y la duración de los cambios que se requerían en varias de ellas para lograr su aplicación.", "159. El Inspector puede confirmar que los niveles de aplicación eran muy distintos entre las organizaciones debido a las distintas dimensiones y circunstancias de cada una de ellas, así como la compatibilidad de los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales de esas organizaciones en 2005-2006 con los requisitos de las IPSAS.", "160. Las decisiones del Grupo de Trabajo, el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión, la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos y el Secretario General de 2005 y 2006[96] pueden criticarse en el sentido de que ejercen presión sobre todas las organizaciones para que opten por el mismo año de aplicación, independientemente de su grado real de preparación. En lugar de ello, debió haberse asignado tiempo suficiente para realizar primero un estudio de viabilidad. De hecho, hubo que preparar muchos más documentos para informar a los órganos rectores de los requisitos necesarios para una transición satisfactoria a las IPSAS.", "Gráfico 9", "Año de la plena aplicación de las IPSAS, según los planes y las previsiones al mes de febrero de 2010, según la información proporcionada por las organizaciones[97]", "[]", "Fuente: Informes del Secretario General sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "161. De las tres organizaciones precursoras previstas, únicamente el PMA logró aplicar plenamente las IPSAS para el año terminado el 31 de diciembre de 2008 según lo previsto, gracias a las condiciones iniciales favorables y a los esfuerzos concertados (véanse los detalles en el anexo IV); la OMS, que había adoptado varias de esas normas desde 2008, en estrecha relación con la puesta en marcha de su sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales, ahora prevé terminar de aplicarlas plenamente en 2012, una vez que se haya puesto en marcha en el resto de la organización el sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales. La OACI, cuyas adquisiciones se han basado desde enero de 2008 en la contabilidad en valores devengados —cuando se terminó de poner en marcha la primera fase de su sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales y se adoptó el principio de la entrega efectiva— espera terminar de aplicar las IPSAS en 2010.", "162. De las otras 19 organizaciones estudiadas, se prevé que en 7 de ellas las IPSAS se estarán aplicando a partir del 1º de enero de 2010, según los planes: en la OMI, la OMM, la OMPI, la ONUDI, la OPS, la UIT y la UNESCO. De las 12 restantes, 2 organizaciones ahora esperan adoptar las IPSAS en 2011 (el OIEA y la UPU), 8 en 2012 (el ACNUR, la FAO, la OIT, el OOPS, el PNUD, el UNFPA, el UNICEF, la UNOPS) y 2 en 2014 (las Naciones Unidas y la OMT)[98]. Esta situación no debería sorprender, dada la inesperada complejidad y la escala de los preparativos y cambios que se requieren en el proceso de transición para la plena aplicación de las IPSAS, y en el caso de muchas organizaciones, la adopción simultánea de otras iniciativas de gestión difíciles. Ello muestra que el haber presionado a las organizaciones para que adoptaran las IPSAS apenas cuatro años después de que la Asamblea General adoptara la decisión política —por lo que abogaron en 2005 los partidarios del plazo de 2010— no era ni técnicamente viable ni realista. Mucho menos en el caso de las organizaciones que aún seguían sin adoptar una contabilidad basada en valores devengados, que tenían sistemas inadecuados de planificación de los recursos institucionales y que no disponían de suficiente personal capacitado. Como lo señaló un alto funcionario entrevistado por el Inspector en 2008, \"la migración al nuevo sistema en 2010 no es más que una consigna\".", "163. Debido a las demoras en alcanzar los hitos establecidos, algunas organizaciones se vieron obligadas a revisar el calendario para el proyecto en 2009 o 2010, una revisión que fue alentada plenamente por el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión. Las Naciones Unidas, por ejemplo, han reprogramado la adopción de las IPSAS para 2014, a fin de disponer de más tiempo para sincronizar su aplicación con la introducción de un nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales e indicaron que \"la cuestión más importante relacionada con la adopción de las IPSAS son los requisitos de sistemas de información para la adopción satisfactoria de las IPSAS y la sincronización de los planes de implantación de las IPSAS y de ejecución del proyecto de planificación de los recursos institucionales\"[99]. En junio de 2009, el 62% de las organizaciones, tras prever cierta demora en la aplicación de las normas, había decidido adoptar un enfoque progresivo (aplicación norma por norma). En algunos casos la disponibilidad de recursos también influyó en la decisión de postergar el plazo.", "V. Las IPSAS y la crisis financiera y económica", "164. La crisis financiera y económica mundial ha venido afectando al proyecto de varias maneras:", "IPSAS, de por sí modesta y a veces demasiado modesta para ser verdaderamente eficaz, se ha vuelto aún más difícil de obtener y más dependiente de la comprensión y la buena voluntad del personal directivo superior y los órganos legislativos, máxime si se tiene en cuenta que están en marcha otras iniciativas de gestión que también necesitan financiación y que los Estados Miembros, siempre renuentes a aprobar gastos adicionales y la contratación de más personal, son cada vez más exigentes.", "mejor información sobre la solidez financiera de las organizaciones y los riesgos inherentes a su situación. La crisis crediticia ha acentuado la necesidad de procedimientos de rendición de cuentas en el sector público y transparencia en sus transacciones financieras.", "respecto al efecto procíclico de las normas internacionales de presentación de informes financieros y la forma en que se ha de medir el valor razonable[100] en épocas de crisis, aspectos particularmente importantes de la NIC 39 norma 15 de las IPSAS, relativa a la divulgación y presentación de instrumentos financieros. Se ha criticado la NIC 39 aduciendo que contribuye a una mayor inestabilidad de los estados financieros al exigir que toda una serie de activos se calculen en un valor razonable.", "165. Movidos por la presión política suscitada por la quiebra de Lehman Brothers y luego por las reuniones del G20, los contadores han tomado el asunto muy en serio. La Federación Internacional de Contadores (FIC) organizó varios seminarios en la reunión de su consejo mundial para examinar las causas de la crisis financiera y las medidas que los profesionales contables, los reguladores y los gobiernos podían adoptar para prevenir futuras crisis. La Junta Internacional de Normas de Contabilidad (IASB) y la Junta de Normas de Contabilidad Financiera (FASB) convinieron en trabajar de forma conjunta y con prontitud para definir normas comunes relativas a las actividades que no figuran en los balances y la contabilidad de los instrumentos financieros. Además, convinieron en presentar propuestas para reemplazar sus respectivas normas sobre instrumentos financieros por una norma común \"en cuestión de meses y no años\"[101]. Ambas indicaron que las empresas no tenían la obligación de utilizar precios de mercado en condiciones difíciles. Por su parte, el Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público ha elaborado recientemente varias IPSAS nuevas (28, 29 y 30), basadas en el modelo de las NIC 32, 39 y 7 y relativas a las mismas cuestiones de presentación, contabilización y medición y divulgación.", "166. Como todas las normas de contabilidad, las IPSAS están sujetas a mejoras y modificaciones continuas, lo que supone introducir los cambios correspondientes en las políticas de contabilidad de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En abril de 2009, el G20 exhortó a la FASB y a la IASB a \"lograr avances concretos hacia un conjunto único de normas mundiales de contabilidad de alta calidad\" para finales de ese año[102]. El Inspector celebra los esfuerzos realizados por la IASB y la FASB para uniformizar las NIIF y los principios de contabilidad generalmente aceptados en el sector privado, lo cual contribuía a la \"convergencia de las normas contables\", uno de los ideales a los que aspira la profesión contable.", "167. Ahora bien, ello plantea la cuestión de cómo puede un conjunto único de normas contables, concebidas para servir al sector privado comercial, responder a las necesidades concretas de las entidades del sector público y las organizaciones sin fines de lucro, en que la mayor parte de las transacciones no están basadas en el intercambio sino en transacciones asimétricas tanto en el caso de los ingresos como los gastos. Es preciso que los observadores de las Naciones Unidas (la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas y el PNUD) ante el Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público sigan el asunto de cerca, pues este órgano respalda oficialmente la convergencia de las IPSAS y las NIIF. Puesto que el Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público no tiene que rendir cuentas a ningún órgano rector del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y como no se ha facultado a los observadores de las \"Naciones Unidas\" para que hablen en nombre del sistema, ¿qué deben hacer dichos observadores ante la voluntad de que esa convergencia se haga efectiva: simplemente aceptarla, respaldarla, promoverla o guardar silencio? Se debería organizar un debate bien fundado entre representantes de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, a fin de que todos los interesados comprendan el asunto y lo que está en juego. Recordemos que el motivo por el cual se optó por las IPSAS es precisamente porque se adecuaban mejor que las NIIF a las características específicas de las entidades públicas. La mayor parte de las características de las NIIF, elaboradas para las empresas privadas, ya se han incorporado a las IPSAS. El Inspector comparte la opinión del Director Internacional del Consejo Nacional de Contabilidad de Francia (Conseil National de la Comptabilité) de que es lamentable que, debido a limitaciones de tiempo, la mayoría de las IPSAS no sean más que una copia de las NIIF y, por consiguiente, no sean sino parcialmente compatibles con las realidades del sector público. Mientras siga habiendo \"transacciones sin contraprestación\", la \"contabilidad de los príncipes\" deberá seguir separada de la \"contabilidad de los comerciantes\".", "168. En el futuro, el principio rector de la elaboración y la aplicación de las IPSAS debería ser la rendición de cuentas, que la FIC define de forma concisa y correcta como la obligación de dar cuenta de la responsabilidad que se ha asumido[103]. Una tarea importante, análoga a la que realiza la Comisión Internacional de Interpretación de la Información Financiera en la esfera de las NIIF, podría encomendarse a un comité especial, encargado por la FIC de prestar asistencia a las entidades del sector público, en particular a las organizaciones internacionales, en la armonización e interpretación de las IPSAS, especialmente en los primeros años del proceso de aplicación, cuando entren en terreno desconocido. Ese comité proseguiría la labor realizada por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad, pero su ámbito de competencia sería mucho más amplio, pues estaría integrado por representantes de Estados, municipios y organizaciones sin fines de lucro, de conformidad con los principios de las garantías procesales.", "VI. Conclusión", "169. La transición de todas las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a las IPSAS es sin duda una de las iniciativas más ambiciosas en materia de gestión emprendidas a nivel de todo el sistema. Es indispensable que se lleve a cabo si las organizaciones han de pasar a una gestión más racional. En el presente informe se han procurado destacar los obstáculos, las limitaciones y los riesgos que conlleva el paso de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a las IPSAS, trátese del tiempo necesario para seleccionar los mejores sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales o de perfeccionar los existentes, las dificultades para entablar un diálogo con los órganos legislativos, la falta de visión y de un sentimiento colectivo de identificación con el proceso de cambio o la falta de compromiso de parte del personal directivo superior.", "170. En 2005, muy pocas de las organizaciones, si acaso alguna, eran conscientes de la envergadura de los cambios que se debían realizar. Por muchos motivos, de 22 organizaciones, sólo 1 logró conseguir el objetivo de cumplimiento con las normas en la fecha límite inicial y otras 8 tienen previsto hacerlo en 2010. Sobre la base del examen, el Inspector no puede sino llegar a la conclusión de que la mayoría de las organizaciones calcularon mal los cambios monumentales que se requerían en muchos niveles diferentes y que algunas tardaron en reconocer que la única forma de lograr lo que se habían propuesto era hacer de ese esfuerzo una prioridad institucional. El compromiso inicial de adoptar las IPSAS para 2010 tampoco reflejaba el hecho de que cada organización partía de niveles completamente distintos y que para algunas de ellas la adopción de las IPSAS representaba una empresa de gran envergadura. Las organizaciones pioneras como la OCDE, la Comisión Europea y el PMA han demostrado que con la voluntad y la determinación suficientes se podía realizar esa tarea titánica. Ahora bien, es preciso aprender de la experiencia de esos organismos para ayudar a otras organizaciones a aplicar las IPSAS en los próximos años.", "171. Tras un período de varios años durante los cuales se adoptó toda una serie de decisiones políticas importantes, ha quedado claro que algunas organizaciones van a tardar más que otras en alcanzar el objetivo de producir estados financieros que se ajusten a las IPSAS sin salvedades[104]. Los principales riesgos que se han de sortear ahora son la desilusión y el desaliento, tanto más cuanto que los efectos positivos de la adopción de las IPSAS sólo podrán apreciarse una vez que se haya completado la transición y que los directivos tardarán cierto tiempo en familiarizarse con las nuevas exigencias. Del examen se determinaron varias prácticas óptimas (enumeradas en el resumen), basadas en la experiencia de los organismos de las Naciones Unidas y otras entidades pioneras en la adopción de las IPSAS ajenas al sistema de las Naciones Unidas. El Inspector considera que la aplicación de esas prácticas óptimas contribuirá a que la transición a las IPSAS se haga de forma estratégica, integrada y oportuna. Teniendo en cuenta esas prácticas, el Inspector formuló la recomendación siguiente, que a su juicio debería mejorar la eficacia, la eficiencia y la rendición de cuentas en la transición de todas y cada una de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "Recomendación 3 \nLos jefes ejecutivos deberían velar por que el conjunto de las 16prácticas óptimas señaladas en el presente informe de la DependenciaComún de Inspección se aplique cuando se ejecute el proyecto de lasIPSAS.", "Anexo I", "Lista de las IPSAS (Manual de Pronunciamientos del Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público, Federación Internacional de Contadores, 2010)", "Alcance del manual", "El manual recoge información básica de referencia sobre la Federación Internacional de Contadores (FIC) y los pronunciamientos sobre el sector público actualmente en vigor emitidos por la FIC al 15 de enero de 2010.", "Índice", "Volumen I Página", "Cambios sustanciales con respecto a la edición 2009 del Manual 1", "Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público – Mandato provisional 3", "Federación Internacional de Contadores 8", "Prólogo a las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público 11", "Introducción a las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público 20", "IPSAS 1 – Presentación de estados financieros 21", "IPSAS 2 – Estado de flujos de efectivo 82", "IPSAS 3 – Políticas contables, cambios en las estimaciones contables y errores 104", "IPSAS 4 – Efectos de las variaciones en las tasas de cambio de la moneda extranjera 135", "IPSAS 5 – Costos de endeudamiento 160", "IPSAS 6 – Estados financieros consolidados y separados 172", "IPSAS 7 – Inversiones en empresas asociadas 207", "IPSAS 8 – Participaciones en negocios conjuntos 227", "IPSAS 9 – Ingresos procedentes de transacciones con contraprestación 251", "IPSAS 10 – Información financiera en economías hiperinflacionarias 274", "IPSAS 11 – Contratos de construcción 288", "IPSAS 12 – Inventarios 314", "IPSAS 13 – Contratos de arrendamiento 333", "IPSAS 14 – Contingencias y hechos ocurridos después de la fecha del balance 369", "IPSAS 15 – Instrumentos financieros: presentación e información que se ha de revelar 385", "IPSAS 16 – Inversiones en propiedades inmobiliarias 443", "IPSAS 17 – Propiedades, planta y equipo 476", "IPSAS 18 – Información financiera por segmentos 517", "IPSAS 19 – Provisiones, pasivos contingentes y activos contingentes 548", "IPSAS 20 – Información relativa a partes vinculadas 592", "IPSAS 21 – Deterioro del valor de activos que no generan efectivo 613", "IPSAS 22 – Revelación de información financiera sobre la administración pública 652", "IPSAS 23 – Ingresos de transacciones sin contraprestación (impuestos y transferencias) 678", "IPSAS 24 – Presentación de información presupuestaria en los estados financieros 735", "IPSAS 25 – Prestaciones de los empleados 763", "Volumen II", "IPSAS 26 – Deterioro de activos generadores de efectivo 845", "IPSAS 27 – Agricultura 904", "IPSAS 28 – Instrumentos financieros: presentación 933", "IPSAS 29 – Instrumentos financieros: contabilización y medición 1022", "IPSAS 30 – Instrumentos financieros: revelación 1287", "IPSAS 31 – Activos intangibles 1337", "IPSAS relativa a la contabilidad en valores de caja – Presentación de informes financieros según el método basado en los valores de caja 1388", "Glosario de los términos definidos en las normas IPSAS 1 a 26 1389", "Directriz 2 – Aplicabilidad de las normas internacionales de auditoría a la auditoría de los estados financieros de las empresas públicas 1514", "Resumen de otros documentos 1555", "Código de conducta de la Federación Internacional de Contadores para contadores profesionales 1558", "Anexo II", "Importancia atribuida a cada una de las IPSAS por las organizaciones participantes (porcentajes)", "[]", "Anexo III", "Diagrama del proceso de transición a la aplicación de las IPSAS", "[]", "Anexo IV", "Un caso de éxito: el proceso del PMA", "1. A continuación se reseñará en detalle sólo uno de los más de 20 proyectos sobre las IPSAS en las organizaciones que participan en la Dependencia Común de Inspección. Se trata del primer, y hasta el momento (2010) único, caso de éxito, una experiencia de la que, a juicio del Inspector, hay mucho que aprender. El PMA dista mucho de ser el único organismo en el que se han observado buenas prácticas, pero en abril de 2009, el PMA logró que sus estados financieros correspondientes a 2008 se presentaran de conformidad con las IPSAS y fueron certificados por su auditor externo, menos de tres años después de que su Junta decidió (en junio de 2006) adoptar las IPSAS, logro que se repitió en el ejercicio económico siguiente y que merece, por lo tanto, ser objeto de una descripción detallada. La presente sección se basa principalmente en documentos oficiales publicados por la Directora Ejecutiva del PMA (entre ellos los seis informes parciales sobre el proyecto), las cuentas publicadas y los informes y las declaraciones del auditor externo. En aras de la brevedad, sólo se han incluido unas cuantas referencias en el presente documento, pero las demás se proporcionarán a las personas interesadas que las soliciten.", "2. En vista de la fecha límite que se había fijado para el inicio del ejercicio económico en el que se preveía la adopción de las IPSAS, el Equipo del proyecto IPSAS del PMA dispuso sólo de 18 meses para prepararse. La introducción de las IPSAS, desde cero y paso a paso, fue un proyecto multifacético, complejo y sujeto a plazos bien definidos. Gracias a un liderazgo eficaz y una gestión del riesgo cuidadosa, el proyecto se llevó a cabo con éxito en la forma originalmente prevista. El PMA, en definitiva la única organización \"pionera\" en la adopción de las IPSAS, fue también la primera de todas las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en plantear cuestiones contables técnicas relativas a las IPSAS. La adopción de estas normas, iniciativa de gran envergadura, conllevó un examen detallado de todas las políticas financieras y de las muchas revisiones que se hicieron de ellas, la preparación de un manual de orientación y numerosos cursos de capacitación para el personal.", "A. La organización de la gestión financiera como etapa preliminar", "3. Este logro notable es también la culminación de un proceso global de transformación de la gestión financiera de toda la organización, cuyos orígenes se remontan por lo menos al bienio 2002-2003, cuando, por iniciativa de su auditor externo (la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido), el PMA emprendió la modernización de su gestión financiera.", "4. Un proyecto sobre las IPSAS se sustenta en la motivación, los conocimientos y la responsabilidad comunes de todas las personas que desempeñan funciones relacionadas con las finanzas de la entidad interesada, en todos los niveles de las sedes, las oficinas regionales y las oficinas en el terreno. Fue preciso integrarlas a todas en una red activa para posibilitar la plena comprensión y aplicación del nuevo modelo operativo y crear un entorno receptivo a las reformas necesarias. Con ese fin, se debe contratar en forma oportuna a suficiente personal dotado de las calificaciones adecuadas para ocupar los puestos esenciales. La capacitación del personal y los directivos de finanzas y la participación conjunta de empleados de niveles jerárquicos diferentes es una de las claves del éxito pues es condición sine qua non de la creación de una cultura moderna de contabilidad.", "5. En 2004-2005 los directivos del PMA introdujeron varias iniciativas destinadas a mejorar la calidad y la puntualidad de la presentación de informes financieros a la Junta, los donantes y el personal directivo. Se fijaron las siguientes prioridades en materia de gestión:", "planificación de los recursos institucionales del PMA (conocido como Sistema Mundial y Red de Información del PMA o WINGS, por sus siglas en inglés, y, posteriormente, WINGS II, en su versión actualizada);", "oficiales de finanzas internacionales y 17 nacionales en el terreno (lo cual representa un incremento del 61% y el 68%, respectivamente) y 5 analistas financieros regionales encargados de prestar apoyo al nuevo modelo operativo resultante del examen de los procesos operativos;", "familiarización del personal de finanzas con los procesos operativos y financieros del PMA, en particular en las oficinas en el terreno, donde se empezó a aplicar un conjunto de normas de presentación de informes con cierre mensual;", "hincapié en sus responsabilidades con respecto a los controles internos y la eficacia de la gestión financiera;", "procedentes de la sede, las oficinas regionales y las oficinas en los países para analizar aspectos estratégicos de la gestión financiera y definir claramente las diferentes funciones y responsabilidades;", "oficiales de finanzas de las oficinas en los países con el fin de preparar el cierre de las cuentas bienales, presentar nuevas iniciativas, examinar el seguimiento de la respuesta a las recomendaciones de auditoría e impartir capacitación avanzada en relación con el sistema WINGS;", "una clara orientación sobre las políticas y los procedimientos financieros; presentación de informes relativos a la gestión y la ejecución financiera de los proyectos producidos por el sistema WINGS;", "reducir los riesgos, sobre la base de un análisis de los riesgos cambiarios del PMA;", "atención al análisis de costos y a los controles internos.", "B. La elección de normas de contabilidad: una medida sumamente proactiva", "6. En enero de 2005, el auditor externo del PMA observó que el PMA ya presentaba un juego casi completo de estados financieros ajustados a lo previsto en las NIC/NIIF o las IPSAS. Tras la presentación del informe del auditor externo sobre normas de presentación de informes financieros, en el que se alentaba a la Junta Ejecutiva del PMA a adoptar normas internacionales de contabilidad, universalmente aceptadas, la Directora Ejecutiva estableció un comité de coordinación y un equipo de tareas encargados de gestionar esa transición. Después de consultar a organizaciones externas y a expertos en normas contables, el comité de coordinación y el equipo de tareas realizaron un examen preliminar de los reglamentos y las normas del PMA que tal vez convendría revisar antes de que la organización pudiera adoptar plenamente normas internacionales de contabilidad. Como todas las normas contables modernas exigen el paso a una contabilidad en valores devengados, la adopción de ese método contable prepararía a la entidad para la aplicación de cualquier norma de contabilidad. En 2007, el PMA reconoció que el sistema WINGS de entonces, en el que estaban incorporados algunos aspectos de las IPSAS, había permitido al PMA introducir mejoras sistemáticas en su presentación de informes financieros, entre ellas la contabilización de los ingresos en valores devengados, la contabilización de las inversiones a la tasa del mercado, la contabilización de los gastos según el principio de la entrega efectiva y la presentación de informes financieros anuales. En ese sentido, el PMA ya había llegado a una etapa avanzada de preparación para adoptar las IPSAS.", "7. Ahora bien, no fue fácil; las IPSAS se basan en principios. Como el PMA fue el primero de las Naciones Unidas en adoptar las IPSAS y una de las primeras organizaciones del mundo en hacerlo, el equipo del proyecto IPSAS tuvo que elaborar numerosas políticas, a menudo antes de que el Grupo de Trabajo interinstitucional hubiera examinado el asunto y publicado orientaciones al respecto. Algunas de esas políticas resultaron muy difíciles de redactar, entre ellas las relativas a la capitalización de inventarios, el asiento de los gastos, la medición, los instrumentos financieros, los servicios en especie, las propiedades, planta y equipo, los activos intangibles y, en particular, la contabilización de los ingresos; la normalización de este último aspecto fue particularmente difícil, dadas las grandes diferencias entre el PMA y el sector privado, pero podrá aplicarse también a otras organizaciones basadas en contribuciones y a Estados. La comparación entre los estados financieros anteriores, preparados de conformidad con las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, y los estados financieros actuales, preparados de conformidad con las IPSAS, permite hacerse una idea del alcance de esas políticas contables y las dificultades para elaborarlas.", "8. La actitud del PMA hacia la labor de apoyo realizada por el equipo encargado de la aplicación de las normas en todo el sistema y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad fue de una activa colaboración y se caracterizó por una firme determinación de avanzar, incluso adelantándose al equipo cuando era necesario, como ocurrió con el material didáctico (el PMA se adelantó y creó su propio material de capacitación, sin esperar a que llegara el material de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos que llevaba retraso). Dado que el PMA fue una de las primeras organizaciones en adoptar las IPSAS, sus opiniones y sus experiencias en la materia son muy valiosas para otras organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En las circunstancias de entonces, en que los debates en las Naciones Unidas todavía no habían avanzado lo suficiente para pronunciarse con respecto a todas las cuestiones relativas a las IPSAS, la dirección interpretaba esas normas como juzgaba conveniente, de acuerdo con el auditor externo. En los casos que no estaban contemplados en ninguna norma de las IPSAS, se utilizaban las NIIF. Al ser \"pionero\", el PMA no siempre podía contar con el asesoramiento práctico y la orientación de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a una amplia gama de cuestiones que se presentaron durante el período de transición. Al contrario, otras organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas esperaban que el PMA les diera orientación y les sirviera de ejemplo. El PMA también estaba en contacto con otras entidades pioneras de las IPSAS, como la Comisión Europea, la OTAN y el Gobierno de Suiza.", "9. En el verano de 2005, cuando el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad examinó el asunto con el equipo de ejecución del proyecto de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos y optó por adoptar las IPSAS, el PMA, que se había preparado para la transición, no tardó en mostrarse dispuesto a encabezar el proceso en calidad de pionero. El PMA presentó dos documentos básicos que pusieron de manifiesto una capacidad de profunda reflexión autónoma sobre su propia situación: un cronograma provisional de la transición hacia la adopción de normas internacionales de contabilidad de 2005 a 2008 y un cuadro sinóptico de todos los cambios que debían introducirse en la entidad, basado en su análisis de las disparidades, norma por norma. Esos dos documentos conformaron la base del proyecto de las IPSAS del PMA. El plan de trabajo aprobado en junio de 2006 por la Junta Ejecutiva preveía plazos, hitos, medidas de coordinación con el proyecto WINGS II y una estimación de los costos, el presupuesto y las opciones de financiación que permitieran al PMA aplicar las IPSAS a partir de 2008, tal como se había recomendado.", "C. Cómo concebir y dimensionar plenamente las tareas que han de realizarse", "10. Según un extracto del informe del auditor externo del PMA sobre los preparativos para llevar a cabo dos proyectos importantes, el proyecto IPSAS y el proyecto WINGS II, la observancia de normas internacionales de contabilidad exigía mucho más que una revisión y mejora de los aspectos relativos a la presentación de los informes financieros tal como aparecían en las cuentas anuales de la organización. Era preciso mejorar los procedimientos institucionales y los procedimientos operativos estándar, por ejemplo el modo en que el PMA gestionaba y contabilizaba el activo y el pasivo, y la manera en que contabilizaba y notificaba sus ingresos y gastos. Para ello era necesario modificar profundamente los procesos institucionales y la gestión financiera de la infraestructura operativa y los procedimientos financieros del PMA, transformaciones de las que se ha encargado la secretaría.", "11. Como se vio anteriormente, el PMA estaba mejor preparado que las demás entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para realizar muchos de esos cambios y optó por una vía rápida: se propuso llevar a cabo la transición en 18 meses, partiendo de la etapa en que se encontraba, muy bien preparado, por cierto, para llegar al objetivo por el más corto de todos los caminos escogidos por las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En 2006 se preparó por primera vez en el PMA un juego completo de estados financieros anuales (conformes con las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas). De ese modo el PMA se preparó para introducir cuentas de periodicidad anual sujetas a una comprobación completa, que le sirvieron de base para preparar el ejercicio económico anual que sería obligatorio a partir de 2008. Como la dependencia encargada de la presentación de informes financieros del PMA sería la más afectada directamente por las IPSAS, su papel fue fundamental en el proceso de aplicación de dichas normas. Con motivo de la preparación de los estados financieros de 2008 conformes con las IPSAS, el PMA preparó una serie de pruebas de cuentas utilizando los mismos criterios pero abarcando períodos de seis a nueve meses de duración.", "D. Un proyecto en todo el sentido de la palabra", "1. Esquema", "12. De conformidad con la decisión adoptada por la Junta en noviembre de 2005, la secretaría elaboró un plan de trabajo general para el proyecto de normas de contabilidad en el que se describía la manera en que se determinarían y abordarían los cambios que debían introducirse en el Estatuto y el Reglamento del PMA, así como en las políticas contables y los procedimientos administrativos que se verían afectados por la aplicación de las IPSAS. Se fijaron hitos para las distintas etapas del proyecto, que incluían un análisis, propuestas de revisión de políticas y procedimientos, la ratificación por el personal directivo del PMA, el Auditor Externo y la Junta, la preparación de directrices y la capacitación de personal en la sede y sobre el terreno. La secretaría preparó asimismo estimaciones presupuestarias de los costos de ejecución del proyecto.", "2. Gobernanza", "13. Inicialmente se proyectó que la transición estaría a cargo de un equipo relativamente pequeño (cuatro consultores en finanzas, un consultor en administración de proyectos, otro consultor, dos funcionarios de la dependencia de finanzas y otras cuatro personas) dirigido por un director de proyecto a tiempo completo que dependería del Jefe de Finanzas, que también estaba encargado del proyecto WINGS II y por lo tanto estaba en condiciones de establecer sinergias entre el sistema WINGS II y las IPSAS. En 2007 se estableció una junta de gestión del proyecto que se encargaría de proporcionar supervisión, orientación y asesoramiento de alto nivel al proyecto IPSAS. De acuerdo con las recomendaciones de auditoría interna y la evaluación de riesgos, un coordinador de la gestión del cambio y un coordinador de la gestión del proyecto se sumaron al personal del proyecto. Gracias a ellos se pudo depender menos de los consultores y se logró una mayor estabilidad en materia de comunicación y capacitación, así como en el seguimiento y la actualización del presupuesto y el plan de trabajo.", "3. Financiación", "14. Gracias a su nueva cultura de gestión financiera, ya en septiembre de 2005, el PMA estaba en condiciones de presentar estimaciones detalladas de los costos y previsiones presupuestarias correspondientes a:", "i) Transición a las normas internacionales de contabilidad;", "ii) Modificación de los flujos operativos de la institución;", "iii) Gestión de los activos; y", "iv) Elaboración de políticas, procedimientos y manuales de orientación.", "los nuevos procedimientos y políticas (talleres, etc.);", "institucionales, junto con la formulación de políticas y orientaciones sobre los procedimientos.", "15. Como primera medida para financiar el proyecto se procuró determinar las economías que se podrían realizar mediante la absorción de los costos adicionales. La segunda consistió en tratar de crear sinergias con un proyecto conexo en curso. La tercera consistió sencillamente en buscar nuevas formas y fuentes de financiación.", "16. En junio de 2006, la Junta autorizó que se asignara la suma de 3,7 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos, del presupuesto administrativo y apoyo a los programas, para sufragar durante dos años los costos de una introducción de las IPSAS en los plazos previstos para el ejercicio económico de 2008. Dos años después, un análisis retrospectivo de los gastos del proyecto puso de manifiesto que, globalmente, los gastos efectivos se habían mantenido cerca del monto previsto y que si bien en algunos casos se habían subestimado los gastos en personal (sujetos al régimen común de las Naciones Unidas), ello se había visto compensado por las economías efectuadas en la mayor parte de las demás partidas, especialmente los gastos en viajes. A lo largo de la duración del proyecto, los gastos en consultores se mantuvieron en el bajísimo nivel de 0,3 millones de dólares, por debajo de los 0,5 millones de dólares previstos, suma relativamente modesta en comparación con los presupuestos de otras organizaciones.", "4. Recursos humanos", "17. En el plan del proyecto estaba prevista la constitución de un equipo especializado, encargado del proyecto relativo a las normas contables, apoyado por personal del PMA, que proporcionaría los conocimientos pertinentes en sus respectivas esferas de competencia y responsabilidad. El proyecto estaría a cargo de un administrador de proyectos, que contaría con el apoyo de personal competente interno así como de especialistas y consultores contratados para la ocasión a fin de que el PMA dispusiera de la capacidad necesaria para realizar con éxito la transición hacia las IPSAS. Sin embargo, resultó difícil encontrar personal para el proyecto; en 2006, cuando se empezó a buscar a expertos en el ámbito de las IPSAS, prácticamente no había ninguno. Muchos contadores eran expertos en las NIIF o las normas de Nueva Zelandia o de Australia, pero casi ninguno era especialista en la aplicación de las IPSAS. Sólo los que habían trabajado con organizaciones pioneras en la materia, como la OCDE y la Comisión Europea, tenían experiencia en las IPSAS. Además, muchos consultores tenían conocimientos teóricos acerca de las IPSAS pero no tenían experiencia práctica. Finalmente, el administrador del proyecto optó por contratar a contadores profesionales y darles tiempo suficiente para que se familiarizaran con las IPSAS, invirtiendo en ellos de modo que fueran constituyendo progresivamente un acervo de conocimientos especializados sobre la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "5. Contenido y productos", "18. El equipo elaboró una documentación completa para la aplicación de las IPSAS que abarcaba todas las normas y todos los proyectos de textos para recabar comentarios, incluidos los nuevos proyectos de disposiciones y prácticas contables a las que ajustarían la preparación de los estados financieros del PMA a partir del 1º de enero de 2008, y que servirían de orientación para los usuarios y los creadores de sistemas. Se elaboraron planes detallados para cada esfera contable en los que se indicaba cómo se aplicarían en la práctica las IPSAS adoptadas, en particular el establecimiento de saldos de apertura al 1º de enero de 2008 respecto de las existencias, las prestaciones al personal y los bienes inmuebles, maquinaria y equipo y el registro contable de los ingresos conforme a las IPSAS. Estaba prevista la elaboración de un manual de aplicación destinado a las dependencias operativas y a los profesionales de finanzas.", "E. Una organización motivada: comunicación, capacitación y gestión del cambio", "1. Apoyo a las actividades de comunicación y de capacitación", "19. En el marco de su programa de comunicación el PMA creó una página web especial sobre la transición a las IPSAS y entre 2006 y 2008 produjo una serie suplementaria de seis \"informes parciales\" sobre la cuestión, en los que se exponía u ofrecía toda la información pertinente sobre las decisiones, anteriores o futuras, presentados a la Junta a título informativo, para su examen o para su aprobación, manteniéndola de esa forma plenamente informada, motivada y activa, en pro de la buena marcha del proceso de transición.", "20. En esa página del proyecto IPSAS creada en la Intranet, muy utilizada por el personal del PMA, se ofrecía información sobre las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, las normas internacionales de contabilidad, las IPSAS y el proceso de adopción de estas últimas. La página era una fuente integral de recursos para los usuarios que buscaban información u orientación sobre las IPSAS. En el marco de la estrategia de comunicación, se distribuían boletines bimensuales a los oficiales de finanzas y a otros miembros del personal, principalmente para informar al personal sobre el terreno acerca de la marcha del proyecto. Algunos expertos en las IPSAS y expertos financieros con experiencia en proyectos de aplicación de las IPSAS en otras organizaciones realizaron talleres para que el personal del PMA se familiarizara con la aplicación de las IPSAS. En el segundo semestre de 2006 y a principios de 2007 se organizaron talleres en todas las oficinas regionales para poner al tanto a los directores regionales, los directores en los países y los oficiales de finanzas de las actividades de aplicación de las IPSAS y sus principales repercusiones en el PMA. Se organizaron otros talleres y sesiones de capacitación a medida que se fueron elaborando los nuevos métodos contables ajustados a las IPSAS.", "21. De igual manera, para dar a conocer el proyecto y obtener apoyo, fue necesario mantener una comunicación fluida entre el personal directivo superior, el personal directivo intermedio y el resto del personal y prever mecanismos de retroinformación. El equipo de aplicación de las IPSAS emprendió una estrategia institucional de capacitación y comunicación, cuya finalidad era que en todo el PMA el personal estuviera informado acerca del proyecto y se familiarizara con las IPSAS. Esta labor se coordinó con la del proyecto WINGS II y con la dependencia de capacitación de la Dirección de Recursos Humanos a fin de garantizar su eficacia y realizar economías de escala. A principios de 2008 ya se había impartido capacitación sobre las IPSAS a 1.400 miembros del personal de la sede y las oficinas sobre el terreno. A lo largo de 2008 se organizarían cursos de actualización para las partes interesadas tales como miembros de la Junta y los participantes en los grupos de trabajo y actividades de las Naciones Unidas. La coordinación con el equipo IPSAS de Nueva York continuó, mientras se elaboraba material de capacitación especializado sobre la aplicación a las Naciones Unidas del sistema de contabilidad en valores devengados, pero todavía no había sido publicado o no se podía utilizar.", "22. En total se dedicó un tiempo considerable a actividades de capacitación y comunicación, debates, talleres, reuniones y grupos de trabajo, a fin de convencer al personal acostumbrado a las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas de la conveniencia de adoptar las IPSAS, normas que se consideraban más difíciles y más exigentes (con razón). Por lo tanto, la conversión del personal, especialmente los \"escépticos\" resultó sumamente difícil y hubo que recurrir a toda una serie de medios.", "2. \"Sintonización\" con la Junta Ejecutiva", "23. El PMA estableció y mantuvo estrechas relaciones de comunicación acerca del proyecto IPSAS con su Junta Ejecutiva, integrada por 36 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y la FAO, donantes y países receptores. El auditor externo y la secretaría del PMA lograron aprovechar esa diversidad de actores entre 2005 y 2009 y colaboraron para presentar a la Junta una serie de informes relativos a sus respectivas funciones. El auditor externo y la secretaría del PMA tenían opiniones concordantes sobre la transición a normas contables internacionales y crearon un clima de confianza, deteniéndose en cada etapa para explicar la situación, los riesgos, las propuestas presentadas y los beneficios previstos. Despertar y mantener ese interés y el apoyo a la esfera administrativa y financiera, que suele ser menos atractiva para los delegados de los Estados Miembros, constituye un logro importantísimo. Se manifestó el temor de que los nuevos estados financieros conformes a las IPSAS fueran más difíciles de comprender que los anteriores, elaborados con arreglo a las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, que prevén que los informes financieros se presenten en un formato análogo al del presupuesto. Para atender esa preocupación, se organizaron debates, sesiones informativas, consultas oficiosas, seminarios sobre finanzas e intervenciones de oradores invitados.", "24. La comunicación con el órgano legislativo (la Junta Ejecutiva) se realizó asimismo con diferentes medios, incluida la serie especial de los seis informes parciales ya mencionados. Gracias a ello, se obtuvo la financiación inicial de los puestos creados para reforzar la administración financiera y posteriormente fue relativamente fácil obtener financiación para los proyectos IPSAS y WINGS, lo cual permitió que los equipos correspondientes pudieran dedicarse plenamente a las actividades sustantivas de los proyectos sin desperdiciar su energía en recaudar fondos. El resultado fue que la Junta Ejecutiva respaldó las diferentes medidas propuestas con miras a adoptar las IPSAS propuestas. Ahora bien, obtener financiación es más fácil que cambiar los hábitos de trabajo y de gestión profundamente arraigados de los directivos y el personal. Esto fue muy difícil en el PMA, al igual que en otras organizaciones.", "F. Un proyecto en red", "1. Iniciativas de colaboración institucionales", "25. El PMA no trabajó nunca de forma aislada. Del mismo modo que puso en marcha los procesos internos de reflexión y capacitación, procuró sacar el máximo provecho de las fructíferas relaciones que mantenía con sus asociados externos.", "26. El primero de estos fue el auditor externo del PMA, procedente de la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido, que muy rápido resultó ser la fuerza impulsora de la introducción de normas contables reconocidas internacionalmente, en particular en el informe sobre la cuestión que presentó a la Junta Ejecutiva[105]. El auditor externo y la Directora Ejecutiva del PMA destacaron reiteradamente en sus informes respectivos su provechosa colaboración hasta que en 2009 pudieron compartir orgullosos el honor de haber logrado preparar el primer juego de estados financieros preparados con arreglo a las IPSAS (correspondientes al ejercicio económico de 2008) y haberlos presentado a la Junta Ejecutiva con una opinión sin salvedades del auditor externo, logro que repitieron en el ejercicio económico anual siguiente. El Inspector considera que es justo mencionar, además de la participación del auditor externo a nivel local, la ingente labor realizada por la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido en materia de educación e información con respecto a la utilización de las IPSAS, que incluye dos importantes \"guías\" detalladas que se pueden descargar del sitio de la Oficina en la web (www.nao.org.uk):", "lista de control detallada que permite verificar paso a paso que las cuentas se ajustan a lo dispuesto en las IPSAS.", "cuentas, producida especialmente para ayudar a las organizaciones internacionales a entender lo que exigiría el auditor externo para emitir una opinión sin salvedades con respecto a los requisitos de las IPSAS. En el prólogo, la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido indica que \"en la guía se describen las circunstancias necesarias y los documentos que los directivos deben proporcionar a los auditores externos y se ilustran las cuestiones y los problemas de auditoría que se pueden plantear y que se deben evitar\".", "27. Otro asociado institucional importante fue el Comité de Auditoría que, según su informe anual de 2009, dedicó tiempo y atención considerables a la supervisión de este difícil proyecto. En cada reunión se supervisaron los planes de ejecución y posibles obstáculos, incluidos los cambios en el personal básico del proyecto. El Comité de Auditoría señaló hitos importantes (por ejemplo las pruebas que se realizaron en junio y septiembre de 2008) y evaluó los resultados obtenidos por el personal directivo y los informes sobre los avances realizados, presentados independientemente por la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría del Reino Unido (NAO) y la Oficina de Auditoría Interna. Asesoró sobre cómo superar eficazmente los obstáculos que se presentaron y reforzó el compromiso del personal directivo con el proyecto. Las opiniones y recomendaciones del Comité de Auditoría se comunicaron a la dirección. El Comité propuso algunas modificaciones y examinó la respuesta de la dirección durante el proceso de aplicación y mientras se examinaban las versiones finales del proyecto de estados financieros.", "28. Como ya se ha mencionado, el PMA hizo más de lo que le correspondía en la interacción con los demás organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas participando activamente en el Grupo de Trabajo y el \"grupo de debate de Roma\" conexo. Sin ánimo de disminuir los méritos del PMA en la exitosa transición, el Inspector subraya una vez más que el PMA era una de las organizaciones mejor preparadas, sobre todo por su cultura financiera institucional[106].", "2. Iniciativas de colaboración internas", "29. Otra iniciativa de colaboración, no menos importante, fue interna y consistió en la coordinación de la concepción y la realización de los dos proyectos interrelacionados IPSAS y WINGS II. Desde el principio fue indispensable que hubiera una sinergia y una interacción continua para determinar nuevos y mejores procesos operativos y ponerlos en marcha a fin de evitar la duplicación de actividades o la omisión de procesos necesarios para lograr la conformidad con las IPSAS. Pero la necesidad de preparar el sistema WINGS II para los requisitos de las IPSAS representó una exigencia muy grande para el modesto equipo del proyecto IPSAS del PMA.", "30. Además de la colaboración con interlocutores institucionales, también fue importante la colaboración con diferentes componentes de la secretaría. Se atribuyeron funciones distintas pero sinérgicas a los proyectos sobre las IPSAS y sobre planificación de los recursos institucionales, en un espíritu de respeto mutuo y colaboración en aras del objetivo común de mejorar la gestión de la organización. En ese tipo de situaciones no debe haber dominación, ni competencia, ni confusión, y se debe dejar la vía libre para un desarrollo continuo sistemático. Ello vale también para la comunidad de usuarios y miembros del personal cuyo trabajo se ve afectado por los cambios en los procesos institucionales.", "G. Marco jurídico y políticas contables", "31. El equipo del proyecto determinó cuáles artículos del Estatuto, el Reglamento General y el Reglamento Financiero del PMA era necesario modificar a consecuencia de la aplicación de las IPSAS. Esa evaluación inicial fue revisada a lo largo del proyecto. La principal modificación del Estatuto es el paso a la presentación de estados financieros anuales. No se señaló ningún otro cambio de política contable sujeto a la aprobación de la Junta. A ese respecto, el caso del PMA puede considerarse particularmente favorable, ya que, a excepción de esa modificación y algunas disposiciones relativas a la financiación, la mayor parte de un proceso de transición de esa envergadura quedó, desde el punto de vista jurídico, en manos de la dirección ejecutiva.", "32. A partir de 2005, el PMA revisó periódicamente sus políticas contables e introdujo cambios que permitieron mejorar la presentación de los informes financieros. Cabe citar como ejemplo los cambios en la política de contabilidad de los ingresos, con el paso del método de contabilización en valores de caja a la contabilidad en valores devengados, y en la consignación de las obligaciones en concepto de prestaciones médicas después del cese en el servicio para el personal del PMA.", "33. Los principales cambios con respecto a la normativa anterior (las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas) fueron la capitalización de propiedades, planta y equipo, el registro de los inventarios, la contabilización de las prestaciones al personal y la contabilización de los ingresos. Ahora bien, la reforma de adopción de las IPSAS es un proceso continuo: casi un año después de la fecha del saldo de apertura de los estados financieros de 2008, elaborados de conformidad con las IPSAS, el año 2008 seguía siendo considerado \"año de transición\" por el equipo del proyecto, lo cual daba a entender que todavía había margen para seguir progresando.", "H. Situación final, riesgos y beneficios derivados de la transición", "34. En junio de 2008, la capacidad incorporada en el equipo encargado de la adopción de las IPSAS debía mantenerse, con sujeción a los recursos disponibles, por lo menos hasta que se pusiera en marcha el sistema WINGS II, a principios de 2009, y se sometieran a la aprobación de la Junta los primeros estados financieros ajustados a las IPSAS en junio de 2009. Se preveía completar el proceso de adopción de las IPSAS en junio de 2009, para luego integrar la capacidad desarrollada en el marco del proyecto en las actividades ordinarias, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones de recursos.", "35. Los principales problemas que persistían se relacionaban, entre otras cosas, con la contabilización de inventarios, el asiento y la exhaustividad de los datos relativos a propiedades, planta y equipo, la contabilización de los ingresos y otras políticas contables, el cálculo de las prestaciones otorgadas al personal sobre el terreno que depende de organismos distintos del PMA, la identificación y gestión de los activos intangibles y el ajuste del presupuesto. Se habían evaluado y se debían gestionar los múltiples riesgos de todo tipo, internos y externos, relacionados con las diferentes partes interesadas o con el Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público. Los factores que más estrés y presión generaban eran la obtención del apoyo del personal directivo superior, la disponibilidad de un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales conforme con las IPSAS, el mantenimiento de la capacidad del personal y de su conocimiento de las IPSAS, el apoyo del órgano rector, la eficacia de las comunicaciones con el auditor externo, la eficacia de las actividades de comunicación y capacitación y la participación del Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad. Tratándose de un organismo que ya había atribuido mucha importancia a todos esos factores y que ya llevaba un año aplicando las normas, ello demuestra lo vulnerable que es y sigue siendo un proyecto semejante, hasta que todos estén acostumbrados a las nuevas funciones asignadas. En el análisis retrospectivo de riesgos que figura en el sexto y último informe parcial se llega a la conclusión siguiente: \"Entre las dificultades que [se plantearon] cabe mencionar la escasez de candidatos cualificados que [pudieran] comprometerse con un proyecto de corta duración, el estricto cronograma de adopción, la falta de material de capacitación especializado y la insuficiencia de capacidad interna en las primeras etapas del proyecto\"[107].", "36. En otras palabras, los principales desafíos consistían en mantener informado al órgano rector, atender a las partes interesadas internas, comunicarse con el auditor externo, resolver las diferencias de opinión con los auditores internos, hacer frente a las dificultades y las diferencias de opinión en el seno del Grupo de Trabajo interinstitucional sobre normas de contabilidad y, aún así, llevar adelante el proceso de aplicación de las normas. Se dedicaron innumerables horas a allanar las diferencias e intentar encontrar todo tipo de soluciones y formas de mitigar los riesgos.", "37. El PMA y su auditor externo se enorgullecen, con toda razón, del logro que han conseguido en materia de aplicación de las IPSAS y en junio de 2009 se publicó un folleto sobre el asunto titulado WFP Leads the Way: enhanced credibility and transparency in the United Nations system accounting practices – A glance at WFP's 2008 Financial Statements under IPSAS (El PMA muestra el camino: mejora de la credibilidad y la transparencia de las prácticas contables en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas – Una mirada a los estados financieros de 2008, elaborados de conformidad con las IPSAS), mientras que el informe del auditor externo sobre los beneficios de la aplicación de las IPSAS, preparado para el período de sesiones de la Junta Ejecutiva que se celebró en febrero de 2010, lleva el subtítulo \"Fortalecimiento de la gestión financiera\"[108]. En el informe, lejos de considerar que el éxito de los proyectos WINGS II e IPSAS fuera un fin en sí mismo, se recomendó que se aprovecharan los beneficios en materia de presentación de informes financieros a fin de:", "directivo superior, en particular con respecto a esferas fundamentales de riesgos o interés en materia de gestión financiera para potenciar y orientar la función de supervisión que desempeñan a nivel institucional y orientar el proceso de toma de decisiones;", "los recursos y los resultados; y de que", "común de los resultados financieros.", "Anexo V", "Sinopsis de las medidas que han de adoptar las organizaciones participantes respecto de las recomendaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección – JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "* Abarca todas las entidades enumeradas en ST/SGB/2002/11 excepto el ACNUR, ONU-Hábitat, el OOPS, el PNUMA, la UNCTAD y la UNODC.", "[1] Artículo 5 del Estatuto de la Dependencia Común de Inspección.", "[2] Federación Internacional de Contadores, Study 13: Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective, agosto de 2001.", "[3] Aunque la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) se considera a sí misma como la Oficina Regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para América, no es una organización participante en la Dependencia Común de Inspección. No obstante, figura entre las 22 organizaciones participantes (incluso financieramente) en el proyecto interinstitucional y en el Grupo de Trabajo sobre normas de contabilidad y fue examinada en los informes del Secretario General sobre la marcha de las IPSAS.", "[4] Sus publicaciones incluyen Normes IFRS et PME (2004) y Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008); esta última fue publicada póstumamente por Dunod, París. Estaba previsto publicar una traducción al inglés.", "[5] Además de preparar estados financieros de carácter general, una entidad puede preparar estados financieros para determinadas partes que piden que esos estados se adapten a sus necesidades concretas de información (por ejemplo, los órganos rectores, los órganos legislativos y otras partes que desempeñan una función de supervisión). Esos estados se conocen como \"estados financieros para fines especiales\".", "[6] Establecida en 1973.", "[7] Establecida en 1991 como órgano normativo independiente en materia de contabilidad y financiada con fondos privados.", "[8] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE): The adoption of accrual accounting and budgeting by Governments (julio de 2003), denominada en lo sucesivo \"FEE 2003\".", "[9] A/46/341, párrs. 9 y 10.", "[10] En A/RES/45/235, párr. 5.", "[11] A/48/530.", "[12] Por ejemplo, en el párrafo 4 se lee lo siguiente: \"Si no se aplican esos supuestos fundamentales, ese hecho debe indicarse, junto con las razones correspondientes\".", "[13] La FIC está integrada por 159 miembros y asociados en 124 países y jurisdicciones y representa a 2,5 millones de contadores.", "[14] Véase www.ifac.org, \"Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008\", párrs. 30 a 35.", "[15] Cabe destacar que esta iniciativa fue respaldada no sólo por el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional, sino también por las Naciones Unidas y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).", "[16] Véase en el anexo I el índice del Manual de Pronunciamientos del Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público.", "[17] Por ejemplo, en la versión inglesa se sustituye la palabra \"income\" por \"revenue\" y la palabra \"expenditures\" por \"expenses\", que entrañan escasas diferencias de significado.", "[18] Los miembros del Grupo de Trabajo eligen a su Presidente con el refrendo de la Red de Finanzas y Presupuesto y el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, párrs. 25 a) a e).", "[20] A/60/846 y A/60/846/Add.3 e información complementaria transmitida a la CCAAP.", "[21] A/60/870, párr. 42.", "[22] A/RES/60/283, secc. IV.", "[23] O \"efectivo modificado\", concepto utilizado en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas pero nunca explicado satisfactoriamente.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I Rev.", "[25] Comité del Sector Público de la FIC, Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities (2003), párr. 1.19, pág. 7.", "[26] Comité del Sector Público de la FIC, Resource Accounting: Framework of Accounting Standard Setting in the UK Central Government Sector (2002).", "[27] El patrimonio o el valor neto del activo es el valor neto del activo de una entidad después de la reducción de su pasivo. La mayoría de los Estados que han comenzado a utilizar las IPSAS tienen un patrimonio negativo y una de las pocas excepciones es Nueva Zelandia.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4.", "[29] Ibíd., párr. 5.3.", "[30] COM 2002 755 final: \"Modernization of the Accounting System of the European Communities\", Bruselas, 17 de diciembre de 2002.", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] \"Los inventarios son activos: a) en forma de materiales o suministros que se consumirán en el proceso de producción; b) en forma de materiales o suministros que se consumirán o distribuirán en la prestación de servicios; c) que se mantienen para su distribución en el curso ordinario de las operaciones; o d) en el proceso de producción con miras a su venta o distribución\" (norma 12 de las IPSAS).", "[33] Capitalizar es \"to record expenditure as an asset rather than as an expense\" (\"consignar un gasto como activo y no como gasto\") (www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp).", "[34] Una obligación por liquidar es un tipo de transacción según las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, que reconoce una futura obligación respecto de los bienes o servicios ordenados (entregados o no). Las obligaciones por liquidar pueden o no pueden materializarse durante el ejercicio económico.", "[35] La consolidación es el proceso de presentar los estados financieros de todas las entidades que forman parte de la entidad que informa como si se tratara de los estados financieros de una única entidad. Entraña sumar todas las partidas, renglón por renglón, y eliminar todas las transacciones o saldos entre miembros de las entidades que informan. Las entidades han de ajustarse a las políticas y clasificaciones estándar cuando proporcionen información financiera para la consolidación (norma 6 de las IPSAS).", "[36] Controlar es la facultad de regular las políticas financieras y operativas de otra entidad de manera que se obtengan beneficios de sus entidades.", "[37] A/63/5 (vol.I), cap. II, párrs. 10 a) y 27.", "[38] A/63/496, párr. 7.", "[39] A/64/355, párrs. 12 y 45 a 47.", "[40] Norma 1 de las IPSAS, párr. 66.", "[41] Ibíd., párr. 69.", "[42] Costo histórico: valor de un activo basado en el costo real de compra.", "[43] El valor razonable es la suma por la cual podría cambiarse un elemento del activo, o saldarse un elemento del pasivo, entre partes informadas y dispuestas, en condiciones de plena independencia (norma 9 de las IPSAS). Es aproximadamente el valor de mercado.", "[44] El legado patrimonial está constituido por activos de importancia cultural, medioambiental, educativa e histórica (norma 17 de las IPSAS), como el Palacio de las Naciones en Ginebra o el edificio de la Comisión Económica para África en Addis Abeba.", "[45] Véase la definición supra, nota 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, ex Contador General Adjunto de Malasia, \"Accrual accounting in the Public Sector\", Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) International Public Sector Bulletin, Nº 11, febrero de 2008.", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff Business School (BS) y Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, \"Resource accounting in the Public Sector: Problems of implementation\", ibíd.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24.", "[49] Véase el documento A/65/5 (vol. I), párrs. 164 a 180.", "[50] A/60/450 y A/61/730.", "[51] A/60/450, anexo I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1.", "[53] OIEA, Cuentas del Organismo para 2007, GC(52)/11, párr. 100.", "[54] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens, \"Accrual Accounting for more effective public policy\" (febrero de 2006).", "[55] Cuando una entidad recibe algo de determinado valor de otra entidad y no da directamente a cambio algo de un valor aproximado (por ejemplo, subvenciones, donaciones y contribuciones).", "[56] Por ejemplo, un donante puede imponer una condición respecto del activo transferido, en el sentido de pedir que los recursos se utilicen en el plazo de dos años y que se reembolse la parte que no se utilice.", "[57] Véase el informe 2010/7 de la Dependencia Común de Inspección, relativo a las políticas y los procedimientos para la administración de fondos fiduciarios en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "[58] Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, Rev. VIII (1º de enero de 2007), párr. 56.", "[59] Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, Rev. VIII, párr. 9.", "[60] Norma 4 de las IPSAS.", "[61] A/62/806.", "[62] ONUDI, Informe del Auditor Externo sobre las cuentas de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial correspondientes al ejercicio económico comprendido entre el 1º de enero de 2006 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007, IDB.35/3, párr. 13.", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21.", "[64] Véase el cuadro en A/64/355.", "[65] Por ejemplo, el caso de Austria, que autorizó a algunas organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que utilizaran el Centro Internacional de Viena a título gratuito, excluidos los gastos de mantenimiento, o las disposiciones que figuran en los acuerdos sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas o el estatuto de las misiones, firmados por el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz de las Naciones Unidas. En las IPSAS no estaban previstas esas situaciones.", "[66] La lista figura en el anexo I de los informes sobre la marcha de la adopción de las normas A/62/806 y A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806.", "[68] FEE, 2003, ibíd.", "[69] \"Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail\", John P. Kotter, Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, cap. II, párr. 52.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, cap. II, párr. 51.", "[72] PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments) es un método basado en un proceso para la gestión eficaz de proyectos – una norma utilizada ampliamente por el Gobierno del Reino Unido y el sector público.", "[73] Véase http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp.", "[74] A/65/5 (vol. 1), párr. 33.", "[75] El control interno en el contexto de la contabilidad se define en sentido amplio como el conjunto de políticas y procedimientos concebidos y establecidos por el personal directivo de una organización para salvaguardar los activos y la información, la calidad de los registros contables y la producción oportuna de información fidedigna de carácter financiero y de gestión.", "[76] Véase Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas, Comunicación de la Comisión, COM (2002).", "[77] En el comité directivo participan funcionarios de las dependencias de finanzas, presupuesto, recursos humanos, tecnología de la información, capacitación, relaciones exteriores, auditoría y usuarios sobre el terreno.", "[78] Véase el informe de la CCAAP A/64/531, final del párrafo 12.", "[79] Los estados financieros para el año anterior deben corregirse a fin de presentar la información financiera según las IPSAS.", "[80] Un servicio es una dependencia administrativa de la Comisión Europea.", "[81] A/65/5 (vol. 1), párr. 33.", "[82] A/64/380.", "[83] A/64/355, párr. 68.", "[84] Mastering the transformation – New public management accrual accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Países Bajos, 2004.", "[85] A/64/355, párr. 19.", "[86] Ibíd., párr. 19.", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7.", "[88] Nombre aplicado sucesivamente a un modelo de marco para la gestión de controles internos (COSO 1992), posteriormente un modelo de gestión de los riesgos (COSO 2, 2004), del Comité de Organizaciones Patrocinadoras de la Comisión Nacional sobre los Informes Financieros Fraudulentos (Comisión Treadway) tras la aprobación de la Ley Sarbanes-Oxley de 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 (Suplemento), párr. 191.", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 (Suplemento), párr. 47.", "[91] A/64/355, párr. 27.", "[92] Se trata de los procedimientos de auditoría utilizados para determinar si una transacción tuvo lugar antes o después del final de un ejercicio contable y, por lo tanto, garantizan que las transacciones se registren en libros de contabilidad y se contabilicen en los estados financieros de los ejercicios correspondientes.", "[93] Alemania, Canadá, China, Filipinas, Francia, India, Pakistán, Reino Unido, Sudáfrica y Suiza.", "[94] \"UNSAS to IPSAS conversion – adoption of IPSAS by the UN: what should be the role of International Audit Service?\".", "[95] Noviembre de 2005: recomendación 25 al Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión, párr. 4.", "[96] Véase cap. II.5 supra, 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS.", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7.", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26.", "[99] A/62/806.", "[100] El valor razonable es la suma por la cual podría cambiarse un elemento del activo, o saldarse un elemento del pasivo, entre partes informadas y dispuestas, en condiciones de plena independencia (terminología IPSAS).", "[101] Comunicado de prensa conjunto de la FASB y la IASB (24 de marzo de 2009).", "[102] Para más detalles, véase Risk, 20 de mayo de 2009.", "[103] Federación Internacional de Contadores, Study 13 Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective (agosto de 2001).", "[104] Véase por ejemplo el Informe sobre el avance de la aplicación de las IPSAS en el PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS (Progress Report on the Adoption of IPSAS at UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS: Briefing to the Excutive Board (1º de junio de 2009), que se puede consultar en: www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt.", "[105] Informe del auditor externo sobre las normas aplicables a los informes financieros del Programa Mundial de Alimentos (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E).", "[106] Véase el documento JIU/REP/2009/7, sobre el examen de la gestión y la administración del Programa Mundial de Alimentos.", "[107] Sexto informe parcial sobre la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), párr. 31.", "[108] Informe del auditor externo sobre los beneficios derivados de la aplicación de las IPSAS: Fortalecimiento de la gestión financiera (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)." ]

[ "UnitedNations A/66/308 []\tGeneralAssembly Distr.: General16 August 2011 \n Original: English", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards”.", "* A/66/150.", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "[]", "United Nations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "Original: ENGLISH", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "[]", "United Nations, Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the transition to and implementation status of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations and to show how this process has been carried out by each organization, with a focus on identifying best practices and possible risks.", "Following 25 years of attempts to harmonize financial reporting practices across United Nations system organizations and allow for better comparability of their financial statements, namely through the use of a specific set of United Nations accounting standards, in 2006 the General Assembly endorsed the recommendation of the CEB and approved the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS. Other United Nations organizations soon followed, as the IPSAS standards were recognized as being the most appropriate for non-profit intergovernmental organizations.", "The adoption of IPSAS is seen as a key reform element within the United Nations System and it continues to receive support from governing bodies and senior management. Since 2006 United Nations system organizations have made headway in aligning themselves with IPSAS requirements. Yet they have become increasingly aware that this undertaking would be more arduous and complex than initially foreseen. Of 22 organizations reviewed, one (WFP) has already been receiving unqualified (i.e. favourable) opinion from its external auditor on its financial statements for 2008 and 2009, presented as IPSAS compliant. (Its experience and best practices are presented in annex IV); eight - ICAO, IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO - have introduced IPSAS by the original target of 2010, and their external auditors will determine in the course of 2011 whether they are indeed compliant, two (IAEA and UPU) expect to implement IPSAS in 2011, nine (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA and WHO in 2012 and two (United Nations and UNWTO) in 2014.", "The review demonstrates that the adoption of IPSAS is beginning to have a major impact on United Nations system organizations, extending well beyond accounting. The conversion to IPSAS should allow for enhanced management of resources and business processes and improve results-based management across the United Nations system. Depending on the organizations’ initial readiness for IPSAS requirements, the transition to IPSAS has been a major undertaking for most organizations as it is impacting accounting, financial reporting and associated information technology systems and should lead to a new approach to planning, decision-making, budgeting and financial reporting. It is expected that the reporting of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in accordance with independent international standards will significantly improve the quality, comparability and credibility of United Nations System financial statements to Member States, donors and staff, enhancing accountability, transparency and governance.", "Many organizations underestimated the concerted efforts and resources that would be required and failed to undertake initial preparedness and risk assessments. The review also found that successful transition to IPSAS hinges on strong senior management support and engagement, dedicated intra-departmental task forces and the adoption of a project management approach.", "A system-wide project under the authority of the High Level Committee on Management (HLCM) has been critical to support the IPSAS projects of United Nations system organizations. The project, coordinated by a Task Force on Accounting Standards, encompassed the development of accounting guidance, training material, and experience sharing among IPSAS teams (as reflected by the Secretary-General’s progress reports and Accounting Standards website, etc.) and involvement in the standard-setting work of the IPSAS Board (IPSASB).", "In addition to outlining the benefits expected from the application of IPSAS, this report identifies and addresses a number of risks that executive heads should consider in order to ensure a successful transition to IPSAS.", "The report recommends that executive heads ensure implementation of the following set of sixteen best practices as identified in this report in addition to the two recommendations made to their respective legislative bodies. The Inspector is aware that most of these recommended practices are being or have already been implemented by many organizations.", "Set of 16 Best Practices for Implementing a Smooth Transition to IPSAS:", "1. Set up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. The committee should have a multi-year mandate and include staff specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "2: Conduct an in-depth analysis of gaps between existing business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and the requirement and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3: In the case of a major shift in the project environment, reassess the initial IPSAS adoption strategy and adjust this as necessary.", "4. Apply proven project planning and implementation methodologies including clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "5. Develop a strategy for producing IPSAS-compliant opening balances for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "6. With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "7. Determine and budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity to maintain future IPSAS compliance.", "8. Ensure that financial resources are made available for training, where feasible, of in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts.", "9. Thoroughly analyze existing (legacy) information systems for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements and, as a major element of the initial gap analysis, appreciate the changes that an ERP system must undergo to support IPSAS.", "10. Communicate awareness on the transition to IPSAS through all available means of communication, training and documentation. This can be achieved through personal contact, presentations, and testimonies from persons involved in successful cases outside the entity, retreats, practical exercises and other training materials comparing present and new accounting policies.", "11. Ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and supply chain and finance staff, are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific documentation (manuals) and training.", "12. Adopt risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "13. Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "14. Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures, as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "15. Perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data.", "16. Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "Taking all those best practices into account, the first two of the recommendations set out below are addressed specifically to the legislative bodies of United Nations system organizations and the third to their Executive Heads: all are aimed at enhancing accountability, effectiveness and efficiency in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 1", "The legislatives bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. iii\n\tABBREVIATIONS. ix\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-8\t1-3\n\tA.\tOrigin\t2-3\t1\n\tB.\tObjectives\t4-5\t2\n\tC.\tMethodology\t6-8\t2\nII.\tTOWARDSIPSAS. 9-28\t4-8\tA.\tWhy financial reporting needsinternational accounting\t9-13\t4 \n standards \n\tB.\tThe dilemma facing United Nations systemorganizations\t14\t4\n\tC.\tA first and elusive solution: the UnitedNations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)\t15-18\t5\n\tD.\tA new solution to an old dilemma: theInternational Public Sector AccountingStandards (IPSAS)\t19-21\t6\n\tE.\t2005-2007: The political decisions toadopt IPSAS\t22-28\t7\nIII.\tTHEIMPACTOFIPSASONTHEORGANIZATIONS:KEYISSUES. 29-72\t9-20\n\tA.\tThe major change to accrual-basedaccounting\t29-37\t9\n 1. Novelty 29-30 9 \n 2. Challenges 31-35 9 \n 3. Benefits 36-37 10 \n\tB.\tOther issues relating to IPSASimplementation\t38-51\t11\n 1. Reputational risk 38-40 11 \n 2. Potential risks 41-43 12 \n 3. Change management 44 12 \n 4. IPSAS is time and money consuming 45-46 13 \n 5. Cultural aspects 47-48 13 \n 6. Political aspects 49-51 14 \n\tC.\tSome accounting changes with most impact\t52-72\t15\n 1. Presentation of financial statements 53 15 \n 2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plantand Equipment\t54-59\t15\n 3. Employee benefits 60-64 16 \n 4. The budget issue 65-69 18 \n 5. Revenue recognition 70 19 \n 6. Fund accounting 71 19 \n 7. Foreign exchange rates and timing offinancial statements\t72\t19 \nIV.\tIPSASPROJECTSIMPLEMENTATIONINTHEUNITEDNATIONSSYSTEM. 73-163\t21-47\n\tA.\tThe system-wide (CEB) project\t74-83\t21\n 1. An inter-agency undertaking 74-76 21 \n 2. Deliverables and services 77-83 22 \n\tB.\tThe organizations’ projects: strategicissues and diversity\t84-157\t23\n 1. Governance and change management 84-94 23 \n 2. Gap analysis and users 95-96 25 \n 3. A phased and planned strategy 97-102 26 \n 4. Project management 103-108 27 \n 5. Enterprise Resource Planning 109-111 29 \n 6. Keeping up with the governing body andits initial expectations\t112-113\t29\n 7. Human resources 114-116 31 \n 8. Financial resources 117-118 32 \n 9. ERP and its interactions with IPSASimplementation\t119-129\t32\n 10. Awareness and communications 130-133 36 \n 11. Training 134-139 37 \n 12. Risk assessment 140-143 39 \n 13. Oversight 144-155 41 \n\tC.\tA key indicator: expected compliancedate by organization\t156-163\t45\nV.\tIPSASANDTHEFINANCIALANDECONOMICCRISIS 164-168\t48-49\nVI.\tCONCLUSION 169-171\t50 \n \nANNEXES \nI.\tListofIPSAS(2010IFACHandbookofInternationalPublicSectorAccountingPronouncements) 51\nII.\tPerceivedimportanceofeachIPSASasidentifiedbyparticipatingorganizations 52\nIII.\tProcessFlowfortransitiontoIPSASImplementation. 53\nIV.\tAsuccessstory:theWFPProcess 1-37\t54-61\nV.\tOverviewofactiontobetakenbyparticipatingorganizationsonJIUrecommendations 62", "ABBREVIATIONS", "AC Audit Committee", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "ACC Administrative Coordination Committee", "ASHI After-service health insurance", "BoA United Nations Board of Auditors", "CCAQ Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CCAQ (FB) Finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CNC Conseil National de la Comptabilité", "EC European Commission", "ED Exposure drafts", "ERP Enterprise Resource Planning", "FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FBN Finance and Budget Network", "FEE Federation des Experts-Comptables Européens", "FS Financial statements", "GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles", "HLCM High Level Committee on Management", "IAS International Accounting Standards", "IASB International Accounting Standards Board", "IASC International Accounting Standards Committee", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICT Information and communication technology", "IFAC International Federation of Accountants", "IFRIC International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee", "IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMIS Integrated Management Information System", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "IPSASB International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "NAO British National Audit Office", "NGO Non‑governmental organization", "OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development", "PAHO Pan American Health Organization", "PoEA Panel of External Auditors", "PPE Property, plant and equipment", "SG Secretary General", "TF Task Force on Accounting Standards", "ULO Un-liquidated obligation", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNGA United Nations General Assembly", "UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNSAS United Nations System Accounting Standards", "UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WINGS WFP Information Network and Global System", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "I. INTRODUCTION", "1. As part of its programme of work for 2008, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) undertook a review entitled “Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations”. The present review, which is directed at a broad audience, seeks to tackle a number of complex and interrelated issues and provide a comprehensive overview. Given the size and highly technical nature of the IPSAS project (the full texts of all IPSAS standards fill more than 1,000 pages) it was a major challenge to synthesize the review into a readable and as concise as possible a report. The information in this report is therefore provided in relatively short sections suitable for individual study as necessary. Readers are encouraged to use the table of contents to guide them to issues of their own special interest:", "understand the raison d’être of the reform;", "UNSAS and how IPSAS requirements and benefits will impact the organizations;", "challenge in different environments; on the ingredients for success or failure; on the project team that supported the organizations at the interagency level; and on best practices, an area in which both executive heads and Member States have an important role to play;", "IPSAS compliance in the United Nations system.", "A. Origin", "2. Since 1980, and more so since 2004, United Nations system organizations have recognized the need for a concerted process for an orderly transition toward compliance with common and internationally recognized accounting standards. Reviewing this common process provides an exceptional opportunity for the JIU to fulfil its mandate of ensuring that optimum use is made of resources made available to the organizations, in particular through greater coordination between them.[1] This review commenced in 2008, with most research and drafting being undertaken in 2009.", "3. Unsurprisingly, the urgency of undertaking this reform was first felt by experts in international accounting from across the United Nations system. The Inspector recalls the harsh assessment of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which pointed out that “despite the importance of good quality financial reporting and accounting standards to improvements in governance, accountability and transparency, most of the United Nations system management reform reports have not linked financial reporting or accounting standards to these three reform aims” [2] (with the exception of the World Food Programme (WFP) Governance Project). In concrete terms, had IPSAS been applied in the last decades, there would have been no unpleasant surprises about the necessity and cost of the Capital Master Plan, the liabilities on after-service health insurance (ASHI), or about millions of unaccounted assets, especially in peacekeeping missions.", "B. Objectives", "4. Given that all in principle decisions to adopt IPSAS had already been made in 2006 and 2007, this report will not dwell on their appropriateness but rather seek to propose ways and means to have these implemented in the most efficient manner. Consequently, the objectives of the report are to:", "decided to transit to IPSAS, with the main benefits, challenges and difficulties involved;", "changes in accounting and management practices across the United Nations system; and", "legislative bodies, executive heads and managers of United Nations system organizations to assess the implementation status of their IPSAS project and, if necessary, rethink their adoption strategy.", "5. This report seeks to increase IPSAS awareness among delegates and officials of the various secretariats, who mostly do not have a professional background in accounting. The inspector feels it is essential to make this very technical accounting reform as understandable as any other management reform so that Member States and officials alike may appreciate the benefits to be expected from the adoption of IPSAS. A further objective is to help decision makers to fully take into account the most relevant success factors for attaining their common goal of producing IPSAS-compliant set of financial statements (FS) as soon as possible, in accordance with the decisions taken in 2004 and 2005 by the directors of accounting and finance of United Nations system organizations and subsequently by their legislative bodies in 2006 and 2007.", "C. Methodology", "6. The review covers IPSAS implementation in all participating organizations between 2006 and mid-2010[3]. In accordance with the internal standards and guidelines of the JIU and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included a preliminary desk review, interviews and in-depth analysis. The JIU was given access to responses to the semi-annual questionnaires circulated by the Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) of the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). In addition, a detailed questionnaire was sent by the JIU to all participating organizations. On the basis of the responses received, the Inspector conducted interviews with officials of participating organizations. He also sought the views of the CEB Secretariat and organizations which have already adopted IPSAS, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and the World Bank. The views of the IPSAS Board, IFAC, the United Nations Board of Auditors (BoA) and the French Government were also sought.", "7. Substantive comments from participating organizations on the draft report have been sought and taken into account in finalizing the report. In accordance with article 11.2 of the JIU Statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, annex V contains a table indicating whether the report is submitted to the organizations concerned for action or for information. The table identifies those recommendations relevant for each organization, specifying whether they require a decision by the organization’s legislative or governing body or can be acted upon by the organization’s executive head. The Inspector wishes to express his appreciation to all who assisted him in the preparation of this report, and particularly to those who participated in the interviews and shared their knowledge and expertise.", "8. This report is dedicated to the memory of Jean François des Robert, whose lecture to the JIU inspired this project and who, despite being a recognized specialist in the implementation of IFRS and IPSAS in various countries of Africa, Asia and Central Europe, modestly accepted to work for this project as a JIU Research Officer from January 2008 until the final days of his life in April of that year.[4] He is deeply missed as an expert and as an exemplary human being. This project was then suspended for one year.", "II. TOWARDS IPSAS", "A. Why financial reporting needs international accounting standards", "9. Until they decided to migrate from UNSAS to IPSAS, most United Nations system organizations had few accountants and little understanding of the substantive role that accountants can play in improving the financial management of public services and ensuring greater value for money.", "10. The objective of financial statements (FS) is to provide structured basic information on a private or public entity’s performance and financial position (i.e. its health and wealth) both for internal and external users.[5]", "11. In order to be useful, FS have to be understood in an equal manner by all users and should therefore apply common accounting principles, policies or rules developed by authoritative and independent specialists - hence the concept of accounting standards. With the development of international trade, finance and investments exchanges, the need for common tools to assess the value of commercial entities required international recognition of these standards.", "12. Initially felt in the private sector, this need has been addressed primarily by accountants who had first met nationally and then internationally to establish and maintain standard-setting bodies such as the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)[6] and its successor, the London-based 15-member International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).[7] Its International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), derived from the International Accounting Standards (IAS), were made mandatory by the European Union for all listed companies in 2005 and they, or their national equivalents, are progressively becoming mandatory in other countries including India, South Africa, Turkey and the United States.", "13. “The philosophy underlying international accounting standards is that they set a series of principles against which the decisions about the recording of particular transactions should be judged. The application and audit of such standards is based on the assumption that they will be applied by persons who have a thorough knowledge of accounting theory and practice and be audited by persons who have a similar background.”[8]", "B. The dilemma facing United Nations system organizations", "14. It took 25 years for United Nations system organizations to progress from a situation where the absence of a common framework for accounting and financial reporting prevented comparison of financial statements between organizations towards the progressive adoption of the same internationally recognized accounting standards. The major steps in this evolution have been as follows:", "1980 Creation of a working party on the harmonization of FS by the finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (CCAQ (FB)) and its agreement that the recommendations of the IASC should serve as useful guidelines.", "1981: Adoption by the ACC of several principles of common sense, drawn from the “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (GAAP), which draw on standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording transactions and preparing FS. In particular, the principles relate to continuity (“going concern”), consistency, prudence, substance over form, disclosure of significant accounting policies, materiality, sincerity, periodicity and regularity. The same year the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (Finance and Budget) (CCAQ (FB)) made the disclosure of accounting policies mandatory for United Nations system organizations.", "1980s There were two opposing schools of thought as to the difficulty (CCAQ (FB)) or the necessity (Panel of External Auditors) of developing a body of accounting standards which would apply specifically to United Nations system organizations.", "1991: The Panel of External Auditors (PoEA) clearly described the challenge facing United Nations system organizations: “There are, of course, many reasons why standards developed specifically for application to the needs of businesses and commercial accounting cannot be read across for direct application in the very different circumstances of the United Nations organizations (…) More generally, the aims and objectives of United Nations organizations, the appropriate disclosure requirements, the interests and needs of the organizations preparing the financial statements and of the various users of the final accounts are in many respects significantly different from those appropriate to commercial bodies.” [9] A Standards Committee was established the same year.", "C. A first and elusive solution: the United Nations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)", "15. Finally, in response to a request by the General Assembly to PoEA[10] dated 21 December 1990, the annex to the Secretary-General’s 1993 report on accounting standards[11] was the first version of the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS). Although these standards have been subject to a series of revisions and continued to be applied by most United Nations system organizations at the time of the JIU review, their objectives have remained unchanged.", "16. The use of UNSAS was a major step towards the adoption of common language and terminology among accountants of United Nations system organizations, but their objectives had only been partially met.", "17. Whatever efforts might be deployed to revise UNSAS, three major flaws will remain, the price to be paid for their flexibility and adaptability to the various needs of United Nations system organizations:", "I. UNSAS leave ample room for interpretation since the very text establishing them recognized the principle of freedom for the authority competent for financial matters, thus allowing the organizations to dispense with strict discipline;[12]", "II. As a consequence, they are not truly “in force”, “common” or, by extension, credible.", "III. From an auditor’s point of view, they may give rise to a conflict of interest since they have been promulgated by an authority representing the very organizations whose accounts are to be audited in accordance with their own standards.", "18. While the United Nations system was proceeding with repeated revisions of its own standards in a bid to modernize its accounting practices, accounting trends were evolving rapidly in civil society, especially at the turn of the century in the wake of several scandals (Enron, WorldCom, etc.) which turned public opinion in favour of strengthening accounting regulations and policies and their international convergence. It thus became increasingly clear that the only way to ensure consistent and comparable financial reporting and accounting processes across the United Nations system was to make sure that all financial disclosures complied with the same set of standards issued by an independent external authority with an international composition and adapted to the needs of non-profit entities.", "D. A new solution to an old dilemma: the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "19. Fortunately, following and complementing the success of the IFRS, an initiative to meet these needs was launched in 1996. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) [13] established the Public Sector Council (PSC), later renamed the IPSAS Board (IPSASB), in Toronto, with a view to developing International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), underpinned by an independent and transparent due process[14] similar to that followed by IASB.[15] The aim was to develop high quality accounting standards to be used in the preparation of general purpose FS by public sector entities worldwide. Public sectors entities include national Governments, regional and local Governments and their component entities. Intergovernmental organizations were not included within the original scope of the standards. The IPSASB works with a very limited staff as an independent standard-setting body under the auspices of the IFAC. It achieves its objectives by:", "(IPSASs) and other pronouncements[16];", "accounting standards; and", "public sector.", "20. Basically, the IPSAS standards set out recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements relating to transactions and events to be synthesized in general purpose FS. The full texts of IPSAS standards employ some new terminology[17] and provide examples of the application of the standards to particular transactions in order to enhance understanding of their requirements. In order to help introduce the necessary changes required by a system-wide adoption of IPSAS, interpretations of the standards and guidelines have been discussed by the Task Force on Accounting Standards. By the end of 2007, the system-wide project team had developed a portfolio of IPSAS-compliant policies and guidelines that has been accepted by United Nations system organizations as providing a stable platform for facilitating harmonization of IPSAS-compliant financial reporting across the United Nations system. In 2008 and 2009, further system-wide guidance papers were accepted, approved or endorsed. But interpretation of accounting standards is a subject of continuous debate, even within the same organization, and evolves over the years. (In this regard, the WFP, as an early adopter, could not benefit from the guidance of others.).", "21. Like IFRS, IPSAS requires full compliance. No FS can be claimed as being IPSAS-compliant if any of the IPSAS requirements has not been met in full. Nevertheless, in order to pave the way for progressive implementation of IPSAS, HLCM proposed, on the basis of the TF recommendation, (see para. 26 below), that until the completion of the transition UNSAS be applied in a flexible manner and accommodate accounting policies and practices already in line with IPSAS requirements.", "E. 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "22. In order to focus attention on the need to revamp the United Nations accounting system a Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) was established in 2002. This inter-agency group, consisting of accountants from United Nations system organizations, was set up by the then Director of the Accounts division of the United Nations (now Deputy Controller) who continues to chair it in addition to co-chairing the Finance and Budget Network (FBN) of the CEB.[18] The HLCM approved the establishment of a joint “project” on international accounting standards, as recommended by the TF. Once a qualified team leader and joint funding were identified, the project provided the organizations the opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences through questionnaires and comments on various deliverables (position papers, draft guidances, etc.), issued according to a tight schedule.", "23. The first basic questions the TF members were asked by the CEB project team concerned the best accounting standards for the United Nations system and the criteria against which these should be assessed. Four options were proposed:", "and New Zealand", "several exemptions for situations specific to the United Nations.", "24. Of the 28 organizations contacted, the 12 formal replies received (of which some were from the largest organizations), gave considerable weight to the criteria of “international character, strong due process and full accruals” (see paras. 29-37). Interestingly, organizations were almost equally divided between a “practical” school of thought favouring the IFRS - the set of international standards widely used by large private companies in many countries, known to most accountants and on which comprehensive information and training material existed - and those belonging to the “logic” school, who favoured the new set of IPSAS standards, which they deemed particularly well-suited to the specific needs of public sector entities. In the end, there was no clear majority for either approach (11 for IPSAS and 10 for IFRS).", "25. To the question: “Do you agree with the paper’s suggestion that full adoption of an external set of accounting standards may not be possible for UN System organizations within the short to medium term?” as of June 2005, 10 out of 12 respondents did agree. Consequently, considerable system-wide efforts were deployed to promote the view that a transition to international standards could be completed in the medium term. These efforts were a vital component of the TF drive, supported by HLCM, to hasten the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS. Logically, each organization should have conducted an in-depth analysis of its level of preparedness in 2005. This would have necessitated a good understanding of IPSAS requirements by all the organizations, which was hardly the case. Instead a system-wide preparedness study was conducted. Based on its results and on the successful experiences drawn from the OECD, EC and NATO, five years was selected as the (tight) standard timeframe for transition. Furthermore, three organizations were identified as likely to be able to adopt the international standards as early as 2008, while it was expected that the others would be ready for compliance in 2010. Although technically the feasibility and lack of flexibility of this deadline should have been questioned, the organizations came under pressure in the summer of 2005 to adhere to it. On the other hand, it should be recognized that, at that initial stage, establishing a challenging deadline helped draw the attention of senior management and governing bodies to this transition and created a momentum to secure project resources and commitment to invest efforts in change management.", "26. This explains why only five months later, on 30 November 2005, the HLCM unanimously approved the following recommendations:", "(a) United Nations system organizations should adopt IPSAS", "(b) United Nations system organizations should develop their implementation timetables, with all organizations adopting IPSAS effective no later than reporting periods beginning on 1 January 2010, and 1 July 2010 for the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.", "(c) Support, coordination and leadership for this system-wide change should continue to be provided through the TF, under the auspices of the FBN, together with continuation of project resources to ensure consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the System.", "(d) The following sentence would be added to UNSAS at the end of paragraph 3:", "“Where an organization departs from the practices set out below in order to apply an IPSAS standard or IPSAS standards the organization is deemed to comply with UNSAS.”", "(e) Inter-agency funding and other support would continue to be provided to ensure effective United Nations System representation on the IPSASB. [19]", "27. In light of relevant reports of the Secretary-General[20] and exchanges with Secretariat officials, the ACABQ endorsed the recommendation with a degree of enthusiasm most unusual for this body: “It is clear to the Advisory Committee that the Organization should move from UNSAS to IPSAS.”[21] In parallel however it cautiously and rightly warned against an unrealistic timeline, stressing that implementation needed to be synchronized with the introduction of a new information technology system.", "28. On 7 July 2006, the General Assembly followed ACABQ on both counts and decided to approve the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS, though it refrained from imposing the target date proposed by the Secretary-General. In addition, in accordance with the recommendation of ACABQ, it approved the resources requested by the Secretary-General to begin the implementation process. [22] In less than two years, all the organizations followed in the footsteps of the United Nations and commenced their transition to IPSAS, a most remarkable achievement.", "III. THE IMPACT OF IPSAS ON THE ORGANIZATIONS: KEY ISSUES", "The major change to accrual-based accounting", "1. Novelty", "29. In 2000, ACABQ was able to attend one of the annual accruals symposiums held by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for finance experts from its Member States to discuss the introduction of a new basis for accounting: “accrual”, as opposed to “cash”[23]. Since then it has become accepted professional convention that accrual-based accounting is the best method to meet the needs of modern financial reporting and the most suited to provide a full picture of an entity’s financial situation, giving insight into its actual assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in a given year. Nowadays all international accounting standards require compliance with this method of recording transactions.", "30. Under accrual-based accounting transactions and other events are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or its equivalent is received or paid). Consequently, transactions and events are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the FS of the periods to which they relate. While very often transaction dates and payment dates differ, under the new method each of these events is recognized at its actual date and has to be accounted for in the FS of the financial period in question. Therefore, accounting treatment will differ. The elements recognized under accrual-based accounting are assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses (IPSAS 1).", "2. Challenges", "31. The use of accrual-based accounting in public management has an impact which extends well beyond financial matters as it affects regular work practices, from political decision-making to daily operations. Indeed, the adoption of this method amounts to no less than a cultural revolution. Some United Nations system organizations have long been using accrual-based accounting to record certain revenues or expenses, and are therefore better placed for IPSAS implementation. But for others such change needs to be assimilated not only by their accountants, but also by delegates and managers who need to consult existing FS, or have to contribute to generating new ones.", "32. The change could be as frightening as for a singer or a television director to go from a recording studio to a live public show. In traditional cash-based accounting transactions are recorded on the basis of payments made; but by using the accrual method they are recorded when income becomes due and expenditure is incurred (rather than when cash is received or paid) and reported in the FS of the periods to which they relate. Transaction and payment dates often do not agree and their accounting treatment is therefore different under each method.", "Example A: Purchase of service from a consultant", "The signing of the contract will have no accounting impact. However, the date of delivery/provision of the service bought will become the only accounting reference, instead of the reservation of the budget funds. Receipt of the payment request will become the key event (unless a single date can be set for delivery and likewise for the purchase of property), with the liabilities charged to the financial period. This presupposes that compliance with intermediary payment conditions has been verified in full. It will no longer be a matter of liquidating a funds reservation, but of recording each event once it has actually occurred.[24]", "Example B", "Shipment of goods", "When an entity procures 900 tents for subsequent distribution to beneficiaries, under cash-based accounting the transaction will recognize expenditure at the time a payment for shipment is made to the supplier, whenever actual delivery of shipment took place (payment usually follows delivery of goods). Under accrual-based accounting the receipt of shipment will first be recorded in the inventory (assets) account as an increase in asset value representing addition of inventory by 900 tents stored in the entity’s warehouse. Thereafter, at the time of distribution to beneficiaries, second or consequent transactions will record reduction in inventory (asset) value and increase in expenses to represent the value of tents distributed. Thus, distribution of 200 tents to beneficiaries will result in a reduction of inventory (assets) value by equivalent of 200 tents, leaving the balance of 700 tents, but the value of 200 tents will be expensed.", "33. Under IPSAS, it is no longer possible to make even minor adjustments to accounting records since any event which impacts the reporting entity’s wealth must be recognized at the time it occurs.", "34. Under traditional cash-based accounting methods expenses and revenues need not be recorded in the period to which they relate; expenses and revenues, together with capital spending are booked in total in the year in which the capital purchase or disposal is made. In addition, cash-based accounts do not fully recognize assets and liabilities. By contrast, accrual-based accounting measures an entity’s performance and financial position by recognizing economic events at the time when transactions occur (instead of when payments are made). As a result, FS prepared on an accrual basis should provide information about elements such as the resources controlled by the reporting entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), cash flow and other useful financial information about its performance and financial resilience.", "35. Given that in many organizations budget information (monitoring of the execution of the adopted budget) will continue to be presented on a cash basis, the transition to IPSAS will lead to a marked dissociation between accounting and financial data (paras. 65-69).", "1. Benefits", "36. Once the appropriate conditions are created, accrual-based accounting offers many benefits, which largely make up for the initial inconveniences:", "controls and the deployment of those resources;", "entity; and", "with, the entity.[25]", "and by definition remove the scope for manipulating payments and receipts in order to suit specific reporting and control objectives;", "management and decision-making and help organizations make more efficient use of resources (with cash-based accounting, spending on what is used over many years is recorded only when the money is spent and no subsequent account is taken of whether the asset is still in use, has reached the end of its useful life, or has been sold[26])", "efficient cost accounting features and to change organizational behaviour through the use of incentives and penalties including comparisons of the costs of services provided by the private and public sectors; as well as", "not impacted by the vagaries of the timing of cash payments and receipts and which include information about fixed and current assets and liabilities;", "entity’s financial health.", "37. In sum, the implementation of IPSAS means:", "a. Improved internal control and transparency with respect to all assets and liabilities;", "b. More comprehensive and consistent information about costs and income, which will better support governance, in particular Results-Based Management (RBM);", "c. Integration of non-expendable equipment (NEE) into the accounting system, with better accuracy and completeness of NEE records;", "d. Improved consistency and comparability of financial statements over time and across organizations;", "e. Adoption of best accounting practices through the application of credible and independent international accounting standards.", "B. Other issues relating to IPSAS implementation", "1. Reputational risk", "38. A fundamental question is whether the implementation target dates set by United Nations system organizations are realistically achievable and whether the organizations will be able to receive unqualified audit opinion on their first set of IPSAS-compliant FS.", "Risk: The risk is that if their financial statements purport to be IPSAS compliant but this proves to be only partly the case, their external auditor will issue a qualified opinion on their disclosures.", "39. In financial terms, some of the accounting changes required to implement IPSAS are expected to significantly reduce the equity value[27] (fund balance) of the organizations and may even result in negative equity, as was the case of those few Governments, with the exception of New Zealand, who have opted for accrual-based FS. For European Commission officials it was a startling revelation to discover that the Commission’s first FS on a full accrual basis reported a total of accrued charges of €64 million against a total of accrued income of €2.5 million and €54 million due from Member States, instead of a positive €13.5 million, as reported previously. Such changes result from the recognition of full employee benefits liabilities, in particular after-service health insurance ASHI (paras. 60-64). It was estimated that as at 31 December 2007 United Nations liability for ASHI benefits covering all participants was $2,430 billion across all funding sources.[28] These unexpectedly large liabilities in FS do not entail new charges. They are simply a full disclosure of existing liabilities which had not been previously recognized, i.e. quantified on the face of FS.", "40. Some United Nations system organizations have already partly disclosed in their FS employee benefits payable in the future (though earned in previous accounting periods). Since there was no disclosure requirement under UNSAS, these liabilities were only reflected in notes to FS. Although technically it may appear that a reporting organization is insolvent, experience shows that the recognition of these liabilities following the adoption of accrual-based accounting often subjects both Governments and organizations to negative equity. On the other hand, as noted in the IFAC report “Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities”, the recognition of liabilities:", "acknowledge and plan for the payment of recognized liabilities;", "future resources;", "liabilities; and", "whether they can sustain their activities.", "2. Potential risks", "41. IPSAS adoption is a complex and comprehensive change management process. While it offers numerous benefits over the medium and long term, it also entails short-term costs and challenges that need to be seriously addressed by the executive heads of all the organizations concerned.", "42. The full potential of using accrual-based information can be realized only if managers are convinced of the value of accrual-based data and are able to act on it so as to improve management processes. Accrual-based accounting should not be an end in itself.", " Risks: According to the FEE the main risks inherent to IPSAS are related more to perceptions than substance:", "the issues that are raised;", "addressed;", "evolving.” [29]", "43. The IPSAS reform will impact operating procedures, reporting practices, and hence governance and relations with Member States. In addition to providing useful information for better management and decision-making, IPSAS will also expose managers to greater public scrutiny and therefore make them more accountable for the efficiency and effectiveness of their programmes.", "3. Change management", "44. Inevitably, the introduction of IPSAS will come at some price for every organization. As pointed out in a 2002 communication by the European Commission, “experience in the Member States shows that reforming public accounting systems represents a major upheaval both in terms of the introduction of new practices and in human terms, not to mention the financial resources required.” [30]", "4. IPSAS is time and money consuming", "45. The adoption of IPSAS compliant accounting methods requires additional commitment of time and effort from staff. During the transition phase, depending on their available resources, the organizations will have either to rely for an extended period of time on support from existing staff working in addition to their regular duties or recruit many additional staff. In this respect, the recommendation of UNESCO’s external auditor applies for all IPSAS projects: “When estimating the time involved to effect changes required by an IPSAS, organizations should allow extra time to avoid the risk of under-estimating the time involved. Often the full extent of the implementation task only emerges once the task is in progress”[31]. Once compliance is achieved, new accounting areas will require permanent attention. For instance, while providing essential information on assets owned and their remaining useful lives, IPSAS 17 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE), will require PPE items to be controlled, recognized, measured, depreciated and disclosed in notes to the FS, as opposed to the practice of immediately charging them to expenditures, as stipulated in UNSAS. This permanent control over PPE will require organizations to designate staff and establish systems to ensure a full accounting cycle for PPE.", "Inventory[32]accounts will be particularly time and labour-intensive: compliance with IPSAS 12 will require that the inventory be capitalized[33] and disclosed at appropriate value. The inventory will be transferred to expenses when control on it is relinquished for the benefit of final recipients (such as NGOs or target populations). This new disclosure will allow for better control over inventories, but will also require additional efforts to count them (also physically), assess their value and determine when to expense them.", "46. Preparing accurate opening balances for inventories was a major challenge for WFP. Preparations for inventory counting were started more than a year before the opening balance date of 1 January 2008, involving some 1,000 people in 700 WFP locations.", "Risks:", "expertise; and managerial tools which focus on fixed assets.", "IPSAS.", "5. Cultural aspects", "47. The adoption of IPSAS will result in a cultural change, impacting key accounting treatments and the way some business transactions are carried out. For instance, one major difference between UNSAS and IPSAS concerns the “delivery principle”. Under UNSAS an expense is recognized at the point of issuing a purchase order, which initiates recording of unliquidated obligation (ULO)[34]. Thus, a ULO is recorded in advance of receiving goods or services. The existing practice (under UNSAS) of treating it as expenditure means that intentions are reported as implementation. By contrast, IPSAS allows recognition of expenses only when delivery has actually occurred. This major change will remove the necessity for reporting ULOs in FS and result in a more accurate match of expenses and authorized budget in the period to which they relate. However, for the sake of reporting, ULOs will still be recorded in the budgetary and procurement systems and one practice to follow is to disclose them in the notes to the financial statements.", "48. The adoption of IPSAS will promote useful practices such as cost accounting and data sharing among departments or services that have so far worked in isolation in order to provide accountants with complete, accurate and reliable information to produce FS according to the new standards. It may also usher in a common chart of accounts. Inventory receipts and distributions will need to be reflected in a timely manner in the general ledger in order to accurately disclose inventory balances.", "6. Political aspects", "49. Politically the most sensitive requirement is contained in IPSAS 6–Consolidated[35] and Separate Financial Statements, which stipulates that an entity shall present FS in which it consolidates all the entities it controls[36]. The application of this stipulation raises several key questions for an organization like the United Nations, including whether all United Nations funds and programmes should be considered as subsidiaries of the Organization and whether the concept of consolidation should be applied to joint initiatives and if so which organization should be designated as their parent entity. These are important, legal, financial and political considerations that need to be addressed and agreed upon, ideally during an early preparation phase, as recommended by the Board of Auditors (BoA).[37] On the basis of the recommendation of the Advisory Committee[38] a Secretary-General’s report addressed this issue and confirmed the complexity of IPSAS compliance for the United Nations[39]. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team observed that IPSAS 6 is not prescriptive as to the identification of the “core” reporting entity, which can be an administrative arrangement without legal identity. Hence the United Nations and its related entities, including the Funds and Programmes, would not need to undertake a formal consolidation, thus allowing a pragmatic approach in such a grey area. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team eventually agreed not to present consolidated data.", "50. Two other politically sensitive issues relate to revenue recognition: the treatment of delays in collection of outstanding contributions and the Recording of Voluntary Contributions. With regard to the former, while under UNSAS an organization may make provision for such delays, IPSAS requires all assets (including receivables) to be carried at their fair value. Therefore, in cases where contributions are unlikely to be received, their value will have to be adjusted accordingly. This may generate a political debate on whether some Member States may be excused from paying their assessed contributions because of arrears in payments and whether other Member States will have to cover the resulting shortfall. IFAD had to solve a similar problem to comply with the IFRS. The TF issued a paper on the matter in December 2009. The BoA suggested in June 2008 that with the advent of IPSAS it may become necessary for the organizations to make provision for non-recoverable or late-paying debtors.", "51. The transition to full accrual-based accounting means that United Nations system organizations will have to rapidly determine the criteria to be applied to legal commitments underpinning voluntary contributions. Implementation of IPSAS 23 means that the terms of the commitments will have to be studied carefully in order to identify the date and amount that will be posted in the FS. Donors’ commitments can vary considerably according to the project or the State concerned. It is therefore important to define the degree of formalization of the commitment: the status of the signatory and type of document (contract, pledge, budgetary document, etc.).", "C. Some accounting changes with most impact", "52. In a survey conducted by the TF (see annex II) respondents identified the standards which they perceived as having the most significant impact on their organizations. Three standards were named by all the organizations: IPSAS 1–Presentation of financial statements, (most indispensable); IPSAS 17–Property, Plant and Equipment; and IPSAS 24–Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements. Other important impacts were expected from the adoption of IPSAS 3–Net Surplus or Deficit for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies; IPSAS 12–Inventories; IPSAS 18–Segment Reporting; IPSAS 19–Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets; IPSAS 23–Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers); IPSAS 25–Employee benefits; and IPSAS 31–Intangible Assets. Comments on issues of particular interest to United Nations system organizations are presented below.", "1. Presentation of financial statements", "53. According to IPSAS 1–Presentation of Financial Statements, “financial statements shall be presented at least annually” [40] because their “usefulness … is impaired if they are not made available to users within a reasonable period after the reporting date. An entity should be in a position to issue its financial statements within six months of the reporting date.”[41] This requirement will be challenging for all organizations and their external auditors since almost all financial reporting has so far been done on a biennial or multi-year basis.", "2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)", "54. According to the basic principle of IPSAS 17 (revised), assets which are utilized over more than one financial period should be “capitalized” in the balance sheet. This standard allows entities to initially recognize PPE items either at their historical cost[42] or their fair value[43], which is then charged to expenses over the period of use of each asset. The use of fair value is justified by the difficulty of reliably substantiating the acquisition cost of PPE items held by an entity for a long period of time, transferred between field offices, etc. Either method will have to be backed by supporting documentation, thus requiring significant effort, including work to identify and classify all PPE items using an appropriate valuation methodology. For subsequent measurement of PPE, IPSAS allows for a choice between the cost model and the revaluation model. The costs to be capitalized must be distinguished from those to be expensed: a difficult exercise in the case of a complex operation such as the Capital Master Plan for the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Regarding this case, the BoA recommended that the Accounts Division should consider capitalizing renovation work carried out on the United Nations Organization’s assets.", "55. The threshold level for PPE recognition was a subject of heated debate among United Nations organizations, with some arguing for a higher threshold to reduce the administrative costs of capturing and maintaining data, and others advocating a lower one to ensure better control over PPE. The level recommended by the TF is US$5,000. Currently, there is no requirement for the recognition of heritage assets[44].", "56. Accrual-based accounting requires that PPE items be depreciated over their useful lives. A depreciation charge is made periodically against an individual PPE item to gradually decrease its value. The accounting treatment of depreciation under IPSAS will allow management to make informed decisions on matters such as construction and renovation works, sometimes years in advance. In practice, this will require the development of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system module capable of automatically carrying out calculations and making corresponding records in the accounting system.", "57. Although in the context of the United Nations it is often difficult to determine the nature of project assets and inventories[45] it is important that they be recognized in the FS. While the IPSAS standards provide definitions of “asset” and “control”, the application of these definitions is complex and may lead to different interpretations. For instance, control over assets transferred from a funding entity to an implementing partner may depend on the subtle language of implementation agreements and/or the use of the assets.", "58. The IPSASB has included transitional provisions for the initial adoption of certain standards in order to give new adopters additional time to fully meet the standards’ requirements. For instance, the transitional provisions of IPSAS 17 provide relief from the requirement to recognize all PPE in FS during the first five years of expected compliance. Since most organizations have numerous PPE items which are expected to fully depreciate by the end of the five-year transitional period, the invocation of the transitional provisions will relieve them from the requirement of ever having to recognize these items in their FS. WFP, for example, has invoked these provisions in 2008, recognizing only those tangible assets whose useful lives exceeded five years from its initial IPSAS adoption date.", "59. By introducing integrated capitalized assets and inventory modules into financial accounting software, the organizations could improve existing management controls over the location and condition of their assets worldwide. They would also have the capability to disclose capitalized asset values in accordance with international standards. The social benefit of such capitalization for public-sector organizations and citizens, relative to its costs, has been questioned by some accountants, in particular on the grounds that “Governments [and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)] do not exist for commercial reasons but to provide services, fundamentally social in nature and those other services that the commercial sector is not willing to venture into for economic reasons”[46].", " Risk: In the first countries where accrual accounting was adopted (1991-1992), such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, particular “concerns have been raised about the efficacy of capital charges, when rules are enforced by top-level management rather than through the integration and education of users of such information”.[47]", "3. Employee benefits", "60. The HLCM had acknowledged the magnitude of the implications of IPSAS adoption, especially the impact of a full recognition of liabilities for employee benefits, such as after-service health insurance (ASHI), annual leave and the repatriation grant. Indeed, HLCM noted that although IPSAS would only require recognition and reporting of such liabilities, the issue of funding would have to be addressed with concurrent and similarly urgent attention.[48]", "61. This issue was first raised by the ACABQ in 1997, long before IPSAS adoption decisions were envisaged. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a precursor, recognized ASHI since 2001. However, now with implementation of IPSAS under way, full ASHI liabilities will have to be recognized in the FS. Considering their magnitude, in spite of the serious margin of uncertainties affecting estimates which use different parameters[49], it becomes increasingly important to identify present and future sources of funding. At the 60th and 61st sessions of the General Assembly[50], the Secretary-General recommended that the United Nations recognize full ASHI liabilities in its FS and that a funding strategy aiming towards full funding within a 30-year time frame be put into place. While the General Assembly deferred a decision on the subject, several organizations, including FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO and WMO, had already taken steps to secure – although never fully – the funds required to cover these liabilities.[51] Other organizations remained undecided about the most suitable funding arrangements, stressing the need for further harmonization of funding mechanisms and for clear commitment from Member States, as it is they which will ultimately have to determine the modalities for financing these costs. In this regard, Member States are advised to be consistent in their decisions across all the organizations of which they are members, especially if a common system-wide solution can be devised. For the present, each organization will have to consider the following two options when assessing the long-term impact of this liability with their inherent risks:", "with IPSAS requirements should ensure fund management in a fund which contains Member States’ contributions over time and which earns investment income, facilitating future payments to the former employees; and", "affected by the state of the economy and the management of public funds, not only by the Member State concerned, but by all the Member States of the organization, who would all have to pay significant amounts in the future to the organization’s budget to cover actual obligations to former employees.", "62. Where there is an agreed-to funding strategy, IPSAS will highlight the responsibility of Member States by disclosing the level of liabilities compared to the assets of the accumulated fund. In the absence of such a strategy, Member States’ accountability will be lessened. There are uncertainties in both cases and the recent financial crisis demonstrates that there is no risk-free option. An agreed-to funding strategy could be a safer choice if investments are well managed as appears to be the case in another context with the UNJSPF.", "63. Currently, most liabilities to employees are paid out on a “pay-as-you-go” basis, with any unfunded portions being met from resources available in the period during which payments are made. This means that subsequent accounting periods generally bear some costs incurred in earlier periods for liabilities that had not been previously recognized and accrued for.[52] The recent financial crisis demonstrated the need for long-term planning.", "64. The funding of ASHI liabilities is made even more complex by the fact that many trust funds are of a short-term nature. After their closure they cannot provide any funding for after-service benefits to former employees who, for example, have taken up employment with another organization. This means that future liabilities will have to be covered in their entirety by the receiving organization.", "3. The budget issue", "65. IPSAS 24 (Presentation of the budget information in financial statements) prescribes mandatory presentation of budget amounts against accounting data. Two main options are available when making the transition from UNSAS (“modified cash basis”) to accrual-based accounting:", "(1) To fully apply the principle of accrual-based accounts to both the budget and general accounts (in which case the budgetary balance will correspond to the difference between budgetary entitlements and obligations established in the course of the financial year, irrespective of the amount that may be disbursed or collected);", "(2) To apply the accrual principle to the general accounts only, while budget implementation remains subject to the cash principle (in which case a “dual” system exists, whereby a reconciliation has to be made on a yearly basis, published in notes to FS and certified by the auditor). One of the main challenges of IPSAS adoption is matching FS information to budgets, a practice which may help to better assess the performance of the reporting organization. This will require an explicit yearly (or quarterly) reconciliation of budget and FS. For example, the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) was invited by its external auditor to link accounts and budget more closely.[53] The challenge is how to encourage programme managers to analyze accrual-based data and make good use of the findings.", "66. By 2006, only two out of eight European countries who officially adopted accrual-based accounting had taken up that double challenge: the United Kingdom (which took 13 years to complete the transition) and Switzerland.", "67. For the time being, most IGOs which have already moved to accrual-based accounting (including the EC) find it difficult to introduce accrual-based budgeting, at least in the short term. They will continue with cash-based budget presentation, arguing that accrual-based budgeting will not be easily accepted by their member States. Cash-based budget presentations, however, have to be made on the basis of an annual financial period; while most United Nations system organizations have biennial or even multi-annual budgets. Another argument used for that choice is that the implementation phase of IPSAS requires significant financial and human resources, affecting their ability to undertake another large-scale project. Additionally, accrual budgeting is more suitable for a stable environment such as that of the United Nations Secretariat, but to a lesser extent to rapidly changing conditions, as in Peacekeeping operations.", "68. Although accrual-based budgeting is not a requirement under IPSAS, the practice is championed by several accounting authorities, including the FEE, which stated in 2006 that “It is important to note that the benefits of accrual accounting can only be fully realized and embedded if budgets are also prepared on an accruals basis. Without accrual-based budgets, financial managers will not be disposed to manage their key indicators on an accruals basis and thus are less likely to operate a fully accruals based finance function. They are also less likely to exploit the full potential of accrual-based financial information as an in-year financial management tool.”[54]", "69. Upgrading ERP systems to allow for simultaneous recording of each expense in the “accrual” and “cash” ledgers, as already done by some vendors, will facilitate the comparison between actual and original amounts. The preparation of comparative schedules will require a joint effort by staff from accounts and budget, who have so far worked apart and lack experience in this new area.", "5. Revenue recognition", "70. Revenue recognition is another technically demanding area. IPSAS 23 Revenue from non‑exchange transactions[55] (as opposed to revenue from sales or leasing) determines when revenue should be recognized and how it should be measured. The difficulty for United Nations system organizations, versus the private sector, arises mainly from the predominance (80-90 per cent) of such non-exchange transactions in the case of these organizations and the requirement to distinguish between the various types of such revenue transactions, which need to be recorded in different ways. While assessed contributions will be subject to similar treatment across the organizations, the different types of voluntary funding agreements and pledges call for a specific treatment of the accounts, to be determined only after careful review and interpretation of the funding agreements. [56] The thousands of trust funds agreed upon in the United Nations system raise a real issue in this regard[57].", "4. Fund accounting", "71. Funds represent a pool of resource set aside for the carrying on of specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with legislative or other regulatory restrictions placed on the use of those resources. Most United Nations system organizations report using fund accounting under UNSAS: Accordingly, FS should provide breakdowns and disclosures by fund, specifying “the nature of each capital fund and reserve account, the authority for establishing it, its authorized level, its source of funding, and movements in its constituent funds should be separately disclosed.” [58] “In presenting data in the columns, organizations should show clearly which funds are at the disposal of the member States of the reporting organization (e.g. regular budget, working capital funds, etc.), and which are not (e.g. funds received from donors to finance projects)[59]” However, these issues are not addressed under IPSAS, which are silent on fund accounting, another sign that IGOs needs were not in the minds of IPSAS drafters.. A harmonized approach has been recommended by the TF, but at the time of the JIU review no common solution had been found due to different arrangements with donors and conflicting interpretations of the “Trust Fund” concept. Thereafter, it will be an issue of implementation for each organization to discuss and agree to with their external auditors.", "5. Foreign exchange rates and timing of financial statements", "72. According to IPSAS 4–The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, “a foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction”. This IPSAS provision was highlighted by the National Audit Office (NAO), the external auditors of WFP, to demonstrate that the existing system of setting the monthly United Nations operational rate of exchange (UNORE) was not sufficient for IPSAS requirements since the “spot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery[60] ”. According to the standards, “an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions occurring during that period” as long as the exchange rates do not fluctuate significantly. However, this problem was resolved by the TF in 2009. It was decided that organizations wishing to use the UNORE (United Nations official exchange rate) instead of the spot exchange rate would need to demonstrate that this does not create any material discrepancy. As a follow-up to that decision, procedures were put in place to minimize differences between UNORE and spot exchange rates, including mid-month adjustments when given thresholds are met. It was further decided that based on the spot rates a revised UNORE would be issued at the end of June and December to ensure that there were no rate differences at the balance sheet date.", "IV. IPSAS PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM", "73. Once adopted by all the Organizations of the United Nations system, the principle of transition to IPSAS resulted in a two-level strategy where projects would coexist and interact:", "establishing its own project team and for dedicating sufficient human and financial resources to ensure successful IPSAS implementation. Their concerted initial strategy foresaw two phases: some “early adopters” targeted compliance effective 2008 (with only one meeting this target), while other organizations aimed for 2010.", "team is tasked with developing accounting policies to promote and foster a consistent understanding of the IPSAS requirements across the system, and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies[61].", "A. The system-wide (CEB) project", "1. An inter-agency undertaking", "74. Once the choice of IPSAS had been made it became necessary to translate each IPSAS requirement into guidelines and policy papers to be used by each organization for its own project and specific needs. Inter-agency cooperation was essential. Indeed, as stated by the former External Auditor of UNIDO, “It is of key importance that the Organization participates in the various meetings and contributes to the development of consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the system.[62] ”", "75. As part of the jointly funded activities in the United Nations Budget, a first project, known as “the accounting standards project” was started in 2005 to determine the way forward for the United Nations system to align with appropriate accounting standards[63] . This project ended in November 2005 with the recommendation to adopt IPSAS. A new project was approved by HLCM for the period 2006-2009 with an annual budget of US$1.160.000 million per year[64] to support IPSAS implementation at the system-wide level and to ensure harmonized implementation and economies of scale. The project was extended until 2011, but reduced to $1.33 million for the biennium. It provides for one team leader and two professionals. The New York-based system-wide team, also severely reduced in number, reports to a Steering Committee, formed from two organizations from each of the main United Nations system centres (New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome) meeting on a bi-monthly basis – accountable to the TF – composed of senior finance staff from United Nations system organizations and tasked with setting project priorities, defining deliverables, and reviewing IPSAS progress. The team developed broad accounting policies to support consistency and harmonization and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies and improve the quality of financial reporting. It has also developed a review process involving four regional focus groups comprising accounting professionals from United Nations system organizations. These “focus groups”, established in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome, review the accounting policies and guidance papers prepared by the Team and provide recommendations and comments which the team analyses and then submits to the TF for review and approval. In 2010 inter-agency working groups were established to share knowledge and experience on specific IPSAS key requirements such as employee benefits, controlled entities, common services, inventories and donated rights to use premises under joint arrangements[65], while the system-wide team was providing policy guidance and support. Finally, the team is also responsible for representing United Nations accounting issues to IPSASB, with the limited influence of a mere observer in a club.", "76. While most of the organizations’ accountants interviewed in 2009 found that this inter-agency cooperation was very useful, some expressed concerns about what they considered to be an excessive standardization drive even in instances where it was not proven that “one size fits all”. It was further observed that the harmonization process had delayed the achievement of consensus on key IPSAS policies such as treatment of revenue, expenses and project assets. Taking these critical observations into account the TF decided in May 2010 to allow and manage the emerging accounting policies diversity among organizations, arising from differences in their regulatory frameworks, institutional arrangements, mandates, business processes etc.: a baseline of policies and practices would be established where necessary, and system-wide processes established for further monitoring and further harmonization.", "1. Deliverables and services", "77. In 2006, the Team produced its first set of IPSAS accounting policies and guidance for review by four regional focus groups. Since then, it has produced briefing notes, papers and guidelines detailing proposals for harmonizing IPSAS compliant accounting policies/guidance. By December 2009, the Team’s papers and briefing notes and related minutes of meetings had resulted in 59 accounting policy papers and guidelines, which were reviewed by the TF and subsequently approved by the FBN and the HLCM.[66]", "78. The Team is also charged with maintaining and constantly updating the CEB accounting standards webpage and servicing the semi-annual meetings of the TF. The JIU team was invited to attend its May 2009 meeting in Rome and made a presentation on the preparation of the JIU review.", "79. The Team engages with the organizations, tracking their progress toward IPSAS compliance by using a checklist questionnaire that is sent to them on a regular basis. It also communicates with the organizations’ external auditors, providing them with copies of its papers and guidelines. In addition, it has established a formal process of communication with the Technical Group of the Panel of External Auditors to solicit its views on accounting policies and guidance[67] .", "80. An important achievement of the Team was the development of IPSAS training courses for system-wide use. After a delay of several years, all 18 courses have now been completed. They comprise seven computer-based training (CBT) and eleven instructor-led training (ILT) courses, now available on Internet and CD-ROM. While each individual organization is responsible for developing its own IPSAS training plan and rolling out training according to that plan, these courses are open to participants from all the organizations.", "81. The training products range from general IPSAS topics to the technically specialized. As outlined in the CEB IPSAS progress report, comments received on the courses have been very positive. These courses are expected to be run for several years, depending on each organization’s training plans and implementation timeline.", "82. The work ahead includes: resolution of any issues arising; formal evaluation of training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translation of the courses into French and Spanish. The HLCM approved resources for 2010-2011 for the administration and communication of IPSAS adoption information, further development of accounting policies and guidance and involvement in the IPSASB, but made no provisions for further work on IPSAS training.", "83. Despite its small size (one P5 team leader and three professionals in 2008, reduced to one P5 team leader, two full-time professionals and a part-time general service position for 2010-2011), there is a general consensus that the Team plays a significant role in facilitating the CEB IPSAS interagency work.", "B. The organizations’ projects: strategic issues and diversity", "1. Governance and change management", "84. According to the Federation of European Accountants[68], several key conditions need to pre-exist in public sector entities to ensure that the introduction of accrual-based accounting would not only be technically successful, but also improve the quality of financial management and increase the independence and transparency of the financial reporting process. These conditions should include:", " Risks: The absence of any of these conditions poses a serious risk.", "85. The Inspector believes that it is now difficult to know whether these conditions existed in United Nations system organizations between 2005 and 2007, when individual and collective decisions were being taken on the adoption of IPSAS as of 2010.", "86. The notion of “acceptance” is of particular relevance in the case of this reform and means, in the present context, the willingness of civil servants to accept that reforms would change the role of those responsible for financial management, with significantly changing influence and responsibilities. Acceptance has to go beyond a relatively small group of technocrats. Management must be convinced that such a decision, if seriously followed, will provide clear and concrete benefits to the Organization, compensating for the difficulties and complexities involved in such a transition. Given the critical nature of the project, the full commitment of senior management and finance officials is essential, especially since such an undertaking requires a significant change in professional behaviour and is likely to encounter resistance.", "87. Resistance is inherent to the process of change. As John P. Kotter, one of the world’s leading experts on business leadership noted “whenever human communities are forced to adjust to shifting conditions, pain is ever present”. [69] Based on his observation of common errors made in leading change, he defined an interesting eight-stage process, which can be summarized as follows:", "88. The first three stages fit particularly well within the context of the transition to IPSAS: In order to set change in motion within an organization, a strong guiding coalition is needed. The right composition of individuals, level of trust and a shared vision are key factors in the success of this team and in breaking through the forces that support the status quo. Furthermore, one strong leader alone cannot make change happen. This team must also possess significant credibility within the organization in order to be effective.", "89. It is imperative that all senior managers should understand the importance, scope and benefits to be expected from the transition to IPSAS.", "Best Practice 1", "Successful IPSAS implementation requires the setting up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. Such a committee should be entrusted with a multi-year mandate and include staff or consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "90. Most organizations have adopted a standard project governance structure (see fig. 1 below) comprising a sponsor, in most cases (providing strategic and political leadership); a steering committee/project board (meeting at least monthly, advising on strategic and political issues and providing support at the “top level”); an internal and/or external oversight body (providing feedback to the steering committee); a project leader and a project team (carrying out implementation work).", "91. The project team is generally supported by working groups, consisting of professionals from all the relevant functional areas, assigned with the task of providing technical expertise based on their organization’s specific business activities.", "[]Figure 1: A Common Project Governance Structure", "92. One good practice is to create a full-time position of project leader, reporting directly to senior management and given the authority needed to overcome the resistance that the imposition of a major reform of organizational practices and reporting culture will inevitably generate. The United Nations IPSAS project governance structure appears in a chart of the ACABQ report (A/63/496).", "93. Some organizations, including ILO and WIPO, have not put in place a formal project implementation structure. Their implementation teams were informal groups reporting to the Comptroller or Director of Finance. The Inspector is doubtful that such support structures are efficient and concurs with those experts who consider that a powerful coalition at the top of each organization should support projects of such magnitude and communicate their vision and urgent nature.", "94. Many organizations have a significant IT component in their project team given that IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS (see Chapter III Section B 4). However, they have also kept their IPSAS implementation project separate from a significantly larger ERP element. Good practices consist in placing the two distinct projects under the same authority, e.g. a common project board; as done by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), or a common leader (WFP). ITU is implementing a joint IPSAS-ERP streamlining project. WHO is the only organization that has not undertaken a separate implementation project since IPSAS is an integral part of its ERP project, at the risk of neglecting some aspects of the transition to IPSAS.", "2. Gap analysis and users", "95. It is critical to first assess the scope and magnitude of planned action. The transition to international accounting standards requires a significant amount of review and analysis of organizational processes, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance. At some stage each implementing agency or organization has to draft its own policies, in line with its own business process and goals. In accordance with the ancient Greek proverb: “know thyself”, planning should be based on a clear vision of the goals assigned to the entity concerned and an in-depth knowledge of its existing activities, processes and accounting flows. A good practice is to define from the very beginning the content of reporting under IPSAS by integrating operational and financial reporting and identifying current and potential users of future financial reports. Internal users include senior managers, authorizing services and internal auditors. As of June 2010, 81 per cent of the organizations had reviewed the standards and identified the impact of each. The United Nations Organization was not in that number.", "96. External users include members of the governing body, Governments, external auditors, political and financial analysts, rating agencies, the media and the public at large. Users should be provided with financial information about such matters as the resources controlled by the entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), enhanced cash flow information and other financial data useful for assessing the entity’s financial position and changes in it, and for determining whether it is operating economically and efficiently. Users may also use financial reports to assess the organization’s stewardship of resources and its compliance with legislation. In sum, the quality of the information provided in financial reports determines the usefulness of those reports to users. In this respect, accrual-based accounting requires entities to maintain complete records of assets and liabilities on their balance sheets and identify and record any off-balance sheet transactions.", "Best practice 2", "For a successful transition to IPSAS, it is critical to first undertake a gap analysis of business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and to subsequently conduct an in-depth analysis of the requirements and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3. A phased and planned strategy", "97. The organizations should not claim to be IPSAS-compliant until they have put in place and tested all the policies and procedures governing the application of the standards. As part of the adoption strategy, every organization should have planned a feasible timeline to make the requisite policy and procedural changes, opting either for a “big-bang”, a D-Day implementation date well planned in advance, or progressive implementation, by groups of standards. The collective response of the United Nations system was a “big bang phased approach”; with early adopters setting (1 January) 2008 for compliance and others (1 January) 2010. In fact however, some organizations’ strategies were ill-defined and the length of the transition period depended on the specific environment and constraints. In some cases it was heavily influenced by the recommendations of consulting firms.", "98. The experience of the countries that first migrated to IPSAS (New Zealand, Canada, United States and United Kingdom) shows that their transition took on average 10 years. The French transition, of the “big bang” type, took only five (2001-2006), thanks to a clear separation of responsibilities (authorizing and certifying services), benchmarking suggested by British, American and Canadian experts, and, above all, the assistance for three years of a specialized team of 15 experts.", "99. Like OECD, during the same period (2000-2005) and with the same degree of success, the EC has experimented with a well-prepared accelerated process. It complied with the deadlines set out in its financial regulations for the preparation of FS compliant with international standards; conducting feasibility and financial studies in 2002; accounting studies in 2003; and in 2004 collecting all the necessary information for an opening balance on 1 January 2005. This shows that a “big-bang strategy” is not only compatible with rigorous planning, but may also warrant it.", "100. The “big-bang” approach offers several clear advantages and can help organizations to become IPSAS compliant more quickly. However, it does entail more risks as, in view of the instant changeover, a series of simultaneous actions needs to be undertaken, a difficult situation for a small project team or a complex organization. The United Nations IPSAS implementation team has chosen to progressively incorporate IPSAS requirements to the extent allowed by the current information systems of the Organization, conscious that the year 2013 will be particularly difficult, with some offices accounting under UNSAS and others under IPSAS requirements. A solution is being sought with the Umoja team. However this casts a doubt on the feasibility of the 2014 compliance target. Whatever their strategic choice, and especially when adopting this approach, the organizations are encouraged to undertake, in consultation with their external auditors, a set of “dry-run” accounts covering a nine-month period prior to the presentation of their first annual IPSAS-compliant FS, in order to test their preparedness level for IPSAS. This will give them important feedback on the magnitude of amendments and improvements needed to obtain an unqualified audit opinion on their year-end IPSAS compliant FS. They should also regularly update their IPSAS adoption plans and budgets, in line with the BoA recommendation to UNHCR[70] and UNRWA[71] .", "101. This raises another question, namely whether IPSAS-compliant processes can be run in parallel with traditional accounting methods. In the view of the Inspector, there is a serious and probable risk of current activities being sacrificed to ensure future compliance and staff are overburdened with IPSAS-related work on top of their usual duties. The quality of tasks accomplished on both counts could be negatively affected, preventing any valid comparison between current and subsequent financial periods.", "102. Competition among management initiatives might represent other serious risks which should be taken into account by senior management and governing bodies. In 2009, UNDP, with the approval of its Executive Board, decided to defer its IPSAS implementation from 2010 to 2012. It also decided to change its implementation approach for all the IPSAS standards from a phased to a “big bang” approach. The key consideration was the mitigation of risks arising from multiple competing organization-wide change initiatives, particularly the system-wide implementation of United Nations Contractual Reform and the new system of Administration of Justice, both mandated by the General Assembly and scheduled to take effect in July 2009. The rescheduling also ensured that UNDP invested adequate time and resources for the delivery of a comprehensive change management programme (e.g. extensive training and communication), and to allow sufficient time for country offices to prepare for the implications of the adoption of IPSAS, for example by achieving appropriate staffing levels and the required skill sets. This would avoid overburdening country offices during 2008 when they were expected to be engaged in several other large initiatives, such as implementation of results-based budgeting and strategic plans.", "Best Practice 3", "In the case of a major shift in the project’s environment, it is important that organizations reassess their initial adoption strategy, adjusting it as necessary.", "2. Project management", "103. Sound management, ownership of the project, clear definition of responsibilities and assignment of tasks, high involvement of all parties concerned and synergies between sub-projects are key to a smooth transition to IPSAS. In the words of an EC official commenting on the successful EC experience, “the main issue is neither the standards, nor the accounting policies, it is project management”.", "104. As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had a detailed timetable and project plan (81 per cent as of December 2009). Some organizations (e.g. UNICEF, UNDP, WFP, UNESCO and ICAO) have formal project management processes, often the fruit of lessons learned from managing previous projects and strategic initiatives. Others (e.g. the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)) have adopted standardized project management tools such as “PRINCE2”[72]. The main features of the latter are:", "stages; and", "105. Many project teams have a significant IT component since IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS. This is creating a real mutual dependence between projects, and for example, the difficulty in funding the ERP project of the United Nations has been a major reason for delays in the IPSAS project. There were others, and the BoA had to recommend finalizing the detailed timetable and project plan for IPSAS implementation.[74]", "106. In addition to the adoption of accrual-based accounting principles, measures required to achieve conformity with IPSAS include the development of a new integrated accounting system. Such a system should provide the requisite tools for presenting accrual-based accounts, including information on accounting methods, valuation rules and the accounting principles adopted. This should lead to improved quality of financial reporting and a more accurate picture of an organization’s financial situation in terms of assets and liabilities, budget implementation and cash flow.", "107. To this end a full set of accounting policies needs to be developed. According to the EC it is necessary to:", "policies prior to final approval;", "policies will be required;", "policies. (Minimal guidance is appropriate when employees are familiar with accrual-based accounting and the standards applied);", "will be appropriate under the new basis of accounting;", "specific accounting transactions and events;", "balance sheet;", "control[75] procedures to guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data;", "put in place by management to guarantee the legality and regularity of transactions, notably by ensuring the safeguarding of assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information);", "108. The inspector found that project teams worked best when they followed the following principles:", "multi-disciplinary team;", "Risks:", "committee;", "supervisory board).", "Best Practice 4", "The implementation of IPSAS works best if it is treated as a full-fledged and distinct project. To facilitate implementation, proven project planning and implementation methodologies should be adopted, containing such elements as clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "3. Enterprise Resource Planning", "109. The development of new ERP systems is a prerequisite for the phased implementation of IPSAS by United Nations system organizations. At present, these systems are either fully ready and operational, or in the process of being rolled out to field offices. A comprehensive gap analysis should be accompanied by a realistic estimate of the tasks associated with the required changes. As much as possible, the IPSAS and ERP projects should then combine their efforts and cooperate closely [78].", "110. In the pioneering cases of the EC and WFP, even establishing the opening balances proved to be a daunting task. Opening balances for IPSAS-compliance as of 1 January of year Y will be based on the account balances as of 31 December of year Y-1 restated[79] from UNSAS to IPSAS.", "111. A telling example of the challenges to be faced in this regard is provided by the EC. All the information necessary for accrual-based accounting was uploaded into the EC central accounting system in January 2005. This included over 7,000 invoices or cost claims, 30,000 pre-financing entries, 92,000 assets and 3,100 guarantees. Each service[80] was asked to verify the accuracy of these uploads by 1 May 2005, and in July 2005 more than fifty Directors-General (DG) and Heads of Service were requested to formally validate their opening operational balances. After verifications and controls, each DG validated the figures but requested some corrections to ensure the quality of the data. The last validation was received in January 2006. In 2005 the bulk of work for the transition was to finalize the opening accrual balances as at 1 January 2005, which proved to be an arduous task for DG Budget and all services alike. Reviews and coherence checks were performed by DG Budget to ensure the quality of data.", "Best Practice 5", "In order to minimize potential transitional problems, it makes good sense to develop a strategy for producing the opening balances in IPSAS for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "4. Keeping up with the governing body and its initial expectations", "112. Member States have made the decision to adopt IPSAS on the basis of expected benefits for their respective organizations and allocated specific resources to this end. The governing bodies are therefore entitled to be kept informed on the planned and effective progress achieved during the transition phase; even if this means investing efforts in drafting reports which simplify some highly technical issues. In particular, Managers should share their own expectations and compare them to achievements, in a results-based management spirit.", "113. Replies from secretariats to the JIU questionnaire show that the main benefits that United Nations system organizations expected from the transition to IPSAS were: improved FS in terms of transparency (84.2 per cent of respondents), standardization, harmonization and consistency (57.9 per cent), quality (52.6 per cent); comparability (47.4 per cent), improved internal controls (36.8 per cent), as well as other benefits as illustrated in Figure 2.", "Figure 2: Expected benefits from IPSAS compliance", "[]", "Source: Replies to the JIU questionnaire", "Best Practice 6", "With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process and acquiring their commitment, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "The following recommendations are expected to enhance accountability, effectiveness and efficiency:", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the appropriate support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "5. Human resources", "114. According to data from the January 2009 TF questionnaire, 52 per cent of the organizations had a full-time project leader, 33 per cent had a part-time project leader, whereas 14 per cent were yet to appoint either a full- or part-time project leader (a percentage reduced to 5 per cent in June 2010). As of June 2009, 68 per cent of respondents to the JIU questionnaire reported that they had the requisite human resources to work exclusively on IPSAS implementation. As of June 2010, only 88 per cent of the organizations expecting a 2010 compliance had appointed a project manager. IPSAS projects are usually supported by a small team (maximum four staff members) and a project leader assigned to work on a full-time basis. The other team members usually work on the project on a part-time basis, in addition to their existing tasks. It is essential that all the organizations analyze the changes required and identify possible gaps within their existing human resources. They need to decide whether the required expertise can be tapped from existing staff and/or whether external experts need to be recruited to handle the emerging tasks and challenges. For some teams, time to be dedicated to the IPSAS project had to be negotiated in advance (e.g. Universal Postal Union (UPU)). In 2009 and 2010, the lack of a properly staffed IPSAS team was one of the main reasons given by the organizations for their need to revise their implementation dates. The movement of IPSAS team members from one organization to another does not help with the general problem. As of June 2010, six organizations did not yet have a fully staffed IPSAS team.", "115. Based on lessons learnt to date, it is key to start the IPSAS undertaking with a basic gap analysis and skills inventory in order to take stock of the existing expertise and experience of in-house accounting and finance professionals and determine to what extent, and for how long, external expertise is needed to complement in-house capacity.", "Risk: A strategy that does not take into account the human resources requirements of IPSAS may result in the disengagement of staff when their regular duties conflict with those of the project.", "Best practice 7", "During the transition towards IPSAS, organizations should determine and subsequently budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity for maintaining future IPSAS compliance. If needed, additional funding should be obtained from governing bodies or other sources while avoiding any conflict of interest.", "Best practice 8", "It is essential to take into account the cost of training staff for successful transition to IPSAS. Financial resources should be made available for training in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts", "116. Most organizations stated in their replies to the JIU questionnaire that they had either “sufficient” or “partly sufficient” human resource capacity. However, given their tight timelines, they encountered difficulties identifying IPSAS experts. FAO, UNIDO, UNHCR and UNOPS all had insufficient staff to successfully implement IPSAS. In addition, the simultaneous demand for IPSAS experts (a new specific profile) by Governments, municipalities and organizations made their recruitment more difficult and costly. Although the success of the project depends on available expertise, the organizations can usually offer only short-term contracts due to budgetary constraints, thus making contractual conditions less attractive. Some organizations, including the United Nations, UNICEF and WFP, felt that including certified accountants in their project teams would be advantageous. Reacting to a concern about future human resources requirements, the United Nations representative at a TF meeting stressed the need to immediately start hiring certified/chartered accountants and also work out how to retain them, at least for the duration of the implementation stage. The Board of Auditors, in its rigorous analysis of the IPSAS-related issues at the United Nations had to recommend increasing the staffing of the project team[81]. Examples of good practices are provided by UNICEF and UNESCO. The former has developed an informal network of professionals in order to involve in-house experts in the project whereas the latter expects to achieve a high degree of staff involvement throughout the process. Its policy aims to ensure that full understanding of the UNESCO structure and operations is applied to the adoption process, and also facilitates the retention of IPSAS knowledge within the Organization. As such, the key role of the Project Management Team is performed internally. The consultants and international firm of accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) provide support, primarily in the form of ongoing advice and assistance in managing the project and technical inputs, following the review of IPSAS documentation.", "6. Financial resources", "117. Despite funding difficulties, almost all the organizations have been working within the budgets allocated for their IPSAS implementation projects, sometimes involving major difficulties for the staff concerned. In order to fund the project, organizations have been using their regular budget, extra-budgetary funds, reserve funds, carry-over and budgetary surpluses from previous years. While some secretariats have been very accurate in their estimates, others underestimated the needs for the IPSAS project.", "118. The analysis of available but not quite comparable data on IPSAS and ERP budgets shows that while larger organizations such as UNDP and FAO had substantial implementation budgets in absolute figures (given their size and their many field offices) the IPSAS+ERP budgets of smaller organizations such as WMO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU) represented a significant portion of their overall annual budgets. At WHO, the IPSAS project was not considered to be specific. Furthermore, securing funding for the project proved particularly difficult for some smaller organizations, especially when fund allocations could only be provided from budgetary “carry-over” (e.g. ICAO) or through surpluses from previous years (second-best solutions in the case of restricted budgetary policy or non-aligned budget cycles). Since June 2010, all organizations have had an approved budget for their transition to IPSAS The BoA recommended to the Fifth Committee of the United Nations a close monitoring of costs to prevent their excessive and unnecessary escalation (12 May 2009).", "7. ERP and its interactions with IPSAS implementation", "119. An Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system integrates all data and processes into a unified IT system. This includes consolidation of several or all of the organization’s software applications, including finance, human resources, logistics, procurement, inventory, etc. For instance, when a purchase order is made, a procurement process is initiated, a supplier is selected, goods are ordered and received in the warehouse and an invoice is received and paid. Data on this activity flows through the different functional units of an entity. Each unit captures details relevant to its operations and eventually contributes to the preparation of the FS. The advantage of ERP is that users can retrieve relevant information in the same system at any time instead of having to search for it in many separate applications. This is why IPSAS standards requiring inputs from many functional areas within an entity are best served by an ERP system.", "120. The transition to IPSAS requires a specific gap analysis of all existing (legacy) information systems, with a view to ascertaining whether they can support the production of accrual-based accounts (including inventory ledgers and client and supplier ledgers); interface with other systems; and provide effective security. As of June 2009, 91 per cent of the organizations had conducted evaluations of the changes required to their information systems.", "121. Most organizations had to update their existing ERP systems or replace their legacy systems (e.g. the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) used by the United Nations) to achieve an IPSAS-compliant environment. Changes in accounting procedures to achieve IPSAS compliance offer the opportunity to introduce new optimized processes by developing, adapting or replacing existing legacy systems. The reasons for introducing a new ERP system include the need to integrate various systems or the fact that most of the legacy systems are no longer capable of accommodating certain processes required under IPSAS, especially since their original objective was to mechanize manual activities rather than to modernize business processes. This explains why large, decentralized organizations such as WHO, FAO and the United Nations decided to link IPSAS implementation to ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices. As of June 2010, 90 per cent of the organizations had carried out assessments of their systems’ changes.", "require manual intervention which will increase the risk of inaccuracy and incompleteness of the data obtained partly manually and used for the preparation of FS.", "On the other hand, linking IPSAS projects closely with major new ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices raises the risk of significant delays coupled with uncertain timelines, as their implementation is conditional on funding and project management of ERP projects.", "122. Taking into account the specificities of each organization and the state of its IT architecture, a strategic short, medium and long-term cost benefit analysis should weigh the following alternative options:", "(a) Continued use of the present system;", "(b) Single commercial package approach (standard package or package accompanied by compatible modules;", "(c) New integrated system with a core integrated package plus sectoral systems maintained or developed within the overall architecture.", "The ideal situation would be to have all functionalities fully integrated so as to ensure data consistency at all times. Three commercial ERP packages have been widely adopted by large-scale organizations and companies. They are produced by PeopleSoft (recently acquired by Oracle), SAP and Oracle. Second-tier systems such as Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards are some of the packages most widely used by mid-size entities. Because they were developed for IFRS compliance, most recent ERP systems can support IPSAS requirements, provided that the necessary setups are configured. The choice of an ERP system is, however, primarily based on an entity’s requirements, functionality and the value for money offered by the provider. For a large-scale multifunctional system like the United Nations it may take significant time to develop an ERP system. A basic problem is that these different ERP systems cannot interface with each other.", "123. ERP systems adopted by different United Nations system organizations (based on the available data) are presented in Figure 3.", "Figure 3: Choice of ERP across the United Nations system", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption checklists and the JIU questionnaire", "124. The deployment of ERP system in large entities calls for the commitment of staff and consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems and may take several years to complete.", "125. ERP systems in each United Nations system organization are at different implementation stages (see Figure 4 below). A majority of organizations with operational ERP systems are in the upgrading phase but may still need to adjust the latest version or add a module to become IPSAS compliant. Also, some organizations, repeating a major weakness of the IMIS at the United Nations, have not yet rolled out their ERP system to their offices outside headquarters. At the beginning of 2009, the United Nations selected and initiated a new ERP project called “Umoja”. The first Umoja progress report[82] projected a pilot deployment during the fourth quarter of 2011 and a fully functional ERP system Organization-wide by the end of 2013, giving hope for an IPSAS-compliant FS for 2014. However, if some of the findings of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) audit report dated 24 August 2010 on the Human Resources Management in the office of the ERP project director are reassuring, in particular on the organizational structure of the ERP and the experience and expertise of the staff hired, some serious breaches of HR, financial and procurement regulations posed a reputation risk for the ERP project, to which the IPSAS project is tightly linked.", "Figure 4: ERP Implementation Progress Level", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption check-lists and the JIU questionnaire", "126. At the beginning of 2009, 76.2 per cent of organizations were in the process of assessing or had finished assessing the compliance of their ERP systems with IPSAS requirements. UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNOPS have a joint ERP platform; and UNFPA and UNOPS are dependent on the outcome of UNDP analysis.", "127. By early 2009, following a thorough analysis of their legacy systems for their compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, several organizations had upgraded their ERP systems while others had to purchase a new IPSAS-compliant ERP system. As of June 2009, 86 per cent of the organizations had completed studies to determine the required ERP systems upgrades and approved their implementation. The rest had to revise their IPSAS implementation target date, as implementation can take place only in parallel with the upgrading of existing ERP systems. However, UNHCR and WFP indicated that IPSAS could be implemented in time even in the case of belated upgrading of their ERP systems, explaining that their current ERP versions were able to support IPSAS with some manual operations and could be updated after IPSAS implementation (see WFP in annex IV).", "128. Challenges with IPSAS implementation and related ERP capability were encountered by some organizations with field presence such as ILO. This organization, which by the time of the JIU review had completed the deployment of its ERP system, does not have adequate ERP infrastructure at field level and would need to process accounting data manually in order to comply with IPSAS. This is not an isolated case. The EC also faced difficulties in introducing new systems and providing training in geographically dispersed locations. It is therefore crucial to factor in field requirements at an early stage of the project.", "129. Data cleansing is the process of cleaning the existing Legacy data, ensuring that the data that is being migrated to new ERP system is valid, correct and agrees with the required new format. Often, data cleansing continues in the project’s final or post implementation stage. Organizations tend to underestimate the effort and time required to accomplish this process.", "Best practice 9", "Existing (legacy) systems must be thoroughly analyzed for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, fully taking into account field needs and capacities.", "8. Awareness and communications", "130. Awareness of the change process should be developed through communication and training. The objective of awareness training is to “communicate the upcoming changes and their impact on the Organization to all stakeholders, encourage staff to start thinking about the implications for their own areas of work, and build “buy in” for the change to IPSAS. Awareness training is seen as a key component of the overall change management process”[83]. The magnitude of the IPSAS implementation projects implies expanding awareness to governing bodies and senior management. Getting the right message across to the right people, in the right place, and at the right time is key to effective communication, which itself has three rules: communicate often, communicate openly and communicate to all. Thus, awareness training to these target groups is an even more important activity than that directed to the user community who will experience the new environment.", "Best practice 10", "In order to create a sense of collective ownership of the project, organizations should invest time and effort in ensuring that all stakeholders understand the vision behind the transition to IPSAS. This can be done in various forms: training, retreats, presentations to staff, information products and testimonies of people closely involved in successful cases elsewhere.", "131. Thanks to awareness raising “senior managers and programme managers will have the tools to generate better information on the financial impact of decisions; they will be in a better position to explain financial results and be more accountable and motivated to take a longer view of plans and finances” Line managers should learn how to use the new system and achieve its expected benefits. They will also appreciate how “control” will change, from a focus on “time” (manipulated in order to meet the budget provisions), to a focus on resources used and the price paid. This move is akin to and fits well with the trend towards Results-Based Management (RBM).", "132. Organizational transitions are critical to an organization’s change efforts, but without individual transitions, the likelihood of the organization’s change effort being successful is severely diminished. Managers and individual employees play different roles in these transitions. The managers’ role is to convince stakeholders (including employees) of the need for the changes. To achieve success in the final transition, every individual employee is important.[84] As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had prepared a communication plan, major progress since December 2009 (48 per cent) which probably comes too late.", "133. Communication tools in international organizations include the use of Internet or Intranet websites, broadcasts, press releases, electronic newsletters, bulletin board messages, expert lectures to permanent missions and staff, special events, presentations, conferences, etc. As of June 2009, only 63.6 per cent of the organizations had IPSAS project communication plans, and, paradoxically, a higher percentage (68.2 per cent) had de facto started awareness-raising activities. Target recipients of communication activities are presented in Figure 5 below:", "Figure 5: Communication Plans by Targeted Audience", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Training", "134. According to a 2007 system-wide survey, 36,000 staff across the United Nations system required IPSAS-related training, of which 65 per cent needed awareness training, 25 per cent basic conceptual training, and 10 per cent specialist conceptual training.[85] In 2008 and 2009 the division of labour between the system-wide IPSAS project team and individual organizations regarding the development of training products was somewhat blurred and needed to be clarified. The second progress report of the Secretary General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations clarified that the organizations were responsible for developing their IPSAS training plans and rolling out their training according to plan, adding that a system-wide approach to training had been developed to support organizations’ IPSAS training. This approach consisted of three phases: training needs assessment; procurement of training courses; and deployment of training.[86]", "135. Following a Request for Proposal issued in September 2007, a winning bidder was identified (International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc) and it was expected that a contract would be concluded shortly.[87] However, interviews conducted in 2009 by the JIU team confirmed that due to lack of resources the training materials would not be available before the end of 2009. Despite this, the United Nations IPSAS team, with the support of the external service provider, was able to finalize the training content, design and delivery. According to the CEB survey on the IPSAS adoption progress, covering the period up to the end of December 2009, 77 per cent of the 21 responding organizations had completed a training needs analysis and 59 per cent had completed their training plans. However, a higher percentage (52 per cent in June 2009, according to the JIU survey) had already started to provide training although only 32 per cent had completed their training plans by that time.", "136. Among the issues affecting the roll-out of training were the need to conduct a formal evaluation of the training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translations of the training products into French and Spanish. A preliminary assessment by UNDP was that the translation of courses would require significant resources and time. In the Inspector’s opinion, this requires political will, as shown by WFP, which had successfully developed training material in English, French, Spanish and Arabic.", "Best practice 11", "Organizations should ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and finance and procurement personnel are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific communications tools, including manuals and training products in the appropriate languages.", "137. The JIU survey of March 2009 showed that 88.2 per cent of the organizations had already provided awareness training without using CEB support team material. 70.6 per cent of training courses on offer were conceptual; 41.2 per cent were “hands on” (often with the assistance of the ERP provider); and another 23.5 per cent were unspecified IPSAS-related modules, including project management training. Replies from 17 organizations to the JIU questionnaire are presented in Figure 6 below.", "Figure 6: IPSAS Training Started (March 2009)", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "138. According to the organizations interviewed, training and communication must be synchronized with implementation.", " Risk: Training delivered prior to the deployment of the relevant systems may demotivate staff.", "139. Figure 7 below shows distribution by type of training offered to the various beneficiaries as of March 2009, relative to the total number of responding organizations. It is essential that senior management receive awareness-training early in the project life to help ensure that they fully support implementation. The delegates governing bodies concerned should be encouraged to take part in such training. However, as of Spring 2009, in nearly half of the organizations, senior management and the governing bodies had not yet received awareness training, which puts in doubt their ability to lead important and necessary reforms.", "Figure 7: Training Beneficiaries and Type of Training Offered", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Risk assessment", "140. The organizations were also requested to share the conclusions of risk assessments they have undertaken, if any, considering that an exercise of this type is an important factor in successful project implementation. According to their responses to the TF implementation checklist of January 2009, more than one third (38.1 per cent) had not undertaken any risk assessment for their IPSAS project. This category included:", "into their ERP projects (WHO, WIPO); and", "implementation (United Nations, UNWTO).", "141. Where risk assessments were conducted they were not always supported by a formal risk assessment methodology such as COSO 2[88]. The Inspector wishes to highlight that risk assessment is a prerequisite for risk management and key to ensuring that project objectives are met, as confirmed by the BOA to UNDP[89] and UNFPA[90]. A positive example in this regard is WIPO, which had undertaken an assessment to determine the requirements to meet the 2010 implementation date and what could possibly cause delays.", "142. The information collected by the JIU team confirms the risk factors mentioned in the second progress report of the Secretary-General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations[91]. The report added another relevant factor: “an improved appreciation of the scale and complexity of the work involved after completing a diagnosis of required procedures and system changes”. The main reasons for deferred implementation of IPSAS are the following:", "requirements (70 per cent of respondents to the survey). For instance, the obsolete United Nations Secretariat “homemade” Integrated Management and Information System (IMIS), developed in the late 1980s and expanded in the mid-1990s, required a complex revamping leading to a Request For Proposal and a contract award in mid-2009 to replace it as part of the overall management project “Umoja”; The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Project Team worked closely with the Umoja Project Functional Team Leaders to ensure that the information system requirements for IPSAS were incorporated in the ERP software selection process (see the above-mentioned report, para. 51 and forthcoming progress reports)", "necessary technical expertise (30 per cent of respondents). Retaining people with institutional knowledge was listed as a related challenge;", "respondents).", "level, turning focus away from IPSAS (15 per cent of respondents). For instance, UNICEF had identified 12 ongoing major organizational initiatives for 2009‑2011 besides IPSAS; UNHCR was in the process of implementing a new RBM system, which had an implementation priority over IPSAS, limiting the availability of staff to work on IPSAS; and at ICAO two other simultaneous initiatives were the introduction of a new ERP system and the implementation of Results Based Budgeting (RBB).", "(10 per cent of respondents); and", "subsidiary entities on IPSAS compliance at headquarters; uncertainty over opening balances and initial recognition of property; delay in the preparation of training materials; uncertainties over re-configuration of business processes; and security issues (5 per cent of respondents).", " Risk: The absence of an adequate risk mitigation strategy.", "143. UNESCO and WMO offer examples of best practices in this regard. UNESCO published an internal control policy framework which captures in a single document the revised framework for the financial policies, procedures and processes. The framework provides the basis for developing specific rules, policies and processes to comply with IPSAS requirements and gives a common understanding of internal control issues to all staff. WMO published a comprehensive table of risk assessment relating to its IPSAS project.", "Figure 8: Risk factors as perceived by organization", "[]", "Source: replies to the CEB adoption checklists", "Best practice 12", "Risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation should be adopted by all organizations transitioning to IPSAS, in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "12. Oversight", "144. The transition to IPSAS and the presentation of accrual-based FS will have a significant impact on oversight tasks.", "145. To ascertain IPSAS compliance, auditors, internal and external, will need to determine whether appropriate internal controls and corresponding testing procedures were put in place by management, as well as how effective these are.", "146. Both external and internal auditors will also have to invest, to gain and/or refresh (depending on their experience and professional certifications) accrual accounting and IPSAS-specific knowledge, as well as adapt their audit practices to the new control environment and changes in management practices, to align their practices to the new environment. For instance, the new cut-off procedures[92] make the closing of operations more complex, thereby increasing the scope and detail level of audit procedures.", "A. External Auditors", "147. The Inspector agrees with the view of the organizations that external auditors have an important role in reviewing and commenting on accounting policy developments, especially during a transition from one accounting standard to another. After the claimed IPSAS compliant financial period, external auditors will have to independently decide whether to give a qualified or unqualified opinion on overall IPSAS compliance. Their decision would conclude a technical and human relationship which should have accompanied the transition to IPSAS over the years. On the basis that no one has absolute knowledge in an area as new as the application of IPSAS to IGOs, the only viable way forward is a readiness from both sides to learn together from the standards, but also from the interpretations translating these into accounting policies (in particular the work of the TF) and also from the concrete reality of an organization. The WFP-NAO relationship, as described in annex IV, is an example of this process.", "148. Interestingly, at the Rome meeting of the TF, the BoA identified the following potentially critical issues for thorough consideration by the organizations:", "versus spot rate;", "interim) to an organization before FS are completed;", "followed from the beginning of year).", "149. Several organizations (ICAO, IMO, UNIDO, WFP, WIPO, WHO, WMO) prepared their interim (mock) FS to be reviewed by their external auditors prior to the presentation of their first IPSAS-compliant FS. For instance, WFP had its accounts reviewed twice at an interim stage. However, as was rightly underlined by the BOA, formal audit opinions cannot be provided for interim FS. Yet the Inspector believes that it is imperative that organizations identify and resolve in a timely manner any outstanding issues that may lead to a qualified audit opinion.", "Best practice 13", "Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "150. Further, there will likely be inconsistencies in the audit opinions given by the ten Supreme Audit Institutions engaged in auditing the accounts of United Nations system organizations[93], as they have varying degrees of experience in auditing IPSAS-based accounts. A few have been involved in such audits to date: the Swiss Federal Audit Office (Swiss public entities use IPSAS as their accounting standards); the National Audit Office (NAO) of United Kingdom (IPSAS are used in the United Kingdom government accounts and NAO audited the IPSAS-based accounts of WFP); the French Cour des Comptes also benefits from its fresh experience of certifying the French Government’s accounts guided by an IPSAS-type approach.", "151. Hence, guidance is of utmost importance. The NAO has developed tools to help external auditors to audit compliance with IPSAS. It has also published an “IPSAS compliance guide” designed to assist client organizations understand the prerequisite for an unqualified audit opinion; it includes a step-by-step checklist to help practitioners ensure that accounts have been prepared in accordance with IPSAS requirements. The guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided. In the case of United Nations system organizations, the guidance approved by CEB is, of course, the yardstick. However, there is still a need for a framework to guide the interactions of the organizations with their external auditors. The framework adopted by the TF should be discussed by the PoEA. The Inspector refrained from making any recommendations to this body, which would have been unusual for the JIU, but he hopes that the framework would make the performance of best practices 13 and 14 easier.", "Best practice 14", "Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "B. Internal Auditors", "152. Increased engagement on IPSAS issues by internal auditors is a factor in ensuring that adequate procedures were designed to allow for an objective view of the financial position and performance of the organizations. Unfortunately, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) Guidelines for Internal Control Standards for the Public Sector, as updated in 2004 and approved by INTOSAI, can only be of limited value for practical use.", "153. During the review, the Inspector observed that the degree of internal auditors’ engagement in the change process varied considerably across organizations, depending on the openness and commitment and the project team’s policy. In some organizations, the internal auditors were not involved at all or given an observer role only, while in others, they participated actively and followed progress made, discussed the project’s difficulties and exchanged views on risk areas with project team members. When they met with the Inspector, internal auditors were involved as follows:", "UNICEF and WFP);", "UNDP, UPU, WMO, UNESCO);", "to be brought to the Financial Regulations or Rules (ILO, ITU, UNFPA, WIPO, WMO, UNOPS);", "and engaging in discussions with external auditors (UNFPA);", "accounting policies, coordinating with BoA and approving training plans (UNRWA);", "(UNHCR);", "IPSAS team, the external auditor playing the major oversight role.", "strengthened, with a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator, thus reducing reliance on consultants and providing stability for major managerial functions.", "154. A subgroup of internal auditors presented a detailed paper on the role of internal audit in adoption of IPSAS to the UN-RIAS meeting of September 2008 in Washington[94]. The paper defined core internal audit roles in IPSAS conversion to give assurance that risks related to IPSAS conversion are correctly evaluated and managed through verifying the results of the gap analysis at an early stage; and doing assurance work through a series of reviews of the IPSAS project at various phases such as project initiation, milestones, and deliverables where internal auditors can provide value-added advice to management in the transition to IPSAS. For them those roles might include guidance on governance and risk management; project deliverables and agreed upon dates; opening balance sheet, systems upgrade and project close-out, all of which cover most of the IPSAS project components. The paper also proposed potential internal audit roles in the transition phase while at the same time noting that “the advisory role of internal audit and the timing of the various reviews can themselves pose risks for internal audit objectivity”. Consequently, in order to safeguard their independence and objectivity, internal auditors were advised not to get involved in decision-making on IPSAS conversion or implementation, by, for instance “undertaking the gap analysis or dictating accounting policies”.", "155. The topic of IPSAS was again addressed in 2009 by the UN-RIAS on the firm basis of recent experience and lessons learned. Later, the UN-RIAS subgroup on IPSAS insisted on the responsibility of management (of the organizations and in particular of the IPSAS and ERP projects), which is accountable for the continuous testing of new internal controls installed during the preliminary implementation stage. Again, internal auditors from 14 organizations are rightly warning against taking on the responsibilities of management in this regard.", "Best practice 15", "During the preliminary IPSAS implementation phase business process owners should regularly test internal controls so as to ensure the accuracy of data.", "Best practice 16", "Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "C. A key indicator: expected compliance date by organization", "156. According to IPSAS entities Organizations can only be considered as fully compliant with IPSAS once they receive from their external auditors an unqualified opinion on their FS. For this reason, the BOA, when auditing the FS of the United Nations for the biennium 2006-2007, recommended that the Organization continually review its milestones towards IPSAS implementation. The adoption progress report of February 2010 showed that only eight organizations were on track to become IPSAS-compliant in 2010. In light of written replies to the JIU questionnaire and interviews he conducted during his first missions, the Inspector expressed serious doubts, which were subsequently confirmed, about the system-wide target of 2010 compliance.", "157. In 2009 76 per cent of responding organizations stated that their governing bodies were aware of the implications of the implementation when they voted to adopt IPSAS in 2006 and 2007. At that time, following the TF and CEB recommendations, most organizations targeted the financial period ending on 31 December 2010 as compliance deadline, while a few “early adopters” aimed for 2008.", "158. Initially, the TF provided only a brief and generic description of the common benefits and implications of IPSAS, stating that the “adoption would have major implications on the accounting, financial reporting and associated IT systems of the organizations; it would also have important implications for the budgeting, funding and management systems of organizations”[95]. However, none of the organizations was at the same starting point in 2006 and the document used by most secretariats and issued with their own respective logos to mobilize their governing body did not – and probably could not - give an idea of either the degree of preparedness of each organization for IPSAS or the magnitude and duration of the changes required from many to achieve compliance.", "159. The Inspector can confirm that implementation levels differed significantly among organizations due to their different size and circumstances, as well as the compatibility of their ERP systems in 2005-2006 with IPSAS requirements.", "160. The decisions of the TF, HLCM, CEB and the Secretary-General of 2005 and 2006 [96] can be criticized in that they pressed all organizations to opt for the same year of compliance, regardless of their actual readiness level. Instead, sufficient time should have been allocated to carry out a feasibility study first. Indeed, many more papers were necessary to inform governing bodies of the prerequisites for a successful transition to IPSAS.", "Figure 9: Planned and Expected Year of Full IPSAS Implementation as of February 2010, based on information provided by the organizations.[97]", "[]", "Sources: Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS implementation", "161. Of the three planned “early adopters”, only WFP fully implemented IPSAS for the year ending 31 December 2008 as planned, thanks to favourable initial conditions and concerted efforts (see annex IV for details); WHO, which had adopted several individual IPSAS standards since 2008, closely linked with the deployment of its ERP system, is now expecting to become compliant in 2012, after its ERP system is rolled out to the rest of the Organization. ICAO, whose procurement has been accrual-based since January 2008, when the first phase of its ERP roll-out was completed and the delivery principle adopted, expects IPSAS compliance as of 2010.", "162. Of the 19 other organizations reviewed, seven are expected to be IPSAS-compliant on 1 January 2010 as planned: IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO. Of the remaining 12, two are now expecting to adopt IPSAS in 2011 (IAEA and UPU); eight in 2012 (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA); and two in 2014 (United Nations and UNWTO).[98] This should not come as a surprise, given the unexpected complexity and scale of preparations and changes required by the transition to full IPSAS compliance, and, in the case of many organizations, the simultaneous adoption of other challenging management initiatives. This shows that jolting organizations into adopting IPSAS as early as four years after the political decision of the General Assembly – as was advocated in 2005 by the proponents of the 2010 target, was neither technically feasible nor realistic. All the more so for those organizations that lagged far behind in accrual-based accounting, had inadequate ERP systems and a shortage of trained staff. According to a key actor interviewed by the Inspector in 2008, “migration in 2010 is but a slogan”.", "163. Delays in their milestones obliged some organizations to revise the timeframe for the project in 2009 or 2010, a revision fully encouraged by the HLCM. The United Nations, for instance, has rescheduled adoption to 2014, to allow it more time to synchronize implementation with the introduction of a new ERP system, stating that “the single most important issue with respect to the adoption of IPSAS is the information systems requirements for successful IPSAS adoption and the synchronization of implementation plans for IPSAS adoption and the ERP project”[99]. As of June 2009, 62 per cent of the organizations, having foreseen implementation delays, had decided to adopt a progressive approach (implementing standard by standard). In some cases the decision to postpone the deadline was also influenced by the availability of resources.", "V. IPSAS AND THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS", "164. The global financial and economic crisis has been affecting the project in several ways:", "and sometimes too modest to be fully effective, even harder to obtain and more contingent on the understanding and goodwill of senior management and the legislative bodies, especially in the context of a simultaneous adoption of several competing management initiatives and increasing demands of Member States, ever reluctant to approve additional expenditure and human resources;", "financial strength of the organizations and the related risks they faced. The credit crisis has increased the need for accountability in the public sector and transparency in its financial transactions.", "pro-cyclical impact of international financial reporting standards and how fair value[100] should be measured in times of crisis. This is embedded in particular in IAS 39 and IPSAS 15 on financial instruments, disclosure and presentation. The former has been criticized for contributing to greater balance sheet volatility due to its requirement that a wide variety of assets be measured at fair value.", "165. Spurred into action by political pressure in the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse, then by the G20 meetings, accountants have taken the issue very seriously. IFAC organized several seminars at its Global Council Meeting to discuss the causes of the financial crisis and what the accountancy profession, regulators and Governments could do to prevent future crises. The IASB and the FASB agreed to work jointly and expeditiously towards common standards that deal with off-balance sheet activity and accounting for financial instruments. Furthermore, they agreed to issue proposals to replace their respective financial instruments standards with a common standard “in a matter of months, not years”[101]. Both clarified that firms were not obliged to use market prices in distressed conditions. For its part, the IPSASB has recently developed additional IPSAS standards (28, 29 and 30) based on the models of IAS 32, 39 and 7 and dealing with the same issues of presentation, recognition and measurement and disclosure.", "166. Like any other accounting standards, the IPSAS standards are subject to continued improvements and modifications, entailing corresponding changes in the accounting policies of United Nations system organizations. In April 2009, the G20 called upon FASB and IASB to “make significant progress towards a single set of high-quality global accounting standards” by the end of the year”[102]. The Inspector welcomes the efforts made by the IASB and the FASB for the convergence of the IFRS and GAAPs in the private sector, promoting “accounting standards convergence”, one of the accounting profession’s ideals.", "167. This, however, invites the question of how a single set of accounting standards conceived for the service of the private profit-making sector could possibly meet the specific needs of public sector entities and non-profit organizations where most of the transactions are not based on exchange but on asymmetric transactions for both revenues and expenses. The question needs to be followed closely by the United Nations observers (United Nations Secretariat and UNDP) on the IPSASB, as this body officially supports the convergence of IPSAS and IFRS. Since the IPSASB is not accountable before any governing body within the United Nations system and because the “United Nations” observers have no delegated authority to speak for the system, should they simply accept, endorse, promote or remain silent in view of the will for such a convergence? An informed debate among the United Nations stakeholders should take place and make the issue and stakes understandable and understood by all actors. Let us recall that the very reason why IPSAS were chosen is that they were better suited than IFRS to the specific nature of public entities. The IPSAS standards have already embraced most of the features of the IFRS standards, conceived for the private companies. The Inspector shares the view of the International Director of the French Conseil National de la Comptabilité (National Council for Accounting) that “it is regrettable that mainly due to time constraints most IPSAS standards were copied from IFRS and were only partially compatible with the realities of the public sector”. As long as there are “non-exchange transactions”, the “Accounting of Princes” will have to remain distinct from the “Accounting of Merchants”.", "168. The guiding principle in the future development and implementation of IPSAS should be accountability, which IFAC defines concisely and correctly as “an obligation to answer for a responsibility conferred”[103]. An important task similar to that performed by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) in the area of IFRS could be executed by a special committee charged by IFAC with assisting public sector entities, in particular international organizations, in harmonizing and interpreting the IPSAS standards, especially in the first years of implementation process as they venture into uncharted territories. Such a committee would continue the work accomplished by the TF, but its scope could be much broader, with representatives from States, cities and non-profit organizations, in accordance with the principles of due process.", "VI. CONCLUSION", "169. The transition of all United Nations system organizations to IPSAS is certainly one of the most ambitious management initiatives ever undertaken at the system-wide level. It is an initiative that cannot be dispensed with if the organizations are to move towards informed management. This report has endeavoured to highlight the obstacles, constraints and risks in the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS, be they the time required to select the best or to upgrade the existing ERP systems, poor dialogue with legislative bodies, lack of vision and sense of collective ownership of the change process or lack of commitment of senior management.", "170. Few, if any of the organizations realized back in 2005 the magnitude of changes required. There are many reasons why, out of 22 organizations, only one achieved acknowledged compliance by the initial deadline and eight others plan to attain this in 2010. Based on the review, the Inspector must conclude that a majority of organizations misjudged the monumental changes required at many different levels and that some were slow to recognize that only by making this effort a corporate priority would they be able to follow this through. Nor did the initial commitment to achieve IPSAS compliance by 2010 reflect the fact that each organization had a completely different starting point, which made the move towards IPSAS a major undertaking for some organizations. Early pioneers such as OECD, the EC and WFP have demonstrated that with sufficient will and determination the enormous task could be achieved. However, lessons need to be learned from their experiences so as to help other organizations to achieve IPSAS compliance within the coming years.", "171. Following a momentum lasting several years during which a series of important political decisions were taken, it is now clear that it would take more time for some organizations to attain the goal of producing unqualified IPSAS compliant FS.[104] Disillusion and discouragement are now the major risks to be prevented, all the more so since the beneficial effects of the transition will become apparent only once the transition is completed and managers will need time to grasp the new requirements. The review identified a number of best practices (listed in the Executive Summary) based on the experiences of the United Nations organizations or other early implementers outside the United Nations system. The inspector believes that applying them will help ensure that the transition towards IPSAS is done in a strategic, comprehensive and timely manner. Taking them all into account, the Inspector considers that the following recommendation should enhance effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "Annex I", "List of IPSAS", "(2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements)", "Scope of the Handbook", "This handbook brings together for continuing reference background information about the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the currently effective pronouncements for the public sector issued by IFAC as of", "January 15, 2010.", "Volume I", "CONTENTS", "Page", "Changes of Substance from the 2009 Handbook 1", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board – Interim Terms of Reference 3", "International Federation of Accountants 8", "Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 11", "Introduction to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards 20", "IPSAS 1—Presentation of Financial Statements 21", "IPSAS 2—Cash Flow Statements 82", "IPSAS 3—Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors 104", "IPSAS 4—The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 135", "IPSAS 5—Borrowing Costs 160", "IPSAS 6—Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements 172", "IPSAS 7—Investments in Associates 207", "IPSAS 8—Interests in Joint Ventures 227", "IPSAS 9—Revenue from Exchange Transactions 251", "IPSAS 10—Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies 274", "IPSAS 11—Construction Contracts 288", "IPSAS 12—Inventories 314", "IPSAS 13—Leases 333", "IPSAS 14—Events After the Reporting Date 369", "IPSAS 15—Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation 385", "IPSAS 16—Investment Property 443", "IPSAS 17—Property, Plant and Equipment 476", "IPSAS 18—Segment Reporting 517", "IPSAS 19—Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets 548", "IPSAS 20—Related Party Disclosures 592", "IPSAS 21—Impairment of Non–Cash Generating Assets 613", "IPSAS 22—Disclosure of Information about the General Government Sector 652", "IPSAS 23—Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers) 678", "IPSAS 24—Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements 735", "IPSAS 25—Employee Benefits 763", "Volume II", "CONTENTS", "Page", "IPSAS 26—Impairment of Cash-Generating Assets 845", "IPSAS 27—Agriculture 904", "IPSAS 28—Financial Instruments: Presentation 933", "IPSAS 29—Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement 1022", "IPSAS 30—Financial Instruments: Disclosures 1287", "IPSAS 31—Intangible Assets 1337", "Cash Basis IPSAS—Financial Reporting Under the Cash Basis of Accounting 1388", "Glossary of Defined Terms in IPSAS 1 to IPSAS 26 1389", "Guideline 2—Applicability of International Standards on Auditing to Audits", "of Financial Statements of Government Business Enterprises 1514", "Summary of Other Documents 1555", "IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants 1558", "Annex II", "Perceived importance of each IPSAS in per cent as identified by participating organizations", "[]", "Annex III", "Process Flow for transition to IPSAS Implementation", "[]", "Annex IV", "A SUCCESS STORY: THE WFP PROCESS", "1. This is only one of over twenty detailed accounts of IPSAS projects in the JIU participating organizations. It is the first, and for the moment (2010), the only success story, from which the Inspector believes there is much to draw. The WFP is far from the only agency where good practices have been found, but in April 2009 the WFP succeeded in having its financial statements for 2008, presented as IPSAS compliant, certified by its external auditor, less than three years after its Board decided (in June 2006) to comply with IPSAS, a success repeated for the next financial period and worthy of detailed description. This section is mostly based on official texts from the WFP Executive Director, (including the six progress reports on the project), the accounts published and the reports and statements by the External Auditor. For the sake of brevity, few references have been given in the present text; the others are available on request.", "2. The deadline for the beginning of the financial period projected as IPSAS compliant allowed the WFP IPSAS Project team only 18 months to prepare itself. Starting from scratch and building one block at a time, the introduction of IPSAS has been a multifaceted, time-bound, complex project. Thanks to effective leadership and careful risk management it has finally been successfully delivered as originally envisaged. Because the WFP was in the end the only so-called IPSAS “Early Adopter” it was ahead of the United Nations system as a whole in the formulation of technical accounting issues related to IPSAS. This major initiative involved a comprehensive review of all financial policies and many revisions to these, the preparation of a related Policy Guidance Manual and extensive staff training.", "A. Setting up the financial management as a preparatory step", "3. This remarkable achievement also crowns an overall process of transformation of the financial management of the whole organization, the origins of which are to be found at least as far back as the biennium 2002-2003, when, at the instigation of its external auditor (NAO) and its top management, the WFP undertook to improve its financial administration.", "4. An IPSAS project is built on the shared motivation, knowledge and accountability of all those in the finance functions of the entity, at all levels of headquarters, regional and field offices: an active network had to be created among them all to ensure a full understanding and implementation of the organization business model and a fertile ground receptive to the necessary reforms. To this end, essential posts must be filled in a timely manner with staff in the required numbers and with the required qualifications. The training of finance managers and staff, and the mixture of employees from these different levels is a key factor for success as a prerequisite for the creation of a modern accounting culture.", "5. In 2004-2005, the WFP leadership introduced a number of initiatives aiming at improved quality and timeliness in the financial reporting for its Board, donors and management. Those management priorities included the following:", "(known as the WFP Information Network and Global System or WINGS, subsequently WINGS II after it was enhanced);", "additional finance officers in the field (an increase of 61 per cent and 68 per cent respectively) and 5 regional financial analysts to support the new business model resulting from a business process review;", "finance staff on WFP business and financial processes, in particular in the field offices, with a monthly closure reporting package;", "their responsibilities for internal controls and effective financial management;", "regional bureaus and country offices to discuss strategic issues on financial management and to clarify roles and responsibilities;", "country offices, to prepare for the closure of the biennial financial accounts, introduce new initiatives, review audit response follow-up and provide advanced training to WINGS;", "on financial policies and procedures, while reports on the management and the financial implementation of projects were produced by WINGS;", "the basis of an analysis of the exposure of the WFP;", "analysis and internal controls.", "B. Choice of accounting standards: a resolutely proactive position", "6. In January 2005 the WFP External Auditor observed that WFP already provided an almost complete set of financial statements (FS) as required by either the IAS/IFRS or the IPSAS. After the presentation of the External Auditor’s report on financial reporting standards to the Board, through which the External Auditor was encouraging the WFP Board to accept universally accepted international accounting standards, the Executive Director established a steering committee and a task force to manage the transition in that direction. After discussions with external organizations and with experts in accounting standards, they made a preliminary review of those WFP regulations and rules that might require revision before WFP could fully adopt international accounting standards. Changes toward accrual accounting being a requirement common to all modern accounting standards, their implementation would significantly prepare the entity to implement any of the standards. In 2007, WFP recognized that the present WINGS, which supported some aspects of IPSAS, had allowed WFP in recent years to introduce systematic improvements into its financial reporting, including accrual-based income recognition, investments recognition at market rate, expense recognition based on the delivery principle and annual financial reporting. In this respect, WFP had already achieved an advanced level of readiness for IPSAS.", "7. But this had not been easy: IPSAS is principles based. WFP being the first in the United Nations and among the first organizations in the world to implement IPSAS, its IPSAS team had to draft many policies, often before the discussion and publication of any guidance by the inter-agency Task Force. Some of the very difficult policies to draft were, inter alia, the inventory capitalization, expensing, and measurement, financial instruments, services in kind, PPE, intangibles, and, in particular, revenue recognition, which was particularly difficult given the major differences between WFP and the private sector, but which also assessed contributions-based organizations and States. Comparing the previous UNSAS-compliant FS and the present IPSAS-compliant FS gives a measure of the impact and the difficulties faced in the accounting policies.", "8. The WFP attitude toward the supporting work carried out by the System-wide team and TF was full proactive participation and a resolute move ahead, and even ahead of the team if necessary, as with the training materials (where WFP went ahead by creating its own training material without waiting for the delayed CEB training kit). As an early adopter, the perspectives and experience of WFP with regard to IPSAS implementation are very relevant to other United Nations system organizations. In circumstances where United Nations discussions had not yet matured enough to be able to pronounce on all IPSAS issues, management interpreted them as they saw fit, in agreement with the External Auditor. Where no IPSAS was available, the IFRS were used. As the “trail blazer”, WFP could not always count on the United Nations to provide practical advice and counsel on the wide range of issues faced during the transition. Indeed, other United Nations organizations looked to WFP for guidance and example. WFP also had contacts with other IPSAS pioneers such as the EC, NATO and the Government of Switzerland.", "9. When, during the summer of 2005, the TF discussed the matter with the CEB project development team and turned to IPSAS, at an accelerating pace, WFP, which had prepared itself for such a transition, positioned itself as ready to play a leading role as an early adopter. It thus set out two basic documents which demonstrate in-depth autonomous thinking about its own situation: a tentative timetable for the transition to international accounting standards from 2005 to 2008 and a table on all changes required from the entity according to its gap analysis, IPSAS by IPSAS. They constituted the backbone of the WFP IPSAS project. The business plan approved in June 2006 by the Executive Board included timelines, milestones, coordination with the WINGS II project and the estimated costs, budget and funding options to enable WFP to implement IPSAS from 2008 on, as recommended.", "C. Full measurement and realization of the tasks to be implemented", "10. According to an excerpt from the WFP external auditors’ report on preparedness on two major projects: IPSAS and WINGS II, adherence to international accounting standards required considerably more than revision and improvement of the presentational aspects of financial reporting as seen through the organization’s annual accounts. Improvements were required in business procedures and SOPs, for example on how WFP manages and accounts for assets and liabilities; and on how income and expenditure are accounted for and reported. They require major business process and financial management changes in WFP operational infrastructure and financial procedures, which the Secretariat has been taking forward.", "11. WFP, which, more than other entities of the United Nations system, was already prepared to comply with many of these changes, as observed above, chose a fast track: a transition in eighteen months from where it was, well prepared as it was, with probably the shortest path to the target among all organizations of the United Nations system. A full set of (UNSAS compliant) annual FS was prepared for the first time at WFP in 2006. That enabled the Programme to position itself for the introduction of annual accounts and a full audit, as an advance exercise for the annual financial period which became mandatory from 2008 onwards. While its area would be most directly affected by IPSAS, the WFP financial reporting unit played a key role in the challenge of their implementation. WFP launched a series of “dry runs” over 6-month and 9-month periods, as “IPSAS compliant” parts of the future 2008 accounts.", "D. A fully fledged project", "1. Outline", "12. Following the Board’s decision in November 2005, the Secretariat developed a comprehensive workplan for the accounting standards project. The plan outlined the approach to identifying and addressing changes to WFP Rules and Regulations, accounting policies and administrative procedures affected by the implementation of IPSAS. Milestones were set for the different phases of the project, including analysis, proposals for revised policies and procedures, endorsement by management, the External Auditor and the Board, preparation of guidelines and the training of Headquarters and field staff. The Secretariat also prepared budgetary estimates of implementation costs.", "2. Governance", "13. Governance for the transition was first conceived as a relatively small team (four finance consultants, one project management consultant, one other consultant, two finance staff and four others) under the leadership of a full-time project manager reporting to the Chief Finance Officer, who was also in charge of the WINGS II project and thus able to monitor the WINGS II/IPSAS synergies. In 2007, a “Project Governance Board” was established to provide high-level oversight, guidance and advice to the IPSAS project. Further to internal audit recommendations and risk assessment, a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator were added to the project staff. This reduced reliance on consultants and provided stability in communications and training and in monitoring and updating the budget and workplan.", "3. Funding", "14. Thanks to its renewed financial management culture, WFP was very soon (September 2005) able to produce detailed cost estimates and planned budgetary requirements for:", "i. transition to international accounting standards;", "ii. change in organization process flows;", "iii. asset management; and", "iv. preparation of policies, procedures and guidance manuals.", "(workshops etc.)", "review, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance.", "15. The first move toward funding the project was to try to identify savings by seeking possible absorption of the additional costs. The second was to seek out synergy with an already existing and related project. The third was merely to look for new forms and sources of funding.", "16. In June 2006 the Board authorized an allocation of US$3.7 million from the Programme Support and Administration line, to cover for two years the cost of a timely introduction of IPSAS for the 2008 financial period. Two years later, a retrospective analysis of the project expenditures highlighted an overall actual level of expenditures similar to the planned amount, showing some under-budgeting in staff costs (which are governed by the United Nations common system), offset by savings in most of the other items and particularly travel. The cost of consultants was kept at the remarkably low level of US$0.3 million, over the whole duration of the project, compared to a projected US$0.5 million, itself relatively modest in comparison with some other organizations.", "4. Human resources", "17. The project plan provided for the creation of a dedicated team to implement the accounting standards project with support from WFP staff, which would provide expertise relevant to their areas of competence and responsibility. A project manager had been identified to lead the project, which drew on in-house expertise, specialist staff and specially recruited consultants to ensure that WFP had the capacity to make a successful transition to IPSAS. But staffing was difficult: when the project began trying to hire staff experts in the IPSAS field in 2006, there were virtually none. Many accountants were experts in IFRS or New Zealand or Australian Standards, but hardly any had expertise in IPSAS implementation. Only those who worked with pioneering organizations such as OECD and EC would have had IPSAS experience. Also, many consultants had theoretical experience in IPSAS but no implementation experience. The project manager opted at the end to hire professional accountants and to give them the time necessary to familiarize themselves with IPSAS, investing in them, so that, over time, they built up an expert implementation knowledge of IPSAS.", "5. Content and deliverables", "18. The team developed comprehensive implementation documents covering all IPSAS and IPSAS exposure drafts, including the new draft accounting requirements and practices under which the WFP FS would be prepared from 1 January 2008, to guide business users and systems developers. Detailed implementation plans for each area of accounting were linking implementation documents to the practical adoption of IPSAS, including the establishment of opening balances for 1 January 2008 for inventories, employee benefits and property, plant and equipment, and the accounting of revenue under IPSAS. An implementation manual was to be developed for business units and finance professionals.", "E. A motivated Organization: communication, training and change management", "1. Communication and training support", "19. As part of its communication programme the WFP set up a special website page dedicated to the transition to IPSAS and produced an additional series of six “progress reports” on the subject, from 2006 to 2008, where all the relevant information on past and forthcoming decisions was explained or proposed, submitted to the Board for information, consideration or approval, thereby keeping it fully informed, motivated and active in the interests of the smooth progress of the transition process.", "20. This IPSAS project Intranet website, much used by WFP staff, provided information on the UNSAS, International Accounting Standards, IPSAS and the IPSAS adoption process. It served as a one-stop information source for users seeking information or guidance on IPSAS. As part of the communications strategy, bimonthly bulletins were distributed to finance officers and other staff members, mainly to inform field staff members about the project’s progress. IPSAS and financial experts with experience of IPSAS implementation projects in other organizations held workshops to familiarize WFP staff with the nature of IPSAS implementation. During the latter half of 2006 and in early 2007, workshops were held at all regional offices to brief regional directors, country directors and finance officers about IPSAS implementation activities and major impacts on WFP. Additional training workshops and sessions were arranged as IPSAS-compliant processes became available.", "21. In the same way, the maintenance of a communication flow to top management, middle management and staff with provision for feedback was necessary to create awareness and support. The IPSAS implementation team embarked on an organizational communications and training strategy to ensure wide coverage of IPSAS awareness and knowledge within WFP. This was coordinated with WINGS II and the Human Resources Division’s training unit to ensure efficiency and economies of scale. At the beginning of 2008, regular IPSAS training in Headquarters and field offices had already been given to 1,400 staff members. Refresher courses would be offered throughout 2008 for stakeholders such as Board members and participants in United Nations workgroups and events. Coordination with the New York IPSAS team continued as specialized training materials on accrual accounting applicable to the United Nations were being developed, but were either not yet published or not usable.", "22. Altogether, training, communication, discussions, workshops, meetings and workgroups required a considerable amount of time to convert people's behaviours from UNSAS to IPSAS, and IPSAS was seen as (and in fact is) more difficult and more demanding. Therefore, changing behaviour, especially that of the “non-believers” was extremely difficult and called for the use of various means.", "2. “Tuning” with the Executive Board", "23. WFP established and maintained close relations in communication on its IPSAS project with its Executive Board (EB), composed of 36 member States of United Nations and FAO, donors and recipient countries. Despite this diversity, from 2005 to 2009, the External Auditor and the Secretariat of WFP played a “duet” for the Board, with various reports relating to their respective roles. They brought converging views on the transition to international accounting standards, thus creating a climate of trust, explaining at every stage the situation, risks, proposals made, and their expected benefits. Raising and retaining such interest and support in the administrative and financial area, often considered less attractive to Member States delegates, is a major achievement. Concerns were raised regarding the level of understandability of the new IPSAS compliant FS versus previous FS produced under UNSAS, which used the budgetary financial reporting format. They were addressed through ongoing discussion, briefings, informal consultations, finance seminars and guest speakers’ events.", "24. Communication with the legislative body (the Executive Board) was also carried out by various means, including a special series of six progress reports as mentioned above. This permitted in particular the initial funding of posts to strengthen the finance administration, and thereafter the relatively straightforward funding of the IPSAS and WINGS projects, thus allowing their respective teams to fully dedicate themselves to the substantive activities associated with the projects without wasting their energy on fund-raising. As a result, the EB endorsed the various steps toward IPSAS as proposed. But obtaining funding is easier than changing deeply entrenched working and managing processes of management and staff. This was very difficult at WFP, as in other organizations.", "F. A project in a network", "1. Institutional Partnerships", "25. The WFP never worked in isolation. Just as it had organized thinking and training internally, it was keen to make the most of profitable linkages with existing external partners.", "26. The first of these partners was the External Auditor of the WFP, from the National Audit Office (NAO) of the United Kingdom, who very soon proved to be a driving force in the introduction of internationally recognized accounting standards, in particular in his report on the subject for the consideration of the Executive Board.[105] The External Auditor and the Executive Director of WFP regularly underlined their valuable collaboration in their respective reports until they could proudly share in 2009 the honour of having achieved the first set of FS prepared under IPSAS for 2008 and presented these to the Executive Board without any qualification in the opinion of the External Auditor, as repeated for the next annual financial period. The Inspector considers that it is fair to mention, in addition to the local involvement of the External Auditor, the enormous efforts made by the NAO in terms of education and information with regard to the use of IPSAS, including two important and detailed “guides” downloadable from the NAO website at www.nao.org.uk :", "step-by-step checklist to ensure accounts conform to the requirements of the Standards;", "specifically to assist international organizations in understanding what their External Auditor will require to support an unqualified audit opinion against the requirements of IPSAS. In the foreword, NAO claims that “the guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided.”", "27. Another important institutional partner was the Audit Committee (AC), which, according to its annual report issued in 2009, “devoted considerable time and attention to the oversight of this challenging project. At each meeting, implementation plans and potential obstacles, including changes in key project personnel, were monitored. The AC noted key milestones (e.g. June and September 2008 \"dry runs\") and assessed the results produced by management and the reports on progress provided independently by the NAO and the Office of Internal Audit. It advised on how to deal effectively with obstacles encountered and reinforced management’s commitment to the project. The AC’s views and advice were conveyed to management. It suggested changes and reviewed management’s response during the implementation process and when discussing the final versions of the draft FS”.", "28. As mentioned above, WFP played more than its part in the interaction with the other agencies of the United Nations system through its active participation in the TF and the related Rome “focus group”. Once again, the Inspector stresses that, without wishing to downplay its merits in this successful transition, it is fair to say that WFP was probably among the best prepared organizations, in particular through its financial corporate culture.[106]", "2. Internal partnerships", "29. Another, no less important partnership was internal, with the conception and realization of the coordinated planning and running of two interrelated IPSAS and WINGS II projects. From the outset, synergy and continuous interaction to identify and initiate new and improved business processes were essential to avoid duplication of effort or the omission of processes necessary to ensure compliance with IPSAS. But the need to prepare WINGS II to IPSAS requirements represented a high level of demand from the modestly sized WFP IPSAS project team.", "30. Partnership not only involves institutional partners but, just as importantly, various components of the secretariat. Distinct but synergetic roles were to be attributed to the IPSAS and the ERP projects, in mutual respect and collaboration for the overriding common goal of better management of the organization. In this type of situation there should be no domination, no competition and no confusion, leaving the way clear for systematic ongoing development. The same is true for the community of all users and staff affected in their jobs by the changing business processes.", "G. Legal framework and accounting policies", "31. The project team identified the General Regulations, General Rules and Financial Regulations that required amendment as a result of the implementation of IPSAS. This initial assessment of changes had been re-evaluated throughout the project. The main change affecting the General Regulations is the move to annual financial reporting. No other accounting policy change requiring Board approval was identified. In this regard, the case of WFP can be considered particularly favourable, because with the exception of this amendment and some funding such a major transition process was legally mostly in the hands of the executive head.", "32. From 2005 on, the WFP kept its accounting policies under review, and introduced changes resulting in improved standards of financial reporting. Examples included changes in the income recognition policy, from cash to accrual, and in the recognition of after-service medical liabilities for WFP staff.", "33. Key changes from the previous standards (UNSAS) included the capitalization of PPE, recording of inventories, recording of employee benefits and recognition of income. But IPSAS reform is a continuous process: nearly one year after the opening balance date of the 2008 IPSAS compliant accounts, the year 2008 was still considered by the project team as a “transition year”, implying that there was room for further progress.", "H. Final situation, risks and dividends arising from the transition", "34. In June 2008, the capacity built into the IPSAS adoption team needed to be maintained, subject to resource availability, at least until WINGS II went live in early 2009 and the first IPSAS-compliant FS was submitted for Board approval in June 2009. It was expected that IPSAS adoption would be completed in June 2009 and the capacity built by the project then mainstreamed as far as possible, taking into account resource constraints.", "35. Major challenges that persisted included inventory accounting, PPE recognition and completeness, revenue recognition and other accounting policies, calculation of employee benefits related to those staff members administered in the field by organizations other than WFP, intangible assets identification and management and budget reconciliation. The many associated risks of all kinds - internal and external, stakeholders’ risks, and IPSAS Board risks had been assessed and were to be managed. The greatest stress and pressure related to senior management support, IPSAS-compliant ERP system availability, sustained staff capacity and knowledge of IPSAS, Governing Body support, effective communications with the External Auditor, effective communications and training and TF involvement. Coming from an agency which had already given much importance to all those factors, and at a time when the first year of compliance was completed, this demonstrates how vulnerable such a project is and remains, until everyone is accustomed to the new roles assigned. The retrospective analysis of risks contained in the sixth and last progress report concludes: “Challenges included the scarcity of qualified candidates who would commit themselves to a project of short duration, the tight adoption timeline, the lack of specialized training materials and the lack of internal capacities at the early stages of the project.”[107]", "36. In other words, the main challenges were to continuously brief the governing body, deal with internal stakeholders, communicate with the external auditor, manage differences in opinion with internal auditors, deal with difficulties and differences of opinion within the interagency TF on accounting standards and still continue with the implementation. Countless hours were spent on ironing out differences and trying to come up with all sorts of solutions and risk mitigations.", "37. The WFP and its External Auditor are rightly proud of their achievement regarding IPSAS compliance and a June 2009 brochure on the subject was titled: WFP Leads the Way: enhanced credibility and transparency in the United Nations system accounting practices – A glance at WFP’s 2008 Financial Statements under IPSAS, while the Report of the external Auditor on the IPSAS dividend prepared for the February 2010 session of the EB is subtitled: “Strengthening Financial Management”[108]. Far from considering the success of the WINGS II and IPSAS projects as ends, in either sense of that word, it recommends that their benefits for financial reporting be used in order to:", "including on key areas of financial management risks or interest, to enhance and focus their monitoring function at the corporate level and inform decision-making", "outcomes", "management group.", "Annex V", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on JIU recommendations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ", "E: Recommendation for action by executive head (*in case of the CEB by the Chair of the CEB)", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization", "Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance", "e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other", "** Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] Article 5 of the JIU Statute", "[2] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13: Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective, August 2001", "[3] Although the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) considers itself to be the Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas, it is not a participating organization of the JIU. However, it appears among the 22 organizations participating (including financially) in the interagency project and the Task Force on Accounting Standards and was reviewed in the Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS.", "[4] His publications included Normes IFRS et PME (2004) and Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008), the latter published posthumously by Dunod, Paris. An English translation was planned.", "[5] In addition to preparing general purpose financial statements, an entity may prepare financial statements for parties who can demand financial statements tailored to meet their specific information needs (e.g. governing bodies, the legislature and other parties who perform an oversight function). Such statements are referred to as “special purpose financial statements.”", "[6] Established in 1973", "[7] Established in 1991 as an independent privately funded accounting standard setter.", "[8] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE): The adoption of accrual accounting and budgeting by Governments (July 2003), hereinafter referred to as “FEE 2003”.", "[9] A/46/341, paras. 9 and 10", "[10] In A/RES/45/235, para. 5", "[11] A/48/530", "[12] For example, para. 4 reads: “If these fundamental accounting assumptions are not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons.”", "[13] IFAC is comprised of 159 members and associates in 124 countries and jurisdictions, representing over 2.5 million accountants.", "[14] See www.ifac.org , “Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008, para. 30-35.", "[15] It is worth noting that this initiative was supported not only by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, but also by the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "[16] See Annex I for the table of contents of the 2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements", "[17] For example, “income” becomes “revenue” and “expenditures”, “expenses”, with minor differences in meaning.", "[18] The TF members select their Chair with the endorsement of the FBN and HLCM.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, paras. 25 (a) to (e).", "[20] A/60/846 and A/60/846/Add.3 and supplementary information transmitted to the ACABQ.", "[21] A/60/870, para. 42", "[22] A/RES/60/283, section IV", "[23] Or “modified cash”, a notion used in the United Nations system, but never explained satisfactorily.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I Rev", "[25] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities (2003), para. 1.19, p. 7", "[26] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Resource Accounting: Framework of Accounting Standard Setting in the UK Central Government Sector (2002).", "[27] Equity or net asset value is the net value of an entity’s assets after deduction of its liabilities. Most States which have begun using IPSAS have negative equity, with New Zealand one of the few exceptions.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4", "[29] Ibid, para. 5.3", "[30] COM 2002 755 final: Modernization of the Accounting System of the European Communities, Brussels, 17-12-2002", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] “Inventories are assets: (a) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process; (b) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed or distributed in the rendering of services; (c) held for sale or distribution in the ordinary course of operations; or (d) in the process of production for sale or distribution” (IPSAS 12).", "[33] To capitalize is “to record expenditure as an asset rather than as an expense” (www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp)", "[34] ULO – Unliquidated Obligation is a type of accounting transaction under UNSAS, which recognizes future liability for goods or services ordered (either delivered or not). ULOs may or may not materialize during the financial period.", "[35] Consolidation is the process of presenting the financial statements of all entities that make up the reporting entity as if they were the financial statements of a single entity. It involves adding together all items on a line-by-line basis and eliminating any transactions or balances between members of the reporting entities. The entities need to conform to", "the standard policies and classifications when providing financial information for consolidation (IPSAS 6).", "[36] Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity so as to benefit from its entities.", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II, para. 10(a) and 27.", "[38] A/63/496, para. 7.", "[39] A/64/355 paras. 12 and 45-47.", "[40] IPSAS 1, para. 66.", "[41] Ibid., para. 69", "[42] Historical cost: an asset value based on the actual purchase cost.", "[43] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction (IPSAS 9). It is approximated by the market value.", "[44] Heritage assets are assets bearing cultural, environmental, educational and historical significance (IPSAS 17) such as the Palais des Nations in Geneva or the ECA building in Addis Ababa.", "[45] See definition above, footnote 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, former Deputy Accountant General of Malaysia, “Accrual accounting in the Public Sector”, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) International Public Sector Bulletin, issue 11, February 2008", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff Business School (BS) and Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, “Resource accounting in the Public Sector: Problems of implementation”, ibid.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24", "[49] See A/65/5(vol. I), paras. 164-180", "[50] A/60/450 and A/61/730.", "[51] A/60/450, annex I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1", "[53] IAEA, The Agency’s Accounts for 2007, GC(52)/11, para. 100", "[54] Féderation des Experts Comptables Européens, “Accrual Accounting for more effective public policy” (February 2006)", "[55] When an entity receives value from another entity without directly giving approximately equal value in exchange (e.g. grants, donations, contributions).", "[56] For instance, a donor may impose a condition on the transferred asset, requesting that resources be used within a two-year period and demanding that the unused portion be refunded.", "[57] See JIU report 2010/7 “Policies and procedures for the administration of trust funds in the United Nations system organizations.", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, (01-01-2007) para. 56.", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, para. 9.", "[60] IPSAS 4", "[61] A/62/806", "[62] UNIDO, Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, IDB.35/3, para. 13", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21", "[64] See table in A/64/355", "[65] For example the Vienna International Center, that Austria authorized some organizations of the UN system to use, free of charges other than maintenance, or the provisions found in the Status of Force (or Mission) Agreements (SOFAs, SOMAs) signed by the UN/Department of Peace Keeping Operations. The IPSAS did not provide for such situations.", "[66] List available in the respective annexes I of the progress reports A/62/806 and A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806", "[68] FEE, 2003, ibid.", "[69] Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. John P. Kotter. Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, chap. II, para. 52.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, chap. II, para. 51.", "[72] PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments) is a process-based method for effective project management - a standard used extensively by the United Kingdom Government and the private sector.", "[73] See http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp", "[74] A/65/5 (Vol.1), para. 33.", "[75] Internal control in the context of accounting is broadly defined as the overall set of policies and procedures conceived and put in place by an organization’s management to safeguard assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information.", "[76] See Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission, COM (2002)", "[77] The Steering Committee comprises participants from Finance, Budget, HR, IT, Training, External Relations, field users, and Audit.", "[78] See ACABQ report A/64/531, end of para. 12.", "[79] The FS for the previous year have to be restated to express financial information according to IPSAS.", "[80] A service is an administrative unit within the EC.", "[81] A/65/5(Vol.1), para. 33.", "[82] A/64/380", "[83] A/64/355, para. 68", "[84] Mastering the transformation – New public management accrual accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Netherlands 2004", "[85] A/64/355, para. 19", "[86] Ibid, para. 19", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7", "[88] Name used successively for a model of framework for the management of internal controls (COSO 1992), then a model of risk management (COSO 2, 2004), from the Committee Of Sponsoring Organizations of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (Treadway Commission) after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 (Supp.), para. 191", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 (Supp.), para. 47", "[91] A/64/355, para. 27", "[92] Audit procedures used for determining whether a transaction took place prior to or after the end of an accounting period, and therefore ensuring that transactions are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate.", "[93] Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.", "[94] “UNSAS to IPSAS conversion – adoption of IPSAS by the UN: what should be the role of Internal Audit Service?”", "[95] November 2005: recommendation 25 to the HLCM, para. 4", "[96] See Chap. II.5 above, 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26", "[99] A/62/806", "[100] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. (IPSAS terminology)", "[101] Joint FASB-IASB press release,(24 March 2009)", "[102] For details, see Risk, May 20-2009", "[103] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13 Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective (August 2001)", "[104] See for example the Progress Report on the Adoption of IPSAS at UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS: Briefing to the Executive Board (1 June 2009), available at www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt", "[105] Report of the external auditor on financial reporting standards of the World Food Programme (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)", "[106] See JIU/REP/2009/7 Management and Administration Review of the World Food Programme", "[107] Sixth progress report on the Implementation of IPSAS (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), para. 31", "[108] Report of the External Auditor on the IPSAS Dividend: Strengthening Financial Management (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the preliminary list*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparation of United Nations system organizations for International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparation of the organizations of the United Nations system for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards”.", "* A/66/150.", "Preparation of United Nations system organizations for International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "[]", "United Nations", "Preparation of United Nations system organizations for International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "[]", "United Nations, Geneva 2010", "Summary Preparation of United Nations system organizations for International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) JIU/REP/2010/6", "The objective of the present report is to provide an overview of the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the organizations of the United Nations system and the status of their implementation, as well as to show to what extent each organization has initiated this process, emphasizing the delimitation of best practices and potential risks.", "After 25 years of efforts to harmonize financial reporting practices in all United Nations system organizations and to provide for better comparability of their financial statements through the use of a specific set of United Nations accounting standards, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendation of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in 2006 and approved the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations. Other United Nations organizations soon did the same, recognizing that IPSAS was particularly appropriate for non-profit intergovernmental organizations.", "The adoption of IPSAS is seen as a key element in the reform of the United Nations system and continues to be supported by the governing bodies and senior managers. Since 2006, United Nations system organizations have made progress in adapting them to IPSAS requirements. However, they are increasingly aware that this work will be more challenging and complex than originally planned. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "The review shows that the adoption of IPSAS is beginning to have a significant impact on United Nations system organizations, as they extend beyond accounting. Conversion to IPSAS should enable better management of resources, business processes and results-based management across the United Nations system. Depending on the initial readiness of organizations to adopt IPSAS requirements, the transition to IPSAS has been a key task for most organizations, as they affect their accounting, financial reporting and related information technology systems and should lead to a new approach to planning, decision-making, budgeting and financial reporting. Information on the assets, liabilities, income and expenditure in accordance with independent international standards is expected to significantly improve the quality, comparability and credibility of the financial statements submitted to Member States, donors and staff by the United Nations system, which will in turn improve accountability, transparency and governance.", "Many organizations underestimated coordinated efforts and resources that would be needed and did not undertake initial preparedness or risk assessments. In addition, the review showed that the success of the transition to IPSAS depended on strong support and participation of senior managers, the dedication of intra-departmental task forces and the adoption of a project management approach.", "In support of the IPSAS projects of United Nations system organizations, it has been essential to launch a system-wide project under the authority of the High-level Committee on Management. The project, coordinated by the Working Group on Accounting Standards, covered the development of accounting guidance, training materials and exchange of experience among IPSAS teams (as shown in the progress report of the Secretary-General on the adoption of the Standards and the Accounting Standards website, etc.) and participation in the standard-setting work of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council.", "In addition to presenting the expected benefits of IPSAS implementation, the present report identifies and reviews a number of risks that executive heads should take into account in order to ensure the proper transition to IPSAS.", "The report recommends that the executive heads ensure the implementation of the following set of 16 best practices, in addition to the two recommendations made to their respective legislative bodies. The Inspector is aware that most of the best practices are being implemented or have already been implemented by many organizations.", "Set of 16 best practices for a smooth transition to IPSAS", "1. Establish a project steering committee or equivalent body to ensure that senior management understands the objectives and vision behind the transition to IPSAS. The committee should have a multi-year mandate and include specialized staff in previous design, design itself and implementation of enterprise resource planning systems.", "2. Conduct an in-depth analysis of the disparities between existing business processes, procedures, financial reports and functions established under the United Nations system accounting standards framework and the requirements and impact of each IPSAS.", "3. In the case of a major change in the project environment, revalue the initial IPSAS adoption strategy and adjust it as necessary.", "4. Implement proven methodologies for project planning and implementation, including strategic objectives, outputs, timelines, milestones and clearly defined monitoring procedures.", "5. Establish a strategy to prepare IPSAS-compliant opening balances for the expected date of implementation (first day of the first year of implementation), as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the pre-accounting standard (United Nations system accounting standards), but easily translatable in IPSAS terms with respect to the opening balance for the expected year.", "6. With a view to ensuring the continued participation of the governing bodies in the change process, to report regularly to the governing bodies on the progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and to request them to make the relevant decisions, particularly with regard to changes required by the Financial Regulations and the allocation of resources to the project.", "7. Identify and budget additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and financial areas to ensure not only the effectiveness in the transition to IPSAS, but also the appropriate capacity to maintain IPSAS compliance in the future.", "8. Ensure that financial resources are available for the training, where feasible, of internal experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts.", "9. To analyse in detail existing information systems (the legacy) to verify compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements and, as the main element of the initial analysis of gaps, to appreciate the changes that the enterprise resource planning system will experience to support IPSAS.", "10. Transmit knowledge on transition to IPSAS by using all available means of communication, training and documentation. This can be achieved through personal contacts, presentations and testimonies of persons related to cases that have been successful outside the entity, withdrawals, practical exercises and other training materials that compare existing and new accounting policies.", "11. Ensure that current and future staff, in particular the managers and staff of the production and distribution chain, are fully familiar with new procedures and requirements through the use of specific documentation (manuals) and training activities.", "12. Adopt risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation in accordance with project objectives.", "13. Planning and preparing interim financial statements for examination by external auditors sufficiently in advance of the final execution date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "14. Establish and maintain, as soon as possible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditors on the transition to IPSAS to help external and internal auditors fully understand the new system and its impact on control procedures, as IPSAS implementation would require migration to accrual accounting.", "15. Perform constant evidence of internal control mechanisms during the preliminary stage of implementation of an IPSAS project to ensure accuracy of data.", "16. Ensure that an independent and global validation and verification of the system is carried out once completed.", "Taking into account all these best practices, the following two first recommendations are specifically addressed to the legislative bodies of the United Nations system organizations and the third to their executive heads: they are all aimed at improving the accountability, effectiveness and efficiency of the transition of all and each of the United Nations system organizations to the implementation of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue periodic reports on the status of IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the necessary support, staff and funds to ensure an adequate and effective transition to IPSAS.", "Recommendation 3", "The executive heads should ensure that all 16 best practices identified in the present report of the Joint Inspection Unit are implemented when the IPSAS project is implemented.", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "Summary 4", "Acronyms 10", "I. Introduction 1-8 12", "A. Origin 2-3 12", "B. Objectives 4-5 13", "C. Methodology 6-8 13", "II. Towards IPSAS 9–28 14", "A. Why international accounting standards are needed to prepare financial reports 9–13 14", "B. The problem facing United Nations system organizations 14 15", "C. One first and fleeting solution: United Nations System Accounting Standards 15–18 16", "D. A new solution to an old problem: the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) 19-21 17", "E. 2005-2007: Political decisions to adopt IPSAS 22–28 18", "III. Effects of IPSAS on organizations. Key issues 29-72 21", "A. The fundamental change to accrual accounting 29–37 21", "1. Novedad 29–30 21", "2. Problems 31–35 21", "3. Advantages 36–37 23", "B. Other issues related to the implementation of IPSAS 38-51 24", "1. Risk of discredit 38–40 24", "2. Possible risks 41–43 25", "3. Change management 44 26", "4. IPSAS work and costly 45–46 26", "5. Cultural aspects 47–48 27", "6. Political aspects 49-51 28", "C. Some accounting changes with more significant impact 52–72 29", "1. Presentation of financial statements 53 29", "2. Asset treatment: properties, plant and equipment 54–59 29", "3. Employee benefits 60–64 31", "4. The question of budget 65–69 33", "5. Recognition of income 70 34", "6. Accounting for funds 71 34", "7. Exchange rates and periodicity of financial statements 72 35", "IV. Implementation of IPSAS projects in the United Nations system 73-163 36", "A. System-wide project (CEB) 74–83 36", "1. Inter-agency work 74-76 36", "2. Products and services 77–83 37", "B. Organizational projects: strategic issues and diversity 84-155 39", "1. Governance and change management 84–94 39", "2. Analysis of gaps and users 95–96 42", "3. A gradual and planned strategy 97–102 42", "4. Project management 103–108 44", "5. Enterprise resource planning 109–111 47", "6. Compliance with the provisions of the governing body and its initial expectations 112-113 47", "7. Human resources 114-116 49", "8. Financial resources 117-118 51", "9. ERP and its interaction with IPSAS implementation 119–129 51", "10. Sensitization and communication 130–133 55", "11. Training 134-139 57", "12. Risk assessment 140-143 60", "13. Supervision 144-155 63", "C. A key indicator: the expected date of implementation by the organization 156-163 67", "V. IPSAS and the financial and economic crisis 164-168 69", "VI. Conclusion 169-171 71", "Annexes", "I. List of IPSAS (Pronunciation Manual of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council, International Federation of Accountants, 2010) 73", "II. Amount attributed to each IPSAS by participating organizations (percentages) 75", "III. Diagram of the transition process to IPSAS implementation 76", "IV. A Case of Success: WFP Process 77", "V. Overview of actions to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit - JIU/REP/2010/6 88", "Abbreviations", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ACC Administrative Committee on Coordination", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "CCAQ (FP) Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (Financial and Budgetary Questions)", "CCAQ Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board", "International Federation of Accountants", "IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development", "IAS international accounting standards", "IASB International Accounting Standards Board", "IASC International Accounting Standards Commission", "IMIS Integrated Management Information System", "IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "International Accounting Standards", "IFRS International Financial Information Standards", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "International Atomic Energy Agency", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "World Meteorological Organization", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WHO World Health Organization", "WTO World Tourism Organization", "non-governmental organization", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "PAHO Pan American Health Organization", "Office of Internal Oversight Services", "WFP World Food Programme", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "ICT information and communications technology", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNICEF United Nations Children ' s Fund", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WINGS WFP Global System and Information Network", "I. Introduction", "1. As part of its programme of work for 2008, the Joint Inspection Unit conducted a study entitled \"Implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations.\" The present report, which is aimed at a broad audience, aims to address a number of complex and interrelated issues and to provide a general overview. In view of the volume and highly technical nature of the IPSAS project (the full text of IPSAS covers more than 1,000 pages), it was an important task to synthesize the study in a readable and concise report. Thus, the data provided in the present report are presented in relatively short sections that are appropriate, if necessary, for individual study. Readers are encouraged to use the index as a guide to issues of particular interest to them:", "Chapter II has particular interest to those who wish to understand the reason for reform;", "Chapter III explains some specific differences between IPSAS and the United Nations system accounting standards and how IPSAS requirements and benefits will impact organizations;", "Chapter IV explains how each organization has addressed the same problem in different areas; what were the components of success or failure; how the project team that supported organizations at the inter-agency level acted; and what are best practices, where both executive heads and Member States have to play an important role;", "Chapter V provides an overview of the overall IPSAS framework; and", "Annex IV focuses on the first and only success case for IPSAS compliance in the United Nations system.", "A. Origin", "2. Since 1980 and in particular since 2004, the organizations of the United Nations system have recognized the need to launch a coordinated process to achieve an orderly transition to compliance with common and internationally recognized accounting standards. The review of this common process provides an exceptional opportunity for the Joint Inspection Unit to carry out its mandate to make optimal use of the available resources of the organizations, in particular through greater coordination among them[1]. This review began in 2008 and most of the research and drafting work was conducted in 2009.", "3. As expected, the first to consider that it was urgent to undertake such reform were the United Nations system-wide international accounting experts. The Inspector recalls the hard assessment of the International Federation of Accountants (IFF), which stressed that \"in spite of the importance of having quality standards in financial and accounting reporting to improve governance, accountability and transparency, most of the reports on the reform of the management of the United Nations system have not linked the financial reports or the accounting standards to those three objectives of the reform\"[2] (with the exception of the project). Specifically, if IPSAS had been implemented in recent decades, there would have been no unpleasant surprises regarding the need and cost of the capital master plan, after-service health insurance obligations or millions of unreported assets, especially in peacekeeping missions.", "B. Objectives", "4. Since all decisions of principle for the purposes of IPSAS adoption were already taken in 2006 and 2007, the present report will not consider whether or not they are appropriate, but will seek to propose ways and means for implementation as efficiently as possible. Accordingly, the objectives of the report are:", "The United Nations decided to launch a process of transition to IPSAS, together with the main benefits, challenges and challenges that arise;", "common changes in United Nations system-wide accounting and management practices; and", "to assist the legislative bodies, executive heads and managers of United Nations system organizations in assessing the status of implementation of their IPSAS project and, if necessary, reconsider their adoption strategy.", "5. The present report seeks to raise awareness of IPSAS among delegates and officials of the different secretariats, who, for the most part, lack accounting training. The Inspector believes that it is essential that this accounting reform, which is very technical, be understood as any other management reform so that both Member States and staff can appreciate the expected benefits of IPSAS adoption. Another objective is to assist decision makers to take fully into account the main success factors in achieving their common objective of preparing as soon as possible a set of IPSAS-compliant financial statements, in accordance with decisions taken in 2004 and 2005 by the accounting and finance directors of United Nations system organizations and subsequently by their legislative bodies in 2006 and 2007.", "C. Methodology", "6. The study covers the implementation of IPSAS in all participating organizations from 2006 to mid-2010[3]. In accordance with the internal rules and guidelines of the Joint Inspection Unit and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in the preparation of the present report consisted of a preliminary review, questionnaires, interviews and detailed analysis. The Unit had access to the responses to the semi-annual questionnaires circulated by the Working Group on Accounting Standards of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination. In addition, the Unit sent a detailed questionnaire to all participating organizations. On the basis of the responses received, the Inspector met with officials from the participating organizations. It also sought the views of the secretariat of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination and the organizations that had adopted IPSAS, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Commission and the World Bank. The views of the IPSAS Council, FIC, the United Nations Board of Auditors and the Government of France were also requested.", "7. In preparing the report, substantive comments on the draft report have been requested from participating organizations, which have been taken into account. In accordance with article 11.2 of the Statute of the Joint Inspection Unit, the present report received its final form following consultations among the inspectors so that the recommendations and conclusions were put to the test of the Unit ' s collective trial. To facilitate the use of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and its follow-up, annex V contains a table showing whether the report is submitted to the organizations concerned for action or information. The table identifies recommendations of interest to each organization and specifies whether a decision by its legislative or governing body or whether its executive head can implement them. The Inspector wishes to thank those who assisted him in preparing the report and, in particular, those who participated in the interviews and shared their knowledge and experience.", "8. The report is dedicated to the memory of Jean François des Robert, whose conference at the Unit inspired the present project and who, despite being a recognized specialist in the implementation of the International Financial Information Standards (IFRS) and IPSAS in different countries in Africa, Asia and Central Europe, modestly agreed to work for this project as a research officer of the Joint Inspection Unit in January 2008 until the last days of his life in April of that year[4] Leave a great void as an expert and as an exemplary human being. This project was subsequently suspended for one year.", "II. to IPSAS", "A. Why international accounting standards are needed to prepare financial reports", "9. Until they decided to migrate from the United Nations system accounting standards to IPSAS, most United Nations system organizations had few accountants and hardly understood the substantive role that accountants could play in improving the financial management of public services and making better use of resources.", "10. The objective of the financial statements is to provide structured basic information on the performance of a private or public entity and on its financial position (i.e. on its \"health\" and its assets) to both internal and external users[5].", "11. In order to be useful, the financial statements should be understood in the same way by all users and should therefore use common accounting principles, policies or standards prepared by specialists who are relevant and independent authorities: hence the concept of accounting standards. Owing to the development of international trade, finance and investment exchanges, the need for common mechanisms to analyse the value of commercial entities entailed international recognition of those standards.", "12. This need, initially felt in the private sector, has been addressed primarily by accountants, who first met at the national level and later at the international level to establish and maintain policy-making bodies such as the International Accounting Standards Commission (IASC)[6] and its successor, namely, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)[7], based in London and composed of 15 members. Its IFRS, derived from the International Accounting Standards (ICS), were declared mandatory in 2005 by the European Union for all companies admitted to stock and IFRS, or their national equivalents, are gradually becoming mandatory in other countries such as the United States, India, South Africa and Turkey.", "13. \"According to the underlying philosophy of international accounting standards, such standards constitute a number of principles to judge decisions on the accounting of certain transactions. The application and audit of such standards are based on the assumption that they will be applied by people who have deep knowledge of accounting theory and practice and will be audited by people with similar training. \"[8]", "B. The problem facing United Nations system organizations", "14. The organizations of the United Nations system took 25 years from a situation in which the lack of a common framework for preparing accounting and financial reports prevented comparisons between the financial statements of the organizations with a view to the gradual adoption of the same internationally recognized accounting standards. The main stages of this evolution have been:", "1980: Creation of a working group on the harmonization of financial statements by the financial and budgetary sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (Financial and Budgetary Questions) (CCCA (FP)) and its agreement that IASC recommendations should serve as useful guidelines. 1981: Approval by the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC) of several common sense principles based on generally accepted principles of accounting and having in turn as a basis rules, conventions and rules applied by accountants to account for transactions and prepare the financial statements. In particular, the principles are related to the continuity(\"company in progress\"), uniformity, prudence, the preponderance of the substance on the form, the disclosure of the significant accounting policies that have been followed, latality, sincerity, periodicity and regularity. That same year CCCA (FP) established the mandatory disclosure of accounting policies for the organizations of the United Nations system. Decade 1980: There were two schools of thought opposed to difficulty (CCCA (FP)) or the need (External Auditors Group) to establish an accounting policy body that would be applied specifically to the organizations of the United Nations system. 1991: The Panel of External Auditors clearly explained the problem facing the organizations of the United Nations system: \"Of course there are numerous reasons why the rules that have been expressly prepared to meet the needs of enterprises and commercial accounting cannot, in general, apply directly in the totally distinct situations of the United Nations organizations [...] General lines, the goals and objectives of United Nations organizations, the corresponding data reporting requirements, the interests and needs of organizations that prepare the financial statements and those of the various users of the final accounts are in many respects significantly different from those that are suitable for commercial agencies.\"[9] A Standards Commission was established that year.", "C. One first and fleeting solution: United Nations system accounting standards", "15. Finally, in response to a request from the General Assembly to the Panel of External Auditors[10] dated 21 December 1990, the annex to the report of the Secretary-General of 1993 on accounting standards[11] became the first version of the United Nations system accounting standards. Although these Rules have been subject to a number of revisions and remain implemented by most organizations of the United Nations system at the time of the review by the Joint Inspection Unit, their objectives have remained unchanged.", "16. The use of the United Nations System Accounting Standards was an important step towards the adoption of common language and terminology by United Nations system organizations accountants, although their objectives were only partially achieved.", "17. Regardless of the measures that may be taken to review the United Nations system accounting standards, three major negative aspects will persist, which will be the price to be paid for their flexibility and adaptability to the different needs of United Nations system organizations:", "(a) The United Nations System Accounting Standards leave a wide margin for interpretation, given that the principle of freedom provided by the competent authority in financial matters is recognized in the text itself, which makes it possible for organizations not to undergo strict discipline[12];", "(b) Consequently, they are not really \"in force\" and are not \"common\" or, by extension, credible;", "(c) From an auditor ' s point of view, they can lead to conflict of interest, as they have been promulgated by an authority representing the organizations whose accounts are to be audited in accordance with their own rules.", "18. While the United Nations system carried out repeated revisions of its own standards in order to modernize its accounting practices, accounting trends rapidly evolved in civil society, especially at the end of the century, following a number of scandals (Enron, WorldCom, etc.) that led to public opinion in favour of strengthening accounting standards and policies and their international convergence. Thus, it was becoming increasingly clear that the only way to ensure consistent and comparable financial reporting and accounting processes across the United Nations system was to ensure that all disclosure financial data were in line with the same set of standards issued by an independent and external authority, of international composition and adapted to the needs of non-profit entities.", "D. A new solution to an old problem: the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "19. Fortunately, after the success of IFRS and as a complement, an initiative was launched in 1996 to meet those needs. The FIC[13] established in Toronto the Public Sector Council, subsequently called the IPSAS Council, with a view to preparing IPSAS, supported by an independent and transparent system of due process[14] similar to that of IASB[15]. The objective was to establish high-quality accounting standards to be used in the preparation of the general financial statements of public sector entities worldwide. Public sector entities covered national Governments, regional and local governments and their constituent entities. Intergovernmental organizations were not included within the initial scope of the rules. The IPSAS Council conducts its activities with very little staff as an independent policy body under the auspices of FIC. To achieve its objectives, it resorts to:", "accountants; and", "of financial reports in the public sector.", "20. In essence, IPSAS provides for recognition, measurement, reporting and disclosure requirements related to transactions and activities to be synthesized in the general financial statements. The full text of IPSAS is partly used in new terminology[17] and provides examples of the application of standards to specific transactions so that their requirements are better understood. As a help in establishing the necessary changes required for the adoption of IPSAS system-wide, the Working Group on Accounting Standards has reviewed interpretations of standards and guidelines. By the end of 2007, the system-wide project team had created a set of IPSAS-compliant policies and guidelines that were accepted by United Nations system organizations, providing a stable platform to facilitate the harmonization of IPSAS-compliant financial reporting across the United Nations system. In 2008 and 2009, new system-wide documents were accepted, approved or supported. However, the interpretation of accounting standards is subject to constant discussions, including within the same organization, and evolves over the years (in this regard, WFP, one of the first agencies to adopt them, could not benefit from the guidance of others).", "21. As in the case of IFRS, IPSAS requires full implementation. It cannot be said that a financial statement is IPSAS-compliant if an IPSAS requirement has not been fully complied with. However, in order to facilitate the progressive implementation of IPSAS, the High-level Committee on Management proposed, on the basis of a recommendation of the Working Group on Accounting Standards (see para. 26 below), that, until the transition ended, the United Nations System Accounting Standards should be applied flexibly and adapted to accounting policies and practices that were already in line with IPSAS requirements.", "E. 2005-2007: Political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "22. In order to focus attention on the need to restructure the United Nations accounting system, a Working Group on Accounting Standards was established in 2002. This inter-agency group, composed of accountants from the organizations of the United Nations system, was constituted by the then Director of the United Nations Accounts Division (now Deputy Controller), who continues to chair it, in addition to co-chairing the Finance and Budget Network of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination[18]. The High-level Committee on Management approved the establishment of a joint \"project\" on international accounting standards, as recommended by the Working Group. Once they had known who was the qualified team leader and how joint funding would take place, the project provided the organizations with the opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences through questionnaires and comments on different instruments (position papers, draft guidelines, etc.) that were published according to a strict timetable.", "23. The first basic questions that the United Nations System Chief Executives Board project team asked the members of the Working Group on Accounting Standards concerned the best accounting standards for the United Nations system and the criteria for assessing them. Four possibilities were proposed:", "New Zealand;", "accompanied by a preferred external standard and several exemptions for United Nations-specific situations.", "24. The 12 official responses received from the 28 contacted organizations (some of which were from the largest organizations), attached considerable importance to the criteria of \"international character, firm procedural guarantees and full accrual accounting\" (see paras. 29-37). It is interesting to note that the organizations were almost equally divided between a \"practice\" thought school, in favour of IFRS—the set of international standards widely used by large private companies in many countries and known by most accountants and on which extensive information and training materials were available—and a \"logic\" school, in support of the new IPSAS series, which considered that they were particularly in line with the specific needs of public sector entities. At the end, no clear majority were seized in favour of either of the two approaches (11 for IPSAS and 10 for IFRS).", "25. As to the question, \"Do you agree with what is suggested in the document that the full adoption of an external set of accounting standards may not be possible for the organizations of the United Nations system in the short or medium term?\" 10 of the 12 responding entities had said yes in June 2005. Significant system-wide efforts were therefore made to disseminate the view that the transition to international standards could be carried out in the medium term. These efforts were an essential component of the activities undertaken by the Working Group on Accounting Standards, with the support of the High-level Committee on Management, to advance the transition from the United Nations system accounting standards to IPSAS. As is logical, each organization should have conducted an in-depth analysis of its readiness in 2005. This would have required a good understanding of IPSAS requirements by all organizations, which was generally not the case. Instead, a study on system-wide preparedness was conducted. Based on its results and the success of the experiences of OECD, the European Commission and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), five years were selected as the standard (rigid) framework for the transition. In addition, three organizations were identified as likely to be able to adopt international standards by 2008, while others were expected to be in a position to comply in 2010. Although the feasibility and lack of flexibility of that time should have been questioned in theory, in the summer of 2005, the organizations were pressured to accept it. On the other hand, it should be recognized that, at that initial stage, the establishment of a difficult time to meet had led to the attention of senior managers and governing bodies to that transition and had prompted the acquisition of resources for the project and the commitment to make efforts in the management of change.", "26. That explains why only five months later, namely, on 30 November 2005, the High-level Committee on Management unanimously adopted the following recommendations:", "(a) That the organizations of the United Nations system adopt IPSAS;", "(b) That the organizations of the United Nations system should formulate their implementation schedules and that all organizations should adopt and begin to implement IPSAS by reporting periods beginning on 1 January 2010 and 1 July 2010 for United Nations peacekeeping operations;", "(c) Continued support, coordination and direction for this system-wide change, through the Working Group on Accounting Standards, under the auspices of the Finance and Budget Network, while continuing to provide resources for projects to achieve consistent interpretation and implementation of IPSAS requirements across the system;", "(d) Add the following sentence at the end of paragraph 3 of the United Nations System Accounting Standards: \"If an organization departs from the practices set out below to implement one or more IPSAS, it will be assumed that the organization complies with the United Nations System Accounting Standards\";", "(e) The continued provision of inter-agency funding and other support to ensure effective representation of the United Nations system in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council[19].", "27. In view of the relevant reports of the Secretary-General[20] and the exchanges of communications with Secretariat officials, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) endorsed the recommendation with an extremely unusual degree of enthusiasm in that body. \"The Advisory Committee considers it clear that the Organization should replace the United Nations System Accounting Standards with IPSAS.\"[21] At the same time, however, a cautious and successful decision was made against a timetable lacking realism and stressed that the application should be synchronized with the introduction of a new information technology system.", "28. On 7 July 2006, the General Assembly adjusted the statements of ACABQ in both cases and decided to approve the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations, although it refrained from imposing the deadline proposed by the Secretary-General. In addition, in accordance with the recommendation of ACABQ, it approved the resources requested by the Secretary-General to begin the implementation process.[22] In less than two years, all organizations followed the steps of the United Nations and began their transition to IPSAS, which was a remarkable achievement.", "III. Effects of IPSAS on organizations. Key issues", "A. The fundamental shift to accrual-based accounting", "1. Novedad", "29. In 2000, ACABQ attended one of the OECD ' s annual invention symposiums for financial experts from its member States to review the establishment of a new accounting base: the \"devention\" as opposed to the \"effective\"[23]. Since then, it has been accepted as a convention among professionals that accrual accounting is the best possible method to meet the new needs of financial reporting and the most appropriate method to provide a full picture of the financial situation of an entity, with information on its assets, liabilities, incomes and actual expenditures in a specific year. At present, all international accounting standards require that this method of disclosure of transactions be applied.", "30. Under accrual accounting, transactions and other transactions are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or equivalent is received or paid). As a result, transactions and operations are recorded in the accounting records and are recognized in the financial statements for the periods with which they relate. While transaction dates and payment dates are very common, according to the new method, each of these transactions is recognized on its actual date and is to be disclosed in the financial statement or financial period in question. Thus, accounting treatment will be different. The elements recognized under accrual accounting are assets, liabilities, income and expenditure (IPSAS 1).", "2. Problems", "31. The use of accrual accounting in public administration produces an effect that goes beyond financial matters, as it affects regular work practices, from political decision-making to daily operations. Certainly the adoption of this method is at least a cultural revolution. Some organizations of the United Nations system have long been using accrual accounting for certain income or expenditure and are therefore in a better position to implement IPSAS. However, for other organizations, such a change needs to be absorbed not only by their accountants, but also by delegates and administrators, who need to consult the existing financial statements or have to contribute to generating new ones.", "32. The change can be as intimidating as when a singer or television director moves from a recording studio to a live audience program. In traditional cash accounting, transactions are recorded on the basis of payments made; however, through the use of the accrual method they are disclosed when the income is required and when an expenditure is incurred (rather than when the cash is received or paid) and are disclosed in the financial statements of the periods for which they relate. The dates of transactions and payments often do not match and, therefore, their accounting treatment is different according to each method.", "Example AThe hiring of a consultant The signing of the contract will have no accounting effects. On the other hand, the delivery or performance of the contracted service (and not the retention of budgetary funds) will become the only reference. Now the key event is the receipt of the payment request (unless a single date of execution can be set, as for the acquisition of a good) and it will depend on the assignment of the charges to the exercise. This implies, therefore, that compliance with the conditions of the intermediary payments has been fully verified; it will no longer be a matter of liquidating a reserve of funds, but of registering an operation when it has been carried out.[24]", "Example Bending of goods When an entity buys 900 tents for further distribution among the beneficiaries, according to cash accounting the transfer will recognize the expense at the time the payment of the shipment has been made to the supplier, provided that it has actually included the delivery of the shipment (the payment usually follows the delivery of the goods). In accordance with the accrual accounting, the receipt of the shipment will be first disclosed in the inventory account (asset) as the increase in the debit value of the inclusion in the inventory of 900 card holders in the warehouse of the entity. Subsequently, at the time of distribution to the beneficiaries, second-transaction or subsequent transactions will reflect a reduction in the inventory value (active) and an increase in the expenditure to represent the value of the distributed tents. Thus, the distribution of 200 tents to 200 beneficiaries will result in a reduction in the inventory value (active) equivalent to 200 tents, leaving a balance of 700 tents, but will account for 200 as expenses.", "33. In accordance with IPSAS, it is no longer possible to make small adjustments in the accounting records, since any activity that has an impact on the entity ' s assets appropriation will be recognized at the time it occurs.", "34. According to traditional methods of cash accounting, expenditures and income do not need to be disclosed during the period in which they relate; expenditure and income, together with capital expenditures, are recorded in total in the year in which the purchase or disposal of capital assets was made. In addition, cash accounting does not fully recognize assets and liabilities. On the contrary, accrual accounting measures the performance and financial situation of an entity by recognizing economic activities at the time of transactions (instead of at the time of payments). Therefore, the financial statements prepared on the merits method should provide information on such elements as the resources controlled by the reporting entity, the cost of its operations (the cost of providing goods and services), cash flow and other useful financial information on its performance and its financial recovery capacity.", "35. In view of the fact that in many organizations budgetary information (oversight of the approved budget) will continue to be submitted in cash accounting, the transition to IPSAS will result in a marked dissociation between accounting and financial data (paras. 65-69).", "3. Advantages", "36. Once appropriate conditions have been created, accrual accounting offers many advantages, which to a large extent contravene the initial drawbacks:", "accruals allow users to:", "reporting entity controls and deploys such resources;", "of the entity; and", "carry out operations with it[25].", "accounts more complete than those of cash accounting and, by definition, they disappear the margin to manipulate payments and receipts in order to achieve certain reporting and control objectives;", "accruals can improve management and decision-making and serve to make organizations more efficient use of resources (in cash accounting, spending on what is used for many years is disclosed only when money is spent and is not subsequently disclosed if the asset is still used, has reached the end of its useful life or has been sold)[26];", "establish elements for effective cost accounting and change organizational behaviour through the use of incentives and penalties, including cost comparisons of services provided by the private and public sectors; and", "are affected by the varying circumstances of the periods for cash payments and receipts, including information on the fixed and current assets and liabilities;", "useful life;", "to the reality of the financial situation of an entity.", "37. In sum, IPSAS implementation involves:", "(a) Increased degree of internal control and transparency for all assets and liabilities;", "(b) More comprehensive and homogenous information on costs and income, thereby providing greater support for governance, particularly in the case of results-based management;", "(c) Integration of non-expendable material into the accounting system, thus making the records of such material more accurate and complete;", "(d) Increased homogeneity and comparability of financial statements over time and among different organizations;", "(e) The adoption of best accounting practices through the application of credible and independent international accounting standards.", "B. Other issues related to IPSAS implementation", "1. Risk of discredit", "38. A key issue is whether the deadlines for implementation established by United Nations system organizations can be met realistically and whether organizations will be able to receive an unqualified opinion from the auditor on their first set of IPSAS-compliant financial statements.", "[] Risk: The risk is that, if your financial statements are intended to conform to IPSAS, but only partially do so, the external auditor will issue an opinion with caveats in relation to the information provided.", "39. In financial terms, some of the accounting changes required to implement IPSAS are expected to significantly reduce the value of the organization ' s assets[27] (excluding funds) and even lead to negative assets, as is the case with scarce Governments, with the exception of New Zealand, which have opted for accrual financial statements. For the European Commission officials, it was a surprising revelation to discover that the Commission ' s first financial statement in full accruals recorded a total of accrual charges of Euro64 million, while the total revenue earned was Euro2.5 million and there were €54 million owed by member States, instead of registering as previously a positive value of Euro13.5 million. These variations are due to the recognition of full employee benefits obligations, particularly after-service health insurance (paras. 60-64). It was estimated that as at 31 December 2007, the United Nations liability for after-service health insurance benefits covering all participants was $2,430 million from all funding sources.[28] Such unexpectedly large obligations in the financial statements do not entail any further expenditure. It is simply complete information on existing obligations that had previously not been recognized, i.e. they had not been quantified nominally in the financial statements.", "40. Some organizations of the United Nations system have already disclosed in part in their financial statements benefits of future payable employees (although generated in previous accounting periods). As there were no disclosure requirements in the United Nations system accounting standards, those obligations were only reflected in notes to the financial statements. Although technically it may appear that an organization providing information is insolvent, experience shows that recognition of such obligations as a result of the adoption of accrual accounting often entails negative assets for Governments and organizations. Moreover, as noted in the report of the FIC entitled Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities, the recognition of obligations:", "recognize and plan the payment of recognized obligations;", "existing in future resources;", "obligations; and", "determine whether they can keep their activities.", "2. Possible risks", "41. The adoption of IPSAS is a complex and comprehensive change management process. While it offers many medium- and long-term advantages, it also entails short-term costs and problems to be addressed with attention by executive heads of all affected organizations.", "42. In order to take advantage of the full potential of accrual-based information use, managers must be convinced of the value of accrual data and should be able to take action to improve management processes. Accrual accounting should not be an end in itself.", "[] Risks: According to the Federation des Experts-Comptables Européens (FEE), the main risks involved in IPSAS relate more to perceptions than content:", "truly understand the issues raised;", "the \"lagunas\" of IPSAS;", "[29].", "43. IPSAS reform will influence operational procedures, reporting practices and, therefore, governance and relations with Member States. In addition to providing useful information to improve management and decision-making, IPSAS will also expose managers to increased public scrutiny and therefore make them more responsible for the efficiency and effectiveness of their programmes.", "3. Change management", "44. Inevitably the adoption of IPSAS represents a price for each organization. As highlighted in a 2002 European Commission communication, \"the experience of Member States shows that the reform of public accounting systems represents an important convulsion both from the point of view of the adoption of new practices and from the human point of view, not to mention the financial resources required\"[30].", "4. IPSAS is both laborious and costly", "45. The adoption of IPSAS-compliant accounting methods requires additional staff time and effort. During the transition phase, depending on the availability of their resources, ora organizations will have to rely for a long period of time on the support of existing staff, which will add to their daily obligations, ora will have to hire many new staff. In this regard, the recommendation of the UNESCO external auditor applies to all IPSAS projects: \"When calculating the time required to introduce the changes required by an IPSAS standard, organizations should have an additional time to avoid the risk of underestimating the time needed. Often, the scope of the work required for the installation of the system will not be fully appreciated until such work has begun.\"[31] Once the system has been implemented, there will be new accounting areas that will require permanent attention. For example, in addition to providing essential information on property assets and their remaining useful life, in accordance with IPSAS 17 on property, plant and equipment, property, plant and equipment components are to be controlled, recognized, measured, depreciated and disclosed in notes to the financial statements, unlike the practice of imputing them immediately to expenditures, as provided in the United Nations System Accounting Standards. This permanent control over property, plant and equipment will require organizations to designate officials and establish systems to ensure a complete cycle of property, plant and equipment accounting.", "The inventory accounts[32] will be particularly laborious and labour-intensive. Compliance with IPSAS 12 will require capitalization[33] and disclosure of inventory to the appropriate value. The inventory will be transferred to expenses when the control over it is transferred to the final beneficiaries (such as NGOs or target populations). This new disclosure will allow better control over inventories, but will also require additional efforts to account for them (also physically), evaluate them and determine when to spend them.", "46. The preparation of accurate opening balances for inventories was a major challenge for WFP. Preparations for the accounting of inventories began more than one year before the opening balance date (1 January 2008) and involved the participation of some 1,000 people in 700 WFP-dependent locations.", "[] Risks", "and management mechanisms focused on fixed assets;", "require IPSAS.", "5. Cultural aspects", "47. The adoption of IPSAS will result in a cultural change that will affect accounting treatments and the way some business transactions are made. For example, an important difference between the United Nations system accounting standards and IPSAS is the \"principle of delivery\". According to the United Nations system accounting standards, an expenditure is recognized at the time of issuance of a purchase order, which initiates the accounting of an unliquidated obligation.[34] Thus, an unliquidated obligation is recorded prior to the receipt of goods or services. The current practice (in accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards) of considering it an expenditure means that the intention is disclosed as an unliquidated obligation. On the contrary, IPSAS allows for recognition of expenditures only when delivery has actually occurred. This important change will make it unnecessary to report on unliquidated obligations in the financial statements and will entail a more accurate adequacy between expenditures and the authorized budget in the period to which they relate. However, for reporting purposes, unliquidated obligations will continue to be recorded in the budget and purchasing systems and a practice to be followed is to report on them in the notes to the financial statements.", "48. The adoption of IPSAS will foster useful practices such as cost accounting and data-sharing among departments or services that have so far worked in isolation to provide accountants with comprehensive, accurate and reliable information to prepare financial statements under the new standards. In addition, it can lead to the preparation of a common account diagram. Inventory receipts and distributions are to be appropriated in the major book in a timely manner in order to accurately disclose inventory balances.", "6. Political aspects", "49. Politically, the most sensitive requirement is set out in IPSAS 6 (consolidated and separate financial statements)[35], which provides that an entity shall submit financial statements consolidating all entities it controls[36]. The implementation of this provision raises some key issues for an organization such as the United Nations, such as whether all United Nations funds and programmes should be considered subsidiary to the Organization and whether the concept of consolidation should be applied to joint initiatives and, if so, which organization should be designated as the principal entity. These are important legal, financial and political considerations to be addressed and agreed upon, theoretically at the initial stage of preparation, as recommended by the Board of Auditors[37]. On the basis of the recommendation of the Advisory Committee[38], the Secretary-General addressed this issue in a report confirming the complexity of IPSAS compliance for the United Nations.[39] The IPSAS implementation project team at the United Nations noted that IPSAS rule 6 did not impose a tax on how to identify the reporting \"basic\" entity, which could be an administrative agreement without legal identity. Thus, the United Nations and its related entities, including funds and programmes, would not require formal consolidation, which would make it possible to adopt a pragmatic approach in this unclear field. The IPSAS implementation project team at the United Nations finally agreed not to submit consolidated data.", "50. There are two other politically sensitive issues related to income allocation: how to address delays in the collection of outstanding contributions and the accounting of voluntary contributions. With regard to the former, while, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards, an organization could make a provision for such delays, IPSAS requires that all assets (including receivables) be appropriately valued. Therefore, in cases where contributions are unlikely to be received, their value will have to be adjusted accordingly. This could generate a political debate on whether some Member States could be excused from paying their assessed contributions due to late payments and whether other Member States would have to bear the resulting deficit. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) had to solve a similar problem to suit IFRS. The Working Group on Accounting Standards issued a paper on the matter in December 2009. In June 2008, the Board of Auditors suggested that, in view of the adoption of IPSAS, it might be necessary for organizations to make a provision for uncollectable debts or debtors to pay late.", "51. The transition to full accrual accounting means that United Nations system organizations will need to quickly determine the criteria to be applied to legal commitments underpinning voluntary contributions. The implementation of IPSAS 23 means that the terms of commitments will be carefully studied to know the date and amount to be disclosed in the financial statements. Donor commitments may vary considerably depending on the project or the State concerned. It is therefore important to define the degree of formalization of the commitment: the status of the signatory and the type of document (contract, promise, budget document, etc.).", "C. Some accounting changes with more significant impact", "52. In a study conducted by the Working Group on Accounting Standards (see annex II), the respondents noted the standards they considered to have a more significant impact on their organizations. All organizations noted three IPSAS standards: standard 1, presentation of financial statements (usually indispensable); standard 17, properties, plant and equipment; and standard 24, presentation of budget information in the financial statements. Other important effects were expected as a result of the adoption of rule 3, surplus or net shortfall of the period, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies; rule 12, Inventories; rule 18, Financial information by segments; rule 19, Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets; rule 23, Uncontracted transactions (imposed and transfers); rule 25, employee benefits; Comments on issues of particular interest to the organizations of the United Nations system are provided below.", "1. Presentation of the financial statements", "53. According to Standard 1 of IPSAS, Presentation of the financial statements, \"the financial statements will be prepared on a regular basis that will be, at a minimum, annual\"[40], since their \"utility [...] is harmed if they are not made available to users within a reasonable period of time, following the date of the reporting period. An entity must be in a position to issue its financial statements within six months of this date.\"[41] This requirement will be arduous for all organizations and their external auditors, as almost all financial reports have been submitted to date every two years or more.", "2. Asset treatment: properties, plant and equipment", "54. According to the basic principles of IPSAS 17 (revised), assets used for more than one financial period must be \"capitalized\" in the balance sheet. This rule allows entities to initially recognize the property, plant and equipment items at their historical cost[42] or their reasonable value[43], which is then charged to expenditures over the period of use of each asset. The use of reasonable value is justified by the difficulty of reliably informing the cost of acquiring items for properties, plant and equipment that are in the possession of an entity for a long period of time, their transfer between field offices, etc. Any method will need to be supported by supporting documentation, which will require an important effort, including the work of identifying and classifying all items pertaining to properties, plant and equipment using an appropriate valuation method. For further measurement of properties, plant and equipment, IPSAS allows the choice between the cost model and the revaluation model. The costs to be capitalized must be distinguished from those accounted for as expenditure; it is a difficult process in the case of a complex operation such as the Capital Master Plan for United Nations Headquarters in New York. In this case, the Board of Auditors recommended that the Accounts Division consider capitalizing on the renovation work carried out in United Nations assets.", "55. The minimum level for the recognition of property, plant and equipment was the subject of intense debate among United Nations organizations: there were those who defended a higher minimum level to reduce the administrative costs of obtaining and maintaining data, while others favoured a lower minimum level to achieve better control over property, plant and equipment. The level recommended by the Working Group on Accounting Standards is $5,000. There is currently no requirement for the recognition of the heritage legacy[44].", "56. Accrued accounting requires that property, plant and equipment items be depreciated throughout their useful life. A depreciation charge is regularly charged to an article relating to properties, plant and equipment to reduce its value gradually. The accounting treatment of depreciation under IPSAS will allow management to make informed decisions on such matters as construction and renovation, sometimes in years of anticipation. In practice, this will require the establishment of a module for an enterprise resource planning system that can automatically calculate and carry out the corresponding notes in the accounting system.", "57. While in the United Nations context it is often difficult to determine the nature of project and inventory assets[45], it is important that they be recognized in the financial statements. Although IPSAS contains definitions of \"active\" and \"control\", the application of such definitions is complex and can result in different interpretations. For example, control over assets transferred from an entity that finances a implementing partner may depend on the subtle wording of implementing agreements or the use of assets.", "58. The IPSAS Council has included transitional arrangements for the initial adoption of certain standards in order to allow more time to those who adopt them so that they can be in full compliance with their requirements. For example, the transitional provisions of IPSAS 17 provide an exception to the requirement to recognize all properties, plants and equipment in the financial statements during the first five years of expected performance. Since most organizations have numerous property, plant and equipment items that are expected to be fully depreciated at the end of the five-year transition period, the invocation of transitional arrangements will exclude them from the requirement of having to recognize these items in their financial statements. For example, WFP endorsed such provisions in 2008 to recognize only tangible assets whose useful life exceeds five years from its initial adoption date of IPSAS.", "59. By incorporating integrated capitalized assets and inventory modules into financial accounting software, organizations could improve their existing management controls over the location and status of their assets worldwide. In addition, they would have the capacity to disclose the values of assets capitalized in accordance with international standards. The social advantage of such capitalization for public sector organizations and citizens in terms of their costs has been questioned by some accountants for considering, in particular, that \"governments [and intergovernmental organizations] do not exist for commercial purposes, but to provide services, primarily of a social nature and other services for which the commercial sector is not willing to risk for economic reasons\"[46].", "[] Risk: In the first countries in which accrual accounting was adopted (1991-1992), such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, \"has raised particular concern about the effectiveness of capital charges when the standards are applied by top-level managers rather than by integrating and educating users of such information.\"[47]", "3. Employee benefits", "60. The High-level Committee on Management has taken note of the extent of the impact of IPSAS adoption, particularly for the full recognition of employee benefits obligations, such as after-service health insurance, annual leave and repatriation grant. The High-level Committee on Management certainly stressed that, although IPSAS would only require recognition and information on such obligations, the issue of funding would need to be addressed with simultaneous and equally urgent attention.[48]", "61. The issue was raised for the first time by ACABQ in 1997, i.e. long before decisions on IPSAS adoption were envisaged. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which was its precursor, recognized after-service health insurance in 2001. However, with the launch of the IPSAS implementation project, full after-service health insurance liabilities will be recognized in the financial statements. Given its magnitude, and despite the fact that there is a serious margin of uncertainty that affects estimates that use different parameters[49], it is increasingly important to identify present and future sources of funding. At the sixtieth and sixty-first sessions of the General Assembly[50], the Secretary-General recommended that the United Nations fully recognize in its financial statements the liabilities for after-service health insurance and launch a funding strategy for full funding within 30 years. While the General Assembly deferred the adoption of a decision on the subject, a number of organizations, such as FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO and WMO, had already decided to take action to ensure — albeit never fully — the funds necessary to address such obligations.[51] Other organizations maintained an indecent position on the most appropriate means of financing and stressed the need for greater harmonization of financing mechanisms and a clear commitment by Member States, as they were the ones that ultimately had to determine the modalities for financing such costs. In this regard, Member States are advised to be consistent in decision-making in all organizations of which they are members, particularly in order to develop a common system-wide solution. For the time being, each organization will have to consider the following two options when assessing the long-term effects of that obligation, together with its inherent risks:", "finance, compliance with IPSAS requirements should ensure resource management in a fund containing contributions from Member States over time and generating investment income, which would facilitate future payments to former employees; and", "obligations may be affected by the state of the economy and the management of public funds not only by the affected Member State, but also by all Member States of the organization concerned, all of which would have to pay in the future substantial amounts for the organization ' s budget to meet the obligations actually incurred with the former employees.", "62. Where a agreed funding strategy exists, IPSAS will highlight the responsibility of Member States through the disclosure of their share of obligations compared to the assets accumulated in the fund. If there is no such strategy, the responsibility of Member States will be reduced. There are uncertainties in both cases, and the recent financial crisis shows that there is no risk-free option. A agreed funding strategy could be a safer option if investments were well managed, as seems to be the case in another context with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (UNJSPF).", "63. At present, most of the employee ' s obligations are liquidated \"on-the-fly\", in response to payments that are unfunded from the resources available during the period in which such payments are made. This means, in general, that some expenditures for unreported or considered obligations are charged to subsequent accounting periods[52]. The recent financial crisis highlighted the need for long-term planning.", "64. Funding for after-service health insurance liabilities is becoming increasingly complex because many trust funds are in the short term. Once closed, they cannot provide after-service benefits resources for former employees who, for example, have gone to work in another organization. That means that future obligations will have to be borne in full by the recipient organization.", "4. The question of the budget", "65. IPSAS 24 (Presentation of budget information in the financial statements) provides for the mandatory presentation of budget amounts to be matched with accounting data. With the transition from the United Nations system accounting standards (\"changed cash accounting system\") to accrual accounting, two options can be used:", "(1) Fully apply the principle of accrual accounting to the budget and to the general accounts (in which case the budget balance shall be adjusted to the difference between the budgeted benefits and the obligations established during the financial period, irrespective of the amount disbursed or collected).", "(2) Apply the principle of accrual only to the general accounts, while the execution of the budget continues to be subject to the principle of cash (in which case there is a \"dual\" system, on which a conciliation is to take place every year, published in notes to the financial statements and ratified by the auditor). One of the main challenges posed by the adoption of IPSAS is to align financial statements with budgets, a practice that can better assess the performance of the reporting organization. This will require an annual (or quarterly) express reconciliation between the budget and the financial statements. For example, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was invited by its external auditor to link more accounts and budget[53]. The challenge is how to encourage programme managers to analyse data for accrual values and make good use of their findings.", "66. In 2006, only two of the eight European countries that had formally adopted accrual accounting had taken that double challenge: the United Kingdom (which had taken 13 years to carry out the transition) and Switzerland.", "67. At present, most intergovernmental organizations that have already applied accrual accounting (including the European Commission) consider it difficult to implement accrual budgeting, at least in the short term. They will maintain the presentation of the cash budget on the grounds that accrual budgeting will not be readily accepted by their member States. However, cash budget submissions are to be made on the basis of an annual financial period, while most United Nations system organizations have biennial or even multi-year budgets. Another argument used in favour of this possibility is the fact that the IPSAS implementation phase requires considerable financial and human resources, affecting its ability to undertake other large-scale projects. Furthermore, accrual-based budgeting is more appropriate for a stable environment such as the United Nations Secretariat, but is less appropriate in rapidly changing situations, such as peacekeeping operations.", "68. While accrual-based budgeting is not an IPSAS requirement, it is advocated by several accounting authorities, including the Fédération des Experts‐Comptables Européens, which stated in 2006 that \"It is important to emphasize that the benefits of accrual accounting can only be realized and strengthened if the budgets are also prepared on accrual values. Without accrual budgets, financial administrators will not be willing to manage their key accrual indicators and, therefore, they are less likely to perform a fully accrual financial function. It is also less likely that they will take advantage of all the possibilities of accrual financial information as a financial management tool during the year.\"[54]", "69. The updating of the enterprise resource planning systems to enable simultaneous accounting of each expenditure in the accounting books \"at accruals\" and \"in cash\", as some providers have already done, will facilitate comparison between the actual and initial accounts. The preparation of comparative tables will require a joint effort on the part of the staff responsible for the accounts and the budget, which has so far worked separately and has no experience in this new area.", "5. Recognition of income", "70. Income recognition is another area with technical requirements. Standard 23 of IPSAS, Uninterrupted Transaction Income[55] (unlike sales or lease income) determines when income should be recognized and how it should be measured. The difficulty for the organizations of the United Nations system, unlike the private sector, lies mainly in the predominance (between 80 and 90 per cent) of such non-release transactions in the case of such organizations and the requirement to distinguish between the different types of such income transactions, to be accounted for in different ways. While quotas will be subject to similar treatment in all organizations, the different types of voluntary funding and pledges agreements require specific treatment of accounts, to be determined only after a careful review and interpretation of funding agreements[56]. The thousands of trust funds constituted by agreement within the United Nations system raise a real problem in this regard.[57]", "6. Accounting of funds", "71. The funds represent a set of resources for the implementation of certain activities or for the achievement of certain objectives in accordance with legislative or other regulatory restrictions imposed on the use of such resources. Most United Nations system organizations reported that they used fund accounting under the United Nations system accounting standards. As a result, the financial statements should contain breakdowns and information from each fund, while at the same time they must \"consign separately the nature of each capital fund and reserve account, the authority under which they were established, the authorized amounts, the sources of financing and the movement of the constituent funds of each of them\"[58]. \"When submitting data in columns, organizations should clearly show what funds are available to the member states of the reporting organization (e.g., regular budget funds or capital funds, etc.) and what funds are not available (e.g. funds received from donors to fund projects).\"[59] However, these issues are not addressed in IPSAS, which are silent on the accounting of funds, another indication that the needs of intergovernmental organizations were not taken into account by IPSAS drafters. The Working Group on Accounting Standards recommended a harmonized approach, but at the time of its consideration by the Joint Inspection Unit, no common solution had been found because of the different agreements with donors and the opposing interpretations of the concept of \"trust fund\". Each organization will then have to examine and agree with its external auditors on the issue of implementation.", "7. Exchange rates and periodicity of the financial statements", "72. According to IPSAS 4, Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, \"a foreign currency transaction must register, in its initial recognition, using the functional currency, applying to the foreign currency amount, the currency exchange rate existing between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.\" This provision of IPSAS was highlighted by the National Audit Office, an external auditor of WFP, to show that the existing United Nations operational rate-setting system was not sufficient to meet the requirements of IPSAS, as the \"count exchange rate (spot exchange rate) is the exchange rate used in transactions with immediate delivery.\"[60] According to the rules, \"the average monthly or weekly changes can be used for all transactions that have occurred, in each foreign currency, during the period\" provided that exchange rates do not vary considerably. However, this problem was resolved by the Working Group on Accounting Standards in 2009. It was decided that organizations wishing to use the United Nations operational rate of exchange (official United Nations rate of exchange) rather than the exchange rate of cash should demonstrate that this did not generate any substantial discrepancy. As a follow-up to that decision, a procedure was put in place to minimize the differences between the United Nations operational rate of exchange and cash exchange rates, including making mid-month adjustments when a certain limit had been reached. In addition, it was decided that, based on cash exchange rates, a revised United Nations operational rate of exchange would be issued at the end of June and December to ensure that there were no exchange rate differences at the balance sheet date.", "IV. Implementation of IPSAS projects within the United Nations system", "73. Following its adoption by all organizations of the United Nations system, the transition to IPSAS, adopted in principle, led to a two-level strategy to facilitate the coexistence and interaction of projects:", "own project team and to allocate sufficient human and financial resources to ensure the success of IPSAS implementation. Two phases were envisaged in the agreed initial strategy: some of the precursor organizations would implement IPSAS in 2008 (only one achieved that goal) while other organizations would do so in 2010;", "The system-wide process is responsible for the development of accounting policies to promote and stimulate a homogeneous interpretation of IPSAS requirements across the system, and facilitate the review of common implementation issues where possible a system-wide approach that enhances efficiency[61].", "A. The System-wide Project (CEB)", "1. Inter-agency work", "74. Once IPSAS was opted, it was necessary to translate each of the requirements contained in those standards into policy guidelines and documents that each organization would use to meet specific and project-related needs. Inter-agency cooperation was essential. Indeed, as noted by a former External Auditor of UNIDO, \"[e]s of utmost importance for the Organization to participate in the various meetings on IPSAS and to contribute to its coherent system-wide interpretation and application\"[62].", "75. As part of the joint funding activities established in the United Nations Budget, a first project known as the Accounting Standards project was launched in 2005 to determine how the United Nations system could apply appropriate accounting standards.[63] This project was completed in November 2005 with the recommendation that IPSAS be adopted. The High-level Committee on Management approved a new project for the period 2006-2009 with an annual budget of $1,160,000 per year[64] to support the implementation of IPSAS system-wide and to ensure harmonized implementation and attainment of economies of scale. The project was extended to 2011, but fell to $1.33 million per biennium. The project has a team leader and two professionals. The New York-based system-wide team, which was also significantly reduced, is accountable to a Steering Committee, consisting of two organizations from each of the main centres of the United Nations system (New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome), which meets every 15 days and is accountable to the Working Group on Accounting Standards, composed of senior finance officials from the organizations of the United Nations system and is responsible for setting up project priorities, defining outputs and The team developed comprehensive accounting policies to ensure coherence and harmonization, and facilitate the review of common implementation issues where possible a system-wide approach that enhances efficiency and improves the quality of financial reports. The team has also established a review process involving four regional discussion groups consisting of accounting professionals from United Nations system organizations. These panels, established in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome, review the accounting policy and guidelines prepared by the team and make recommendations and observations that the team analyses and then submits to the Working Group for its consideration and approval. In 2010, inter-agency working groups were established to exchange knowledge and experiences on major IPSAS-specific requirements, such as employee benefits, controlled entities, common services, inventories and donation of local use rights under joint agreements[65], while the system-wide team provided policy support and guidance. Finally, the team is also responsible for presenting the United Nations accounting issues to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council, although its influence is limited to that of a mere observer.", "76. While most of the accountants of the organizations interviewed in 2009 stated that this inter-agency cooperation was very useful, some expressed concern about what they considered to be an excessive standardization process even where it was not safe that there was a uniform formula applicable to all. It was further indicated that the harmonization process had delayed reaching consensus on core IPSAS policies, such as the treatment of project income, expenditure and assets. Taking into account these critical comments, the Working Group decided in May 2010 to allow and manage the new diversity of accounting policies among organizations, derived from the various policy frameworks, institutional agreements, mandates, institutional processes, etc. A core set of policies and practices would be established where necessary and system-wide processes would be developed for enhanced monitoring and harmonization.", "2. Products and services", "77. In 2006, the team developed a first set of IPSAS-compliant accounting policies and guidelines for consideration in the four regional discussion groups. Since then, it has been tasked to develop briefing notes, documents and guidelines detailing proposals to harmonize IPSAS-compliant accounting policies and guidelines. In December 2009, the team ' s documents and briefing notes as well as the records of the related meetings provided the basis for preparing 59 accounting policy documents and guidelines, which were reviewed by the Working Group and subsequently approved by the Finance and Budget Network and the High-level Committee on Management[66].", "78. The team is also responsible for maintaining and updating the accounting standards on the CEB website and for servicing the semi-annual meetings of the Working Group. In addition, the Joint Inspection Unit Team was invited to participate in its May 2009 meeting in Rome, at which it presented a paper on preparations for the review of the Joint Inspection Unit.", "79. The team collaborates with organizations monitoring their progress in the implementation of IPSAS, using a questionnaire that sends them periodically. It also communicates with the external auditors of the organizations to provide copies of their documents and guidelines. It has also established a formal communication process with the Technical Group of the Panel of External Auditors to request their views on accounting policies and guidelines[67].", "80. An important activity of the team was the establishment of IPSAS training courses for system-wide use. After a delay of several years, the 18 courses have now been completed. These are 7 computer courses and 11 instructor courses, now available on the Internet and CD-ROM. While each organization is responsible for the development of its own IPSAS training plan and the implementation of training activities under that plan, the courses can involve individuals from all organizations.", "81. Training outputs cover general aspects of IPSAS as well as technically specialized aspects. As noted in the report of the Board of Executive Heads on IPSAS, the comments received on the courses have been very positive. The courses are expected to be delivered for several years, depending on the training plans and the implementation schedule of each organization.", "82. Future work will focus on: resolution of any emerging problem; formal evaluation of training materials; maintenance of courses (modifications according to IPSAS developments); and translation of courses into Spanish and French. The High-level Committee on Management approved resources for the period 2010-2011 for management and communication activities on IPSAS adoption, development of accounting policies and guidelines and participation in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council, but no resources were allocated for further IPSAS training.", "83. Despite the small size of the equipment (constituted by 1 P-5 team leader and 3 Professional staff in 2008, reduced to 1 P-5 team leader, 2 full-time Professional staff and 1 part-time General Service staff in 2010-2011), there is general consensus that the team contributes significantly to facilitating the inter-agency work of the IPSAS Chief Executives Board.", "B. Organization projects: strategic issues and diversity", "1. Governance and change management", "84. According to the European Federation of Accountants[68] there must be a number of essential conditions in public sector entities to ensure that the introduction of accrual-based accounting is not only technically successful but also contributes to improving the quality of financial management and enhancing the independence and transparency of the financial reporting process. Some of these conditions are as follows:", "[] Risks: The absence of some of these conditions poses serious risks.", "85. In the Inspector ' s view, it is now difficult to determine whether these conditions existed in United Nations system organizations between 2005 and 2007, when individual and collective decisions were being made regarding IPSAS adoption in 2010.", "86. The concept of \"acceptance\" is of particular importance in the case of this reform and implies, in the current context, the willingness of public officials to accept that the reforms will bring about changes in the functions of financial management managers, and will significantly change their influence and responsibilities. Acceptance must go beyond a relatively small group of technocrats. Management should be convinced that the decision, if implemented seriously, would result in clear and concrete benefits for the organization, which would offset the difficulties and complexities that arise during the transition. Given the fundamental importance of the project, the full commitment of senior managers and finance officials is essential, especially since such a company requires major changes in professional behaviour and is likely to resist it.", "87. Resistance is inherent in the process of change. According to John P. Kotter, one of the leading global experts in business leadership, provided that a human community is forced to adjust to changing conditions the process is painful\"[69]. Based on his observation of the common mistakes made when leading changes, Kotter defined an interesting eight-stage process that can be summarized in the following terms:", "88. The first three stages are perfectly in line with the transition to IPSAS. In order to launch the change in an organization, it is necessary to create a strong coalition that serves as a guide. The proper composition of the group of people, the level of trust and shared vision are essential factors for the success of the team and for breaking the resistance of the party forces of the status quo. A strong leader can't just make things change. In addition, the team must have a lot of credibility within the organization so it can be effective.", "89. It is essential that all senior managers understand the importance, scope and expected benefits of the transition to IPSAS.", "Best Practice No. 1 For a successful implementation of IPSAS it is necessary to establish a steering committee or an equivalent interdepartmental body for the IPSAS project to ensure that senior management understands the objectives and vision behind the transition to IPSAS. A multi-year mandate should be entrusted to that committee, including staff and consultants specializing in prior design, appropriate design and implementation of enterprise resource planning systems.", "90. Most organizations have adopted a standard project governance structure (see figure 1 below) covering a sponsor, in most cases (providing strategic and political leadership); a steering committee or a project board (which meets at least once a month), provides advice on strategic and political issues and provides support to the highest level); an internal or external oversight body (which provides information to the steering committee); a project leader and a team leader).", "91. The project team generally has the support of working groups composed of professionals from the various relevant organizational areas, who are responsible for providing technical expertise based on the specific activities of their organization.", "92. A best practice would be to create a full-time post of head of the project, which would be accountable directly to senior managers and had the necessary powers to address the resistance that would inevitably lead to the imposition of a major reform of the reporting culture and the organization ' s practices. The governance structure of the United Nations IPSAS project is contained in a chart of the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/63/496).", "Figure 1 Common project governance structure", "[]", "93. Some organizations, such as ILO and WIPO, have not established a formal structure for the implementation of the project. Execution teams were informal groups that accounted for the Controller or the Finance Director. The Inspector doubts that these support structures are efficient and agrees with experts who believe that a strong coalition at the highest level of each organization should support such projects, which should make their vision known and the urgent nature of the project.", "94. In many organizations, the project team has a major information technology component, as information technology systems need to be improved to support IPSAS adoption (see chapter III, section B 4). However, many of them have also maintained the IPSAS implementation project separate from a much larger element than enterprise resource planning. Good practices are to place the two distinct projects under the same authority; for example, a common project board, such as the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF) or a common management (WFP). ITU is implementing a joint IPSAS rationalization and enterprise resource planning project. WHO is the only organization that has not initiated a separate implementation project, as IPSAS is part of its inter-agency resource planning project, thus risking neglecting some aspects of the transition to IPSAS.", "2. Analysis of gaps and users", "95. It is essential to first assess the scope and extent of the planned action. The transition to the adoption of international accounting standards requires a considerable amount of studies and analysis of business processes, along with policy formulation and procedural guidelines. At some stage of the process, each organization or implementing agency shall formulate its own policies, in accordance with its own objectives and institutional processes. According to an ancient Greek proverb, \"know yourself,\" planning should be based on a clear vision of the goals set by the entity in question and on an in-depth knowledge of its activities, processes and accounting flows. A good practice is to define from the outset the content of IPSAS-based reporting, integrate operational and financial reports and identify current and potential users of future financial reports. Internal users are senior management, authorization services and internal auditors. As of June 2010, 81 per cent of the organizations had reviewed the standards and had determined the impact of each of them. The United Nations was not among them.", "96. External users include members of governing bodies, Governments, external auditors, political and financial analysts, rating agencies, the media and the general public. Users should be provided with financial information on such issues as the resources that the entity controls, the cost of its operations (the cost of the provision of goods and services), more detailed information on cash flow and other financial data that are useful to assess the financial situation of the entity and the changes that occur therein, and to determine whether its functioning is cost-effective and efficient. Users can also use financial reports to assess how the organization manages resources and determines whether it complies with the legislation. In short, the quality of the information provided in the financial reports determines the usefulness of those reports to users. In this regard, accrual-based accounting requires entities to keep full records of assets and liabilities in their balance sheets and to identify and register any transaction outside the balance sheet.", "Best practice No. 2 For the transition to IPSAS to be successful, it is first necessary to conduct an analysis of the gaps in the United Nations system ' s institutional processes, procedures, financial reports, and the violations that have been established within the framework of the United Nations system ' s Accounting Standards and then to perform a thorough analysis of the requirements and implications of each IPAS.", "3. A phased and planned strategy", "97. Organizations should not assert that they comply with IPSAS before they have launched and tested all procedures and policies governing the implementation of standards. As part of the adoption strategy, each organization should have planned a viable timetable to introduce the necessary changes in procedures and policies, opting for a \"big-bang\" type adoption, a well-planned \"Day-D\" application date, or a progressive application, by standard groups. The collective response of the United Nations system consisted of a \"phase big-bang approach.\" The pioneer organizations set on 1 January 2008 as the date of implementation and on 1 January 2010. However, the strategies of some organizations were poorly defined and the transition period was subject to certain conditions and restrictions. In some cases, the recommendations of the consulting firms were greatly influenced.", "98. The experience of the first countries that started implementing IPSAS (New Zealand, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom) shows that the transition took an average of ten years. The transition of France, of \"big-bang\", took only five years (2001-2006), thanks to a clear division of responsibilities (authorisation and certification services), the establishment of benchmarks, suggested by British, American and Canadian experts, and above all to the assistance provided for three years by a specialized team of 15 experts.", "99. Like OECD, during the same period (2000-2005) and with the same degree of success, the European Commission has experienced a well-prepared accelerated process. It complied with the deadlines set out in its financial regulations for the preparation of financial statements in line with international standards, conducted financial and feasibility studies in 2002 and accounting studies in 2003; and in 2004 it collected all the information necessary to establish an opening balance as at 1 January 2005. This shows that a \"big-bang-type strategy\" is compatible with rigorous planning; moreover, such rigorous planning could be indispensable for adoption.", "100. The \"big-bang\" type strategy offers several clear advantages and can help organizations implement IPSAS more quickly. However, it poses more risks, as if the change is immediate, a series of simultaneous measures must be taken, a difficult situation for a small project team or a complex organization. The IPSAS implementation team at the United Nations has opted to progressively incorporate IPSAS requirements to the extent permitted by the current information systems of the Organization, and is aware that 2013 will be particularly difficult because some offices will carry their accounting under the United Nations system accounting standards and others will do so in accordance with IPSAS requirements. The Umoja team is looking for a solution to this problem. However, this doubts the viability of the target set for 2014. Whatever the chosen strategy, and especially at the time of its adoption, organizations are encouraged, in consultation with their external auditors, to conduct a series of evidence for the presentation of the financial statements covering the nine-month period prior to the submission of the first annual financial statement under IPSAS, in order to assess the extent to which they are prepared for the adoption of those standards. This will allow them to receive important information on the extent of the modifications and improvements required to enable the auditor to render an unqualified opinion on his financial statement under IPSAS at the end of the year. In addition, they should regularly update their IPSAS adoption plans and budgets, in accordance with the recommendation of the United Nations Board of Auditors to UNHCR[70] and UNRWA[71].", "101. This raises another issue, whether IPSAS-compliant processes can operate in parallel with traditional accounting methods. In the Inspector ' s view, there is a serious and likely risk that activities currently being undertaken to ensure the future implementation of those standards and staff already have an overload of work on IPSAS, in addition to their usual functions. The quality of work in both cases could be adversely affected, which would prevent a valid comparison between the current and subsequent financial periods.", "102. Competition between management initiatives could entail other serious risks that governing bodies and senior management should take into account. In 2009, UNDP, with the approval of its Executive Board, decided to defer the implementation of IPSAS from 2010 to 2012. It also decided to change the approach to the implementation of all IPSAS standards from a gradual approach to a \"bing-bang\" type. The essential consideration was to mitigate the risks involved in the existence of multiple change initiatives at the Organization-wide level, in particular the system-wide implementation of the reform of the United Nations contractual arrangements and the new system of administration of justice, both established by the General Assembly and scheduled for July 2009. The deferral also ensured that UNDP would invest sufficient time and resources for the implementation of a comprehensive change management programme (e.g., numerous training and communication activities) and that country offices would have sufficient time to prepare for the implications of IPSAS adoption, such as obtaining adequate staffing and necessary expertise. This would avoid overburdening country offices in 2008, when they were expected to participate in several other large-scale initiatives, such as strategic planning and results-based budgeting.", "Optimal Practice No. 3 In the case of a major change in the project environment, it is important for organizations to revalue their initial strategy dead-option of IPSAS and adjust it as necessary.", "4. Project management", "103. Rational management, identification with the project, clarity in the definition of responsibilities and assignment of tasks, good participation of all stakeholders and the existence of synergies among subprojects are key elements for the smooth transition to IPSAS. As noted by a member of the European Commission in referring to the success of the Commission ' s experience, the main issue is not accounting policies or rules, but the management of the project.", "104. As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had a project plan and a detailed schedule (81% in December 2009). Some organizations (e.g. UNICEF, UNDP, WFP, UNESCO and ICAO) have formal mechanisms for project management, which have often been the result of lessons learned in managing previous strategic initiatives and projects. Other organizations (e.g., the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)) have adopted standard mechanisms for project management such as \"PRINCE2\"[72]. The main features of this instrument are:", "project;", "controlable; and", "project[73].", "105. Many project teams have an important information technology component, as information technology systems need to be refined to support IPSAS implementation. This is creating a real reliance on projects; for example, the difficulty in financing the United Nations enterprise resource planning project has been one of the main reasons for delays in the implementation of the IPSAS project. However, others were noted; and the Board of Auditors had to recommend that the detailed timetable and project plan for the implementation of IPSAS should be finalized.[74]", "106. In addition to the adoption of accrual-based accounting principles, one of the steps required to achieve IPSAS harmonization is the creation of a new integrated accounting system. The system should provide the necessary tools for accrual accounts, including information on accounting methods, valuation rules and adopted accounting principles. This should lead to better quality of financial reports and a more accurate picture of the financial situation of the organization in terms of assets and liabilities, budget performance and cash flow.", "107. A complete set of accounting policies should be developed for this purpose. According to the European Commission it is necessary to:", "policies before final approval;", "They will need accounting policies;", "policies (minimum guidance is appropriate when staff are familiar with accrual accounting and applied standards);", "appropriate under the new accounting criteria;", "specific accounting transactions and operations;", "as out of balance;", "internal[75] to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data;", "and established by the management to ensure the legality and regularity of transactions, including through the protection of assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information;", "108. The Inspector determined that the project teams worked best when they applied the following principles:", "a multidisciplinary team;", "users;", "[] Risks", "project;", "steering committee;", "the oversight board).", "Best Practice No. 4 The IPSAS implementation process works best if it is treated as a project in the whole sense of the word and well-differentiated. In order to facilitate implementation, proven methodologies for project planning and implementation should be adopted with elements such as strategic objectives, outputs, timelines, milestones and clearly defined monitoring procedures.", "5. Enterprise resource planning", "109. The development of new enterprise resource planning systems is a prerequisite for the gradual implementation of IPSAS in United Nations system organizations. These systems have now been developed and are fully operational, or are being implemented in the field offices. A comprehensive analysis of existing gaps should be accompanied by a realistic estimate of the tasks related to the necessary changes. To the extent possible, IPSAS implementation and enterprise resource planning teams should combine their efforts and work closely together[78].", "110. For pioneer organizations, such as the European Commission and WFP, even the establishment of opening balances proved to be a difficult task. The IPSAS-compliant opening balances as at 1 January Y will be based on the accounting balances as at 31 December Y-1 recalculated using IPSAS instead of the United Nations system accounting standards[79].", "111. An eloquent example of the difficulties encountered in this regard is that of the European Commission. In January 2005, all data required for accrual-based accounting were incorporated into the European Commission central accounting system. This included more than 7,000 invoices or statements of expenditure, 30,000 pre-financing, 92,000 assets and 3,100 guarantees. Each service[80] was invited to verify the accuracy of the data entered before 1 May 2005, and in July 2005 more than 50 Directors-General and Chiefs of Service had formally validated their operational opening balances. After the corresponding checks and checks were made, each Director-General validated the figures, but requested some corrections to ensure the quality of the data. The last validation was received in January 2006. In 2005, the bulk of the transition work consisted of finalizing the accrual opening balances as at 1 January 2005, which proved to be an enormous task for the Directorate-General for Budgets and all other services. The Directorate-General for Budgets undertook to review and verify the consistency of figures to ensure the quality of data.", "Best practice No. 5 To minimize the possibility of problems arising during the transition, it is appropriate to develop a strategy for establishing IPSAS-compliant opening balances for the expected implementation date (first day of the first year of implementation), as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standards (United Nations System Accounting Standards), but easily translated into IPSAS-compliant terms.", "6. Compliance with the provisions of the governing body and its initial expectations", "112. Member States have taken the decision to adopt IPSAS in the light of the benefits expected from the respective organizations and allocated specific resources for this purpose. The governing bodies therefore have the right to be kept informed of the expected and effective progress made during the transition phase; however, this entails investing efforts in the preparation of reports that would help to simplify some highly technical issues. In particular, the management should share their own expectations and compare them with achievements in a results-based management spirit.", "113. The secretariats ' responses to the JIU questionnaire show that the main benefits expected from United Nations system organizations in transition to IPSAS were: improved financial statements in terms of transparency (84.2 per cent of responding organizations), standardization, harmonization and coherence (57.9 per cent), quality (52.6 per cent), comparability (47.4 per cent), improvement of internal controls (36.8 per cent), as well as other benefits identified in 2.", "Figure 2", "Expected benefits of IPSAS implementation", "[]", "Source: Responses to the JIU commentary.", "Best practice No. 6 With a view to ensuring the continued participation of the governing bodies in the change process and their commitment, it is necessary to inform the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and to request them to adopt the relevant decisions, particularly with regard to the changes required by financial regulations and the allocation of resources to the project.", "The following recommendations are expected to contribute to increased accountability, effectiveness and efficiency.", "Recommendation 1 The legislative bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue periodic reports on the status of IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 2 The legislative bodies should provide the support, staff and funds required to ensure an adequate and effective transition to IPSAS.", "7. Human resources", "114. According to data from the January 2009 Working Group questionnaire, 52 per cent of the organizations had a full-time project manager, 33 per cent with a part-time project manager, while 14 per cent had not yet appointed full-time or part-time project manager (percentage reduced to 5 per cent in June 2010). In June 2009, 68 per cent of the organizations responding to the JIU questionnaire reported that the human resources needed to work exclusively on IPSAS implementation were available. As of June 2010, only 88 per cent of the organizations to start implementing the Rules in 2010 had appointed the project director. IPSAS projects typically have a small team (up to four staff) and a full-time project head. The other team members usually work on the part-time project, in addition to performing their usual functions. It is essential that all organizations analyse the necessary changes and identify the possible shortcomings in their human resources. Organizations should determine whether their staff have the expertise required or whether external experts are required to undertake new tasks and challenges. In the case of some teams, it was necessary to negotiate in advance the time spent on the IPSAS project (e.g. the Universal Postal Union (UPU)). In 2009 and 2010, the lack of adequate staff to integrate the IPSAS team was one of the main reasons that organizations have given to reviewing their implementation dates. The transfer of members of the IPSAS team from one organization to another does not help to address the overall problem. As of June 2010, six organizations still did not have the necessary staff to integrate their IPSAS teams.", "115. The lessons learned so far show that it is essential to initiate the IPSAS project through a core gap analysis and an inventory of technical capacities in order to take stock of the available expertise and experience of the organization ' s accounting and finance professionals, and to determine to what extent and for how long external expertise will be needed to complement the organization ' s capacity.", "[] Risk: A strategy that does not take into account the human resources required for the IPSAS project can cause staff to lose interest when the tasks they perform usually conflict with those of the project.", "Optimal Practice No. 7 During the transition to IPSAS, organizations should identify and subsequently budget the human-additional resources required in the administrative, budgetary and financial areas to ensure not only the effectiveness in the transition process to IPSAS, but also adequate capacity to maintain the implementation of IPSAS in the future. If necessary, additional funding should be obtained from the organs or from other sources, seeking to avoid any conflict of interest.", "Best Practice No. 8 It is essential to take into account the cost of staff training for a successful transition to IPSAS. Financial resources should be provided for the training of intern experts in accounting, business and exchange management or for the recruitment of external experts.", "116. The organizations, mostly, indicated in their responses to the Joint Inspection Unit questionnaire that their human resources capacity was \"sufficient\" or \"partially sufficient\". However, due to the strict deadlines set, they had difficulties in recruiting IPSAS experts. FAO, UNIDO, UNHCR and UNOPS did not have sufficient staff to enable them to successfully implement IPSAS. Moreover, the fact that there was simultaneously a demand for IPSAS experts (a new specific profile) in Governments, municipalities and organizations made their recruitment more difficult and onerous. While the success of the project depends on the available expertise, organizations in general can only offer short-term contracts due to budgetary constraints, thereby making contractual conditions less attractive. Some organizations, such as the United Nations, UNICEF and WFP, considered it to be advantageous to include public accountants on project teams. In response to the concern expressed regarding future human resources needs, the representative of the United Nations, at a meeting of the Working Group, stressed the need to begin immediately to recruit qualified public accountants and also seek ways of retaining them at least during the start of the project. The Board of Auditors, in its rigorous analysis of IPSAS issues at the United Nations, had recommended an increase in the staffing of the project team[81]. Organizations such as UNICEF and UNESCO have provided examples of good practices in this regard. The first has established an informal network of practitioners to ensure that the internal experts participate in the project, while the second expects to achieve a high level of staff participation throughout the process. Its policy is aimed at ensuring that the structure and operations of UNESCO are fully known during the adoption process, and also to facilitate the retention of IPSAS knowledge within the organization. The central role of the project management team is played internally. Consultants and the international accountant company PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) provide support, mainly in the form of continuous advice and assistance in project management and technical resources, following the study of IPSAS documentation.", "8. Financial resources", "117. Despite funding difficulties, virtually all organizations have been working with budgets allocated for their IPSAS adoption projects, which has sometimes made significant difficulties for the staff concerned. To finance the project, organizations have been using their regular budget, extrabudgetary funds, reserve funds, drag balances and budgetary surpluses from previous years. While some secretariats have submitted very precise estimates, others have underestimated the requirements for the IPSAS project.", "118. The analysis of available, but not very comparable, data on IPSAS and enterprise resource planning budgets show that while large organizations, such as UNDP and FAO, had significant performance budgets in absolute numbers (given the size of the organization and its numerous field offices), IPSAS budgets and enterprise resource planning for smaller organizations, such as WMO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) represents a significant annual budget At WHO, the IPSAS adoption project was not considered a specific project. On the other hand, obtaining funds for the project proved to be extremely difficult for some smaller organizations, especially when allocations of funds could only be made through budget trawling (e.g. ICAO) or through surpluses from previous years (the second best option in the case of a restrictive budget policy or unaligned budget cycles). Since June 2010, all organizations have an approved budget for their transition to IPSAS. The Board of Auditors recommended that the Fifth United Nations Commission closely monitor costs to avoid excessive and unnecessary cost escalation (12 May 2009).", "9. ERP and its interaction with IPSAS implementation", "119. An enterprise resource planning system integrates all data and processes into a unified information technology system. This includes the consolidation of several or all of the organization ' s software applications related to finance, human resources, logistics, procurement, inventories, etc. For example, when a purchase order is made, the procurement process is launched, the supplier is selected, the goods are requested and received in a warehouse, and then an invoice is received and paid. Data on this activity are transmitted to the different organizational units of the entity. Each unit obtains the details related to its operations and in the long run contributes to the preparation of the financial statement. The advantage of this planning is that users can get relevant information in the same system and at all times, instead of having to search it in several different applications. For this reason, the enterprise resource planning system is the best way to comply with IPSAS provisions, according to which information should be obtained from the various organizational units of the entity.", "120. The transition to IPSAS requires a specific analysis of gaps in all existing information systems (the legacy) in order to determine whether they can support accrual accounting (including inventory books and customer and supplier books); serve as an interface with other systems; and effectively provide security. In June 2009, 91 per cent of the organizations had conducted an assessment of the changes required in their information systems.", "121. Most organizations had to update their enterprise resource planning systems or replace the systems they had inherited (e.g. the United Nations Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)) to create IPSAS-compliant conditions. Changes in accounting procedures to achieve IPSAS harmonization provide an opportunity to introduce new processes optimized by the development, adaptation or replacement of pre-existing systems. Some of the reasons for introducing a new enterprise resource planning system are the need to integrate several systems or the fact that most inherited systems are no longer able to accommodate certain processes required under IPSAS, especially if their original objective was to mechanize manual activities rather than modernizing operational processes. This explains why major decentralized organizations, such as WHO, FAO and the United Nations, decided to link IPSAS implementation to enterprise resource planning projects involving decentralized and field offices. As of June 2010, 90 per cent of the organizations had conducted an assessment of the changes in their systems.", "[] Risks: The maintenance and improvement of these inherited systems could require manual intervention, which would increase the risk of imprecision and the lack of completeness in the data obtained in part manually and to be used for the preparation of the financial statements.", "Furthermore, a close linkage of IPSAS projects with new major enterprise resource planning projects involving field and decentralized offices poses a risk of significant delays and uncertain timelines, as their implementation is conditional on the financing and management of enterprise resource planning projects.", "122. Taking into account the specificities of each organization and the status of its computer architecture, a short-, medium- and long-term strategic analysis of profit based on costs should allow consideration of the following options:", "(a) Continue to use the current system;", "(b) Adopt the single business programme approach (a standard program or a programme accompanied by several compatible modules);", "(c) Adopt a new integrated system with an integrated core programme, in addition to sectoral systems that are maintained or developed within the framework of the global structure.", "The ideal situation would be to have all fully integrated functions to ensure the homogeneity of data at all times. Large enterprises and organizations have adopted extensively three business enterprise resource planning programmes. The programs are produced by PeopleSoft (acquired recently by Oracle), SAP and Oracle. Second-level systems such as Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards are some of the programs most used by medium-sized entities. Since the most recent enterprise resource planning systems were developed in accordance with IFRS, they can mostly be consistent with IPSAS requirements, provided the necessary systems are set up. However, the choice of an enterprise resource planning system is based primarily on the needs and functions of the entity and the reasonable price of the supplier. In the case of large-scale multi-functional systems, such as the United Nations, it may take a long time to develop an enterprise resource planning system. A key challenge is that these non-institutional resource planning systems cannot interact with each other.", "123. Figure 3 shows the enterprise resource planning systems adopted by different organizations of the United Nations system (according to available data).", "124. The implementation of the enterprise resource planning system in the major entities requires the commitment of staff and consultants specialized in the prior design, the design itself and the implementation of those planning systems, and it is possible that it will take several years to achieve this.", "Figure 3", "Election of enterprise resource planning systems in the United Nations system", "[]", "Source: Responses to the CEB checklists and the JIU questionnaire.", "125. ERP systems in each organization of the United Nations system are at different stages of implementation (see figure 4 below). Enterprise resource planning systems already operating in most organizations are in the development phase, although they may still have to be aligned with the latest version or add a module for IPSAS compliance. On the other hand, some organizations, repeating one of the main weaknesses of the IMIS system at the United Nations, have not yet implemented their enterprise resource planning system at offices away from headquarters. In early 2009, the United Nations selected and initiated a new enterprise resource planning project called \"Umoja\". The first progress report on the Umoja project[82], projected a pilot deployment during the fourth quarter of 2011 and launched a fully operational enterprise resource planning system throughout the Organization by the end of 2013, which was expected to be able to prepare IPSAS-compliant financial statements for 2014. However, while some of the findings of the audit report of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) of 24 August 2010 on human resources management in the office of the project manager on enterprise resource planning were reasuring, in particular with regard to the organizational structure of enterprise resource planning and the experience and expertise of contracted staff, some serious breaches of the human resources risks involved, included the business resource planning project.", "Figure 4", "Progress in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project", "[]", "Source: Responses to the CEB checklists and the JIU questionnaire.", "126. In early 2009, 76.2 per cent of the organizations were assessing or completing the evaluation of the compatibility of their enterprise resource planning systems with IPSAS requirements. UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNOPS have a joint enterprise resource planning platform; and UNFPA and UNOPS depend on the outcome of the UNDP analysis.", "127. By early 2009, following an in-depth analysis of inherited systems, to determine their compatibility and synergies with IPSAS requirements, a number of organizations improved their enterprise resource planning systems, while others had to acquire a new IPSAS-compliant planning system. In June 2009, 86 per cent of the organizations had completed studies to determine the extent to which enterprise resource planning systems should be refined and approved. The other organizations had to change the expected date of IPSAS implementation, as implementation could only be done simultaneously with the refinement of existing enterprise resource planning systems. However, UNHCR and WFP indicated that IPSAS could be implemented within the expected time frame, even if there were delays in the development of resource planning systems, and explained that current versions of enterprise resource planning systems could become IPSAS-compliant through some manual operations and could be updated after IPSAS implementation (see WFP, annex IV).", "128. Some organizations with field presence, such as ILO, experienced challenges in the implementation of IPSAS and the related capacity of the enterprise resource planning project. This organization, which at the time of the review of the Joint Inspection Unit had completed the launch of its enterprise resource planning system, does not have adequate enterprise resource planning infrastructure in the field and will manually process accounting data to harmonize this system with IPSAS. This is not an isolated case. The European Commission also faces difficulties in introducing new systems and providing training in geographically dispersed locations. It is therefore essential to take into account the needs on the ground from the early stages of the project.", "129. The debugging of the data is the process of clearing the data that has been inherited in order to ensure that the data being introduced in the new planning system are valid, correct and aligned with the required new format. Often the debugging of the data continues to the final stage of the project or the post-implementation stage. Organizations often underestimate the efforts and time required to carry out this process.", "Optimal Practice No. 9 Existing systems (the legacy) should be thoroughly analysed to ensure compatibility and synergy with the requirements of IPSAS, taking fully into account needs and capacity in the field.", "10. Sensitization and communication", "130. Awareness of the change process should be made through communication activities and training. The objective of awareness-raising activities is to \"disclose all stakeholders with future changes and their impact on the organization, to encourage staff to begin to consider the potential impact on their respective areas of work and to encourage adherence to the change process involving the adoption of IPSAS. Awareness training is considered a key component of the overall change management process\"[83]. Owing to the magnitude of IPSAS implementation projects, awareness-raising activities need to be expanded to include governing bodies and managers. Ensuring the right message to the right people, in the right place and at the right time, is essential for effective communication. For this there are three rules: communication must be frequent, it must be open and it must be for everyone. Therefore, awareness-raising training for these specific groups is even more important than that for the user community that will experience the new environment.", "Best Practice No. 10 To create a sense of collective ownership of the project, the organizations should invest time and efforts to ensure that all stakeholders understand the vision of the transition to IPSAS. This can be achieved in a variety of ways: through training, withdrawals, presentations to staff, information products and testimonies of persons related to cases that have been successful outside of the entity.", "131. Through awareness-raising activities, senior managers and programme managers will have at their disposal the necessary tools to generate better information on the financial implications of decisions; they will be better able to explain financial and accountability results, and will be more motivated to take a longer-term vision of plans and finance. Directors of different departments should learn how to use the new system in order to achieve the expected benefits. In addition, you can appreciate how \"control\" changes when you move from a \"time\"-based approach (which is manipulated with the purpose of meeting budgetary requirements) to a resource-based approach and the price paid. This process is related and corresponds to the trend towards results-based management.", "132. Transitions are of fundamental importance in the process of changing an organization, but without them there is very little chance that the process of changing an organization will succeed. Management and staff perform different functions in these transitions. The role of managers is to convince stakeholders (including employees) of the need for changes. Each employee is important for success in the final transition[84]. In June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had prepared a communication plan, a major advance in December 2009 (48 per cent) that might have come too late.", "133. The communication tools of international organizations include the use of the Internet or Intranet sites, the transmission of programmes, press releases, electronic bulletins, messages on the ad board, expert conferences for staff and staff of permanent missions, special activities, exhibitions and conferences, etc. In June 2009, only 63.6 per cent of the organizations had communication plans related to the IPSAS project and, paradoxically, a higher percentage (68.2 per cent) had actually initiated awareness-raising activities. Figure 5 below identifies the recipients of communication activities.", "Figure 5", "Communication plans by target group", "[]", "Source: Responses to the JIU questionnaire.", "11. Training", "134. According to the 2007 system-wide survey, 36,000 United Nations system-wide staff were required to receive IPSAS-related training, of which 65 per cent needed awareness training, 25 per cent basic conceptual training and 10 per cent specialized conceptual training.[85] In 2008 and 2009, the division of labour between the system-wide IPSAS project team and each of the organizations, with regard to the development of training products, was somewhat confusing and should be clearly established. The Secretary-General ' s second progress report on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations clarified that organizations should be responsible for developing their IPSAS training plans and providing appropriate training, and added that a system-wide approach had been adopted to support the organization ' s training plans. The approach consisted of three stages: the assessment of training needs; the acquisition of training courses; and the start-up of the courses[86].^(.)", "135. In response to the invitation to bid in September 2007, the best bidder was selected, namely, the International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc., and a contract was expected to be concluded shortly.[87] However, interviews conducted in 2009 by the Joint Inspection Unit team confirmed that owing to the lack of resources training materials would not be available by the end of 2009. Despite this, the United Nations IPSAS adoption team, with the support of the external service provider, was able to complete the content, design and implementation of training activities. According to the CEB survey on the IPSAS adoption process, covering the period until the end of December 2009, 77 per cent of the 21 responding organizations had conducted a training needs analysis and 59 per cent had carried out their training plans. However, a higher percentage (52 per cent in June 2009, according to the JIU survey) had already begun to provide training services, although only 32 per cent had carried out their training plans at that time.", "136. Some of the problems affecting the implementation of training activities were the need for a formal evaluation of training materials; the maintenance of courses (modifications in response to IPSAS developments), and the translation of training products into Spanish and French. According to a preliminary evaluation conducted by UNDP, the translation of the courses required considerable time and resources. In the Inspector ' s view, what is required is political will, as demonstrated by WFP, which had successfully prepared training materials in Arabic, Spanish, French and English.", "Best practice No. 11 Organizations should ensure that current and future staff, in particular managers and managers and managers of acquisitions and refinements, are fully familiar with new procedures and requirements through the use of communication tools such as manuals and training products in appropriate languages.", "137. The Joint Inspection Unit survey conducted in March 2009 showed that 88.2 per cent of the organizations had already conducted awareness-raising training without using the CEB support team material. 70.6 per cent of training courses were conceptual; 41.2 per cent were practical (often with the help of an enterprise resource planning service provider); and another 23.5 per cent consisted of non-specific IPSAS-related modules, which included project management training. Figure 6 presents the result of the responses of the 17 organizations to the JIU questionnaire.", "Figure 6", "Start of IPSAS training (March 2009)", "Source: Responses to the JIU questionnaire.", "138. According to the organizations interviewed, training and communication activities should be synchronized with the implementation of IPSAS.", "[] Risk: Conducting training activities prior to the implementation of relevant systems could demotivate staff.", "139. Figure 7 shows the distribution by type of training offered to individual beneficiaries, as of March 2009, with respect to the total number of organizations responding to the survey. It is essential that senior managers receive awareness-raising training from the start of the project to ensure their full support for the implementation phase. Members of governing bodies should be encouraged to participate in such training. However, in the spring of 2009, in almost half of the organizations, senior managers and governing bodies had not yet received awareness-raising training, which puts doubt on their ability to lead important and necessary reforms.", "Figure 7", "Training of beneficiaries and type of training offered", "Source: Responses to the JIU questionnaire.", "12. Risk assessment", "140. Organizations were also requested to share the conclusions on the risk assessments they had made, bearing in mind that such a measure was an important factor in the successful implementation of the project. According to its responses to the January 2009 implementation checklist prepared by the working team, more than one third of the organizations (38.1 per cent) had not conducted any risk assessment for their IPSAS project. This category covered:", "partly or fully integrated into its enterprise resource planning projects (WHO, WIPO); and", "project (United Nations, WTO).", "141. In cases where risk assessments were conducted, a formal risk assessment methodology was not always used, such as COSO 2[88]^(.). The Inspector wishes to point out that risk assessment is an indispensable requirement for risk management and is essential to ensuring the achievement of the project objectives, as confirmed by the United Nations Board of Auditors to UNDP[89] and UNFPA[90]. A positive example in this regard is the case of WIPO, which conducted an evaluation to determine the needs to meet the implementation date of 2010 and the aspects that might cause delays.", "142. The information gathered by the Joint Inspection Unit team confirms the risk factors mentioned in the Secretary-General ' s second progress report on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations.[91] The report noted another important factor: \"a greater understanding of the scale and complexity of the work needed after completing the diagnosis of the changes in procedures and systems needed\". The main reasons for deferring the date of implementation of IPSAS are:", "ERP with IPSAS requirements (70 per cent of those responding to the survey). For example, the obsolete Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) \"home-made\" implemented in the United Nations Secretariat, developed in the late 1980s and expanded in the mid-1990s, required a complex renovation, which led to a call for tendering and the award of a contract in mid-2009 to replace it as part of the global management project \"Umoja\". The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Project Team worked closely with the heads of the Umoja project team to ensure that IPSAS information system requirements are taken into account in the software selection process for the enterprise resource planning system (see para. 51 of the above-mentioned report and the following progress reports).", "complete, with the necessary technical knowledge (30 per cent of the organizations that responded). Another aspect in this regard was the difficulty in retaining staff with institutional knowledge.", "funds (20 per cent of the responding organizations).", "sometimes at the system-wide level, which contribute to diverting attention from IPSAS issues (15 per cent of responding organizations). For example, UNICEF referred to 12 major initiatives that the organization was implementing in 2009-2011, in addition to the IPSAS project; UNHCR was initiating a new results-based management system, whose implementation had a priority on the IPSAS project, which limited the availability of staff to work with IPSAS; and in ICAO, two other simultaneous initiatives were based on the introduction of a new enterprise resource planning and implementation system.", "Work or policy decisions at the system-wide level (10 per cent of the responding organizations).", "field and subsidiary entities depended on the implementation of IPSAS at headquarters; uncertainty with respect to opening balances and initial accounting of properties; delays in the preparation of training materials; uncertainty with regard to the new configuration of business processes; and security issues (5 per cent of responding organizations).", "[] Risk: The absence of an appropriate risk mitigation strategy.", "143. UNESCO and WMO provided examples of best practices in this regard. UNESCO published a regulatory framework for internal control, which contains in one document the revised policy framework processes and financial procedures. This framework serves as a basis for the development of specific rules, policies and processes to meet IPSAS requirements and establishes a common concept of internal control issues among all staff. WMO published a full table on risk assessment related to its IPSAS project.", "Figure 8", "Risk factors perceived by the organization", "[]", "Source: Responses to the CEB checklists on IPSAS adoption.", "Best practice No. 12 All organizations that are in the transition process to IPSAS should adopt strategies and practices for evaluating, managing and submitting risks for the implementation of the project, in accordance with the objectives of the project.", "13. Monitoring", "144. The transition to IPSAS and the presentation of accrual-based financial statements will have a significant impact on oversight tasks.", "145. To verify the extent to which IPSAS is implemented, the auditors, internal and external, shall determine whether the administration has established appropriate internal control mechanisms and the corresponding test procedures, and to what extent they are effective.", "146. Internal and external auditors should also invest to acquire or improve knowledge of accrual and IPSAS accounting (according to their experience and professional training), and to adapt their audit practices to new control mechanisms and changes in management practices, in order to harmonize their practices with new conditions. For example, new procedures for setting closing dates[92] make closing operations more complex, increasing the scope and level of detail of audit procedures.", "(a) External audits", "147. The Inspector agrees with the organizations ' view that external auditors have an important role to play in reviewing and commenting on new accounting policies, especially during a transition process from one accounting standard to another. Once IPSAS is implemented in the financial statements for a financial period, external auditors will have to decide independently whether or not to give an opinion on the overall implementation of IPSAS. That decision would end a technical and human relationship that should have accompanied the transition to IPSAS over the years. In view of the fact that no one has absolute knowledge in such a new area as that of the implementation of IPSAS to intergovernmental organizations, the only viable way forward is with the willingness of both sides to learn from those standards, as well as the interpretations that translate these standards into accounting policies (in particular the work of the Working Group) and also the specific reality of an organization. The relationship between WFP and the United Kingdom National Audit Office, described in annex IV, is an example of this process.", "148. It is interesting to note that at the meeting of the Working Group held in Rome, the United Nations Board of Auditors identified the following issues that might hinder an in-depth review by the organizations:", "trustees;", "against the exchange rate;", "after-service health insurance;", "opinion (initial or provisional) for an organization before the financial statements have been completed;", "from the beginning of the year).", "149. A number of organizations (ICAO, IMO, UNIDO, WFP, WIPO, WHO, WMO) prepared an interim financial statement (simulation) to be reviewed by their external auditors prior to the presentation of their first IPSAS-compliant financial statement. For example, WFP reviewed its accounts twice before final submission. However, as the CEB correctly pointed out, formal audit opinions cannot be issued for interim financial statements. However, the Inspector believes that it is essential for organizations to identify and resolve any outstanding issues that may lead to a well-qualified audit opinion in a timely manner.", "Best practice No. 13 Planning and preparing interim financial statements to be audited by external auditors sufficiently in advance of the final date of execution in order to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "150. In addition, there are likely to be differences between audit opinions issued by the top ten auditing entities involved in the audit of United Nations system organizations[93], as they have varying degrees of experience in IPSAS-based auditing accounts. Some of them have already participated in such audits, namely, the Swiss Federal Audit Office (the Swiss public entities use IPSAS as their accounting standards); the United Kingdom National Audit Office (the IPSAS is used in the United Kingdom Government accounts and the United Kingdom National Audit Office verified the WFP IPSAS-based accounts); the French Comptees Cour also benefits from its recent experience in the verification of France.", "151. The development of guidelines is therefore extremely important. The United Kingdom National Audit Office has developed tools to assist external auditors in using IPSAS in their audits. It has also issued an IPSAS implementation guide to assist the organizations to which it provides services to understand the necessary requirement for a smooth audit opinion; the guide includes a detailed checklist to help practitioners ensure that the accounts are prepared in accordance with IPSAS requirements. The guidelines set out the necessary conditions and evidence required by external auditors of managers; and provides examples of issues and problems that may arise in the audits and which should be avoided. In the case of United Nations system organizations, the guidelines adopted by CEB are, of course, the benchmark. However, it is still necessary to create a framework that will guide the interactions of organizations with external auditors. The framework adopted by the Working Group should be considered by the Panel of External Auditors. The Inspector abstained from making recommendations to that body, which would have been unusual from the Joint Inspection Unit, but hoped that the framework would facilitate the adoption of best practices No. 13 and No. 14.", "Best Practice No. 14 Establish and maintain, as soon as possible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditors in connection with the transfer to IPSAS to help external and intern auditors gain an in-depth knowledge of the new system and its effects on control procedures, as IPSAS implementation will require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "(b) Internal audit", "152. The increased commitment of the internal auditors to IPSAS issues is one of the factors that ensure the development of appropriate procedures to objectively analyse the financial situation and results of the organizations. Unfortunately, the guidelines on internal control standards for the public sector of the International Organization of Higher Fiscal Institutions, updated in 2004 and approved by that organization, have only a limited value of practical use.", "153. During the review, the Inspector noted that the level of engagement of the internal auditors in the change process varied considerably among the organizations, according to the opening, commitment and policy of the project team. In some organizations, the internal auditors did not participate at all or participated as observers only, while in others, they actively participated, followed the progress made and discussed the difficulties of the project and exchanged views on the risks with the members of the project team. At their meeting with the Inspector, the internal auditors described some of their activities:", "(e.g., UNDP, UNICEF and WFP);", "IPSAS (ICAO, UNDP, UPU, WMO, UNESCO);", "changes to financial provisions or regulations (ILO, ITU, UNFPA, WIPO, WMO, UNOPS);", "(FAO, UNRWA) and hold discussions with external auditors (UNFPA);", "accounting policies, coordination of activities with the Advisory Board and approval of training plans (OPS);", "field office inventory accounts (UNHCR);", "IPSAS (United Nations, UNIDO); the external auditor played the main oversight role;", "of the adoption of IPSAS, with a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator, which would enable less consultants to depend on and provide stability to key management functions.", "154. A sub-group of internal auditors presented a detailed paper on the role of the internal audit services of United Nations organizations and multilateral financial institutions (UN-RIAS) in the adoption of IPSAS in September 2008 in Washington[94]^(,). The paper defined the key role of the internal audit in converting to IPSAS to ensure that the risks related to conversion to these standards are properly assessed and managed by verifying the results of the analysis of the initial phase gaps; and monitoring work through a series of reviews of the IPSAS project at the different phases of the project, such as the launch, milestones and outputs, in which the internal audits can be added to the high level of advice. These functions may include the development of guidelines on risk governance and management; project outputs and agreed dates; the opening balance, system development and the liquidation of the project; all covered by most components of the IPSAS adoption project. The paper also proposed internal audit functions that could be performed in the transition phase, while noting that the advisory role of the internal audit and the programming of the various reviews could in itself entail risks to the objectivity of the internal audit. Accordingly, in order to protect their independence and objectivity, external auditors were recommended not to intervene in the decision-making process on the adoption or implementation of IPSAS; for example, in the conduct of gaps analysis or the establishment of accounting policies.", "155. The theme of IPSAS was again addressed in 2009 at a Meeting of Internal Audit Services Representatives of United Nations organizations and multilateral financial institutions (UN-RIAS) firmly on the basis of lessons learned and recent experience. Subsequently, the UN-RIAS sub-group on IPSAS emphasized the responsibility of management (organizations and in particular IPSAS projects and enterprise resource planning), which must be held accountable for the continued evidence of the new internal control mechanisms installed during the preliminary implementation phase. Once again, the internal auditors of 14 organizations correctly indicated that management responsibilities need to be avoided.", "Optimal Practice No. 15 During the preliminary phase of IPSAS implementation, the institutional process should conduct evidence of internal control mechanisms to ensure accuracy of data.", "Optimal Practice No. 16 Ensure that an independent and global validation and verification of the system are carried out once completed.", "C. A key indicator: the expected date of implementation by the organization", "156. In accordance with the IPSAS entities, organizations will be considered to be in full compliance with those standards once they have received an unqualified opinion from their external auditors on their financial status. Accordingly, the Board of Auditors, in verifying the United Nations financial statements for the biennium 2006-2007, recommended that the Organization continually review its milestones with a view to the implementation of IPSAS. The February 2010 progress report shows that only eight organizations were still on track towards IPSAS compliance in 2010. In the light of the written replies to the JIU questionnaire and the interviews conducted during its first missions, the Inspector expressed serious doubts, which were subsequently confirmed, about the system-wide implementation date of IPSAS for 2010.", "157. In 2009, 76 per cent of the responding organizations noted that their governing bodies were aware of the impact of implementation when they voted for the adoption of IPSAS in 2006 and 2007. At that time, in response to the recommendations of the Working Group and the Board of Auditors, most organizations set the financial period ending 31 December 2010 as the deadline for implementation, while some of the pioneer organizations set the deadline for 2008.", "158. At the outset, the Working Group provided only a brief and comprehensive description of the common benefits and implications of IPSAS, noting that adoption would have a significant impact on the accounting and financial reports and the related information technology systems of the organization; it would also have a significant impact on the budgeting, financing and management systems of the organizations[95]. However, none of the organizations were at the same starting point in 2006 and the document used by the majority of the secretariats and published with their respective logos to mobilize their governing bodies did not show (and was probably unable to do so) to what extent each of the organizations prepared for the implementation of IPSAS or the extent and duration of the changes required in several of them to achieve its implementation.", "159. The Inspector may confirm that the levels of implementation were very different from organizations due to the different dimensions and circumstances of each, as well as the compatibility of the enterprise resource planning systems of those organizations in 2005-2006 with IPSAS requirements.", "160. The decisions of the Working Group, the High-Level Committee on Management, the Chief Executives Board and the Secretary-General of 2005 and 2006[96] may be criticized to put pressure on all organizations to opt for the same year of implementation, regardless of their actual level of preparation. Instead, sufficient time should have been allocated to conduct a feasibility study first. In fact, many more documents had to be prepared to inform governing bodies of the requirements for a successful transition to IPSAS.", "Figure 9", "Year of full implementation of IPSAS, according to plans and forecasts as of February 2010, according to information provided by organizations[97]", "[]", "Source: Reports of the Secretary-General on progress in the implementation of IPSAS.", "161. Of the three planned precursor organizations, only WFP was able to fully implement IPSAS by the year ended 31 December 2008 as planned, thanks to favourable initial conditions and concerted efforts (see annex IV details); WHO, which had adopted several of those standards since 2008, in close connection with the implementation of its enterprise resource planning system, is now planning to complete its full implementation in 2012, once the remaining enterprise resource planning has been implemented. ICAO, whose acquisitions have been based on accrual accounting since January 2008 — when the first phase of its enterprise resource planning system was completed and the principle of effective delivery was adopted — expects to complete IPSAS implementation in 2010.", "162. Of the other 19 organizations under review, it is expected that in 7 of them IPSAS will be implemented on 1 January 2010, according to plans: at IMO, WMO, WIPO, UNIDO, PAHO, ITU and UNESCO. Of the remaining 12 organizations, 2 organizations now expect to adopt IPSAS in 2011 (IAEA and UPU), 8 in 2012 (UNHCR, FAO, ILO, UNRWA, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNOPS) and 2 in 2014 (United Nations and WTO)[98]. This situation should not surprise, given the unexpected complexity and scale of preparations and changes required in the transition process for the full implementation of IPSAS, and for many organizations, the simultaneous adoption of other difficult management initiatives. This shows that pressuring organizations to adopt IPSAS just four years after the adoption of the political decision by the General Assembly—as advocated in 2005 by the 2010 deadline—was neither technically viable nor realistic. Much less for organizations that still did not adopt accrual-based accounting, which had inadequate enterprise resource planning systems and did not have sufficient trained staff. As a senior official interviewed by the Inspector in 2008, \"migration to the new system in 2010 is only a slogan.\"", "163. Owing to delays in achieving the milestones, some organizations were forced to review the project schedule in 2009 or 2010, a review that was fully encouraged by the High-level Committee on Management. The United Nations, for example, has rescheduled the adoption of IPSAS by 2014, in order to have more time to synchronize its implementation with the introduction of a new enterprise resource planning system and indicated that \"the most important issue related to the adoption of IPSAS is the information systems requirements for the successful adoption of IPSAS and the synchronization of IPSAS implementation plans and the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project.\"[99] In June 2009, 62 per cent of the organizations had decided to adopt a progressive approach (regular application). In some cases the availability of resources also influenced the decision to postpone the deadline.", "V. IPSAS and the financial and economic crisis", "164. The global financial and economic crisis has been affecting the project in a number of ways:", "IPSAS, in itself modest and sometimes too modest to be truly effective, has become even more difficult to obtain and more dependent on the understanding and goodwill of senior managers and legislative bodies, especially if it is taken into account that other management initiatives that also need funding are under way and that Member States, always reluctant to approve additional costs and recruit more staff, are becoming increasingly demanding.", "better information on the financial strength of organizations and the risks inherent in their situation. The credit crisis has emphasized the need for public sector accountability procedures and transparency in their financial transactions.", "With regard to the procyclical effect of international financial reporting standards and the manner in which the reasonable value is measured[100] at times of crisis, particularly important aspects of IPSAS 39 15, on disclosure and presentation of financial instruments. IAS 39 has been criticized on the grounds that it contributes to greater volatility in the financial statements by requiring a whole range of assets to be calculated at a reasonable value.", "165. Moved by the political pressure caused by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and then by the meetings of the G20, the accountants have taken the matter very seriously. The International Federation of Accountants (IFF) organized a number of seminars at the meeting of its global council to discuss the causes of the financial crisis and the measures that accounting professionals, regulators and Governments could take to prevent future crises. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) agreed to work together and promptly to define common standards for activities that are not included in the balance sheets and accounting of financial instruments. In addition, they agreed to submit proposals to replace their respective rules on financial instruments with a common rule \"in a matter of months and not years\"[101]. Both indicated that companies had no obligation to use market prices under difficult conditions. For its part, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council has recently developed several new IPSAS (28, 29 and 30), based on the IAS 32, 39 and 7 model and on the same issues of presentation, accounting and measurement and disclosure.", "166. Like all accounting standards, IPSAS is subject to continuous improvements and modifications, which means making changes to the accounting policies of United Nations system organizations. In April 2009, the G20 called on FASB and IASB to \"enact concrete progress towards a single set of high-quality global accounting standards\" by the end of that year[102]. The Inspector welcomes the efforts made by IASB and FASB to standardize IFRS and generally accepted accounting principles in the private sector, which contributed to the \"convergence of accounting standards\", one of the ideals to which the accounting profession aspires.", "167. However, this raises the question of how a single set of accounting standards, designed to serve the commercial private sector, can meet the specific needs of public sector entities and non-profit organizations, where most transactions are not based on trade but on asymmetric transactions in both income and expenditure. United Nations observers (the United Nations Secretariat and UNDP) to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council need to follow closely, as this body officially supports the convergence of IPSAS and IFRS. Since the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council is not accountable to any governing body of the United Nations system and since the observers for the \"United Nations\" have not been empowered to speak on behalf of the system, what should such observers do with the will that such convergence be effective: just accept, support, promote or remain silent? A well-founded discussion should be organized between representatives of United Nations entities so that all stakeholders understand the issue and what is at stake. Let us recall that the reason why IPSAS was chosen is precisely because it was better suited than IFRS to the specific characteristics of public entities. Most of the features of IFRS, developed for private companies, have already been incorporated into IPSAS. The Inspector shares the view of the International Director of the French National Accounting Council (National Accounting Council) that it is regrettable that, due to time constraints, most IPSAS is only a copy of IFRS and, therefore, not partially compatible with the realities of the public sector. As long as there are still \"transactions without counterfeiting\", the \"contability of the princes\" must remain separate from the \"contability of the merchants\".", "168. In the future, the guiding principle of the development and implementation of IPSAS should be accountability, which FIC defines concisely and correctly as the obligation to account for the responsibility assumed.[103] An important task, similar to that of the International Commission on Financial Information Interpretation in the IFRS field, could be entrusted to a special committee, commissioned by FIC to assist public sector entities, in particular international organizations, in the harmonization and interpretation of IPSAS, especially in the early years of the implementation process, when they enter unknown ground. That committee would continue the work of the Working Group on Accounting Standards, but its scope would be much wider, as it would be composed of representatives of States, municipalities and non-profit organizations, in accordance with the principles of due process.", "VI. Conclusion", "169. The transition of all United Nations system organizations to IPSAS is undoubtedly one of the most ambitious management initiatives undertaken at the system-wide level. It is essential that it be carried out if the organizations are to move towards more rational management. The present report has sought to highlight the obstacles, constraints and risks associated with moving the United Nations System Accounting Standards to IPSAS, including the time required to select or improve the best enterprise resource planning systems, difficulties in engaging in dialogue with legislative bodies, lack of vision and a collective sense of identification with the change process or lack of commitment on the part of senior management.", "170. In 2005, very few of the organizations, if any, were aware of the significant changes to be made. For many reasons, of 22 organizations, only 1 managed to achieve the target of compliance with the rules at the initial deadline and 8 others are expected to do so in 2010. On the basis of the review, the Inspector can only conclude that most organizations miscalculated the monumental changes that were required at many different levels and that some took a long time to recognize that the only way to achieve what had been proposed was to make that effort an institutional priority. The initial commitment to IPSAS adoption by 2010 also did not reflect the fact that each organization was entirely different and that for some of them the adoption of IPSAS represented a major undertaking. The pioneer organizations such as the OECD, the European Commission and WFP have shown that this titanic task could be performed with sufficient will and determination. However, there is a need to learn from the experience of those agencies to help other organizations implement IPSAS in the coming years.", "171. After a period of several years during which a number of important political decisions were adopted, it has become clear that some organizations will take longer than others to achieve the goal of producing unqualified IPSAS financial statements[104]. The main risks to be overcome now are disillusionment and discouragement, much more so that the positive effects of IPSAS adoption can only be appreciated once the transition has been completed and that managers will take some time to become familiar with the new demands. The review identified several best practices (listed in the summary) based on the experience of United Nations agencies and other pioneering entities in the adoption of IPSAS outside the United Nations system. The Inspector believes that the implementation of these best practices will contribute to the strategic, integrated and timely transition to IPSAS. Taking into account these practices, the Inspector made the following recommendation, which he believes should improve the effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in the transition of each and every United Nations system organization to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 3 The executive heads should ensure that the 16 best practices identified in the present report of the Inspection Unit are implemented when the ISU project is implemented.", "Annex I", "List of IPSAS (Pronunciation Manual of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council, International Federation of Accountants, 2010)", "Scope of the manual", "The manual collects baseline information on the International Federation of Accountants (IFF) and pronouncements on the current public sector issued by FIC as at 15 January 2010.", "Contents", "Volume I Page", "Substantial changes regarding the 2009 edition of Manual 1", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council - Provisional mandate 3", "International Federation of Accountants 8", "Prologue to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 11", "Introduction to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 20", "IPSAS 1 – Presentation of financial statements 21", "IPSAS 2 – Statement of cash flows 82", "IPSAS 3 – Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors 104", "IPSAS 4 – Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates 135", "IPSAS 5 – Indebtedness costs 160", "IPSAS 6 – Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements 172", "IPSAS 7 – Investments in partner companies 207", "IPSAS 8 – Joint business participations 227", "IPSAS 9 – Income from contractual transactions 251", "IPSAS 10 – Financial information in hyperinflation economies 274", "IPSAS 11 – Construction contracts 288", "IPSAS 12 – Inventory 314", "IPSAS 13 – Leasing contracts 333", "IPSAS 14 – Contingencies and events occurring after balance sheet 369", "IPSAS 15 – Financial instruments: presentation and disclosure 385", "IPSAS 16 – Real estate investments 443", "IPSAS 17 – Property, plant and equipment 476", "IPSAS 18 – Financial information by segments 517", "IPSAS 19 – Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets 548", "IPSAS 20 - Information on related parties 592", "IPSAS 21 – Deterioration of assets that do not generate cash 613", "IPSAS 22 – Disclosure of financial information on public administration 652", "IPSAS 23 – Uninterrupted transactions (imposed and transfers) 678", "IPSAS 24 – Budget reporting in financial statements 735", "IPSAS 25 – Employee benefits 763", "Volume II", "IPSAS 26 – Deterioration of cash-generating assets 845", "IPSAS 27 - Agriculture 904", "IPSAS 28 – Financial instruments: presentation 933", "IPSAS 29 – Financial instruments: accounting and measurement 1022", "IPSAS 30 – Financial instruments: disclosure 1287", "IPSAS 31 – Intangible assets 1337", "IPSAS cash accounting – Financial reporting according to cash value-based method 1388", "Glossary of the terms defined in IPSAS 1 to 26 1389", "Guideline 2 – Applicability of international auditing standards to audit of public enterprise financial statements 1514", "Summary of other documents 1555", "International Federation of Professional Accountants Code of Conduct 1558", "Annex II", "Imports attributed to each IPSAS by participating organizations (percentages)", "[]", "Annex III", "Diagram of the transition process to IPSAS implementation", "[]", "Annex IV", "A case of success: the WFP process", "1. Only one of the more than 20 IPSAS projects will be detailed in the organizations participating in the Joint Inspection Unit. This is the first, and so far (2010) unique, case of success, an experience of which, in the opinion of the Inspector, there is much to learn. WFP is far from the only agency in which good practices have been observed, but in April 2009, WFP managed to have its 2008 financial statements submitted in accordance with IPSAS and were certified by its external auditor, less than three years after its Board decided (in June 2006) to adopt IPSAS, which was repeated in the next financial period and therefore deserves a detailed description. The present section is based primarily on official documents issued by the Executive Director of WFP (including the six partial project reports), published accounts and external auditor reports and statements. For the sake of brevity, only a few references have been included in the present document, but the others will be provided to interested persons who request them.", "2. In view of the deadline set for the start of the financial period for the adoption of IPSAS, the WFP IPSAS Project Team had only 18 months to prepare. The introduction of IPSAS from zero to step by step was a multifaceted, complex and time-bound project. Thanks to effective leadership and careful risk management, the project was successfully carried out in the originally planned manner. WFP, ultimately the only \"pilot\" organization in the adoption of IPSAS, was also the first of all United Nations system organizations to raise technical accounting issues related to IPSAS. The adoption of these standards, a major initiative, provided a detailed review of all financial policies and the many revisions made therein, the preparation of a guidance manual and numerous training courses for staff.", "A. Organization of financial management as a preliminary stage", "3. This remarkable achievement is also the culmination of a global process of transforming the financial management of the entire organization, whose origins date back at least to the biennium 2002-2003, when, at the initiative of its external auditor (the United Kingdom National Audit Office), WFP undertook the modernization of its financial management.", "4. An IPSAS project is based on the common motivation, knowledge and responsibility of all persons performing finance functions of the entity concerned at all levels of headquarters, regional offices and field offices. They must be integrated into an active network to enable the full understanding and implementation of the new operating model and to create an environment receptive to the necessary reforms. To that end, sufficient staff with appropriate qualifications should be recruited in a timely manner to fill essential posts. The training of staff and finance managers and the joint participation of employees of different hierarchical levels is one of the keys to success as it is a sine qua non of the creation of a modern accounting culture.", "5. In 2004-2005, WFP managers introduced a number of initiatives aimed at improving the quality and timeliness of financial reporting to the Board, donors and managers. The following management priorities were identified:", "Planning of the institutional resources of WFP (known as the World System and the Information Network of WFP or WINGS, as English acronyms, and subsequently WINGS II as updated);", "International Finance Officers and 17 nationals in the field (which represents an increase of 61 per cent and 68 per cent respectively) and 5 regional financial analysts responsible for supporting the new operating model resulting from the review of operational processes;", "familiarizing finance staff with the operational and financial processes of WFP, in particular in field offices, where a set of reporting standards began to be implemented on a monthly basis;", "emphasizes their responsibilities with regard to internal controls and the effectiveness of financial management;", "from headquarters, regional offices and country offices to analyse strategic aspects of financial management and to clearly define the different roles and responsibilities;", "Country office finance officers to prepare for the closure of the biennial accounts, to present new initiatives, to review the follow-up to the audit recommendations and to provide advanced training on the WINGS system;", "clear guidance on financial policies and procedures; reporting on the management and financial implementation of projects produced by the WINGS system;", "risk reduction, based on an analysis of WFP ' s exchange risks;", "attention to cost analysis and internal controls.", "B. The choice of accounting standards: a highly proactive measure", "6. In January 2005, the WFP external auditor noted that WFP already presented an almost complete set of financial statements adjusted to IAS/IFRS or IPSAS. Following the presentation of the external auditor ' s report on financial reporting standards, which encouraged the WFP Executive Board to adopt universally accepted international accounting standards, the Executive Director established a coordinating committee and a task force to manage that transition. After consultation with external organizations and experts on accounting standards, the coordinating committee and the task force conducted a preliminary review of WFP regulations and rules that might need to be revised before the organization could fully adopt international accounting standards. As all modern accounting standards require the passage to accrual accounting, the adoption of such accounting would prepare the entity for the implementation of any accounting standard. In 2007, WFP recognized that the WINGS system, in which some aspects of IPSAS were incorporated, had allowed WFP to make systematic improvements in its financial reporting, including the accounting of income in accruals, the accounting of investments at the market rate, the accounting of expenditures according to the principle of actual delivery and annual financial reporting. In that regard, WFP had already reached an advanced stage of IPSAS preparation.", "7. However, it was not easy; IPSAS is based on principles. As WFP was the first to adopt IPSAS and one of the world ' s first organizations to do so, the IPSAS project team had to develop numerous policies, often before the Inter-Agency Working Group had discussed the matter and issued guidance on it. Some of these policies were very difficult to draft, including inventory capitalization, expenditure seating, measurement, financial instruments, in-kind services, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and, in particular, income accounting; the normalization of the latter aspect was particularly difficult, given the large differences between WFP and the private sector, but may also apply to other organizations based on contributions and contributions. The comparison between the previous financial statements, prepared in accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards, and the current financial statements, prepared in accordance with IPSAS, allows an idea of the scope of these accounting policies and the difficulties in developing them.", "8. The WFP ' s attitude towards the support work of the system-wide enforcement team and the Working Group on Accounting Standards was an active partnership and was marked by a strong determination to move forward, including by stepping up the team when necessary, as was the case with the training materials (LDCs stepped forward and created its own training materials, without waiting for the CEB material to arrive). Since WFP was one of the first organizations to adopt IPSAS, its views and experiences in this area are very valuable to other organizations of the United Nations system. In the circumstances of that time, when the discussions at the United Nations had not yet made sufficient progress on all IPSAS issues, management interpreted those standards as appropriate, according to the external auditor. In cases that were not covered by any IPSAS standard, IFRS were used. As a 'pioneer', WFP could not always count on the practical advice and guidance of the United Nations on a wide range of issues that were presented during the transition period. On the contrary, other United Nations organizations hoped that WFP would give them guidance and serve as an example. WFP was also in contact with other IPSAS pioneers, such as the European Commission, NATO and the Government of Switzerland.", "9. In the summer of 2005, when the Working Group on Accounting Standards discussed the matter with the CEB project implementation team and opted to adopt IPSAS, WFP, which had been prepared for the transition, had not long been ready to lead the process as a pioneer. WFP presented two core documents that showed a capacity for deep self-conflection on its own situation: an interim timetable for the transition to the adoption of international accounting standards from 2005 to 2008 and a synoptic table of all changes to be made to the entity, based on its analysis of disparities, standard by standard. These two documents formed the basis for the WFP IPSAS project. The workplan approved in June 2006 by the Executive Board provided time frames, milestones, coordination measures with the WINGS II project and cost estimate, budget and funding options to enable WFP to implement IPSAS as of 2008, as recommended.", "C. How to fully design and measure the tasks to be carried out", "10. According to an extract from the WFP external auditor ' s report on preparations for two major projects, the IPSAS project and the WINGS II project, compliance with international accounting standards required much more than a review and improvement of financial reporting aspects as they appeared in the organization ' s annual accounts. Standard business procedures and operating procedures need to be improved, such as how WFP managed and accounted for assets and liabilities, and how it accounted for and reported its income and expenditure. To this end, the institutional processes and financial management of WFP ' s operational infrastructure and financial procedures need to be profoundly modified, changes to which the secretariat has been responsible.", "11. As noted above, WFP was better prepared than the other entities of the United Nations system to make many of those changes and opted for a quick route: it was proposed to carry out the transition in 18 months, starting from the stage at which it was, indeed well prepared, to reach the target by the shortest of all the paths chosen by the organizations of the United Nations system. A full set of annual financial statements (consistent with the United Nations system accounting standards) was prepared for the first time in WFP. Thus, WFP was prepared to introduce annual periodical accounts subject to a full audit, which provided the basis for the preparation of the annual financial period to be obligatory beginning in 2008. As the WFP Financial Reporting Unit would be the most directly affected by IPSAS, its role was crucial in the implementation process. In preparation of the 2008 IPSAS financial statements, WFP prepared a series of audits using the same criteria but covering periods of six to nine months.", "D. A project in the whole sense of the word", "1. Scheme", "12. In accordance with the decision taken by the Board in November 2005, the secretariat developed a comprehensive workplan for the draft accounting standards describing how changes to the WFP Regulations and Rules would be identified and addressed, as well as accounting policies and administrative procedures that would be affected by IPSAS implementation. milestones were set for the different stages of the project, including analysis, policy review proposals and procedures, ratification by WFP managers, the External Auditor and the Board, preparation of guidelines and staff training at headquarters and in the field. The secretariat also prepared budget estimates for project implementation costs.", "2. Governance", "13. It was initially projected that the transition would be carried out by a relatively small team (four finance consultants, one project management consultant, another consultant, two finance unit staff and four others) led by a full-time project manager who would depend on the Chief of Finance, who was also in charge of the WINGS II project and was therefore in a position to establish synergies between the WINGS II system and IPSAS. A project management board was established in 2007 to provide high-level oversight, guidance and advice to the IPSAS project. In accordance with internal audit recommendations and risk assessment, a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator joined project staff. They were able to rely less on consultants and achieved greater stability in communication and training, as well as on the monitoring and updating of the budget and workplan.", "3. Financing", "14. Thanks to its new financial management culture, already in September 2005, WFP was in a position to submit detailed cost estimates and budget forecasts for:", "(i) Transition to international accounting standards;", "(ii) Modification of the operational flows of the institution;", "(iii) Asset management; and", "(iv) Development of policies, procedures and guidance manuals.", "new procedures and policies (workshops, etc.);", "institutional policies and guidance on procedures.", "15. As a first measure to finance the project, it was sought to determine the savings that could be realized through the absorption of additional costs. The second was to seek synergies with an ongoing related project. The third was simply looking for new forms and sources of funding.", "16. In June 2006, the Board authorized the allocation of the amount of $3.7 million from the administrative and programme support budget to cover for two years the costs of an introduction of IPSAS within the expected time frame for the 2008 financial period. Two years later, a retrospective analysis of project expenditures showed that, globally, actual expenditures had been kept close to the expected amount and that although in some cases staff costs had been underestimated (subject to the United Nations common system), this had been offset by savings under most other items, especially travel costs. Over the course of the project, the costs for consultants remained at the very low level of $0.3 million, below the projected $0.5 million, a relatively modest amount compared to the budgets of other organizations.", "4. Human resources", "17. The project plan provided for the establishment of a specialized team, which would provide relevant knowledge in their respective areas of competence and responsibility for the accounting standards project. The project would be carried out by a project manager, who would be supported by competent internal staff as well as specialists and consultants hired for the occasion to enable WFP to have the capacity to successfully transition to IPSAS. However, it was difficult to find staff for the project; in 2006, when IPSAS experts began to be sought, there was hardly any. Many accountants were experts in IFRS or New Zealand or Australia standards, but almost none were a specialist in IPSAS implementation. Only those who had worked with pioneer organizations, such as the OECD and the European Commission, had experience in IPSAS. In addition, many consultants had expertise on IPSAS but had no practical experience. Finally, the project manager opted to hire professional accountants and provide them with sufficient time to familiarize themselves with IPSAS, investing in them so that they were progressively a pool of expertise on IPSAS implementation.", "5. Content and products", "18. The team developed a comprehensive IPSAS implementation documentation covering all standards and draft texts for comment, including new draft accounting provisions and practices that would align the preparation of the WFP financial statements as of 1 January 2008, and serve as guidance for users and system creators. Detailed plans were developed for each accounting area indicating how IPSAS would be implemented in practice, including the establishment of opening balances as at 1 January 2008 in respect of stocks, staff and real estate benefits, machinery and equipment and the accounting record of IPSAS income. An implementation manual for operational units and finance professionals was planned.", "E. A motivated organization: communication, training and change management", "1. Support for communication and training activities", "19. In the framework of its communication programme, WFP established a special web page on the transition to IPSAS and produced a supplementary series of six \"partial reports\" on the issue between 2006 and 2008 which provided or provided all relevant information on decisions, whether previous or future, submitted to the Board for information, for review or approval, maintaining it in a fully informed, motivated and active manner, for the purpose of the process.", "20. Information on the United Nations System Accounting Standards, international accounting standards, IPSAS and the adoption process were provided on that page of the Intranet project, which was widely used by WFP staff. The page was an integral source of resources for users seeking information or guidance on IPSAS. Under the communication strategy, bimonthly newsletters were distributed to finance officers and other staff members, mainly to inform field staff about the progress of the project. Some IPSAS experts and financial experts with experience in IPSAS implementation projects in other organizations conducted workshops to familiarize WFP staff with IPSAS implementation. In the second half of 2006 and early 2007, workshops were organized in all regional offices to update regional directors, country directors and finance officers of IPSAS implementation activities and their main impact on WFP. Other workshops and training sessions were organized as new IPSAS-compliant accounting methods were developed.", "21. Similarly, in order to make the project known and obtain support, it was necessary to maintain a smooth communication between senior management, intermediate management and other staff and to provide feedback mechanisms. The IPSAS implementation team undertook an institutional training and communication strategy, which was aimed at informing staff throughout WFP about the project and familiarizing themselves with IPSAS. This work was coordinated with the WINGS II project and the Human Resources Directorate training unit to ensure its effectiveness and achieve economies of scale. In early 2008 IPSAS training had already been provided to 1,400 staff at headquarters and field offices. Update courses for stakeholders such as Board members and participants in United Nations working groups and activities would be organized throughout 2008. Coordination with the New York IPSAS team continued, while specialized training materials were being developed on the implementation of the accrual accounting system to the United Nations, but had not yet been published or could not be used.", "22. In total, considerable time was spent on training and communication, discussions, workshops, meetings and working groups, in order to convince staff accustomed to the United Nations system accounting standards of the desirability of adopting IPSAS, which were considered to be more difficult and more demanding (righteously). Therefore, the conversion of staff, especially the \"skeptics\" was extremely difficult and a number of means had to be used.", "2. \"Sintoning\" with the Executive Board", "23. WFP established and maintained close communication on the IPSAS project with its Executive Board, comprising 36 United Nations Member States and FAO, donors and recipient countries. The external auditor and the WFP secretariat managed to take advantage of this diversity of actors between 2005 and 2009 and collaborated to submit to the Board a series of reports on their respective roles. The external auditor and the WFP secretariat had concordant views on the transition to international accounting standards and created a climate of confidence, stopping at each stage to explain the situation, risks, proposals and expected benefits. To arouse and maintain that interest and support for the administrative and financial sphere, which is often less attractive to delegates from Member States, is a very important achievement. The fear was expressed that the new IPSAS-compliant financial statements would be more difficult to understand than the previous ones, developed under the United Nations system accounting standards, which foresee financial reports to be presented in a similar format to the budget. To address this concern, discussions, briefings, informal consultations, seminars on finance and guest speakers were organized.", "24. The communication with the legislative body (the Executive Board) was also carried out with different means, including the special series of the six aforementioned partial reports. This resulted in the initial funding of posts created to strengthen the financial administration and was subsequently relatively easy to obtain funding for IPSAS and WINGS projects, which enabled the respective teams to fully engage in the substantive activities of projects without wasting their energy in raising funds. The result was that the Executive Board supported the various measures proposed with a view to adopting the proposed IPSAS. However, obtaining funding is easier than changing the deep-rooted working and management habits of managers and staff. This was very difficult in WFP, as in other organizations.", "F. A network project", "1. Institutional collaborative initiatives", "25. WFP never worked in isolation. In the same way that it initiated the internal processes of reflection and training, it sought to make the most of the fruitful relationships it maintained with its external partners.", "26. The first was the external auditor of WFP, from the United Kingdom National Audit Office, which was very quickly the driving force behind the introduction of internationally recognized accounting standards, particularly in the report on the issue he submitted to the Executive Board[105]. The external auditor and the Executive Director of WFP repeatedly highlighted their fruitful collaboration in their respective reports until they were able to share proudly the honour of having been able to prepare the first set of IPSAS-compliant financial statements (corresponding to the 2008 financial period) and presented them to the Executive Board with an unqualified opinion from the external auditor, which they repeated in the following annual financial period. The Inspector believes that it is fair to mention, in addition to the participation of the external auditor at the local level, the enormous work done by the United Kingdom National Audit Office on education and information regarding the use of IPSAS, which includes two important detailed \"guides\" that can be downloaded from the Office ' s web site (www.nao.org.uk):", "Detailed checklist that allows for step-by-step verification that accounts are in line with IPSAS.", "accounts, produced especially to assist international organizations in understanding what the external auditor would require to render an unqualified opinion on IPSAS requirements. In the foreword, the United Kingdom National Audit Office states that \"the guide describes the necessary circumstances and documents that managers should provide to external auditors and illustrates the issues and audit issues that may be raised and that they should be avoided.\"", "27. Another important institutional partner was the Audit Committee, which, according to its 2009 annual report, devoted considerable time and attention to monitoring this difficult project. The implementation plans and potential obstacles were monitored at each meeting, including changes in the core staff of the project. The Audit Committee noted important milestones (e.g., evidence in June and September 2008) and assessed the results of management and progress reports, submitted independently by the United Kingdom National Audit Office (NAO) and the Internal Audit Office. He advised on how to overcome effectively the obstacles encountered and reinforced the commitment of managers to the project. The views and recommendations of the Audit Committee were communicated to management. The Committee proposed some amendments and reviewed the management response during the implementation process and as the final versions of the draft financial statements were reviewed.", "28. As mentioned above, WFP did more than it was to interact with the other agencies of the United Nations system actively participating in the Working Group and the related \"Rome discussion group\". In the absence of diminishing the merits of WFP in the successful transition, the Inspector once again emphasizes that WFP was one of the best-prepared organizations, especially for its institutional financial culture[106].", "2. Internal collaboration initiatives", "29. Another collaborative initiative, not least, was internal and consisted of coordinating the design and implementation of the two interrelated IPSAS and WINGS II projects. From the outset it was essential that there be synergy and continuous interaction to identify new and better operational processes and put them in place in order to avoid duplication of activities or omission of processes necessary to achieve compliance with IPSAS. But the need to prepare the WINGS II system for IPSAS requirements represented a very large requirement for the modest LDC IPSAS project team.", "30. In addition to collaboration with institutional partners, collaboration with different secretariat components was also important. Different but synergistic functions were attributed to IPSAS projects and enterprise resource planning, in a spirit of mutual respect and collaboration for the common goal of improving organizational management. In such situations there should be no domination, competition, or confusion, and the free way for systematic continuous development should be left. This also applies to the community of users and staff whose work is affected by changes in business processes.", "G. Legal framework and accounting policies", "31. The project team determined which articles of the WFP Regulations, General Regulations and Financial Regulations needed to be amended as a result of IPSAS implementation. This initial assessment was revised throughout the project. The main amendment to the Statute is the move to the presentation of annual financial statements. No other change in accounting policy subject to the approval of the Board was noted. In that regard, the case of WFP could be considered particularly favourable, since, with the exception of that change and some funding arrangements, most of a transition process of that size was legal in the hands of the executive direction.", "32. Since 2005, WFP regularly revised its accounting policies and introduced changes to improve financial reporting. Examples include changes in income accounting policy, with the passage of the cash accounting method to accrual accounting, and the provision of after-service health benefits liabilities for WFP staff.", "33. The main changes with respect to the previous regulations (the United Nations System Accounting Standards) were the capitalization of property, plant and equipment, inventory registration, accounting for staff benefits and income accounting. However, the adoption reform of IPSAS is a continuous process: almost a year after the opening balance of the 2008 financial statements, prepared in accordance with IPSAS, the year 2008 was still considered a \"year of transition\" by the project team, which suggested that there was still room for further progress.", "H. Final status, risks and benefits arising from the transition", "34. In June 2008, the capacity incorporated into the IPSAS adoption team should be maintained, subject to available resources, at least until the implementation of the WINGS II system was implemented in early 2009, and the first IPSAS-compliant financial statements were submitted for approval by the Board in June 2009. It was envisaged that the IPSAS adoption process would be completed in June 2009, then integrating the capacity developed under the project into regular activities, taking into account resource constraints.", "35. The main remaining challenges relate, inter alia, to the accounting of inventories, the seating and completeness of property, plant and equipment data, the accounting of income and other accounting policies, the calculation of benefits to field staff dependent on agencies other than WFP, the identification and management of intangible assets and budget adjustment. Multiple risks of all types, internal and external, related to different stakeholders or the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council had been assessed and managed. The most stress-and-pressure factors generated were the provision of senior management support, the availability of an IPSAS-compliant enterprise resource planning system, the maintenance of staff capacity and IPSAS knowledge, the support of the governing body, the effectiveness of communications with the external auditor, the effectiveness of communication and training activities and the participation of the Working Group on Accounting Standards. As a body that had already attached great importance to all these factors and which had already been applying the standards for one year, this demonstrates how vulnerable it is and remains a similar project, until all are accustomed to the new assigned functions. The retrospective risk analysis in the sixth and last part report concludes as follows: \"Among the difficulties that [approached] include the shortage of qualified candidates who [may] commit to a short-term project, the strict adoption schedule, the lack of specialized training materials and the inadequacy of internal capacity in the early stages of the project\"[107].", "36. In other words, the main challenges were to keep the governing body informed, to deal with internal stakeholders, to communicate with the external auditor, to resolve differences of opinion with the internal auditors, to address difficulties and differences of opinion within the Inter-Agency Working Group on Accounting Standards and, still, to proceed with the process of implementing the standards. Innumerable hours were devoted to breaking down differences and trying to find all kinds of solutions and ways to mitigate risks.", "37. The WFP and its external auditor are proud of the achievement they have achieved in the implementation of IPSAS and in June 2009 a booklet was published on the subject entitled WFP Leads the Way: enhanced credibility and transparency in the United Nations system accounting practices – A glance at WFP's 2008 Financial Statements under IPSAS (LDC shows the way: improving credibility and transparency of accounting practices in the United Nations system), The report, far from considering the success of WINGS II and IPSAS projects as an end in itself, recommended that financial reporting benefits be harnessed to:", "senior management, in particular with regard to key areas of risk or interest in financial management to enhance and guide the oversight role they play at the institutional level and guide the decision-making process;", "resources and results; and", "common financial results.", "Annex V", "Overview of actions to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit - JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "♪ It covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 except UNHCR, UN-Habitat, UNRWA, UNEP, UNCTAD and UNODC.", "[1] Article 5 of the Statute of the Joint Inspection Unit.", "[2] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13: Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective, August 2001.", "[3] Although the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) considers itself as the Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas, it is not a participating organization in the Joint Inspection Unit. However, it is among the 22 participating organizations (including financially) in the inter-agency project and the Working Group on Accounting Standards and was discussed in the progress reports of the Secretary-General on IPSAS.", "[4] Its publications include Normes IFRS et PME (2004) and Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008); the latter was published posthumously by Dunod, Paris. It was planned to publish a translation into English.", "[5] In addition to preparing general financial statements, an entity may prepare financial statements for certain parties requesting that these statements be tailored to their specific information needs (e.g., governing bodies, legislative bodies and other parties that play a oversight role). Those statements are known as \"special-purpose financial statements.\"", "[6] Established in 1973.", "[7] Established in 1991 as an independent policy body on accounting and funded by private funds.", "[8] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE): The adoption of accrual accounting and budgeting by Governments (July 2003), called \"FEE 2003\".", "A/46/341, paras. 9 and 10.", "[10] In A/RES/45/235, para. 5.", "[11] A/48/530.", "[12] For example, paragraph 4 reads as follows: \"If these fundamental assumptions are not applied, that fact must be indicated, together with the corresponding reasons.\"", "[13] The FIC comprises 159 members and partners in 124 countries and jurisdictions and accounts for 2.5 million accountants.", "[14] See www.ifac.org, \"Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008\", paras. 30 to 35.", "[15] It should be noted that this initiative was supported not only by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, but also by the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "[16] See annex I to the Pronunciation Manual index of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Council.", "[17] For example, in the English version the word \"income\" is replaced by \"revenue\" and the word \"expenditures\" by \"expenses\", which imply little difference of meaning.", "[18] The members of the Working Group elect their Chairman with the endorsement of the Finance and Budget Network and the High-level Committee on Management.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, paras. 25 (a) to (e).", "[20] A/60/846 and A/60/846/Add.3 and supplementary information transmitted to ACABQ.", "[21] A/60/870, para. 42.", "[22] A/RES/60/283, sect. IV.", "[23] Or \"modified effect\", concept used in the United Nations system but never satisfactorily explained.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I Rev.", "[25] FIC Public Sector Committee, Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities (2003), para. 1.19, p. 7.", "[26] FIC Public Sector Committee, Resource Accounting: Framework of Accounting Standard Setting in the UK Central Government Sector (2002).", "[27] The assets or net asset value is the net asset value of an entity after the reduction of its liability. Most of the States that have begun to use IPSAS have negative assets and one of the few exceptions is New Zealand.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4.", "[29] Ibid., para. 5.3.", "[30] COM 2002 755 final: \"Modernization of the Accounting System of the European Communities\", Brussels, 17 December 2002.", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] \"Inventories are active: (a) in the form of materials or supplies that will be consumed in the production process; (b) in the form of materials or supplies that will be consumed or distributed in the delivery of services; (c) that are maintained for distribution in the regular course of operations; or (d) in the production process for sale or distribution\" (No. 12 of IPSAS).", "[33] Capitalizing is \"to record expenditure as an asset rather than as an expense\" (\"to assign an expense as an asset and not as an expense\") (www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp).", "[34] An unliquidated obligation is a type of transaction under the United Nations System Accounting Standards, which recognizes a future obligation in respect of goods or services ordered (delivered or not). Unliquidated obligations may or may not materialize during the financial period.", "[35] Consolidation is the process of presenting the financial statements of all entities that are part of the reporting entity as if it were the financial statements of a single entity. It includes adding all items, line by line, and eliminating all transactions or balances between members of the reporting entities. Entities must conform to standard policies and classifications when providing financial information for consolidation ( IPSAS rule 6).", "[36] Control is the power to regulate financial and operational policies of another entity so that benefits are obtained from its entities.", "[37] A/63/5 (vol.I), chap. II, paras. 10 (a) and 27.", "[38] A/63/496, para. 7.", "[39] A/64/355, paras. 12 and 45 to 47.", "[40] IPSAS standard 1, para. 66.", "[41] Ibid., para. 69.", "[42] Historical cost: value of an asset based on the actual purchase cost.", "[43] The reasonable value is the amount by which an element of the asset could be changed, or an element of the liability, between informed and willing parties, could be disposed of in full independence (article 9 of IPSAS). It is approximately the market value.", "[44] The heritage legacy is made up of cultural, environmental, educational and historical assets ( IPSAS 17), such as the Palais des Nations in Geneva or the Economic Commission for Africa building in Addis Ababa.", "[45] See definition above, note 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, former Deputy General Accountant of Malaysia, \"Accrual accounting in the Public Sector\", Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) International Public Sector Bulletin, No. 11, February 2008.", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff Business School (BS) and Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, \"Resource accounting in the Public Sector: Problems of implementation\", ibid.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24.", "[49] See document A/65/5 (vol. I), paras. 164 to 180.", "[50] A/60/450 and A/61/730.", "[51] A/60/450, annex I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1.", "[53] IAEA, Agency Accounts for 2007, GC(52)/11, para. 100.", "[54] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens, \"Accrual Accounting for more effective public policy\" (February 2006).", "[55] When an entity receives some value from another entity and does not directly in exchange for some approximate value (e.g. grants, donations and contributions).", "[56] For example, a donor may impose a condition on the transferred asset, in order to request that resources be used within two years and that the unused portion be reimbursed.", "[57] See Joint Inspection Unit report 2010/7 on policies and procedures for the administration of trust funds in United Nations system organizations.", "[58] United Nations system accounting standards, Rev. VIII (1 January 2007), para. 56.", "[59] United Nations system accounting standards, Rev. VIII, para. 9.", "[60] IPSAS standard 4.", "[61] A/62/806.", "[62] UNIDO, Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, IDB.35/3, para. 13.", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21.", "[64] See table in A/64/355.", "[65] For example, the case of Austria, which authorized some organizations of the United Nations system to use the Vienna International Centre free of charge, excluding maintenance costs, or provisions contained in the status-of-forces or status-of-mission agreements signed by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Such situations were not foreseen in IPSAS.", "[66] The list is contained in annex I to the progress reports on the adoption of rules A/62/806 and A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806.", "[68] FEE, 2003, ibid.", "[69] \"Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail\", John P. Kotter, Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, chap. II, para. 52.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, chap. II, para. 51.", "[72] PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments) is a process-based approach to effective project management – a standard widely used by the Government of the United Kingdom and the public sector.", "[73] See http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp.", "[74] A/65/5 (vol. 1), para. 33.", "[75] Internal control in the context of accounting is broadly defined as the set of policies and procedures designed and established by the management of an organization to safeguard assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and managerial information.", "[76] See Commission of the European Communities, Communication of the Commission, COM (2002).", "[77] The steering committee includes officials from the finance, budget, human resources, information technology, training, foreign affairs, audit and field users.", "[78] See the report of ACABQ A/64/531, end of paragraph 12.", "[79] The financial statements for the previous year should be corrected in order to present the financial information under IPSAS.", "[80] One service is an administrative unit of the European Commission.", "[81] A/65/5 (vol. 1), para. 33.", "[82] A/64/380.", "[83] A/64/355, para. 68.", "[84] Mastering the transformation – New public management accrual accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Netherlands, 2004.", "[85] A/64/355, para. 19.", "[86] Ibid., para. 19.", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7.", "[88] Name applied successively to a framework model for the management of internal controls (COSO 1992), then a risk management model (COSO 2, 2004), of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reports (Treadway Commission) following the adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 (Suppl.), para. 191.", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 (Suppl.), para. 47.", "[91] A/64/355, para. 27.", "[92] These are the audit procedures used to determine whether a transaction took place before or after the end of an accounting period and therefore ensure that transactions are recorded in accounting books and are recorded in the financial statements of the corresponding periods.", "[93] Canada, China, France, India, Pakistan, United Kingdom, South Africa and Switzerland.", "[94] \"UNSAS to IPSAS conversion – adoption of IPSAS by the UN: what should be the role of International Audit Service?\"", "[95] November 2005: recommendation 25 to the High-level Committee on Management, para. 4.", "[96] See chap. II.5 above, 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS.", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7.", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26.", "[99] A/62/806.", "[100] The reasonable value is the sum by which an element of the asset could be changed, or an element of the liability, between informed and willing parties, could be disposed of in full independence (IPA).", "[101] Joint Press Release of FASB and IASB (24 March 2009).", "[102] For further details, see Risk, 20 May 2009.", "[103] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13 Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective (August 2001).", "[104] See, for example, the Progress Report on the Implementation of IPSAS in UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS (Progress Report on the Adoption of IPSAS at UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS: Briefing to the Excutive Board (1 June 2009), available at: www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt.", "[105] Report of the external auditor on the rules applicable to the financial reports of the World Food Programme (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E).", "[106] See document JIU/REP/2009/7, on the review of the management and administration of the World Food Programme.", "[107] Sixth part report on the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), para. 31.", "[108] Report of the external auditor on the benefits of IPSAS implementation: Strengthening financial management (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 109 del programa provisional*", "Medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional", "Medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional", "Informe del Secretario General", "Adición", "1. Belarús señaló que era parte en 13 instrumentos universales de lucha contra el terrorismo. Se habían aprobado las leyes, los reglamentos, los programas, los planes de acción y los marcos correspondientes en varios ámbitos para aplicar esos instrumentos.", "2. Belarús informó de que cooperaba activamente con los Estados miembros de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI) en sus actividades para combatir el terrorismo. En el marco de la CEI se habían elaborado seis instrumentos contra el terrorismo. Se había establecido el Centro de lucha contra el terrorismo para coordinar las actividades de los miembros de la CEI en esta esfera. El Comité de Seguridad del Estado de Belarús coopera permanentemente con el Centro.", "3. El 10 de diciembre de 2010, el Consejo de Jefes de Estado de la CEI había aprobado un nuevo programa de cooperación en la lucha contra el terrorismo y otras manifestaciones violentas del extremismo, así como un nuevo programa de medidas conjuntas entre los Estados encaminado a combatir la delincuencia para el período 2011-2013.", "4. Belarús había firmado acuerdos y memorandos de entendimiento en materia de lucha contra la delincuencia organizada internacional, el tráfico ilícito de estupefacientes y el terrorismo internacional con Alemania, Eslovaquia, Letonia, Lituania, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y Turquía.", "5. La ley núm. 426-3 de 19 de julio de 2000, sobre medidas para prevenir la legalización del producto de actividades delictivas, y la financiación de actividades terroristas, fue enmendada en virtud de la ley núm. 132-3 de 14 de junio de 2010, que contempla un conjunto de medidas para prevenir la legalización del producto de actividades delictivas y la financiación del terrorismo en Belarús.", "6. El Servicio de Fiscalización de las Finanzas, dependiente del Comité de Supervisión del Estado de Belarús y creado en 2003, está facultado para prevenir la legalización de los beneficios derivados de la delincuencia y la financiación del terrorismo. El Servicio ha concertado acuerdos sobre el intercambio de información relativa al blanqueo de capitales y la financiación del terrorismo a nivel interinstitucional con las unidades de inteligencia financiera del Afganistán, Armenia, la Federación de Rusia, Georgia, Kirguistán, la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, la República de Moldova, Turquía y Ucrania.", "7. Burundi informó de que era parte en cinco instrumentos universales y en dos instrumentos regionales de lucha contra el terrorismo.", "8. Burundi había firmado acuerdos de extradición y cooperación judicial con la República Democrática del Congo, la República Unida de Tanzanía y Rwanda. También estaba en vigor un acuerdo por el que se regulaba la cooperación con Uganda en las esferas relativas a la policía judicial y las cuestiones penitenciarias.", "9. El nuevo Código Penal de Burundi consagra todo un capítulo a los actos de terrorismo y bioterrorismo e impone penas severas que abarcan desde los 10 años de cárcel hasta la cadena perpetua.", "10. Kuwait informó de que era parte en nueve instrumentos internacionales y en cuatro instrumentos regionales de lucha contra el terrorismo.", "11. Kuwait había aprobado la legislación necesaria para proteger las zonas fronterizas y asegurar un control completo de las franjas vulnerables en la tierra y el mar. El Parlamento estaba examinando un proyecto de ley contra el blanqueo de capitales y también se había preparado un proyecto de ley sobre la lucha contra el terrorismo que se sometería a la consideración del Parlamento después de que lo examinara un comité de expertos.", "12. Bajo los auspicios del Banco Central, se había establecido una Comisión Nacional de lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales y la financiación del terrorismo encargada de formular estrategias y elaborar la política pública en estos ámbitos. Este organismo prepara los proyectos de decisiones y de reglamentos de aplicación y las transmite a las partes pertinentes para su promulgación.", "13. Kuwait también había mejorado la cooperación con los Estados con los que había firmado acuerdos de seguridad, con miras a contrarrestar posibles amenazas. También había estrechado su cooperación con la Organización Internacional de Policía Criminal (INTERPOL) en relación con el análisis de los datos más recientes sobre los sospechosos de terrorismo en casos que afectaban a cualquier Estado Miembro, y sus autoridades tenían acceso a las bases de datos sobre pasaportes y vehículos robados y sobre el ADN de sospechosos y personas buscadas por delitos de terrorismo.", "14. Lituania informó de que era parte en 13 instrumentos universales de lucha contra el terrorismo, así como en el Convenio Europeo para la Represión del Terrorismo. También había concertado acuerdos bilaterales de cooperación en materia de lucha contra el terrorismo y otros delitos con los países a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 48 del informe del Secretario General sobre las medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional de 2009 (A/64/161). Asimismo, facilitó información sobre legislación a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 49 de dicho informe.", "15. Declaró que no se habían producido incidentes ocasionados por el terrorismo internacional. Reiteró también la información sobre investigaciones previas al juicio y sentencias que figuraba en el párrafo 52 del informe del Secretario General sobre las medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional de 2010 (A/65/175). Respecto a las actuaciones penales a las que se alude en el párrafo 50 del documento A/64/161, indicó que una persona estaba sometida a juicio y que el proceso de extradición de otros dos estaba en curso.", "16. Las autoridades competentes de Tayikistán estaban cooperando con las autoridades competentes de otros Estados para combatir el terrorismo en el marco de los instrumentos reguladores y jurídicos multilaterales, en especial en el ámbito de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai y la CEI, tratando asuntos como el refuerzo de la cooperación entre las autoridades competentes para luchar contra el terrorismo y otras manifestaciones violentas de extremismo; la creación de un marco regulador y jurídico para la cooperación; la mejora y la armonización de la legislación nacional; la organización de actividades preventivas de seguimiento y operaciones especiales conjuntas y coordinadas; la cooperación con las organizaciones internacionales; el análisis, la información y la investigación metodológica en materia de lucha contra el terrorismo; y la cooperación para capacitar y ofrecer formación permanente al personal de las autoridades competentes.", "17. Ucrania presentó la lista de 13 instrumentos universales y 5 instrumentos regionales de lucha contra el terrorismo en los que era parte. También presentó la lista de 39 acuerdos bilaterales, protocolos y memorandos de entendimiento que había firmado con otros Estados en el campo de la lucha contra el terrorismo.", "18. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela era parte en siete instrumentos universales y dos instrumentos regionales de lucha contra el terrorismo. Estaba estudiando la posibilidad de ser parte en el Convenio internacional para la represión de los actos de terrorismo nuclear. Como parte en la Convención sobre las armas químicas y en consonancia con la resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad, había preparado un proyecto de ley encaminado a prevenir la adquisición de armas de destrucción en masa por grupos terroristas que se presentaría en breve a la Asamblea Nacional para su debate y aprobación. La Asamblea Nacional también estaba debatiendo un proyecto de ley sobre armas de fuego y explosivos que sustituiría la legislación vigente en la materia, aprobada en 1939.", "19. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela había continuado su labor para reforzar su Plan nacional integral de seguridad (2008), en lo relativo a las medidas que se aplicarán en materia de seguridad nuclear, seguridad física nuclear y gestión de desechos. La ley por la que se aprobó la Convención sobre la pronta notificación de accidentes nucleares se promulgó el 10 de julio de 2009.", "20. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela reiteró su solicitud de extradición de los Estados Unidos de América de Luis Posada Carriles, por su responsabilidad en la planificación del atentado con bomba contra un avión de Cubana de Aviación en octubre de 1976." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 109 of the provisional agenda*", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "* A/66/150.", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. Belarus indicated that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments. Appropriate laws, regulations, programmes, action plans and frameworks had been established at various levels to implement those instruments.", "2. Belarus reported that it was actively cooperating with the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in their counter-terrorism actions. Six counter-terrorism instruments had been drawn up under CIS. The Anti-Terrorism Centre had been established to coordinate the activities of the members of CIS in the area of counter-terrorism. The State Security Committee of Belarus cooperates with the Centre on a permanent basis.", "3. On 10 December 2010, the Council of Heads of State of CIS had approved a new programme of cooperation on countering terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism and a new inter-State programme of joint measures to combat crime, for the period 2011-2013.", "4. Belarus had signed agreements and memorandums of understanding in the areas of combating international organized crime, illegal drug trafficking and international terrorism with Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "5. Act No. 426-3 of 19 July 2000, on measures to prevent the legalization of criminally obtained proceeds and the financing of terrorist activities, was amended by Act No. 132-3 of 14 June 2010, providing for a system of measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism in Belarus.", "6. The Department of Financial Oversight under the Belarusian State Monitoring Committee, established in 2003, is empowered to prevent the legalization of the proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism. The Department had concluded agreements on the exchange of information on money-laundering and the financing of terrorism at the inter-agency level with the financial intelligence units of Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine.", "7. Burundi reported that it was party to five universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "8. Burundi had signed agreements on extradition and judicial cooperation with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania. An agreement regulating cooperation with Uganda in the areas of judicial police and prisons was also in force.", "9. The new Penal Code of Burundi devotes an entire chapter to acts of terrorism and bioterrorism and provides for severe penalties ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.", "10. Kuwait reported that it was party to nine international and four regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "11. Kuwait had adopted the necessary legislation to protect border areas and ensure complete control over vulnerable stretches of land and sea. A draft anti-money-laundering law was currently before its Parliament and it had also prepared a draft law on counter-terrorism, which, after consideration by a committee of experts, would be tabled before Parliament.", "12. Under the auspices of its Central Bank, a National Committee to Combat Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism had been established to design strategies and develop public policy on combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. It prepares draft decisions and implementing regulations and transmits them to relevant parties for promulgation.", "13. Kuwait had also enhanced its cooperation with States with which it had signed security agreements, to pre-empt potential threats. It had also strengthened its cooperation with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in analysing the latest data regarding suspects in terrorism cases affecting any Member State, and its authorities were connected to databases of stolen passports, stolen cars and DNA of suspects and persons wanted for terrorist offences.", "14. Lithuania reported that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments, as well as to the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. It had also concluded bilateral agreements concerning cooperation, in combating terrorism and other crimes, with countries referred to in paragraph 48 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/64/161). It also provided information on legislation referred to in paragraph 49 of that report.", "15. It stated that there had been no incidents caused by international terrorism. It also reiterated the information on pretrial investigations and sentencing contained in paragraph 52 of the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/65/175). With respect to the criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph 50 of A/64/161, one person was on trial and the extradition process was ongoing in respect of two others.", "16. The competent authorities in Tajikistan were cooperating with the competent authorities of other States to counter terrorism in the framework of multilateral regulatory and legal instruments, particularly in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and CIS, addressing such issues as: strengthening cooperation among the competent authorities to counter terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism; developing a regulatory and legal framework for cooperation; enhancing and harmonizing national legislation; organizing coordinated joint preventive tracking activities and special operations; cooperation with international organizations; analysis, information and methodological research in connection with counter-terrorism; and cooperation to train and provide continuing education for staff of the competent authorities.", "17. Ukraine submitted the list of 13 universal and 5 regional counter-terrorism instruments to which it was a party. It also submitted the list of 39 bilateral agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding that it had signed with other States in the field of counter-terrorism.", "18. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was party to seven universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments. It was examining the possibility of becoming a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. As a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and in line with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), it had prepared a bill aimed at preventing the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups, which would soon be submitted to its National Assembly for discussion and approval. Its National Assembly was also debating a draft law on firearms and explosives, which would replace the current legislation on the subject, passed in 1939.", "19. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had continued its efforts to strengthen its Comprehensive National Security Plan (2008), in respect of measures to be applied to nuclear safety, nuclear physical security and waste management. The law approving the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident was passed on 10 July 2009.", "20. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reiterated its request for the extradition of Luis Posada Carriles from the United States of America, for his responsibility in planning the bombing of a Cubana de Aviación flight in October 1976." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 109 of the provisional agenda*", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. Belarus noted that it was a party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments. Legislation, regulations, programmes, action plans and relevant frameworks had been adopted in several areas to implement those instruments.", "2. Belarus reported its active cooperation with the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its efforts to combat terrorism. Six anti-terrorism instruments had been developed within the framework of the CIS. The Counter-Terrorism Centre had been established to coordinate the activities of CIS members in this area. The Belarus State Security Committee cooperates permanently with the Centre.", "3. On 10 December 2010, the CIS Council of Heads of State had adopted a new programme of cooperation in countering terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism, as well as a new programme of joint action among States aimed at combating crime for the period 2011-2013.", "4. Belarus had signed agreements and memorandums of understanding on combating international organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and international terrorism with Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Turkey.", "5. Law No. 426-3 of 19 July 2000 on measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds of criminal activities, and the financing of terrorist activities, was amended by law No. 132-3 of 14 June 2010, which provides for a set of measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds of criminal activities and the financing of terrorism in Belarus.", "6. The Finance Control Service, under the State Supervision Committee of Belarus and established in 2003, is empowered to prevent the legalization of the benefits of crime and the financing of terrorism. The Service has entered into agreements on the exchange of information on money-laundering and the financing of terrorism at the inter-agency level with the financial intelligence units of Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, Turkey and Ukraine.", "7. Burundi reported that it was a party to five universal instruments and two regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "8. Burundi had signed extradition and judicial cooperation agreements with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania and Rwanda. An agreement regulating cooperation with Uganda in the areas of judicial police and prison issues was also in force.", "9. The new Criminal Code of Burundi enshrines a whole chapter on acts of terrorism and bioterrorism and imposes severe penalties ranging from 10 years of imprisonment to life imprisonment.", "10. Kuwait reported that it was a party to nine international instruments and four regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "11. Kuwait had adopted legislation to protect border areas and ensure full control of vulnerable stripes on land and sea. The Parliament was considering a bill against money-laundering, and a draft law on counter-terrorism had also been prepared for consideration by Parliament following consideration by an expert committee.", "12. Under the auspices of the Central Bank, a National Commission to Combat Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism had been established to develop strategies and develop public policy in those areas. The agency prepares draft decisions and implementing regulations and transmits them to the relevant parties for their promulgation.", "13. Kuwait had also improved cooperation with States with which it had signed security agreements, with a view to countering possible threats. It had also strengthened its cooperation with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in the analysis of the latest data on terrorist suspects in cases involving any Member State, and its authorities had access to the databases on stolen passports and vehicles and the DNA of suspects and persons seeking terrorist crimes.", "14. Lithuania reported that it was a party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments, as well as the European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. It had also concluded bilateral cooperation agreements on counter-terrorism and other crimes with countries referred to in paragraph 48 of the report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism in 2009 (A/64/161). It also provided information on legislation referred to in paragraph 49 of that report.", "15. He stated that there had been no incidents caused by international terrorism. It also reiterated information on pre-trial investigations and judgements contained in paragraph 52 of the report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism in 2010 (A/65/175). With regard to the criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph 50 of document A/64/161, he indicated that a person was under trial and that the extradition of two others was ongoing.", "16. The competent authorities of Tajikistan were cooperating with the competent authorities of other States to combat terrorism within the framework of the multilateral regulatory and legal instruments, in particular within the scope of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the CIS, dealing with matters such as strengthening cooperation between the competent authorities to combat terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism; establishing a regulatory and legal framework for cooperation; improving and harmonizing national legislation; organizing joint preventive activities;", "17. Ukraine submitted the list of 13 universal instruments and 5 regional counter-terrorism instruments to which it was a party. It also submitted the list of 39 bilateral agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding that it had signed with other States in the field of counter-terrorism.", "18. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was a party to seven universal instruments and two regional counter-terrorism instruments. It was considering becoming a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. As a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and in line with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), it had prepared a bill to prevent the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups that would be submitted shortly to the National Assembly for discussion and adoption. The National Assembly was also discussing a draft law on firearms and explosives that would replace the legislation in force in that area, adopted in 1939.", "19. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had continued its efforts to strengthen its Comprehensive National Security Plan (2008), with regard to the measures to be implemented in nuclear security, nuclear physical security and waste management. The law adopting the Convention on the Early Notification of Nuclear Accidents was enacted on 10 July 2009.", "20. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reiterated its request for the extradition of the United States of America of Luis Posada Carriles, for its responsibility in planning the bombing of a Cubana de Aviación aircraft in October 1976." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 75 del programa provisional*", "Informe de la Corte Penal Internacional", "Informe de la Corte Penal Internacional", "Nota del Secretario General", "Por la presente se transmite a la Asamblea General el informe de la Corte Penal Internacional sobre sus actividades en 2010/11, con arreglo al artículo 6 del Acuerdo de relación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Corte Penal Internacional y al párrafo 17 de la resolución 65/12 de la Asamblea General.", "Informe de la Corte Penal Internacional a las Naciones Unidas correspondiente a 2010/11", "Resumen", "El presente informe, que abarca el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011, es el séptimo informe anual que la Corte Penal Internacional presenta a las Naciones Unidas. En él se describen las principales novedades en las actividades de la Corte y otros asuntos de importancia para la relación entre la Corte y las Naciones Unidas.", "La Corte hizo un progreso significativo durante el período que se examina. Cinco nuevos Estados se han adherido o ratificado el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional, lo que eleva el número total de Estados partes a 116. La actividad judicial de la Corte llegó nuevamente a un nivel extraordinario con el inicio de un tercer juicio. La presentación de la prueba en el primer juicio ante la Corte llegó a su conclusión, y se espera que se dicte sentencia para el fin del año.", "El Fiscal inició una sexta investigación, tras la decisión unánime del Consejo de Seguridad de remitirle la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. El número total de personas sujetas a actuaciones ante la Corte aumentó de 15 a 25, y siete personas más comparecieron ante los magistrados en virtud de una orden de detención o de comparecencia.", "Durante el período que se examina, las Naciones Unidas continuaron brindando un importante apoyo y asistencia a la Corte. La Corte mantuvo estrechas relaciones con los Estados, las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones regionales e intergubernamentales para reforzar la cooperación internacional en la lucha contra la impunidad por el genocidio, los crímenes de lesa humanidad y los crímenes de guerra.", "A pesar de que la importancia atribuida a la labor de la Corte y la pertinencia del Estatuto de Roma en relación con la situación internacional continúan en aumento, todavía se plantean grandes problemas. Hay órdenes de detención pendientes contra un total de 11 sospechosos, y la cooperación de los Estados para que estas personas comparezcan ante la justicia sigue siendo una condición fundamental para la aplicación efectiva del mandato de la Corte. Al propio tiempo, el creciente número de causas y la remisión de una nueva situación por el Consejo de Seguridad han intensificado la presión sobre los recursos disponibles para la Corte.", "La Corte tiene ante sí siete situaciones, de las cuales la situación en Côte d’Ivoire está pendiente de la autorización de la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para el inicio de una investigación. Las situaciones en Uganda, la República Democrática del Congo y la República Centroafricana fueron previamente remitidas a la Corte por esos mismos Estados, y las situaciones en Darfur (Sudán) y la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia fueron remitidas por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. En cada caso, el Fiscal decidió que había fundamento suficiente para iniciar una investigación. La investigación sobre la situación en Kenya fue autorizada por la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares III a petición del Fiscal.", "En relación con la situación en Uganda, hay una causa en curso, a saber, El Fiscal c. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo y Dominic Ongwen, con cuatro órdenes de detención pendientes desde julio de 2005.", "En relación con la situación en la República Democrática del Congo, hay cuatro causas en curso, dos de ellas en la fase de primera instancia. En la causa El Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo se ha concluido la presentación de la prueba y se espera que se dicte sentencia para el fin del año. En la causa El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngdudjolo Chui, el Fiscal concluyó la presentación de sus argumentos en diciembre de 2010 y el primer acusado comenzará la presentación de sus argumentos el 21 de marzo de 2011. En la causa El Fiscal c. Callixte Mbarushimana se expidió una orden de detención y el sospechoso fue detenido durante el período que se examina. La causa se encuentra en la fase preliminar. En la causa El Fiscal c. Bosco Ntaganda la orden de detención está pendiente de ejecución desde agosto de 2006.", "En relación con la situación en la República Centroafricana, hay una causa, a saber, El Fiscal c. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. El juicio dio comienzo el 22 de noviembre de 2010 con la presentación de la prueba por el Fiscal.", "En relación con la situación en Darfur (Sudán), hay tres causas en curso. En la causa El Fiscal c. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain y Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, el 7 de marzo de 2011 la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I confirmó los cargos de crímenes de guerra en relación con un ataque contra una misión de la Unión Africana y remitió la causa a juicio. Siguen pendientes las órdenes de detención en la causa El Fiscal c. Ahmad Muhammad Harun y Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman y también en la causa El Fiscal c. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.", "De conformidad con la resolución 1593 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad, el Fiscal presentó al Consejo sus informes 12º y 13º relativos al estado de las investigaciones sobre la situación en Darfur el 9 de diciembre de 2010 y el 8 de junio de 2011, respectivamente, informes en que destacó la falta de cooperación del Gobierno del Sudán, la continuación de la comisión de los crímenes denunciados y la necesidad de dar cumplimiento a las órdenes de detención pendientes.", "En relación con la situación en Kenya, hay dos causas en curso en la fase preliminar, a saber, las causas El Fiscal c. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey y Joshua Arap Sang y El Fiscal c. Francisco Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta y Mohammed Hussein Ali. Los seis sospechosos comparecieron ante la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II en abril de 2011 de conformidad con las órdenes de comparecencia, y las audiencias sobre confirmación de los cargos están programadas para septiembre de 2011.", "En relación con la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, hay una causa en curso, a saber, la causa El Fiscal c. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi y Abdullah Al-Senussi. El 27 de junio de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I expidió órdenes de detención contra los tres sospechosos por crímenes de lesa humanidad presuntamente cometidos desde el 15 de febrero de 2011. De conformidad con la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, el 4 de mayo de 2011 el Fiscal presentó su primer informe sobre el estado de la investigación de la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.", "Además de las seis investigaciones, la Fiscalía está realizando exámenes preliminares de las situaciones en el Afganistán, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, la República de Corea y Palestina. Durante el período que se examina, el Fiscal solicitó autorización a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para iniciar una investigación sobre presuntos delitos cometidos en el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire después del 28 de noviembre de 2010. En el momento de presentarse este informe, aún no se había adoptado una decisión sobre dicha petición.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 6II.Actuaciones 6 \njudiciales A.El 7 Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situación en la República Democrática del \nCongo) B.El 8 Fiscal c. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situación en la República Democrática del \nCongo) C.El 8 Fiscal c. Callixte Mbarushimana (situación en la República Democrática del \nCongo) D.El 9 Fiscal c. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situación en la República \nCentroafricana) E.El 10 Fiscal c. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situación en Darfur \n(Sudán)) F.El 10 Fiscal c. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain y Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situación en Darfur \n(Sudán)) G.El 11 Fiscal c. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey y Joshua Arap Sang (situación en la República de \nKenya) H.El 11 Fiscal c. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta y Mohammed Hussein Ali (situación en la República de \nKenya) I.El 12 Fiscal c. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi y Abdullah Al-Senussi (situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe \nLibia) J.Órdenes 12 de detención \npendientes III.Investigaciones 13 y exámenes \npreliminares \nA.Investigaciones 131.La 13 situación en la República Democrática del \nCongo 2.La 14 situación en \nUganda 3.La 15 situación en la República \nCentroafricana 4.La 15 situación en Darfur \n(Sudán) 5.La 15 situación en \nKenya 6.La 15 situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe \nLibia B.Exámenes 16 \npreliminares \n1.Afganistán 16\n2.Colombia 173.Côte 17 d’Ivoire \n 1 \n4.Georgia 18\n5.Guinea 18\n6.Honduras 187. República 18 de \nCorea \n8.Nigeria 19\n9. Palestina 19IV.Cooperación 20 \ninternacional A.Cooperación 20 con las Naciones \nUnidas B.Cooperación 22 y asistencia de los Estados, otras organizaciones internacionales y la sociedad \ncivil V. Novedades 25 en el plano \ninstitucional A.Elecciones 25 y \nnombramientos B.Asistencia 25 prestada al Tribunal Especial para Sierra \nLeona \nVI. Conclusión 26", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe, que abarca el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011, es el séptimo informe anual que la Corte Penal Internacional presenta a las Naciones Unidas con arreglo al artículo 6 del Acuerdo de relación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Corte Penal Internacional[1]. En él se describen las principales novedades en las actividades de la Corte y otros asuntos pertinentes a la relación entre la Corte y las Naciones Unidas desde el sexto informe de la Corte a las Naciones Unidas (A/65/313).", "2. La Corte fue creada en virtud de un tratado internacional, el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional[2], que fue aprobado el 17 de julio de 1998 y entró en vigor el 1 de julio de 2002. Durante el período que se examina, Granada, la República de Moldova, Santa Lucía, Seychelles y Túnez depositaron instrumentos de ratificación o de adhesión, lo que lleva a 116 el número de Estados que han ratificado el Estatuto de Roma o se han adherido a él. Entre los Estados que han ratificado el Estatuto o se han adherido a él figuran 32 Estados de África, 15 Estados de Asia, 18 Estados de Europa oriental, 26 Estados de América Latina y el Caribe y 25 Estados de Europa occidental y otros Estados. Además de estos Estados partes, 34 países han firmado, pero todavía no han ratificado, el Estatuto de Roma.", "3. La Corte es una institución judicial independiente, encargada de investigar y procesar a los presuntos responsables de los crímenes más graves de trascendencia internacional, a saber, el genocidio, los crímenes de lesa humanidad y los crímenes de guerra.", "4. El Estatuto de Roma exige que las actuaciones judiciales de la Corte se incoen de manera justa e imparcial, respetando plenamente los derechos de los acusados. Un aspecto innovador del Estatuto de Roma es que las víctimas pueden participar en las actuaciones, aunque no sean citadas como testigos.", "5. Para el desempeño de sus funciones, la Corte depende de la cooperación de los Estados, las organizaciones internacionales y la sociedad civil de conformidad con el Estatuto de Roma y los acuerdos internacionales que ha suscrito. Entre los ámbitos en que la Corte requiere la cooperación de los Estados cabe citar los relacionados con los exámenes preliminares, las investigaciones, la detención y entrega de acusados, la detección y la congelación de activos, la protección de las víctimas y los testigos, la libertad provisional, la ejecución de sentencias y el cumplimiento de sus decisiones y órdenes.", "6. La Corte, aunque es independiente de las Naciones Unidas, mantiene estrechos lazos históricos, jurídicos y operacionales con la Organización. La relación entre la Corte y las Naciones Unidas se rige por las disposiciones pertinentes del Estatuto de Roma y por el Acuerdo de relación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Corte Penal Internacional y otros acuerdos subsidiarios.", "II. Actuaciones judiciales", "7. Durante el período que se examina, la Corte siguió ocupándose de las cinco situaciones que ya había comenzado a examinar: las situaciones en la República de Uganda; la República Democrática del Congo; la República Centroafricana; Darfur (Sudán); y Kenya.", "8. En marzo de 2011, el Fiscal inició una sexta investigación, en relación con la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, tras la decisión unánime del Consejo de Seguridad de remitirle esa situación en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011), aprobada el 26 de febrero de 2011. El Fiscal también solicitó autorización a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para iniciar una séptima investigación en relación con la situación en Côte d’Ivoire.", "9. Se han sustanciado actuaciones judiciales en relación con cada una de esas seis investigaciones, lo que ha dado lugar a que se incoen 13 causas contra 26 acusados de haber cometido delitos que caen dentro de la competencia de la Corte. De esos 26 acusados, uno de ellos fue declarado oficialmente fallecido y las actuaciones contra él se archivaron. A continuación se presentan detalles sobre las causas en las que se produjeron novedades judiciales durante el período que se examina.", "A. El Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situación en la República Democrática del Congo)", "10. Se alega que Thomas Lubanga Dyilo es quien dirige la Union des patriotes congolais y Comandante en Jefe de su ala militar, a saber, las Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo. Se le imputa la comisión de crímenes de guerra en la República Democrática del Congo y, en concreto, el alistamiento, el reclutamiento y la utilización de menores de 15 años para participar activamente en las hostilidades.", "11. El juicio contra el Sr. Lubanga se inició el 26 de enero de 2009 ante la Sala de Primera Instancia I. El Fiscal llamó a 29 testigos entre el 26 de enero de 2009 y el 14 de julio de 2009. El Fiscal llamó o volvió a llamar a otros testigos de cargo en 2010 para responder a las impugnaciones de inobservancia de las garantías procesales interpuestas por la defensa. La defensa presentó sus argumentos en el período comprendido entre el 27 de enero de 2010 y el 18 de abril de 2011. Durante ese período, la defensa presentó 133 elementos de prueba y pidió la comparecencia de 24 testigos para que prestaran declaración durante un total de 68 días de juicio. En la causa contra Lubanga han participado en total 118 víctimas mediante sus representantes legales. Tres de las víctimas autorizadas a participar en las actuaciones declararon ante la Sala en enero de 2010.", "12. El 8 de octubre de 2010, la Sala de Apelaciones revocó las decisiones de la Sala de Primera Instancia I de suspender las actuaciones y liberar al acusado. El 15 de julio de 2010, la Sala de Primera Instancia I había ordenado que se suspendieran las actuaciones como consecuencia de incumplimiento material por el Fiscal de las órdenes de la Sala, y había ordenado que pusiera en libertad sin restricciones ni condiciones a Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, con sujeción a que se interpusiera un recurso de apelación y a que la Sala de Apelaciones dictara una orden de efectos suspensivos. La Sala de Apelaciones revocó la decisión de la Sala de Primera Instancia por considerar que, antes de ordenar la suspensión de las actuaciones, la Sala hubiera debido imponer las sanciones previstas en el artículo 71 del Estatuto para conminar el cumplimiento.", "13. El 23 de febrero de 2011, Sala de Primera Instancia I denegó la petición de la defensa de que se suspendieran las actuaciones por inobservancia de las garantías procesales. El juicio se reanudó el 21 de marzo de 2011.", "14. El 20 de mayo de 2011, la Sala de Primera Instancia I ordenó la clausura de la fase de presentación de la prueba. La acusación y la defensa presentaron sus alegatos finales el 1 de junio y el 15 de julio, respectivamente. Las partes y los participantes presentarán sus alegatos orales finales en audiencias públicas el 25 y 26 de agosto de 2011.", "B. El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situación en la República Democrática del Congo)", "15. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui son exdirigentes de grupos armados que realizaban actividades en la región de Ituri de la República Democrática del Congo. El Sr. Katanga estaba presuntamente al mando de las Forces de résistance patriotiques en Ituri y había sido designado General de Brigada de las Armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC); el Sr. Ngudjolo era presuntamente el exdirigente del Front des nationalistes et intégrationnistes y Coronel de las FARDC. A ambos se les imputan siete cargos correspondientes a crímenes de guerra (homicidio intencional, utilización de niños para participar activamente en hostilidades, esclavitud sexual, violaciones, ataques contra civiles, pillaje y destrucción de bienes del enemigo) y tres cargos correspondientes a crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato, esclavitud sexual y violaciones). Esos crímenes fueron presuntamente cometidos en relación con el ataque contra la localidad de Bogoro el 24 de febrero de 2003.", "16. El juicio contra el Sr. Katanga y el Sr. Ngudjolo se inició el 24 de noviembre de 2009 ante la Sala de Primera Instancia II. El Fiscal concluyó la presentación de la prueba en directo en la causa el 8 de diciembre de 2010. Durante la presentación de la prueba, el Fiscal presentó 270 elementos de prueba y pidió la comparecencia de 24 testigos y 2 peritos para que testificasen.", "17. El primer acusado, el Sr. Katanga, presentó sus argumentos entre el 24 de marzo y el 12 de julio 2011 y llamó a declarar a 17 testigos, entre ellos 3 testigos en común con el segundo acusado, el Sr. Ngudjolo. En total, se admitieron como prueba 150 elementos de prueba presentados por la defensa del Sr. Katanga y 59 elementos de prueba presentados por la defensa del Sr. Ngudjolo. Se ha previsto que el juicio contra el Sr. Ngudjolo se reanude el 15 de agosto de 2011. En total intervienen 366 víctimas mediante sus representantes legales y 2 de ellas han declarado en juicio.", "C. El Fiscal c. Callixte Mbarushimana (situación en la República Democrática del Congo)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana es el presunto Secretario Ejecutivo de las Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). La Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I expidió una orden de detención el 28 de septiembre de 2010, pues decidió que había fundamento razonable para estimar que él, personal e intencionalmente, había contribuido a un plan común de los dirigentes de las FDLR para lanzar una ofensiva contra la población civil de las provincias de los Kivus, con el fin de obtener concesiones políticas, como parte de una campaña internacional de extorsión para aumentar el poder político de las FDLR.", "19. El 11 de octubre de 2010, después de la detención del Sr. Mbarushimana por las autoridades francesas, se hizo pública la orden de detención. El acusado fue trasladado al Centro de Detención de la Corte en La Haya el 25 de enero de 2011 y su comparecencia inicial ante el Tribunal tuvo lugar el 28 de enero de 2011. La audiencia de confirmación de cargos, inicialmente prevista para el 4 de julio de 2011, se aplazó a petición del Fiscal en vista de los retrasos causados por dificultades técnicas en la revisión de los dispositivos electrónicos incautados en los locales del sospechoso.", "20. El 15 de julio de 2010, el Fiscal presentó el documento que contenía los cargos y la lista de pruebas. La acusación consta de 13 cargos correspondientes a crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos presuntamente en las provincias de los Kivus y en la parte oriental de la República Democrática del Congo en el período comprendido entre el 20 de enero y el 31 diciembre de 2009. El Fiscal sostiene que el Sr. Mbarushimana es responsable por coadyuvar al propósito común de los dirigentes de las FDLR de cometer crímenes mediante la creación de una “catástrofe humanitaria” en Kivu del Norte y Kivu del Sur, con objeto de persuadir a los Gobiernos de Rwanda y de la República Democrática del Congo de abandonar su campaña militar contra el grupo y extorsionarlos a fin de obtener concesiones de poder político en la República de Rwanda.", "D. El Fiscal c. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situación en la República Centroafricana)", "21. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo fue Presidente y Comandante en Jefe del Mouvement de libération du Congo. Presuntamente cometió crímenes en diversas localidades de la República Centroafricana en relación con el conflicto armado no internacional que tuvo lugar del 26 de octubre de 2002 al 15 de marzo de 2003. Los cargos contra el Sr. Bemba fueron confirmados por la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares III el 15 de junio de 2009. Se le imputan tres cargos por crímenes de guerra (asesinato, violaciones y pillaje) y dos cargos por crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato y violaciones) en su calidad de jefe militar en virtud del artículo 28 del Estatuto de Roma (Responsabilidad de los jefes y otros superiores).", "22. El 19 de octubre de 2010, la Sala de Apelaciones dictó su fallo sobre la apelación del Sr. Bemba contra la decisión del 24 de junio de 2010 de la Sala de Primera Instancia III titulada “Decisión sobre las impugnaciones de admisibilidad e inobservancia de las garantías procesales”. La Sala de Apelaciones confirmó la decisión impugnada, considerando que, cuando se le presenta la cuestión de si el resultado de los procedimientos judiciales nacionales es equivalente a una decisión de no enjuiciar en términos del párrafo 1) b) del artículo 17 del Estatuto, una Sala de Primera Instancia debe aceptar prima facie la validez y el efecto de las decisiones de los tribunales nacionales, a menos que se allegue prueba convincente en contrario.", "23. El juicio contra el Sr. Bemba se inició el 22 de noviembre de 2010 ante la Sala de Primera Instancia III. Hasta la fecha, se ha autorizado a 1.619 víctimas a intervenir en las actuaciones judiciales por conducto de sus representantes legales. Al 31 de julio de 2011, el Fiscal había presentado 25 de sus 40 testigos previstos.", "E. El Fiscal c. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situación en Darfur (Sudán))", "24. El 4 de marzo de 2009, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I dictó una orden de detención contra Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, actual Presidente del Sudán, a quien se le imputaban cinco cargos correspondientes a crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato, exterminio, traslado forzoso, tortura y violaciones) y dos cargos correspondientes a crímenes de guerra (ataque contra civiles y pillaje). El 12 de julio de 2010, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I dictó una segunda orden de detención en la que imputó otros tres cargos de genocidio al Sr. Al Bashir. Ambas órdenes de detención fueron notificadas a todos los Estados partes, a las autoridades del Sudán y a todos los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad que no son partes en el Estatuto de Roma.", "25. El 27 de agosto de 2010, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I dio a conocer dos decisiones en las que informó al Consejo de Seguridad y a la Asamblea de los Estados Partes en el Estatuto de Roma de las visitas del Sr. Al Bashir a Kenya y el Chad, a fin de que tomaran las medidas que estimaran apropiadas. El 12 de mayo de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I adoptó una decisión similar con respecto a la visita del Sr. Al Bashir a Djibouti. En las decisiones antes mencionadas, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I observó que los Estados en cuestión tenían la obligación de cooperar con la Corte, obligación que dimanaba tanto de la resolución 1593 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad como del artículo 87 del Estatuto de Roma, en el cual el Chad, Djibouti y Kenya eran Estados partes.", "26. Hasta la fecha el Sr. Al Bashir sigue en libertad. En total se ha autorizado a 12 víctimas a intervenir en la causa por conducto de sus representantes legales.", "F. El Fiscal c. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain y Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situación en Darfur (Sudán))", "27. Se acusa a Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain de ser el Comandante en Jefe del Movimiento por la Justicia y la Igualdad y a Mohammed Jerbo Jamus de ser el ex Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército de Liberación de Sudán-Unidad. En agosto de 2009, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I ordenó la comparecencia del Sr. Banda y el Sr. Jerbo.", "28. La audiencia de confirmación de cargos se celebró el 8 de diciembre de 2010. El 7 de marzo de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I confirmó los tres cargos de crímenes de guerra (atentados contra la vida, dirigir intencionalmente ataques contra una misión de mantenimiento de la paz y pillaje) contra los presuntos líderes rebeldes en la situación en Darfur (Sudán), en relación con un ataque contra personal de mantenimiento de la paz de una misión de la Unión Africana en el norte de Darfur (Sudán) (la Misión de la Unión Africana en el Sudán (AMIS)) el 29 de septiembre de 2007.", "29. El 16 de marzo de 2011, la Presidencia de la Corte remitió la causa a la recién creada Sala de Primera Instancia IV. El 16 de mayo de 2011, las partes presentaron un escrito conjunto que indicaba que los acusados solo se defenderían contra ciertos cargos especificados en el juicio:", "a) Si el ataque contra la base del grupo militar Haskanita el 29 de septiembre de 2007 había sido ilegal;", "b) Si el ataque se considerara ilegal, si los acusados estaban enterados de las circunstancias de hecho que determinaban el carácter ilegal del ataque;", "c) Si la AMIS era una misión de mantenimiento de la paz de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "30. El acuerdo concertado por las partes podría abreviar significativamente las actuaciones del juicio porque centrarían el juicio únicamente en las cuestiones controvertidas entre las partes, lo que promovería un proceso eficiente y económico y, al propio tiempo, preservaría los derechos de las víctimas a participar en las actuaciones y protegería los derechos de los acusados a un juicio justo y expedito.", "31. Al 31 de mayo de 2011 se había autorizado a un total de 89 víctimas a intervenir en las actuaciones por conducto de sus representantes legales. La fecha del comienzo del juicio se fijará en el momento oportuno.", "G. El Fiscal c. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey y Joshua Arap Sang (situación en la República de Kenya)", "32. El 8 de marzo de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II citó a comparecer a William Samoei Ruto, un Ministro de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología suspendido, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, un miembro del Parlamento y Presidente del Movimiento Democrático Naranja (MDN), y Joshua Arap Sang, el jefe de operaciones de Kass FM en Nairobi, por su presunta participación en la comisión de crímenes de lesa humanidad en relación con la violencia posterior a las elecciones de 2007 y 2008. Los tres acusados son presuntamente miembros del MDN, uno de los dos partidos políticos de la coalición gobernante de Kenya.", "33. El 7 de abril de 2011, los tres sospechosos comparecieron voluntariamente ante la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II. La audiencia de confirmación de cargos está prevista para el 1 de septiembre de 2011, cuando la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II oirá los cargos, a saber, tres cargos de crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato, traslado forzoso de población y persecución).", "34. El 31 de marzo de 2011, el Gobierno de Kenya interpuso un recurso, de conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo 19 del Estatuto de Roma, en el que impugnó la admisibilidad de la causa ante la Corte. La Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II no hizo lugar al recurso el 30 de mayo de 2011, considerando que en el recurso no se habían aportado pruebas concretas de que se estuvieran sustanciando actuaciones nacionales con respecto a las personas sujetas a las actuaciones ante la Corte. El Gobierno apeló de esa decisión, que está pendiente ante la Sala de Apelaciones.", "H. El Fiscal c. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta y Mohammed Hussein Ali (situación en la República de Kenya)", "35. El 8 de marzo de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II citó a comparecer a Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Jefe de Administración Pública y Secretario del Gabinete, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Viceprimer Ministro y Ministro de Hacienda, y Mohammed Hussein Ali, Presidente de la Corporación Postal, por su presunta participación en la comisión de crímenes de lesa humanidad en relación con la violencia posterior a las elecciones de 2007 y 2008. Los tres acusados son presuntamente miembros del Partido de Unidad Nacional, uno de los dos partidos políticos de la coalición gobernante de Kenya.", "36. El 8 de abril de 2011, los tres sospechosos comparecieron voluntariamente ante la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II. La audiencia de confirmación de cargos está prevista para el 21 de septiembre de 2011, cuando la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II oirá los cinco cargos de crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato, traslado forzoso de población, persecución, violación y otros actos inhumanos).", "37. El 31 de marzo de 2011, el Gobierno de Kenya interpuso un recurso, de conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo 19 del Estatuto de Roma, en el que impugnó la admisibilidad de la causa ante la Corte. La Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares II no hizo lugar al recurso el 30 de mayo de 2011, considerando que en el recurso no se habían aportado pruebas concretas de que se estuvieran sustanciando actuaciones nacionales con respecto a las personas sujetas a las actuaciones ante la Corte. El Gobierno apeló de esa decisión, que está pendiente ante la Sala de Apelaciones.", "I. El Fiscal c. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi y Abdullah Al-Senussi (situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia)", "38. El 27 de junio de 2011, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I expidió órdenes de detención contra el líder libio Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, su hijo Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Portavoz del Gobierno libio, y Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director de Inteligencia Militar, en relación con dos cargos correspondientes a crímenes de lesa humanidad (asesinato y persecución) presuntamente cometidos desde el 15 de febrero de 2011. La Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I decidió que había fundamento suficiente para estimar que Muammar Gaddafi, en coordinación con sus colaboradores inmediatos, había concebido y orquestado un plan para impedir y reprimir, por todos los medios, las manifestaciones civiles contra el régimen. Las órdenes de detención son el resultado de la investigación de la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, iniciada por la Fiscalía el 3 de marzo de 2011, de conformidad con la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, aprobada el 26 de febrero de 2011, en virtud de la cual el Consejo remitió la situación al Fiscal.", "J. Órdenes de detención pendientes", "39. En el momento de presentarse este informe había 12 órdenes de detención pendientes:", "a) Uganda: Sr. Joseph Kony, Sr. Vincent Otti, Sr. Okot Odhiambo y Sr. Dominic Ongwen, pendientes desde 2005.", "b) República Democrática del Congo: Sr. Bosco Ntaganda, pendiente desde 2006;", "c) Darfur (Sudán): Sr. Ahmad Harun y Sr. Ali Kushayb, pendientes de 2007, y en la causa contra el Sr. Omar Al Bashir, dos órdenes pendientes desde 2009 y 2010.", "d) Jamahiriya Árabe Libia: Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi y Abdullah Al-Senussi, pendientes desde el 27 de junio de 2011.", "40. La Corte ha cursado solicitudes de cooperación para la detención y entrega de todas estas personas y las ha notificado a los Estados pertinentes. Los Estados partes y otros Estados que tienen la obligación jurídica de cooperar con la Corte han de atender a tales solicitudes. En cuanto a las situaciones en Darfur (Sudán) y la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, todas las partes, incluidos los Estados respectivos, están obligadas a cooperar plenamente con la Corte y el Fiscal de conformidad con las resoluciones 1593 (2005) y 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, respectivamente.", "III. Investigaciones y exámenes preliminares", "A. Investigaciones", "1. La situación en la República Democrática del Congo", "El Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo y El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui", "41. Durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011, el Fiscal llevó a cabo 16 misiones en 5 países, principalmente como labor de apoyo a los juicios, a fin de responder a los argumentos presentados por la defensa en El Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo y en El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "Causa relativa a las provincias de los Kivus", "42. Durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011, la Fiscalía llevó a cabo 34 misiones en 10 países a efectos de realizar su tercera investigación en la República Democrática del Congo, centrada en los crímenes cometidos por la milicia de las FDLR en las provincias de los Kivus. La investigación culminó con la detención y entrega de Callixte Mbarushimana y facilitó la preparación de la futura audiencia de confirmación de los cargos.", "43. La investigación y el enjuiciamiento de los crímenes atribuidos a la milicia de las FDLR en las provincias de los Kivus, en la zona oriental de la República Democrática del Congo, constituyen uno de los ejemplos más ilustrativos de la complementariedad de la Corte con arreglo al sistema del Estatuto de Roma. Algunos de los líderes de las FDLR operaban desde Europa. Callixte Mbarushimana, presunto Secretario General de la milicia, residía en Francia y fue detenido por las autoridades francesas y puesto a disposición de la Corte. Ignace Murwanashiyaka y Straton Musoni, Presidente y Vicepresidente de las FDLR, respectivamente, fueron detenidos por las autoridades alemanas el 17 de noviembre de 2009 y en la actualidad están siendo juzgados en Alemania por los crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad que se les imputan con arreglo al Código de delitos contra el derecho internacional de Alemania.", "44. El enjuiciamiento de los líderes de las FDLR es fruto de más de dos años de investigaciones llevadas a cabo por Alemania, Rwanda, la República Democrática del Congo, Francia y la Fiscalía sobre los presuntos crímenes cometidos en los Kivus y, concretamente, las actividades de las FDLR.", "45. La investigación de la Fiscalía sobre los presuntos crímenes cometidos en los Kivus, en que están implicados otros líderes de las FDLR, aún no ha concluido.", "46. Como parte de su política de complementariedad positiva, que fomenta activamente la realización de actuaciones efectivas a nivel nacional, la Fiscalía también ha participado en la capacitación de las autoridades judiciales congoleñas de las provincias de Kivu del Norte y Kivu del Sur que investigan crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad, impartida en octubre de 2010 y febrero de 2011, respectivamente.", "2. La situación en Uganda", "47. La Fiscalía siguió recabando información sobre los delitos atribuidos al Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA) y promoviendo la adopción de medidas para dar cumplimiento a las órdenes de detención dictadas contra los principales líderes, para lo cual llevó a cabo tres misiones en tres países en relación con la situación en Uganda. La Fiscalía ha recabado información de diversa índole sobre los delitos presuntamente cometidos por el LRA bajo el liderazgo de Joseph Kony. Según la información recibida, el LRA siguió cometiendo delitos a lo largo del año, incluidos numerosos secuestros y matanzas en toda la República Democrática del Congo, Sudán del Sur y la República Centroafricana. Desde principios de 2008, el LRA podría haber sido responsable de más de 2.000 muertes, más de 2.500 secuestros y más de 300.000 desplazamientos solo en la República Democrática del Congo. En ese mismo período se produjeron más de 120.000 desplazamientos, al menos 450 muertes y más de 800 secuestros en Sudán del Sur y en la República Centroafricana.", "48. La Fiscalía también ha seguido reuniendo y analizando información relacionada con los presuntos delitos cometidos por las Fuerzas de Defensa del Pueblo de Uganda. La Fiscalía ha seguido alentando a las autoridades de Uganda a emprender actuaciones en relación con ambas partes en el conflicto.", "49. Como parte de su política de complementariedad positiva, la Fiscalía ha colaborado con las autoridades de Uganda en la investigación y el enjuiciamiento de algunas personas. Durante los preparativos de la primera causa nacional por crímenes de guerra ante la recientemente establecida División de Delitos Internacionales de la Corte Suprema contra un presunto comandante del LRA de rango medio, la Fiscalía intercambió experiencias y mejores prácticas con las autoridades nacionales en ámbitos como la prestación de protección y el apoyo a los testigos y la gestión de las pruebas, entre otros. La Fiscalía pudo suministrar copias consultables, traducciones y transcripciones del material no procesado suministrado inicialmente por las autoridades de Uganda en el contexto de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo por la propia Fiscalía en relación con los incidentes seleccionados para su enjuiciamiento en la Corte Suprema de Uganda. Las autoridades de Uganda prometieron formalmente a la Fiscalía que toda la información que les facilitase se utilizaría en el contexto de procedimientos que cumpliesen las normas de derechos humanos reconocidas internacionalmente.", "3. La situación en la República Centroafricana", "50. La Fiscalía siguió investigando la situación en la República Centroafricana y llevó a cabo un total de 14 misiones en 5 países en el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011, con miras a examinar a posibles testigos y evaluar nueva información recibida, entre otros fines.", "4. La situación en Darfur (Sudán)", "51. En el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 30 de julio de 2011, la Fiscalía llevó a cabo 16 misiones en 9 países en relación con las investigaciones sobre la situación en Darfur.", "52. De conformidad con la resolución 1593 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad, el Fiscal presentó al Consejo sus informes 12º y 13º sobre el estado de la investigación sobre la situación en Darfur, de fecha 10 de diciembre de 2010 y 8 de junio de 2011, respectivamente.", "53. En su exposición de información de 10 de diciembre de 2010, el Fiscal hizo especial referencia a la segunda orden de detención dictada por la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares contra el Presidente Al Bashir, al que se imputan tres cargos de genocidio. Una vez más, denunció la falta de cooperación del Gobierno del Sudán y el hecho de que no se hayan llevado a cabo actuaciones a nivel nacional contra los responsables de los crímenes cometidos.", "54. En su exposición de información de 8 de junio de 2011, el Fiscal hizo referencia a las órdenes de detención pendientes y a los crímenes que seguían cometiéndose, y expresó especial preocupación por el papel desempeñado por Ahmad Harun, uno de los protagonistas.", "55. La Fiscalía continúa realizando un seguimiento de la situación en Darfur (Sudán) y reuniendo información al respecto. La información recabada indica que siguen cometiéndose crímenes de lesa humanidad, crímenes de guerra y genocidios.", "5. La situación en Kenya", "56. Una vez autorizado el comienzo de la investigación, la Fiscalía llevó a cabo 71 misiones en 14 países durante el período que se examina.", "57. El 15 de diciembre de 2010 el Fiscal pidió la comparecencia de seis personas en relación con dos causas.", "6. La situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia", "58. Tras la remisión unánime por el Consejo de Seguridad, la Fiscalía llevó a cabo un análisis de cuestiones de hecho y de derecho durante su examen preliminar de la situación. De resultas de dicho examen, que abarcó cuestiones de competencia, admisibilidad (complementariedad y gravedad) e interés de la justicia, el 3 de marzo de 2011, la Fiscalía determinó que se habían cumplido los requisitos previstos en el Estatuto de Roma para iniciar una investigación sobre la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.", "59. En su exposición de información ante el Consejo de Seguridad de 4 de mayo de 2011, el Fiscal presentó su primer informe sobre los rápidos y sustanciales progresos realizados en las investigaciones de la Fiscalía, tras lo cual, anunció que en las próximas semanas pediría que se dictaran órdenes de detención contra las tres personas que parecían tener mayor responsabilidad penal por los crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia desde el 15 de febrero.", "60. Posteriormente, el 16 de mayo de 2011, el Fiscal pidió a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares I que dictara órdenes de detención contra el líder libio Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, su hijo Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, portavoz del Gobierno libio, y Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director de Inteligencia Militar. En su solicitud el Fiscal aportó pruebas de órdenes emitidas por Muammar Gaddafi, de la organización del reclutamiento de soldados extranjeros por Saif Al-Islam y de la participación de Al-Senussi en ataques contra manifestantes, además de dejar constancia de que los tres habían celebrado reuniones para planear las operaciones.", "61. Durante el período que se examina, la Fiscalía llevó a cabo 28 misiones en 11 países en relación con la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. La Fiscalía está investigando denuncias de violaciones, violencia sexual y otros crímenes de lesa humanidad, como torturas y actos inhumanos contra civiles considerados disidentes. La Fiscalía también está investigando las denuncias de ataques contra nacionales de países del África Subsahariana confundidos con mercenarios y las denuncias de crímenes de guerra cometidos por las diferentes partes durante el conflicto armado.", "B. Exámenes preliminares", "62. La Fiscalía siguió realizando un seguimiento proactivo de la información sobre delitos que pudieran ser de la competencia de la Corte y analizando comunicaciones recibidas de diversas fuentes. Al 30 de junio de 2011, la Fiscalía había recibido 9.253 comunicaciones relativas al artículo 15 del Estatuto de Roma, de las que 419 se recibieron durante el período que se examina.", "63. La Fiscalía prosiguió sus exámenes preliminares de la situación en el Afganistán, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea y Palestina. La Fiscalía anunció que había iniciado exámenes preliminares de la situación en Nigeria, Honduras, y la República de Corea. El 23 de junio de 2011, el Fiscal solicitó la autorización de la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para iniciar una investigación sobre la situación en Côte d’Ivoire.", "1. Afganistán", "64. La Fiscalía siguió vigilando la situación en el Afganistán, examinando toda la información disponible, incluida la procedente de fuentes públicas. La Fiscalía se mantiene en estrecho contacto con expertos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y funcionarios públicos de la región, y ha participado en varias conferencias académicas internacionales sobre el Afganistán.", "65. De conformidad con el Estatuto de Roma, la Fiscalía evalúa si se han puesto en marcha investigaciones y actuaciones eficaces compatibles con la intención de hacer comparecer ante la justicia a los principales responsables de los delitos de mayor gravedad cometidos en el Afganistán. El análisis abarca las investigaciones y actuaciones que pudieran llevarse a cabo en el Estado de nacionalidad de los presuntos responsables u otro Estado que tenga jurisdicción sobre los delitos presuntamente cometidos en el Afganistán.", "2. Colombia", "66. Al ratificar el Estatuto de Roma, Colombia declaró (de conformidad con el artículo 124 del Estatuto) que durante un período de siete años no aceptaría la competencia de la Corte sobre los crímenes de guerra. Ese período concluyó el 1 de noviembre de 2009. Los crímenes de guerra cometidos después de esa fecha podrían ser investigados y enjuiciados por la Fiscalía. El sistema de justicia penal de Colombia ha adoptado medidas encaminadas a investigar a los responsables de delitos comprendidos en el Estatuto de Roma.", "67. La Fiscalía recaba y analiza información sobre las investigaciones y actuaciones en curso, especialmente las que se ocupan de los líderes de grupos paramilitares y guerrilleros y de los militares presuntamente responsables de conductas que pudieran ser de la competencia de la Corte. La Fiscalía está investigando la presunta existencia de redes internacionales de apoyo que prestan asistencia a grupos armados que realizan actividades delictivas en Colombia. La Fiscalía también está siguiendo de cerca los casos de parapolítica.", "68. La Fiscalía ha enviado cartas a varios Estados para solicitar información. Durante el período que se examina la Fiscalía también se ha reunido con interesados colombianos, incluidos representantes del Gobierno, autoridades judiciales y organizaciones no gubernamentales, tanto en Colombia como en La Haya.", "69. En la mesa redonda bianual de organizaciones no gubernamentales que tuvo lugar el 20 de octubre de 2010, la Fiscalía dedicó una sesión a la complementariedad en el contexto del examen preliminar de la situación en Colombia. Los expertos que participaron en las deliberaciones analizaron la respuesta de las autoridades colombianas a la lucha contra la impunidad, con especial atención a los procedimientos previstos en la Ley de justicia y paz.", "70. La Fiscalía continuará examinando la situación en Colombia y las actuaciones nacionales. En este contexto, con arreglo a su enfoque positivo de la complementariedad, la Fiscalía aplaude los esfuerzos desplegados por el Presidente Santos para recabar mayor apoyo internacional a las actuaciones nacionales y promover la cooperación, como explicó durante el noveno período de sesiones de la Asamblea de los Estados Partes, celebrado en diciembre de 2010. El nombramiento como asesor de la Misión de Apoyo al Proceso de Paz en Colombia del magistrado español Baltasar Garzón, que ha trabajado como consultor para la Fiscalía, constituye un ejemplo práctico de complementariedad positiva y cabe esperar que sirva para ayudar a las autoridades colombianas a avanzar en la dirección adecuada.", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "71. La Fiscalía siguió vigilando la situación en Côte d’Ivoire, en particular el estallido de violencia tras la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales, celebrada el 28 de noviembre de 2010.", "72. El 18 de diciembre de 2010, la Corte recibió una declaración firmada por el Presidente Ouattara que confirmaba una declaración anterior presentada en octubre de 2003 por el Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire de conformidad con el artículo 12, párrafo 3), del Estatuto de Roma, en que aceptaba la competencia de la Corte respecto de los crímenes cometidos en su territorio desde el 19 de septiembre de 2002.", "73. El Fiscal ha llegado a la conclusión de que se han cumplido los criterios establecidos en el Estatuto de Roma para iniciar una investigación. El 23 de junio de 2011 el Fiscal solicitó la autorización de la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para abrir una investigación sobre los presuntos crímenes cometidos en el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire desde el 28 de noviembre de 2010.", "4. Georgia", "74. Durante el período que se examina, la Fiscalía ha continuado observando los avances de las investigaciones de los presuntos delitos cometidos durante el conflicto desencadenado en Georgia en agosto de 2008.", "75. En febrero de 2011, una delegación de la Fiscalía visitó por segunda vez la Federación de Rusia y recibió amplia información actualizada sobre los avances de las investigaciones realizadas a nivel nacional por el comité de investigación de la Federación de Rusia. La Fiscalía ha mantenido contactos periódicos con las autoridades de Georgia.", "76. La Fiscalía mantiene estrechos contactos con las organizaciones no gubernamentales de la región, recibe informes de estas organizaciones y participa en reuniones con ellas.", "5. Guinea", "77. El 14 de octubre de 2009 el Fiscal anunció que la situación en Guinea era objeto de un examen preliminar a raíz de las denuncias relativas a los acontecimientos ocurridos el 28 de septiembre de 2009 en Conakry.", "78. La Fiscalía llevó a cabo dos misiones en Guinea para hacer un seguimiento de las investigaciones de los acontecimientos de 2009 realizadas por los magistrados guineanos y, como parte de su mandato preventivo, vigilar si se cometían nuevos delitos durante el período electoral. La Fiscalía se reunió con funcionarios del Gobierno y representantes del poder judicial y la sociedad civil, y con víctimas y asociaciones de víctimas.", "6. Honduras", "79. El 18 de noviembre de 2010, el Fiscal anunció que la situación en Honduras se había sometido a un examen preliminar. La Fiscalía está analizando si las presuntas violaciones de los derechos humanos que se produjeron tras el golpe de estado de 28 de junio de 2009 contra el Presidente Zelaya constituyen delitos que pudieran ser de la competencia de la Corte. La Fiscalía recibió 17 comunicaciones en relación con la situación. Las autoridades de Honduras ofrecieron de inmediato su cooperación.", "7. República de Corea", "80. El 6 de diciembre de 2010, la Fiscalía anunció que había recibido comunicaciones que alegaban que las fuerzas de la República Popular Democrática de Corea habían cometido crímenes de guerra en el territorio de la República de Corea.", "81. El examen preliminar de la situación en la República de Corea se centra en dos incidentes: a) el bombardeo de la isla de Yeonpyeong el 23 de noviembre de 2010, a consecuencia del cual murieron varios infantes de marina y civiles surcoreanos y otros muchos resultaron heridos; y b) el hundimiento del buque de guerra surcoreano Cheonan tras ser alcanzado por un torpedo presuntamente lanzado desde un submarino de la República Popular Democrática de Corea el 26 de marzo de 2010, en el que murieron 46 personas.", "82. La Fiscalía se ha dedicado a recabar información adicional de fuentes pertinentes. La Fiscalía colabora con las autoridades coreanas para determinar cuestiones de hecho como parte del análisis de la competencia por razón de la materia del examen preliminar.", "8. Nigeria", "83. El 18 de noviembre de 2010 la Fiscalía anunció públicamente su examen de la situación en Nigeria. La Fiscalía está analizando los presuntos delitos cometidos en la zona central de Nigeria desde mediados de 2004 y colabora constructivamente con las autoridades nigerianas. La Fiscalía se ha reunido con representantes de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil nacionales e internacionales que operan en los estados de la “franja intermedia”. Las autoridades judiciales nigerianas han sido invitadas a intercambiar información con la Fiscalía sobre los procedimientos en curso.", "9. Palestina", "84. En relación con la declaración depositada por la Autoridad Nacional Palestina el 22 de enero de 2009, en la que aceptó la competencia de la Corte de conformidad con el artículo 12, párrafo 3), del Estatuto de Roma, la Fiscalía continúa examinando si la declaración cumple los requisitos previstos en el Estatuto. Dado que la Corte Penal Internacional es un tribunal de última instancia, la Fiscalía estudia asimismo si se han incoado actuaciones a nivel nacional en relación con los presuntos delitos en lo que concierne a la admisibilidad de las causas que pudieran dimanar de la situación. En total, la fiscalía recibió 400 comunicaciones sobre crímenes presuntamente cometidos en Palestina.", "85. La Autoridad Nacional Palestina invocó el derecho a ser oída en relación con el cumplimiento de los requisitos previstos en el Estatuto de Roma para el inicio de una investigación, incluida la cuestión de si Palestina puede considerarse un “Estado” a los efectos del artículo 12, párrafo 3), del Estatuto. La Fiscalía consideró que, en aras de la equidad, la Autoridad Nacional Palestina y otras partes interesadas debían tener la oportunidad de ser oídas. Por consiguiente, la Fiscalía veló por que todas las partes interesadas gozaran de las debidas garantías procesales. Los representantes de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina presentaron alegatos orales y por escrito. El informe final se publicará en breve[3].", "86. La Fiscalía también ha examinado varios informes públicos, y organizó un debate interactivo entre los diversos expertos y organizaciones no gubernamentales que habían presentado informes en la sede de la Corte durante la mesa redonda bianual celebrada el 20 de octubre de 2010.", "87. En julio de 2011 la Fiscalía proporcionó información actualizada a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos en respuesta a su solicitud de información sobre las medidas adoptadas por la Fiscalía con relación a la declaración palestina.", "88. El Fiscal se reunió con varios interesados, incluidos representantes de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina, la Secretaría de la Liga de los Estados Árabes y algunas organizaciones no gubernamentales palestinas e israelíes, para deliberar sobre la competencia de la Corte.", "IV. Cooperación internacional", "A. Cooperación con las Naciones Unidas", "89. La cooperación entre la Corte y las Naciones Unidas se rige por el Acuerdo de Relación entre ambas organizaciones firmado el 4 de octubre de 2004. Con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 10 de dicho acuerdo, las Naciones Unidas proporcionaron instalaciones y servicios durante el noveno período de sesiones de la Asamblea de los Estados Partes, celebrado en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas de Nueva York, del 6 al 10 de diciembre de 2010. Se prevé que el décimo período de sesiones se celebrará en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas del 12 al 21 de diciembre de 2011.", "90. Por lo que respecta a la seguridad, la Corte forma parte del sistema de gestión de la seguridad de las Naciones Unidas y está invitada a participar dos veces al año en las reuniones de la Red Interinstitucional de Gestión de la Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. Eso permite que la Corte armonice sus normas, reglamentos y actividades sobre el terreno con las de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones miembros.", "91. En los países en los que hay planteada una situación, el apoyo y la asistencia proporcionados por las Naciones Unidas a la Corte son de importancia crucial y abarcan desde el suministro de combustible para los vehículos de la Corte a la utilización de aeronaves de las Naciones Unidas. Durante el período que se examina, la Corte hizo uso de 862 vuelos organizados por las Naciones Unidas en apoyo de misiones en todos los países en los que hay planteada una situación. Las Naciones Unidas siguen proporcionando un conjunto de servicios e instalaciones a la Corte, entre ellos apoyo logístico para las operaciones de la Corte sobre el terreno.", "92. La Corte mantiene estrechos contactos con la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, particularmente en lo concerniente a la coordinación de prestación de testimonio por parte de funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas, el suministro de información y la racionalización de la Corte a través del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Respondiendo a las solicitudes del Fiscal y los abogados defensores, las Naciones Unidas les proporcionaron documentos. En diciembre de 2010, el segundo funcionario de las Naciones Unidas en atestiguar ante la Corte prestó declaración en el juicio de Germain Kananga y Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "93. La Corte agradece la cooperación y asistencia prestadas por la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI), de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. El 16 de julio de 2010, la Corte y las Naciones Unidas firmaron un memorando de entendimiento a fin de facilitar la adscripción de un experto de la OSSI para que se desempeñara como director provisional del mecanismo de supervisión independiente de la Corte Penal Internacional hasta el 18 de julio de 2011. Asimismo, la Corte recibió asistencia de expertos de la División de Auditoría Interna de la OSSI, quienes en abril de 2011 realizaron un estudio cartográfico de verificación de los actuales mecanismos de supervisión interna y externa de la Corte.", "94. El 13 de junio de 2011, la Secretaría suscribió un memorando de entendimiento con las Naciones Unidas relativo a la prestación de servicios de apoyo e instalaciones por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi a la Secretaría de la Corte en relación con las actividades en Kenya.", "95. Los días 14 y 15 de junio de 2011, altos representantes de la Fiscalía participaron en reuniones en Nueva York con oficinas de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios y la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, centrándose entre otras cosas en informar sobre las recientes novedades relativas a las actividades de la Oficina, la cooperación, el intercambio de información y las mejores prácticas.", "96. La próxima reunión de coordinación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Corte está programada para los días 8 y 9 de diciembre de 2011 en Nueva York.", "97. Los contactos periódicos entre la Corte Penal Internacional y la Sede de las Naciones Unidas han sido fundamentales para facilitar la cooperación. La Oficina de Enlace de la Corte en Nueva York es la principal interlocutora para la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. Dicha oficina siguió facilitando y promoviendo la cooperación entre la Corte y las Naciones Unidas y sus fondos, programas y organismos, así como entre la Corte y las misiones permanentes y de observadores ante las Naciones Unidas.", "98. La Jefa de la Oficina de Enlace en Nueva York participó como observadora en reuniones del Consejo de Seguridad y, de conformidad con el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de Relación, en reuniones de la Asamblea General relativas a la labor de la Corte. La Oficina de Enlace facilitó visitas de altos funcionarios de la Corte a sus homólogos en Nueva York, hizo el seguimiento de las novedades importantes para la Corte en diversas reuniones de las Naciones Unidas e informó al respecto a los funcionarios de la Corte. Además, mantuvo informados de forma constante a la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas y a las misiones permanentes acerca de las novedades judiciales de la Corte y transmitió notificaciones judiciales de la Corte al Secretario General y al Consejo de Seguridad. A medida que la labor de la Corte siguió adquiriendo importancia en las Naciones Unidas, se hicieron cada vez más frecuentes los llamados a la Jefa de la Oficina de Enlace para que presentara información a los distintos departamentos de las Naciones Unidas y misiones permanentes ante la Organización.", "99. Además de la asistencia operacional y logística, para la Corte siguió siendo importante el apoyo público y diplomático prestado por las Naciones Unidas y sus altos funcionarios, incluido el Secretario General.", "100. Durante el período que se examina, el Presidente de la Corte celebró varias reuniones con altos funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas, en las que se trató en especial las posibilidades de que el Grupo de Coordinación y Apoyo sobre el Estado de Derecho reforzara el compromiso respecto a las cuestiones relativas a los crímenes contemplados por el Estatuto de Roma. En su reunión del 9 de diciembre de 2010, el Presidente y el Secretario General examinaron la posibilidad de que las Naciones Unidas desempeñasen un papel fundamental en el afianzamiento de los sistemas de justicia nacionales haciendo mayor hincapié en las cuestiones del Estatuto de Roma relativas a la programación de actividades sobre el estado de derecho y asistencia para el desarrollo. También convinieron en la importancia de sensibilizar a la opinión pública mundial acerca de la Corte y de promover la ratificación del Estatuto de Roma, en particular en las regiones insuficientemente representadas entre los Estados partes. El 17 de marzo de 2011, en la reunión que el Presidente mantuvo con el Administrador del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo se habló de las sinergias entre las Naciones Unidas y la Corte en apoyo de la capacidad interna de los Estados de enjuiciar los crímenes graves. El 9 de mayo de 2011, en la reunión que mantuvieron el Presidente de la Corte y la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, se trataron diversas formas de cooperación entre las dos organizaciones para asegurarse de que se imputaran responsabilidades por los crímenes contemplados en el Estatuto de Roma. En el marco de sus viajes oficiales, el Presidente se reunió también con los jefes de misiones de las Naciones Unidas en diversos países para tratar cuestiones de interés mutuo.", "101. Como se indicó anteriormente, el Fiscal informó al Consejo de Seguridad en dos ocasiones sobre el estado de las investigaciones acerca de la situación en Darfur, y en una ocasión sobre el estado de las investigaciones acerca de la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. Además, durante el período que se examina, la Fiscalía celebró diversas reuniones de alto nivel con representantes de las Naciones Unidas para entender mejor su misión concreta y aumentar la cooperación mutua. Entre otros, se reunió con el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, el Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Jurídicos y Asesor Jurídico de las Naciones Unidas, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos, así como con representantes de la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios.", "B. Cooperación y asistencia de los Estados, otras organizaciones internacionales y la sociedad civil", "102. La Corte cursó numerosas solicitudes de cooperación o asistencia a los Estados partes de conformidad con la parte IX del Estatuto de Roma. Con arreglo al artículo 87 del Estatuto, el contenido de esas solicitudes y de las comunicaciones conexas suele ser de carácter confidencial.", "103. Durante el período que se examina, la Fiscalía cursó 211 solicitudes de asistencia a Estados partes, Estados que no son partes, organizaciones internacionales y regionales y de otro tipo. Si bien muchas de esas solicitudes aún se encuentran pendientes, en particular las presentadas en fecha reciente, la tasa de ejecución al final del período que se examina ya alcanzó el 70%.", "104. Además de las solicitudes concretas de cooperación y asistencia presentadas de conformidad con las Partes IX y X del Estatuto de Roma, la Corte siguió preparando intercambios bilaterales y acuerdos de cooperación con Estados, particularmente respecto de la realización de análisis y actividades de investigación, la detección y congelación de activos, la protección de las víctimas y los testigos, las operaciones de detención, la ejecución de sentencias y la puesta en libertad provisional de acusados en espera de la celebración del juicio correspondiente.", "105. Durante el período que se examina se suscribieron acuerdos de ejecución de sentencias con Colombia y Serbia, por lo cual hay actualmente un total de siete acuerdos. Estos acuerdos constituyen una evolución positiva dado que la posibilidad de que se dicten sentencias en 2011 y 2012 ha incrementado la necesidad de que la Corte encuentre establecimientos de detención adecuados para los condenados.", "106. Durante el período que se examina no se suscribieron nuevos acuerdos con Estados sobre reubicación de testigos, aunque se ha avanzado en las negociaciones con varios Estados a esos efectos. A fin de que aumenten las opciones que tiene de reubicar a los testigos a nivel internacional, la Corte estableció un nuevo fondo especial para reubicar a los testigos y al que los Estados donarían fondos para sufragar la reubicación en terceros Estados. La Corte ya ha recibido una cuantiosa donación con destino al fondo especial, que se emplea actualmente para financiar varias reubicaciones de testigos. Además, la Corte se está poniendo en contacto con Estados partes para averiguar si accederían a concertar con la Corte un acuerdo de reubicación de testigos que no genere ningún costo y que sería financiado con cargo al fondo especial.", "107. Por otra parte, los Estados partes tal vez apoyen, de forma bilateral o a través de instituciones multilaterales, el establecimiento de medios de protección de los testigos en otros Estados que carezcan de capacidad para ello. Algunos países ya han indicado su especial interés en esta modalidad, cuyo desarrollo promovería el principio de la complementariedad.", "108. El Fondo Fiduciario en beneficio de las víctimas, establecido por el Estatuto de Roma, tiene un doble mandato respecto a las víctimas en los casos sobre los cuales tiene competencia la Corte. La secretaría del Fondo Fiduciario mantiene contactos periódicos y realiza una labor de coordinación con los Estados y las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas, tanto a nivel institucional como operacional.", "109. Se prevé que la primera condena dictada por la Corte pondrá en marcha el mandato del Fondo Fiduciario relativo a las reparaciones ordenadas por la Corte. Desde hace cuatro años se vienen realizando actividades en el norte de Uganda y en la República Democrática del Congo con arreglo al mandato de rehabilitación del Fondo, y se prevé que a principios de 2012 comenzarán a llevarse a cabo actividades de ese tipo en la República Centroafricana. La Presidenta del Consejo de Dirección del Fondo, Sra. Elisabeth Rehn, participa periódicamente en foros internacionales, entre los cuales cabe mencionar la conferencia de la Liga de los Estados Árabes, celebrada en Doha en mayo de 2011.", "110. Durante el período que se examina, la Corte suscribió un acuerdo marco de cooperación con la Organización de los Estados Americanos y un memorando de entendimiento sobre la cooperación con la Secretaría del Commonwealth. Estos acuerdos son de suma importancia para aumentar la cooperación de la Corte con las organizaciones intergubernamentales, con miras a intercambiar información, fomentar la sensibilización y apoyar la creación de capacidad de las jurisdicciones nacionales con arreglo al principio de complementariedad.", "111. La Corte aumentó su cooperación y compromiso con la Liga de los Estados Árabes. Los días 24 y 25 de mayo de 2011, representantes de la Corte, delegaciones gubernamentales de alto nivel, juristas y representantes de los medios de comunicación asistieron a una conferencia regional sobre la Corte Penal Internacional, organizada en Doha por Qatar y la Liga de los Estados Árabes en cooperación con la Corte. La conferencia fue el primer evento importante de su tipo en el Oriente Medio dirigido a presentar información sobre el funcionamiento de la Corte y su marco jurídico. Entre los ponentes cabe mencionar al Presidente, la Secretaria y el Fiscal de la Corte, así como importantes expertos árabes en justicia penal internacional.", "112. La Corte mantuvo una estrecha comunicación con la Unión Africana. Los días 18 y 19 de julio de 2011, en la sede de la Unión Africana en Addis Abeba, funcionarios de la Corte y más de 50 representantes de 15 Estados africanos participaron en un seminario sobre los aspectos técnicos del Estatuto de Roma y la práctica de la Corte, organizado conjuntamente por la Unión Africana y la Corte. Tras la presentación de ponencias sobre la estructura y los principios rectores de la Corte, incluida la complementariedad, se realizaron debates francos sobre el papel de la Corte en el sistema de justicia internacional, la relación entre las organizaciones regionales e internacionales y la relación entre la paz y la justicia. La Corte agradece el apoyo financiero prestado por la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía para la organización de este y otros seminarios regionales durante el período que se examina.", "113. La Corte acoge con beneplácito la aprobación por la Unión Europea de la Decisión 2011/168/PESC del Consejo, de 21 de marzo de 2011, por la que se deroga la anterior Posición Común sobre la Corte. Durante el período que se examina, la Unión Europea siguió prestando a la Corte un valioso apoyo técnico, financiero y de otra índole.", "114. Altos funcionarios de la Corte se reunieron frecuentemente con representantes de Estados, organizaciones internacionales y sociedad civil, a fin de informarles sobre la labor de la Corte, para crear conciencia acerca del sistema del Estatuto de Roma y debatir cuestiones de interés mutuo. El Presidente de la Corte se reunió con los Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno de Colombia, Irlanda, Malasia, Mongolia, Filipinas y Qatar, entre otros, así como con Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores y de Justicia de numerosos Estados de todas las regiones. Además, el Presidente de la Corte se reunió con el Presidente de la Unión Europea, el Presidente de la Comisión de la Unión Africana y los Secretarios Generales de la Commonwealth y la Organización de los Estados Americanos.", "115. La Fiscalía realizó visitas oficiales a diversos Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, entre ellas a los presidentes de Bostwana, Guinea y Sierra Leona, al Presidente y Primer Ministro de Côte d’Ivoire y al Emir y Primer Ministro de Qatar. La Fiscalía se reunió también con el Primer Ministro del Consejo Nacional de Transición de Libia, los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Dinamarca, Egipto, España, los Países Bajos y Senegal, y los Ministros de Justicia de Egipto, Liberia, Palestina, Senegal y Sudáfrica, entre otros. Además, la Fiscalía se reunió con representantes de alto nivel de organizaciones regionales e internacionales, como la Liga de los Estados Árabes, la Unión Africana, la Unión Europea (Servicio Europeo de Acción Exterior y Parlamento Europeo), la Organización de los Estados Americanos y la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía.", "116. La Corte organizó dos sesiones informativas diplomáticas en La Haya para informar a la comunidad diplomática de la labor que estaba realizando. También se organizaron reuniones informativas con misiones diplomáticas en Nueva York. Se celebraron dos reuniones a nivel estratégico entre la Corte y representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en La Haya, además de contactos periódicos y constantes entre la Corte y representantes de la sociedad civil.", "V. Novedades en el plano institucional", "A. Elecciones y nombramientos", "117. En su décimo período de sesiones, que se celebrará del 12 al 21 de diciembre de 2011 en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas, la Asamblea de los Estados Partes elegirá a seis nuevos magistrados en sustitución de los seis magistrados cuyos mandatos de nueve años expiran el 10 de marzo de 2012. El mandato de los nuevos magistrados comenzará el 11 de marzo de 2012.", "118. La Asamblea elegirá también un Fiscal para sustituir al actual Fiscal, cuyo mandato vence en junio de 2012. En el noveno período de sesiones de la Asamblea, celebrado en diciembre de 2010, la Mesa de la Asamblea creó un comité de selección para el cargo de Fiscal[4] con el mandato de facilitar la presentación de candidaturas y la elección, por consenso, del próximo Fiscal[5]. El Comité comenzó su labor a principios de 2011 y ha recibido en forma oficiosa expresiones de interés de distintas fuentes, entre ellas particulares, Estados y la sociedad civil. Está examinando las expresiones de interés teniendo en cuenta los criterios pertinentes, y preparará una lista de selección que incluya por lo menos a tres candidatos adecuados, cuando eso sea posible, para que la examine la Mesa.", "119. El 27 de mayo de 2011, el Fiscal anunció el nombramiento de la Profesora Mireille Delmas-Marty como Asesora Especial del Fiscal en materia de la internacionalización de las cuestiones jurídicas. El 19 de julio de 2011, el Profesor Renwen Liu fue nombrado Asesor Especial del Fiscal en lo referente al sistema jurídico chino. Estos nombramientos se hicieron en cumplimiento del deber del Fiscal, establecido en el artículo 42, párrafo 9 del Estatuto, consistente en nombrar asesores jurídicos especialistas en determinados temas. El Sr. Juan Méndez, Asesor Especial sobre prevención del crimen, renunció a su cargo tras ser nombrado Relator Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes.", "B. Asistencia prestada al Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona", "120. Durante el período que se examina, la Corte Penal Internacional siguió prestando servicios de detención y otra asistencia conexa al Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona en el juicio que se estaba tramitando contra Charles Taylor en La Haya. La asistencia prestada al Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona incluye el acceso a las instalaciones de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones de la Corte, una cámara acorazada y una oficina totalmente equipada para el equipo de abogados defensores conectada con el centro de detención. La Corte accedió a prestar esos servicios al Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona mediante un canje de cartas en las que se detallan tales servicios.", "VI. Conclusión", "121. La Corte nunca había tenido una actividad tan intensa como en el período que se examina, habiendo pasado de 15 a 25 el número de sospechosos o acusados. Se comenzó un tercer juicio ante la Corte, se concluyó la presentación de pruebas en un juicio, se confirmaron los cargos contra dos acusados y comparecieron ante los magistrados siete personas más, en cumplimiento de una orden de detención o comparecencia. El Fiscal inició una sexta investigación y solicitó autorización a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para abrir una séptima investigación.", "122. Cinco nuevos Estados se adhirieron al Estatuto de Roma o lo ratificaron, con lo cual el número total de Estados partes llegó a 116. Las Naciones Unidas siguieron prestando un importante apoyo y asistencia a la Corte. En la lucha mundial contra la impunidad, es fundamental aumentar la complementariedad entre la Corte y las jurisdicciones nacionales, y las Naciones Unidas y sus organismos especializados desempeñan un papel fundamental a este respecto, en cooperación con la Corte y otros actores pertinentes.", "123. La importancia que se asigna a la labor de la Corte y la pertinencia del Estatuto de Roma en la escena internacional están en aumento, al tiempo que persisten importantes desafíos. El mayor volumen de trabajo y la remisión de una nueva situación por el Consejo de Seguridad suponen una mayor presión sobre los recursos de que dispone la Corte. Hay órdenes de detención pendientes contra 11 sospechosos, y la cooperación de los Estados para hacer comparecer a esas personas ante la justicia sigue siendo una condición clave para la ejecución efectiva del mandato de la Corte.", "[1] Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, núm. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, núm. 38544.", "[3] La Fiscalía ha publicado en su sitio web un resumen inicial de los informes recibidos sobre la cuestión de si la declaración depositada por la Autoridad Nacional Palestina cumple los requisitos enunciados en el Estatuto de Roma.", "[4] Véase “Mesa de la Asamblea de los Estados Partes: Comité de Selección para el cargo de Fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional – Mandato” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "[5] Ibid., párr. 5." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 75 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The report of the International Criminal Court on its activities for 2010/11 is submitted herewith to the General Assembly in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/12.", "Report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations for 2010/11", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations. It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other developments of relevance to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations.", "The Court made significant progress during the reporting period. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The Court’s judicial activity reached a new high with the start of a third trial. The presentation of evidence in the Court’s first trial was concluded, and the verdict is expected by the end of the year.", "The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, following the Security Council’s unanimous referral of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The total number of individuals subject to proceedings before the Court increased from 15 to 25, and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear.", "The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court during the reporting period. The Court engaged closely with States, the United Nations and regional and intergovernmental organizations to enhance international cooperation in the fight against impunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects, and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate. At the same time, the growing casework and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council has increased pressure on the resources available to the Court.", "The Court is seized of seven situations, of which the situation in Côte d’Ivoire is pending the Pre-Trial Chamber’s authorization for the opening of an investigation. The situations in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic were referred by the States in question, and the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were referred by the United Nations Security Council. In each case, the Prosecutor decided that there was a reasonable basis for the opening of investigations. The investigation into the situation in Kenya was authorized by Pre-Trial Chamber III following a request from the Prosecutor.", "In respect of the situation in Uganda, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen, with four warrants of arrest outstanding since July 2005.", "In respect of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are four cases, of which two are at the trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, the presentation of evidence has concluded and a verdict is expected by the end of the year. In The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the prosecution case finished in December 2010 and the first accused began presenting his case on 21 March 2011. In The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, an arrest warrant was issued and the suspect arrested during the reporting period. The case is at the pre-trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, the arrest warrant has remained outstanding since August 2006.", "In respect of the situation in the Central African Republic, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. The trial started on 22 November 2010 with the presentation of prosecution evidence.", "In respect of the situation in Darfur, Sudan, there are three active cases. In The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, on 7 March 2011 Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed charges of war crimes in connection with an attack on an African Union mission, sending the case to trial. Arrest warrants remain outstanding in The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, as well as in The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Council on 9 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively, highlighting the lack of cooperation by the Sudanese Government, the continuation of the alleged crimes on the ground and the need to execute the outstanding arrest warrants.", "In respect of the situation in Kenya, there are two ongoing cases at the pre-trial stage, The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang and The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali. All six suspects appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II in April 2011 pursuant to summonses to appear, and the confirmation of charges hearings are scheduled for September 2011.", "In respect of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, there is one ongoing case, The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against the three suspects for crimes against humanity allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the Prosecutor presented his first report on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 4 May 2011.", "In addition to the six investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor is conducting preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, the Republic of Korea and Palestine. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor sought authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire after 28 November 2010. The request was pending at the time of the submission of the present report.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 6II.Judicial 6 \nproceedings A.The 7 Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) B.The 8 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) C.The 8 Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) D.The 9 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African \nRepublic) E.The 9 Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) F.The 10 Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) G.The 10 Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in \nKenya) H.The 11 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in \nKenya) I. Prosecutor v. 11 Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya) J.Outstanding 12 warrants of \narrest III. Investigations 12 and preliminary \nexaminations \nA.Investigations 121. Situation 12 in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 2. Situation 13 in \nUganda 3. Situation 14 in the Central African \nRepublic 4. Situation 14 in Darfur, \nSudan 5. Situation 14 in \nKenya 6. Situation 14 in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya B.Preliminary 15 \nexaminations \n1.Afghanistan 15\n2.Colombia 163.Côte 16 \nd’Ivoire \n4.Georgia 17\n5.Guinea 17\n6.Honduras 177.Republic 17 of \nKorea \n8.Nigeria 18\n9. Palestine 18IV. International 19 \ncooperation A.Cooperation 19 with the United \nNations B.Cooperation 21 with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil \nsociety V. Institutional 23 \ndevelopments A. Elections 23 and \nappointments B.Assistance 24 to the Special Court for Sierra \nLeone \nVI. Conclusion 24", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court.[1] It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other items relevant to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations since the sixth report of the Court to the United Nations (A/65/313).", "2. The Court was created by an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,[2] which was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002. During the reporting period, Grenada, the Republic of Moldova, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, and Tunisia deposited instruments of ratification or accession, resulting in 116 States having ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute. These include 32 African States, 15 Asian States, 18 Eastern European States, 26 States from Latin America and the Caribbean and 25 Western European and other States. In addition to these States parties, 34 countries have signed but not yet ratified the Rome Statute.", "3. The Court is an independent judicial institution, charged with carrying out investigations into and trials of individuals allegedly responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern, namely, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "4. The Rome Statute requires that proceedings before the Court be carried out fairly and impartially, with full respect for the rights of the accused. An innovative aspect of the Rome Statute is that victims may participate in proceedings, even if not called as witnesses.", "5. In carrying out its functions, the Court relies on the cooperation of States, international organizations and civil society in accordance with the Rome Statute and international agreements concluded by the Court. Areas where the Court requires cooperation from States include preliminary examinations, investigations, the arrest and surrender of accused persons, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, provisional release, the enforcement of sentences and the execution of the Court’s decisions and orders.", "6. The Court is independent from, but has close historical, legal and operational ties to, the United Nations. The relationship between the Court and the United Nations is governed by the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute as well as by the Relationship Agreement between the Court and the United Nations and other subsidiary agreements.", "II. Judicial proceedings", "7. During the reporting period, the Court continued to be seized of the five situations already opened: the situations in Uganda; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Central African Republic; Darfur, Sudan; and Kenya.", "8. In March 2011, the Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, following a unanimous referral by the Security Council pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011. The Prosecutor also requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation, into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "9. Judicial proceedings have taken place in relation to each of the six investigations, resulting in 13 cases involving 26 individuals alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Of these 26 individuals, one was officially declared dead and the proceedings against him were terminated. The cases in which there have been judicial developments during the reporting period are detailed below.", "A. The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "10. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is alleged to be the leader of the Union des patriotes congolais and Commander-in-Chief of its military wing, the Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo. He is charged with having committed war crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically enlisting, conscripting and using children under the age of 15 years to participate actively in hostilities.", "11. The trial of Mr. Lubanga started on 26 January 2009 before Trial Chamber I. The Prosecution called 29 witnesses between 26 January 2009 and 14 July 2009. Additional prosecution witnesses were subsequently called or recalled in 2010 to respond to the abuse of process allegations made by the defence. The defence case was presented in the period from 27 January 2010 to 18 April 2011. During this period, the defence tendered 133 items of evidence and called 24 witnesses to testify over a total of 68 trial days. A total of 118 victims have participated, through their legal representatives, in the Lubanga case. Three of the victims authorized to participate in the proceedings testified before the Chamber in January 2010.", "12. On 8 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the decisions of Trial Chamber I to stay the proceedings and to release the accused. The Trial Chamber had previously ordered a stay of the proceedings as a consequence of the prosecution’s material non-compliance with the Chamber’s orders and had ordered the unrestricted and unconditional release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, subject to the appeal and an order of suspensive effect by the Appeals Chamber, on 15 July 2010. The Appeals Chamber reversed the Trial Chamber’s decision, finding that before ordering a stay of proceedings, the Trial Chamber should have first imposed sanctions under article 71 of the Statute to bring about compliance.", "13. On 23 February 2011, Trial Chamber I refused the defence application to stay the proceedings as an abuse of the process. The trial resumed on 21 March 2011.", "14. On 20 May 2011, Trial Chamber I ordered the closing of the presentation of evidence stage. The prosecution and the defence submitted their closing briefs on 1 June and 15 July, respectively. The parties and participants will present their closing oral statements in public hearings on 25 and 26 August 2011.", "B. The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "15. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are two former leaders of armed groups active in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Katanga allegedly commanded the Forces de résistance patriotiques en Ituri and had been appointed Brigadier General of the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC); Mr. Ngudjolo was allegedly the former leader of the Front des nationalistes et intégrationnistes and a Colonel in FARDC. They are both charged with seven counts of war crimes (wilful killing, using children to participate actively in hostilities, sexual slavery, rape, attacking civilians, pillaging and destroying the enemy’s property) and three charges of crimes against humanity (murder, sexual slavery and rape). These crimes were allegedly committed in connection with the attack on the village of Bogoro on 24 February 2003.", "16. The trial of Mr. Katanga and Mr. Ngudjolo started on 24 November 2009 before Trial Chamber II. The prosecution concluded its presentation of live evidence in the case on 8 December 2010. During its case, the prosecution presented 270 pieces of evidence and called 24 witnesses, including 2 expert witnesses, to testify.", "17. The first defendant, Mr. Katanga, presented his case between 24 March 2011 and 12 July 2011 and called 17 witnesses to testify, including 3 witnesses in common with the second accused, Mr. Ngudjolo. In all, 150 items tendered by the defence of Mr. Katanga and 59 items submitted by the defence of Mr. Ngudjolo were admitted as evidence. The defence case of Mr. Ngudjolo is scheduled to commence on 15 August 2011. A total of 366 victims are participating through their legal representatives, 2 having testified at trial.", "C. The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana is the alleged Executive Secretary of the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a warrant of arrest on 28 September 2010, finding reasonable grounds to believe that he personally and intentionally contributed to a common plan of the FDLR leadership to launch an offensive targeting the civilian population of the Kivus in order to obtain political concessions, as part of an international campaign to extort concessions of political power for FDLR.", "19. On 11 October 2010, after the arrest of Mr. Mbarushimana by French authorities, the warrant of arrest was unsealed. He was transferred to the Court’s Detention Centre in The Hague on 25 January 2011 and his initial appearance before the Court took place on 28 January 2011. The confirmation of charges hearing, initially scheduled for 4 July 2011, was postponed at the request of the prosecution in view of delays caused by technical difficulties encountered in reviewing electronic devices seized at the premises of the suspect.", "20. On 15 July 2010, the prosecution filed the document containing the charges and list of evidence. The charges contain 13 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the provinces of North and South Kivu and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the period from 20 January to 31 December 2009. The prosecution argues that Mr. Mbarushimana is responsible for contributing to the FDLR leaders’ common purpose to commit crimes by creating a “humanitarian catastrophe” in the Kivus in order to persuade the Governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to abandon their military campaign against the group and to extort concessions of political power in Rwanda.", "D. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African Republic)", "21. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo was formerly President and Commander-in-Chief of the Mouvement de libération du Congo. He allegedly committed crimes in various locations in the Central African Republic in connection with a non‑international armed conflict that took place from 26 October 2002 to 15 March 2003. Charges against Mr. Bemba were confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber III on 15 June 2009. He is charged with three counts of war crimes (murder, rape and pillaging) and two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and rape) in his capacity as a military commander under article 28 of the Rome Statute (Responsibility of commanders and other superiors).", "22. On 19 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber delivered its judgement on the appeal of Mr. Bemba against the 24 June 2010 decision of Trial Chamber III entitled “Decision on the admissibility and abuse of process challenges”. The Appeals Chamber confirmed the challenged decision, finding that when a Trial Chamber is presented with the question of whether the outcome of domestic judicial proceedings is equivalent to a decision not to prosecute in terms of article 17, paragraph (1) (b), of the Statute, the Trial Chamber should accept prima facie the validity and effect of the decisions of domestic courts, unless presented with compelling evidence indicating otherwise.", "23. The trial of Mr. Bemba started on 22 November 2010 before Trial Chamber III. To date, 1,619 victims have been admitted to participate in the trial proceedings through their legal representatives. As at 31 July 2011, the prosecution had presented 25 of its 40 planned witnesses.", "E. The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "24. A first warrant of arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, current President of the Sudan, was delivered on 4 March 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I for five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (attacking civilians and pillaging). On 12 July 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a second warrant of arrest which charged Mr. Al Bashir with three additional counts of genocide. Both warrants of arrest were notified to all States parties, to the authorities of the Sudan and to all Security Council members that are not parties to the Rome Statute.", "25. On 27 August 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued two decisions informing the Security Council and the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of Mr. Al Bashir’s visits to Kenya and Chad, in order for them to take any action they may deem appropriate. On 12 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a similar decision with respect to Mr. Al Bashir’s visit to Djibouti. In the aforementioned decisions, Pre-Trial Chamber I noted that the States in question have an obligation to cooperate with the Court, stemming both from Security Council resolution 1593 (2005) and from article 87 of the Rome Statute, to which Chad, Djibouti and Kenya are States parties.", "26. Mr. Al Bashir remains at large. A total of 12 victims have been admitted to participate in this case through their legal representatives.", "F. The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "27. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain is alleged to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Justice and Equality Movement and Mohammed Jerbo Jamus is alleged to be the former Chief-of-Staff of the Sudan Liberation Army-Unity. Mr. Banda and Mr. Jerbo were issued summonses to appear in August 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I.", "28. The confirmation of charges hearing was held on 8 December 2010. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed three charges of war crimes (violence to life, intentionally directing attacks against a peacekeeping mission and pillaging) against the alleged rebel leaders in the situation in Darfur, Sudan, in relation to an attack on peacekeepers in an African Union mission in Northern Darfur, Sudan (the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS)), on 29 September 2007.", "29. On 16 March 2011, the Presidency of the Court referred the case to the newly constituted Trial Chamber IV. On 16 May 2011, the parties filed a joint submission stating that the accused would contest only certain specified issues at their trial:", "(a) Whether the attack on the Haskanita military group site on 29 September 2007 was unlawful;", "(b) If the attack was deemed unlawful, whether the accused were aware of the factual circumstances that established the unlawful nature of the attack;", "(c) Whether AMIS was a peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "30. The agreement reached by the parties could significantly shorten the trial proceedings by focusing the trial on only those issues that are contested between the parties, thus promoting an efficient and cost-effective trial while preserving the rights of victims to participate in the proceedings and protecting the rights of the accused persons to a fair and expeditious trial.", "31. As at 31 May 2011, a total of 89 victims had been authorized to participate through their legal representatives in the proceedings. The date of the commencement of trial will be set in due course.", "G. The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in Kenya)", "32. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for William Samoei Ruto, a suspended Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, a member of Parliament and Chairman of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), and Joshua Arap Sang, the head of operations at Kass FM in Nairobi, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of ODM, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "33. On 7 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 1 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges, namely, three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population and persecution).", "34. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "H. The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in Kenya)", "35. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Head of Public Service and Secretary to the Cabinet, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Chief Executive of the Postal Corporation, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of the Party of National Unity, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "36. On 8 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 21 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges of five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population, rape, persecution and other inhumane acts).", "37. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "I. Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)", "38. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence, for two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and persecution) allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Muammar Gaddafi, in coordination with his inner circle, conceived and orchestrated a plan to deter and quell, by all means, civilian demonstrations against the regime. The warrants of arrest follow the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, opened by the Prosecutor on 3 March 2011 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011, by which the Council referred the situation to the Prosecutor.", "J. Outstanding warrants of arrest", "39. At the time of submission of the present report, 12 warrants of arrest were outstanding:", "(a) Uganda: Mr. Joseph Kony, Mr. Vincent Otti, Mr. Okot Odhiambo and Mr. Dominic Ongwen, outstanding since 2005;", "(b) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Bosco Ntaganda, outstanding since 2006;", "(c) Darfur, Sudan: Mr. Ahmad Harun and Mr. Ali Kushayb, outstanding since 2007 and, in the case of Mr. Omar Al Bashir, two warrants outstanding since 2009 and 2010;", "(d) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, outstanding since 27 June 2011.", "40. The Court issued requests for cooperation in the arrest and surrender of each of these individuals and notified these requests to the relevant States. States parties and other States that have legal obligations to cooperate with the Court are required to comply with these requests. In respect of the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, all parties, including the respective States, are obliged to cooperate fully with the Court and the Prosecutor pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011), respectively.", "III. Investigations and preliminary examinations", "A. Investigations", "1. Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui", "41. During the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the prosecution conducted 16 missions to five countries mainly for the support of trials, to address the arguments raised by the defence in The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and in The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "The case of the Kivu provinces", "42. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 34 missions to 10 countries for its third investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on crimes committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces, which led to the arrest and surrender of Callixte Mbarushimana and supported the preparation for the upcoming confirmation of charges hearing.", "43. The investigation and prosecution of crimes allegedly committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo represent one of the most successful examples of complementarity under the Rome Statute system. Part of the FDLR leadership was based in Europe. Callixte Mbarushimana, the militia’s alleged Executive Secretary, was based in France. He was arrested by French authorities and surrendered to the Court. Ignace Murwanashiyaka and Straton Musoni, FDLR President and Vice-President, respectively, were arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009 and are currently facing trial in Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity charged under the German Code of Crimes against International Law.", "44. The prosecution of the FDLR leadership is the result of more than two years of investigations conducted by Germany, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, France and the Office of the Prosecutor into the alleged crimes in the Kivus and specifically into the activities of FDLR.", "45. The investigation of the Office of the Prosecutor into alleged crimes committed in the Kivus continues, including against other leaders of FDLR.", "46. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, which actively encourages genuine national proceedings, the Office has furthermore contributed to the training of Congolese judicial authorities in North and South Kivu provinces investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity, in October 2010 and February 2011, respectively.", "2. Situation in Uganda", "47. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to gather information on crimes allegedly committed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and to promote action to implement warrants against the top LRA leadership, carrying out three missions to three countries in relation to the situation in Uganda. The Office has collected a range of information on crimes allegedly being committed by LRA under Joseph Kony’s leadership. According to the information received, LRA crimes continued to be committed throughout the year, with a substantial number of killings and abductions across the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic. Since early 2008, the LRA is reported to have killed more than 2,000, abducted more than 2,500 and displaced well over 300,000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. During the same period, more than 120,000 people have been displaced, at least 450 killed and more than 800 abducted in Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "48. The Office also continued gathering and analysing information related to alleged crimes committed by the Uganda People’s Defence Forces. The Office continued to encourage Ugandan authorities to conduct proceedings in relation to both parties to the conflict.", "49. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, the Office has provided assistance to Ugandan authorities to investigate and prosecute individuals. As national authorities prepared for their first domestic war crimes case before the newly established International Crimes Division of the High Court, against an alleged mid-level LRA commander, the Office shared lessons learned and best practices, including with regard to witness protection and support and evidence-handling. The Office was able to provide searchable copies, translations and transcripts of the raw material originally received from Ugandan authorities in the context of the Office’s own enquiries that related to the incidents selected for prosecution in the High Court of Uganda. The Office received a formal undertaking from Ugandan authorities that any information shared by the Office will be used in the context of proceedings that are consistent with internationally recognized human rights standards.", "3. Situation in the Central African Republic", "50. The Office of the Prosecutor continued its investigation into the situation in the Central African Republic and conducted a total of 14 missions to five countries between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011 for the purposes of, inter alia, screening potential witnesses and following up on new information received.", "4. Situation in Darfur, Sudan", "51. In the period from 1 August 2010 and 30 July 2011, the Office conducted 16 missions to nine countries in relation to investigations into the situation in Darfur.", "52. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Security Council, on 10 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively.", "53. In his briefing of 10 December 2010, the Prosecutor drew attention to the issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a second arrest warrant against President Al Bashir on three charges of genocide. He again highlighted the lack of cooperation by the Government of the Sudan and the lack of national proceedings against those responsible for the crimes committed.", "54. In his briefing of 8 June 2011, the Prosecutor addressed the outstanding arrest warrants and ongoing crimes, expressing particular concern about the role of Ahmad Harun as a key player.", "55. The Office continues to monitor and gather information regarding the situation in Darfur, Sudan. The information collected indicates that crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide continue to be committed.", "5. Situation in Kenya", "56. Following the authorization to commence an investigation, the Office conducted 71 missions to 14 countries during the reporting period.", "57. The Prosecutor submitted two applications for summonses to appear regarding six individuals on 15 December 2010.", "6. Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "58. Following the unanimous Security Council referral, the Office conducted a factual and legal analysis during its preliminary examination of the situation. As a result of this analysis, covering issues of jurisdiction, admissibility (complementarity and gravity) and the interests of justice, on 3 March 2011 the Office determined that the statutory criteria for opening an investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had been met.", "59. In his briefing to the Security Council on 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor gave his first report on the substantial and swift progress made in the Office’s investigations, concluding that he would in the coming weeks be seeking arrest warrants against three individuals who appeared to bear the greatest criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February.", "60. Subsequently, on 16 May 2011, the Prosecutor requested that Pre-Trial Chamber I issue arrest warrants against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence. In this application the Prosecutor produced evidence, relating to orders issued by Muammar Gaddafi, of Saif Al-Islam organizing the recruitment of foreign soldiers, and of Al-Senussi participating in attacks against demonstrators, in addition to documenting how the three had held meetings to plan the operations.", "61. During the reporting period, the Office conducted 28 missions to 11 countries with regard to the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Office is investigating allegations of rape, sexual violence and other instances of crimes against humanity, including torture and inhuman acts committed against civilians perceived as dissidents. The Office is also investigating allegations of attacks against sub-Saharan Africans wrongly perceived to be mercenaries and allegations of war crimes committed by different parties during the armed conflict.", "B. Preliminary examinations", "62. The Office continued to proactively monitor information on crimes potentially falling within the jurisdiction of the Court, analysing communications received from various sources. As at 30 June 2011, the Office had received 9,253 communications relating to article 15 of the Rome Statute, of which 419 were received during the reporting period.", "63. The Office continued preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea and Palestine. The Office made public the fact that it had initiated preliminary examinations of situations in Honduras, Nigeria and the Republic of Korea. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to commence an investigation into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "1. Afghanistan", "64. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Afghanistan, considering all information, including open sources. It maintains close contact with experts, civil society organizations and public officials in the region, and participated in various international academic conferences on Afghanistan.", "65. In accordance with the Rome Statute, the Office assesses whether there are genuine investigations and proceedings consistent with an intent to bring to justice those bearing the greatest responsibility for the most serious crimes committed in Afghanistan. This analysis covers investigations and proceedings that may be carried out in the State of nationality of those allegedly responsible or any other State having jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed in Afghanistan.", "2. Colombia", "66. Upon ratification of the Rome Statute, Colombia declared (according to article 124 of the Rome Statute) that it would not accept the Court’s jurisdiction with respect to war crimes for seven years. That seven-year period ended on 1 November 2009. War crimes committed after that date could be investigated and prosecuted by the Office of the Prosecutor. Colombia’s national criminal justice system has made efforts to investigate those responsible for crimes covered by the Rome Statute.", "67. The Office is monitoring and analysing information on investigations and proceedings, focusing on those dealing with the leadership of paramilitary and guerrilla groups and the military allegedly responsible for conduct that may fall under the Court’s jurisdiction. The Office is analysing allegations of international support networks assisting armed groups committing crimes within Colombia. The Office is also monitoring the cases of “parapolitica”.", "68. Letters requesting information have been sent by the Office to various States. During the reporting period, the Office also met with Colombian stakeholders from the Government, judicial authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in both Colombia and The Hague.", "69. At the biannual NGO round table on 20 October 2010, the Office held a session on complementarity in the context of the preliminary examination in Colombia, at which panellists commented on the response of Colombian authorities to fighting impunity, with a focus on Justice and Peace Law proceedings.", "70. The Office will continue to examine the situation and national proceedings in Colombia. In this context, in accordance with its positive approach to complementarity, the Office has welcomed the efforts of President Santos in seeking further international support for the Colombian national proceedings and in promoting cooperation, as explained during the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties in December 2010. The appointment of Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón, who has worked as a consultant for the Office, as adviser to the Mission to Support the Peace Process in Colombia of the Organization of American States, is an example of positive complementarity in practice and will, it is to be hoped, contribute to helping the Colombian authorities to move in a positive direction.", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "71. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, in particular the violence following the presidential run-off election held on 28 November 2010.", "72. On 18 December 2010, the Court received a declaration signed by President Ouattara which confirmed the previous declaration, submitted in October 2003 by the Government of Côte d’Ivoire pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute, accepting the jurisdiction of the Court for crimes committed on the country’s territory since 19 September 2002.", "73. The Prosecutor has concluded that the statutory criteria established by the Rome Statute for the opening of an investigation have been met. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010.", "4. Georgia", "74. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor has continued to follow up on investigations into alleged crimes committed during the August 2008 conflict in Georgia.", "75. In February 2011, a delegation from the Office of the Prosecutor led a second visit to the Russian Federation and received a comprehensive update on the progress of national investigations undertaken by the investigative committee of the Russian Federation. The Office has maintained regular contacts with the Georgian authorities.", "76. The Office maintains close contacts with NGOs in the region, receiving reports from and participating in meetings with these organizations.", "5. Guinea", "77. The Prosecutor announced on 14 October 2009 that the situation in Guinea was under preliminary examination, relating to allegations surrounding the events of 28 September 2009 in Conakry.", "78. The Office conducted two missions to Guinea to follow up on investigations being carried out by Guinean judges into the 2009 events, and to monitor whether new crimes were committed during the election period, as part of the Office’s preventive mandate. The Office met with Government officials and representatives of the judiciary and civil society, as well as victims and victims’ associations.", "6. Honduras", "79. On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor announced that the situation in Honduras was under preliminary examination. The Office is analysing whether alleged human rights violations following the 28 June 2009 coup d’etat against President Zelaya constitute crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The Office received 17 communications regarding the situation. Honduran authorities immediately offered their cooperation.", "7. Republic of Korea", "80. On 6 December 2010, the Office announced the receipt of communications alleging that forces of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea had committed war crimes in the territory of the Republic of Korea.", "81. The preliminary examination of the situation in the Republic of Korea is focusing on two incidents: (a) the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island on 23 November 2010, which resulted in the killing of marines and civilians of the Republic of Korea and injury to many others; and (b) the sinking of a Republic of Korea warship, the Cheonan, which was hit by a torpedo allegedly fired from a submarine of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on 26 March 2010, which resulted in the deaths of 46 persons.", "82. The Office has been seeking additional information from relevant sources. The Office is engaged with the Korean authorities on determining factual issues as part of the subject-matter jurisdiction analysis of the preliminary examination.", "8. Nigeria", "83. The Office of the Prosecutor made its examination of the situation in Nigeria public on 18 November 2010. The Office is analysing alleged crimes committed in Central Nigeria since mid-2004 and has engaged constructively with the Nigerian authorities. The Office met with Nigerian and international civil society organizations which work in the “middle belt” states. Nigerian judicial authorities have been invited to share information with the Office on existing proceedings.", "9. Palestine", "84. In connection with the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority under article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute on 22 January 2009 accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, the Office continues to examine whether the declaration meets statutory requirements. As the International Criminal Court is a court of last resort, the Office of the Prosecutor also considers whether there are national proceedings in relation to alleged crimes, relating to the admissibility of the cases potentially arising from the situation. In total, the Office received 400 communications on crimes allegedly committed in Palestine.", "85. The Palestinian National Authority requested the right to be heard on the fulfilment of the statutory requirements for opening an investigation, including on the issue as to whether Palestine qualifies as a “State” for the purpose of article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Office considered that a fair process required that the Palestinian National Authority as well as other interested parties have the opportunity to be heard. The Office therefore ensured due process to all parties involved. Representatives of the Palestinian National Authority presented arguments by oral and written submissions. The final public briefing will be presented soon.[3]", "86. The Office has also considered various public reports and organized an interactive discussion among the various experts and NGOs that had provided submissions at the seat of the Court during its biannual round table on 20 October 2010.", "87. In July 2011, the Office provided updated information to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights pursuant to its request on steps taken by the Office of the Prosecutor with regard to the Palestinian declaration.", "88. The Prosecutor met with various stakeholders, including representatives of the Palestinian National Authority, the secretariat of the League of Arab States and a number of Palestinian and Israeli NGOs to discuss the jurisdiction of the Court.", "IV. International cooperation", "A. Cooperation with the United Nations", "89. Cooperation between the Court and the United Nations is based on the Relationship Agreement signed between the two organizations on 4 October 2004. Pursuant to article 10 of the Relationship Agreement, the United Nations provided facilities and services for the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties, held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 6 to 10 December 2010. The tenth session is due to take place at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011.", "90. In the area of security, the Court is a member of the United Nations security management system and is invited to participate in the United Nations Inter-Agency Security Management Network meetings twice a year. This allows the Court to align its standards, regulations and operations with the United Nations and other member organizations in the field.", "91. In situation countries, the support and assistance received by the Court from the United Nations is of crucial importance, ranging from the provision of fuel for the Court’s vehicles to the use of United Nations air assets. During the reporting period the Court made use of 862 flights operated by the United Nations in support of missions in all situation countries. The United Nations continues to provide a range of services and facilities to the Court, including logistical support for the Court’s field operations.", "92. The Court has extensive contact with the Office of Legal Affairs, particularly in coordinating the testimony of United Nations officials, the provision of information and the mainstreaming of the Court throughout the United Nations system. The United Nations provided documents to the Prosecutor and defence counsel upon their request. In December 2010, the second United Nations official to testify before the Court gave evidence in the trial of Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "93. The Court appreciates the cooperation and assistance received from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) of the United Nations Secretariat. On 16 July 2010, the Court and the United Nations signed a memorandum of understanding in order to facilitate the secondment of an expert from OIOS to act as the temporary head of the Independent Oversight Mechanism of the International Criminal Court until 18 July 2011. Similarly, the Court benefited from the assistance provided by experts from the Internal Audit Division of OIOS who, in April 2011, conducted an assurance mapping study of the current internal and external oversight mechanisms of the Court.", "94. On 13 June 2011, the Registry concluded a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations concerning the provision of support services and facilities by the United Nations Office at Nairobi to the Registry of the Court in connection with its activities in Kenya.", "95. On 14 and 15 June 2011, senior representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor participated in meetings in New York with United Nations Offices, including the Office of Legal Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, focusing on, inter alia, updates on recent developments relating to the activities of the Office, cooperation, exchange of information and best practices.", "96. The next round table coordination meeting between the United Nations and the Court has been scheduled for 8 and 9 December 2011 in New York.", "97. Regular contact between the International Criminal Court and United Nations Headquarters has been instrumental in facilitating cooperation. The Court’s New York Liaison Office is the primary interlocutor for the United Nations Secretariat. The New York Liaison Office continued to facilitate and promote cooperation between the Court and the United Nations and its funds, programmes and agencies, as well as between the Court and Permanent and Observer Missions to the United Nations.", "98. The head of the New York Liaison Office participated as an observer at meetings of the Security Council and, pursuant to article 4 of the Relationship Agreement, in General Assembly meetings concerning the work of the Court. The Liaison Office facilitated visits of senior Court officials to their counterparts in New York, followed developments of relevance to the Court in various United Nations meetings and updated Court officials accordingly. It also constantly updated the United Nations Secretariat and Permanent Missions on judicial developments within the Court and transmitted judicial notifications from the Court to the Secretary-General and the Security Council. As the work of the Court continued to gain prominence at the United Nations, the head of the Liaison Office was increasingly called upon to provide information to various United Nations departments and Permanent Missions.", "99. In addition to operational and logistical assistance, the public and diplomatic support of the United Nations and its senior officials, including the Secretary-General, continued to be important to the Court.", "100. The President of the Court held several meetings with senior United Nations officials during the reporting period, with a particular focus on the possibilities for the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group to reinforce engagement on issues relating to crimes covered by the Rome Statute. In their meeting on 9 December 2010, the President and the Secretary-General discussed the potential for the United Nations to play a key role in the strengthening of national justice systems by increasing focus on Rome Statute issues within rule-of-law programming and development aid. They also agreed on the importance of raising awareness globally about the Court and promoting the ratification of the Rome Statute, particularly in regions underrepresented among the States parties. On 17 March 2011, the President met with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and discussed the synergies between the United Nations and the Court in supporting the domestic capacity of States to prosecute serious crimes. On 9 May 2011, the President of the Court met with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and discussed various forms of cooperation between the two organizations in ensuring accountability for Rome Statute crimes. The President also met with the heads of United Nations missions in several countries during his official travels to discuss issues of mutual interest.", "101. As indicated above, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council on two occasions on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur and on one occasion on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, during the reporting period the Office of the Prosecutor held various high-level meetings with representatives of the United Nations in order to increase understanding of its specific mission and increase mutual cooperation. The meetings included the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, as well representatives of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.", "B. Cooperation with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil society", "102. The Court made numerous requests to States for cooperation or assistance pursuant to part IX of the Rome Statute. Pursuant to article 87 of the Statute, the content of such requests and related communications is often confidential in nature.", "103. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor sent 211 requests for assistance to States parties, non-States parties, international and regional organizations and others. While many of these requests are still pending, in particular the recent ones, the execution rate at the end of the reporting period already stood at 70 per cent.", "104. In addition to specific requests for cooperation and assistance made pursuant to parts IX and X of the Rome Statute, the Court continued to develop bilateral exchanges and arrangements for cooperation with States, especially with respect to analysis and investigative activities, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, arrest operations, the enforcement of sentences and the provisional release of accused persons pending trial.", "105. During the reporting period, agreements on the enforcement of sentences were concluded with Colombia and Serbia, bringing to seven the total number of such agreements. This is welcome, as the possibility of sentences being handed down in 2011 and 2012 has increased the need for the Court to find suitable detention places for sentenced persons.", "106. No new witness relocation agreements were entered into with States during the reporting period, although advanced negotiations are ongoing with a number of States in this respect. In order to increase the Court’s options for relocating witnesses internationally, the Court opened a new special fund for witness relocation for States to donate funds for the purposes of funding relocations to third States. The Court has already received a substantial donation to the special fund, currently used to finance several witnesses relocations. The Court is now approaching States parties to enquire about their willingness to enter into a cost-neutral witness relocation agreement with the Court, financed by the special fund.", "107. In addition, States parties may support, bilaterally or through multilateral institutions, the establishment of witness protection capabilities in other States where capacity is lacking. A number of countries have already indicated their keen interest in this proposal, the development of which would further the principle of complementarity.", "108. The Trust Fund for Victims, established by the Rome Statute, has a dual mandate in respect of victims with the jurisdiction of the Court. The secretariat of the Trust Fund regularly interacts and coordinates with States and United Nations organizations at the institutional and operational levels.", "109. The mandate of the Trust Fund for Victims related to the implementation of Court-ordered reparations is expected to be triggered by a first conviction by the Court. Activities under the Fund’s rehabilitation mandate have been under way in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the past four years, and it is anticipated that they will start in the Central African Republic early in 2012. The Chair of the Board of the Fund, Ms. Elisabeth Rehn, contributes on a regular basis to international forums, which have included the League of Arab States conference held in Doha in May 2011.", "110. During the reporting period, the Court concluded a framework cooperation arrangement with the Organization of American States and a memorandum of understanding on cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat. These agreements are highly valuable in enhancing the Court’s cooperation with intergovernmental organizations with a view to exchanging information, raising awareness and supporting the capacity-building of national jurisdictions in accordance with the principle of complementarity.", "111. The Court increased its cooperation and engagement with the League of Arab States. On 24 and 25 May 2011 in Doha, Court representatives, high-level Government delegations, legal experts and media representatives attended a regional conference on the International Criminal Court, organized by Qatar and the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Court. The conference was the first major event of its kind in the Middle East aimed at providing information on the workings of the Court and its legal framework. Speakers included the President, Registrar and Prosecutor of the Court, as well as leading Arab experts on international criminal justice.", "112. The Court continued to communicate closely with the African Union. On 18 and 19 July 2011 at African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, Court officials and more than 50 participants representing 15 African States participated in a seminar on the technical aspects of the Rome Statute and Court practice, jointly organized by the African Union and the Court. Presentations on the Court’s structure and governing principles, including complementarity, were followed by candid discussions about the role of the Court within the international justice system, the relationship between regional and international organizations and the relationship between peace and justice. The Court acknowledges the financial support of the International Organization of la Francophonie for this and other regional seminars held during the reporting period.", "113. The Court welcomes the adoption by the European Union of Council Decision 2011/168/CFSP of 21 March 2011, replacing the Union’s previous Common Position on the Court. The European Union continued to provide valuable technical, financial and other forms of support to the Court during the reporting period.", "114. Senior officials of the Court met frequently with representatives of States, international organizations and civil society to update them on the work of the Court, to raise awareness about the Rome Statute system and to discuss issues of mutual interest. The President of the Court met, inter alia, the Heads of State or Government of Colombia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines and Qatar, as well as with ministers of foreign affairs and justice of numerous States from all regions. Furthermore, the President of the Court met with the President of the European Union, the Chairman of the Commission of the African Union and the Secretaries-General of the Commonwealth and the Organization of American States.", "115. The Office of the Prosecutor paid official visits to various Heads of State and Government, including the Presidents of Botswana, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the President and the Prime Minister of Côte d’Ivoire and the Emir and the Prime Minister of Qatar. The Office also met with the Prime Minister of the Libyan Transitional National Council, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Egypt, the Netherlands, Senegal and Spain and the Ministers of Justice of Egypt, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa and Palestine, among others. In addition, the Office met with high-level representatives of international and regional organizations, including the League of Arab States, the African Union, the European Union (the European External Action Service and the European Parliament), the Organization of American States and the International Organization of la Francophonie.", "116. The Court held two diplomatic briefings in The Hague in order to update the diplomatic community on the work of the Court. Briefings for diplomatic missions were also held in New York. Two strategic-level meetings were held between the Court and civil society organizations in The Hague, in addition to regular contacts between the Court and representatives of civil society.", "V. Institutional developments", "A. Elections and appointments", "117. At its tenth session, to be held from 12 to 21 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters, the Assembly of States Parties will elect six new judges to replace the six judges whose nine-year terms will expire on 10 March 2012. The terms of office of the new judges will begin on 11 March 2012.", "118. The Assembly will also elect a Prosecutor to replace the current Prosecutor, whose term ends in June 2012. At the ninth session of the Assembly, in December 2010, the Bureau of the Assembly established a search committee for the position of Prosecutor[4] with a mandate to facilitate the nomination and election, by consensus, of the next Prosecutor.[5] The committee began its work early in 2011 and has informally received expressions of interest from various sources, including individuals, States and civil society. It is reviewing the expressions of interest in the light of the relevant criteria, and will produce a shortlist of at least three suitable candidates, if possible, for consideration by the Bureau.", "119. On 27 May 2011, the Prosecutor announced the appointment of Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty as his Office’s Special Adviser on the Internationalization of Legal Issues. On 19 July 2011, Professor Renwen Liu was appointed as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor on the Chinese legal system. These appointments are in accordance with the duty of the Prosecutor established by article 42, paragraph 9, of the Statute to appoint advisers with legal expertise on specific issues. Juan Mendez, Special Adviser on Crime Prevention, resigned from his position as a consequence of his appointment as United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "B. Assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone", "120. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Court continued to provide detention services and other related assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone in its trial of Charles Taylor in The Hague. The assistance provided to the Special Court for Sierra Leone includes access to the information and communications technology facilities of the International Criminal Court, its vault and a fully equipped office connected to the detention centre for the defence team. The Court agreed to provide these services to the Special Court for Sierra Leone through an exchange of letters detailing the relevant services.", "VI. Conclusion", "121. The Court was busier during the reporting period than ever before, with the number of suspects or accused persons increasing from 15 to 25. A third trial started before the Court, presentation of evidence was concluded in one trial, charges were confirmed against two accused and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear. The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation and requested authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation.", "122. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. Enhancing the complementarity of the Court and national jurisdictions is a crucial task in the global struggle against impunity, and the United Nations and its specialized agencies play a major role in this respect, in cooperation with the Court and other relevant actors.", "123. As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. The increased casework, and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council, has added pressure on the resources available to the Court. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, No. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544.", "[3] The Office of the Prosecutor has made available on its website a first summary of submissions on whether the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority meets statutory requirements.", "[4] See “Bureau of the Assembly of States Parties: Search Committee for the position of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court: terms of reference” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "[5] Ibid., para. 5." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 75 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The report of the International Criminal Court on its activities in 2010/11 is transmitted to the General Assembly in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/12.", "Report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations for 2010/11", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations. It describes the main developments in the activities of the Court and other matters of relevance to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations.", "The Court made significant progress during the period under review. Five new States have acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The judicial activity of the Court again reached an extraordinary level with the beginning of a third trial. The presentation of the evidence in the first trial before the Court reached its conclusion, and it is expected that a judgement will be issued by the end of the year.", "The Prosecutor initiated a sixth investigation, following the unanimous decision of the Security Council to refer the situation to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The total number of persons subject to proceedings before the Court increased from 15 to 25, and seven more persons appeared before the judges under a warrant for arrest or appearance.", "During the period under review, the United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. The Court had close relations with States, the United Nations and regional and intergovernmental organizations to strengthen international cooperation in combating impunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "Although the importance attached to the work of the Court and the relevance of the Rome Statute in relation to the international situation continue to increase, major challenges still arise. There are pending arrest warrants against a total of 11 suspects, and the cooperation of States to bring them to justice remains a fundamental condition for the effective implementation of the Court ' s mandate. At the same time, the growing number of cases and the remission of a new situation by the Security Council have increased the pressure on the remedies available to the Court.", "The Court has seven situations before it, of which the situation in Côte d’Ivoire is pending the authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber for the initiation of an investigation. The situations in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic were previously referred to the Court by those same States, and the situations in Darfur (Sudan) and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were referred by the United Nations Security Council. In each case, the Prosecutor decided that there was sufficient ground to initiate an investigation. The investigation into the situation in Kenya was authorized by Pre-Trial Chamber III at the request of the Prosecutor.", "In connection with the situation in Uganda, there is an ongoing case, namely, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen, with four arrest warrants pending since July 2005.", "In relation to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are four ongoing cases, two of them in the first instance phase. In the case The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo has completed the presentation of the evidence and it is expected that judgement will be issued by the end of the year. In the case The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngdudjolo Chui, the Prosecutor concluded the presentation of his arguments in December 2010 and the first defendant will begin the presentation of his arguments on 21 March 2011. In the case The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana issued an arrest warrant and the suspect was arrested during the period under review. The cause is in the preliminary phase. In the case The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda is awaiting execution since August 2006.", "In relation to the situation in the Central African Republic, there is a case, namely, El Fiscal v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. The trial commenced on 22 November 2010 with the presentation of the evidence by the Prosecutor.", "In connection with the situation in Darfur, Sudan, there are three ongoing cases. In the case The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, on 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed the charges of war crimes in connection with an attack on an African Union mission and referred the case to trial. Detention orders remain pending in El Fiscal v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman and also in the case of El Fiscal v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor submitted to the Council its twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of investigations into the situation in Darfur on 9 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively, reports highlighting the lack of cooperation of the Government of the Sudan, the continuation of the reported crimes and the need to comply with the outstanding arrest warrants.", "In relation to the situation in Kenya, there are two ongoing cases in the preliminary phase, namely, the cases El Fiscal c. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang and The Prosecutor v. Francisco Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali. The six suspects appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II in April 2011 in accordance with the appearance orders, and the confirmation hearings are scheduled for September 2011.", "In relation to the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, there is an ongoing case, namely, the case of the Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued arrest warrants against the three suspects for crimes against humanity allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), on 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor submitted his first report on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "In addition to the six investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor is conducting preliminary reviews of situations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, the Republic of Korea and Palestine. During the period under review, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to initiate an investigation into alleged crimes committed in the territory of Côte d’Ivoire after 28 November 2010. At the time of submission of this report, no decision had yet been taken on that request.", "Contents", "Page I.Introduction 6II.Acts 6 judicial A. The 7 Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) B. 8 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) C. The 8 Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) D. 9 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (Situation in the Central African Republic) E. The 10 Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Situation in Darfur, Sudan) F. 10 Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, Sudan) G. 11 Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (Situation in the Republic of Kenya) H. 11 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (Situation in the Republic of Kenya) I. 12 Prosecutor v. 15 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 15/ Republic 18 of Korea 8.Nigeria 19 9. Palestine 19IV.International cooperation A. Cooperation 20 with the United Nations B. Cooperation 22 and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil society V. News 25 at the institutional level A. Elections 25 and appointments B. Attendance 25 to the Special Court for Sierra Leone VI. Conclusion 26", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations under article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court[1]. It describes the main developments in the activities of the Court and other matters relevant to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations since the sixth report of the Court to the United Nations (A/65/313).", "2. The Court was established by an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[2], which was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002. During the period under review, Grenada, the Republic of Moldova, Saint Lucia, Seychelles and Tunisia deposited instruments of ratification or accession, bringing to 116 the number of States that have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute. States that have ratified or acceded to the Statute include 32 African States, 15 Asian States, 18 Eastern European States, 26 Latin American and Caribbean States and 25 Western European and other States. In addition to these States parties, 34 countries have signed, but have not yet ratified, the Rome Statute.", "3. The Court is an independent judicial institution to investigate and prosecute alleged perpetrators of the most serious crimes of international significance, namely genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "4. The Rome Statute requires the Court ' s judicial proceedings to be instituted fairly and impartially, with full respect for the rights of the accused. An innovative aspect of the Rome Statute is that victims can participate in the proceedings, even if they are not cited as witnesses.", "5. For the performance of its functions, the Court depends on the cooperation of States, international organizations and civil society in accordance with the Rome Statute and the international agreements it has signed. Areas where the Court requires cooperation from States include preliminary examinations, investigations, arrest and surrender of accused persons, detection and freezing of assets, protection of victims and witnesses, provisional release, enforcement of sentences and enforcement of their decisions and orders.", "6. Although independent of the United Nations, the Court maintains close historical, legal and operational ties with the Organization. The relationship between the Court and the United Nations is governed by the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute and the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and other subsidiary agreements.", "II. Judicial proceedings", "7. During the period under review, the Court continued to address the five situations that it had already begun to consider: situations in the Republic of Uganda; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Central African Republic; Darfur (Sudan); and Kenya.", "8. In March 2011, the Prosecutor initiated a sixth investigation, in connection with the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, following the unanimous decision of the Security Council to forward that situation to him pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011. The Prosecutor also requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to initiate a seventh investigation into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "9. Judicial proceedings have been conducted in respect of each of these six investigations, leading to 13 cases involving 26 accused of having committed offences falling within the jurisdiction of the Court. Of those 26 defendants, one of them was officially declared dead and the proceedings against him were filed. Details on the cases in which judicial developments occurred during the period under review are provided below.", "A. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "10. It is alleged that Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is the leader of the Union des patriotes congolais and Commander-in-Chief of its military wing, namely the Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo. It is charged with the commission of war crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and, in particular, the enlistment, recruitment and use of children under the age of 15 to participate actively in hostilities.", "11. The trial against Mr. Lubanga started on 26 January 2009 before Trial Chamber I. The Prosecutor called 29 witnesses between 26 January 2009 and 14 July 2009. The Prosecutor called or re-called other prosecution witnesses in 2010 to respond to non-observance of the procedural guarantees filed by the defence. The defence presented its arguments for the period from 27 January 2010 to 18 April 2011. During that period, the defence presented 133 evidence and requested the appearance of 24 witnesses to testify for a total of 68 trial days. In the case against Lubanga, a total of 118 victims have been involved through their legal representatives. Three of the victims authorized to participate in the proceedings filed with the Chamber in January 2010.", "12. On 8 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the decisions of Trial Chamber I to suspend proceedings and release the accused. On 15 July 2010, Trial Chamber I had ordered the suspension of proceedings as a result of material non-compliance by the Prosecutor with the Chamber ' s orders, and had ordered the release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo without restrictions or conditions, subject to the filing of an appeal and the issuance of a suspensive effect order by the Appeals Chamber. The Appeals Chamber reversed the Trial Chamber ' s decision to consider that, prior to ordering the suspension of proceedings, the Chamber should have imposed the penalties provided for in article 71 of the Statute to conminate compliance.", "13. On 23 February 2011, Trial Chamber I denied the defence ' s request to suspend proceedings for non-observance of due process. The trial resumed on 21 March 2011.", "14. On 20 May 2011, Trial Chamber I ordered the closure of the trial submission phase. The prosecution and the defence filed their final pleadings on 1 June and 15 July, respectively. The parties and participants will present their final oral pleadings at public hearings on 25 and 26 August 2011.", "B. Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "15. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are former leaders of armed groups active in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Katanga was allegedly in charge of the Forces de résistance patriotiques in Ituri and had been appointed Brigade General de las Armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC); Mr. Ngudjolo was allegedly the former leader of the Front des nationalistes et intégrationnistes and Colonel of FARDC. They are charged with seven counts of war crimes (intentional homicide, use of children to participate actively in hostilities, sexual slavery, rape, attacks on civilians, pillage and destruction of enemy property) and three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, sexual slavery and rape). These crimes were allegedly committed in connection with the attack on the town of Bogoro on 24 February 2003.", "16. The trial against Mr. Katanga and Mr. Ngudjolo started on 24 November 2009 before Trial Chamber II. The Prosecutor concluded the presentation of the live test in the case on 8 December 2010. During the presentation of the evidence, the Prosecutor submitted 270 evidence and requested the appearance of 24 witnesses and 2 experts to testify.", "17. The first defendant, Mr. Katanga, presented his arguments between 24 March and 12 July 2011 and called for 17 witnesses, including 3 witnesses in common with the second defendant, Mr. Ngudjolo. In total, 150 evidence elements presented by Mr. Katanga and 59 evidence elements presented by Mr. Ngudjolo. The trial against Mr. Ngudjolo resumes on 15 August 2011. A total of 366 victims are involved through their legal representatives and 2 of them have pleaded in court.", "C. Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana is the alleged Executive Secretary of the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). Pre-Trial Chamber I issued an arrest warrant on 28 September 2010, as it decided that it had a reasonable basis to believe that he, personally and intentionally, had contributed to a common plan of the FDLR leaders to launch an offensive against the civilian population of the Kivus provinces in order to obtain political concessions as part of an international extortion campaign to increase the political power of FDLR.", "19. On 11 October 2010, following the arrest of Mr. Mbarushimana was issued by the French authorities. The accused was transferred to the Court Detention Centre in The Hague on 25 January 2011 and his initial appearance before the Tribunal took place on 28 January 2011. The indictment hearing, initially scheduled for 4 July 2011, was deferred upon the Prosecutor ' s request in view of delays caused by technical difficulties in reviewing electronic devices seized in the suspect ' s premises.", "20. On 15 July 2010, the Prosecutor submitted the document containing the charges and the list of evidence. The indictment consists of 13 counts for war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the provinces of the Kivus and in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 20 January to 31 December 2009. The Prosecutor contends that Mr. Mbarushimana is responsible for supporting the common purpose of FDLR leaders to commit crimes by creating a “humanitarian catastrophe” in North and South Kivu, in order to persuade the Governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to abandon their military campaign against the group and to extort them in order to obtain political power concessions in the Republic of Rwanda.", "D. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (Situation in the Central African Republic)", "21. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo was President and Commander-in-Chief of the Mouvement de libération du Congo. He allegedly committed crimes in various locations in the Central African Republic in connection with the non-international armed conflict that took place from 26 October 2002 to 15 March 2003. The charges against Mr. Bemba was confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber III on 15 June 2009. He is charged with three counts for war crimes (murder, rape and pillage) and two counts for crimes against humanity (murder and rape) as military chief under article 28 of the Rome Statute (Responsibility of the chiefs and other superiors).", "22. On 19 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber rendered its judgement on the appeal of Mr. Bemba contra la decisión del 24 de junio de 2010 de la Sala de First Instance III entitled “Decision on admissibility and non-observance of due process”. The Appeals Chamber confirmed the contested decision, considering that, when the question arises as to whether the outcome of national judicial proceedings is equivalent to a decision not to prosecute in terms of article 17, paragraph (1) (b), of the Statute, a Trial Chamber must accept prima facie the validity and effect of the decisions of national courts, unless there is compelling evidence to the contrary.", "23. The trial against Mr. Bemba started on 22 November 2010 before Trial Chamber III. To date, 1,619 victims have been authorized to intervene in court proceedings through their legal representatives. As at 31 July 2011, the Prosecutor had submitted 25 of his 40 expected witnesses.", "E. The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "24. On 4 March 2009, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued an arrest warrant against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, the current President of the Sudan, who was charged five counts for crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts for war crimes (attack against civilians and looting). On 12 July 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a second arrest warrant in which three additional charges of genocide were brought against Mr. Al Bashir. Both arrest warrants were notified to all States parties, to the Sudanese authorities and to all members of the Security Council who are not parties to the Rome Statute.", "25. On 27 August 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued two decisions informing the Security Council and the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of Mr. Al Bashir to Kenya and Chad, to take appropriate measures. On 12 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I adopted a similar decision regarding the visit of Mr. Al Bashir to Djibouti. In the above-mentioned decisions, Pre-Trial Chamber I noted that the States concerned had an obligation to cooperate with the Court, an obligation arising from both Security Council resolution 1593 (2005) and article 87 of the Rome Statute, in which Chad, Djibouti and Kenya were States parties.", "26. To date Mr. Al Bashir is still free. A total of 12 victims have been authorized to intervene in the case through their legal representatives.", "F. Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "27. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain is accused of being the Commander-in-Chief of the Justice and Equality Movement and Mohammed Jerbo Jamus of being the former Chief of Staff of the Sudan-Unity Liberation Army. In August 2009, Pre-Trial Chamber I ordered Mr. Banda and Mr. Jerbo.", "28. The confirmation hearing was held on 8 December 2010. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed the three counts of war crimes (inflicted against life, intentionally targeting a peacekeeping and looting mission) against the alleged rebel leaders in the situation in Darfur, Sudan, in connection with an attack on peacekeepers from an African Union mission in northern Darfur, Sudan (AMIS) in the Sudan, 29 September 2007.", "29. On 16 March 2011, the Presidency of the Court referred the case to the newly established Trial Chamber IV. On 16 May 2011, the parties submitted a joint written statement indicating that the accused would only defend against certain charges specified in the trial:", "(a) If the attack on the base of the Haskanita military group on 29 September 2007 had been illegal;", "(b) If the attack was considered illegal, if the defendants were aware of the factual circumstances that determined the illegal nature of the attack;", "(c) If AMIS was a peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "30. The agreement concluded by the parties could significantly shorten the proceedings of the trial because they would focus the trial only on the issues disputed between the parties, which would promote an efficient and economic process and, at the same time, preserve the rights of victims to participate in the proceedings and protect the rights of the accused to a fair and expeditious trial.", "31. As at 31 May 2011, a total of 89 victims had been authorized to intervene in the proceedings through their legal representatives. The date of the commencement of the trial shall be set at the appropriate time.", "G. Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (Situation in the Republic of Kenya)", "32. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II cited William Samoei Ruto, a Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology suspended, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, a member of the Parliament and President of the Naranja Democratic Movement (MDN), and Joshua Arap Sang, the chief of operations of Kass FM in Nairobi, for his alleged involvement in the commission of crimes against humanity in connection with the 2007 elections. The three accused are allegedly members of the MDN, one of the two political parties of the Kenya ruling coalition.", "33. On 7 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The indictment hearing is scheduled for 1 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will hear charges, namely, three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forced population transfer and persecution).", "34. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an appeal, in accordance with the provisions of article 19 of the Rome Statute, which challenged the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II did not appeal on 30 May 2011, considering that no specific evidence had been provided in the appeal that national proceedings were being carried out with respect to persons subject to the proceedings before the Court. The Government appealed that decision, which is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "H. Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (Situation in the Republic of Kenya)", "35. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II cited Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Chief of Public Administration and Secretary of the Cabinet, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, and Mohammed Hussein Ali, President of the Postal Corporation, for his alleged involvement in the commission of crimes against humanity in connection with violence following the 2007 and 2008 elections. The three accused are allegedly members of the National Unity Party, one of the two political parties of the Kenyan ruling coalition.", "36. On 8 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation hearing is scheduled for 21 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will hear the five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forced population transfer, persecution, rape and other inhumane acts).", "37. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an appeal, in accordance with the provisions of article 19 of the Rome Statute, which challenged the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II did not appeal on 30 May 2011, considering that no specific evidence had been provided in the appeal that national proceedings were being carried out with respect to persons subject to the proceedings before the Court. The Government appealed that decision, which is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "I. Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Situation)", "38. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued arrest warrants against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Spokesman of the Libyan Government, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence, in connection with two counts for crimes against humanity (murder and persecution) allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I decided that there was sufficient basis for the estimation that Muammar Gaddafi, in coordination with his immediate collaborators, had designed and orchestrated a plan to prevent and suppress, by all means, civil demonstrations against the regime. The arrest warrants are the result of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, initiated by the Prosecutor ' s Office on 3 March 2011, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011, whereby the Council referred the situation to the Prosecutor.", "J. Outstanding detention orders", "39. At the time of submission of this report there were 12 outstanding arrest warrants:", "(a) Uganda: Mr. Joseph Kony, sir. Vincent Otti, sir. Okot Odhiambo and Mr. Dominic Ongwen, outstanding since 2005.", "(b) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Bosco Ntaganda, pending since 2006;", "(c) Darfur (Sudan): Mr. Ahmad Harun and Mr. Ali Kushayb, pending in 2007, and in the case against Mr. Omar Al Bashir, two pending orders since 2009 and 2010.", "(d) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, outstanding since 27 June 2011.", "40. The Court has issued requests for cooperation for the arrest and surrender of all such persons and has notified them to the relevant States. States parties and other States that have the legal obligation to cooperate with the Court are required to comply with such requests. With regard to the situations in Darfur (Sudan) and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, all parties, including the respective States, are obliged to cooperate fully with the Court and the Prosecutor in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011), respectively.", "III. Preliminary investigations and examinations", "A. Investigations", "1. The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui", "41. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Prosecutor conducted 16 missions in 5 countries, mainly as trial support, in order to respond to the arguments presented by the defence in El Fiscal c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and El Fiscal c. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "Case concerning the provinces of the Kivus", "42. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 34 missions in 10 countries to conduct its third investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on the crimes committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces. The investigation culminated in the arrest and surrender of Callixte Mbarushimana and facilitated the preparation of the future confirmation hearing.", "43. The investigation and prosecution of crimes attributed to the FDLR militia in the Kivus provinces in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are one of the most illustrative examples of the complementarity of the Court under the Rome Statute system. Some of the FDLR leaders operated from Europe. Callixte Mbarushimana, alleged Secretary-General of the militia, resided in France and was arrested by the French authorities and made available to the Court. Ignace Murwanashiyaka and Straton Musoni, President and Vice-President of the FDLR, respectively, were arrested by the German authorities on 17 November 2009 and are currently being tried in Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity that are charged under the German Code of Offences against International Law.", "44. The prosecution of FDLR leaders is the result of more than two years of investigations conducted by Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, France and the Office of the Prosecutor on alleged crimes committed in the Kivus and, in particular, the activities of FDLR.", "45. The prosecution ' s investigation into alleged crimes committed in the Kivus, involving other FDLR leaders, has not yet been completed.", "46. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, which actively encourages effective national action, the Office of the Prosecutor has also participated in the training of the Congolese judicial authorities in the provinces of North and South Kivu investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity, conducted in October 2010 and February 2011, respectively.", "2. The situation in Uganda", "47. The Prosecutor ' s Office continued to collect information on the crimes attributed to the Lord ' s Resistance Army (LRA) and to promote measures to comply with the arrest warrants issued against the main leaders, for which it carried out three missions in three countries in relation to the situation in Uganda. The Prosecutor ' s Office has collected information of various kinds on the crimes allegedly committed by the LRA under the leadership of Joseph Kony. According to information received, LRA continued to commit crimes throughout the year, including numerous kidnappings and massacres throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan and the Central African Republic. Since early 2008, the LRA could have been responsible for more than 2,000 deaths, more than 2,500 kidnappings and more than 300,000 displacements in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. Over 120,000 displacements occurred during the same period, at least 450 deaths and more than 800 abductions in South Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "48. The Office of the Prosecutor has also continued to collect and analyse information related to the alleged crimes committed by the Uganda People ' s Defence Forces. The Prosecutor ' s Office has continued to encourage the Ugandan authorities to take action on both parties to the conflict.", "49. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, the Office of the Prosecutor has collaborated with the Ugandan authorities in investigating and prosecuting some people. During preparations for the first national war crimes case before the newly established International Crimes Division of the Supreme Court against an alleged mid-range LRA commander, the Office of the Prosecutor exchanged experiences and best practices with national authorities in such areas as the provision of protection and support to witnesses and the management of evidence, among others. The Prosecutor ' s Office was able to provide consultation copies, translations and transcripts of the unprocessed material initially provided by the Ugandan authorities in the context of investigations conducted by the Prosecutor ' s Office in connection with the incidents selected for trial in the Uganda Supreme Court. The Ugandan authorities formally promised the Prosecutor ' s Office that all information provided to them would be used in the context of procedures that comply with internationally recognized human rights standards.", "3. The situation in the Central African Republic", "50. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to investigate the situation in the Central African Republic and carried out a total of 14 missions in 5 countries for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, with a view to examining potential witnesses and assessing new information received, inter alia.", "4. The situation in Darfur, Sudan", "51. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 30 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 16 missions in 9 countries in connection with investigations into the situation in Darfur.", "52. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor submitted to the Council its twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur, dated 10 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively.", "53. In his briefing of 10 December 2010, the Prosecutor made special reference to the second arrest warrant issued by the Pre-Trial Chamber against President Al Bashir, charged with three counts of genocide. Once again, it denounced the lack of cooperation of the Government of the Sudan and the lack of national action against those responsible for the crimes committed.", "54. In his briefing of 8 June 2011, the Prosecutor referred to outstanding arrest warrants and continuing crimes, and expressed particular concern at the role played by Ahmad Harun, one of the protagonists.", "55. The Office of the Prosecutor continues to monitor and collect information on the situation in Darfur, Sudan. The information gathered indicates that crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide continue to occur.", "5. The situation in Kenya", "56. Upon the commencement of the investigation, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 71 missions in 14 countries during the reporting period.", "57. On 15 December 2010, the Prosecutor requested the appearance of six persons in two cases.", "6. The situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "58. Following the unanimous referral by the Security Council, the Prosecutor ' s Office conducted an analysis of factual and law issues during its preliminary review of the situation. As a result of this review, which covered questions of competence, admissibility (complementation and severity) and the interest of justice, on 3 March 2011, the Prosecutor ' s Office determined that the requirements of the Rome Statute had been met to initiate an investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "59. In his briefing to the Security Council of 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor submitted his first report on the rapid and substantial progress made in the investigations of the Prosecutor ' s Office, after which he announced that in the coming weeks he would request that arrest warrants be issued against the three persons who seemed to have greater criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February.", "60. Subsequently, on 16 May 2011, the Prosecutor requested Pre-Trial Chamber I to issue arrest warrants against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, spokesman for the Libyan Government, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence. In his request, the Prosecutor provided evidence of orders issued by Muammar Gaddafi, the organization of the recruitment of foreign soldiers by Saif Al-Islam and the participation of Al-Senussi in attacks against demonstrators, as well as the fact that the three had held meetings to plan operations.", "61. During the period under review, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 28 missions in 11 countries regarding the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Prosecutor ' s Office is investigating allegations of violations, sexual violence and other crimes against humanity, such as torture and inhumane acts against civilians considered dissidents. The Office of the Prosecutor is also investigating allegations of attacks against nationals of sub-Saharan African countries confused with mercenaries and allegations of war crimes committed by the different parties during the armed conflict.", "B. Preliminary reviews", "62. The Prosecutor ' s Office continued to monitor information on offences that might fall within the jurisdiction of the Court and to analyse communications received from various sources. As at 30 June 2011, the Prosecutor ' s Office had received 9,253 communications concerning article 15 of the Rome Statute, of which 419 were received during the period under review.", "63. The Office of the Prosecutor continued its preliminary reviews of the situation in Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea and Palestine. The Office of the Prosecutor announced that it had initiated preliminary reviews of the situation in Nigeria, Honduras, and the Republic of Korea. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested the authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber to initiate an investigation into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "1. Afghanistan", "64. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation in Afghanistan, reviewing all available information, including from public sources. The Office of the Public Prosecutor remains in close contact with experts, civil society organizations and public officials from the region, and has participated in several international academic conferences on Afghanistan.", "65. In accordance with the Rome Statute, the Prosecutor ' s Office assesses whether effective investigations and prosecutions have been initiated consistent with the intention of bringing to justice the main perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed in Afghanistan. The analysis covers investigations and proceedings that may be carried out in the State of nationality of the alleged perpetrators or other State having jurisdiction over the offences allegedly committed in Afghanistan.", "2. Colombia", "66. By ratifying the Rome Statute, Colombia declared (in accordance with article 124 of the Statute) that for a period of seven years it would not accept the jurisdiction of the Court over war crimes. That period ended on 1 November 2009. War crimes committed after that date could be investigated and prosecuted by the Prosecutor ' s Office. The criminal justice system in Colombia has taken steps to investigate those responsible for crimes covered by the Rome Statute.", "67. The Prosecutor ' s Office collects and analyses information on ongoing investigations and proceedings, especially those dealing with the leaders of paramilitary and guerrilla groups and the military allegedly responsible for conduct that might be within the jurisdiction of the Court. The Prosecutor ' s Office is investigating the alleged existence of international support networks that assist armed groups engaged in criminal activities in Colombia. The Office of the Prosecutor is also closely following cases of parapolitics.", "68. The Prosecutor ' s Office has sent letters to several States requesting information. During the period under review, the Office of the Prosecutor has also met with Colombian stakeholders, including representatives of the Government, judicial authorities and non-governmental organizations, both in Colombia and in The Hague.", "69. At the biannual round table of non-governmental organizations held on 20 October 2010, the Office of the Prosecutor devoted a session to complementarity in the context of the preliminary review of the situation in Colombia. The experts who participated in the discussions discussed the response of the Colombian authorities to the fight against impunity, with particular attention to the procedures provided for in the Law on Justice and Peace.", "70. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to examine the situation in Colombia and the national proceedings. In this context, in accordance with its positive approach to complementarity, the Prosecutor applauds the efforts of President Santos to seek greater international support for national actions and to promote cooperation, as explained during the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties in December 2010. The appointment as an adviser to the Peace Process Support Mission in Colombia by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, who has worked as a consultant for the Office of the Prosecutor, is a practical example of positive complementarity and it is hoped that it will help the Colombian authorities to move forward in the right direction.", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "71. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, in particular the outbreak of violence following the second round of the presidential elections, on 28 November 2010.", "72. On 18 December 2010, the Court received a statement signed by President Ouattara confirming an earlier statement submitted in October 2003 by the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in accordance with article 12, paragraph (3), of the Rome Statute, in which it accepted the jurisdiction of the Court with respect to crimes committed in its territory since 19 September 2002.", "73. The Prosecutor has concluded that the criteria set out in the Rome Statute have been met to initiate an investigation. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested the authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into alleged crimes committed in the territory of Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010.", "4. Georgia", "74. During the period under review, the Prosecutor ' s Office has continued to monitor progress in investigations of alleged crimes committed during the conflict in Georgia in August 2008.", "75. In February 2011, a delegation of the Prosecutor ' s Office visited the Russian Federation for the second time and received an update on the progress made by the Russian Federation ' s investigation committee at the national level. The Prosecutor ' s Office has maintained regular contacts with the Georgian authorities.", "76. The Office of the Prosecutor maintains close contacts with non-governmental organizations in the region, receives reports from these organizations and participates in meetings with them.", "5. Guinea", "77. On 14 October 2009, the Prosecutor announced that the situation in Guinea was subject to a preliminary review following allegations of events in Conakry on 28 September 2009.", "78. The Prosecutor ' s Office conducted two missions in Guinea to follow up on the investigations of the events of 2009 carried out by the Guinean judges and, as part of its preventive mandate, to monitor whether new crimes were committed during the election period. The Prosecutor ' s Office met with Government officials and representatives of the judiciary and civil society, and victims and victims ' associations.", "6. Honduras", "79. On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor announced that the situation in Honduras had undergone a preliminary review. The Prosecutor ' s Office is considering whether the alleged human rights violations that occurred after the coup d ' état of 28 June 2009 against President Zelaya constitute offences that might be within the jurisdiction of the Court. The Office received 17 communications regarding the situation. The Honduran authorities immediately offered their cooperation.", "7. Republic of Korea", "80. On 6 December 2010, the Prosecutor ' s Office announced that it had received communications claiming that the forces of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea had committed war crimes in the territory of the Republic of Korea.", "81. The preliminary review of the situation in the Republic of Korea focuses on two incidents: (a) the bombing of the island of Yeonpyeong on 23 November 2010, resulting in the death of several South Korean marine and civilian infants and many others injured; and (b) the sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan after being hit by a torpedo allegedly launched from a submarine of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea on 26 March 2010, in which people died.", "82. The Prosecutor ' s Office has been engaged in gathering additional information from relevant sources. The Prosecutor ' s Office works with the Korean authorities to identify issues in fact as part of the analysis of competition on the basis of the matter of preliminary examination.", "8. Nigeria", "83. On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor ' s Office publicly announced its review of the situation in Nigeria. The Office of the Prosecutor is analysing the alleged crimes committed in the central area of Nigeria since mid-2004 and is constructively collaborating with the Nigerian authorities. The Office of the Prosecutor has met with representatives of national and international civil society organizations operating in the states of the “intermediate strip”. The Nigerian judicial authorities have been invited to exchange information with the Office of the Prosecutor on the ongoing procedures.", "9. Palestine", "84. With regard to the declaration deposited by the Palestinian National Authority on 22 January 2009, in which it accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with article 12, paragraph (3), of the Rome Statute, the Prosecutor ' s Office continues to examine whether the declaration meets the requirements of the Statute. Since the International Criminal Court is a court of last instance, the Prosecutor ' s Office also considers whether proceedings have been initiated at the national level in relation to alleged offences as to the admissibility of cases arising from the situation. In total, the prosecution received 400 communications on alleged crimes committed in Palestine.", "85. The Palestinian National Authority invoked the right to be heard in connection with the fulfilment of the requirements of the Rome Statute for the initiation of an investigation, including the question of whether Palestine could be considered a “State” for the purposes of article 12, paragraph (3), of the Statute. The Prosecutor ' s Office considered that, for the sake of equity, the Palestinian National Authority and other stakeholders should have the opportunity to be heard. Accordingly, the Prosecutor ' s Office noted that all parties concerned enjoyed due process. The representatives of the Palestinian National Authority submitted oral and written pleadings. The final report will be issued shortly[3].", "86. The Prosecutor ' s Office has also considered a number of public reports, and organized an interactive discussion between the various experts and non-governmental organizations that had reported at the Court ' s headquarters during the biannual round table held on 20 October 2010.", "87. In July 2011, the Prosecutor ' s Office provided updated information to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in response to its request for information on the measures taken by the Prosecutor with regard to the Palestinian declaration.", "88. The Prosecutor met with several stakeholders, including representatives of the Palestinian National Authority, the Secretariat of the League of Arab States and some Palestinian and Israeli non-governmental organizations, to discuss the jurisdiction of the Court.", "IV. International cooperation", "A. Cooperation with the United Nations", "89. Cooperation between the Court and the United Nations is governed by the Relationship Agreement between the two organizations signed on 4 October 2004. Pursuant to article 10 of that agreement, the United Nations provided facilities and services during the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, from 6 to 10 December 2010. The tenth session is expected to be held at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011.", "90. With regard to security, the Court was part of the United Nations security management system and was invited to participate twice a year in the meetings of the United Nations Inter-Agency Security Management Network. This allows the Court to harmonize its rules, regulations and activities on the ground with those of the United Nations and other member organizations.", "91. In countries where there is a situation, the support and assistance provided by the United Nations to the Court are of crucial importance and extend from the supply of fuel for the Court ' s vehicles to the use of United Nations aircraft. During the period under review, the Court made use of 862 United Nations-organized flights in support of missions in all countries where a situation arises. The United Nations continues to provide a package of services and facilities to the Court, including logistical support for the Court ' s field operations.", "92. The Court maintains close contacts with the Office of Legal Affairs, particularly with regard to the coordination of testimony by United Nations officials, the provision of information and the rationalization of the Court through the United Nations system. In response to requests from the Prosecutor and defence counsel, the United Nations provided them with documents. In December 2010, the second United Nations official to testify before the Court delivered a statement at the trial of Germain Kananga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "93. The Court appreciates the cooperation and assistance provided by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) of the United Nations Secretariat. On 16 July 2010, the Court and the United Nations signed a memorandum of understanding to facilitate the secondment of an OIOS expert to serve as interim director of the independent oversight mechanism of the International Criminal Court until 18 July 2011. The Court was also assisted by experts from the Internal Audit Division of OIOS, who conducted a mapping study on verification of the current internal and external oversight mechanisms of the Court in April 2011.", "94. On 13 June 2011, the Secretariat signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations concerning the provision of support services and facilities by the United Nations Office at Nairobi to the Secretariat of the Court in connection with activities in Kenya.", "95. On 14 and 15 June 2011, senior representatives of the Prosecutor ' s Office participated in meetings in New York with United Nations offices, including the Office of Legal Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, focusing, inter alia, on recent developments relating to the activities of the Office, cooperation, cooperation and cooperation.", "96. The next coordination meeting between the United Nations and the Court is scheduled for 8 and 9 December 2011 in New York.", "97. Regular contacts between the International Criminal Court and United Nations Headquarters have been critical in facilitating cooperation. The Court ' s Liaison Office in New York is the main interlocutor for the United Nations Secretariat. The Office continued to facilitate and promote cooperation between the Court and the United Nations and its funds, programmes and agencies, as well as between the Court and permanent and observer missions to the United Nations.", "98. The Chief of the Liaison Office in New York participated as an observer in meetings of the Security Council and, in accordance with article 4 of the Relationship Agreement, in meetings of the General Assembly concerning the work of the Court. The Liaison Office facilitated visits by high-level officials of the Court to their counterparts in New York, followed up on important developments for the Court at various United Nations meetings and briefed the officials of the Court. In addition, it kept the Secretariat of the United Nations and the permanent missions constantly informed of the Court ' s judicial developments and transmitted court notifications to the Secretary-General and the Security Council. As the work of the Court continued to gain importance in the United Nations, calls to the Chief of the Liaison Office were increasingly made to provide information to the various United Nations departments and permanent missions to the Organization.", "99. In addition to operational and logistical assistance, public and diplomatic support provided by the United Nations and its senior officials, including the Secretary-General, remained important for the Court.", "100. During the period under review, the President of the Court held a number of meetings with senior United Nations officials, in which special consideration was given to the potential for the Rule of Law Coordination and Support Group to strengthen its commitment to issues relating to crimes under the Rome Statute. At its meeting on 9 December 2010, the President and the Secretary-General discussed the potential for the United Nations to play a key role in strengthening national justice systems by placing greater emphasis on the issues of the Rome Statute regarding the programming of rule of law and development assistance activities. They also agreed on the importance of sensitizing world public opinion about the Court and promoting the ratification of the Rome Statute, particularly in regions underrepresented among States parties. On 17 March 2011, the President ' s meeting with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme discussed synergies between the United Nations and the Court in support of the internal capacity of States to prosecute serious crimes. On 9 May 2011, at the meeting of the President of the Court and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, various forms of cooperation were addressed between the two organizations to ensure accountability for the crimes covered by the Rome Statute. As part of his official travels, the President also met with the heads of United Nations missions in various countries to discuss issues of mutual concern.", "101. As indicated above, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council twice on the status of investigations into the situation in Darfur, and on one occasion on the status of investigations into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, during the period under review, the Office of the Prosecutor held a number of high-level meetings with United Nations representatives to better understand their specific mission and enhance mutual cooperation. He also met with the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel of the United Nations, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, as well as representatives of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.", "B. Cooperation and assistance of States, other international organizations and civil society", "102. The Court extended numerous requests for cooperation or assistance to States parties in accordance with Part IX of the Rome Statute. Under article 87 of the Statute, the content of such requests and related communications is usually confidential.", "103. During the period under review, the Office of the Prosecutor issued 211 requests for assistance to States parties, non-parties, international and regional and other organizations. While many of these requests are still pending, in particular those recently submitted, the implementation rate at the end of the reporting period has already reached 70 per cent.", "104. In addition to the specific requests for cooperation and assistance submitted pursuant to Parts IX and X of the Rome Statute, the Court continued to develop bilateral exchanges and cooperation agreements with States, particularly with regard to the conduct of investigations and investigations, the detection and freezing of assets, the protection of victims and witnesses, detention operations, the execution of sentences and the provisional release of accused pending trial.", "105. During the period under review, sentencing agreements were signed with Colombia and Serbia, and there are currently a total of seven agreements. These agreements constitute a positive development since the possibility of sentencing in 2011 and 2012 has increased the need for the Court to find adequate detention facilities for convicted persons.", "106. During the reporting period, no new agreements were signed with States on relocation of witnesses, although progress has been made in negotiations with a number of States for this purpose. In order to increase the options for relocating witnesses at the international level, the Court established a new special fund to relocate witnesses and to which States would donate funds to cover relocation to third States. The Court has already received a substantial donation for the special fund, which is currently used to finance several relocations of witnesses. In addition, the Court is in contact with States parties to find out whether they would agree to conclude with the Court a relocation of witnesses that does not generate any cost and would be financed from the special fund.", "107. On the other hand, States parties may support, bilaterally or through multilateral institutions, the establishment of means of protection of witnesses in other States that lack capacity to do so. Some countries have already indicated their particular interest in this modality, whose development would promote the principle of complementarity.", "108. The Trust Fund for the Benefit of Victims, established by the Rome Statute, has a dual mandate for victims in cases where the Court has jurisdiction. The Trust Fund secretariat maintains regular contacts and coordinates with States and United Nations organizations at both the institutional and operational levels.", "109. The first sentence handed down by the Court is expected to implement the terms of reference of the Trust Fund for Reparations ordered by the Court. Activities in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo under the Fund ' s rehabilitation mandate have been ongoing for four years, and it is expected that such activities will begin in the Central African Republic in early 2012. The President of the Board of Directors of the Fund, Ms. Elisabeth Rehn, regularly participates in international forums, including the conference of the League of Arab States, held in Doha in May 2011.", "110. During the period under review, the Court signed a framework cooperation agreement with the Organization of American States and a memorandum of understanding on cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat. These agreements are of the utmost importance to enhance the cooperation of the Court with intergovernmental organizations, with a view to exchanging information, raising awareness and supporting the capacity-building of national jurisdictions in accordance with the principle of complementarity.", "111. The Court increased its cooperation and commitment to the League of Arab States. On 24 and 25 May 2011, representatives of the Court, high-level government delegations, lawyers and media representatives attended a regional conference on the International Criminal Court, organized in Doha by Qatar and the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Court. The conference was the first major event of its kind in the Middle East aimed at providing information on the functioning of the Court and its legal framework. The panellists include the President, the Secretary and the Prosecutor of the Court, as well as important Arab experts in international criminal justice.", "112. The Court maintained close communication with the African Union. On 18 and 19 July 2011, at the headquarters of the African Union in Addis Ababa, Court officials and more than 50 representatives of 15 African States participated in a seminar on the technical aspects of the Rome Statute and the practice of the Court, organized jointly by the African Union and the Court. Following presentations on the structure and guiding principles of the Court, including complementarity, frank discussions were held on the role of the Court in the international justice system, the relationship between regional and international organizations and the relationship between peace and justice. The Court appreciates the financial support provided by the International Organization of la Francophonie for the organization of this and other regional seminars during the period under review.", "113. The Court welcomes the adoption by the European Union of Council Decision 2011/168/CFSP of 21 March 2011, repealing the former Common Position on the Court. During the period under review, the European Union continued to provide the Court with valuable technical, financial and other support.", "114. High Court officials frequently met with representatives of States, international organizations and civil society to inform them of the Court ' s work, to raise awareness of the Rome Statute system and to discuss issues of mutual concern. The President of the Court met with the Heads of State or Government of Colombia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines and Qatar, among others, as well as with Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Justice of many States in all regions. In addition, the President of the Court met with the President of the European Union, the Chairman of the African Union Commission and the Secretaries-General of the Commonwealth and the Organization of American States.", "115. The Office of the Prosecutor conducted official visits to various Heads of State and Government, including the Presidents of Botswana, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the President and Prime Minister of Côte d’Ivoire and Emir and the Prime Minister of Qatar. The Prosecutor ' s Office also met with the Prime Minister of the National Transitional Council of Libya, the Foreign Ministers of Denmark, Egypt, the Netherlands and Senegal, and the Ministers of Justice of Egypt, Liberia, Palestine, Senegal and South Africa, among others. In addition, the Office of the Prosecutor met with high-level representatives of regional and international organizations, such as the League of Arab States, the African Union, the European Union (European External Action Service and European Parliament), the Organization of American States and the International Organization of la Francophonie.", "116. The Court organized two diplomatic briefings in The Hague to inform the diplomatic community of its ongoing work. Briefings were also organized with diplomatic missions in New York. Two strategic meetings were held between the Court and representatives of civil society organizations in The Hague, in addition to regular and constant contacts between the Court and representatives of civil society.", "V. Institutional developments", "A. Elections and appointments", "117. At its tenth session, to be held from 12 to 21 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters, the Assembly of States Parties shall elect six new judges to replace the six judges whose nine-year terms expire on 10 March 2012. The terms of reference of the new judges will begin on 11 March 2012.", "118. The Assembly will also elect a Prosecutor to replace the current Prosecutor, whose term expires in June 2012. At the ninth session of the Assembly, in December 2010, the Bureau of the Assembly established a selection committee for the position of Prosecutor[4] with the mandate to facilitate the nomination and the election by consensus of the next Prosecutor[5]. The Committee began its work in early 2011 and has received informal expressions of interest from various sources, including individuals, States and civil society. It is examining expressions of interest taking into account the relevant criteria, and will prepare a selection list that includes at least three appropriate candidates, where possible, for consideration by the Bureau.", "119. On 27 May 2011, the Prosecutor announced the appointment of Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor on the Internationalization of Legal Issues. On 19 July 2011, Professor Renwen Liu was appointed Special Adviser to the Prosecutor on the Chinese legal system. These appointments were made in compliance with the duty of the Prosecutor, established in article 42, paragraph 9, of the Statute, to appoint legal advisers on specific subjects. Mr. Juan Méndez, Special Adviser on Crime Prevention, resigned from his post following his appointment as United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "B. Assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone", "120. During the period under review, the International Criminal Court continued to provide detention services and other related assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone in the trial against Charles Taylor in The Hague. The assistance provided to the Special Court for Sierra Leone includes access to the Court ' s information and communications technology facilities, a vault and a fully equipped office for the defence counsel team connected to the detention centre. The Court agreed to provide such services to the Special Court for Sierra Leone through a exchange of letters detailing such services.", "VI. Conclusion", "121. The Court had never had such intense activity as in the period under review, with the number of suspects or defendants increased from 15 to 25. A third trial was commenced before the Court, the presentation of evidence was completed at a trial, the charges against two accused persons were confirmed and seven more persons were brought before the magistrates, pursuant to a warrant of arrest or appearance. The Prosecutor initiated a sixth investigation and requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation.", "122. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. In the global fight against impunity, it is essential to enhance complementarity between the Court and national jurisdictions, and the United Nations and its specialized agencies play a key role in this regard, in cooperation with the Court and other relevant actors.", "123. The importance attached to the work of the Court and the relevance of the Rome Statute at the international scene are increasing, while major challenges remain. The increased workload and the remission of a new situation by the Security Council place greater pressure on the remedies available to the Court. There are pending arrest warrants against 11 suspects, and the cooperation of States in bringing those persons to justice remains a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court ' s mandate.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, No. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544.", "[3] The Prosecutor ' s Office has published on its website an initial summary of reports received on the question of whether the declaration deposited by the Palestinian National Authority meets the requirements set out in the Rome Statute.", "[4] See “Message of the Assembly of States Parties: Selection Committee for the position of Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court – Mandate” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "[5] Ibid., para. 5." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 140 del programa provisional*", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS)", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los Miembros de la Asamblea General sus observaciones y las de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación sobre el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6).", "Resumen", "En el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)” se examina la situación de la transición a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se señalan las prácticas óptimas y los riesgos.", "En el presente informe se exponen las opiniones de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre las recomendaciones formuladas en el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección. Esas opiniones se han consolidado sobre la base de la información proporcionada por las organizaciones que son miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación, que acogieron con beneplácito el análisis y las recomendaciones del informe. En general, los organismos aceptaron los puntos de referencia propuestos en el informe, aunque expresaron reservas sobre algunos de ellos.", "1. En el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Preparación de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para las Normas Contables Internacionales para el Sector Público (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6) se examina la situación de la transición a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS) en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se señalan las prácticas óptimas y los riesgos. También se propone un conjunto de puntos de referencia que deberían utilizar los organismos para la aplicación de las IPSAS.", "2. Los miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación acogieron con beneplácito el análisis incluido en el informe, así como las recomendaciones que figuran en él, y muchos organismos indicaron que habían adoptado o estaban en vías de adoptar muchos de los puntos de referencia propuestos.", "3. Si bien observaron que las dos primeras recomendaciones iban dirigidas a los órganos legislativos, muchos miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos indicaron que ya presentaban informes periódicos a sus órganos legislativos en relación con la aplicación de las IPSAS, como se preveía en la recomendación 1.", "4. Los organismos aceptaron los puntos de referencia propuestos por la Dependencia Común de Inspección, pero formularon observaciones sobre varios de ellos. En primer lugar, los miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos señalaron que la práctica óptima núm. 13 (“planificar y preparar estados financieros provisionales para que sean examinados por auditores externos con suficiente antelación respecto de la fecha final de ejecución para evitar sorpresas desagradables”) podía resultar difícil de aplicar para los organismos con una estructura muy descentralizada y múltiples sistemas financieros. La Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, por ejemplo, está poniendo en marcha actualmente un nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales, que integrará múltiples sistemas que ahora se encuentran en diferentes ubicaciones. Puesto que es posible que no en todas las ubicaciones se ponga en marcha simultáneamente el nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales y dado el apretado calendario de introducción de ese sistema, la Organización puede tener dificultades para elaborar numerosos estados financieros provisionales.", "5. Los organismos también expresaron su preocupación por la posibilidad de que la práctica óptima núm. 15 (“realizar pruebas constantes de los mecanismos de control interno durante la etapa preliminar de ejecución de un proyecto de IPSAS para garantizar la exactitud de los datos”) no representara plenamente la debida relación entre los responsables institucionales y los departamentos de auditoría interna en el ámbito de las pruebas de control interno. Algunos organismos consideraron que ese proceso podría corresponder más bien al mandato de la auditoría interna. Para respaldar esa opinión, la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas citó el párrafo 5.15 de su Reglamento Financiero y Reglamentación Financiera Detallada, en que se establece que “los auditores internos examinarán y evaluarán la utilización de los recursos financieros, así como la eficacia, la suficiencia y la aplicación de los sistemas y procedimientos de fiscalización financiera interna y otros medios de fiscalización interna, e informarán al respecto”.", "6. Por último, algunos organismos también observaron que les podía resultar difícil aplicar la práctica óptima núm. 16 (“garantizar que se lleve a cabo una validación y una verificación independientes y globales del sistema una vez ultimado”). Esos organismos señalaron que, puesto que los requisitos de las IPSAS se habían incorporado en los procesos institucionales y los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales, estarían sometidos a pruebas exhaustivas antes de su aplicación a fin de asegurar su validación y verificación. Por tanto, si se espera hasta que esté ultimado o el sistema, puede ser demasiado tarde para realizar cambios." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and identifies best practices and risks.", "The present report presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the analysis contained in the report and its recommendations. Agencies generally accepted the benchmarks proposed in the report, although they expressed reservations regarding some of them.", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6) reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and identifies best practices and risks. The report proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing IPSAS.", "2. The members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the analysis contained in the report, as well as its recommendations, with many agencies indicating that they have either adopted, or are in the process of adopting, many of the proposed benchmarks.", "3. While noting that the first two recommendations are directed at legislative bodies, many CEB members note that they already provide regular reports to their legislative bodies regarding their IPSAS implementations, as called for in recommendation 1.", "4. Agencies accept the benchmarks proposed by the Joint Inspection Unit; however, agencies commented on several of them. First, CEB members noted that best practice 13 (“plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises”) may prove difficult to apply for agencies that have a highly decentralized structure that operates multiple financial systems. The United Nations Secretariat, for instance, is currently implementing a new enterprise resource planning system that will integrate multiple systems that currently exist in different locations. Since all locations may not implement the new enterprise resource planning system simultaneously, and given the tight timeline for the enterprise resource planning implementation, this organization may encounter difficulties in producing a large number of interim financial statements.", "5. Agencies also expressed concern that best practice 15 (“perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data”) may not fully represent the proper relationship between business owners and internal audit departments in the area of internal control testing. Some agencies felt that this process may best fully belong within the mandate of internal audit. In support of this view, the United Nations Secretariat cites Regulation 5.15 of its Financial Regulations and Rules, which states, in part, that “… internal auditors shall review, evaluate and report on the use of financial resources and on the effectiveness, adequacy and application of internal financial control systems, procedures and other relevant internal controls”.", "6. Finally, some agencies also commented that for them, best practice 16 (“ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion”) may prove difficult to apply. These agencies note that as IPSAS requirements are embedded into existing business processes and ERP systems, they will be subject to extensive testing before deployment in order to assure validation and verification. Therefore, waiting until the end of the implementation reaches the end of its completion may prove too late to make changes." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparation of United Nations system organizations for International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparation of the organizations of the United Nations system for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled " Preparation of the organizations of the United Nations system for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) " examines the status of the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards in United Nations system organizations and identifies best practices and risks.", "The present report presents the views of the organizations of the United Nations system on the recommendations made in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit. These views have been consolidated on the basis of information provided by the organizations that are members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the analysis and recommendations of the report. Agencies generally accepted the benchmarks proposed in the report, although they expressed reservations about some of them.", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled " Preparation of the organizations of the United Nations system for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) " (JIU/REP/2010/6) reviews the status of the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations and identifies best practices and risks. A set of benchmarks should be used by agencies for the implementation of IPSAS is also proposed.", "2. The members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the analysis included in the report and the recommendations contained therein, and many agencies indicated that they had adopted or were in the process of adopting many of the proposed benchmarks.", "3. While noting that the first two recommendations were addressed to the legislative bodies, many CEB members indicated that they already submitted periodic reports to their legislative bodies on the implementation of IPSAS, as envisaged in recommendation 1.", "4. The agencies accepted the benchmarks proposed by the Joint Inspection Unit, but made comments on several of them. First, CEB members noted that best practice No. 13 (“planning and preparing interim financial statements for examination by external auditors sufficiently in advance of the final execution date to avoid unpleasant surprises”) could be difficult to apply to agencies with a highly decentralized structure and multiple financial systems. The United Nations Secretariat, for example, is currently implementing a new enterprise resource planning system, which will integrate multiple systems that are now in different locations. Since it is possible that the new enterprise resource planning system will not be implemented simultaneously in all locations and given the tight timetable for the introduction of the system, the Organization may have difficulties in developing numerous interim financial statements.", "5. Agencies also expressed concern that best practice No. 15 (“continuing evidence of internal control mechanisms during the preliminary stage of implementation of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of data”) does not fully represent the proper relationship between institutional managers and internal audit departments in the area of internal control testing. Some agencies considered that this process could be more appropriate to the internal audit mandate. In support of that view, the United Nations Secretariat cited paragraph 5.15 of its Financial Regulations and Rules, which states that “the internal auditors will review and evaluate the use of financial resources, as well as the effectiveness, sufficiency and implementation of internal financial control systems and procedures and other internal control mechanisms, and report thereon.”", "6. Finally, some agencies also noted that they may find it difficult to implement best practice No. 16 (“guarantee the realization of an independent and global validation and verification of the system once completed”). These agencies noted that, since IPSAS requirements had been incorporated into business processes and enterprise resource planning systems, they would be subject to thorough testing prior to implementation in order to ensure their validation and verification. Therefore, if you wait until you are finished or the system, it may be too late to make changes." ]

[ "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones", "Temas 128 y 135 del programa", "Examen de la eficiencia del funcionamiento administrativo y financiero de las Naciones Unidas", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Examen de la gestión del riesgo institucional en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General sus observaciones y las de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación sobre el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Examen de la gestión del riesgo institucional en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas: marco de referencia” (véase A/65/788).", "Resumen", "En el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Examen de la gestión del riesgo institucional en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas: marco de referencia” se evalúan las prácticas de gestión del riesgo que utilizan las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se propone una serie de criterios que pueden aplicar los organismos al poner en práctica el marco de la gestión del riesgo.", "En la presente nota se exponen las opiniones de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre las recomendaciones formuladas en dicho informe. Las opiniones del sistema se han consolidado sobre la base de los aportes de las organizaciones que participan en la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación, que acogió con beneplácito el examen amplio de la gestión del riesgo. En general los organismos aceptaron las recomendaciones, aunque expresaron algunas reservas respecto de varios de los criterios.", "I. Introducción", "1. En el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Examen de la gestión del riesgo institucional en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas: marco de referencia” (véase A/65/788) se examina el concepto de gestión del riesgo y su pertinencia para las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas, se evalúan las prácticas y la experiencia en materia de gestión del riesgo en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se proponen diversos criterios que los organismos deberían aplicar al poner en práctica un marco de gestión del riesgo.", "II. Observaciones generales", "2. Los miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación acogieron con beneplácito el informe y expresaron reconocimiento por el enfoque amplio con que se había examinado un tema difícil. Reconocieron la importancia que reviste la gestión del riesgo institucional para prácticamente todas las facetas de las operaciones de una organización y estimaron que un enfoque bien estructurado respecto del riesgo podría ayudar a las organizaciones a cumplir efectivamente sus mandatos. Los organismos tomaron conocimiento de las tres recomendaciones presentadas en el informe y en general las aceptaron. Las recomendaciones se centraban en la aplicación de los 10 criterios que se consideraban las mejores prácticas para la gestión del riesgo institucional. No obstante, los organismos señalaron algunas inquietudes respecto de varios de los criterios.", "III. Observaciones específicas sobre las recomendaciones", "Recomendación 1", "Los jefes ejecutivos deberían adoptar los primeros nueve criterios indicados en el presente informe, con la finalidad de asegurar que el enfoque de la gestión del riesgo institucional sea aceptado y aplicado en consonancia con las mejores prácticas", "3. Si bien en general los organismos apoyaron la recomendación 1, también expresaron cierta inquietud respecto del criterio 6, que entraña el reconocimiento de que la aplicación efectiva exige financiación suficiente, opinión que los organismos apoyaban energéticamente. Sin embargo, los organismos destacaron el problema de determinar recursos destinados específicamente a proyectos de gestión del riesgo institucional, en particular en un medio de limitada flexibilidad presupuestaria. Además, puesto que muchos de los otros criterios dependían de los recursos, ya fuera financieros o humanos, los organismos podían tener problemas para aplicarlos plenamente. Los organismos observaron que la Dependencia Común de Inspección, en el párrafo 115 de su informe, consideró la situación en que los recursos pudieran ser limitados y observaron también que algunos organismos habían podido hacer avances sin una financiación extensa. No obstante, los organismos deseaban comunicar tanto las limitaciones que entrañaba proceder sin recursos suficientes y exponer que, para muchos organismos, la provisión de recursos suficientes para introducir la gestión del riesgo institucional y apoyar el proceso de aplicación, según se exponía en el criterio citado, podía exceder el mandato de los jefes ejecutivos, puesto que, en general, la asignación de financiación era prerrogativa de los órganos legislativos.", "Recomendación 2", "Los órganos rectores deberían ejercer su función de supervisión en lo tocante a la adopción de los criterios de gestión del riesgo institucional indicados en el presente informe, la eficacia de su aplicación y la gestión de los riesgos críticos en sus organizaciones respectivas", "4. Los organismos destacaron que la recomendación 2 estaba dirigida a los órganos legislativos y acogieron con beneplácito que se asignara una posible función a esos órganos en apoyo del establecimiento de procesos amplios de gestión del riesgo institucional en sus organismos.", "Recomendación 3", "La Junta de los jefes ejecutivos, por conducto del Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión, debería adoptar el criterio 10 del presente informe con el objeto de facilitar cooperación, la coordinación, el intercambio de conocimientos y la gestión de los riesgos comunes y transversales a nivel institucional, para lograr una gestión del riesgo más eficaz y eficiente en todo el sistema", "5. Los organismos apoyaron la recomendación 3, aunque con algunas reservas. En atención a esa recomendación, el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión debería aplicar el criterio 10 (cooperación y coordinación interinstitucional, con inclusión de la elaboración de un marco de gestión del riesgo institucional común, mecanismos de intercambio de conocimientos y gestión de los principales riesgos institucionales comunes y transversales). Los organismos reconocieron que sería útil establecer una red oficiosa de encargados de la gestión del riesgo en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para intercambiar conocimientos y experiencia. No obstante, el resto de la recomendación (es decir, el establecimiento de un universo de riesgo a nivel de todo el sistema basado en normas, políticas, marcos y prácticas unificados) podría resultar difícil de lograr, en particular dada la falta de homogeneidad de las operaciones y mandatos de los distintos organismos. Los miembros de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos observaron que ese método podría desviar la atención de la prioridad más alta de diseñar, aplicar e incorporar un método de gestión del riesgo para atender a las necesidades particulares de cada órgano de las Naciones Unidas. Sin embargo, los organismos convinieron en que un enfoque coordinado sería útil, particularmente porque muchos de ellos se encontraban en las primeras etapas del establecimiento de un sistema de gestión del riesgo institucional." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 128 and 135", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” assesses the risk management practices in place in United Nations system organizations and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies can apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "The present note presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the said report. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the comprehensive review of risk management. Agencies generally accepted the recommendations, although they expressed some reservations regarding several of the benchmarks.", "I. Introduction", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788) examines the concept of risk management and its relevance to United Nations organizations, assesses the risk management practices and experiences within the United Nations system and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "II. General comments", "2. Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) welcomed the report and expressed appreciation for its comprehensive approach to a difficult subject. They recognized the importance of enterprise risk management in almost every facet of an organization’s operations and were of the view that a well-structured approach to risk could help their organizations deliver on their mandates. Agencies noted, and generally accepted, the three recommendations contained in the report, which were focused on the implementation of the 10 benchmarks considered as best practices for enterprise risk management. However, agencies noted some concerns with several of the benchmarks.", "III. Specific comments on recommendations", "Recommendation 1 Executive heads should adopt the first nine benchmarks set out in this report, with a view to ensuring that the enterprise risk management approach is accepted and implemented in line with best practices.", "3. While generally supportive of recommendation 1, agencies also indicated concern regarding benchmark 6, which recognizes that the successful implementation of enterprise risk management requires adequate funding, a view that agencies strongly support. However, agencies noted the challenge of identifying dedicated resources for enterprise risk management projects, especially in an environment of limited budget flexibility. In addition, since many of the other benchmarks depend on resources, whether financial or human, agencies may experience difficulties in fully implementing the benchmarks. Agencies noted that the Joint Inspection Unit, in paragraph 115 of the report, considered a situation in which resources might become constrained and further noted that some agencies had been able to make progress without extensive funding. However, agencies wished to convey both the limitations of proceeding without appropriate resources and the consideration that, for many agencies, ensuring adequate resources to introduce enterprise risk management and sustain the implementation process, as stated in the benchmark, may go beyond the mandate of executive heads as, in general, legislative bodies determine funding allocations.", "Recommendation 2 Governing bodies should exercise their oversight role regarding the adoption of enterprise risk management benchmarks set out in this report, the effectiveness of implementation and the management of critical risks in their respective organizations.", "4. Agencies noted that recommendation 2 was addressed to legislative bodies and welcomed the potential role of those bodies in supporting the development of comprehensive enterprise risk management processes within their agencies.", "Recommendation 3 The CEB, through the High-level Committee on Management, should adopt benchmark 10 of this report, with a view to facilitating inter-agency cooperation, coordination, knowledge-sharing and the management of common and cross-cutting risks for more effective and efficient risk management throughout the system.", "5. Agencies supported recommendation 3, albeit with some reservations. This recommendation calls for the High-level Committee on Management to implement benchmark 10 (inter-agency cooperation and coordination, including the development of a common enterprise risk management framework, knowledge-sharing mechanisms and management of common and cross-cutting key organizational risks). Agencies agreed that there was merit in creating an informal network of risk practitioners across the United Nations system to share knowledge and experience; however, the remainder of the recommendation (i.e. to develop a system-wide risk universe based on unified standards, policies, frameworks and practices) might prove challenging for the system to achieve, particularly given the lack of homogeneity of operations and mandates across agencies. CEB members suggested that such an approach might distract from the higher priority of designing, implementing and embedding an approach to risk management that meets the particular needs of each United Nations body. Nevertheless, agencies agreed that a coordinated approach would prove useful, especially as many agencies appeared to be in the early stages of enterprise risk management development." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 128 and 135", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: reference framework” (see A/65/788).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled " Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: reference framework " assesses the risk management practices used by United Nations system organizations and proposes a range of approaches that can be applied by agencies in implementing the risk management framework.", "The present note sets out the views of the organizations of the United Nations system on the recommendations made in that report. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs from the organizations participating in the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the comprehensive review of risk management. Agencies generally accepted the recommendations, although they expressed some reservations regarding several of the criteria.", "I. Introduction", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled " Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: reference framework " (see A/65/788) reviews the concept of risk management and its relevance to United Nations organizations, assesses risk management practices and experience within the United Nations system and proposes a range of approaches that agencies should apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "II. General comments", "2. The members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the report and expressed appreciation for the comprehensive approach to a difficult topic. They recognized the importance of enterprise risk management for virtually all facets of an organization ' s operations and felt that a well-structured approach to risk could help organizations effectively fulfil their mandates. Agencies took note of the three recommendations presented in the report and generally accepted them. The recommendations focused on the implementation of the 10 criteria considered best practices for enterprise risk management. However, agencies noted some concerns regarding a number of criteria.", "III. Specific observations on recommendations", "Recommendation 1", "Executive heads should adopt the first nine criteria set out in the present report, with a view to ensuring that the enterprise risk management approach is accepted and implemented in line with best practices", "3. While agencies generally supported recommendation 1, they also expressed some concern with regard to criterion 6, which entails the recognition that effective implementation requires adequate funding, an opinion that agencies supported energetically. However, agencies highlighted the problem of identifying resources specifically for enterprise risk management projects, particularly in a medium of limited budgetary flexibility. Moreover, since many of the other criteria depended on resources, whether financial or human, agencies could have problems in fully implementing them. The agencies noted that the Joint Inspection Unit, in paragraph 115 of its report, considered the situation in which resources could be limited and also noted that some agencies had been able to make progress without extensive funding. However, the agencies wished to communicate both the limitations involved in proceeding without sufficient resources and to state that, for many agencies, the provision of adequate resources to introduce enterprise risk management and to support the implementation process, as outlined in the above approach, could exceed the mandate of executive heads, since, in general, the allocation of funding was the prerogative of legislative bodies.", "Recommendation 2", "The governing bodies should exercise their oversight role in the adoption of the organizational risk management criteria set out in the present report, the effectiveness of their implementation and the management of critical risks in their respective organizations", "4. Agencies stressed that recommendation 2 was addressed to legislative bodies and welcomed the possible role of those bodies in support of the establishment of comprehensive enterprise risk management processes in their agencies.", "Recommendation 3", "The CEB, through the High-level Committee on Management, should adopt criterion 10 of the present report to facilitate cooperation, coordination, knowledge-sharing and management of common and cross-cutting risks at the institutional level, to achieve more effective and efficient system-wide risk management", "5. Agencies supported recommendation 3, although with some reservations. In response to that recommendation, the High-level Committee on Management should apply criterion 10 (inter-agency cooperation and coordination, including the development of a common institutional risk management framework, knowledge-sharing mechanisms and management of key common and cross-cutting institutional risks). Agencies recognized that it would be useful to establish an informal network of United Nations system-wide risk management practitioners to share knowledge and experience. However, the rest of the recommendation (i.e., the establishment of a system-wide risk universe based on unified standards, policies, frameworks and practices) could be difficult to achieve, particularly given the lack of homogeneity of the operations and mandates of the various agencies. CEB members noted that this approach could divert attention from the highest priority of designing, implementing and incorporating a risk management method to meet the particular needs of each United Nations body. However, agencies agreed that a coordinated approach would be useful, particularly as many of them were in the early stages of the establishment of an enterprise risk management system." ]

[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Temas 34, 39, 66 y 75 del programa Los conflictos prolongados en lazona del Grupo GUAM y susrepercusiones en la paz, laseguridad y el desarrollointernacionales La situación en los territoriosocupados de Azerbaiyán Eliminación del racismo, ladiscriminación racial, la xenofobiay las formas conexas de intolerancia \nResponsabilidad del Estado porhechos internacionalmente ilícitos", "Carta de fecha 16 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Encargada de Negocios interina de la Misión Permanente de Armenia ante las Naciones Unidas", "Desearía señalar a su atención el aumento sin precedentes de violaciones de la cesación del fuego por Azerbaiyán a lo largo de la línea de contacto entre Nagorno-Karabaj y Azerbaiyán. Esta es otra prueba más de que Azerbaiyán viola los compromisos asumidos durante las reuniones trilaterales de los Presidentes de Armenia, Rusia y Azerbaiyán en relación con los “esfuerzos adicionales para reforzar la cesación del fuego y fomentar la confianza en la esfera militar” y para “tratar de resolver todos los asuntos contenciosos a través de medios pacíficos”.", "Mediante la distribución periódica de cartas con información falsa en las Naciones Unidas, Azerbaiyán se propone tergiversar las causas profundas del conflicto, e incluso eludir su propia responsabilidad por innumerables atrocidades, pogromos sistemáticos y brutales matanzas de niños, mujeres y ancianos armenios indefensos e inocentes, en Nagorno-Karabaj, así como en diferentes partes de Azerbaiyán. Con este fin, Azerbaiyán ha reclutado, financiado, entrenado y utilizado mercenarios estrechamente vinculados con organizaciones terroristas.", "La carta del Representante Permanente de Azerbaiyán ante las Naciones Unidas distribuida como documento A/65/921-S/2011/492, de fecha 3 de agosto de 2011, constituye un nuevo ejemplo de propaganda antiarmenia e incitación al odio de los dirigentes de Azerbaiyán.", "La carta revela que el representante de Azerbaiyán ha decidido interpretar arteramente o, mejor dicho, malinterpretar, las observaciones formuladas por el Presidente de Armenia, Serge Sarkisian, sacando de contexto partes de su declaración y, de este modo, desvirtuándolas por completo.", "En muchas ocasiones, los Copresidentes del Grupo de Minsk de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) pidieron a las partes que consolidaran la cesación del fuego, retiraran a los francotiradores de la línea de contacto y aplicaran medidas de fomento de la confianza. Azerbaiyán las rechazó todas. Mediante violaciones periódicas de la cesación del fuego, provocaciones en la línea de contacto, amenazas de uso de la fuerza y distribución de las mencionadas cartas en las organizaciones internacionales, Azerbaiyán, de hecho, continuamente destruye la confianza en lugar de fomentarla.", "Además, Azerbaiyán rechazó la propuesta de los Copresidentes del Grupo de Minsk sobre la resolución del conflicto de Nagorno-Karabaj presentada en las reuniones de los Presidentes de Armenia, Azerbaiyán y Rusia celebradas en junio de 2010 en San Petersburgo, octubre de 2010 en Astracán, marzo de 2011 en Sochi y junio de 2011 en Kazan.", "A pesar de la posición no constructiva de Azerbaiyán, Armenia mantiene su compromiso con la resolución pacífica de la cuestión de Nagorno-Karabaj, pues está firmemente convencida de que la solución del problema solo podrá lograrse por medios pacíficos, sobre la base de los principios del derecho internacional.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con los temas 34, 39, 66 y 75 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Karine Khoudaverdian Encargada de Negocios interina" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationallywrongful acts", "Letter dated 16 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to draw your attention to the unparalleled increase in ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan along the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. This stands as yet another evidence that Azerbaijan violates commitments reached during the trilateral meetings of the Armenian, Russian and Azerbaijani Presidents on “additional efforts aimed at the reinforcement of the ceasefire and enhancement of confidence-building in the military sphere” and “to strive to solve all contentious issues through peaceful means”.", "Through circulating letters containing false information at the United Nations on a regular basis, Azerbaijan strives to falsify the root causes of the conflict, including by shifting its own responsibility for countless atrocities, systematic pogroms and barbaric killings of defenceless and innocent Armenian children, women and elderly in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in different parts of Azerbaijan. With this aim, Azerbaijan has recruited, financed, trained and used mercenaries closely linked to terrorist organizations.", "The letter of the Azerbaijani representative to the United Nations circulated as document A/65/921-S/2011/492, dated 3 August 2011, represents a new example of anti-Armenian hate propaganda conducted by the leadership of Azerbaijan.", "The letter reveals that the representative of Azerbaijan has apparently taken it upon himself to blatantly interpret, or rather misinterpret, the remarks made by the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, singling out of context certain parts of the statement, and thus completely misrepresenting its essence.", "On many occasions the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) called on the parties to consolidate the ceasefire, withdraw snipers from the line of contact and carry out other confidence-building measures. Azerbaijan rejected all of them. By regular violations of the ceasefire, provocations on the line of contact, threats of use of force and circulation of the above-mentioned letters at international organizations, Azerbaijan, in fact, continually destroys the confidence instead of engaging in confidence-building.", "Furthermore, Azerbaijan rejected the proposal of the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution at the meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan in June 2010 in St. Petersburg, in October 2010 in Astrakhan, in March 2011 in Sochi and in June 2011 in Kazan. This is the reason why the negotiation process has not produced results.", "Despite Azerbaijan’s non-constructive stance, Armenia remains committed to the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, strongly believing that the solution of the problem must be achieved only by peaceful means based on the principles of international law.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Karine Khoudaverdian Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Items 34, 39, 66 and 75 of the agenda Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for peace, security and international development The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance Responsibility of States with internationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 16 August 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to draw your attention to the unprecedented increase in ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan along the Nagorno-Karabakh-Azerbaijah line of contact. This is another proof that Azerbaijan violates the commitments made during the trilateral meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan regarding the “additional efforts to strengthen the ceasefire and build confidence in the military sphere” and to “try to resolve all contentious matters through peaceful means”.", "Through the regular distribution of letters with false information in the United Nations, Azerbaijan intends to distort the root causes of the conflict, and even circumvent its own responsibility for innumerable atrocities, systematic pogroms and brutal killings of defenceless and innocent Armenian children, women and elderly people, in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in different parts of Azerbaijan. To this end, Azerbaijan has recruited, financed, trained and used mercenaries closely linked to terrorist organizations.", "The letter of the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations circulated as document A/65/921-S/2011/492, dated 3 August 2011, constitutes a new example of anti-Armenian propaganda and incitement to hatred of the leaders of Azerbaijan.", "The letter reveals that the representative of Azerbaijan has decided to interpret or, rather, misinterpret, the remarks made by the President of Armenia, Serge Sarkisian, drawing from context parts of his statement and thus devouring them completely.", "On many occasions, the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) called on the parties to consolidate the ceasefire, remove the snipers from the contact line and implement confidence-building measures. Azerbaijan rejected them all. Through periodic violations of the ceasefire, provocations in the contact line, threats of use of force and distribution of the above-mentioned letters in international organizations, Azerbaijan, in fact, continually destroys confidence rather than fostering it.", "In addition, Azerbaijan rejected the Minsk Group Co-Chairs ' proposal on the resolution of the Nagorny Karabakh conflict at the meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia held in June 2010 in St. Petersburg, October 2010 in Astracán, March 2011 in Sochi and June 2011 in Kazan.", "Despite Azerbaijan ' s non-constructive position, Armenia remained committed to the peaceful resolution of the Nagorny Karabakh question, since it was firmly convinced that the solution to the problem could be achieved only through peaceful means, on the basis of the principles of international law.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Karine Khoudaverdian Chargé d ' affaires a.i." ]

[ "Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación", "Séptimo período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 24 a 28 de octubre de 2011", "Programa provisional", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones por el representante del Secretario General.", "2. Elección del Presidente y los Vicepresidentes.", "3. Observaciones del Presidente del Comité.", "4. Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos (E/C.18/2011/1 y E/C.18/2011/2).", "5. Deliberación sobre cuestiones sustantivas relacionadas con la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación:", "a) Actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4, E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "b) Solución de controversias (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "c) Manual práctico para países en desarrollo sobre fijación de precios de transferencia (E/C.18/2011/5 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "d) Artículo 13: ganancias de capital (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "e) Fiscalidad de los proyectos de desarrollo;", "f) Régimen fiscal de los servicios (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "g) Concepto de propiedad efectiva (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "h) Revisión del Manual para la negociación de acuerdos fiscales bilaterales entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "i) Creación de capacidad (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "j) La cooperación tributaria y su relación con los problemas ambientales más importantes, en particular el cambio climático (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "k) Otros asuntos para su examen por el Comité (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12).", "6. Calendario y programa del octavo período de sesiones del Comité.", "7. Aprobación del informe del Comité sobre su séptimo período de sesiones." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General.", "2. Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs.", "3. Remarks by the Chair of the Committee.", "4. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18/2011/1 and E/C.18/2011/2).", "5. Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) United Nations Model Tax Convention update (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4, E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "(b) Dispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "(c) Transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries (E/C.18/2011/5 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "(d) Article 13: capital gains (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "(e) Taxation of development projects;", "(f) Tax treatment of services (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "(g) Concept of beneficial ownership (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "(h) Revision of the Manual for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(i) Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "(j) Tax cooperation and its relevance to major environmental issues, particularly climate change (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "(k) Further issues for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12).", "6. Dates and agenda for the eighth session of the Committee.", "7. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24 - 28 October 2011", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General.", "2. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents.", "3. Comments by the Chairman of the Committee.", "4. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18/2011/1 and E/C.18/2011/2).", "5. Deliberation on substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) Update of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4, E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "(b) Dispute settlement (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "(c) Handbook for developing countries on transfer pricing (E/C.18/2011/5 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "(d) Article 13: capital gains (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "(e) Fiscality of development projects;", "f) Fiscal system of services (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "(g) Effective ownership concept (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "(h) Review of the Manual on Negotiating Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(i) Capacity building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "(j) Tax cooperation and its relation to the most important environmental problems, in particular climate change (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "(k) Other matters for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12).", "6. Schedule and agenda for the eighth session of the Committee.", "7. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session." ]

[ "Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación", "Séptimo período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 24 a 28 de octubre de 2011", "Organización de los trabajos propuesta", "Fecha\tTema\tPrograma \nLunes 24 deoctubre \n 9 a 10 horas Inscripción de los participantes \n10 a 10.45 horas\t1\tApertura del período de sesiones por elrepresentante del Secretario General\n\t2\tElección del Presidente y losVicepresidentes\n\t3\tObservaciones del Presidente del Comité\n\t4\tAprobación del programa y organización delos trabajos (E/C.18/2011/1 yE/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\tDeliberación sobre cuestiones sustantivasrelacionadas con la cooperacióninternacional en cuestiones detributación:10.45 a 13 horas\t5\tSolución de controversias(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.4) \n b) Presentación del tema: Sra. Devillet 15 a 16 horas\t5\tSolución de controversias (continuación) \n b) 16 horas\t5a)\tActualización de la Convención Modelo delas Naciones Unidas sobre la dobletributación (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.2) \n Presentación del tema: Sr. Oliver \nMartes 25 deoctubre \n10 a 10.30 horas Informe del Relator sobre los temas 5 a) yb)\n10.30 a 13 horas\t5a)\tActualización de la Convención Modelo delas Naciones Unidas sobre la dobletributación (continuación)\n15 a 16 horas\t5a)\tActualización de la Convención Modelo delas Naciones Unidas sobre la dobletributación (continuación)16 a 17 horas\t5\tConcepto de propiedad efectiva(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5) \n g) Presentación del tema: Sr. Louie 17 a 18 horas\t5\tArtículo 13: ganancias de capital(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6) \n d) Presentación del tema: Sr. Liao \nMiércoles 26 deoctubre \n10 a 10.30 horas Informe del Relator sobre los temas 5 a),d) y g)10.30 a 13 horas\t5\tRégimen fiscal de los servicios(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7) \n f) Presentación del tema: Sra. Kana \n15 a 15.30 horas\t5e)\tFiscalidad de los proyectos de desarrolloPresentación del tema: Sr. Sasseville ySr. Thuronyi\n15.30 a 17 horas\t5i)\tCreación de capacidad (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8)Presentación del tema: Sra. Omoigui-Okauru17 a 18 horas\t5j)\tCooperación tributaria y su relación conlos principales problemas ambientales, enparticular el cambio climático(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n Presentación del tema: Secretaría \nJueves 27 deoctubre \n10 a 10.30 horas Informe del Relator sobre los temas 5 e),f), i) y j)\n10.30 a 13 horas\t5a)\tActualización de la Convención Modelo delas Naciones Unidas sobre la dobletributación (continuación)\n15 a 18 horas\t5c)\tManual práctico sobre fijación de preciosde transferencia para países en desarrollo(E/C.18/2011/5 y E/C.18/2011/CRP.10)Presentación del tema: Sr. Sollund\nViernes 28 deoctubre \n10 a 10.30 horas Informe del Relator sobre los temas 5 a) yc)10.30 a 12.15horas\t5h)\tRevisión del Manual para la negociación deacuerdos fiscales bilaterales entre paísesdesarrollados y países en desarrollo(E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n Presentación del tema: Sr. Arrindell 12.15 a 13 horas\t5\tOtros asuntos para su examen por el Comité(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12) \n k) Presentación del tema: Secretaría \n15 a 16 horas\t6\tCalendario y programa del octavo períodode sesiones del Comité\n16 a 17.45 horas\t7\tAprobación del informe del Comité sobre suséptimo período de sesiones\n 17.45 a 18 horas Clausura del séptimo período de sesiones" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International", "Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Proposed organization of work", "Date\tItem\tProgramme \nMonday, 24October \n 9-10 a.m. Registration of participants \n10-10.45 a.m.\t1\tOpening of the session by therepresentative of the Secretary-General\n 2 Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs \n 3 Remarks by the Chair of the Committee \n\t4\tAdoption of the agenda and organizationof work (E/C.18/2011/1 andE/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\tDiscussion of substantive issuesrelated to international cooperation intax matters:\n10.45 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(b)\tDispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4)Presenter: Ms. Devillet 3-4 p.m. 5 Dispute resolution (continued) \n (b) 4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.2) \n Presenter: Mr. Oliver \nTuesday, 25October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (b)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n3-4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n4-5 p.m.\t5(g)\tConcept of beneficial ownership(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)Presenter: Mr. Louie\n5-6 p.m.\t5(d)\tArticle 13: capital gains(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)Presenter: Mr. Liao\nWednesday, 26October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(a), (d) and (g)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(f)\tTax treatment of services(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)Presenter: Ms. Kana 3-3.30 p.m. 5 Taxation of development projects \n\t(e)\tPresenters: Mr. Sasseville and Mr.Thuronyi 3.30-5 p.m. 5 Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8) \n (i) Presenter: Ms. Omoigui-Okauru 5-6 p.m.\t5(j)\tTax cooperation and its relevance tomajor environmental issues,particularly climate change(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n Presenter: Secretariat \nThursday, 27October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(e), (f), (i) and (j)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)3-6 p.m.\t5(c)\tTransfer pricing: practical manual fordeveloping countries (E/C.18/2011/5 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.10) \n Presenter: Mr. Sollund \nFriday, 28October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (c)10.30 a.m.-12.15p.m.\t5(h)\tRevision of the Manual for theNegotiation of Bilateral Tax Treatiesbetween Developed and DevelopingCountries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n Presenter: Mr. Arrindell \n12.15-1 p.m.\t5(k)\tFurther issues for consideration by theCommittee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)Presenter: Secretariat\n3-4 p.m.\t6\tDates and agenda for the eighth sessionof the Committee\n4-5.45 p.m.\t7\tAdoption of the report of the Committeeon its seventh session\n 5.45-6 p.m. Closing of the seventh session" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24 - 28 October 2011", "Proposed organization of work", "Date Agenda Monday, 24 October, 9-10 hours Registration of participants 10 to 10.45 a.m. 1 Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General 2 Election of the Chair and the Vice-Chairs 3 Comments of the Chairman of the Committee 4 Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18/2011/1 and E/C.18/2011/2) 5 Deliberation on substantive issues related to inter-country cooperation in matters of contribution 5:10. Introduction: Ms. Devillet 15-16 hours 5 Dispute settlement (continued) (b) 16 hours 5a) Update on the United Nations Model Convention on Double Benefit (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.2) Introduction: Mr. Oliver Tuesday, 25 October 10 to 10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a) and (b) 10.30 a.m. to 5 a.m. Update of the United Nations Model Convention on Double Benefit (continued) 15-16 hours 5a) Update on the United Nations Model Double-tribution Convention (continued)16-17 hours 5 Concept of effective ownership (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5) (g) Introduction of the item: Mr. Louie 17-18 hours 5 Article 13: capital gains (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6) (d) Introduction of the item: Mr. Liao Wednesday, 26 October 10 to 10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a),d) and (g)10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Fiscal system of services (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7) (f) Introduction of the item: Ms. Kana 15 - 15.30 p.m. 5e) Fiscality of development projectsPresentation of the topic: Mr. Sasseville and Mr. Thuronyi 15.30-17 hours 5 (i) Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8)Presentation of the item: Ms. Omoigui-Okauru17-18 hours 5 (j) Tax cooperation and its relationship with key environmental problems, in particular climate change (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) Introduction: Secretariat Thursday 27 October 10 to 10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (e), (f), (i) and (j) 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Update of the United Nations Model Convention on Double Benefit (continued) 15 - 18 hours 5c) Practical handbook on transfer pricing for developing countries (E/C.18/2011/5 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.10) Sollund Friday, 28 October 10 to 10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a) and (c) 10.30 a.m. to 12.15 p.m. 5 (h) Revision of the Manual for Negotiating Bilateral Tax Settlements between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) Arrindell 12.15 - 1 p.m. 5 Other matters for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12) k) Introduction of the item: Secretariat 15 - 16 hours 6 Calendar and agenda of the eighth session of the Committee 16 - 17.45 p.m. 7 Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session 17.45 - 18 p.m. Closure of the seventh session" ]

[ "Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación", "Séptimo período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 24 a 28 de octubre de 2011", "Tema 5 a) del programa provisional", "Actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo", "Reunión de un grupo especial de expertos sobre la actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo correspondiente a 2011", "Nota de la Secretaría*", "* Las opiniones expresadas en la presente nota no representan necesariamente las del Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación establecido por las Naciones Unidas. La Secretaría es responsable de cualquier error u omisión que pueda haber en la nota.", "El informe anexo a la presente nota fue preparado por la Secretaría como acta de la reunión de un grupo especial de expertos celebrada en Nueva York los días 9 y 10 de junio de 2011. La reunión se convocó con objeto de ayudar al Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación y al Subcomité de las Naciones Unidas encargado de la actualización de la Convención Modelo sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo a actualizar la Convención. El material sobre la reunión puede consultarse en www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Anexo", "Informe de la reunión de un grupo especial de expertos sobre la actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo correspondiente a 2011", "1. Los días 9 y 10 de junio de 2011, la Oficina de Financiación para el Desarrollo del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría celebró una reunión de un grupo especial de expertos sobre la actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo (Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación) correspondiente a 2011. La reunión se convocó para que los miembros del Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación y otros especialistas en tributación internacional y acuerdos fiscales examinaran cuestiones relacionadas con la actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación y ayudaran al Comité y al Subcomité encargado de la actualización de la Convención a concluir esa labor. Participaron en la reunión 20 expertos, incluidos representantes de gobiernos, empresas y universidades. También se invitó a la reunión a representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales, pero no pudieron participar en ella.", "2. El presente informe expone los principales resultados de la reunión. Los resultados técnicos se están compilando en un informe separado en el que se indican las modificaciones a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación que podrían mejorar su adecuación y eficacia y que podrían introducirse en la actualización de 2011, como se indica a continuación. Ese informe separado (E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) se presentará al Comité para su examen en el séptimo período de sesiones, que se celebrará en Ginebra del 24 al 28 de octubre de 2011. También podrá consultarse en www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax antes del séptimo período de sesiones del Comité.", "3. La actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación que se hará en 2011 será la primera desde la revisión de 1999 (publicada en 2001) y debería marcar las pautas para actualizaciones futuras más frecuentes. El programa de la reunión incluyó exposiciones sobre todos los artículos de la Convención. Sin embargo, las deliberaciones se concentraron en las modificaciones de la Convención que podrían introducirse en 2011. Los participantes en la reunión reconocieron la necesidad de examinar otras cuestiones (por ejemplo, las disposiciones sobre cánones o regalías en general) pero observaron que, debido a problemas de tiempo, no sería posible hacerlo durante la actualización de 2011. Las recomendaciones formuladas durante la reunión serán cuidadosamente examinadas por el Subcomité, que presentará las modificaciones propuestas al Comité en su séptimo período de sesiones.", "4. Presidió la reunión el Sr. Armando Lara Yaffar, Presidente del Comité. En sus exposiciones, el Sr. Brian Arnold y el Sr. David Rosenbloom compartieron sus ideas acerca de la versión actualizada de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación. Con respecto a actualizaciones futuras, el Sr. Arnold se refirió a la introducción de la Convención Modelo, en la que se indica que es preciso revisar y actualizar la Convención en forma permanente. Concluyó que las actualizaciones a intervalos de 10 años no eran suficientemente frecuentes. Varios participantes en la reunión apoyaron esta conclusión. El Sr. Arnold subrayó entonces que, debido a los limitados recursos de las Naciones Unidas, las futuras actualizaciones no deberían ser actualizaciones generales sino que deberían centrarse en determinados artículos o cuestiones y que el Comité debería asignar prioridad a las cuestiones de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación que se abordaban de manera muy diferente en el Modelo de Convenio Tributario de la Organización para la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) sobre la Renta y sobre el Patrimonio. Otros participantes apoyaron este planteamiento. Con respecto al proceso de actualizar la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación, el Sr. Arnold reconoció el alto nivel de transparencia de las Naciones Unidas pero insistió en la necesidad de obtener el mayor número posible de aportaciones de interesados en los sistemas de tributación en general.", "5. El Sr. Arnold subrayó la necesidad de utilizar un mecanismo para registrar las opiniones discrepantes de las interpretaciones de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación y sugirió que el Comité considerara la posibilidad de establecer tal mecanismo. Otros participantes plantearon también esta cuestión general. El Sr. Arnold aconsejó que los comentarios de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas se escribieran con un estilo más llano. Esto significaría, por ejemplo, que en los comentarios deberían explicarse cuestiones básicas que se dan por supuestas e incluir más ejemplos.", "6. El Sr. Rosenbloom explicó en qué consistía un tratado fiscal y dijo que, a su juicio, una de las funciones más importantes de un tratado fiscal era establecer el procedimiento de acuerdo mutuo y proporcionar a los gobiernos normas para el intercambio de información. Sugirió que las Naciones Unidas consideraran la posibilidad de preparar un acuerdo abreviado alternativo que tratara solo las cuestiones realmente importantes. A su juicio, ese documento sería muy útil para los países en desarrollo, ya que estos países tenían escasos recursos y los costos de negociar un tratado eran elevados.", "7. El Sr. Roy Rohatgi comentó que la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación era en realidad un modelo para el desarrollo y que ese objetivo era fundamental. El Sr. Rohatgi sugirió cambiar el título de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación por el de “Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación para el desarrollo”, a fin de reflejar la función asignada en la introducción del instrumento y el hecho de que se basaba en el proceso de financiación para el desarrollo. Los participantes en la reunión examinaron el tema brevemente y varios se opusieron al cambio de título. No se formularon recomendaciones claras al respecto, pero varios participantes se mostraron partidarios de utilizar el título abreviado “Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación”.", "8. Durante la reunión se examinaron otras cuestiones generales de importancia para la actualización de 2011, cada una de las cuales fue presentada por un miembro del Comité. Con respecto a la cuestión de la posible inclusión de las observaciones y reservas de los países, se decidió que la Secretaría prepararía un documento de antecedentes sobre la inclusión de las posiciones de los países en desarrollo en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación o, (al menos para la actualización de 2011) en un documento separado, para el séptimo período de sesiones del Comité[1]. Se indicó que el registro de esas posiciones no debería impedir concluir la actualización de 2011 en los plazos previstos.", "9. Los participantes en la reunión examinaron la forma apropiada de presentar citas de los comentarios del Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE. Se señalaron que en la versión actual de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación esas citas se presentaban de forma incoherente, por ejemplo utilizando frases como “reproduce”, “se aplica”, “otros Estados”, “dice lo siguiente” y “es pertinente”. A algunos participantes les preocupaba que esta falta de coherencia pudiera plantear la cuestión de si la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación apoyaba las citas de los comentarios del Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE. Se sugirió que en la introducción de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas se incluyera un texto para cubrir situaciones en las que solo partes del comentario pertinente de la OCDE se reproducían en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, indicando cómo debía interpretarse en general la exclusión de otras partes.", "10. La Secretaría observó que el Comité ya había examinado si el hecho de reproducir citas de los comentarios del Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE podían considerarse una forma de apoyo de partes de ese Convenio. Si bien no se había aceptado totalmente que las nuevas citas podían interpretarse como una expresión de acuerdo con el Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE a menos que indicaran lo contrario (véase E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, párr. 14), no podía pensarse lo mismo de las citas introducidas en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas por el anterior grupo especial de expertos, que todavía no había examinado el Comité.", "11. El Sr. Robin Oliver, Coordinador del Subcomité, propuso que todas las referencias al Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas fueran referencias a la versión de 2010 del instrumento de la OCDE a menos que se indicara otra cosa. Los participantes recomendaron que esto se mencionara explícitamente en la introducción de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas. En su sexto período de sesiones, celebrado en 2010, el Comité se mostró partidario de utilizar la versión de 2010 del instrumento de la OCDE como referencia, cuando correspondiera (ibid., párr. 15). Con respecto a las cuestiones generales, los participantes en la reunión recomendaron que los artículos de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas se consideraran como nombres propios y que, por lo tanto, se escribieran con A mayúscula en el futuro.", "12. La Sra. Claudine Devillet presentó un proyecto de comentario sobre una nueva versión alternativa del artículo 25 B, sobre el procedimiento de acuerdo mutuo. El proyecto había sido preparado por el Subcomité sobre solución de controversias (y coordinado por la Sra. Devillet) en cumplimiento de la decisión adoptada por el Comité en 2010 de incluir el artículo 25 B en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación.", "13. El Sr. Oliver presentó un nuevo proyecto del comentario sobre el artículo 7, sobre los beneficios de las empresas. En su exposición, el Sr. Oliver recomendó que la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas utilizara principalmente la versión de 2008 del comentario del artículo 7 del instrumento de la OCDE, la versión apropiada para citar. Esa recomendación era coherente con las opiniones expresadas en el sexto período de sesiones del Comité, en el que se explicó que la versión de 2010 del artículo 7 del instrumento de la OCDE y su comentario discrepaban considerablemente del planteamiento adoptado en el artículo 7 de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas.", "14. Durante las deliberaciones sobre el artículo 23, los participantes consideraron la posibilidad de incluir el párrafo 4 del artículo 23 A del Modelo de Convenio de la OCDE en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas a fin de abarcar situaciones no deseadas de doble tributación. Sin embargo, se expresaron opiniones discrepantes y se decidió que la Sra. Devillet redactara un comentario sobre esa inclusión. El comentario se sometería a examen del Comité.", "15. Durante la reunión no se examinaron en detalle todos los cambios sugeridos para la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas a fin de poder examinar lo más posible las cuestiones más apremiantes y así determinar las modificaciones que podrían introducirse en la actualización de 2011. En consecuencia, se alentó a los participantes a presentar por escrito al Sr. Oliver, Coordinador del Subcomité, comentarios sobre posibles modificaciones dentro de un plazo de cuatro semanas y a proporcionar una copia a la secretaría.", "16. En ese contexto, el Presidente de la reunión hizo hincapié en la importancia especial de que los participantes continuaran examinando los cambios propuestos después de que concluyera la reunión e indicaran por escrito si pensaban que podrían surgir controversias que impidieran la conclusión de la actualización de 2011. Algunos cambios propuestos en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas exigirían una nueva tarea de redacción por parte del Subcomité antes de presentarlos al Comité para su examen. Las contribuciones a ese proceso durante la reunión habían sido especialmente útiles.", "[1] Se publicará con la signatura E/C.18/2011/4." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat*", "* The views expressed in the present note do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions in the note.", "The report annexed to the present note was prepared by the Secretariat as a record of an ad hoc expert group meeting held in New York on 9 and 10 June 2011. The meeting was designed to assist the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in their work of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention. Materials relating to the meeting are available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Annex", "Report on an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "1. On 9 and 10 June 2011, the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat held an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Tax Convention). The purpose of the meeting was to bring together members of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and other experts with special knowledge about international taxation and tax treaties to consider issues for the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and to assist the Committee and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in completing that work. Twenty experts participated, including representatives from government, business and academia. Representatives from non‑governmental organizations were also invited but were unable to participate.", "2. The present report reflects the main outcomes of the meeting. The technical outcomes of the meeting are being compiled in a separate report indicating possible changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that would improve its responsiveness and effectiveness and that could be achieved as part of the 2011 update, as noted below. That report (E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) will be submitted to the Committee for its consideration at its seventh session, to be held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011. It will be available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax prior to the seventh session.", "3. The update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention that will be done in 2011 will be the first since the 1999 revision (published in 2001) and should set the scene for more frequent updates in the future. The agenda of the meeting included presentations on all the articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. The discussions, however, concentrated on those changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that were considered achievable in 2011. Participants in the meeting recognized the need to look into other issues (e.g. reviewing the provisions on royalties in general) but noted that, due to time constraints, it would not be possible to do so during the 2011 update. The recommendations made at the meeting will be closely reviewed by the Subcommittee in presenting proposed changes to the Committee at its seventh session.", "4. The meeting was chaired by Armando Lara Yaffar, Chair of the Committee. In their introduction to the meeting, Brian Arnold and David Rosenbloom shared their reflections on the current update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. On future updates, Mr. Arnold referred to the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention, according to which the Model Convention shall be continuously reviewed and updated. He concluded that intervals of 10 years are not sufficiently frequent. That conclusion was endorsed by several participants in the meeting. Mr. Arnold then stressed that, due to limited resources within the United Nations, future updates should not be carried out on a comprehensive basis but instead be focused on certain articles or issues, and that the Committee should prioritize those areas where the United Nations Model Tax Convention differs significantly from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Other participants supported that approach. With regard to the process of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention, Mr. Arnold recognized the high level of transparency within the United Nations but also emphasized the need to maximize input from stakeholders in tax systems generally.", "5. Mr. Arnold stressed the need to have mechanisms for registering countries’ dissenting views on interpretations of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and suggested that the Committee review the possibility of establishing such a mechanism. That general issue was also raised by other participants. Mr. Arnold advised that the commentaries to the Model Convention be written in a more user-friendly style. That would mean, for example, dealing with basic issues that the commentaries just assumed knowledge of and including more examples.", "6. Mr. Rosenbloom shared his views on what a tax treaty does and explained that, for him, one of the most important functions of a tax treaty was to establish the mutual agreement procedure and provide Governments with exchange-of-information provisions. He suggested that the United Nations consider preparing an alternative “short-form” treaty that would focus only on the really important matters. In his view, such a document could be very helpful to developing countries, since they had limited resources and the costs of treaty negotiation were high.", "7. Roy Rohatgi commented that the United Nations Model Tax Convention was effectively a model for development and that this purpose was critical. Mr. Rohatgi suggested that the United Nations Model Tax Convention have its title changed to the “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention for Development”, to reflect the role ascribed to it in the introduction to the Model Convention and the fact that it was grounded in the financing-for-development process. The participants in the meeting briefly discussed the topic and several participants opposed such a change. No clear recommendation came out of the discussion, although several participants favoured the short form “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention”.", "8. During the meeting several other general issues relevant to the 2011 update were discussed, each of which was introduced by a Committee member. On the issue of the potential inclusion of country observations and reservations, it was agreed that a background paper on the inclusion of developing country positions in the United Nations Model Tax Convention or (at least for the 2011 update) in a separate document, would be prepared by the Secretariat for the seventh session of the Committee.[1] It was suggested that the collection of such positions should not be allowed to hold up completion of the 2011 update.", "9. The participants in the meeting discussed appropriate ways of presenting citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was noted that in the current United Nations Model Tax Convention such citations were rendered in an inconsistent way, including by using phrases such as “is reproduced”, “is applicable”, “further states”, “reads as follows” and “is relevant”. Several participants were concerned that such inconsistency could raise the question of whether the United Nations Model Tax Convention endorsed the citations form the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was suggested that wording could be included in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention to cover situations in which only some portions of relevant OECD commentary were reproduced in the United Nations Model tax Convention, indicating how to generally interpret the exclusion of other portions.", "10. The secretariat noted that the issue of whether citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention could be considered an endorsement of the OECD passages had been discussed by the Committee in the past. While there had been broad acceptance that newer citations might be interpreted as expressing agreement with the OECD Model Tax Convention unless they indicate the opposite (see E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, para. 14), the same could not be assumed about citations that had been introduced into the United Nations Model Tax Convention by the previous ad hoc group of experts and that had not yet been reviewed by the Committee.", "11. Robin Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, proposed that all references to the OECD Model Tax Convention in the revised United Nations Model Tax Convention be to the 2010 version of the OECD instrument unless otherwise stated. Participants recommended that this be explicitly mentioned in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention. At their sixth session, in 2010, the Committee expressed support for using the 2010 version of the OECD instrument as the reference, where appropriate (ibid., para. 15). Under general issues, the participants in the meeting recommended that specific articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention be treated as proper nouns and, therefore, be written with a capital A in the future.", "12. Claudine Devillet presented a draft commentary on a new alternative version of article 25 B, on the mutual agreement procedure. The draft had been prepared by the Subcommittee on Dispute Resolution (coordinated by Ms. Devillet) to address the decision taken by the Committee in 2010 to include article 25 B in the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "13. Mr. Oliver presented a new draft commentary on article 7, on business profits. In his presentation, Mr. Oliver recommended that the United Nations Model Tax Convention use primarily the 2008 version of the commentary on article 7 of the OECD instrument as the appropriate version to quote. That was consistent with the views expressed at the sixth session of the Committee, according to which the 2010 version of article 7 of the OECD instrument and its commentary significantly conflicted with the approach taken in article 7 of the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "14. During the discussion of article 23, participants considered the possibility of including paragraph 4 of article 23 A of the OECD Model Tax Convention in the United Nations Model Tax Convention in order to address situations of unintended double non-taxation. Differing views were expressed, however, and it was decided that Ms. Devillet would draft a commentary relevant for such an inclusion. This would then be the subject of further consideration by the Committee.", "15. Not all the suggested changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention were addressed in detail during the meeting so that the more pressing issues could be discussed as fully as possible, with a view to determining what changes might be feasible for inclusion in the 2011 update. The participants were therefore encouraged to provide written comments on possible changes within four weeks of the meeting to Mr. Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, and to provide a copy of such comments to the secretariat.", "16. In that context, the Chair of the meeting emphasized that it was particularly important for participants to continue to consider the proposed changes after the meeting had concluded and to identify in writing whether they thought it was likely that there would be any controversies that would hamper their finalization for the 2011 update. Certain proposed changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention would need redrafting within the Subcommittee before being presented to the Committee for consideration. Contributions to that process during the meeting had been especially helpful.", "[1] To be issued as document E/C.18/2011/4." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24 - 28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Update of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries", "Ad hoc expert group meeting on updating the 2011 United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention", "Note by the Secretariat*", "♪ The views expressed in the present note do not necessarily represent those of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters established by the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for any error or omission that may be in the note.", "The report annexed to the present note was prepared by the Secretariat as a record of the meeting of an ad hoc expert group held in New York on 9 and 10 June 2011. The meeting was convened to assist the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and the United Nations Subcommittee on the Update of the Model Convention on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries in updating the Convention. The meeting material is available at www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Annex", "Report of the meeting of an ad hoc expert group on updating the 2011 United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention", "1. On 9 and 10 June 2011, the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat held a meeting of an ad hoc expert group on updating the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Double Tax Convention) for 2011. The meeting was convened for members of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and other specialists in international taxation and tax agreements to discuss issues related to the updating of the United Nations Model Double Tax Convention and to assist the Committee and the Subcommittee on the updating of the Convention in concluding that work. Twenty experts, including representatives of Governments, companies and universities, participated in the meeting. Representatives of non-governmental organizations were also invited to the meeting, but could not participate in it.", "2. The present report sets out the main outcomes of the meeting. Technical results are being compiled in a separate report indicating changes to the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention that could improve their adequacy and effectiveness and could be introduced in the 2011 update, as indicated below. That separate report (E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) will be submitted to the Committee for consideration at the seventh session, to be held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011. Also available at www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax prior to the seventh session of the Committee.", "3. The updating of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention in 2011 will be the first since the 1999 review (published in 2001) and should mark the guidelines for more frequent future updates. The agenda of the meeting included presentations on all articles of the Convention. However, discussions focused on the amendments to the Convention that could be introduced in 2011. Participants at the meeting recognized the need to discuss other issues (e.g., canon or royalty provisions in general) but noted that, due to time constraints, it would not be possible to do so during the 2011 update. The recommendations made during the meeting will be carefully considered by the Subcommittee, which will present the proposed amendments to the Committee at its seventh session.", "4. The meeting was chaired by Mr. Armando Lara Yaffar, Chairman of the Committee. In his presentations, Mr. Brian Arnold and Mr. David Rosenbloom shared his ideas about the updated version of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention. With regard to future updates, Mr. Arnold referred to the introduction of the Model Convention, which states that the Convention should be revised and updated on a permanent basis. He concluded that updates at 10-year intervals were not sufficiently frequent. Several participants at the meeting supported this conclusion. Mr. Arnold then stressed that, owing to the limited resources of the United Nations, future updates should not be general updates but should focus on certain items or issues and that the Committee should prioritize the issues of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention that were very differently addressed in the Organization ' s Model Tax Convention for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on Rent and Heritage. Other participants supported this approach. With regard to the process of updating the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention, Mr. Arnold recognized the high level of transparency of the United Nations but stressed the need to obtain as many stakeholders ' inputs in tax systems as a whole.", "5. Mr. Arnold stressed the need to use a mechanism to record the differing views of the interpretations of the United Nations Model Double Tax Convention and suggested that the Committee consider establishing such a mechanism. Other participants also raised this general issue. Mr. Arnold advised that the comments of the United Nations Model Convention should be written in a flattering manner. This would mean, for example, that the comments should explain basic issues that are presumed and include more examples.", "6. Mr. Rosenbloom explained what a fiscal treaty consisted of and said that, in his view, one of the most important functions of a fiscal treaty was to establish the procedure of mutual agreement and to provide governments with rules for the exchange of information. He suggested that the United Nations consider preparing an alternative abbreviated agreement that would deal only with truly important issues. In his view, that document would be very useful for developing countries, as these countries had limited resources and the costs of negotiating a treaty were high.", "7. Mr. Roy Rohatgi commented that the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention was in fact a model for development and that this objective was fundamental. Mr. Rohatgi suggested changing the title of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention to the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention for Development to reflect the role assigned in the introduction of the instrument and the fact that it was based on the financing for development process. Participants at the meeting briefly discussed the topic and several opposed the change in title. No clear recommendations were made, but several participants favoured the use of the short title “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention”.", "8. During the meeting, other general issues of relevance to the 2011 update were discussed, each of which was submitted by a member of the Committee. On the issue of the possible inclusion of country observations and reservations, it was decided that the Secretariat would prepare a background paper on the inclusion of developing country positions in the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention or (at least for the 2011 update) in a separate document, for the seventh session of the Committee[1]. It was indicated that the registration of these positions should not prevent the completion of the 2011 update within the expected time frames.", "9. Participants at the meeting discussed the appropriate way to submit citations of the OECD Model Convention comments. It was noted that in the current version of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention, such quotations were incoherent, for example, using phrases such as “reproduces”, “applies”, “other States”, “says the following” and “is relevant”. Some participants were concerned that this lack of coherence could raise the question of whether the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention supported the citations of the OECD Model Convention comments. It was suggested that the introduction of the United Nations Model Convention should include a text to cover situations where only parts of the relevant OECD commentary were reproduced in the United Nations Model Convention, indicating how the exclusion of other parties should be generally interpreted.", "10. The Secretariat noted that the Committee had already considered whether the reproduction of quotations from the OECD Model Convention comments could be considered as a form of support by parties to that Convention. While it had not been fully accepted that the new quotations could be interpreted as an expression in accordance with the OECD Model Convention unless they indicated otherwise (see E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, para. 14), the same could not be thought of from the quotations made in the United Nations Model Convention by the previous ad hoc expert group, which had not yet been considered by the Committee.", "11. Mr. Robin Oliver, Subcommittee Coordinator, proposed that all references to the OECD Model Convention in the United Nations Model Convention be references to the 2010 version of the OECD instrument unless otherwise indicated. Participants recommended that this be explicitly mentioned in the introduction of the United Nations Model Convention. At its sixth session, in 2010, the Committee favoured using the 2010 version of the OECD instrument as a reference, where appropriate (ibid., para. 15). With regard to general issues, participants at the meeting recommended that the articles of the United Nations Model Convention be considered as their own names and therefore be written with capital A in the future.", "12. Mrs. Claudine Devillet presented a draft commentary on a new alternative version of article 25 B on the mutual agreement procedure. The draft was prepared by the Sub-Committee on Dispute Settlement (and coordinated by Ms. Devillet) in pursuance of the decision taken by the Committee in 2010 to include article 25 B in the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention.", "13. Mr. Oliver presented a new draft of the commentary on article 7, on the benefits of companies. In your presentation, Mr. Oliver recommended that the United Nations Model Convention use mainly the 2008 version of the commentary to article 7 of the OECD instrument, the appropriate version to quote. That recommendation was consistent with the views expressed at the sixth session of the Committee, which explained that the 2010 version of article 7 of the OECD instrument and its commentary differed considerably from the approach adopted in article 7 of the United Nations Model Convention.", "14. During the deliberations on article 23, participants considered the possibility of including article 23 A, paragraph 4, of the OECD Model Convention in the United Nations Model Convention to cover unintended situations of double taxation. Dissenting views were expressed, however, and it was decided that Ms. Devillet would make a comment on that inclusion. The commentary would be submitted for consideration by the Committee.", "15. During the meeting, all suggested changes to the United Nations Model Convention were not discussed in detail in order to be able to consider as much as possible the most pressing issues and thus determine the possible changes to the 2011 update. Accordingly, participants were encouraged to submit in writing to Mr. Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, comments on possible amendments within four weeks and to provide a copy to the secretariat.", "16. In that context, the President of the meeting emphasized the special importance of the participants continuing to review the proposed changes after the conclusion of the meeting and to indicate in writing whether they thought that disputes might arise that would impede the completion of the 2011 update. Some changes proposed in the United Nations Model Convention would require a new drafting task by the Subcommittee before submitting them to the Committee for consideration. Contributions to that process during the meeting had been particularly useful.", "[1] To be issued as document E/C.18/2011/4." ]

[ "Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación", "Séptimo período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 24 a 28 de octubre de 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "** La presente nota tiene por objeto ayudar al Comité de Expertos en sus deliberaciones y no necesariamente refleja las opiniones del Comité o de las Naciones Unidas.", "Tema 5 a) del programa provisional*", "Deliberación sobre cuestiones sustantivas relacionadas con la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación: actualización de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo", "Observaciones, reservas y posiciones de los países: pertinencia respecto a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo", "Nota de la Secretaría**", "I. Introducción", "1. La posibilidad de que los países presenten observaciones, reservas y posiciones en relación con la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo ha venido adquiriendo importancia a medida que se aproxima la fecha en que el Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación se apresta a concluir su labor sobre la actualización de 2011 de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas. Esta cuestión plantea dos aspectos que no deben confundirse entre sí:", "a) El primer aspecto es si, al citar expresamente la Convención modelo sobre el ingreso y el capital de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), debe también hacerse mención a las observaciones y reservas pertinentes de los Estados miembros de la OCDE y a las posiciones de los Estados que no son miembros de la organización, para así contar con un panorama completo de las opiniones sobre una determinada cuestión;", "b) El segundo aspecto es si la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas debería incluir observaciones, reservas o posiciones de los países respecto a la propia Convención Modelo, o ser complementada por ellas. Los dos aspectos son diferentes, aunque por supuesto un Estado podría adoptar la misma posición en relación con ambas convenciones modelo.", "II. Observaciones, reservas y posiciones acerca de las citas de la Convención modelo sobre el ingreso y el capital de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos", "2. El primer aspecto (véase párr. 1 a) supra) se refiere a una práctica propia de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE, en virtud de la cual un Estado miembro de la OCDE formula una reserva respecto a disposiciones del tratado a las que el Estado no se atiene. Sin embargo, se da por entendido que en los casos en que el comentario sobre un artículo ofrece una formulación distinta a la del artículo y un Estado miembro de la OCDE se atiene a esa formulación, no es necesario formular una reserva.", "3. Un Estado miembro de la OCDE formula una observación cuando no tiene objeciones respecto a la redacción del artículo pero lo interpreta de una forma diferente a como se lo interpreta en el comentario sobre el artículo. Al formular una observación, los Estados suelen indicar en qué se diferencia su interpretación. Las observaciones y las reservas se hacen constar al final del comentario sobre cada artículo. Además, la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE incluye, por separado y al final de los comentarios, las posiciones de los Estados que no son miembros de la OCDE que han optado por formular observaciones sobre sus enfoques respecto al texto del instrumento y a las interpretaciones del mismo.", "4. Las observaciones y reservas tienen su base formal en las expectativas de comportamiento del país derivadas de una recomendación formulada en 1997 por el Consejo[1] de la OCDE que aún se aplica a los miembros de la OCDE. En ella, el Consejo recomienda a los Gobiernos de los países miembros que:", "1. Prosigan sus esfuerzos encaminados a suscribir convenios fiscales bilaterales sobre ingreso y capital con los países miembros, y cuando corresponda con los países que no son miembros, con los cuales aún no han suscrito esos convenios, y revisen los convenios vigentes que ya no reflejen las necesidades actuales;", "2. Al suscribir nuevos convenios bilaterales o revisar los convenios bilaterales vigentes se atengan a la Convención Fiscal Modelo, con arreglo a la interpretación que de ella se hace en los comentarios;", "3. Sus administraciones tributarias se atengan a los comentarios sobre los artículos de la Convención Fiscal Modelo, tal como se modifiquen periódicamente, cuando apliquen o interpreten las disposiciones de sus convenios fiscales bilaterales basadas en dichos artículos.", "II. Invita a los Gobiernos de los países miembros a que sigan notificando al Comité de Asuntos Fiscales acerca de sus reservas relativas a los artículos y observaciones sobre los comentarios.", "III. Da instrucciones al Comité de Asuntos Fiscales de que prosiga su examen de las situaciones en que las disposiciones enunciadas en la Convención Fiscal Modelo o los comentarios sobre la misma pueden hacer necesaria una modificación a raíz de la experiencia adquirida por los países miembros, y de que formule propuestas apropiadas para las actualizaciones periódicas.", "5. Dado que la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas cita extensamente a la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE, se ha planteado la cuestión de si en aras de una mayor exhaustividad se debe hacer referencia a dichas observaciones, reservas o posiciones, ya sea en términos generales o en casos concretos. En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité debatió el tema con cierto detenimiento e indicó lo siguiente (véase E/2007/45, párrs. 34 y 43):", "34. Dos países señalaron que al citar (en el párrafo 73 propuesto) el párrafo 23 del comentario de la OCDE sobre el artículo 1 (referente a la aplicación de normas relativas a sociedades extranjeras controladas para abordar el problema de las sociedades pantalla), debe tenerse en cuenta el hecho de que ellos y otros países de la OCDE habían formulado observaciones sobre dicho párrafo. Se indicó que la cuestión de las opiniones minoritarias se había planteado en el contexto de los establecimientos permanentes y que en la nota 2 del documento E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 se proponía una solución al problema. El Comité examinó la cuestión y decidió que las posiciones pertinentes de los países se incluyeran en el Manual para la negociación de acuerdos fiscales bilaterales entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo, en lugar de en los comentarios.", "43. Se observó que el subcomité [sobre definición de establecimiento permanente] había propuesto (en la nota 2) añadir un anexo a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo que contuviera las “observaciones” pertinentes de los Estados miembros de la OCDE y las “posiciones” de los Estados no miembros sobre los comentarios de la OCDE citados en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas. El subcomité había propuesto añadir una nota a la introducción de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas que hiciera mención a la pertinencia de dichas observaciones y posiciones. Se convino en que esa solución se estudiaría durante el examen de la cuestión de la cita de la Convención Modelo de la OCDE. Como se indica en el párrafo 31 supra, el Comité decidió finalmente que las posiciones pertinentes de los países se incluirían en el Manual en lugar de en los comentarios.", "6. La nota a que se hizo referencia en el informe del Comité sobre su tercer período de sesiones (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, anexo, nota al pie de página 2) dice lo siguiente:", "El subcomité propone que la próxima versión de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas incorpore en su introducción un texto del siguiente tenor: “Al citar extensamente el comentario sobre el modelo de las Naciones Unidas, cabe señalar que este debe leerse en forma conjunta con las ‘observaciones’ de los países miembros de la OCDE a fin de comprender cabalmente la aceptación o no de determinadas partes del comentario por parte de países específicos de la OCDE en determinados casos. Por razones de orden práctico, las observaciones sobre la versión más reciente del modelo de la OCDE (2005) figuran en el apéndice ** de esta publicación, junto con las ‘posiciones’ pertinentes sobre los comentarios de la OCDE proporcionadas a esta por algunos Estados que no son miembros de la organización”. El subcomité señala que un párrafo introductorio de esas características haría innecesaria la inclusión de una observación especial del mismo tenor en los comentarios de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre cada artículo concreto.", "7. La Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE es en la actualidad más accesible para los responsables políticos y los administradores que en el pasado, y al parecer las ventajas de incluir todas las observaciones, reservas y posiciones referentes a la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE que se citan en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas se ven fuertemente contrarrestadas por la confusión que generaría respecto a las diferencias entre las convenciones modelo de las Naciones Unidas y de la OCDE y en lo referente a la complejidad de la interpretación de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente en los casos en que las citas de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE no provienen de la última versión del tratado y cuando en ese período se hayan efectuado cambios a las observaciones, reservas y posiciones. La inclusión de las observaciones, reservas y posiciones podría considerarse también como una denegación de la “autonomía” de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, que terminaría dependiendo de forma innecesaria de la evolución de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE.", "8. Si no se diera cabida a las posiciones sobre la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, podría ponerse en tela de juicio la concesión de trato especial a las posiciones sobre la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE cuando no se ha dado oportunidad de hacer observaciones a los Estados que no habían formulado observaciones sobre el instrumento de la OCDE. Si, por el contrario, se contemplara la formulación de posiciones sobre la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, se podría cuestionar por qué sigue siendo preciso dejar constancia en forma separada de las posiciones relativas a las partes de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE que se incorporaron por referencia a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas. Este argumento es más sólido en los casos en que resulta claro que el comentario relativo al texto de la OCDE es producto de un acuerdo y queda incorporado, y es más débil cuando no queda claro si la cita es señal de acuerdo. El Comité procura actualmente asegurarse de que cuando se cita el comentario sobre el texto de la OCDE quede claro si el Comité está o no de acuerdo con la interpretación (véase E/2010/45, párr. 14), por lo cual esta última cuestión solo se plantearía respecto a las partes de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas que no han sido objeto de revisión en fecha reciente.", "9. La base conceptual para no incluir todas las observaciones, reservas y posiciones específicas relativas a la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE, y que quizás plantea la cuestión de si son necesarias las observaciones, reservas y posiciones relativas a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, consiste en que la Convención Modelo es una recomendación formulada por un grupo de expertos (el Comité) que actúan a título personal y que no tiene por finalidad representar las opiniones oficiales de los gobiernos, aunque expresa el conocimiento de los expertos acerca de las prácticas y las inquietudes de los países. La Convención Modelo no restringe a los gobiernos en sus negociaciones (ni siquiera en un sentido “blando”) y no debe considerarse que limite sus acciones dirigidas a negociar los acuerdos que les resulten adecuados en circunstancias particulares. La certeza que buscan los inversores y los administradores puede verse favorecida por la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, la cual, sin embargo, no limita las decisiones soberanas.", "10. Tal como se indicó en el párrafo 35 de su introducción, al igual que todas las convenciones modelo, la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas no es de aplicación obligatoria. Sus disposiciones no son vinculantes y por ende no deben considerarse recomendaciones oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "11. Aunque en su tercer período de sesiones el Comité no se decantó por esa opción, un posible enfoque podría consistir en incluir la siguiente observación general en la introducción a los comentarios: “Al citar la Convención modelo sobre el ingreso y el capital de la OCDE (en sus diversas versiones), se reconoce que diversos Estados miembros de la OCDE han expresado reservas respecto a los artículos de ese texto y han formulado observaciones sobre los comentarios de dichos artículos, y que algunos Estados que no son miembros de la OCDE han expresado posiciones acerca de los artículos y comentarios. Esas expresiones formales de divergencias respecto a la Convención Modelo figuran en el texto de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE, que se revisa periódicamente. El Comité señala que aquellas constituyen un aspecto útil de la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE a los efectos de entender cómo se aplican y se interpretan en la práctica, aunque por razones de índole práctica no se han replicado en la presente Convención Modelo”.", "12. Si se procura recabar observaciones, reservas y posiciones de los países en relación con la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, los Estados que tengan la firme convicción de que dicha declaración general es insuficiente podrían por supuesto dejar constancia de su posición respecto a la Convención Modelo a condición de que haya citado la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE en un caso en particular. De esa forma se atendería más directamente a las observaciones, reservas y posiciones expresadas en relación con la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE, aunque solo en la medida en que se haya recogido una interpretación en particular en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, y en los casos en que la forma en que se haya hecho no responda suficientemente a las inquietudes de los Estados (como por ejemplo presentando una formulación alternativa).", "III. Observaciones, reservas y posiciones respecto a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas", "13. Del planteamiento expuesto anteriormente se deriva el segundo aspecto abordado en este documento: el trato de las posibles observaciones, reservas y posiciones respecto a la propia Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas (véase párr. 1 b) supra). Este asunto también fue tratado por el Comité en su cuarto período de sesiones, en 2008 (véase E/2008/45):", "22. Se deliberó sobre la posible conveniencia de que los países formularan comentarios oficiales sobre la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, idea que suscitó un respaldo general, entre otras cosas porque aumentaría la transparencia de las posiciones de negociación. Un experto estuvo en desacuerdo. Por otra parte, también se habló de la necesidad de distinguir entre los términos “observaciones” y “reservas” empleados por los países de la OCDE con respecto a la Convención modelo de la OCDE. Se señaló que tal vez fuera más acertado hablar de “posiciones” no vinculantes o incluso de “comentarios”. También se indicó la necesidad de ser realistas al emprender cualquier tarea en ese sentido y tener en cuenta que el Comité disponía de recursos limitados.", "14. Con respecto a lo anterior, si se desea contar con una base de datos amplia de las posiciones de los países, la secretaría, y posiblemente el Comité, deberán aportar una cantidad considerable de recursos. Aunque se formara un subcomité o grupo de trabajo encargado de las posiciones de los países, sería necesario un gran esfuerzo para notificar a todos los Estados miembros, a través de los canales correspondientes, la posibilidad de incluir las posiciones de los países; hacer el seguimiento de los Estados que no hayan respondido; y establecer vínculos con los que pueden llegar a responder, entre otros con el Comité o un subcomité. También debería velarse por que las respuestas no perpetúen interpretaciones erróneas de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas; se den de forma uniforme; y pongan de manifiesto una comprensión del proceso de registro de las posiciones de los países. También podría ser necesario encontrar un patrocinador que aborde las cuestiones relativas a los recursos, especialmente si se propone una publicación impresa.", "15. El proceso tomará su tiempo, pero en opinión de la secretaría, no ocasionará retrasos en la actualización de 2011 de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas. Ha de emprenderse como un proyecto aparte, al menos en este caso, debiéndose también informar a los países acerca de la nueva versión de la Convención Modelo y de las iniciativas de fomento de la capacidad propuestas por la secretaría y a las que se hace referencia en el reciente informe del Secretario General sobre el fortalecimiento de los acuerdos institucionales para promover la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación (véase E/2011/76, párr. 17). Revestirá especial importancia recabar el mayor número posible de posiciones de los países en desarrollo respecto a la Convención Modelo; en la práctica, eso no será fácil de lograr.", "16. Como se indicó anteriormente, la referencia a las observaciones y reservas de los países tiene un significado particular en la terminología utilizada por la OCDE que no existe en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, motivo por el cual conviene evitar la confusión que generaría el empleo de esas palabras. Suponiendo que fuera necesario presentar posiciones u observaciones, algunos Estados podrían mostrarse renuentes a responder si pensaran que ello daría la impresión a otros (por ejemplo a los órganos legislativos o judiciales locales) de que se están obligando a propugnar ciertas posiciones en el futuro. En la introducción a las posiciones sobre el texto de la OCDE, se señala que:", "5. Si bien en términos generales estas economías están de acuerdo con el texto de los artículos de la Convención Fiscal Modelo y con las interpretaciones formuladas en el comentario, cada una de las economías presenta puntos de desacuerdo. Para cada artículo de la Convención Fiscal Modelo, las posiciones que se presentan en esta sección indican en qué casos un país está en desacuerdo con el texto del artículo y en cuáles está en desacuerdo con una interpretación formulada en el comentario en relación con el artículo. Tal como sucede con las observaciones y las reservas de los países miembros, no se hace referencia a los casos en que una economía desearía complementar el texto de un artículo con disposiciones que no sean contrarias al artículo, especialmente si esas disposiciones se ofrecen como alternativas al comentario, o presentar una interpretación que no sea contraria al comentario.", "17. Cabe señalar a ese respecto que en una nota al pie de página de la introducción, China e Indonesia indicaron que deseaban “aclarar de forma expresa que en el curso de las negociaciones con otros países, no se considerarán obligados por sus posiciones declaradas en la presente sección”. El hecho de que las posiciones no sean vinculantes para los Estados que negocian e interpretan tratados, incluso por medio de sus sistemas judiciales, podría afirmarse de forma más expresa en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas o en cualquier otro documento donde se hagan constar las posiciones. Asimismo, se podría aclarar que las posiciones adoptadas por los Estados no deberían impedir que estos estuvieran en desacuerdo con las interpretaciones de la Convención Modelo que no se discuten específicamente en las posiciones.", "18. A fin de adoptar ese enfoque, quizás convenga mantener actualizada la lista de posiciones, incluso en los períodos transcurridos entre las actualizaciones de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, a fin de tomar en cuenta las posiciones de los Estados que aún no las hayan manifestado y las modificaciones a las posiciones vigentes. Ese es otro motivo por el cual la recolección de posiciones no se debe vincular demasiado estrechamente a la publicación de una nueva versión de la Convención Modelo.", "19. Por otra parte, en un artículo publicado en 2011, Brian Arnold señaló lo siguiente:", "Las deliberaciones relativas al artículo 14 pusieron de manifiesto la grave deficiencia en el proceso de actualización del Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, a saber, los países no disponen de oportunidades para formular reservas sobre los artículos del Modelo de las Naciones Unidas ni observaciones acerca de la interpretación de dichos artículos en los comentarios sobre el Modelo de las Naciones Unidas, tal como sucede con el Modelo de la OCDE. Las reservas y las observaciones son modalidades útiles que permiten reconocer las posiciones minoritarias. Tal como se indicó anteriormente, el Comité está compuesto por expertos que se desempeñan a título personal y no como representantes de sus países. Por ende, no correspondería que estos expertos presentaran reservas u observaciones y no existe mecanismo que permita a los países formular dichas resoluciones u observaciones. Dada la ausencia de un mecanismo claro para reconocer las posiciones minoritarias, estas suelen quedar reflejadas en los comentarios sobre el Modelo de las Naciones Unidas y por lo tanto se les puede llegar a dar mayor relevancia de la que merecen[2].", "20. El enfoque propuesto permitiría registrar adecuadamente dichas posiciones minoritarias a nivel de los países sin necesariamente abordarlas en los comentarios. En el caso de algunas posiciones minoritarias, especialmente las que están muy difundidas entre los países en desarrollo, sería mejor que se dejara constancia de ellas en los comentarios (tal como sucede en la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas). De esta forma se podría dejar constancia de las posiciones de los países en casos en que no hayan sido incorporadas al comentario por los miembros del Comité debido a que no fueron identificadas o por otros motivos.", "IV. Recomendaciones", "21. Adjuntar las posiciones de los países a la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas puede presentar ventajas en términos de transparencia y de oportunidad de tener textos más limpios del comentario, así como de inculcar una mayor identificación con la Convención Modelo, hacer uso del proceso para recabar opiniones para las futuras versiones de la Convención y lograr una mayor participación en el proceso de actualización.", "22. También podría entrañar desventajas, entre ellas las siguientes: en términos de cuestiones logísticas a la hora de recabar e incorporar posiciones, así como de asegurarse de que se mantengan actualizadas, habida cuenta de los limitados recursos de la secretaría (se trata de un proyecto que podría depender de las aportaciones de los Estados u otras entidades); la necesidad de que exista cierto grado de coherencia respecto a la forma en que se expresan las posiciones y, probablemente, la necesidad de que exista un diálogo antes de que se den por completas las posiciones; la dificultad de sacar suficiente ventaja de la oportunidad de que presenten posiciones los 193 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas; y el riesgo de que los países consideren que de forma injustificada están “atándose las manos” al presentar sus posiciones. Esas ventajas y desventajas deberán ser tratadas por el Comité antes de que se tome una decisión relativa a este asunto.", "23. Se propone que para la próxima versión actualizada de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas:", "a) Las observaciones, reservas y posiciones de los países en relación con la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE deben mencionarse a lo máximo en términos generales en la introducción a la Convención Modelo cuando se aborde la utilización del Modelo de la OCDE;", "b) La preparación de las posiciones sobre la Convención Modelo no debe demorar su publicación; en caso de llevarse a cabo, debe tratarse de un proceso aparte, aunque conexo;", "c) A fin de evitar confusiones debería hacerse referencia a posiciones y comentarios de los países, por ejemplo, en lugar de a observaciones y reservas, especialmente teniendo en cuenta la forma en que se emplean esas palabras en relación con la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE;", "d) Debe tenerse cuidado al sugerir a los países qué palabras emplear al proponer una posición. La Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE suele seguir el siguiente formato “[el país X] se reserva el derecho”. Independientemente de su adecuación al contexto de dicha convención, a efectos de ese documento sería más apropiado decir que los países están “indicando”, “señalando” o “dejando constancia”, dado que el derecho a apartarse de la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas es inherente y no es preciso declararlo formalmente, independientemente de si se declaran o no posiciones relativas a otras disposiciones o aspectos de los comentarios;", "e) Debe reconocerse que la velocidad con que se puede elaborar y publicar una lista amplia de posiciones dependerá en parte de la disposición de los donantes a apoyar dicha labor.", "[1] Recomendación C (97)195/FINAL de la OCDE.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax treaty news”, Bulletin for international Taxation, vol. 65, No. 2 (2001)" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "** The present note is intended to assist the Committee of Experts in its deliberations and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee or of the United Nations.", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Country observations, reservations and positions: relevance to the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat**", "I. Introduction", "1. The issue of possibly having country observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries has become a significant one as the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters comes closer to concluding its work on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Convention. There are two aspects of the issue that should not be confused:", "(a) The first aspect is whether, in extensively citing the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the relevant observations and reservations of OECD member States and the positions of non-OECD member States should also be noted, in order to give a complete picture of views on a particular issue;", "(b) The second aspect is whether the United Nations Model Convention should include, or be complemented by, country observations, reservations and positions on the Model Convention itself. The two aspects are distinct, although a State could, of course, take the same position in relation to both model conventions.", "II. Observations, reservations and positions on citations from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "2. The first aspect (see para. 1 (a) above) relates to a particular practice relative to the OECD Model Tax Convention whereby a reservation is made by an OECD member State with regard to provisions of the treaty that the State does not follow. However, it is understood that where the commentary to an article provides an alternative formulation to that of the article, and an OECD member State follows that formulation, it is not necessary to make a reservation.", "3. An OECD member State makes an observation when it has no objections to the wording of the article but interprets it in a way that is different from the way it is interpreted in the commentary to the article. States usually indicate how their interpretation differs when making an observation. Observations and reservations are noted at the end of the commentary on each article. In addition, the OECD Model Tax Convention includes, in a separate part, at the end of the commentaries, the positions of those non-OECD member States that have chosen to comment on their approaches to the text of the instrument and the interpretations of that text.", "4. The formal basis for the observations and reservations can be found in expectations of country conduct that flow from a 1997 recommendation of the OECD Council[1] that still applies to OECD members. In the recommendation, the Council:", "Recommends the Governments of member countries:", "1. to pursue their efforts to conclude bilateral tax conventions on income and on capital with those member countries, and where appropriate with non‑member countries, with which they have not yet entered into such conventions, and to revise those of the existing conventions that may no longer reflect present-day needs;", "2. when concluding new bilateral conventions or revising existing bilateral conventions, to conform to the Model Tax Convention, as interpreted by the Commentaries thereon;", "3. that their tax administrations follow the Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, as modified from time to time, when applying and interpreting the provisions of their bilateral tax conventions that are based on these Articles.", "II. Invites the Governments of member countries to continue to notify the Committee on Fiscal Affairs of their reservations on the Articles and observations on the Commentaries.", "III. Instructs the Committee on Fiscal Affairs to continue its ongoing review of situations where the provisions set out in the Model Tax Convention or the Commentaries thereon may require modification in the light of experience gained by member countries, and to make appropriate proposals for periodic updates.", "5. As the United Nations Model Convention cites the OECD Model Tax Convention extensively, the question has arisen of whether these observations, reservations and positions need to be referenced, for completeness, either generally or in specific cases. The Committee discussed the matter at some length at its third session, and noted the following (see E/2007/45, paras. 34 and 43):", "34. The point was made by two countries that in citing (at proposed para. 73) paragraph 23 of the OECD Commentary on article 1 (addressing base companies through controlled foreign corporations (CFC) legislation), there must be some regard for the fact that they and other OECD countries had observations on that paragraph. It was noted that the issue of minority views had arisen in the context of permanent establishments, with note 2 of paper E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 suggesting an approach to dealing with this issue. The issue was considered by the Committee and it was decided that relevant country positions should be included in the Manual [for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries] rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "43. It was noted that the subcommittee [on definition of permanent establishment] had proposed (at note 2) that there should be an annex to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention containing the relevant OECD member “observations” and non-OECD member “positions” on the OECD Commentaries cited in the United Nations Model Taxation Convention. The subcommittee proposed to include a note in the introduction to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention referring to the relevance of these observations and country positions. It was agreed that such an approach would be discussed when considering the issue of citation of the OECD Model. As noted at paragraph 31 above, the Committee ultimately decided that relevant country positions would be addressed in the Manual rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "6. The note referred to in the report of the Committee on its third session (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, annex, footnote 2) reads:", "The subcommittee proposes that the next version of the United Nations Model should note in its introduction, words along the following lines: “In extensively quoting the Commentary to the OECD Model , it is noted that this has be to read together with the ‘observations’ of OECD Member countries to obtain a full understanding of the acceptance or otherwise of certain parts of the Commentary by specific OECD countries in particular cases. The observations on the most recent version of the OECD Model (2005) are included at Appendix** of this publication for convenience, along with relevant “positions” on the OECD Commentaries provided to the OECD by some non-members of the OECD”. The subcommittee notes that such an introductory paragraph would render it unnecessary to include a special comment along the same lines in the Commentaries of the United Nations Model on each specific Article.", "7. The OECD Model Tax Convention is more readily accessible to policymakers and administrators from developing countries now than it has been in the past, and the value of including all observations, reservations and positions to the OECD Model Tax Convention that are quoted in the United Nations Model Convention would seem to be heavily outweighed by the confusion that doing so could create with regard to the differences between the United Nations and the OECD model conventions and with regard to the complexity of reading the United Nations Model Convention, especially in cases when quotations of the OECD Model Tax Convention do not come from the latest version of the treaty and when changes have been made to the observations, reservations and positions in the meantime. Including the observations, reservations and positions could also be viewed as denying the United Nations Model Convention its status as having a “life of its own” and as being unnecessarily driven by developments in the OECD Model Tax Convention.", "8. If there was no provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why special treatment should be given to positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, with no opportunity given for comments to be made by States that had not commented on the OECD instrument. If, on the other hand, there was a provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why there would remain a need to separately note positions on those parts of the OECD Model Tax Convention that were incorporated by reference into the United Nations Model Convention. This argument is strongest for cases where it is clear that the commentary on the OECD text is being agreed with and incorporated and is weakest for cases where it is not clear whether the quotation is a sign of agreement. The Committee is currently seeking to ensure that where the commentary to the OECD text is cited it is clear whether the Committee agrees or disagrees with the interpretation (see E/2010/45, para. 14), so this last issue would probably only arise for parts of the United Nations Model Convention that have not been revised recently.", "9. A conceptual basis for not including all specific observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, and one that perhaps raises the question of whether there is any need for observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention, is that the Model Convention is a recommendation of a group of experts (the Committee) acting in their own capacity and is not intended to represent the formal views of Governments, even though it expresses the experts’ knowledge of national practices and concerns. It does not, even in a “soft” sense, inhibit Governments in their negotiations and should not be seen as limiting their actions to negotiate the agreements suitable to them in particular circumstances. The certainty desired by investors and administrators can be facilitated by the United Nations Model Convention, which does not, however, constrain sovereign decisions.", "10. As noted in paragraph 35 of its introduction, like all model conventions, the United Nations Model Convention is not enforceable. Its provisions are not binding and furthermore should not be construed as formal recommendations of the United Nations.", "11. Although the option was not taken up by the Committee at its third session, a possible approach would be to include the following general comment in the introduction to the commentaries: “In citing the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (in its various versions) it is recognized that various OECD member States have expressed reservations on the articles of that text and made observations on the commentaries on the articles, and that some non-OECD member States have expressed positions on the articles and commentaries. Such formal expressions of differences from that Model Convention are contained in the text of the OECD Model Tax Convention, as revised from time to time. The Committee notes that they are a useful aspect of the OECD Model Tax Convention in terms of understanding how it is applied and interpreted in practice, even though they have not been repeated in this Model Convention for practical reasons.”", "12. If country observations, reservations and positions are sought in relation to the United Nations Model Convention, States that feel strongly that such a general statement is insufficient could, of course, indicate a position on the Model Convention in so far as it cited the OECD Model Tax Convention in a particular case. This would more directly address the observations, reservations and positions expressed on the OECD Model Tax Convention although only to the extent that a particular interpretation had been picked up in the United Nations Model Convention, and where the way it was picked up did not sufficiently accommodate the concerns of States (such as by having an alternative formulation).", "III. Observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention", "13. The approach outlined above raises the second aspect dealt with in this paper: the treatment of possible country observations, reservations and positions to the United Nations Model Convention itself (see para. 1 (b) above). The matter was also discussed by the Committee at its fourth session, in 2008 (see E/2008/45):", "22. The possible value of countries making formal comments on the United Nations Model Convention was discussed, with general support for some such facility, including in terms of increased transparency in negotiating positions. One expert disagreed with that view. However, there was also some discussion on the need to differentiate between the terms “observations” and “reservations” used by OECD countries for the OECD Model Convention. A reference to non-binding “positions” or even “comments”, it was noted, might be better. The need to keep any such task a manageable one in view of the Committee’s resource constraints was also noted.", "14. With regard to the above, achieving anything approaching a comprehensive database of country positions will involve a considerable amount of resources from the secretariat and, possibly, the Committee. Even if a subcommittee or working group were to be formed to deal with country positions, there would be a considerable amount of work involved in notifying all Member States, through the correct channels, of the possibility of including country positions, to follow up on States that do not respond and to liaise with potential responders, including with the Committee or a subcommittee. Attention would also have to be paid to ensure that responses: do not perpetuate misinterpretations of the United Nations Model Convention; are provided in a uniform way; and reflect an understanding of the process of recording country positions. It might be necessary to find a sponsor to address those resource issues, especially if a printed publication were proposed.", "15. The process will take time and it should not, in the secretariat’s view, hold up the completion of the 2011 update to the United Nations Model Convention. It should be undertaken as a distinct project, at least in this instance, in tandem with informing countries of the new version of the Model Convention and the capacity-building initiatives proposed by the Secretariat and referred to in the recent report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters (see E/2011/76, para. 17). It will be especially important to have as many developing country positions on the Model Convention as possible; this will not be easy to achieve in practice.", "16. As indicated above, the reference to observations and reservations of countries has a particular meaning in OECD usage that does not exist for the United Nations Model Convention, which is why it is best to avoid the confusion that the use of such language might introduce. Assuming that positions or comments are called for, some States may be hesitant to respond if they believe that they may be perceived (including by local legislatures or courts) as binding themselves to certain positions in the future. In the introduction to the positions on the OECD text, it is noted that:", "5. Whilst these economies generally agree with the text of the Articles of the Model Tax Convention and with the interpretations put forward in the Commentary, there are for each economy some areas of disagreement. For each Article of the Model Tax Convention, the positions that are presented in this section indicate where a country disagrees with the text of the Article and where it disagrees with an interpretation given in the Commentary in relation to the Article. As is the case with the observations and reservations of member countries, no reference is made to cases where an economy would like to supplement the text of an Article with provisions that do not conflict with the Article, especially if these provisions are offered as alternatives in the Commentary, or would like to put forward an interpretation that does not conflict with the Commentary.", "17. It should be noted in that respect that China and Indonesia, in a footnote to the introduction, wished “to clarify expressly that in the course of negotiations with other countries, they will not be bound by their stated positions included in this section”. The fact that the positions are not binding when it comes to States negotiating and interpreting treaties, including through their court systems, could be affirmed more explicitly in the United Nations Model Convention or any other document containing the positions. Likewise, it could be made clear that the positions taken by States should not prevent them from disagreeing with interpretations of the Model Convention not specifically discussed in the positions.", "18. In order to adopt such an approach, it may be necessary to keep the list of positions up to date, even in between updates to the United Nations Model Convention, in order to take into account the positions of States that have not provided their positions before and modifications to existing positions. That is an additional reason why the collection of such positions should not be linked too closely to the publication of a new version of the Model Convention.", "19. Moreover, in an article published in 2011, Brian Arnold noted:", "The discussions regarding Article 14 drew attention to a serious deficiency in the process for updating the United Nations Model, i.e. there is no opportunity for countries to make reservations on the articles of the United Nations Model or observations on the interpretation of those articles in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model, as is the case with the OECD Model. Reservations and observations are useful ways for minority positions to be recognized. As noted previously, the Committee is composed of experts serving in their personal capacities and not as country representatives. Accordingly, it would be inappropriate for these experts to make reservations or observations and there is no mechanism for countries to make such resolutions or observations. The absence of a clear mechanism to recognize minority positions means that these positions are often reflected in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model and may, therefore, be accorded more weight than they deserve.[2]", "20. The proposed approach would allow such minority positions at the country level to be recorded appropriately without necessarily being addressed in the commentaries. Some minority positions, especially those widely held among developing countries, would still be most appropriately noted in the commentaries (as occurs in the United Nations Model Convention). This would also allow country positions to be recorded in cases where they may not have been incorporated in the commentary by the members of the Committee because they were not identified or for other reasons.", "IV. Recommendations", "21. There could be advantages to having country positions attached to the United Nations Model Convention, in terms of transparency and the opportunity to have cleaner texts of the commentary, as well as in terms of instilling greater ownership in the Model Convention and making it possible to use the process to obtain feedback for future versions of the Convention and to achieve wider participation in the updating process.", "22. There could also be disadvantages, including: in terms of the logistical issues involved in seeking and processing positions and then ensuring they are kept up to date in view of limited secretariat resources (a project that might be dependant on contributions from States or other entities); the need to have some coherence with regard to how positions are expressed and, probably, the need for dialogue before positions are finalized; the difficulty in taking sufficient advantage of the opportunity for positions to be put forward by the 193 States Members of the United Nations; and the risk that countries may feel they are unjustifiably “tying their hands” by putting their positions forward. Such advantages and disadvantages will need to be discussed by the Committee prior to a decision on this issue.", "23. It is suggested that for the forthcoming updated version of the United Nations Model Convention:", "(a) Country observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention should, at most, be generally mentioned in the introduction to the Model Convention when the use of the OECD Model is addressed;", "(b) The development of positions on the Model Convention should not delay its publication, but should, if embarked upon, be a separate but related process;", "(c) References should be made to country positions, comments or the like, rather than to observations and reservations, in order to prevent confusion, especially given the way in which those words are used in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention;", "(d) Care should be taken in the language suggested to countries proposing a country position. The OECD Model Tax Convention usually follows the following format: “[country X] reserves the right”. Whatever its appropriateness in the context of the OECD Model Tax Convention, language referring to countries “noting” or “pointing out” or “putting on record” would perhaps be better suited to the purpose of such a document, since the right to depart from the United Nations Model Convention is inherent and does not need to be stated formally, whether or not positions are stated on other provisions or aspects of the commentaries;", "(e) It should be recognized that the speed with which a comprehensive list of positions can be produced and published will depend in part upon the willingness of donors to support such an effort.", "[1] OECD recommendation C (97)195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax treaty news”, Bulletin for International Taxation, vol. 65, No. 3 (2011)." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24 - 28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "** The present note is intended to assist the Committee of Experts in its deliberations and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee or the United Nations.", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Deliberation on substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: updating the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries", "Country observations, reservations and positions: relevance to the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries", "Note by the Secretariat**", "I. Introduction", "1. The possibility for countries to submit comments, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries has been gaining importance as the date on which the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters is approaching to complete its work on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Convention. This issue raises two aspects that should not be confused with each other:", "(a) The first aspect is whether, by expressly citing the Model Convention on the Income and Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), mention should also be made of the relevant observations and reservations of OECD member States and the positions of non-organizational States, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of views on a given issue;", "(b) The second aspect is whether or not the United Nations Model Convention should include comments, reservations or country positions on the Model Convention itself. The two aspects are different, although of course a State could adopt the same position in relation to both model conventions.", "II. Comments, reservations and positions on the quotations from the Model Convention on the Income and Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "2. The first aspect (see para. 1 (a) above) refers to a practice of the OECD Model Tax Convention, whereby an OECD member State makes a reservation with respect to treaty provisions to which the State does not comply. However, it is understood that in cases where the commentary on an article offers a formulation other than that of the article and an OECD member State adheres to that formulation, it is not necessary to make a reservation.", "3. A member State of OECD makes an observation when it has no objection to the wording of the article but interprets it in a different way than is interpreted in the commentary on the article. In formulating an observation, States often indicate how their interpretation differs. Comments and reservations are recorded at the end of the commentary on each article. In addition, the OECD Model Tax Convention includes, separately and at the end of the comments, the positions of non-OECD member States that have chosen to comment on their approaches to the text of the instrument and the interpretations thereof.", "4. Observations and reservations are formally based on the country ' s expectations of behaviour arising from a 1997 recommendation by the OECD Council[1] that still applies to OECD members. In it, the Council recommends that the Governments of member countries:", "1. Continue its efforts to enter into bilateral tax agreements on income and capital with member countries, and where appropriate with non-members, with which they have not yet signed such agreements, and review existing conventions that no longer reflect current needs;", "2. By signing new bilateral agreements or revising existing bilateral agreements, they are in conformity with the Model Tax Convention, in accordance with its interpretation in the comments;", "3. Its tax administrations are subject to comments on the articles of the Model Tax Convention, as periodically amended, when they apply or interpret the provisions of their bilateral tax conventions based on those articles.", "II. Invites the Governments of member countries to continue to notify the Committee on Fiscal Affairs of their reservations regarding the articles and comments.", "III. It instructs the Committee on Fiscal Affairs to continue its consideration of situations in which the provisions set out in the Model Tax Convention or comments thereon may require a change following the experience gained by member countries, and to make appropriate proposals for periodic updates.", "5. Since the United Nations Model Convention quotes extensively to the OECD Model Tax Convention, the question has been raised as to whether, for the sake of greater completeness, reference should be made to such observations, reservations or positions, either in general or in specific cases. At its third session, the Committee discussed the item with some caution and indicated the following (see E/2007/45, paras. 34 and 43):", "34. Two countries noted that in citing (in paragraph 73 proposed) paragraph 23 of the OECD commentary on Article 1 (referring to the application of rules relating to controlled foreign societies to address the problem of screen societies), the fact that they and other OECD countries had commented on that paragraph should be taken into account. It was indicated that the issue of minority views had been raised in the context of permanent establishments and that note 2 of document E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 proposed a solution to the problem. The Committee considered the issue and decided that the relevant country positions should be included in the Manual on Negotiating Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries, rather than in the comments.", "43. It was noted that the sub-committee [on definition of permanent establishment] had proposed (in note 2) to add an annex to the United Nations Model Convention on Double Taxation between Developed and Developing Countries containing the relevant “observations” of OECD member States and the “positions” of non-member States on OECD comments cited in the United Nations Model Convention. The subcommittee had proposed to add a note to the introduction of the United Nations Model Convention, which referred to the relevance of those observations and positions. It was agreed that such a solution would be considered during the consideration of the issue of the appointment of the OECD Model Convention. As indicated in paragraph 31 above, the Committee finally decided that the relevant positions of countries would be included in the Manual rather than in the comments.", "6. The note referred to in the report of the Committee on its third session (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, annex, footnote 2) reads as follows:", "The subcommittee proposes that the next version of the United Nations Model Convention incorporate in its introduction a text of the following tenor: “By citing extensively the commentary on the United Nations model, it should be noted that it should be read in conjunction with the ‘observations’ of OECD member countries in order to fully understand the acceptance of certain parts of the commentary by OECD-specific countries in certain cases. For practical reasons, comments on the latest version of the OECD model (2005) are contained in the appendix ** of this publication, together with the relevant ‘positions’ on OECD comments provided to it by some non-organizational States.” The subcommittee points out that an introductory paragraph of these characteristics would make it unnecessary to include a special comment on the same subject in the comments of the United Nations Model Convention on each particular article.", "7. The OECD Model Tax Convention is currently more accessible to policymakers and administrators than in the past, and it appears that the advantages of including all the OECD Model Tax Convention observations, reservations and positions cited in the United Nations Model Convention are strongly contravened by the confusion it would generate regarding the differences between the United Nations and OECD Model Conventions and in terms of the complexity of the interpretation of such cases come from The inclusion of comments, reservations and positions could also be regarded as a denial of the “autonomy” of the United Nations Model Convention, which would end up unnecessarily depending on the evolution of the OECD Model Tax Convention.", "8. If the positions on the United Nations Model Convention were not accommodated, the granting of special treatment to positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention could be questioned if there was no opportunity to comment on States that had not commented on the OECD instrument. If, on the contrary, the formulation of positions on the United Nations Model Convention could be questioned why it was still necessary to place a separate record of the positions on the parts of the OECD Model Tax Convention that had been incorporated by reference to the United Nations Model Convention. This argument is more solid in cases where it is clear that the commentary on the OECD text is the product of an agreement and is incorporated, and it is weaker when it is unclear whether the quote is a sign of agreement. The Committee is currently endeavouring to ensure that when the commentary on the OECD text is quoted, it would be clear whether or not the Committee agrees with the interpretation (see E/2010/45, para. 14), so that the latter issue would be raised only with respect to parts of the United Nations Model Convention that have not been revised recently.", "9. The conceptual basis for not including all the specific observations, reservations and positions relating to the OECD Model Tax Convention, and perhaps raises the question of whether the comments, reservations and positions relating to the United Nations Model Convention are necessary, is that the Model Convention is a recommendation made by a group of experts (the Committee) acting in a personal capacity and that it is not intended to represent the official views of Governments, although it expresses the knowledge of the experts on the practices and concerns of countries. The Model Convention does not restrict Governments in their negotiations (not even in a “soft” sense) and should not be considered to limit their actions aimed at negotiating agreements that are appropriate to them in particular circumstances. The certainty sought by investors and managers could be favoured by the United Nations Model Convention, which, however, did not limit sovereign decisions.", "10. As indicated in paragraph 35 of its introduction, as well as all model conventions, the United Nations Model Convention is not mandatory. Its provisions are not binding and should therefore not be considered as official recommendations of the United Nations.", "11. While at its third session the Committee did not opt for such an option, a possible approach could be to include the following general comment in the introduction to comments: “By citing the OECD Model Convention on Income and Capital (in its various versions), it is recognized that a number of OECD member States have expressed reservations about the articles of that text and have commented on the comments of those articles, and that some non-OECD member States have expressed comments. These formal expressions of divergences with respect to the Model Convention are contained in the text of the OECD Model Tax Convention, which is reviewed periodically. The Committee notes that these constitute a useful aspect of the OECD Model Tax Convention for the purpose of understanding how they are applied and interpreted in practice, although for practical reasons they have not been replicated in this Model Convention.”", "12. If efforts are made to seek comments, reservations and positions of countries in relation to the United Nations Model Convention, States firmly convinced that such a general declaration is insufficient could, of course, place their position on the Model Convention on the condition that it has cited the OECD Model Tax Convention in a particular case. This would more directly address the observations, reservations and positions expressed in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention, although only to the extent that an interpretation has been collected in particular in the United Nations Model Convention, and where the manner in which it has been done does not respond sufficiently to the concerns of States (e.g. by submitting an alternative formulation).", "III. Comments, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention", "13. The second aspect addressed in this document derives from the above approach: the treatment of possible observations, reservations and positions in respect of the United Nations Model Convention itself (see para. 1 (b) above). This matter was also addressed by the Committee at its fourth session, in 2008 (see E/2008/45):", "22. It was discussed as to the possible desirability of countries to make official comments on the United Nations Model Convention, an idea that gave rise to general support, including by increasing transparency in negotiating positions. An expert disagreed. On the other hand, the need to distinguish between the terms “observations” and “reservations” used by OECD countries with respect to the OECD Model Convention was also discussed. It was pointed out that it might be more successful to speak of non-binding “positions” or even “comments”. It also indicated the need to be realistic in undertaking any work in that regard and to take into account that the Committee had limited resources.", "14. With regard to the above, if a comprehensive database of country positions is to be found, the secretariat, and possibly the Committee, should provide a substantial amount of resources. While a subcommittee or working group on country positions would be formed, a major effort would be needed to notify all member States, through the relevant channels, of the possibility of including country positions; follow-up to those States that have not responded; and to establish links with which they can respond, including with the Committee or a subcommittee. It should also be ensured that responses do not perpetuate erroneous interpretations of the United Nations Model Convention; they are uniform; and that they show an understanding of the process of registering country positions. There might also be a need for a sponsor to address resource issues, especially if a printed publication was proposed.", "15. The process will take its time, but in the view of the secretariat, it will not cause delays in updating the 2011 United Nations Model Convention. It should be undertaken as a separate project, at least in this case, and countries should also be informed of the new version of the Model Convention and of the capacity-building initiatives proposed by the secretariat and referred to in the recent report of the Secretary-General on strengthening institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters (see E/2011/76, para. 17). It would be of particular importance to seek as many positions as possible from developing countries with respect to the Model Convention; in practice, that would not be easy to achieve.", "16. As noted above, the reference to country observations and reservations has a particular significance in the terminology used by OECD that does not exist in the United Nations Model Convention, which is why it is appropriate to avoid the confusion that would generate the use of those words. Assuming that it was necessary to present positions or observations, some States might be reluctant to respond if they thought that would give the impression to others (e.g. local legislative or judicial bodies) that certain positions were being made in the future. The introduction to positions on the OECD text indicates that:", "5. While these economies generally agree with the text of the articles of the Model Tax Convention and with the interpretations made in the commentary, each economy presents points of disagreement. For each article of the Model Fiscal Convention, the positions presented in this section indicate in which cases a country disagrees with the text of the article and in which it disagrees with an interpretation made in the commentary regarding the article. As is the case with the comments and reservations of member countries, there is no reference to cases where an economy would like to supplement the text of an article with provisions that are not contrary to the article, especially if those provisions are offered as alternatives to the commentary, or provide an interpretation that is not contrary to the commentary.", "17. In this regard, it should be noted that in a footnote to the introduction, China and Indonesia indicated that they wished to “clear expressly that in the course of negotiations with other countries, they will not be deemed bound by their positions as stated in this section.” The fact that positions are not binding on States that negotiate and interpret treaties, including through their judicial systems, could be further affirmed in the United Nations Model Convention or in any other document setting out positions. It could also be clarified that the positions adopted by States should not prevent States from disagreeing with the interpretations of the Model Convention that were not specifically discussed in positions.", "18. In order to adopt this approach, it may be appropriate to keep the list of positions updated, including in the periods between the updates to the United Nations Model Convention, in order to take into account the positions of States that have not yet manifested them and the changes to existing positions. That is another reason why the collection of positions should not be too closely linked to the publication of a new version of the Model Convention.", "19. On the other hand, in an article published in 2011, Brian Arnold stated:", "Discussions relating to article 14 highlighted the serious weakness in the process of updating the United Nations Model, namely, countries have no opportunities to make reservations about the articles of the United Nations Model or comments on the interpretation of those articles in the comments on the United Nations Model, as is the case with the OECD Model. Reservations and observations are useful modalities for recognizing minority positions. As indicated above, the Committee is composed of experts serving in a personal capacity and not as representatives of its countries. It would therefore not be appropriate for these experts to submit reservations or comments and there was no mechanism for countries to make such resolutions or observations. Given the absence of a clear mechanism to recognize minority positions, these are often reflected in the comments on the United Nations Model and can therefore be given greater relevance than they deserve.[2]", "20. The proposed approach would allow for proper recording of such minority positions at the country level without necessarily addressing them in the comments. In the case of some minority positions, especially those that are widely disseminated among developing countries, it would be better for them to be recorded in the comments (as in the United Nations Model Convention). Thus, the positions of countries could be recorded in cases where they were not incorporated into the commentary by the members of the Committee because they were not identified or for other reasons.", "IV. Recommendations", "21. Attaching countries ' positions to the United Nations Model Convention may present advantages in terms of transparency and the opportunity to have cleaner texts of the commentary, as well as instilling greater identification with the Model Convention, making use of the process to seek views for future versions of the Convention and to achieve greater participation in the update process.", "22. It could also entail disadvantages, including the following: in terms of logistical issues when it comes to gathering and incorporating positions, as well as ensuring that they remain up-to-date, given the limited resources of the secretariat (this is a project that could depend on inputs from States or other entities); the need for some coherence in the manner in which the positions are expressed and, probably, the need for a full dialogue; Such advantages and disadvantages should be addressed by the Committee before a decision is taken on this matter.", "23. It is proposed that for the next updated version of the United Nations Model Convention:", "(a) Country observations, reservations and positions in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention should be mentioned to the maximum in general in the introduction to the Model Convention when addressing the use of the OECD Model;", "(b) The preparation of positions on the Model Convention should not delay its publication; in the event of its implementation, it should be a separate but related process;", "(c) In order to avoid confusion, reference should be made to country positions and comments, for example, rather than to observations and reservations, especially taking into account the manner in which those words are used in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention;", "(d) Care should be taken to suggest to countries what words to use when proposing a position. The OECD Model Tax Convention usually follows the following format “[country X] reserves the right”. Regardless of their adequacy to the context of such a convention, it would be more appropriate to say that countries are “indicating”, “showing” or “releasing on record”, since the right to depart from the United Nations Model Convention is inherent and should not be formally declared, irrespective of whether or not positions relating to other provisions or aspects of comments are declared;", "(e) It should be recognized that the speed at which a comprehensive list of positions can be developed and published will depend in part on the willingness of donors to support such work.", "[1] OECD Recommendation C (97)195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax treaty news”, Bulletin for international Taxation, vol. 65, No. 2 (2001)" ]

[ "Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación", "Séptimo período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 24 a 28 de octubre de 2011", "* E/C.18/2011.1.", "Tema 5 c) del programa provisional*", "Deliberaciones sobre las cuestiones sustantivas relacionadas con la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación: Manual práctico para países en desarrollo sobre fijación de precios de transferencia", "Informe sobre la reunión oficiosa sobre cuestiones prácticas de la fijación de precios de transferencia para los países en desarrollo", "Nota de la Secretaría", "El informe adjunto, preparado por la Secretaría, se refiere a la reunión oficiosa sobre cuestiones prácticas de la fijación de precios de transferencia para países en desarrollo, celebrada el 7 y 8 de junio de 2011 en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York. La reunión fue copatrocinada por la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría, la oficina de Nueva York de la Fundación Friedrich Ebert, el Centro de Preocupación y Ayuda Cristiana. El material relativo a la reunión, incluida una versión más detallada del informe anexo, se puede consultar en http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "Anexo", "* Las opiniones expresadas en el presente informe no deben considerarse necesariamente como opiniones del Comité de Expertos o de las Naciones Unidas. La Secretaría es responsable de cualesquiera errores u omisiones.", "Informe sobre la reunión oficiosa sobre cuestiones prácticas de la fijación de precios de transferencia para los países en desarrollo*", "Introducción", "1. La reunión oficiosa sobre cuestiones prácticas de la fijación de precios de transferencia para países en desarrollo fue copatrocinada por la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría, la Oficina de Nueva York de la Fundación Friedrich Ebert, el Centro de Preocupación y Ayuda Cristiana. La reunión tuvo dos objetivos: a) ayudar al Subcomité de Transferencia de Precios – cuestiones prácticas, del Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación (el Subcomité) a garantizar que las perspectivas, prioridades y experiencias de los países en desarrollo se reflejen plenamente en el Manual práctico de las Naciones Unidas para países en desarrollo sobre fijación de precios de transferencia que está preparando el Subcomité; y b) familiarizar a las Misiones Permanentes ante las Naciones Unidas con la cuestión de los precios de transferencia y el costo para el desarrollo de la fijación de “precios no apropiados” por las empresas multinacionales, que en general son considerados extremadamente elevados. Los resultados previstos incluyen un examen fundamentado de las cuestiones de los precios de transferencia en el contexto del desarrollo y la aportación de contribuciones nuevas y específicas de los países en desarrollo a los proyectos de capítulos del Manual práctico. No se consideró necesario llegar a un consenso sobre cuestiones concretas, aunque de haberse logrado un consenso, eso se hubiera señalado.", "2. Asistieron a la reunión 60 participantes de Gobiernos (incluidos los representantes y asesores de las Misiones Permanentes ante las Naciones Unidas, empresarios, organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones internacionales y académicos).", "3. Alexander Trepelkov, Director de la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría, y Werner Puschra, Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina de Nueva York de la Fundación Friedrich Ebert, pronunciaron declaraciones de bienvenida. El Director de la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo dio las gracias a la Fundación Friedrich Ebert, al Centro de Preocupación y a Ayuda Cristiana por su firme apoyo a la organización de la reunión. Señaló que la participación de esos órganos añadía una dimensión más a las deliberaciones sobre la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación y a la función de las Naciones Unidas en esa esfera.", "4. El Director señaló también que el propósito principal de la reunión era reflejar plenamente las perspectivas, prioridades y experiencias de los países en desarrollo en relación con el Manual práctico para países en desarrollo sobre fijación de precios de transferencia, haciendo referencia al mandato del Subcomité de Transferencia de Precios-cuestiones prácticas. Se abordan también la cuestión de un enfoque gradual adecuado a la etapa de desarrollo específica de cada país y la necesidad de estudiar qué tipo de flexibilidad podría aplicarse a los países en desarrollo, que estuviera en consonancia con la Convención Modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre la doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo.", "5. El Director señaló los vínculos a la labor del Comité en su conjunto y a la de sus otros subcomités. Indicó que se había observado un gran interés en la labor de la Organización sobre precios de transferencia y reconoció la importancia de colaborar activamente con otros en esa esfera, admitiendo al mismo tiempo la gran necesidad de adoptar enfoques de inclusión a nivel mundial y la función especial de las Naciones Unidas a ese respecto.", "6. El Director de la Fundación Friedrich Ebert señaló el papel particular de la oficina de la fundación en Nueva York como centro de enlace en relación con cuestiones de gobernanza económica mundial y la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Subrayó su apoyo de larga data al proceso de financiación para el desarrollo y a la labor de la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo. Señaló que la tributación y las finanzas públicas eran ahora cuestiones de gran relieve internacional y que habían pasado a ser especialmente importantes debido a que guardan relación con lo que la gente espera de sus Gobiernos. Por último, destacó que había que hacer más para mejorar la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación.", "7. El Subsecretario General de Desarrollo Económico, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, pronunció un discurso de apertura, destacando el contexto de desarrollo de la cuestión de los precios de transferencia, y el hecho de que si no se asignan a las transacciones precios que reflejen verdaderamente los beneficios obtenidos en un país, se priva injustamente a este último de fondos y oportunidades para el desarrollo. De igual manera, un país que imponga gravámenes superiores a la parte equitativa correspondiente a los beneficios generados en su jurisdicción, puede dar lugar a la doble tributación, lo que podría tener efectos negativos en el clima de inversión y, por lo tanto, en el potencial de desarrollo de un país.", "8. El Subsecretario General observó que la mayoría de los países, incluidos los países en desarrollo que procuraban abordar la cuestión de los precios de transferencia manipulados, habían adoptado el “principio de plena competencia” en respuesta a esta cuestión, y que las dificultades e injusticias reales provenían no tanto de la propia teoría sino de su aplicación práctica. Destacó la necesidad de un fomento de la capacidad selectivo y que respondiese a las necesidades y de que se ayudase a los países a crear entornos de inversión que redujesen los costos del cumplimiento para las empresas que procuraban establecer asociaciones para el desarrollo que fueran mutuamente beneficiosas a largo plazo. Las instituciones internacionales debían trabajar juntas en forma cooperativa y los países en desarrollo debían participar activamente.", "9. Al referirse a la cuestión de la forma en que las Naciones Unidas podrían plantear la cuestión a fin de satisfacer esas necesidades, el Subsecretario General mencionó la composición universal, el mandato y la legitimidad de las Naciones Unidas, que daba lugar a todos los puntos de vista, así como su capacidad para trabajar en cooperación con otras organizaciones, empresas, interesados de la sociedad civil y países individuales.", "10. El Subsecretario General finalizó su alocución señalando que las Naciones Unidas podían cumplir un papel más importante asegurando que todas las partes que tuviesen interés en las “reglas del juego” participaran en la elaboración de esas normas. Ese enfoque inclusivo ayudaría a garantizar que las normas tratasen las verdaderas complejidades de los sistemas impositivos y la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación; respetasen el derecho soberano de los países de determinar sus sistemas impositivos, reconociendo también al mismo tiempo los efectos secundarios que podrían tener esas decisiones en el plano internacional; e hicieran frente de la mejor manera posible a los desafíos del desarrollo.", "Tema 1 del programa La función de las Naciones Unidas en la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación, el efecto de los precios de transferencia sobre el desarrollo sostenible y las posibles soluciones", "Grupo 1: Cuestiones generales de la cooperación internacional en materia de tributación", "11. La tarea del grupo 1 era sentar las bases para el examen de las cuestiones relativas a los precios de transferencia y, en particular, determinar la función de las Naciones Unidas en la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación.", "12. El Director de la Oficina de Financiación del Desarrollo centró su presentación en las propuestas de convertir el Comité de Expertos en Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación en un órgano intergubernamental, e informó a los participantes acerca del informe del Secretario General sobre el fortalecimiento de los acuerdos institucionales para promover la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación, incluido el Comité de Expertos sobre Cooperación Internacional en Cuestiones de Tributación (E/2011/76), preparado en respuesta a una petición del Consejo Económico y Social.", "13. El Director puso de relieve el esbozo del informe y dijo que identificaba tres opciones para el fortalecimiento de los acuerdos institucionales que podría considerar el Consejo: a) fortalecimiento de los acuerdos existentes; b) conversión del Comité en una comisión intergubernamental; y c) creación de una nueva comisión intergubernamental manteniendo el actual Comité. Un primer examen del informe realizado por el Consejo el 26 de abril de 2011 mostró un apoyo inconcluso para la conversión del comité. Las consultas oficiosas entre los Gobiernos sobre un proyecto de resolución pertinente (E/2011/L.13) presentado por la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China el 1 de junio de 2011, se consideraron como deliberaciones en marcha.", "14. El primer orador del grupo subrayó la función que cumplía el Comité de apoyar a los países en desarrollo en cuestiones internacionales sobre tributación. Señaló el interés de las empresas en la función de las Naciones Unidas en esas esferas, especialmente dado que el Comité estaba tratando la cuestión de los precios de transferencia. Señaló también que individuos de países tanto desarrollados como en desarrollo trabajaban juntos para elaborar normas que fueran aceptables para todos, reconociendo la diversidad de los enfoques adoptados por los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Virtualmente todos los tratados sobre tributación se basaban en un enfoque racional de plena competencia, pero la aplicación del principio de la plena competencia podía ser muy complicada en la práctica. Un enfoque racional que examinase las funciones, los activos y los riesgos podía facilitar el intercambio de ingresos fiscales sobre una base equitativa. Aunque la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) contaba con directrices sobre la compleja cuestión de los precios de transferencia, era necesario proporcionar a los países en desarrollo orientación práctica para tratar la cuestión de los precios de transferencia y la aplicación del principio de plena competencia. Era importante que la labor de las Naciones Unidas estuviera en consonancia con las directrices de la OCDE sobre precios de transferencia para empresas multinacionales y administraciones fiscales, en lugar de duplicar la labor de la OCDE y otras entidades, y que se proporcionase más orientación sobre la aplicación práctica del principio de plena competencia. A este respecto, las empresas necesitaban una certidumbre jurídica, incluso directrices que se aplicasen de manera coherente entre los países.", "15. El segundo orador destacó que la función de las Naciones Unidas en la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación se basaba en su aceptación universal y su legitimidad. La Organización estaba en condiciones de apoyar a las administraciones fiscales de los países en desarrollo respecto de cuestiones de tributación transfronterizas y de cumplir un papel clave en el establecimiento de una capacidad nacional para establecer administraciones fiscales más eficaces. Subrayó que los países en desarrollo debían establecer un equilibrio entre la generación de ingresos y la creación de un entorno favorable a las inversiones.", "16. Otro orador destacó que las organizaciones de la sociedad civil apoyaban una función más enérgica de las Naciones Unidas en la cooperación internacional en cuestiones de tributación. La Organización tenía varias ventajas comparativas sobre otros foros, ya que en ella estaban representados los países en desarrollo; era un foro político con poder de convocatoria; y podía abordar las cuestiones de tributación de manera integral, junto con cuestiones como el comercio y la inversión. El orador señaló que no debía permitirse que los argumentos de “duplicación de recursos” y “aumento del alcance de una misión” perjudicaran las funciones legítimas de las Naciones Unidas. Subrayó que había una diferencia entre invitar a países en desarrollo a una reunión para examinar cuestiones, por una parte, y tener una banca en la mesa en que se adoptaban las decisiones clave, incluso con derecho de voto y capacidad para ejercer influencia, por la otra.", "17. En las deliberaciones subsiguientes, el Presidente señaló dos cuestiones particulares: a) si el Comité se transformaba en una comisión intergubernamental ¿qué estructura debía tener?; y b) cuál era la función de la Organización en la elaboración de directrices sobre precios de transferencia. Con respecto a esto último, los representantes de las empresas señalaron que habría dificultades si se recibían mensajes divergentes de las Naciones Unidas y de la OCDE. Los países en desarrollo señalaron la necesidad de contar con más orientación práctica sobre la base de sus situaciones reales.", "18. En el debate general, se señaló que la finalidad del Manual práctico no era crear una alternativa a las directrices de la OCDE sobre precios de transferencia, sino preservar el mismo “principio de plena competencia” en que se basaban la Convención Fiscal Modelo de la OCDE sobre el ingreso y el capital y las directrices para facilitar la aplicación del principio de plena competencia en la práctica. Al referirse a la cuestión de la duplicación, algunos participantes de los países en desarrollo señalaron que no había un monopolio de ideas en esa esfera y que solo podía haber “duplicación” si los mismos países estuvieran representados en los diferentes foros, lo que con frecuencia no era el caso.", "Grupo 2: Cuestiones específicas de los precios de transferencia", "19. El Presidente planteó una serie de cuestiones específicas sobre los precios de transferencia, incluso sus efectos sobre el desarrollo, las opciones que tenían los países en desarrollo para abordar la cuestión de los precios de transferencia y la función del Comité en la fijación de los precios de transferencia.", "20. El primer orador destacó que los efectos de los precios de transferencia sobre el desarrollo eran una cuestión crucial y que esos precios debían considerarse en el contexto más amplio de las políticas económicas y fiscales. Los países en desarrollo debían generar ingresos con fines de desarrollo, y al mismo tiempo promover las actividades de las empresas. Según cual fuese su estructura económica, los países en desarrollo podían aplicar diferentes enfoques de los precios de transferencia. Además, los mecanismos para el arreglo de controversias eran un factor importante cuando se trataban cuestiones de tributación transfronterizas.", "21. Otro orador señaló que la identificación correcta de los precios de transferencia constituía también un desafío para las empresas. Tras la globalización de las empresas, ciertas tendencias de las industrias y el aumento de las jurisdicciones secretas, se había producido un creciente abuso de los precios de transferencia para evitar la tributación. Esos abusos representaron una pérdida importante para los ingresos fiscales en todo el mundo. A fin de mejorar las bases para la adopción de decisiones, el orador instó a que se realizaran más investigaciones empíricas y a que se reunieran datos sobre precios de transferencia.", "22. Un tercer orador señaló que las lagunas en los conocimientos de los legisladores y el sector privado constituían importantes obstáculos a la reglamentación de los precios de transferencia. Por consiguiente, el aumento de la toma de conciencia, el diálogo internacional y la educación revestían una importancia crítica. Para facilitar la consideración de los precios de transferencia en los países en desarrollo, era necesario diseñar soluciones sencillas, baratas y creativas.", "23. Otro orador señaló que la tributación y el desarrollo ocupaban un lugar destacado entre las prioridades de la Comisión Europea y que, como resultado de ello, uno de sus objetivos más importantes era aumentar la capacidad de los países en desarrollo en materia de precios de transferencia. A tal fin, la Comisión había iniciado un estudio sobre la forma de apoyar a los países en desarrollo en el diseño y la aplicación de leyes sobre precios de transferencia. Una conclusión preliminar fue que la introducción de leyes sobre precios de transferencia normalmente daba lugar a un aumento de los ingresos fiscales.", "24. En las deliberaciones, los participantes destacaron que la asimetría de la información entre las empresas multinacionales y las autoridades fiscales de los países en desarrollo en el contexto de la evaluación de las transacciones entre los grupos constituía un reto crucial. Se consideró que las cuestiones claves para la adopción de medidas eran el fomento de la capacidad de los países en desarrollo y la mayor disponibilidad e intercambio de información sobre precios de transferencia.", "Tema 2 del programa El marco de negocios para los precios de transferencia", "25. El primer orador se refirió a las actividades cotidianas de los negocios que tenían que ver con cuestiones relativas a los precios de transferencia, y destacó que no había un solo tipo de “empresa”: todas eran diferentes. La función de los especialistas fiscales en las empresas privadas era maximizar el rendimiento para los accionistas, pero de manera sostenible. Para estos especialistas, lo importante no era dónde se pagaban los impuestos siempre que se pagaran solo una vez. A juicio del orador, los especialistas fiscales empleaban gran parte de su tiempo evitando la doble tributación y muchos no tenían tiempo para una planificación fiscal agresiva. El orador acogió con beneplácito la participación de las Naciones Unidas en la fijación de los precios de transferencia por conducto del Manual práctico, ya que su empresa trataba con individuos de muchos países que no eran miembros de la OCDE.", "26. Expresó también la opinión de que los márgenes de tolerancia podrían ser buenos o malos desde una perspectiva empresarial, pero una vez que existían no había obligación alguna de maximizar el pago de impuestos. Los precios de transferencia eran una cuestión complicada y las respuestas sencillas por lo general no funcionaban; ahora bien, un enfoque sencillo que con frecuencia funciona bien en la práctica era que, una vez que los Gobiernos tomaran cartas en esta cuestión, los especialistas en materia tributaria debían abstenerse de actuar y dejar que fueran los Gobiernos los que decidieran la cuestión con el objeto de que las empresas pagaran impuestos solo una vez, y de ahí la importancia de contar con buenos mecanismos de arreglo de controversias. Señaló que había legítimas oportunidades para el arbitraje pero había que actuar con sentido práctico y emplear el sentido común.", "27. Otro orador señaló la importancia del capítulo sobre el marco de negocios para el establecimiento del entorno para el Manual práctico. En su calidad de administrador fiscal, su principal interés consistía en determinar el verdadero valor de las funciones y actividades realizadas en su país. En general, el establecimiento de los precios de mercado, como un valor de mercado independiente, era una medida aceptable del valor creado en una jurisdicción determinada, aunque algunas veces esto no era totalmente cierto. Señaló también que aun si había ejemplos de planificación tributaria agresiva y abusos, los precios de transferencia se referían en general a las operaciones cotidianas con transacciones inevitables dentro del grupo. La cuestión de los precios de transferencia era complicada y difícil pero no era “inmune a la aplicación de la ley” y constituía una parte muy importante del entorno tributario.", "28. Otro participante señaló que los diferentes grupos de empresas tenían modelos diferentes y que los modelos multinacionales de algunos países en desarrollo podrían ser diferentes. Por ejemplo, podrían estar basados en las empresas de familia. Los países debían entender esas cuestiones y no establecer regímenes de fijación de precios de transferencia únicamente porque estaba de moda. Algunos países habían decidido no tener este tipo de regímenes debido al costo que su cumplimiento representaba para las empresas.", "29. El mismo orador dijo que no había una definición internacional clara del principio de plena competencia. El enfoque actual de ese principio era el de la OCDE y su introducción en los países en desarrollo podría requerir su modificación. En las etapas iniciales se podría desarrollar un modelo más basado en el prorrateo, dejando para más tarde la introducción de un modelo basado en la plena competencia, una vez que se hubieran desarrollado capacidades. Al comienzo del capítulo sobre el marco de negocios del Manual práctico se podría describir más claramente ese enfoque.", "30. Un participante señaló el potencial de los regímenes de precios de transferencia para determinar el valor de las operaciones de las empresas multinacionales en los países en desarrollo, reconociendo al mismo tiempo que también se corrían riesgos relacionados con los obstáculos a la inversión, la doble tributación, el costo del cumplimiento, la incertidumbre y otras cuestiones. Era necesario considerar todos estos factores en forma equilibrada. Señaló que el prorrateo de las ganancias era muy difícil debido a que las empresas multinacionales ofrecían sinergias y economías de escala para liberar valores no disponibles cuando se actuaba sobre una base de país por país. La labor de las Naciones Unidas podría ayudar a garantizar la aprobación de legislación efectiva y las organizaciones no gubernamentales podrían ayudar a los parlamentarios a comprender la cuestión en los países que consideraran la promulgación de ese tipo de legislación.", "31. Indicó que el acceso a la información y la gestión del riesgo eran cuestiones clave y que la información país por país podría ayudar a los países en desarrollo a identificar cuestiones de alto riesgo. Señaló como una realidad el aumento de la vigilancia, no solo de las ganancias de las empresas sino también de los aspectos éticos de sus operaciones. Se refirió a la posible función de las Naciones Unidas, de ayudar a los países en desarrollo a obtener información sobre las estructuras de las empresas, y de los países anfitriones de empresas multinacionales, en el intercambio de información sobre transacciones y operaciones de alto riesgo de esas empresas.", "32. El orador expresó la opinión de que correspondía a las Naciones Unidas la función de un foro en el que las administraciones de las empresas y la sociedad civil pudieran reunirse para examinar esas cuestiones en un “entorno seguro”, que permitiese comprender de dónde provenían. Las esferas de interés acerca de los precios de transferencia podían variar de un país a otro, incluso debido a la escala y el tipo de la empresa, la especialización y los entornos jurídicos y de negocios. Sería conveniente que las Naciones Unidas ayudaran a los países en desarrollo a priorizar esas cuestiones. Además, debía haber un debate sobre los enfoques graduales a los modelos de negocios y la determinación de si serían de utilidad.", "Tema 3 del programa Entorno jurídico general", "33. El primer orador se refirió a la experiencia de la India en el establecimiento de un entorno jurídico para los precios de transferencia y dijo que la India había establecido su dependencia de precios de transferencia en 2001, siguiendo una política de “economía más abierta” que había dado lugar a más inversiones extranjeras directas. Las autoridades que reconocen la necesidad de diseñar políticas que se ajusten a las realidades locales deberían diseñar políticas estables que fueran apropiadas al tipo de industrias establecidas en un país determinado, ya que los cambios frecuentes en la legislación o las reglamentaciones podrían crear incertidumbres para las empresas.", "34. Otro orador presentó algunos factores claves que, a su juicio, ayudarían a que el enfoque de plena competencia funcionara con más eficacia: a) la existencia y la aceptación general de reglas y orientaciones internacionales, como las Directrices sobre precios de transferencia de la OCDE y el Manual práctico sobre precios de transferencia de las Naciones Unidas para los países en desarrollo; b) leyes específicas sobre precios de transferencia internos; c) mecanismos eficaces de arreglo de controversias y de evitación de la doble tributación; y d) comparables “basados en la experiencia”. Cuando no hubiera datos locales para establecer comparables, la oradora sostuvo que los contribuyentes podían utilizar datos regionales o mundiales. En ciertos casos, algunos tipos de datos objetivos y genuinamente basados en la experiencia podrían resultar de utilidad. Sugirió también que en el caso de los países en desarrollo, era necesario identificar el tipo de datos que tenían los países para comenzar a construir una base de datos comparables y podría ser necesario establecer un período inicial de actividades de fomento antes de establecer una base de datos a escala completa. Algunos órganos, como las Naciones Unidas, podían cumplir una importante función facilitando ese proceso en el futuro.", "35. Otro orador señaló que la introducción de regímenes específicos de precios de transferencia no siempre era una cuestión negativa, dado que la certidumbre era importante para los intereses comerciales.", "36. Se señaló también la necesidad de que los datos fueran de buena calidad para que los países pudieran aprovechar los beneficios de los acuerdos de fijación anticipada de precios. Otro orador indicó que el empleo de datos de buena calidad se veía obstaculizado por el costo que representaba obtener esos datos de las entidades privadas que vendían el acceso a ellos.", "Tema 4 del programa Establecimiento de capacidad para fijar precios de transferencia en los países en desarrollo", "37. El primer orador se refirió al problema de obtener personal calificado para aplicar un programa de precios de transferencia y abordar la cuestión de la insuficiencia de datos. Sugirió un comienzo modesto seguido de un perfeccionamiento; a medida que el programa avanzara, las administraciones fiscales podrían elaborar más reglamentos y reglas generales.", "38. Otro participante expresó la opinión de que en la mayoría de los casos los pequeños comercios locales de los países en desarrollo terminaban pagando impuestos como si fueran empresas, mientras que las grandes empresas multinacionales pagaban poco o ningún impuesto. Era muy importante desarrollar buenas políticas de inversión y no ofrecer incentivos fiscales excesivos. Acogió con beneplácito la idea de un debate público sobre concesiones e incentivos fiscales.", "39. Un orador expresó la opinión de que en muchos casos las empresas locales no sabían cómo aplicar el principio de plena competencia. Un estudio realizado en un país reveló que casi ninguna de las 200 empresas subsidiarias entrevistadas sabía cómo se determinaban los precios internos. Por lo tanto, era necesario educar a las empresas. Los funcionarios de aduana también necesitaban capacitación para poder identificar los riesgos de la fijación de precios de transferencia.", "40. Al considerar las cuestiones del fomento de la capacidad y la asistencia técnica, un participante se refirió a la importancia de contar con un buen sistema judicial y un parlamento receptivo a la promulgación de leyes apropiadas. Destacó también la importancia de establecer un equilibrio entre los beneficios de la aplicación de regímenes de precios de transferencia y el costo de su aplicación. Para un país en su conjunto, los beneficios de la aplicación de precios de transferencia debían superar a su costo y, a ese respecto, el Manual práctico debía reflejar la situación imperante en cada país.", "41. Al ofrecer sus perspectivas sobre el fomento de la capacidad, otro orador sugirió que la mejor forma de introducir regímenes de precios de transferencia era como parte de reformas de políticas tributarias más amplias. La ley de precios de transferencia debía abarcar tanto los precios nacionales como internacionales, especialmente cuando el país ofreciera incentivos fiscales. La forma más práctica de garantizar el alto nivel de experiencia requerido para las auditorías de precios de transferencia en las administraciones fiscales de los países en desarrollo, era encargar a un equipo sobre precios de transferencia integrado por un pequeño grupo de auditores que realizara una auditoría completa de los precios de transferencia, y a otros auditores que estudiaran los riesgos de los precios de transferencia durante las auditorías ordinarias.", "42. En el debate general, los participantes convinieron en que los beneficios de un fomento de la capacidad bien focalizado superaban a los costos. Ese fomento de la capacidad era importante en la esfera de los precios de transferencia, no debía imponerse a expensas de la labor sobre otras cuestiones importantes. También se consideró importante que hubiera una coherencia en las políticas tributarias de diferentes entidades gubernamentales; la incertidumbre para los gobiernos y los contribuyentes provocada por la falta de coordinación dentro de un gobierno tenía consecuencias para el fomento de la capacidad. Por consiguiente, el fomento de la capacidad debía referirse a toda la estructura gubernamental. Un participante observó que, si había una voluntad política suficiente, la cuestión de los incentivos que tuvieran efectos fiscales debía abordarse solo en la legislación tributaria. Esta sería una forma útil de garantizar la coherencia y de asegurar que se tuvieran plenamente en cuenta las consecuencias fiscales de los incentivos.", "43. Otro participante señaló que la función principal de las autoridades encargadas de la promoción de las inversiones era alentar las inversiones; algunas veces había una dependencia excesiva de los incentivos fiscales, y esto podría chocar con los objetivos de las administraciones fiscales. Con frecuencia, ese era el caso porque los incentivos no siempre eran necesarios para atraer inversiones.", "44. Varios participantes señalaron que el fomento de la capacidad debía abordar las necesidades particulares de cada país, basarse en la premisa de la implicación nacional y no estar limitado a los precios de transferencia sin tener en cuenta su contexto más amplio. Ahora bien, se señaló que una reforma generalizada era un proceso costoso y a largo plazo y que la realización de reformas tempranas en esferas estratégicas, como el análisis y la terminación preestablecida de las moratorias fiscales, podría ser importante, incluso para establecer el apoyo y la credibilidad de las modificaciones a más largo plazo.", "45. Un participante se refirió a los aspectos de fomento de las aptitudes, señalando que la capacidad de ofrecer un equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida, que no siempre podía encontrarse en las empresas de consultoría, sería también una forma de atraer y retener a personal de alta calidad.", "46. Para muchos países era importante asegurar que los funcionarios siguieran trabajando en la esfera de los precios de transferencia tras su capacitación inicial, que con frecuencia podía tomar hasta dos años. Otros, por su parte, subrayaron que el mantenimiento de las mismas personas en una esfera durante un largo tiempo podría dar lugar a cuestiones de integridad.", "47. Un participante señaló que aun en el caso de que se recomendaran normas internacionales, en última instancia correspondía a cada país decidir qué normas adoptaría para los precios de transferencia. Se había reconocido la necesidad de que los países en desarrollo estuvieran en condiciones de adoptar decisiones y participar en la elaboración de las normas recomendadas. A este respecto, la Secretaría señaló que la finalidad del Manual práctico no era decir a los países lo que tenían que hacer, si no ayudar, a los que hubieran decidido adoptar el criterio de la plena competencia, en la aplicación práctica de ese criterio. Eso no quería decir que no se celebraran deliberaciones sobre cuestiones más amplias y a más largo plazo en el contexto del Comité, incluso con miras a incrementar la participación de los países en desarrollo en el establecimiento de lo que podrían pasar a ser normas internacionales.", "Tema 5 del programa Métodos para lograr la fijación de precios de plena competencia", "48. En el capítulo 5 del Manual práctico se presentan diferentes métodos utilizados para determinar un precio de plena competencia y se examinan las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de ellos. En proyectos anteriores, se habían tratado los métodos tradicionales y los métodos de los beneficios de las transacciones en dos capítulos diferentes, mientras que en el presente proyecto se los trata en uno solo.", "49. El primer orador sobre este tema señaló que el capítulo se ajustaba en la mayor medida posible a las partes sustantivas de las Directrices de la OCDE, pero era diferente en la forma en que abordaba las ventajas y desventajas de cada método y en qué proporcionaba, cuando se los pudiera aplicar, ejemplos y fórmulas para determinar claramente cuándo y en qué forma se debían aplicar los métodos a nivel práctico. Algunos aspectos de los métodos de las ganancias de las transacciones se examinaban también con más detalles prácticos que en las Directrices de la OCDE.", "50. La oradora se refirió a las deliberaciones sobre la forma de hacer frente a la falta de comparables y el empleo de comparables hipotéticos o secretos, y dijo que podría ser útil considerar una disposición sobre terminación prevista, en virtud de la cual los contribuyentes pudieran utilizar una gama basada objetivamente en la experiencia como sistema de exclusión explícita para funciones sencillas. Evidentemente, una cuestión era determinar de dónde provendrían los datos, y las organizaciones como las Naciones Unidas podrían colaborar a ese respecto. Esos datos basados en la experiencia debían ser transparentes y ampliamente indicativos de las negociaciones relativas a la plena competencia y habría que considerar necesariamente si debían estar basados en la experiencia mundial, regional o local.", "51. El Presidente señaló que la aplicación de métodos de precios de transferencia sin contar con la información necesaria llevaría inevitablemente al fracaso y posiblemente a la doble tributación; por lo tanto, esa cuestión era un tema práctico de debate.", "52. El segundo orador reconoció la necesidad de períodos de transición en los países en desarrollo para la adopción de un régimen completo de fijación de precios de plena competencia, pero no creía que un sistema de márgenes fijos pudiera cumplir ese propósito. Un concepto de transición más apropiado sería eliminar gradualmente las disposiciones restrictivas del anterior régimen económico cerrado. En relación con los mecanismos de transición para la fijación de precios de transferencia reducidos o muy simplificados, era necesario tener conciencia de que era difícil eliminarlos una vez que existían, especialmente si ofrecían concesiones fiscales.", "53. El orador sostuvo que los casos que probablemente fueran más usuales en los países en desarrollo se encontrarían en las industrias tradicionales, en donde la valoración de intangibles (por ejemplo, nombres o marcas de fábrica) no era tan difícil. Era necesario proporcionar a los países en desarrollo orientación sobre comparables, dado que con frecuencia carecían de comparables locales y era necesario hacer los ajustes pertinentes a los comparables extranjeros, incluso para tener en cuenta las diferencias en los principios contables utilizados.", "54. Otro orador señaló que las funciones corporativas determinantes y las valoraciones de los riesgos debían figurar en lugar más destacado en el capítulo sobre métodos. Subrayó la importancia de determinar si las personas a cargo de las funciones de dirección de las empresas eran capaces de administrar ese tipo de función en la entidad que estaban examinando. Era importante considerar no solo el número de personas, sino también sus aptitudes y experiencia.", "55. Destacó que, desde una perspectiva empresarial, la aplicación de diferentes normas sobre precios de transferencia en diferentes países funcionaría efectivamente solo si se establecía un mecanismo robusto de solución de controversias y arbitraje para abordar las cuestiones en que las controversias pudieran dar lugar a la doble tributación.", "56. Otro orador sostuvo que el Manual práctico debía centrar la atención en simplificar las directrices sobre precios de transferencia y conferirles fuerza ejecutoria para las administraciones fiscales de los países en desarrollo. El Manual práctico no debía reflejar solo las directrices de la OCDE sino también tener en cuenta las circunstancias de todos los Estados Miembros. A su juicio, las cuestiones principales eran las siguientes: a) era muy difícil para los países en desarrollo aplicar las directrices de la OCDE y no era seguro que se pudiera hacer cumplir el principio de plena competencia y la alineación con esas directrices podría no ser el mejor camino para los países en desarrollo; por lo tanto, se debía hacer hincapié en la simplicidad y la fuerza ejecutoria; b) el Manual práctico debía ser más objetivo en cuanto a las dificultades prácticas para obtener comparables; c) la dificultad de obtener la información necesaria debía ser confrontada más directamente y el Manual práctico debía apoyar más explícitamente la presentación de informes país por país; d) debía prestarse más atención a otros métodos, como los márgenes de tolerancia, el método de la distribución de las ganancias residuales, los márgenes fijos y los métodos híbridos; e) la cuestión del empleo de métodos de fijación de precios de transferencia para enviar las ganancias a los paraísos fiscales debía abordarse en el capítulo sobre métodos de precios de transferencia; f) muchos de los que participaban en esos trabajos tenían intereses creados en la complejidad y el uso continuado de las directrices de la OCDE; por lo tanto, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y los académicos independientes debían participar más en la elaboración del Manual práctico; y g) debía reconocerse que las normas actuales habían sido diseñadas por los países desarrollados y que los países en desarrollo debían participar más en ese proceso, como se había señalado en el discurso de apertura del Subsecretario General. Si el Manual práctico tratase solamente de las directrices de la OCDE, podía ser objeto de críticas.", "57. Un orador señaló que el capítulo sobre métodos era un elemento básico del Manual práctico y debía funcionar como “herramienta” de las administraciones para determinar la forma de aplicar el principio de plena competencia en la práctica. Se refirió a una hoja de ruta para alcanzar resultados de plena competencia, pero dijo que la elección de un método determinado de fijación de precios de transferencia dependería de las circunstancias y de la información disponible. Los que se ocuparan de las cuestiones de los precios de transferencia deberían estar en condiciones de evaluar esas cuestiones y un buen auditor fiscal de cualquier administración debería estar en condiciones de hacerlo.", "58. Otro orador se refirió a la experiencia de un país en la utilización de márgenes fijos para los precios de transferencia. Esto elimina la necesidad de encontrar comparables y constituye un sistema sencillo y de bajo costo tanto para los contribuyentes como para las autoridades. Reconoció que los márgenes fijos debían establecerse cuidadosamente en la legislación, ser suficientemente específicos de industrias y tener una formulación transparente. Propuso que se incluyese una sección sobre márgenes fijos en el capítulo sobre métodos o en un capítulo separado.", "59. En las deliberaciones subsiguientes, los participantes intercambiaron opiniones sobre cuál de los métodos de fijación de precios de transferencia sería más adecuado en diferentes circunstancias. Hubo un debate sobre la naturaleza de un método “adicional” dispuesto en la legislación de algunos países; se sugirió que si ese tipo de enfoque estaba suficientemente definido como un medio de determinar precios de conformidad con el principio de plena competencia, podría ser una experiencia útil para otros países. Se señaló también que cualquier enfoque “fijo” debía reconocer que podría ser necesario realizar algunos ajustes para tener en cuenta circunstancias particulares. Un participante consideró que era difícil imaginar cómo los márgenes simplificados podían estar en consonancia con el principio de plena competencia, y hubo un debate acerca de si esos enfoques funcionarían solo en mercados muy competitivos, donde las ganancias tendían a establecer una igualdad entre los competidores.", "60. El Presidente, al hacer un resumen, señaló la preocupación general por la frecuente falta de información fidedigna y las limitaciones que afectaban a la capacidad para analizar y ajustar esa información según fuera necesario. Señaló que el Comité podía pedir al Subcomité de precios de transferencia-cuestiones prácticas, que se ocupara un poco de esta cuestión en el futuro, en forma separada de su actual labor sobre el Manual práctico. Señaló también que se había planteado una vez más la cuestión del fomento de la capacidad, no solo en términos de la gestión de riesgos sino también en cuanto a la forma de aplicar métodos, incluso la medición de funciones, activos y riesgos.", "Tema 6 del programa Comparabilidad", "61. El primer orador habló sobre la frecuente falta de datos comparables y se refirió a un país en el que las autoridades, cuando buscaban transacciones comparables, tenían que utilizar bases de datos europeas porque no tenían una alternativa nacional. Los datos no eran plenamente comparables y no se había avanzado mucho en la aplicación de ajustes para ponerlos en consonancia con el mercado interno; no obstante, los contribuyentes tenían problemas similares. Una cuestión que creaba problemas era que muchos países en desarrollo no tenían los fondos necesarios para pagar los derechos de acceso a esas bases de datos y los propios contribuyentes podrían no tener acceso. Una posibilidad sería promulgar legislación que requiriese información financiera para construir bases de datos.", "62. Otro orador se refirió al análisis de las funciones, los activos y los riesgos. Por ejemplo, las funciones eran particularmente importantes cuando se contrataba personal, ya que era esencial examinar sus aptitudes y perfiles. Las estrategias de penetración del mercado era una cuestión importante en algunos países. Al determinar quién debía hacerse cargo de los gastos, si la subsidiaria o la casa matriz, los países consideraban la naturaleza del negocio en su conjunto y el sector pertinente; después de que se consultaban las bases de datos, se aplicaban filtros para asegurarse de que había una comparabilidad funcional y económica. Se utilizaba material del dominio público, incluido el que utilizaban otros organismos de regulación en el plano internacional. Era muy importante comprender los procesos de una industria determinada a los fines de la comparación. En la India, los datos comparables se podían encontrar principalmente en bases de datos apropiadas, pero esos productos eran con frecuencia complicados y podía resultar difícil encontrar comparables.", "63. Otro participante expresó sentimientos encontrados en cuanto a la comparabilidad, señalando que era esencial y compleja, pero que siempre había excusas para sostener que no había comparabilidad. Eso creaba incertidumbre y con frecuencia daba lugar al uso del método del margen neto de la transacción. Cualquiera fuese el comparable utilizado, siempre se podían encontrar argumentos contra ellos. La clave era que la cuestión de la contabilidad debía enfocarse desde el punto de vista de la buena fe. No se trataba solo de documentar lo que se estaba haciendo, sino también por qué se lo estaba haciendo, y lo que no se estaba haciendo y por qué no. Eso se aplicaba tanto a los gobiernos como a los contribuyentes. El aspecto negativo era que pocas decisiones eran tan claras como escoger entre blanco y negro, y se necesitaban honestidad y buena fe para resolver esas incertidumbres. El Manual práctico podía tratar esas cuestiones con más detalle.", "64. Un participante observó que una presunción, con una carga de la prueba dinámica o cambiante, podría ayudar a hacer frente al costo de las cuestiones de complejidad y de lagunas en la información.", "65. Al hacer el resumen de las deliberaciones, el Presidente destacó los beneficios de los enfoques armonizados entre los países de la misma región. Observó que un caso que técnicamente fuera bueno podía no ser comprendido por un magistrado que no fuera un especialista en precios de transferencia; por lo tanto, era importante hacer que esas cuestiones complejas pudieran comprenderse lo más posible. Los datos buenos producían documentación buena, y esto podría ser difícil de obtener dado que las empresas multinacionales con frecuencia tenían más acceso a esa información que las administraciones.", "Tema 7 del programa Solución de controversias", "66. La primera oradora presentó el tema y explicó que la solución de controversias en virtud de los precios de transferencia era muy similar a la solución de controversias en los procedimientos generales de acuerdo mutuo, que actualmente consideraba el Comité en el contexto de la Convención modelo de las Naciones Unidas sobre doble tributación entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo. Señaló la importancia de contar con mecanismos eficaces de solución de controversias y puso de relieve que si eran diseñados y aplicados en forma robusta y apropiada, beneficiarían tanto a las administraciones fiscales como a las empresas.", "67. La oradora señaló la escasez de recursos que afectaba a muchas administraciones fiscales de países en desarrollo y sugirió mecanismos prácticos y eficientes de solución y evitación de controversias para ayudarlas a mejorar su eficiencia. Reflexionó sobre la función del procedimiento de acuerdo mutuo para asegurar la promoción de los fines de los tratados sobre doble tributación, incluso respecto de evitar la doble tributación. Los programas de acuerdos mutuos más satisfactorios exhibían características de transparencia y cooperación, y una cierta independencia de la función de auditoría.", "68. Con respecto a los acuerdos de fijación anticipada de precios, observó que no eran adecuados para todos, y que había que actuar con cautela al recomendarlos como primeras opciones, aunque podían cumplir una función importante en muchos países.", "69. La oradora consideró que el arbitraje de los tratados sobre tributación era un medio importante para administrar un gran número de casos de solución de controversias, ayudar a las autoridades competentes para facilitar su labor e inspirar confianza en el sistema. En la práctica, era probable que fuera mucho más importante que la conciliación o la mediación. Los desafíos debían abordarse de manera práctica, incluso la determinación de si el costo del arbitraje podía reasignarse de manera que ayudara a los países a aceptar este enfoque.", "70. La Secretaría señaló que el arbitraje podía contribuir a una mayor certidumbre. No obstante, el costo y la complejidad del arbitraje podían ser un obstáculo importante para muchos países en desarrollo y podrían inclinar indebidamente la balanza en contra de ellos. Si el costo fuera sufragado por los contribuyentes, y los países se pusieran de acuerdo sobre esa estrecha participación de los contribuyentes, lo que en sí misma podría ser una cuestión controvertida, podría darse la impresión de que esto alentaba a los árbitros a adoptar decisiones desfavorables para la administración fiscal y, por lo tanto, no sería una solución. También era posible, por lo menos en los primeros años, que se considerase que los árbitros no estaban al tanto de las realidades y condiciones de los países en desarrollo. Con frecuencia se necesitarían asignaciones de recursos extrapresupuestarios para un arbitraje y, en la mayoría de los casos, una parte considerable de esas cantidades se necesitaría en moneda extranjera. Si eso fuera difícil, podría considerarse que un país tenía que aceptar una posición por razones prácticas, aun cuando objetivamente ese no fuera el resultado más apropiado y más justo. En cuanto al proceso de acuerdo de fijación anticipada de precios, podría suceder que los países participasen en un sistema de ese tipo solo después de un examen cuidadoso y solo si tenían confianza en que conocían las “reglas del juego”. Muchos países podrían considerar que, en una etapa temprana, no deberían gastar los escasos recursos en los contribuyentes que tenían más probabilidades de cumplir sus obligaciones. Se necesitaba un enfoque gradual para ganar confianza en el proceso.", "71. Un orador puso de relieve la cuestión de la cantidad de recursos que debían dedicar los países a los programas de fijación anticipada de precios, que trataran básicamente de los contribuyentes que cumplían sus obligaciones. Dijo que una disposición adecuada sobre arbitraje no tenía que ser demasiado costosa; beneficiaría a los países con considerable experiencia en el procedimiento de acuerdo mutuo pero no era recomendable para países en desarrollo sin esa experiencia. Había que hacer más hincapié en las cuestiones del arbitraje y la solución de controversias fuera del contexto de los tratados sobre tributación, dado que los países en desarrollo no contaban con redes de tratados fuertes y tenían experiencia limitada con las disposiciones sobre arbitraje en ese contexto. Las Naciones Unidas podrían cumplir una importante función en el desarrollo de una lista de expertos en arbitraje de reputación conocida.", "72. En cuanto al aspecto nacional del arbitraje y la solución de controversias, un orador se refirió a los procedimientos de solución de controversias de su país, en el que los tratados sobre tributación eran pocos y tomaba mucho tiempo promulgar legislación sobre ellos. En la práctica, por lo tanto, la cuestión se refería más a la solución nacional de controversias que al arbitraje en virtud de tratados. Muchos países en desarrollo tenían dudas sobre el arbitraje y la mediación en esa esfera compleja, y las ajustadas circunstancias presupuestarias de muchas de sus administraciones perjudicaban la posibilidad de obtener financiación para casos de arbitraje. El orador puso de relieve la preocupación por la falta de árbitros con experiencia en los países en desarrollo y señaló la necesidad de contar con expertos de países en desarrollo. Esa era una esfera en que las Naciones Unidas podían cumplir una función de fomento de la capacidad.", "73. Al responder a la cuestión de la documentación apropiada que no proporcionaban los contribuyentes, un orador planteó la cuestión de por qué los países en desarrollo no establecían fuertes presunciones en los casos en que había una falta de documentación y el contribuyente estaba en condiciones de remediarla.", "74. Otro orador señaló que los litigios eran más costosos en los países desarrollados que en los países en desarrollo; en consecuencia, había más litigios sobre precios de transferencia en los países en desarrollo. Esos litigios tomaban mucho tiempo, de modo que era importante encontrar la forma de evitarlos o de resolver las controversias de otra forma. Los márgenes de tolerancia eran una posibilidad, pero la práctica era más difícil que la teoría.", "75. Otro participante señaló la fuerte preferencia de las empresas por la certidumbre y la firmeza del régimen de inversiones que el arbitraje podía proporcionar. Con respecto al costo, alguno de los fondos empleados en el fomento de la capacidad podían utilizarse para apoyar a un grupo de dirección de modo que los países en desarrollo no tuvieran que sufragar esos costos. En muchos casos, los países señalaron la cuestión de la soberanía y dijeron que no podían aceptar el arbitraje, pero el orador consideró que por lo menos debían examinar si estaban firmando tratados con cláusulas similares en otras esferas, como los acuerdos de inversión. Señaló que en la práctica del Convenio de la Unión Europea relativo a la supresión de la doble imposición en caso de corrección de los beneficios de empresas asociadas (Convenio sobre arbitraje de la Unión Europea) uno de los grandes beneficios de una cláusula de arbitraje era que obligaba a concertar acuerdos mutuos. La Secretaría, por su parte, preguntó si la práctica europea era necesariamente aplicable a una relación menos equilibrada entre, por ejemplo, ciertos países desarrollados y países en desarrollo, y se produjo un debate sobre formas más generales de resolver esos desequilibrios.", "76. Un participante señaló que las disposiciones sobre arbitraje eran robustas y podían resultar atractivas para los inversionistas. Quizá fuera posible modificarlas para que las Naciones Unidas u otros órganos aceptables propusieran o escogieran a los árbitros. Si se aplicaba correctamente, el arbitraje podía resultar menos costoso que otros mecanismos, prevenir problemas de integridad y ser menos vulnerable a los procesos internos. Otro participante observó que, aplicado correctamente, el arbitraje podría mejorar la posición de los países en desarrollo, por ejemplo, proporcionando a los Ministros acceso a fuentes de experiencia, sobre una base de caso por caso y sin representaciones de alto nivel.", "Tema 8 del programa Auditorías y gestión del riesgo", "77. El primer orador sobre este tema destacó la importancia de las auditorías y la evaluación del riesgo para los países en desarrollo y sugirió que se adoptasen estrategias para alentar la eficiencia y la eficacia. Consideró importante que los países identificaran qué casos planteaban un alto riesgo y cuáles no requerían mayor estudio. Muchos países hacían “perfiles de riesgos”, especialmente cuando la contraparte se encontraba en una jurisdicción externa de bajos ingresos y los escasos recursos debían utilizarse de la manera más eficiente posible. Esto sucedía, especialmente, en los primeros años de un régimen de precios de transferencia, cuando había que resolver primero los aspectos más sencillos (ejemplos claros de precios erróneos que no requerían muchos recursos) antes de abordar las cuestiones más complejas y los casos de mayor índice de recursos.", "78. La oradora dijo que, al determinar las estrategias de gestión del riesgo, una cuestión importante era decidir la centralización o descentralización de las dependencias de precios de transferencia. Señaló la posibilidad de introducir márgenes de tolerancia en la etapa de evaluación del riesgo más que en la etapa de la auditoría, lo cual proporcionaría a los contribuyentes un cierto grado de certidumbre acerca de si se realizarían auditorías. Indicó también que otra forma importante de lograr una evaluación del riesgo robusta era asegurar la disponibilidad de la información pertinente.", "79. Otro orador planteó diversas cuestiones que consideró esenciales para una evaluación del riesgo eficaz. Al evaluar el riesgo, el enfoque centralizado con frecuencia sería esencial si el país estaba iniciando sus actividades en materia de precios de transferencia. Eso no significaba que una dependencia en la sede debía realizar toda la auditoría, sino que la supervisión desde la sede era recomendable para garantizar la calidad de las evaluaciones del riesgo y las auditorías. Era esencial obtener la información correcta y las declaraciones de impuestos debían incluir información clave sobre las transacciones conexas de las partes. Había que obrar con cautela cuando, como parte de la evaluación del riesgo, hubiese que decidir si la información se compartiría con las autoridades aduaneras. La información de aduanas podría no ser precisa y los contribuyentes también hacían frente a la posibilidad de que sus argumentos para evitar medidas antidumping se utilizasen como la base para ajustar los precios de transferencia.", "80. Con respecto al sistema de precios de transferencia, los países en desarrollo con frecuencia pueden aprender de otros países, pero se debe prestar atención a las condiciones locales que podrían ser diferentes en los dos países. Un enfoque de auditoría robusto en un país con un mercado interno muy grande o recursos naturales abundantes podría ser satisfactorio, pero la aplicación de un enfoque rígido similar en países en desarrollo sin esas características podría desalentar las inversiones extranjeras. Sugirió que en la promulgación de nuevas leyes sobre auditorías fiscales se utilizasen los conocimientos de abogados y especialistas fiscales que, en algunos casos, podrían tener más experiencia que los administradores fiscales. Las auditorías no se podían realizar en todos los casos, de modo que la utilización de especialistas era muy importante, especialmente en las primeras etapas, para propugnar un buen comportamiento entre los contribuyentes.", "81. Otro participante indicó que las administraciones deberían considerar cuidadosamente lo que los contribuyentes debían incluir en las declaraciones de impuestos; si se pedía demasiado se corría el riesgo de que la información no se pudiera analizar adecuadamente, pero las preguntas correctas podrían hacer que las evaluaciones del riesgo estuviesen mejor fundamentadas y fuesen más eficientes. Se refirió al debate en curso en los círculos de la OCDE sobre auditorías impositivas conjuntas entre diferentes jurisdicciones fiscales, y dijo que era una idea creativa que podría facilitar un uso más efectivo de los recursos. Ahora bien, esas auditorías podían ser más eficientes para resolver posibles controversias fiscales. Dijo que el empleo de las cifras tributarias objetivo que debía evaluar un oficial fiscal en un período determinado ponía mucha presión sobre esos funcionarios, aunque algunos países podrían adoptar este enfoque por motivos de integridad. Por último, el empleo de comparables secretos ponía nerviosas a las empresas, ya fuera porque se utilizaba información de negocios delicada y el contribuyente tenía preocupaciones por motivos de competitividad, o porque se utilizaba información para comparaciones a las que las empresas no tenían acceso para impugnarlas.", "82. Al referirse al empleo de datos de otras fuentes, incluidas las aduanas, a los fines de la comparabilidad, un participante estuvo de acuerdo en que el enfoque era difícil. Señaló el valor de esos datos y dijo que aun si las administraciones aduaneras y las administraciones fiscales procuraban cosas diferentes, tenían no obstante intereses comunes. Otro participante señaló que los datos de aduanas podrían ser especialmente importantes para un país en desarrollo que dependiese mucho del comercio de productos básicos y que hubiera hecho fuertes inversiones para asegurarse de que los datos comerciales eran precisos, especialmente dado que podría haber muy pocos datos útiles de otras fuentes.", "83. Un participante sugirió que podría ser útil no solo para los contribuyentes individuales sino para industrias enteras, dado que las empresas de la misma industria tenían una tendencia a actuar de la misma forma. La colaboración entre países para desarrollar una opinión sobre el cumplimiento a nivel de toda la industria ayudaría a crear experiencia, desarrollar un cuerpo de objetivos más completo y ahorrar recursos.", "84. Un orador expresó dudas acerca de la idea de una auditoría conjunta de la industria, dado que era difícil obtener información de una empresa en presencia de otras, y que algunas cuestiones interesaban a toda la industria mientras que otras interesaban a empresas específicas. Sería más productivo realizar auditorías de todas las empresas de la industria, asegurando que las cuestiones comunes se tratasen de la misma forma, en lugar de realizar auditorías de la industria en su totalidad. Las auditorías conjuntas podrían referirse a información que todavía no había sido ensayada dado que no había comparables en esa etapa. Por lo tanto, no estaba seguro de su efectividad en la práctica.", "85. Otro participante señaló que su país había iniciado un programa de auditorías conjuntas y que las empresas tenían dificultades para comprender por qué las autoridades encargadas del impuesto a la renta examinaban ciertos materiales, y otras autoridades, como las encargadas del impuesto al valor añadido, examinaban separadamente materiales similares más tarde. Además, el personal que trabajaba muy estrechamente con un contribuyente durante algunos años podría quedar en una posición comprometida; dado que el entrenamiento de auditores fiscales era costoso, un problema era dónde colocar a los que potencialmente hubieran estado comprometidos, y cómo reemplazarlos. Aun cuando se contratase a contadores del sector privado, habría que proporcionarles una nueva capacitación intensiva.", "86. Otro orador señaló, con fines de aclaración, que las auditorías conjuntas no necesariamente debían ser auditorías en tiempo real, lo cual podría resolver algunas de las cuestiones planteadas. Un participante observó que, por razones relacionadas con las leyes antimonopolios o sobre competencia, había restricciones en cuanto a la información que podía compartirse entre los competidores. El orador dijo que no podía reunirse con competidores y examinar asuntos diferentes de los impuestos, y aun en esos casos debía registrar lo que decía. Por ejemplo, al tratar de determinar lo que constituye un precio comparable para un mineral en un país, los competidores podían disponer de esa información pero, por razones de política antimonopolio o de competencia, no se podía solicitar que la compartieran.", "Clausura de la reunión", "87. La Secretaría puso de relieve la importancia de la reunión en el contexto del poder de convocatoria de las Naciones Unidas respecto de la cooperación en cuestiones de tributación, y la importante función de las organizaciones no gubernamentales en los debates. El diálogo había puesto de relieve muchas opiniones muy diferentes pero muy válidas; esas cuestiones se habían planteado en un espíritu de respeto y cooperación y ahora podían ser asimiladas en el Manual práctico de la forma en que mejor satisficiese las necesidades de los países en desarrollo. El informe se remitiría al subcomité responsable de redactar los capítulos, para que lo examinara en su reunión de septiembre de 2011." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries", "Note by the Secretariat", "The annexed report, prepared by the Secretariat, is on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries held on 7 and 8 June 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. Materials relating to the meeting, including a more detailed version of the annexed report, may be found at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "Annex", "* The views expressed in the present report should not necessarily be taken as representing those of the Committee of Experts or the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions.", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries*", "Introduction", "1. The informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. The objectives of the meeting were: (a) to assist the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues, of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (the Subcommittee) in ensuring that developing country perspectives, priorities and experiences were fully reflected in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries, which the Subcommittee is preparing; and (b) to familiarize the Permanent Missions to the United Nations with the issue of transfer pricing and the costs to development of “improper pricing” by multinational enterprises, which are widely considered to be extremely high. Expected outcomes included an informed discussion on the issues of transfer pricing in the context of development and specific new input from developing countries to the draft chapters of the Practical Manual. It was not necessary to reach a consensus on specific issues, although that would be noted where it was achieved.", "2. Sixty participants from Governments (including representatives and advisers from Permanent Missions to the United Nations, business, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and academia) attended the meeting.", "3. Alexander Trepelkov, Director of the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Werner Puschra, Executive Director of the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation delivered the welcoming remarks. The Director of the Financing for Development Office thanked the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid for their strong support in organizing the meeting. He noted that the involvement of such bodies added an extra dimension to the discussion on international tax cooperation and the role of the United Nations in that area.", "4. The Director also noted that the main purpose of the meeting was to fully reflect the perspectives, priorities and experiences of developing countries in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries. He gave a brief history of the Practical Manual project, referring to the mandate of the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues. The need for a staged approach suitable to the specific stage of development of each country and the need to explore the flexibilities that might be applicable for developing countries, consistent with the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Convention), was also addressed.", "5. The Director noted links to the work of the Committee as a whole and to that of its other subcommittees. He indicated that there had been great interest in the Organization’s work on transfer pricing and acknowledged the importance of collaborating with others active in the area, while recognizing the deep need for globally inclusive approaches and the special role of the United Nations in that respect.", "6. The Director of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation noted the particular role of the Foundation’s New York office in liaising on issues of global economic governance and international peace and security. He underlined its long-standing support to the financing for development process and the work of the Financing for Development Office. He noted that taxing and public finance had become high-profile issues internationally and that they had become especially important because they related to what people expected from their Governments. Lastly, he stressed that more needed to be done to improve international tax cooperation.", "7. The Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, delivered a keynote address, emphasizing the development context of transfer pricing issues, and the fact that failure to price transactions in a way that truly reflected the profits earned in a country unfairly deprived it of funds and opportunities for development. Similarly, a country taxing more than the fair share of profits generated within its jurisdiction could lead to double taxation, which might result in negative effects on the investment climate and therefore on a country’s development potential.", "8. The Assistant Secretary-General noted that most countries, including developing countries, seeking to address transfer mispricing had adopted the “arm’s length principle” as their response to the issue and that the real difficulties and unfairness arose not so much from the theory in itself but from its practical application. He emphasized the need for targeted and needs-responsive capacity-building and for helping countries to create investment environments that reduced compliance costs for businesses seeking to enter mutually beneficial long-term partnerships for development. International institutions must work together cooperatively and developing countries must be actively engaged.", "9. Addressing the issue of what the United Nations could bring to the table in meeting those needs, the Assistant Secretary-General referred to the universal membership, mandate and legitimacy of the United Nations, which embraced all viewpoints, as well as its ability to work cooperatively with other organizations, businesses, civil society stakeholders and individual countries.", "10. In concluding, the Assistant Secretary-General noted that the United Nations could play a greater role in ensuring that all parties with an interest in the “rules of the game” had a seat around the table in developing those rules. Such inclusiveness would help to ensure that the rules addressed the real complexities of tax systems and international tax cooperation; respected the sovereign right of countries to determine their tax systems while also recognizing the “spillover” effects of such decisions internationally; and best meet the challenges of development.", "Agenda item 1 The role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation, the impact of transfer pricing on sustainable development and possible responses", "Panel 1: Broader international tax cooperation issues", "11. The purpose of panel 1 was to set the stage for discussing transfer pricing issues, and, in particular, to elaborate the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation issues.", "12. The Director of the Financing for Development Office focused his presentation on the proposals for conversion of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters into an intergovernmental body and briefed participants on the report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters, including the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (E/2011/76) prepared in response to a request by the Economic and Social Council.", "13. The Director noted the outline of the report and said that it identified three options for strengthening institutional arrangements for consideration by the Council: (a) strengthening existing arrangements; (b) converting the Committee into an intergovernmental commission; and (c) creating a new intergovernmental commission while retaining the current Committee. A first discussion on the report by the Council on 26 April 2011 showed mixed support for converting the Committee. Informal consultations among Governments on a relevant draft resolution (E/2011/L.13) tabled by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China on 1 June 2011 were noted as ongoing.", "14. The first speaker from the panel underlined the role of the Committee in supporting developing countries in international tax matters. He noted business interest in the role of the United Nations in those areas, especially since the Committee was currently considering transfer pricing issues. He also noted that persons from both developed and developing countries working together could achieve rules that worked for all, recognizing that the diversity of the approaches adopted by developing and developed countries. Virtually all tax treaties were predicated on sound arm’s length approaches, but the application of the arm’s length principle could be very complex in practice. A sound approach that examined functions, assets and risks could lead to sharing of tax revenues on an equitable basis. Although Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on the complex issue of transfer pricing existed, there was a need to provide practical guidance on dealing with transfer pricing issues and applying the arm’s length principle to developing countries. It was important that the United Nations work should be consistent with the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations rather than duplicate the work of OECD and others, and that it should provide greater guidance on the practical application of the arm’s length principle. In that respect, business needed legal certainty, including guidance that was consistently applied across countries.", "15. The second speaker stressed that the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation was based on its universal acceptance and legitimacy. The Organization was well placed to support tax administrations in developing countries in cross-border taxation issues and had a key role in building national capacity to increase the effectiveness of tax administrations. He underlined that developing countries should strike a balance between revenue generation and creating an enabling investment climate.", "16. Another speaker emphasized that civil society organizations supported a stronger role for the United Nations in international tax cooperation. The Organization had a number of comparative advantages over other forums in that: it included the representation of developing countries; it was a political forum with convening power; it could address tax matters in an integrated way, in conjunction with issues such as trade and investment. The speaker noted that “duplication of resources” arguments and “mission creep” should not be allowed to displace legitimate United Nations roles. He underlined that there was a difference between developing countries being invited to a meeting to discuss issues, on the one hand, and having a seat at the table when key decisions were made, including voting rights and the ability to exert influence, on the other.", "17. In the ensuing discussion, the Chair noted two particular issues: (a) if the Committee was transformed into an intergovernmental commission, what structure should it have; and (b) what was the Organization’s role in developing transfer pricing guidance. With regard to the latter, business representatives noted that there would be difficulties if there were competing messages from the United Nations and OECD. Developing countries noted the need for more practical guidance based on their realities.", "18. In the general discussion, it was noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to create an alternative to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines but to preserve the same “arm’s length principle” as the OECD Model Double Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and the Guidelines and to make it easier to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. Referring to the issue of duplication, some participants from developing countries noted that there was no monopoly on ideas in that area and that there could only be “duplication” if the same countries were represented in the different forums, which was not often the case.", "Panel 2: Specific transfer pricing issues", "19. The Chair introduced a range of specific transfer pricing issues, including the impact of transfer pricing on development, options for developing countries to tackle transfer pricing and the role of the Committee in transfer pricing.", "20. The first speaker stressed that the impact of transfer pricing on development was a crucial issue and that transfer pricing had to be seen in the broader context of economic and tax policies. Developing countries needed to generate revenue for development purposes, while at the same time promoting business activities. Depending on the economic structure, developing countries might have different approaches to transfer pricing. In addition, dispute settlement mechanisms were an important factor in addressing cross-border taxation issues.", "21. Another speaker pointed out that identifying correct transfer prices was also a challenge within corporations. Following corporate globalization, certain industry trends and the rise of secrecy jurisdictions, there had been an increase in the abuse of transfer pricing to avoid taxation. Such abuses accounted for a significant loss of tax revenues worldwide. In order to improve the basis for decision-making, he called for more empirical research and data collection on transfer pricing.", "22. A third speaker identified knowledge gaps among legislators and the private sector as major constraints in establishing transfer pricing regulation. Awareness-raising, international dialogue and education were therefore critical. To facilitate addressing transfer pricing in developing countries, there was a need to design easy, cheap and creative solutions.", "23. Another speaker noted that taxation and development were high priorities in the work of the European Commission and that, as a result, one of its important objectives was to enhance the capacity of developing countries in transfer pricing. To that end, the Commission had initiated a study on how to support developing countries in designing and implementing transfer pricing legislation. One preliminary finding was that introducing transfer pricing legislation typically led to higher tax revenues.", "24. In the discussion, participants stressed the asymmetric information between multinational enterprises and developing country tax authorities in the context of evaluating intra-group transactions as a crucial challenge. Capacity-building in developing countries and improving data availability and information exchange on transfer pricing were seen as key action points.", "Agenda item 2 The business framework for transfer pricing", "25. The first speaker addressed the day-to-day issues for businesses dealing with transfer pricing issues, emphasizing that there was no one type of “firm” — they all differed. The requirement for tax managers in private companies was to maximize returns for shareholders, but in a sustainable way. Tax managers should not care where they paid tax as long as they paid tax only once. In the speaker’s experience, tax managers spent most of their time avoiding double taxation and many did not have time for aggressive tax planning. He welcomed United Nations involvement in transfer pricing through the Practical Manual, since his firm dealt with people from many countries that were not members of OECD.", "26. He also expressed the view that safe harbours could be good or bad from a corporate perspective, but once they were in place there was no obligation to maximize tax payments. Transfer pricing was complex and simple responses often would not work; however, a simple approach that often worked well in practice was that, once Governments become involved, tax managers should stand aside and let them decide the matter with a view to companies paying tax only once — hence the importance of good dispute resolution mechanisms. He indicated that there were legitimate opportunities for arbitrage, but one had to be practical and use common sense.", "27. Another speaker noted the importance of the chapter on the business framework in setting the scene for the Practical Manual. His major concern as a tax administrator was capturing the true value of functions and activities carried out in his country. Generally, market pricing at independent market value was an acceptable measure of the value created in a particular jurisdiction, although sometimes that was not fully the case. He also noted that even though there were examples of aggressive tax planning and abuse, transfer pricing was generally about day-to-day dealing with unavoidable transactions within the group. Transfer pricing was complex and difficult but not “unenforceable” and was a very important part of the tax environment.", "28. Another participant noted that different corporate groups had different models and that some developing country multinational models might be different. For example, they might be more family-driven. Countries should understand such issues and not have transfer pricing regimes just because it was the fashion. Some countries had chosen not to have specific regimes because of the compliance costs for business.", "29. The same speaker said there was no clear international definition of the arm’s length principle. The current approach to the principle was the OECD approach, and when introducing the concept to developing countries, it might be necessary to modify it. A more apportionment-based model could be developed in the initial stages and the full-fledged arm’s length model could be followed later, as capacities developed. The beginning of the business framework chapter of the Practical Manual could describe that approach more clearly.", "30. One participant noted the potential of transfer pricing regimes to capture the value of operations of multinational enterprises in developing countries, while recognizing that there were also risks of hampering investment, double taxation, costs of compliance, uncertainty and so forth. All of those factors needed to be considered in a balanced way. He noted that apportioning profit was very difficult because multinational enterprises offered synergies and economies of scale to unlock value not available on a country-by-country basis. The United Nations work could help to ensure effective legislation and non-governmental organizations had a potential role in assisting parliamentarians in understanding the issue in countries considering legislating.", "31. He indicated that access to information and risk management were key issues and that country-by-country reporting would help developing countries to identify high-risk issues. He noted the reality of increasing scrutiny not just of company profits but also the ethics of their operations. He addressed the possible role of the United Nations in helping developing countries to obtain information on company structures and of host countries of multinational enterprises in exchanging information on high-risk transactions and the operations of such enterprises.", "32. He was of the view that the United Nations had a role as a forum where business administrations and civil society could come together to discuss those issues in a “safe space” that would further the understanding of where they were coming from. Areas of transfer pricing focus would vary from country to country, including because of the scale and type of business, specializations and the business and legal environments. It would be useful if the United Nations could help developing countries to prioritize those issues. In addition, there should be a discussion on step-by-step approaches to business models and whether that would be of value.", "Agenda item 3 General legal environment", "33. Addressing India’s experience in establishing a transfer pricing legal environment, the first speaker said that India had set up its transfer pricing unit in 2001 following a “more open economy” policy which had resulted in more foreign direct investments. Acknowledging the need for a policy design that fit the local realities, authorities ought to design a stable policy that was appropriate to the type of industries found in a particular country, since frequent changes in legislation or regulations might create uncertainty for businesses.", "34. Another speaker presented a few key factors which she thought would help to make the arm’s length approach work more effectively: (a) the existence and broad acceptance of international rules and guidance such as the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries; (b) specific domestic transfer pricing laws; (c) effective dispute resolution and avoidance of double taxation; and (d) “experience-based” comparables. When there were no local data for comparables, she argued, the taxpayer could make use of regional or global data. In certain cases, some types of objective and genuinely experience-based data might be used. She also suggested that in the case of developing countries, there was a need to identify the type of data countries had to start with to build a database of comparables and it might be necessary to have an initial ramp-up period before a full-scale database was established. Bodies such as the United Nations could have an important role in assisting that process in the future.", "35. Another speaker commented that introducing specific transfer pricing regimes was not always a bad thing since certainty was important to business interests.", "36. The need for quality data for countries to benefit from advance pricing agreement programmes was also noted. Another speaker commented that the use of quality data was hampered by the cost of obtaining such data from private entities selling access to databases.", "Agenda item 4 Establishing transfer pricing capability in developing countries", "37. The first speaker addressed the problem of obtaining qualified staff for the application of a transfer pricing programme and the data-deficiency issue. He suggested starting small and then growing; as the programme grew, the tax administration would develop more general rules and regulations.", "38. Another participant expressed the view that in most cases small local businesses in developing countries ended up paying corporate tax while large multinational companies often paid little or no tax. It was very important to develop good investment policies and not to offer excessive tax incentives. He welcomed a public debate on concessions and tax incentives.", "39. One speaker expressed the view that in many instances local companies did not know how to apply the arm’s length principle. A study conducted in one country revealed that almost none of the 200 subsidiary companies interviewed knew how internal prices were determined. Thus, there was a need to educate businesses. Customs officials also required training on how to identify transfer pricing risks.", "40. Considering the issues of capacity-building and technical assistance, one participant commented on the importance of a good judicial system and a receptive parliament to enact appropriate laws. She also highlighted the importance of balancing the benefits of implementing transfer pricing regimes and the cost of their implementation. For the country as a whole, the benefits of transfer pricing implementation needed to be higher than its cost, and in that respect the Practical Manual should reflect the situation of each country.", "41. In giving his perspectives on capacity-building, another speaker suggested that transfer pricing regimes were best introduced as part of broader tax policy reforms. The transfer pricing law should cover both domestic and international transfer pricing, especially in a country that offered tax incentives. The most practical way to secure the high level of expertise required for transfer pricing audits in the tax administrations in developing countries would be to have a transfer pricing team composed of a small group of auditors conduct a full-fledged transfer pricing audit, with other auditors addressing transfer pricing risks during ordinary audits.", "42. In the general discussion, participants agreed that the benefits of well-focused capacity-building outweighed the costs. It was important in the area of transfer pricing, but such capacity-building should not be at the expense of work on other important subjects. The consistency of tax policies across different Government entities was also considered important; the uncertainty for both Government and taxpayers of lack of coordination within Government had capacity-building consequences. Capacity-building therefore needed to target the entire Government structure. One participant noted that provided there was sufficient political will, any incentives having a tax impact should be addressed in tax legislation alone. This would be a useful way of ensuring consistency and would make it easier to ensure that the tax consequences of incentives were fully accounted for.", "43. Another participant noted that the main objective of investment promotion authorities was to encourage investment; there was sometimes excessive reliance on tax incentives, which could clash with the objectives of tax administrations. That was especially the case since the tax incentives were often not needed to attract investment.", "44. It was noted by several participants that capacity-building should address the particular needs of a country; be premised on country ownership; and not be limited to transfer pricing without reference to its wider context. However, it was also noted that widespread reform was a costly and long-term process and that early reforms in strategic areas, such as analysing and “sunsetting” tax holidays, might be important, including in building support and credibility for longer-term changes.", "45. One participant addressed the skill-building aspects of capacity-building, noting that the ability to offer a work-life balance that might not be available in consultancy firms was also a way of attracting and retaining high-quality staff.", "46. The possibility of ensuring that officers could stay in the transfer pricing field after initial training, which would often take two years, was seen as important in many countries. However, others underlined that keeping the same people in one area for a long time could raise integrity issues.", "47. One participant noted that even where international standards were recommended, ultimately, it was up to a particular country to decide what standards it adopted in transfer pricing. There was a recognized need for developing countries to be in a position to make those decisions and to play their part in developing the recommended standards. In that respect, the Secretariat noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to tell countries what to do, but to assist those that had chosen to follow the arm’s length approach in doing so at the practical level. That did not mean that discussions on broader and longer-term issues should not be held in the context of the Committee, including with a view to greater developing country involvement in setting what might become international standards.", "Agenda item 5 Methods of achieving arm’s length pricing", "48. Chapter 5 of the Practical Manual presented different methods used to determine an arm’s length price and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each. In previous drafts, traditional methods and transactional profit methods had been covered in two different chapters, whereas the current draft dealt with them in one.", "49. The first speaker noted that the chapter stayed as close as possible to the OECD Guidelines in substance, but differed in how it addressed the strengths and weaknesses of each method and that it provided, when they could be applied, examples and formula, to make it clear when and how the methods should be applied at a practical level. Aspects of transactional profit methods were also discussed in more practical detail than in the OECD Guidelines.", "50. She referred to the discussions on how to deal with lack of comparables and the use of hypothetical or secret comparables and said that it might be useful to explore a sunset provision, where an objectively “experience-based” range could be used on a taxpayer opt-out basis for simple functions. Where the data would come from was obviously an issue and organizations such as the United Nations might have a role in that regard. Any such experience-based data would have to be transparent and broadly indicative of arm’s length dealings and there would need to be a discussion on whether it should be based on global, regional or local experience.", "51. The Chair noted that trying to apply transfer pricing methods without the necessary information would inevitably lead to failure and possible double taxation; thus, that issue was a practical topic for discussion.", "52. The second speaker recognized the need for transitional periods in developing countries to allow adoption of a full-fledged regime of arm’s length pricing but said he did not believe that a fixed-margins system could serve that purpose. A more appropriate concept of transition was to gradually lift the restrictive provisions of the previous closed economy regime. In relation to transitional downgraded or very simplified transfer pricing mechanisms, one needed to be aware of the difficulty in removing them once they were in place, especially if they gave tax concessions.", "53. He held that the cases that were likely to be most usual for developing countries were in the traditional industries, where valuing intangibles (for example, brands or trademarks) was not so difficult. There was a need to provide guidance on comparables to developing countries, given the frequent absence of local comparables and the need to make the necessary adjustments to foreign comparables, including for differences such as accounting principles.", "54. Another speaker noted that determining corporate functions and valuing risks should be featured more fully in the chapter on methods. He underlined the importance of determining whether the people in charge of managing corporate functions were capable of managing such a function in the entity they were examining. It was important to consider not just the number of persons, but their skills and experience.", "55. He emphasized that, from a business perspective, applying different transfer pricing standards in different countries would function effectively only if a robust dispute resolution and arbitration mechanism was established to address the points where a clash could lead to double taxation.", "56. Another speaker argued that the Practical Manual should focus on simplifying and making transfer pricing guidelines enforceable for tax administrations in developing countries. The Practical Manual should not only reflect the OECD Guidelines but also take into account the circumstances of all Members States. In his view, the main issues were that: (a) it was too difficult for developing countries to apply the OECD Guidelines and it was not certain that the arm’s length principle was in effect enforceable — thus, aligning with those Guidelines might not lead developing countries down the best path — the emphasis therefore needed to be on simplicity and enforceability; (b) the Practical Manual should be more objective about the practical difficulties of obtaining comparables; (c) the difficulty of obtaining necessary information should be confronted more directly and the Practical Manual should support country-by-country reporting more explicitly; (d) other alternative methods, such as safe harbours, the residual profit split method, fixed margins and hybrid methods should receive more consideration; (e) the use of transfer pricing methods to direct profits to tax havens should be addressed, and methods such as the reversal of the onus of proof should be addressed in the chapter on transfer pricing methods; (f) many of those who were involved in such work had a vested interest in complexity and the continued use of the OECD Guidelines — non-governmental organizations and independent academics therefore should be more involved in the development of the Practical Manual; and (g) it should be recognized that the current rules had been designed by developed countries and that developing countries needed to be more involved in the process, as noted in the keynote address by the Assistant Secretary-General. If the Practical Manual addressed the OECD Guidelines only, it could be criticized for that.", "57. One speaker remarked that the chapter on methods was a core element of the Practical Manual and should function as a “toolkit” for administrations on how to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. He referred to it as a road map to reaching arm’s length outcomes but said that the choice of any particular transfer pricing method would depend on the circumstances and the information available. Anyone dealing with transfer pricing issues would need to be able to assess such issues, and a good tax auditor in any administration should be able to do so.", "58. Another speaker referred to the experience of one country in using fixed margins for transfer pricing. That would eliminate the need to find comparables and constitute a simple and low-cost system for both taxpayers and authorities. He acknowledged that fixed margins needed to be carefully established in legislation, sufficiently industry-specific and transparent in formulation. He proposed that a section on fixed margins be included in the chapter on methods or as a separate chapter.", "59. In the ensuing discussion, participants exchanged views on which transfer pricing methods might be most suitable in different circumstances. There was a discussion on the nature of an “additional” method provided for in the legislation of some countries; it was suggested that if such an approach was sufficiently defined as a way of determining prices in accordance with the arm’s length principle, it might be an experience that could benefit other countries. It was also noted that any “fixed” approach should recognize that some adjustments might be needed to take into account particular circumstances. One participant found it difficult to see how simplified margins could be consistent with the arm’s length principle, and there was a discussion of whether such approaches would only work in very competitive markets where profits tended to equalize among competitors.", "60. In summarizing, the Chair noted the general concern about the frequent lack of reliable information and limitations on the ability to analyse and adjust that information as necessary. He noted that the Committee could ask the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing-Practical Issues to do some work on that issue in the future, separately from the current work on the Practical Manual. He also noted that capacity-building had been raised again, not only in terms of risk management, but also in terms of how to apply methods, including measuring functions, assets and risks.", "Agenda item 6 Comparability", "61. The first speaker elaborated on the frequent lack of comparability data and referred to one country where, when searching for comparable transactions, the tax authorities had had to use European databases because there was no domestic alternative. The data were not fully comparable because of the differences and they had not made great strides in making adjustments to align with the domestic market; however, taxpayers had similar issues. A problematic issue was that many developing countries did not have the funds to pay the fees for accessing those databases and the taxpayers themselves might not have access. One possibility might be to implement legislation requiring financial information to allow databases to be built up.", "62. Another speaker focused on functions, assets and risk analysis. For example, functions were particularly important when recruiting personnel, when it was essential to examine their skills and profiles. Market penetration strategies were an important issue for some countries. In determining who should bear the costs between the subsidiary and the parent, countries looked at the nature of the business as a whole and the relevant sector; filters would be applied after the databases were searched to make sure there was functional and economic comparability. They would look for publicly available material, including that required by other regulatory agencies internationally. It was very important to understand processes in a particular industry for comparability purposes. In India, comparables could mostly be found in appropriate databases, but those products were often complicated and the comparables could be hard to find.", "63. Another participant expressed mixed feelings about comparability, noting that it was essential and complex, but there were always excuses for arguing that there was no comparability. That created uncertainty and led to frequent use of the transactional net margin method. Regardless of what comparable was used, arguments could always be made against it. The key was that the issue of comparability had to be approached with good faith. It was not just a case of documenting what you were doing, but also why you were doing it, what you were not doing and why not. That applied to Governments as well as taxpayers. The downside was that few decisions were black and white, and honesty and good faith were needed in addressing those uncertainties. The Practical Manual could deal with such issues at greater length.", "64. One participant noted that a presumption, with a dynamic or shifting burden of proof, might help to deal with the cost of complexity and information-gap issues.", "65. Summarizing the discussion, the Chair remarked on the benefits of harmonized approaches among countries in the same region. He noted that a technically good case might not be understood by a judge who was not a transfer pricing specialist; it was therefore important to make those complex issues as understandable as possible. Good documentation came from good data, which might be difficult to obtain since the multinational enterprises often had more access to such information than administrations.", "Agenda item 7 Dispute resolution", "66. The first speaker introduced the topic and explained that dispute resolution under transfer pricing was very similar to dispute resolution in a general mutual agreement procedure sense, currently under discussion by the Committee in the context of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries. She noted the importance of effective dispute resolution mechanisms and stressed that if they were properly and robustly designed and implemented, they benefited tax administrations as well as business.", "67. She noted the resource shortages in many developing country tax administrations and suggested practical and efficient dispute settlement mechanisms and dispute avoidance to assist them by improving their efficiency. She reflected upon the role of the mutual agreement procedure in ensuring that the purposes of double taxation treaties were furthered, including with respect to avoiding double taxation. The most successful mutual agreement procedure programmes exhibited characteristics of transparency, cooperation and a certain independence from the audit function.", "68. With respect to advance pricing agreements, she noted that they might not be for everyone and that some caution should be exercised in recommending them as first options. However, they had an important role in many countries.", "69. She considered that tax treaty arbitration was an important way to manage heavy dispute settlement loads, make competent authority processes work more smoothly and inspire confidence in the system. In practice, it was probably much more important than conciliation or mediation. The challenges, including whether the costs of arbitration could be reallocated in a way that helped countries to accept the approach more readily, should be addressed in a practical manner.", "70. The Secretariat pointed out that arbitration could contribute to greater certainty. However, the cost and complexity of arbitration could be a major challenge for many developing countries and might unduly weight the scales against them. If the cost was borne by the taxpayer (and the countries agreed on such close involvement of the taxpayer, which itself would often be an issue), there might be a perception that it could encourage arbitrators to make decisions unfavourable to the tax administration, and therefore that would not be a solution. It was also possible, at least in the early years, that arbitrators might be seen as lacking understanding of developing country realities and conditions. Extrabudgetary allocation for an arbitration and, in most cases, considerable foreign exchange amounts would often be required. If that was difficult, there would be a concern that a country might have to agree to a position for practical reasons even though objectively that might not be the most appropriate and fair outcome. Regarding the advance pricing agreement process, it was possible that countries should enter such a system only after careful consideration and only when they were confident that they knew the “rules of the game”. Many countries might not feel they should, at an early stage, be expending scarce resources on the taxpayers most likely to be compliant. A staged approach to gaining confidence in the process was needed.", "71. One speaker drew attention to the issue of how many resources countries should devote to advance pricing agreement programmes, dealing basically with compliant taxpayers. He said that a good arbitration provision should not be too costly; it could be beneficial for countries with considerable mutual agreement procedure experience but was not recommended for developing countries without such experience and expertise. More emphasis should be put on the issues of arbitration and dispute resolution outside the tax treaty context, since developing countries did not have strong treaty networks and had limited experience with arbitration provisions in that context. The United Nations might have an important role in developing a list of reliable experts for arbitrations.", "72. Regarding the domestic aspect of arbitration and dispute resolution, one speaker referred to dispute settlement procedures in his country, where tax treaties were few in number and took a long time to be legislated. In practice, the issue was therefore more one of domestic dispute resolution than of arbitration under treaties. Many developing countries were hesitant to adopt arbitration and mediation in such a complex area and the tight budgetary circumstances of many of their administrations would make it difficult to obtain funding for arbitration cases. He noted the concerns about the arbitrators lacking developing country experience and understanding and drew attention to the need for developing country experts. That was an area where the United Nations had a role in capacity-building.", "73. Responding to the issue of proper documentation not being provided by the taxpayer, one speaker raised the question of why developing countries did not establish strong presumptions in cases where there was a lack of documentation and the taxpayer was in a position to remedy that.", "74. Another speaker noted that litigation was more expensive in developed countries than in developing countries; as a result, there was more transfer pricing litigation in developing countries. Such litigation took a long time to clear, so it was important to find ways of avoiding or otherwise dealing with such disputes. Safe harbours were one possibility, but the practice was more difficult than the theory.", "75. Another participant noted the strong business preference for the certainty and robustness of the investment regime that arbitration could provide. With respect to cost, some of the funds used for capacity-building could be used to support a standing panel so that developing countries would not have to bear those costs. In many cases, countries noted the issue of sovereignty and said they could not agree to arbitration, but he considered that they should at least examine whether they were signing treaties with similar clauses in other areas, such as investment agreements. He noted that in the practice of the European Union Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises (European Union Arbitration Convention), one of the great benefits of an arbitration clause was to force mutual agreement procedure agreement. However, the Secretariat queried whether the practice of Europe would be applicable to a more imbalanced relationship between, for example, certain developed and developing countries, and there was a discussion about broader ways of addressing such imbalances.", "76. One participant noted that arbitration provisions were robust and that they could be attractive to investors. It might be possible to modify them for developing countries by having the United Nations or other acceptable bodies propose or choose arbitrators. Properly applied, arbitration could cost less than other mechanisms, prevent integrity concerns and be less vulnerable to domestic processes. Another participant commented that, properly applied, arbitration might enhance the position of developing countries, providing access to expertise without high-level representations on a case-by-case basis to Ministers, for example.", "Agenda item 8 Audit and risk assessment", "77. The first speaker emphasized the importance of audit and risk assessment for developing countries and suggested that strategies should be adopted to encourage efficiency and effectiveness. It was important that countries identify which cases were high risk and which ones did not need to be pursued any further because they were not. Many countries did “risk-profiling”, especially where the offshore related party was in a low-tax jurisdiction and scarce resources should be used as efficiently as possible. That was especially the case in the early years of a transfer pricing regime where the “low-hanging fruit” (clear examples of mispricing that would not require a great deal of resourcing) should be addressed prior to more complex and resource-intensive cases.", "78. She said that, in determining risk assessment strategies, an important issue was whether to centralize or decentralize the transfer pricing units. She noted the possibility of introducing safe harbours at a risk assessment stage rather than at an audit stage, which would provide taxpayers with some degree of certainty as to whether they were likely to be audited. She also indicated that another important way of achieving robust risk assessment was to ensure that relevant information was readily available.", "79. Another speaker presented a few points that he considered key to effective risk assessment. In assessing risk, the centralized approach would often be essential when a country was starting off in transfer pricing. That did not mean that one unit in Headquarters should conduct the whole audit, but supervision from Headquarters was recommended in order to ensure the quality of risk assessments and audits. Obtaining the right information was essential and tax returns should include key information about related party transactions. Care must be taken with sharing information, as part of the risk assessment, with customs authorities. Customs information might be inaccurate, and taxpayers might also face a difficult situation in that their arguments to avoid anti-dumping actions could be used as a basis for transfer pricing adjustments.", "80. With respect to the transfer pricing system, developing countries could often learn from other countries, but attention should be paid to domestic conditions that might be different in the two countries. A robust audit approach in a country with a very large domestic market or abundant natural resources might be successful, but a similar rigid approach in developing countries without those characteristics might deter foreign investment. When enacting new tax audit laws, he suggested tapping into the knowledge of lawyers and tax practitioners who, in some cases, might have more experience than tax administrators. Not every case could be audited, so working with tax practitioners as partners was very important especially at the early stage, to disseminate good behaviours among taxpayers.", "81. Another participant indicated that administrations should think carefully about what they wanted from taxpayers in tax returns; asking too much might result in information they could not properly analyse, but asking the right questions could make risk assessment more informed and efficient. She referred to the current discussion in OECD circles on joint tax audits between different tax jurisdictions and said it was a creative idea that might facilitate more effective use of resources. However, such audits could be more efficient in resolving any potential tax disputes. She said that the use of target amounts of tax to be assessed by a tax official in a given period put a lot of pressure on the officials, although some countries might take that approach for integrity reasons. Lastly, the use of secret comparables made companies nervous either because sensitive business information was being used and the taxpayer had concerns about competitiveness or because information was being used as a comparable but companies did not have access to it for the purposes of challenging it.", "82. Addressing the use of data from other sources, including customs, for comparability purposes, one participant concurred on the difficulty of the approach. He noted the value of such data and pointed out that even though customs administrations and tax administrations were looking for different things, they had common interests. Another participant noted that customs data might be especially important to a developing country heavily involved in trading commodities and with a heavy investment in ensuring trade data was accurate, especially since there might be little other useful data.", "83. Another participant suggested that it might be useful to audit not just individual taxpayers but whole industries, since companies in the same industry tended to act similarly. Cross-country collaboration to develop an industry-wide view of compliance would help to build experience, develop a richer body of targets and economize on resources.", "84. One speaker expressed difficulty with the idea of a joint audit of industry, since it was difficult to obtain information from one company in the presence of other companies, and some issues were industry-wide while others were company-specific. It might be more productive to audit all companies in the industry, ensuring common issues were treated in the same way rather than auditing the industry as such. Joint audits might involve information that was not yet tested, since there was nothing to be compared with at that stage. He therefore was not certain how effective it would be in practice.", "85. Another participant noted that his country had started a joint audit programme and that companies found it hard to understand why income tax authorities would examine materials and others, such as value added tax authorities, would separately examine similar materials later. In addition, personnel who worked very closely with a taxpayer for some years could become compromised; since training tax auditors was expensive, the issue of where to put those who had been potentially compromised and how to replace them was a concern. Even when accountants were brought in from the private sector, they needed extensive retraining.", "86. Another speaker noted, for clarification, that joint audits need not be real-time audits, which might address some of the concerns mentioned. One participant noted that for reasons relating to anti-trust/competition laws, there were restrictions on what information could be shared between competitors. He was not permitted to meet with competitors and discuss anything but tax and even then, he had to record what he said. For example, in trying to establish what constituted a comparable price for a mineral in a country, the information might be readily available from competitors but for anti-trust/competition policy reasons it could not be sought.", "Close of meeting", "87. The Secretariat noted the importance of the meeting in the context of the convening power of the United Nations on tax cooperation issues and the important role of the non-governmental organizations in the debates. The dialogue had brought forth many very different but very valid viewpoints; they had been put forward in a spirit of respect and cooperation and could now be assimilated into the Practical Manual in a manner that met developing country needs. The report would be forwarded to the subcommittee responsible for drafting the chapters, for consideration at its meeting in September 2011." ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24 - 28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011.1.", "Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Deliberations on substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: Practical manual for developing countries on transfer pricing", "Report on the informal meeting on practical issues of transfer pricing for developing countries", "Note by the Secretariat", "The attached report, prepared by the Secretariat, refers to the informal meeting on practical issues of transfer pricing for developing countries, held on 7 and 8 June 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and Christian Aid. The meeting material, including a more detailed version of the annexed report, is available at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "Annex", "♪ The views expressed in the present report should not necessarily be regarded as the views of the Committee of Experts or the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors or omissions.", "Report on the informal meeting on practical issues of transfer pricing for developing countries*", "Introduction", "1. The informal meeting on practical issues of transfer pricing for developing countries was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York Office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and Christian Aid. The meeting had two objectives: (a) to assist the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (the Sub-Committee) in ensuring that the perspectives, priorities and experiences of developing countries are fully reflected in the United Nations Practical Manual for Developing Countries on Transfer Price Settings under preparation by the Sub-Committee; and (b) to familiarize the Permanent Missions to the United Nations with the issue of highly appropriate transfer prices. The expected results include an informed review of transfer price issues in the context of development and the provision of new and specific contributions from developing countries to the draft chapters of the Handbook. It was not felt necessary to reach consensus on specific issues, but if consensus had been reached, that would have been pointed out.", "2. The meeting was attended by 60 participants from Governments (including representatives and advisers from Permanent Missions to the United Nations, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and academics).", "3. Alexander Trepelkov, Director of the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, and Werner Puschra, Executive Director of the New York Office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, delivered welcoming statements. The Director of the Financing for Development Office thanked the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Centre for Concern and Christian Aid for their strong support for the organization of the meeting. He noted that the participation of those bodies added a further dimension to the deliberations on international cooperation in tax matters and the role of the United Nations in that area.", "4. The Director also noted that the main purpose of the meeting was to fully reflect the perspectives, priorities and experiences of developing countries in relation to the handbook for developing countries on transfer pricing, with reference to the mandate of the Subcommittee on Transfer of Practical Prices-Questions. They also address the issue of a phased approach appropriate to the country-specific development stage and the need to consider what type of flexibility could be applied to developing countries, which was in line with the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries.", "5. The Director noted the links to the work of the Committee as a whole and that of its other subcommittees. He indicated that there had been great interest in the work of the Organization on transfer prices and recognized the importance of actively working with others in that area, while at the same time admitting the great need for global inclusive approaches and the special role of the United Nations in that regard.", "6. The Director of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation noted the particular role of the New York Foundation office as a focal point on issues of global economic governance and international peace and security. He stressed his long-standing support for the financing for development process and the work of the Financing for Development Office. He noted that taxation and public finance were now issues of great international importance and that they had become particularly important because they were related to what people expect from their Governments. Finally, he stressed that more needed to be done to improve international cooperation on tax matters.", "7. The Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, delivered an opening speech, highlighting the context of the development of the issue of transfer prices, and the fact that if they are not allocated to transactions prices that truly reflect the benefits of a country, the latter is unfairly deprived of funds and opportunities for development. Similarly, a country that imposes levies above the equitable share of the benefits generated in its jurisdiction can result in double taxation, which could have negative effects on the investment climate and, therefore, on the development potential of a country.", "8. The Assistant Secretary-General noted that most countries, including developing countries seeking to address the issue of manipulated transfer prices, had adopted the “principle of full competition” in response to this issue, and that real difficulties and injustices came not so much from the theory itself but from its practical application. He stressed the need for selective capacity-building and responsiveness and for countries to be helped to create investment environments that reduce compliance costs for enterprises seeking to establish mutually beneficial long-term development partnerships. International institutions should work together cooperatively and developing countries should be actively involved.", "9. In referring to the question of how the United Nations could raise the issue in order to meet those needs, the Assistant Secretary-General mentioned the universal composition, mandate and legitimacy of the United Nations, which gave rise to all points of view, as well as its ability to work in cooperation with other organizations, companies, civil society stakeholders and individual countries.", "10. The Assistant Secretary-General concluded his speech by noting that the United Nations could play a more important role by ensuring that all parties with interest in the “playing rules” would participate in the development of those standards. Such an inclusive approach would help to ensure that standards addressed the real complexities of tax systems and international cooperation in tax matters; respect the sovereign right of countries to determine their tax systems, while also recognizing the side effects that such decisions might have on the international level; and best address development challenges.", "Agenda item 1 The role of the United Nations in international cooperation in tax matters, the impact of transfer prices on sustainable development and possible solutions", "Group 1: General questions of international tax cooperation", "11. The task of cluster 1 was to lay the foundation for the consideration of transfer price issues and, in particular, to determine the role of the United Nations in international cooperation on tax matters.", "12. The Director of the Financing for Development Office focused his presentation on proposals to convert the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters into an intergovernmental body, and informed participants of the report of the Secretary-General on strengthening institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters, including the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (E/2011/76), prepared in response to a request by the Economic and Social Council.", "13. The Director highlighted the outline of the report and said that he identified three options for strengthening institutional arrangements that the Council might consider: (a) strengthening existing agreements; (b) converting the Committee into an intergovernmental commission; and (c) creating a new intergovernmental commission by maintaining the current Committee. A first review of the Council ' s report on 26 April 2011 showed unfinished support for the conversion of the committee. Informal consultations among Governments on a relevant draft resolution (E/2011/L.13) submitted by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China on 1 June 2011, were considered as ongoing discussions.", "14. The first speaker of the group stressed the role of the Committee in supporting developing countries on international tax issues. He noted the interest of companies in the role of the United Nations in those areas, especially since the Committee was addressing the issue of transfer prices. He also noted that individuals from both developed and developing countries worked together to develop standards that were acceptable to all, recognizing the diversity of approaches adopted by developed and developing countries. Virtually all tax treaties were based on a rational approach to full competition, but the application of the principle of full competition could be very complicated in practice. A rational approach to reviewing functions, assets and risks could facilitate the exchange of fiscal revenue on an equitable basis. While the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) had guidelines on the complex issue of transfer prices, practical guidance was needed for developing countries to address the issue of transfer prices and the application of the principle of full competition. It was important that the work of the United Nations be in line with the OECD guidelines on transfer pricing for multinational corporations and tax administrations, rather than duplicating the work of OECD and other entities, and that further guidance be provided on the practical implementation of the full competition principle. In this regard, companies needed legal certainty, including guidelines that were applied in a coherent manner between countries.", "15. The second speaker stressed that the role of the United Nations in international cooperation on tax matters was based on its universal acceptance and legitimacy. The Organization was in a position to support tax administrations in developing countries on cross-border tax issues and to play a key role in building a national capacity to establish more effective tax administrations. He stressed that developing countries should strike a balance between income generation and the creation of an investment-friendly environment.", "16. Another speaker stressed that civil society organizations supported a stronger United Nations role in international tax cooperation. The Organization had several comparative advantages over other forums, as developing countries were represented there; it was a political forum with convening power; and it could address tax issues in a comprehensive manner, along with issues such as trade and investment. He noted that the arguments for “resources implementation” and “increasing the scope of a mission” should not be allowed to prejudice the legitimate functions of the United Nations. He stressed that there was a difference between inviting developing countries to a meeting to discuss issues, on the one hand, and having a seat at the table where key decisions were made, including with the right to vote and the ability to exercise influence, on the other.", "17. In the ensuing discussions, the Chairman noted two particular issues: (a) whether the Committee was transformed into an intergovernmental commission what structure should it have?; and (b) what was the role of the Organization in developing transfer pricing guidelines. With regard to the latter, business representatives noted that there would be difficulties in receiving divergent messages from the United Nations and OECD. Developing countries noted the need for more practical guidance on the basis of their actual situations.", "18. In the general debate, it was noted that the purpose of the Handbook was not to create an alternative to OECD guidelines on transfer prices, but to preserve the same “principle of full competition” based on the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital and the guidelines to facilitate the application of the principle of full competition in practice. In referring to the issue of duplication, some participants from developing countries noted that there was no monopoly on ideas in that area and that there could only be “duplication” if the same countries were represented in different forums, which was often not the case.", "Group 2: Specific issues of transfer prices", "19. The Chair raised a number of specific issues on transfer prices, including their development impact, the options that developing countries had to address the issue of transfer prices and the role of the Committee in establishing transfer prices.", "20. The first speaker stressed that the impact of transfer prices on development was a crucial issue and that such prices should be considered in the broader context of economic and fiscal policies. Developing countries should generate income for development, while promoting business activities. According to their economic structure, developing countries could apply different approaches to transfer prices. Furthermore, dispute settlement mechanisms were an important factor when cross-border taxation issues were addressed.", "21. Another speaker noted that the correct identification of transfer prices was also a challenge for companies. Following the globalization of businesses, industry trends and increased secret jurisdictions, there had been growing abuse of transfer prices to avoid taxation. These abuses represented a significant loss to tax revenue worldwide. In order to improve the basis for decision-making, he urged more empirical research and data on transfer prices.", "22. A third speaker noted that gaps in the knowledge of legislators and the private sector constituted major obstacles to the regulation of transfer prices. The increased awareness, international dialogue and education were therefore critical. To facilitate consideration of transfer prices in developing countries, it was necessary to design simple, cheap and creative solutions.", "23. Another speaker noted that taxation and development were prominent among the priorities of the European Commission and that, as a result, one of its most important objectives was to enhance the capacity of developing countries in terms of transfer prices. To that end, the Commission had initiated a study on how to support developing countries in the design and application of laws on transfer prices. A preliminary finding was that the introduction of transfer pricing laws normally led to an increase in tax revenue.", "24. In the discussions, participants stressed that the asymmetry of information between multinational corporations and tax authorities in developing countries in the context of the assessment of inter-group transactions was a crucial challenge. Key issues for action were considered to be capacity-building for developing countries and increased availability and exchange of information on transfer prices.", "Agenda item 2 The business framework for transfer prices", "25. The first speaker referred to the day-to-day business activities that had to do with transfer price issues, and stressed that there was no single type of “business”: they were all different. The role of tax specialists in private companies was to maximize shareholder performance, but in a sustainable manner. For these specialists, the important thing was not where taxes were paid as long as they were paid only once. In the opinion of the speaker, tax specialists used much of their time avoiding double taxation and many did not have time for aggressive fiscal planning. He welcomed the involvement of the United Nations in establishing transfer prices through the Handbook, as its company dealt with individuals from many non-OECD countries.", "26. He also expressed the view that tolerance margins could be good or bad from a business perspective, but once they existed there was no obligation to maximize tax payments. Transfer prices were a complicated issue and simple responses generally did not work; however, a simple approach that often worked well in practice was that, once Governments took letters on this issue, tax specialists should refrain from acting and let Governments decide on the issue in order for companies to pay taxes only once, and hence the importance of good dispute resolution. He noted that there were legitimate opportunities for arbitration but practical action and common sense should be used.", "27. Another speaker noted the importance of the chapter on the business framework for setting the environment for the Handbook. As a fiscal administrator, his main interest was to determine the true value of the functions and activities carried out in his country. In general, the establishment of market prices, as an independent market value, was an acceptable measure of the value created in a given jurisdiction, although sometimes this was not entirely true. He also noted that even if there were examples of aggressive tax planning and abuses, transfer prices generally referred to daily operations with inevitable transactions within the group. The issue of transfer prices was complicated and difficult but it was not “immune to law enforcement” and was a very important part of the tax environment.", "28. Another participant noted that different business groups had different models and that the multinational models of some developing countries could be different. For example, they could be based on family businesses. Countries should understand those issues and not establish transfer pricing regimes only because it was fashionable. Some countries had decided not to have such regimes because of the cost of compliance for companies.", "29. He himself said that there was no clear international definition of the principle of full competition. The current approach to that principle was that of OECD and its introduction in developing countries might require its modification. In the early stages, a more assessment-based model could be developed, leaving for later the introduction of a model based on full competition, once capacities had been developed. This approach could be more clearly described at the beginning of the chapter on the Business Framework of the Handbook.", "30. One participant noted the potential of transfer pricing regimes to determine the value of multinational enterprise operations in developing countries, while recognizing that there were also risks related to barriers to investment, double taxation, cost of compliance, uncertainty and other issues. All these factors need to be considered in a balanced manner. He noted that the apportionment of profits was very difficult because multinational companies offered synergies and economies of scale to release unavailable values when acting on a country-by-country basis. The work of the United Nations could help to ensure the adoption of effective legislation and non-governmental organizations could help parliamentarians understand the issue in countries that considered the enactment of such legislation.", "31. He indicated that access to information and risk management were key issues and that country-by-country information could help developing countries identify high-risk issues. He pointed out as a reality the increased vigilance, not only of the profits of the companies but also of the ethical aspects of their operations. He referred to the possible role of the United Nations, to assist developing countries in obtaining information on the structures of enterprises, and host countries of multinational companies, in the exchange of information on transactions and high-risk operations of such enterprises.", "32. He expressed the view that the role of the United Nations was the role of a forum in which business administrations and civil society could meet to discuss those issues in a “safe environment”, which would enable them to understand where they came from. Areas of interest on transfer prices could vary from country to country, including due to the scale and type of enterprise, specialization and legal and business environments. It would be useful for the United Nations to help developing countries prioritize those issues. In addition, there should be a debate on gradual approaches to business models and whether they would be useful.", "Agenda item 3 General legal framework", "33. The first speaker referred to India ' s experience in establishing a legal environment for transfer prices and said that India had established its transfer pricing unit in 2001, following a “more open economy” policy that had resulted in more direct foreign investment. Authorities that recognize the need to design policies that conform to local realities should design stable policies that were appropriate to the type of industries established in a given country, as frequent changes in legislation or regulations could create uncertainties for companies.", "34. Another speaker presented some key factors that, in his view, would help to make the full competition approach more effective: (a) the existence and general acceptance of international rules and guidelines, such as the OECD Transfer Price Guidelines and the United Nations Transfer Price Manual for Developing Countries; (b) specific domestic transfer pricing laws; (c) effective dispute settlement mechanisms and avoidance of double taxation; and (d) Where there was no local data to establish comparable, she argued that contributors could use regional or global data. In some cases, some types of objective and genuinely experience-based data could be useful. He also suggested that for developing countries, there was a need to identify the type of data that countries had to start building a comparable database and it might be necessary to establish an initial period of development activities before establishing a full-scale database. Some bodies, such as the United Nations, could play an important role in facilitating this process in the future.", "35. Another speaker noted that the introduction of specific transfer pricing regimes was not always a negative issue, as certainty was important for business interests.", "36. The need for data to be of good quality was also noted to enable countries to benefit from early pricing agreements. Another speaker indicated that the use of good quality data was hampered by the cost of obtaining such data from private entities selling access to them.", "Agenda item 4 Capacity-building for transfer pricing in developing countries", "37. The first speaker referred to the problem of obtaining qualified staff to implement a transfer pricing programme and address the issue of data insufficiency. He suggested a modest start followed by further development; as the programme progressed, tax administrations could develop more general rules and regulations.", "38. Another participant expressed the view that in most cases small local trades in developing countries ended up paying taxes as if they were companies, while large multinational corporations paid little or no taxes. It was very important to develop good investment policies and not to provide excessive tax incentives. It welcomed the idea of a public debate on concessions and tax incentives.", "39. One speaker expressed the view that in many cases local companies did not know how to apply the principle of full competition. A country study revealed that almost none of the 200 subsidiary companies interviewed knew how domestic prices were determined. Therefore, it was necessary to educate the companies. Customs officials also needed training to identify the risks of transfer pricing.", "40. In considering capacity-building and technical assistance issues, one participant referred to the importance of a good judicial system and a parliament receptive to the enactment of appropriate laws. He also stressed the importance of balancing the benefits of the application of transfer pricing regimes and the cost of their implementation. For a country as a whole, the benefits of transfer pricing should exceed their cost and, in that regard, the handbook should reflect the situation in each country.", "41. In offering their perspectives on capacity-building, another speaker suggested that the best way to introduce transfer pricing regimes was as part of broader tax policy reforms. The transfer price law should cover both domestic and international prices, especially when the country offered tax incentives. The most practical way of ensuring the high level of experience required for transfer price audits in the fiscal administrations of developing countries was to commission a transfer price team consisting of a small group of auditors to conduct a full audit of transfer prices, and other auditors to study the risks of transfer prices during regular audits.", "42. In the general debate, participants agreed that the benefits of well-focused capacity-building exceeded costs. Such capacity-building was important in the area of transfer prices, should not be imposed at the expense of work on other important issues. It was also considered important that there be coherence in tax policies of different government entities; uncertainty for Governments and taxpayers caused by lack of coordination within a government had implications for capacity-building. Capacity-building should therefore refer to the entire government structure. One participant noted that, if there was sufficient political will, the issue of tax-effect incentives should be addressed only in tax legislation. This would be a useful way of ensuring coherence and ensuring that the fiscal implications of incentives are fully taken into account.", "43. Another participant pointed out that the main role of investment promotion authorities was to encourage investments; sometimes there was excessive dependence on tax incentives, and this could collide with the objectives of tax administrations. That was often the case because incentives were not always necessary to attract investment.", "44. Several participants noted that capacity-building should address the particular needs of each country, based on the premise of national ownership and not be limited to transfer prices without taking into account their broader context. However, it was noted that widespread reform was a costly and long-term process and that early reforms in strategic areas, such as the pre-established analysis and termination of fiscal moratoriums, could be important, including to establish the support and credibility of longer-term changes.", "45. One participant referred to skills-building aspects, noting that the ability to provide a balance between work and life, which could not always be found in consultancy firms, would also be a way of attracting and retaining high-quality staff.", "46. It was important for many countries to ensure that staff continued to work in the area of transfer prices following their initial training, which could often take up to two years. Others, for their part, stressed that the maintenance of the same people in an area for a long time could lead to integrity issues.", "47. One participant noted that even if international standards were recommended, it was ultimately for each country to decide which rules would be adopted for transfer prices. The need for developing countries to be in a position to make decisions and to participate in the development of the recommended standards had been recognized. In this regard, the Secretariat noted that the purpose of the Handbook was not to tell countries what they had to do, if not to assist, to those who had decided to adopt the criterion of full competition, in the practical application of that criterion. That did not mean that discussions on broader and longer-term issues were not held in the context of the Committee, including with a view to increasing the participation of developing countries in establishing what might become international standards.", "Agenda item 5 Methods for achieving full competition pricing", "48. Chapter 5 of the Handbook presents different methods used to determine a price of full competition and examines the advantages and disadvantages of each one. In previous projects, the traditional methods and methods of the profits of transactions had been treated in two different chapters, while the present project dealt with them in one.", "49. The first speaker on this topic noted that the chapter was in as far as possible in line with the substantive parts of the OECD Guidelines, but differed in how it addressed the advantages and disadvantages of each method and how it provided, where applicable, examples and formulas to clearly determine when and how the methods should be applied at the practical level. Some aspects of transaction gain methods were also discussed with more practical details than in the OECD Guidelines.", "50. She referred to discussions on how to address the lack of comparables and the use of comparable hypotheticals or secrets, and said it might be useful to consider a provision on expected termination, whereby taxpayers could use a range objectively based on experience as an explicit exclusion system for simple functions. Clearly, one issue was to determine where data would come from, and organizations such as the United Nations could collaborate in that regard. Such experience-based data should be transparent and widely indicative of full competition negotiations and should necessarily be considered whether they should be based on global, regional or local experience.", "51. The President noted that the application of transfer pricing methods without the necessary information would inevitably lead to failure and possibly double taxation; therefore, that issue was a practical subject of discussion.", "52. The second speaker recognized the need for transition periods in developing countries for the adoption of a full competition pricing regime, but did not believe that a fixed margin system could fulfil that purpose. A more appropriate concept of transition would gradually eliminate the restrictive provisions of the former closed economic regime. With regard to transitional mechanisms for the establishment of reduced or very simplified transfer prices, it was necessary to be aware that it was difficult to eliminate them once they existed, especially if they offered tax concessions.", "53. He argued that cases that were likely to be more common in developing countries would be found in traditional industries, where intangible valuation (e.g., factory names or brands) was not so difficult. There was a need to provide comparable guidance to developing countries, as they often lacked local comparableities and necessary adjustments to foreign comparables, including to take into account differences in the accounting principles used.", "54. Another speaker pointed out that determining corporate functions and risk assessments should be more prominent in the methodology chapter. He stressed the importance of determining whether persons in charge of the management functions of the companies were able to administer such a role in the entity they were considering. It was important to consider not only the number of people, but also their skills and experience.", "55. He stressed that, from a business perspective, the application of different rules on transfer prices in different countries would actually work only if a robust dispute resolution and arbitration mechanism was established to address issues where disputes could result in double taxation.", "56. Another speaker said that the Handbook should focus on simplifying the transfer price guidelines and providing them with executory force for the tax administrations of developing countries. The handbook should not only reflect the OECD guidelines but also take into account the circumstances of all Member States. In their view, the main issues were: (a) it was very difficult for developing countries to apply the OECD guidelines, and it was not safe that the principle of full competition could be enforced, and alignment with those guidelines might not be the best way for developing countries; therefore, emphasis should be placed on simplicity and enforcement; (b) the Handbook should be more objective in terms of practical difficulties If the Handbook dealt with only OECD guidelines, it could be criticized.", "57. One speaker noted that the methodology chapter was a core element of the handbook and should function as a “tool” of the administrations to determine how to apply the principle of full competition in practice. He referred to a road map to achieve results of full competition, but said that the choice of a particular method of pricing of transfer would depend on the circumstances and the available information. Those dealing with transfer price issues should be in a position to assess those issues and a good fiscal auditor of any administration should be in a position to do so.", "58. Another speaker referred to a country ' s experience in the use of fixed margins for transfer prices. This eliminates the need to find comparable and constitutes a simple and low-cost system for both contributors and authorities. He acknowledged that fixed margins should be carefully established in legislation, be sufficiently specific to industries and have a transparent formulation. He proposed that a section on fixed margins be included in the chapter on methods or in a separate chapter.", "59. In the ensuing discussions, participants exchanged views on which transfer pricing methods would be best suited under different circumstances. There was a debate on the nature of an “additional” method provided for in the legislation of some countries; it was suggested that if such an approach was sufficiently defined as a means of determining prices in accordance with the principle of full competition, it could be a useful experience for other countries. It was also noted that any “fix” approach should recognize that some adjustments might be needed to take into account particular circumstances. One participant felt that it was difficult to imagine how simplified margins could be in line with the principle of full competition, and there was a debate about whether such approaches would work only in very competitive markets, where profits tended to establish equality between competitors.", "60. In summarizing, the President noted the general concern about the frequent lack of reliable information and the constraints on the ability to analyse and adjust such information as needed. He noted that the Committee could request the Subcommittee on Transfer-Related Questions to address this issue in the future, in a separate manner from its current work on the Handbook. He also noted that the issue of capacity-building had been raised once again, not only in terms of risk management but also in terms of how to apply methods, including measurement of functions, assets and risks.", "Agenda item 6 Comparability", "61. The first speaker spoke about the frequent lack of comparable data and referred to a country in which the authorities, when seeking comparable transactions, had to use European databases because they had no national alternative. Data were not fully comparable and much progress had been made in applying adjustments to bring them into line with the domestic market; however, taxpayers had similar problems. One issue that created problems was that many developing countries did not have the necessary funds to pay access rights to those databases and taxpayers themselves might not have access. One possibility would be to enact legislation requiring financial information to build databases.", "62. Another speaker referred to the analysis of roles, assets and risks. For example, functions were particularly important when recruiting staff, as it was essential to examine their skills and profiles. Market penetration strategies were an important issue in some countries. In determining who to take charge of the costs, if the subsidiary or the parent house, countries considered the nature of the business as a whole and the relevant sector; after databases were consulted, filters were applied to ensure that there was a functional and economic comparability. Public domain material, including that used by other regulatory bodies at the international level, was used. It was very important to understand the processes of an industry determined for the purposes of comparison. In India, comparable data could be found mainly in appropriate databases, but these products were often complicated and could be difficult to find comparable.", "63. Another participant expressed mixed feelings about comparability, pointing out that it was essential and complex, but that there were always excuses to argue that there was no comparability. This created uncertainty and often resulted in the use of the net margin method of the transaction. Whatever the comparable used, arguments against them could always be found. The key was that the issue of accounting should be focused from the point of view of good faith. It was not just about documenting what was being done, but also why he was doing it, and what was not being done and why not. That applied to both Governments and taxpayers. The negative aspect was that few decisions were as clear as choosing between black and white, and they needed honesty and good faith to resolve those uncertainties. The Handbook could deal with those issues in more detail.", "64. One participant noted that a presumption, with a dynamic or changing test burden, could help address the cost of issues of complexity and gaps in information.", "65. In summarizing the discussions, the President highlighted the benefits of harmonized approaches among countries in the same region. He noted that a technically good case could not be understood by a judge who was not a transfer price specialist; therefore it was important to make such complex issues as possible. Good data produced good documentation, and this could be difficult to obtain since multinational companies often had more access to that information than administrations.", "Agenda item 7 Dispute settlement", "66. The first speaker introduced the topic and explained that dispute resolution under transfer prices was very similar to dispute resolution in general mutual agreement procedures, which the Committee currently considered in the context of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries. He noted the importance of effective dispute resolution mechanisms and emphasized that if they were designed and implemented in a robust and appropriate manner, they would benefit both the tax administrations and the companies.", "67. She noted the shortage of resources affecting many tax administrations in developing countries and suggested practical and efficient dispute resolution and avoidance mechanisms to help improve their efficiency. He reflected on the role of the mutual agreement procedure in ensuring the promotion of the purposes of the double taxation treaties, including in avoiding double taxation. The most successful mutual agreements programmes exhibited features of transparency and cooperation, and some independence from the audit function.", "68. With regard to early pricing agreements, he noted that they were not adequate for all, and that caution should be exercised in recommending them as first options, although they could play an important role in many countries.", "69. She considered that the arbitration of tax treaties was an important means of managing a large number of dispute settlement cases, helping the competent authorities to facilitate their work and inspire confidence in the system. In practice, it was likely to be much more important than conciliation or mediation. Challenges should be addressed in a practical manner, including the determination of whether the cost of arbitration could be reassigned so that it would help countries to accept this approach.", "70. The Secretariat noted that arbitration could contribute to greater certainty. However, the cost and complexity of arbitration could be a major obstacle for many developing countries and could improperly tilt the balance against them. If the cost was borne by the taxpayers, and the countries agreed on that close participation of the taxpayers, which in itself could be a controversial issue, the impression could be that this encouraged the arbitrators to make unfavourable decisions for the fiscal administration and therefore would not be a solution. It was also possible, at least in the early years, that the arbitrators were not aware of the realities and conditions of developing countries. Extrabudgetary allocations would often be required for arbitration and, in most cases, a significant portion of such amounts would be required in foreign currency. If that were difficult, it could be considered that a country had to accept a position for practical reasons, even if objectively that was not the most appropriate and fairest result. With regard to the process of early pricing agreement, it might be possible for countries to participate in such a system only after careful examination and only if they were confident that they knew the “game rules”. Many countries might consider that at an early stage they should not spend scarce resources on taxpayers who were more likely to meet their obligations. A gradual approach was needed to gain confidence in the process.", "71. One speaker highlighted the issue of the amount of resources to be devoted by countries to early pricing programmes, which dealt mainly with taxpayers who fulfilled their obligations. He said that an appropriate provision on arbitration should not be too costly; it would benefit countries with considerable experience in the mutual agreement procedure but was not recommended for developing countries without such experience. More emphasis should be placed on arbitration and dispute resolution issues outside the context of tax treaties, as developing countries did not have strong treaty networks and had limited experience with arbitration provisions in that context. The United Nations could play an important role in developing a list of well-known arbitration experts.", "72. Regarding the national aspect of arbitration and dispute resolution, one speaker referred to his country ' s dispute settlement procedures, in which the tax treaties were few and took a long time to enact legislation on them. In practice, therefore, the matter referred more to the national settlement of disputes than to treaty arbitration. Many developing countries had doubts about arbitration and mediation in that complex area, and the tight budgetary circumstances of many of their administrations had adversely affected the possibility of obtaining funding for arbitration cases. He highlighted the concern about the lack of experienced arbitrators in developing countries and noted the need for experts from developing countries. That was an area where the United Nations could play a capacity-building role.", "73. In responding to the issue of appropriate documentation not provided by taxpayers, one speaker raised the question of why developing countries did not establish strong presumptions in cases where there was a lack of documentation and the taxpayer was in a position to remedy it.", "74. Another speaker noted that disputes were more costly in developed countries than in developing countries; consequently, there were more disputes about transfer prices in developing countries. Such disputes took a long time, so it was important to find a way to avoid them or to settle disputes in another way. The margins of tolerance were a possibility, but practice was more difficult than theory.", "75. Another participant noted the strong preference of companies for the certainty and firmness of the investment regime that arbitration could provide. With regard to the cost, some of the funds used in capacity-building could be used to support a steering group so that developing countries would not have to meet those costs. In many cases, countries noted the issue of sovereignty and said they could not accept arbitration, but he considered that they should at least consider whether they were signing treaties with similar clauses in other areas, such as investment agreements. He noted that in the practice of the European Union Convention on the Suppression of Double Taxation in the event of a correction of the benefits of partner companies (European Union Arbitration Convention) one of the great benefits of an arbitration clause was that it required the conclusion of mutual agreements. The Secretariat, for its part, asked whether European practice was necessarily applicable to a less balanced relationship between, for example, certain developed countries and developing countries, and there was a debate on more general ways of resolving those imbalances.", "76. One participant noted that arbitration provisions were robust and could be attractive to investors. It might be possible to modify them so that the United Nations or other acceptable bodies might propose or choose the arbitrators. If properly applied, arbitration could be less costly than other mechanisms, prevent integrity problems and be less vulnerable to internal processes. Another participant noted that, properly applied, arbitration could improve the position of developing countries, for example by providing Ministers with access to sources of experience, on a case-by-case basis and without high-level representations.", "Agenda item 8 Audit and risk management", "77. The first speaker on this topic highlighted the importance of audits and risk assessment for developing countries and suggested adopting strategies to encourage efficiency and effectiveness. It considered it important that countries identify cases of high risk and which did not require further study. Many countries made “risk profiles”, especially when the counterpart was in a low-income external jurisdiction and scarce resources should be used as efficiently as possible. This was particularly the case in the early years of a transfer pricing regime, when the simplest aspects had to be resolved first (clearly mispriced examples that did not require many resources) before addressing the most complex issues and the most resource-indices.", "78. She said that, in identifying risk management strategies, an important issue was to decide on the centralization or decentralization of transfer price units. He noted the possibility of introducing tolerance margins at the risk assessment stage rather than at the audit stage, which would provide taxpayers with a certain degree of certainty as to whether audits would be conducted. He also indicated that another important way of achieving a robust risk assessment was to ensure the availability of relevant information.", "79. Another speaker raised a number of issues that he considered essential to an effective risk assessment. In assessing risk, the centralized approach would often be essential if the country was initiating its transfer price activities. This did not mean that a headquarters unit should conduct the entire audit, but that oversight from headquarters was recommended to ensure the quality of risk assessments and audits. It was essential to obtain the correct information and tax returns should include key information on the related transactions of the parties. Care should be taken when, as part of the risk assessment, the information would have to be shared with the customs authorities. Customs information might not be accurate and taxpayers also faced the possibility that their arguments to avoid anti-dumping measures were used as the basis for adjusting transfer prices.", "80. With regard to the transfer pricing system, developing countries could often learn from other countries, but attention should be paid to local conditions that could be different in both countries. A robust audit approach in a country with a very large domestic market or abundant natural resources could be satisfactory, but the application of a similar rigid approach in developing countries without such characteristics could discourage foreign investment. He suggested that the enactment of new tax audit laws should use the knowledge of lawyers and tax specialists who, in some cases, might have more experience than tax administrators. Audits could not be conducted in all cases, so that the use of specialists was very important, especially in the early stages, to advocate for good behaviour among taxpayers.", "81. Another participant indicated that the administrations should carefully consider what taxpayers should include in tax returns; if too much was requested, there was a risk that the information could not be properly analysed, but the right questions could make risk assessments better informed and more efficient. He referred to the ongoing debate in OECD circles on joint tax audits between different fiscal jurisdictions, and said it was a creative idea that could facilitate more effective use of resources. However, such audits could be more efficient in resolving potential fiscal disputes. He said that the use of the target tax figures to be assessed by a fiscal officer in a given period put a lot of pressure on those officials, although some countries might adopt this approach on the grounds of integrity. Finally, the use of comparable secrets made companies nervous, either because sensitive business information was used and the taxpayer had concerns about competitiveness, or because information was used for comparisons to which companies had no access to challenge them.", "82. In referring to the use of data from other sources, including customs, for comparability purposes, one participant agreed that the approach was difficult. He noted the value of such data and said that even if the customs administrations and the tax administrations sought different things, they nevertheless had common interests. Another participant noted that customs data could be particularly important for a developing country that depended heavily on commodity trade and that it had made strong investments to ensure that trade data was accurate, especially as there could be very few useful data from other sources.", "83. One participant suggested that it might be useful not only for individual taxpayers but for entire industries, as companies in the same industry had a tendency to act the same way. Collaboration among countries to develop an opinion on industry-wide compliance would help create experience, develop a more comprehensive body of objectives and save resources.", "84. One speaker expressed doubts about the idea of a joint industry audit, as it was difficult to obtain information from a company in the presence of others, and that some issues interested the entire industry while others interested specific companies. It would be more productive to conduct audits of all industry companies, ensuring that common issues were treated in the same way, rather than conducting industry audits as a whole. Joint audits could refer to information that had not yet been tested since it had not been comparable at that stage. Therefore, he was not sure of its effectiveness in practice.", "85. Another participant noted that his country had initiated a joint audit programme and that companies had difficulty understanding why the income tax authorities examined certain materials, and other authorities, such as those responsible for value-added tax, examined similar materials separately later. In addition, staff working closely with a taxpayer for a few years could remain in a compromised position; since the training of fiscal auditors was costly, a problem was where to place those who might have been engaged, and how to replace them. Even if private sector accountants were recruited, they would need to be provided with further intensive training.", "86. Another speaker noted, for clarification purposes, that joint audits should not necessarily be audited in real time, which could resolve some of the issues raised. One participant noted that, for reasons related to antitrust or competition laws, there were restrictions on information that could be shared among competitors. He said that he could not meet with competitors and discuss different tax matters, and even in such cases he should record what he said. For example, in trying to determine what constitutes a comparable price for a mineral in a country, competitors could have such information but, for reasons of antitrust or competition policy, it could not be requested to share it.", "Closure of the meeting", "87. The Secretariat emphasized the importance of the meeting in the context of the convening power of the United Nations on tax cooperation, and the important role of non-governmental organizations in the discussions. The dialogue had highlighted many very different but very valid views; those issues had been raised in a spirit of respect and cooperation and could now be assimilated in the Handbook in ways that best meet the needs of developing countries. The report would be forwarded to the subcommittee responsible for drafting the chapters for consideration at its meeting in September 2011." ]

[ "Naciones Unidas", "Informe del Comisionado General del Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "Presupuesto por programas 2012-2013", "Asamblea General", "Documentos Oficiales Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones Suplemento núm. 13A", "Asamblea General Documentos Oficiales Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones Suplemento núm. 13A", "[] Naciones Unidas • Nueva York, 2011", "Informe del Comisionado General del Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "Presupuesto por programas 2012-2013", "A/66/13/Add.1", "Nota", "Las signaturas de los documentos de las Naciones Unidas se componen de letras mayúsculas y cifras. La mención de una de tales signaturas indica que se hace referencia a un documento de las Naciones Unidas.", "[17 de agosto de 2011]", "Índice", "Capítulo Página\nI.Introducción 1II.Objetivo 19 1: Una vida larga y \nsaludable III.Objetivo 22 2: Adquisición de conocimientos y \ncompetencias IV.Objetivo 26 3: Un nivel de vida \ndigno V.Objetivo 31 4: Pleno goce de los derechos \nhumanos VI.Objetivo 34 5: Gestión efectiva y eficaz y apoyo en el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano \nOriente VII.Recomendaciones 37 de la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas – estado de la \naplicación", "Capítulo I", "I. Introducción", "1. El Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS) fue establecido dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas como órgano subsidiario de la Asamblea General en virtud de la resolución 302 (IV) de la Asamblea, de 8 de diciembre de 1949, y comenzó a funcionar el 1 de mayo de 1950. El OOPS es uno de los principales programas de las Naciones Unidas, con una población de 4,8 millones de refugiados de Palestina bajo su mandato. Tal como señaló la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/100, el Organismo ha desempeñado una función esencial durante los más de 60 años transcurridos desde su establecimiento, prestando servicios vitales para el bienestar, el desarrollo humano y la protección de los refugiados de Palestina y la mejora de su situación. La Asamblea General prorroga el mandato del Organismo cada tres años, como hizo por última vez en su resolución 65/98, en que afirmó la necesidad de que el Organismo prosiguiera su labor hasta tanto se resolviera de forma justa el problema de los refugiados de Palestina.", "2. La misión del OOPS consiste en ayudar a los refugiados palestinos a desarrollar su pleno potencial humano en las circunstancias difíciles en que viven, en consonancia con los objetivos y las normas acordados internacionalmente. El Organismo cumple su misión prestando una variada gama de servicios esenciales, en el marco de normas internacionales, a los refugiados de Palestina en la Franja de Gaza, la Ribera Occidental, Jordania, el Líbano y la República Árabe Siria. El OOPS se distingue de otros organismos por prestar servicios directamente a los refugiados. El mandato del Organismo, que dimana de la Asamblea General y ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo en respuesta a los acontecimientos ocurridos en el contexto de sus operaciones, abarca actualmente la prestación de servicios de educación, salud, servicios sociales y de socorro, servicios de microfinanciación y asistencia de emergencia para refugiados, servicios de infraestructura y mejoras en los campamentos de refugiados, y protección.", "A. Contexto", "3. Los últimos acontecimientos políticos y de seguridad ocurridos en el Oriente Medio, que no constituyen sino las presiones más recientes que gravitan sobre el Organismo, suponen una carga adicional para los limitados recursos del OOPS y, por consiguiente, afectan su capacidad para prestar servicios a unos 5 millones de refugiados en la Franja de Gaza, la Ribera Occidental, Jordania, el Líbano y la República Árabe Siria. Los problemas de acceso en la Ribera Occidental, el continuo bloqueo de la Franja de Gaza, las graves restricciones financieras y los problemas de seguridad son solo algunas de las dificultades a las que tiene que hacer frente el Organismo cada día. A pesar de estas dificultades, el OOPS, considerado por muchos como una influencia estabilizadora en esta región inestable, está haciendo todo lo posible para seguir proporcionando servicios directos a los refugiados de Palestina.", "4. Los servicios básicos prestados por el OOPS son comparables en naturaleza y alcance a los prestados por un gobierno local o nacional. Con unos 29.000 funcionarios, la mayoría de los cuales son refugiados de Palestina, el OOPS es uno de los mayores empleadores del Oriente Medio. Más de 480.000 niños asisten a escuelas del Organismo, que están a cargo de unos 22.000 funcionarios docentes. Los 137 centros de salud del OOPS en toda la región atendieron a más de 10 millones de pacientes el año pasado. El Organismo también presta asistencia adicional a cerca de 280.000 de los refugiados más pobres y vulnerables por conducto de un programa reformado de la red de seguridad social, dirigido a los más pobres de entre los pobres. Las personas con otras necesidades especiales, como las personas con discapacidad, también se benefician de los servicios especializados de los centros de salud del Organismo. Las cuestiones de género se están incorporando en los programas básicos del OOPS y el empoderamiento de las mujeres en sus comunidades es considerado como un ámbito de interés clave del Organismo. En la actualidad, las dificultades para prestar estos servicios son enormes.", "5. En Gaza, el Organismo atiende a una población registrada de 1,1 millones de refugiados palestinos, entre ellos más de 210.000 estudiantes. Otros miles de estudiantes reúnen los requisitos para asistir a las escuelas del OOPS pero no pueden hacerlo porque faltan aulas. Los efectos del bloqueo y del conflicto que tuvo lugar de diciembre de 2008 a enero de 2009 en la Franja de Gaza han arruinado la economía y creado una enorme necesidad de reconstruir alojamientos para refugiados. Como las viviendas para refugiados constituyen gran parte de las viviendas que hace falta reconstruir en la Franja de Gaza, la responsabilidad asumida por el OOPS resulta aún más compleja debido a la falta de financiación y a las dificultades para importar materiales de construcción causadas por el bloqueo.", "6. En la Ribera Occidental, pese a algunas mejoras como la reducción del número de puestos de control, las restricciones impuestas al acceso y la circulación siguen aislando a las comunidades, lo que plantea no solo problemas políticos, sino también logísticos. Estos problemas aumentan las dificultades para la población de refugiados y merman la capacidad del Organismo para prestar servicios en las zonas afectadas de manera eficaz en función del costo.", "7. En el Líbano, el OOPS sigue siendo el principal proveedor de servicios para una comunidad marginada de refugiados de Palestina, que experimenta elevados niveles de pobreza y tiene pocas oportunidades para escapar de ella. En el Líbano, la formación de un nuevo gobierno a principios de 2011 hizo concebir la esperanza de que se pudieran realizar progresos con respecto a varias cuestiones de interés para el OOPS y los refugiados, como la legislación para permitir el acceso de los refugiados a una serie de profesiones, que aún no se ha implementado. La incapacidad del Organismo para proporcionar lo que los refugiados consideran un subsidio insuficiente que les permita acceder a la atención terciaria en caso de enfermedades que pongan en peligro sus vidas ha provocado disturbios en los campamentos de refugiados y ha dado lugar a amenazas directas a la seguridad del personal del Organismo de primera línea.", "8. En Jordania, donde la situación de los refugiados sigue siendo estable, el Gobierno ha respondido a las demandas populares con una serie de medidas, entre ellas aumentos salariales para los empleados del sector público. Las repercusiones de estas medidas se tratan a continuación (véanse párrs. 12 y 13 ). En 2011, en la República Árabe Siria, tradicionalmente una zona de operaciones estable, estallaron violentos disturbios que dificultan las actividades del OOPS en la zona.", "9. Los servicios directos prestados por el Organismo son fundamentales para el bienestar de los refugiados palestinos en toda la región. Si la situación económica del OOPS no mejora, las repercusiones en los beneficiarios serán inmediatas y considerables. La falta de recursos adecuados ya ha empeorado la calidad de los programas del OOPS. Aunque las contribuciones extrapresupuestarias para el OOPS han aumentado gradualmente en los últimos años, no se han mantenido a la par con el crecimiento de la población y los costos cada vez mayores.", "B. Hipótesis de planificación", "10. El OOPS reconoce abiertamente que para cumplir su compromiso de atender las necesidades de los beneficiarios y para resolver las dificultades financieras es fundamental que mejore de forma sustancial su manera de operar.", "11. En 2006, después de la histórica Conferencia de Ginebra, celebrada en junio de 2004, el OOPS inició un proceso de reforma, el más ambicioso hasta la fecha, denominado “Desarrollo Institucional”. Este proceso de reforma, que concluyó en 2009, introdujo profundos cambios en los sistemas de gestión y los marcos de planificación del Organismo. Basándose en el plan “Desarrollo Institucional”, el OOPS prosiguió las reformas y elaboró un plan conocido como “Sostener el cambio”, cuyas líneas generales se finalizaron en mayo de 2011 y se presentaron en el período de sesiones de la Comisión Asesora del Organismo a fines de junio de 2011. El plan tiene como objetivo completar la transformación institucional del Organismo a lo largo de los próximos dos bienios. A diferencia del plan “Desarrollo Institucional”, que dio inicio a la revitalización de la gestión del Organismo, el plan para sostener el cambio tiene por objeto reforzar los programas, garantizando mayor igualdad y eficacia allí donde más se necesitan, en el lugar en que se ejecutan, a saber, escuelas atestadas, clínicas y centros de servicios de los campamentos. El plan también da prioridad a la mejora de la capacidad de movilización de recursos del Organismo. Como resultado del “Desarrollo Institucional” y gracias a los avances logrados mediante el plan para sustentar el cambio, el Organismo ha adoptado una orientación estratégica de plazo más largo, aplicando, por ejemplo, una estrategia de mediano plazo para el período 2010-2015, respaldada por un sólido sistema de planificación basada en los resultados. Las capacidades de seguimiento y evaluación se siguen desarrollando y el Organismo también está integrando en su planificación cuestiones intersectoriales que son fundamentales para las actividades de desarrollo y humanitarias de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, como las relacionadas con el género, la discapacidad y la protección. Si bien es cierto que el Organismo ha delegado más autoridad al personal directivo sobre el terreno para mejorar la eficiencia, también ha procurado garantizar que la sede del OOPS preste el apoyo necesario para que se cumplan en todo el Organismo las normas correspondientes, se utilicen buenas prácticas en materia de planificación y evaluación de programas, y se rindan cuentas con respecto a los resultados. Además, las normas del Organismo en materia de adquisiciones han sido revisadas para ajustarlas más a las normas utilizadas en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Los procesos del Organismo en materia de recursos humanos también han sido revisados a los efectos de mejorar los procesos de contratación y de administración de personal, muy importantes para un organismo con unos 29.000 funcionarios que son imprescindibles para prestar servicios de calidad a millones de beneficiarios.", "12. Los gastos de personal constituyen la mayor parte del presupuesto del OOPS (véase el cuadro 4). Esto se debe a que la prestación diaria de servicios en forma directa requiere el empleo de un gran número de funcionarios (unos 29.000). Los esfuerzos para mantener la paridad con los sueldos del sector público de las autoridades de acogida hacen que la sostenibilidad financiera del Organismo quede expuesta a la volatilidad económica. A modo de ejemplo, cabe señalar que, en 2011, los aumentos salariales del sector público en la República Árabe Siria y en Jordania supusieron para el OOPS un costo adicional de alrededor de 8,5 millones de dólares anuales.", "13. Los gobiernos de acogida se ven confrontados a una demanda de servicios de calidad, mientras que su propia situación financiera se está deteriorando; en algunos casos esto constituye una presión adicional para los servicios del OOPS, como cuando algunos refugiados de Palestina que utilizan los servicios del gobierno de acogida recurren al OOPS. Al mismo tiempo, los donantes pretenden mayor eficiencia, eficacia y calidad en la prestación de servicios. Esto significa que el OOPS tiene que hacer frente a las crecientes demandas y expectativas de todos sus principales interesados con una base de recursos limitada y costos de funcionamiento cada vez mayores.", "C. Estructura del presupuesto", "14. La estructura presupuestaria del OOPS refleja la estrategia de mediano plazo para el período 2010-2015 y se basa en los planes de ejecución preparados para cada oficina de zona y departamento de la sede para el segundo bienio de la estrategia. Los capítulos siguientes y los logros previstos, los indicadores de progreso y las mediciones indicados en ellos ponen de manifiesto el empeño permanente del OOPS a la planificación y la presupuestación basadas en los resultados adoptadas durante el bienio 2010-2011.", "15. En la estrategia de mediano plazo se identifican cuatro objetivos de desarrollo para los refugiados de Palestina, a saber:", "a) Vivir una vida larga y saludable;", "b) Adquirir conocimientos y competencias;", "c) Tener un nivel de vida digno;", "d) Disfrutar plenamente de los derechos humanos.", "16. Para vincular directamente los recursos financieros con el logro de resultados compatibles con la estrategia del Organismo, el presupuesto incluye un desglose por metas y por objetivos estratégicos, como se indica en los cuadros y gráficos que figuran a continuación:", "Organigrama del OOPS desglosado por departamentos y zona de operaciones, con indicación del número de funcionarios internacionales y de zona que trabajan en cada departamento (gráfico I); resumen del presupuesto por programas para 2012-2013 desglosado, entre otras cosas, por objetivo de desarrollo humano, presupuesto ordinario y presupuestos para los proyectos (cuadro 1); desglose del presupuesto ordinario por oficina de zona, con cifras comparativas para los bienios 2008-2009, 2010-2011 y 2012-2013 (cuadro 2 y gráfico II); Desglose del presupuesto ordinario por objetivo de desarrollo humano con cifras comparativas para los bienios 2008-2009, 2010-2011 y 2012-2013 (cuadro 3 y gráfico III); Desglose del presupuesto ordinario por categoría de gastos con cifras comparativas para los bienios 2008-2009, 2010-2011 y 2012-2013 (cuadro 4 y gráfico IV); Desglose de los presupuestos de los proyectos por objetivos de desarrollo humano y por oficina de zona (cuadro 5).", "Gráfico I", "Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "Organigrama y distribución de los puestos para el bienio 2012-2013", "Abreviaturas: SGA, Secretario General Adjunto; SsG, Subsecretario General; PO, presupuesto ordinario; RE, recursos extrapresupuestarios; SG (OC), Servicios Generales (otras categorías).", "Nota: Hay 75 puestos de contratación internacional que se financian con cargo a recursos extrapresupuestarios.", "^(a) Puestos nuevos.", "^(b) Puestos de contratación local.", "^(c) Reclasificación.", "^(d) Número de puestos del Departamento de Microfinanzas excluidos del cuadro 7.", "Cuadro 1 Presupuesto para el bienio 2012-2013", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Objetivo de Ejercicio Ejercicio Bienio desarrollo humano económico de económico de 2012-2013 2012 2013\n Presupuesto Presu-puesto Total Presupuesto Presu-puesto Total Presupuesto Presu-puesto Total ordinario para proyectos ordinario para proyectos ordinario para proyectos", "En En Total En En Total En En Total efectivo^(a) especie efectivo^(a) especie efectivo^(a) especie", "Una vida larga y 116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 673 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 saludable 826 496 816 642", "Adquisición de 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 644 17 162 682 102 conocimientos y 095 315 845 940 competencias", "Un nivel de vida 82 889 – 82 889 302 288 385 177 86 076 – 86 076 265 673 351 749 168 965 – 168 567 961 736 926 digno 965", "Pleno goce de los 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 765 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 derechos humanos", "Gestión eficaz y 90 246 – 90 246 20 623 110 869 83 900 – 83 900 20 623 104 523 174 146 – 174 41 246 215 392 eficiente y apoyo 146 en el OOPS", "Subtotal 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 315 950 472 1 247 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 933 178", "Otras necesidades", "Reserva para casos 11 000 – 11 000 – 11 000 11 000 – 11 000 – 11 000 22 000 – 22 – 22 000 de emergencia^(b) 000", "Reserva para 16 135 – 16 135 – 16 135 31 135 – 31 135 – 31 135 47 270 – 47 – 47 270 aumentos de 270 sueldos", "Prestaciones por 2 000 – 2 000 – 2 000 2 000 – 2 000 – 2 000 4 000 – 4 000 – 4 000 separación del servicio", "Nueva reserva para 2 000 – 2000 – 2000 2000 – 2000 – 2000 4 000 – 4 000 – 4 000 la planificación de los recursos institucionales", "Reserva para 1 000 – 11 000 – 1000 1000 – 1000 – 1000 2 000 – 2 000 – 2 000 capitalización y depreciación^(c)", "Subtotal 32 135 – 32 135 – 32 135 47 135 – 47 135 – 47 135 79 270 – 79 – 79 270 270", "Total 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 315 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 203 448", "^(a) Incluye el costo de 13 puestos de contratación internacional adicionales y de la reclasificación de 5 puestos solicitada en el fascículo correspondiente a 2012‑2013.", "^(b) Incluye las reservas para: dinero en efectivo para la compra de alimentos, divisas, vacaciones anuales y fines generales.", "^(c) Se ha incluido una reserva para capitalización y depreciación como una disposición para cumplir los requisitos para la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público.", "Cuadro 2", "Necesidades de recursos del presupuesto ordinario por oficina de zona", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Oficina de zona Gastos Gastos Gastos Presupuesto Estimaciones Estimaciones Crecimiento de 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) los recursos^(d)\n Monto Porcentaje", "Franja de Gaza 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2,72", "Líbano 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5,55", "República Árabe Siria 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10,55", "Jordania 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6,05", "Ribera Occidental 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7,17", "Sede", "Programa de educación 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4,79)", "Programa de salud 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3,50", "Programa de socorro y 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5,16) servicios sociales", "Programa de 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30,28 infraestructura y mejora de campamentos", "Departamentos de 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19,42 apoyo", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6,10", "Otras necesidades", "Reserva para casos de – – – 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergencia^(b, c)", "Reserva para aumentos – – – 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 de sueldos^(b)", "Prestaciones por – – – 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21,23) separación del servicio^(b)", "Nueva reserva para la – – – – 2 000 2 000 4 000 planificación de los recursos institucionales^(b)", "Reserva para (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220,77) capitalización y depreciación^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9,96", "^(a) Incluye el costo de 13 puestos de contratación internacional adicionales y de la reclasificación de 5 puestos solicitada en el fascículo correspondiente a 2012-2013.", "^(b) Las cifras comparativas para 2008-2010 están comprendidas en los gastos de la sede y de las oficinas de zona respectivas.", "^(c) Incluye las reservas para: dinero en efectivo para la compra de alimentos, divisas, vacaciones anuales y fines generales.", "^(d) Crecimiento de los recursos: comparación entre dos bienios.", "^(e) Se ha incluido una reserva para capitalización y depreciación como una disposición para cumplir los requisitos para la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público.", "Gráfico II", "[] Presupuesto ordinario por oficina de zona", "Cuadro 3", "Necesidades de recursos del presupuesto ordinario por objetivos de desarrollo humano", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Oficina de desarrollo Gastos Gastos Gastos Presupuesto Estimaciones Estimaciones Crecimiento de humano 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) los recursos^(d)\n Monto Porcentaje", "Una vida larga y 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6,81 saludable", "Adquisición de 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8,48 conocimientos y competencias", "Un nivel de vida 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35,40 digno", "Pleno goce de los 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 (14,55) derechos humanos 233)", "Gestión eficaz y 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 eficiente y apoyo en 012) el OOPS", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6,10", "Otras necesidades", "Reserva para casos de – – – 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergencia^(b, c)", "Reserva para aumentos – – – 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 de sueldos^(b)", "Prestaciones por – – – 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 (21,23) separación del 078) servicio^(b)", "Nueva reserva para la – – – – 2 000 2 000 4 000 planificación de los recursos institucionales^(b)", "Reserva para (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220,77) capitalización y depreciación^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157,95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 9,96 465", "^(a) Incluye el costo de 13 puestos de contratación internacional adicionales y de la reclasificación de 5 puestos solicitada en el fascículo correspondiente a 2012-2013.", "^(b) Las cifras comparativas para 2008-2010 están comprendidas en los gastos de la sede y de las oficinas de zona respectivas.", "^(c) Incluye las reservas para: dinero en efectivo para la compra de alimentos, divisas, vacaciones anuales y fines generales.", "^(d) Crecimiento de los recursos: comparación entre dos bienios.", "^(e) Se ha incluido una reserva para capitalización y depreciación como una disposición para cumplir los requisitos para la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público.", "Gráfico III Presupuesto ordinario por objetivos de desarrollo humano", "[]", "Cuadro 4", "Necesidades de recursos del presupuesto ordinario por categoría de gastos", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Categoría de gastos Gastos Gastos Gastos Presupuesto Estimaciones Estimaciones Crecimiento 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) de los recursos\n Monto Porcentaje", "Gastos de personal 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3,49 internacional", "Gastos de personal de 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8,13 zona", "Servicios 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4,82", "Suministros 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 228 65 184 13 405 11,26", "Equipo y construcción 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9,30", "Locales 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32,94", "Subvenciones y 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27,67 subsidios", "Reserva sobre el – – – (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 terreno", "Recuperación de (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) – costos", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6,10", "Otras necesidades", "Reserva para casos de – – – 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergencia^(b,c)", "Reserva para aumentos – – – 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 de sueldos^(b)", "Prestaciones por – – – 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21,23) separación del servicio^(b)", "Nueva reserva para la – – – – 2 000 2 000 4 000 – planificación de los recursos institucionales^(b)", "Reserva para (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220,77) capitalización y depreciación^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157,95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9,96", "^(a) Incluye el costo de 13 puestos de contratación internacional adicionales y de la reclasificación de 5 puestos solicitada en el fascículo correspondiente a 2012-2013.", "^(b) Las cifras comparativas para 2008-2010 están comprendidas en los gastos de la sede y de las oficinas de zona respectivas.", "^(c) Incluye las reservas para: dinero en efectivo para la compra de alimentos, divisas, vacaciones anuales y fines generales.", "^(d) Crecimiento de los recursos: comparación entre dos bienios.", "^(e) Se ha incluido una reserva para capitalización y depreciación como una disposición para cumplir los requisitos para la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público.", "Gráfico IV", "Presupuesto ordinario por categoría de gastos", "Cuadro 5", "Presupuestos de los proyectos por objetivos de desarrollo humano y oficina de la zona", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Objetivo de desarrollo Franja de Líbano^(b) República Jordania Ribera Sede Total humano Gaza^(a) Árabe Siria Occidental", "Una vida larga y 13 198 14 563 – – – 1 585 29 346 saludable", "Adquisición de – – 2 814 14 348 – – 17 162 conocimientos y competencias", "Un nivel de vida digno 402 485 155 940 – 2 005 6 599 932 567 761", "Pleno goce de los 25 530 – – – – – 25 530 derechos humanos", "Gestión eficaz y – – – – – 41 246 41 246 eficiente y apoyo en el OOPS^(c)", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) El presupuesto para el proyecto de la Franja de Gaza incluye 400 millones de dólares relacionados con la reconstrucción de Gaza.", "^(b) El presupuesto para el proyecto de la oficina del Líbano incluye 115 millones de dólares para el campamento de Nahr al-Barid en 2012-2013. Las necesidades totales de financiación para completar todo el proyecto ascienden a 207 millones de dólares.", "^(c) Los 41,2 millones de dólares para la gestión eficaz y eficiente y el apoyo en el OOPS incluyen 26 millones de dólares para la planificación de recursos institucionales y 15 millones de dólares para la iniciativa para sostener el cambio, relacionada con las reformas en los ámbitos de la educación y la salud y la creación del Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores y Comunicaciones.", "D. Personal", "17. El Organismo emplea personal internacional y de zona para la ejecución de sus programas y proyectos básicos.", "18. En su resolución 3331B (XXIX), de 17 de diciembre de 1974, la Asamblea General decidió que los gastos correspondientes a los sueldos del personal internacional al servicio del OOPS, que de otro modo se costearían mediante contribuciones voluntarias, se financiarían con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 1975 con cargo al presupuesto ordinario de las Naciones Unidas, mientras durara el mandato de dicho Organismo. Durante el bienio 2010-2011, los puestos de 133 funcionarios de contratación internacional se financiaron con cargo al presupuesto ordinario.", "19. El Contralor recomendó que, además de los 133 puestos de contratación internacional aprobados, se incluyeran en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013, 13 nuevos puestos (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3) y 5 reclasificaciones (4 D-1 a D-2, 1 P-4 a P-5). La creación de estos nuevos puestos de contratación internacional contribuiría a satisfacer las exigencias cada vez mayores impuestas al Organismo a raíz de las iniciativas emprendidas por la Asamblea General en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas con el fin de que se apliquen las políticas e iniciativas en materia de mejores prácticas, en particular las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS), la reforma del sistema de justicia interna, las normas y políticas del sistema de gestión de la seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (como las normas mínimas operativas de seguridad) y la incorporación de la perspectiva de género.", "20. Además de lo expuesto, hay 75 puestos de contratación internacional que se financian con cargo a otras fuentes distintas del presupuesto ordinario (véase el cuadro 6). Un total de 69 puestos se financian con fondos para proyectos; dos son financiados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO); dos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); uno por el Departamento de Microfinanciación mediante los ingresos de sus programas; y uno por la Caja de Previsión del Organismo.", "Cuadro 6 Necesidades de personal de contratación internacional para el bienio 2012-2013", "Categoría Presupuesto Otras fuentes ordinario de las Naciones Unidas^(a)", "Cuadro Orgánico y categorías superiores", "SGA 1 –", "SsG 1 –", "D-2 8 2", "D-1 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-33 2 3", "Subtotal 135 68", "Cuadro de Servicios Generales 11 7", "Subtotal 11 7", "Total 146 75", "^(a) En la columna del presupuesto ordinario se incluyen los 13 puestos de contratación internacional adicionales propuestos y las 5 reclasificaciones de puestos aprobadas.", "21. Por lo demás, al 30 de junio de 2011, la ejecución de los programas básicos del OOPS está a cargo principalmente de 29.763 funcionarios locales, cuyo número deberá incrementarse a más de 30.823 para que el Organismo pueda alcanzar los logros previstos en la presente propuesta presupuestaria para fines de 2013 (véase el cuadro 7).", "Cuadro 7 Número estimado de personal local al 31 de diciembre de 2013, por objetivos de desarrollo humano", "Objetivo Franja Líbano República Jordania Ribera Sede Total de Gaza Árabe Siria Occidental", "Una vida larga y 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380 saludable", "Adquisición de 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906 conocimientos y competencias", "Un nivel de vida 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 digno", "Pleno goce de los 48 16 63 42 37 5 211 derechos humanos", "Gestión efectiva y 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583 eficaz y apoyo en el OOPS", "Total 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. Situación financiera", "22. Con excepción de los puestos de contratación internacional financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario mediante las cuotas y los puestos financiados por otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas, las operaciones en curso, los proyectos y los llamamientos de emergencia del OOPS se financian con contribuciones voluntarias de los donantes.", "23. El cuadro 8 muestra el estado de la financiación del presupuesto del Organismo en 2010, incluidas las actividades financiadas mediante contribuciones al presupuesto ordinario para fines generales y contribuciones para fines específicos.", "24. Los resultados financieros del ejercicio económico 2010 ilustran claramente el déficit de financiación que experimentó el Organismo en sus esfuerzos por desempeñar su mandato. El déficit de financiación del presupuesto ordinario financiado con contribuciones voluntarias para fines generales ascendió a 47,3 millones de dólares, y el del presupuesto para los proyectos a 204,9 millones.", "Cuadro 8 Estado de financiación del Organismo – 2010", "(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Presupuesto Proyectos Llamamiento ordinario de emergencia\n Actividades Actividades presupuestadas no presupuestadas", "Presupuesto 601,9 262,0 323,3^(a)", "Contribuciones e 554,6^(b) 50,6^(c) 57,1 162,0 ingresos", "Déficit de financiación (47,3) – (204,9) (161,3)", "^(a) Representa la cifra solicitada en el llamamiento de emergencia de 2010.", "^(b) Incluye ingresos en efectivo y en especie.", "^(c) Representa ingresos asignados a actividades específicas no incluidas en la versión publicada del presupuesto por programas para 2010 (por ejemplo, ayuda alimentaria (subsidios en efectivo) para personas en situación especialmente difícil) en el territorio palestino ocupado y el reembolso al OOPS por las pérdidas sufridas en relación con los incidentes que tuvieron lugar en la Franja de Gaza del 27 de diciembre de 2008 al 19 de enero de 2009, Desarrollo Institucional – fase II y planificación de recursos institucionales.", "25. El déficit de financiación del llamamiento de emergencia de 2010 en el territorio palestino ocupado fue de 161,3 millones de dólares.", "26. Las previsiones actuales de los ingresos y gastos para 2011, que figuran en el cuadro 9, indican un déficit de financiación del presupuesto ordinario de 104,5 millones de dólares cuando se comparan los gastos presupuestados de 624,7 millones de dólares con el total de ingresos previstos por valor de 520,2 millones de dólares (cifra basada en las estimaciones indicativas de los donantes y los ingresos estimados por concepto de intereses) para el Fondo General, que es el mecanismo de recaudación de contribuciones voluntarias para fines generales destinadas a sufragar las necesidades de efectivo y en especie del Organismo. Sin nuevas contribuciones, el Organismo no podrá realizar plenamente las actividades presupuestadas. El déficit de financiación del llamamiento de emergencia de 2011 en el territorio palestino ocupado fue de 205,9 millones de dólares, mientras el déficit previsto para el presupuesto para proyectos es de 153 millones de dólares.", "Cuadro 9 Estado de financiación previsto del Organismo – 2011", "(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Presupuesto Proyectos Llamamiento ordinario de emergencia", "Presupuesto 624,7 228,8 342,6", "Ingresos previstos^(a) 520,2 75,8 136,7", "Déficit de financiación (104,5) (153,0) (205,9)", "^(a) Incluye los ingresos estimados a fin de año y las promesas de contribuciones confirmadas a fines de junio de 2011.", "27. Las previsiones actuales de ingresos y gastos para 2012, que figuran en el cuadro 10, no son alentadoras. Si resultan ser correctas, en 2012 el déficit de financiación llegará a 133,2 millones de dólares (cifra basada en las estimaciones indicativas de los donantes y los ingresos estimados por concepto de recuperación de gastos de apoyo a los programas).", "Cuadro 10 Déficit de financiación previsto – 2012", "(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Presupuesto ordinario", "Presupuesto 654,9", "Ingresos previstos 521,7", "Déficit de financiación (133,2)", "28. Las previsiones de ingresos para 2011 y 2012, desglosadas por donante, figuran en el cuadro 11.", "Cuadro 11 Previsiones de ingresos para el Fondo General – 2011 y 2012", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Donante\tIngresosproyectados2011\tIngresosprevistos2012\tDonantes\tIngresosproyectados^(a)2011\tIngresosprevistos2012 \nAustralia\t6300\t6300\tSubtotal anterior\t215700\t215100\nBahrein\t100\t100\tArabia Saudita\t5200\t2000\nBélgica\t4300\t1400\tEspaña\t14300\t12600\nCanadá\t0\t–\tSuecia\t43900\t43600\nDinamarca\t12800\t13400\tSuiza\t10500\t12000\nEgipto\t100\t100\tTurquía\t1000\t1000\nUnión Europea\t115100\t114400\tEmiratos Árabes Unidos\t1800\t1800\nFinlandia\t4200\t4300\tReino Unido\t31900\t47900\nFrancia\t6700\t6400\tReino Unido(Incremento dedesempeño)\t5400\t–\nAlemania\t8700\t9000\tEstados Unidos deAmérica\t114600\t114600\nIrlanda\t5700\t5700\tDiferentes a laComisión Asesora\t13600\t13600\nItalia\t2900\t2900\tOrganizaciones nogubernamentales\t1900\t3800\nJapón\t2900\t2900\tEn especies\t3500\t1900\nKuwait\t2000\t2000\tIntereses\t2118\t3000\nPaíses Bajos\t18600\t18600 \nNoruega\t25200\t27500\tRecuperación de gastosde apoyo a losprogramas\t24000\t20000\nQatar\t100\t100\tPersonal decontratacióninternacionalfinanciado por NuevaYork\t30782\t28803\nSubtotalarrastrado\t215700\t215100\tTotal\t520200\t521703", "^(a) Incluye los ingresos estimados a fin de año y las promesas de contribuciones confirmadas a fines de junio de 2011.", "29. El OOPS está funcionando en una situación financiera en que la disparidad entre el presupuesto, los ingresos y los gastos se ha convertido en crónica. El Organismo ha reiterado su empeño en aumentar su capacidad de movilización de recursos en una serie de áreas clave, como, por ejemplo:", "a) La fusión del antiguo Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores con la antigua Oficina de Información Pública de la sede para crear el Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores y Comunicaciones;", "b) La formulación de una estrategia de asociación y el establecimiento de una División de Asociaciones en el Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores y Comunicaciones;", "c) El establecimiento de una nueva oficina del representante en Washington, D.C.;", "d) El fortalecimiento de la oficina del representante en Bruselas;", "e) La reafirmación del papel central del Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores y Comunicaciones como el punto focal para la movilización de recursos del Organismo;", "f) El nombramiento de un Director Superior del Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores y Comunicaciones para que dirija la formulación de una nueva estrategia con el apoyo de una mejor armonización interna.", "30. La nueva estrategia de movilización de recursos del OOPS presupone la posibilidad de aumentar los ingresos generales de todos los sectores del mercado, pero reconoce que no será posible alterar drásticamente las trayectorias actuales. La estrategia reconoce que los objetivos establecidos para el Fondo General en los próximos años son difíciles pero cree que se pueden alcanzar si se toman algunas medidas para reducir los gastos. Si bien hace notar el generoso apoyo de los donantes árabes para sus proyectos, el Organismo sigue dirigiéndose a ellos para que aporten contribuciones adicionales al Fondo General. La dependencia relativa de los donantes tradicionales puede reducirse aún más pero los niveles de financiación de estas fuentes tendrán que seguir aumentando. Para movilizar recursos adicionales se necesitan inversiones que tengan en cuenta también los componentes de comunicación.", "31. La estrategia consta de tres objetivos estratégicos:", "a) Profundizar la colaboración con los donantes tradicionales, a fin de lograr:", "• Contribuciones previsibles al Fondo General, que aumenten de conformidad con las proyecciones de gastos", "• Una respuesta adecuada a las emergencias y a las necesidades específicas de las zonas", "• Una asociación para las actividades de promoción y movilización de recursos;", "b) Diversificar la base de donantes a fin de lograr:", "• Un aumento de las contribuciones de las economías emergentes al Fondo General", "• Un aumento de las contribuciones de los donantes no tradicionales de la Unión Europea en todos los portales de financiación", "• Un aumento de las contribuciones árabes en todos los portales de financiación", "• Un aumento sustancial de las donaciones privadas y de empresas", "• Beneficios económicos y no económicos aportados al Organismo por asociaciones e iniciativas de colaboración;", "c) Desarrollar la capacidad del Organismo para movilizar recursos y administrar las relaciones con los donantes:", "• Las actividades de la Sede y las oficinas en las zonas concuerdan estratégicamente con las prioridades de movilización de recursos institucionales del OOPS", "• Las sinergias entre las comunicaciones y las relaciones con los donantes se utilizan plenamente.", "32. El gráfico V muestra las fuentes previstas de financiación del volumen presupuestario total del Organismo para 2012 y 2013, incluidos tanto el presupuesto ordinario como los presupuestos de los proyectos.", "33. Se solicitarán contribuciones voluntarias para cubrir alrededor del 95% del volumen presupuestario total para 2012-2013, de las que el 64,2% son contribuciones en efectivo al Fondo General, el 35,6% son contribuciones en efectivo destinadas a financiar proyectos y aproximadamente el 0,2% constituye contribuciones en especie al Fondo General.", "Gráfico V", "Financiación del presupuesto – 2012-2013", "[](En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Contribuciones voluntarias en efectivo al FondoGeneral\t1 228 063\nContribuciones voluntarias en efectivo a losproyectos\t681 245\nContribuciones voluntarias en especie al FondoGeneral\t3 688\n Presupuesto ordinario de las Naciones Unidas 50 346 \n Otros 48 106 \n Total 2 011 448", "34. La financiación con cargo al presupuestos ordinario de las Naciones Unidas de 133 puestos de contratación internacional aprobados además de 13 puestos adicionales y 5 puestos reclasificados propuestos, representa un 2,5% del total del volumen presupuestario anual. El 2,4% restante de los ingresos previstos proviene de las siguientes fuentes:", "a) Ingresos por concepto de intereses e ingresos varios, incluidos los gastos de apoyo a los programas, por unos 23 millones de dólares al año;", "b) Financiación de seis puestos (2 de contratación internacional y 4 locales) por la UNESCO y cuatro puestos (2 de contratación internacional y 2 locales) financiados por la OMS como parte de su asistencia técnica a los programas de educación y salud, respectivamente.", "35. Si las contribuciones de los donantes siguen sin alcanzar los niveles necesarios para financiar los crecientes requisitos de prestación de servicios, las consiguientes limitaciones para la capacidad del OOPS seguirán socavando los niveles de desarrollo humano de los refugiados y ejercerán una presión adicional sobre las autoridades del país de acogida.", "36. El OOPS reconoce que la escasez de recursos debida al clima económico imperante actualmente en el mundo, el aumento de las necesidades consecuencia del crecimiento de la población y las presiones inflacionarias exigen que el OOPS fije un orden de prioridad para los servicios y las actividades dentro de sus programas principales, y entre ellos. Por este motivo en el presupuesto solo se prevén fondos para un determinado conjunto de actividades esenciales que son fundamentales para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de los refugiados. Los recursos necesarios para ello son imprescindibles para que el Organismo pueda cumplir la esencia de su mandato.", "Capítulo II", "Objetivo 1: Una vida larga y saludable", "A. Objetivo de desarrollo humano", "37. El programa de salud del OOPS hace posible que los refugiados de Palestina disfruten de una vida larga y saludable mediante la prestación de servicios integrales de atención primaria de la salud y el trabajo con las comunidades para promover estilos de vida saludables.", "B. Objetivos", "38. Los objetivos del programa son los siguientes:", "a) Garantizar el acceso universal a servicios integrales y de buena calidad de atención primaria de la salud;", "b) Proteger y promover de manera sostenida la salud de la familia;", "c) Prevenir y controlar las enfermedades.", "C. Limitaciones y desafíos", "39. El programa de salud del OOPS ha prestado servicios integrales de atención primaria de la salud a los refugiados de Palestina durante más de 60 años y ha logrado así algunos avances notables, especialmente en los ámbitos de la salud materna y del niño. Sin embargo, el contexto en el que opera el programa de salud está cambiando, lo que plantea una serie de nuevos desafíos.", "40. El envejecimiento de la población y los cambios en los estilos de vida han producido un aumento de la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles entre los refugiados de Palestina que coincide con las tendencias observadas a nivel mundial. Entre las enfermedades no transmisibles se encuentran la hipertensión, la diabetes, la obesidad, las enfermedades pulmonares relacionadas con el tabaquismo y el cáncer, enfermedades que suelen necesitar atención permanente y cuyo tratamiento requiere medicamentos que suelen ser caros. Debido a limitaciones presupuestarias, el OOPS no puede actualmente proporcionar los medicamentos para reducir el colesterol que son esenciales para tratar a gran parte de los pacientes que padecen enfermedades no transmisibles. Las complicaciones de estas enfermedades pueden ser lo suficientemente graves como para requerir hospitalización y pueden causar discapacidad. Por ende, la gestión de la carga cada vez mayor que suponen las enfermedades crónicas repercute considerablemente en los recursos para la dotación de personal, los medicamentos y la atención hospitalaria. Además, habrá que hacer esfuerzos importantes con las comunidades para tomar medidas contra los factores de riesgo relacionados con el estilo de vida, que son clave para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Se necesitan recursos para preparar campañas de comunicación eficaces y fomentar la capacidad de las organizaciones de apoyo comunitario.", "41. Los costos de atención de la salud siguen aumentando en las zonas de operación del OOPS, al igual que en todo el mundo. En los últimos años, el OOPS se ha visto confrontado a aumentos sustanciales del costo de los medicamentos y de las hospitalizaciones. Además, el agravamiento de la pobreza puede llevar a que los refugiados que antes utilizaban servicios privados empiecen a recurrir a los servicios del OOPS, lo que supone una carga adicional para los servicios de salud del Organismo. Otro motivo de preocupación es que los cambios de política en los países de acogida pueden afectar el acceso de los refugiados a las instalaciones del Ministerio de Salud, lo que los haría aún más dependientes de los servicios prestados por el OOPS. Por consiguiente, es probable que, en los próximos años, aumente la demanda de servicios de salud del Organismo, pero puede que los recursos disponibles no aumenten al mismo ritmo.", "42. El aumento de la demanda de servicios y de la necesidad de atención permanente de las enfermedades crónicas ha obligado al OOPS a buscar nuevas maneras de prestar servicios de salud a fin de garantizar la calidad de la atención en el futuro. El concepto de equipo para la salud de la familia adoptado recientemente promueve la atención integral para toda la familia, centrándose en la continuidad de la atención y en el fomento de las relaciones entre los profesionales de la salud, los pacientes, las familias y las comunidades. Este concepto representa una modernización de la atención primaria de la salud que se ajusta a las tendencias regionales y mundiales, y exige una inversión en el desarrollo de sistemas y en la capacidad del personal que redundará en servicios de salud eficientes y de alta calidad, capaces de responder a las futuras necesidades en materia de salud.", "43. A menudo la atención a largo plazo de un gran número de pacientes con enfermedades no transmisibles, que presentan necesidades complejas desde el punto de vista de la gestión de casos, requiere un sistema para guardar las historias clínicas que funcione adecuadamente. Por otra parte, la existencia de un número elevado de pacientes tratados con medicamentos costosos tiene repercusiones en materia de recursos y requiere sistemas de información sobre la gestión de la salud adecuados que permitan realizar un control de la eficiencia de la atención prestada. Los sistemas de información utilizados hoy día por el OOPS son insuficientes para satisfacer estas necesidades de información complejas. Para asignar recursos adecuados y tomar decisiones con base empírica en el futuro hace falta una inversión considerable en sistemas de información sanitaria.", "44. Muchas de las instalaciones sanitarias se encuentran en edificios antiguos cuyo mantenimiento ha sido descuidado a lo largo de los años debido a problemas de financiación. La financiación de la evaluación de todas las instalaciones sanitarias para asegurarse de que puedan desempeñar su función y utilizarse sin riesgo, sean eficientes, ecológicamente racionales y seguras en caso de actividades sísmicas, y cumplan las normas establecidas, sigue constituyendo un problema.", "45. Si bien la mayoría de los refugiados en los campamentos están conectados a redes de alcantarillado y cuentan con agua potable, se sabe muy poco acerca de la calidad del agua que beben y utilizan y la de los sistemas de infraestructura. Para ajustar la calidad de las redes de infraestructura ambiental de los campamentos a las normas de la OMS es necesario realizar evaluaciones completas de la calidad de los sistemas, lo que constituye un problema más para el que no hay financiación.", "46. Debido a las restricciones presupuestarias, el OOPS se ocupará solamente de las cuestiones ambientales, aunque reconoce su importancia, a medida que surjan las oportunidades y cuando se prevean gastos mínimos. La presupuestación para problemas ambientales generales se tratará solo a través de proyectos.", "47. Unos 28.000 refugiados viven en el campamento de Dar’a en el sur de la República Árabe Siria y su salud se ve afectada por las condiciones de vida insalubres e inseguras. En este campamento, como en otros, no son raros los casos de enfermedades relacionadas con el agua debidas a sistemas de abastecimientos de agua y alcantarillado inadecuados y con filtraciones.", "D. Recursos financieros", "48. En el cuadro 12 se indican las necesidades de recursos por objetivos para el objetivo de desarrollo 1.", "Cuadro 12", "Necesidades de recursos por objetivo", "Una vida larga y saludable", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Estimación Estimación 2012 2013", "Garantizar el acceso universal a servicios 83 520 84 327 integrales y de buena calidad de atención primaria de la salud", "Proteger y promover la salud de la familia 7 282 7 327", "Prevenir y controlar las enfermedades 27 024 26 162", "Presupuesto ordinario total 117 826 117 816", "Presupuesto para proyectos 14 673 14 673", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Capítulo III", "Objetivo 2: Adquisición de conocimientos y competencias", "A. Objetivo de desarrollo humano", "49. El OOPS intenta situar sus avances y prioridades en materia de educación en el marco global de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y la iniciativa de educación para todos. El OOPS proporciona servicios de educación a casi medio millón de niños refugiados de Palestina en unas 700 escuelas situadas en Jordania, el Líbano, la Franja de Gaza, la República Árabe Siria y la Ribera Occidental. Casi la mitad de las escuelas del Organismo se encuentran en campamentos.", "50. En una situación donde casi el 41% de los refugiados de Palestina tiene menos de 18 años y se ven afectados por altos niveles de desempleo y pobreza, la educación sigue siendo una de las formas más seguras de obtener efectos socioeconómicos positivos y duraderos. Por lo tanto, en relación con el logro del segundo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio, a saber, la enseñanza básica universal, el OOPS centrará su atención para el bienio 2012-2013 sobre el mejoramiento de la calidad de los servicios de enseñanza a través de una reforma de la educación de todo el sistema. La estrategia de reforma de la educación se ajusta al programa de la iniciativa para sostener el cambio, la estrategia de mediano plazo y las aspiraciones nacionales, regionales y mundiales de la iniciativa de enseñanza para todos.", "51. La reforma de la educación del OOPS responde a la percepción de una disminución de la calidad puesta de manifiesto en las pruebas de seguimiento de los resultados del aprendizaje que se realizan en todo el Organismo. La reforma de la enseñanza tiene por objeto establecer un entorno propicio en que las escuelas y los maestros reciben en tiempo oportuno apoyo profesional y administrativo adecuado. Esto contribuirá a realizar progresos educativos, técnicos y económicamente significativos hacia el logro de una educación de calidad para los estudiantes refugiados palestinos en las escuelas del OOPS.", "52. Los niños tienen derecho a la educación, derecho confirmado por la Asamblea General, que ha alentado al Organismo a que, en estrecha cooperación con otras entidades pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, siguiera realizando progresos para atender las necesidades y respetar los derechos de los niños de conformidad con la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. El logro de la enseñanza primaria universal es el segundo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio y la comunidad internacional se ha comprometido a trabajar para mejorar la calidad de la educación para todos. El OOPS administra 700 escuelas primarias y preparatorias, y ofrece enseñanza gratuita a casi medio millón de niños palestinos refugiados. Con el tiempo, las escuelas del OOPS han llegado a distinguirse por sus bajas tasas de deserción y por el nivel de desempeño académico. Las tasas de alfabetización de los refugiados palestinos son comparables a las tasas regionales y desde el decenio de 1970 ha habido igualdad de género en la matrícula.", "53. El sistema de enseñanza del OOPS es el instrumento más poderoso de que dispone el Organismo para ayudar a los niños palestinos refugiados a desarrollarse, alcanzar su máximo potencial y crecer conociendo sus derechos y respetando los derechos de los demás. La enseñanza básica que se imparte en el marco del programa de educación del Organismo se considera por ende una de las máximas prioridades de todos los servicios que el Organismo presta a los refugiados. El programa de educación del OOPS también contribuye al logro del objetivo estratégico relacionado con la empleabilidad.", "B. Objetivos", "54. Los objetivos del objetivo 2 son los siguientes:", "a) Garantizar el acceso y la cobertura universales en relación con la enseñanza básica;", "b) Mejorar la calidad y los resultados de la enseñanza en comparación con las normas establecidas;", "c) Mejorar el acceso a las oportunidades de enseñanza para los alumnos con necesidades de educación especiales.", "C. Limitaciones y desafíos", "55. Edificios e infraestructura escolares. Más del 70% de las escuelas funcionan en régimen de doble turno y el 15% en locales alquilados, con pocos recursos para mantener y mejorar la infraestructura escolar. El OOPS se compromete a proporcionar a todos sus estudiantes una educación básica completa. A pesar de los esfuerzos que se hacen permanentemente para reducir la deserción escolar, es necesario hacer más, ya que aproximadamente un 10% de los niños y un 5% de las niñas que estudian en el sistema del OOPS no terminan el ciclo completo de educación básica.", "56. Rendimiento escolar. Los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas de Seguimiento de los Resultados del Aprendizaje del Organismo son mejores en las pruebas menos exigentes desde el punto de vista cognitivo y peores en las pruebas que requieren habilidades más complejas (como, por ejemplo, sacar conclusiones, aplicar los conocimientos a situaciones del mundo real y resolver ejercicios de inducción). Estas habilidades se basan en el dominio de habilidades intelectuales menos complejas. Un grupo de estudiantes del OOPS obtuvieron resultados notablemente bajos: poco menos de un tercio de los alumnos de cuarto y octavo grado evaluados en habilidades numéricas obtuvieron una puntuación de entre cero y 30% en las pruebas del Seguimiento de los Resultados del Aprendizaje. Además, en las mismas pruebas, cerca de dos tercios de los estudiantes de octavo grado del OOPS obtuvieron una puntación de entre cero y 30% en árabe. Esto pone de relieve la necesidad de prestar mayor atención a la calidad de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje ofreciendo capacitación y apoyo a los maestros antes del servicio y en él.", "57. Programas de estudios mejorados. El OOPS utiliza los programas de estudios del país de acogida en cada una de sus cinco zonas de operación. Esto hace particularmente difícil prestar una enseñanza de calidad uniforme e incorporar las políticas, las estructuras y los sistemas que son importantes para la calidad del programa de estudios. El OOPS enriquece los programas de estudios para mejorar su calidad y garantizar que los valores de las Naciones Unidas formen parte intrínseca de los programas de estudios, más allá de las limitaciones de la capacidad de los administradores de los programas de educación del Organismo.", "58. Educación de calidad. En la actualidad la preparación de los docentes y los programas para promover las perspectivas de carrera brindados antes y durante el servicio tienden a ser más convencionales, por lo que habrá que esforzarse para adoptar estrategias no convencionales que incluyan un programa para promover las perspectivas de carrera de los docentes basada en la escuela mediante técnicas de capacitación abierta a distancia.", "59. Educación inclusiva. En la actualidad se calcula que existen unos 100.000 estudiantes en las instituciones del OOPS con necesidades de educación especiales que no están siendo atendidos. Un concepto de educación inclusiva para el Organismo garantizará los derechos de todos los niños refugiados, independientemente de su género, habilidades, discapacidades, impedimentos, problemas de salud y condición socioeconómica, a acceder en condiciones de igualdad a una enseñanza efectiva y de calidad. Por consiguiente, el OOPS está prestando más atención a la educación inclusiva y está preparando una política, terminología compartida y directrices para las escuelas del Organismo sobre la mejor manera de prestar apoyo a los niños con necesidades de educación especiales.", "60. Muchos de los locales escolares están deteriorados y su mantenimiento ha sido descuidado a lo largo de los años debido a problemas de financiación. Al evaluar la integridad estructural de las escuelas se reveló que es necesario reforzar de inmediato la estructura de varios de los edificios en que se alojan estas escuelas o sustituirlos; de no hacerlo, se pondrá en peligro la salud y la seguridad de los estudiantes. Aún hace falta obtener financiación para solucionar este problema.", "61. Además, la financiación de la evaluación de todos los locales escolares para asegurarse de que puedan desempeñar su función y utilizarse sin riesgo, sean eficientes, ecológicamente racionales y seguros en caso de actividades sísmicas, y cumplan las normas establecidas, sigue constituyendo un problema. Gracias a estas evaluaciones el Organismo podría establecer un orden de prioridad para las intervenciones y aumentar la eficiencia.", "D. Recursos financieros", "62. En el cuadro 13 se indican las necesidades de recursos por objetivo para el objetivo de desarrollo humano 2.", "Cuadro 13 Necesidades de recursos por objetivo Adquisición de conocimientos y competencias", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Estimación Estimación 2012 2013", "Garantizar el acceso y la cobertura 83 650 82 280 universales en relación con la enseñanza básica", "Mejorar la calidad y los resultados de la 239 584 249 538 enseñanza en comparación con las normas establecidas", "Mejorar el acceso a las oportunidades de 4 861 5 027 enseñanza para los alumnos con necesidades de educación especiales", "Presupuesto ordinario total 328 095 336 845", "Presupuesto para proyectos 8 581 8 581", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Capítulo IV", "Objetivo 3: Un nivel de vida digno", "A. Objetivo de desarrollo humano", "63. Para vivir con dignidad, los refugiados deben tener la posibilidad de lograr un nivel de vida decoroso; una vivienda segura donde vivir; cantidades suficientes de alimentos; y la oportunidad de adquirir competencias que los prepararán para trabajar. Básicamente, hay que ofrecer a los refugiados la posibilidad de salir de la pobreza. El derecho a un nivel de vida digno —representado por una vivienda adecuada, alimentación y trabajo— está consagrado en los convenios de derechos humanos y fue reafirmado en el primer Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio, de “erradicar la pobreza extrema y el hambre”, que abarca las metas de empleo productivo y trabajo decente. Las Naciones Unidas también han asumido el compromiso de crear servicios financieros inclusivos para los pobres.", "64. Las actividades del Organismo en apoyo de esta meta exigen una respuesta integrada de su programa de servicios sociales y de socorro, su programa de microfinanciación, su programa de educación y su programa de infraestructura y mejora de los campamentos.", "65. Se ha producido un cambio demográfico en la población de refugiados y más del 25% de ellos tiene entre 15 y 24 años. En muchos sentidos, la realización de las esperanzas y aspiraciones futuras y la identidad de los refugiados palestinos depende del tipo de educación y de formación que reciban. El programa de educación y formación técnica y profesional del OOPS tiene como objetivo proporcionar a los refugiados de Palestina oportunidades educativas alternativas.", "66. Hay unos 7.000 estudiantes regulares inscritos en distintos programas en los 10 centros de formación profesional del OOPS. Además, en las zonas hay varias iniciativas específicas que ofrecen cursos de corta duración para los jóvenes y quienes han abandonado la escuela y les proporcionan las competencias y la formación necesarias para encontrar trabajo.", "67. El Organismo ha desarrollado sus cursos técnicos para orientarlos más orientados al mercado y basarlos en competencias, y está teniendo en cuenta en los planes de estudios de las escuelas y del programa de educación y formación técnica y profesional la posibilidad de que, para la generación de ingresos, sean más importantes la capacidad empresarial y la preparación para la vida práctica. En el nuevo enfoque de formación basada en las competencias se usan nuevas categorías de capacitación centradas en la adquisición de las competencias indicadas por los propios empleadores, con lo que se crea una mano de obra capacitada y se establece un programa de educación y formación técnica y profesional que responde mejor a las demandas de los mercados de trabajo locales y regionales.", "68. El OOPS también proporciona orientación profesional y servicios de colocación para los graduados en sus oficinas de zona.", "69. El OOPS dará prioridad a las mejoras de las viviendas para los refugiados más vulnerables y adoptará un enfoque integrado y participativo de la mejora de los campamentos que refleje el los aspectos tanto sociales como físicos del entorno construido.", "B. Objetivos", "70. Los objetivos del objetivo 3 son los siguientes:", "a) Reducción de la pobreza de los refugiados de Palestina más pobres;", "b) Aumento de la disponibilidad de servicios financieros inclusivos y del acceso a los sistemas de crédito y ahorro;", "c) Mejores conocimientos especializados y mayor acceso al empleo para los refugiados de Palestina;", "d) Desarrollo sostenido de los campamentos y modernización de las infraestructuras deficientes y las viviendas insalubres.", "C. Limitaciones y desafíos", "71. El OOPS proporciona apoyo directo a los más pobres en el marco de la asistencia para situaciones especialmente difíciles que presta anualmente a unos 288.405 refugiados; ha brindado capacitación técnica y profesional a más de 7.000 graduados; ha suministrado productos de microfinanciación a los refugiados, unos 112.000 préstamos desde su creación; y a lo largo del tiempo ha rehabilitado alrededor de 3.235 viviendas. El programa de asistencia para personas en circunstancias especialmente difíciles se centra principalmente en los afectados por inseguridad alimentaria, o quienes se ha determinado que están debajo del umbral de la pobreza extrema. Tradicionalmente, el OOPS se ha ocupado de la pobreza mediante su programa de asistencia para personas en circunstancias especialmente difíciles, prestando servicios a aproximadamente un 5,5% de todos los refugiados de Palestina registrados. En 2011, los 288.405 refugiados palestinos inscritos en el programa de asistencia para personas en circunstancias especialmente difíciles en los cinco campamentos recibieron asistencia alimentaria mediante suministros trimestrales. En la Ribera Occidental y en la Franja de Gaza, 83.000 familias afectadas por inseguridad alimentaria recibieron asistencia adicional en efectivo para superar la pobreza.", "72. A pesar de que el límite máximo de la asistencia para personas en circunstancias especialmente difíciles aumenta en un 3,5% cada año, el programa no llega a crecer al mismo paso que las tasas de pobreza de los refugiados de Palestina. En el bienio en curso, se ha tratado de determinar el número de refugiados afectados por inseguridad alimentaria que necesitan asistencia en tres zonas de operaciones del OOPS. Para ello, se ha utilizado un umbral de pobreza definido como el costo de las necesidades alimentarias básicas, por lo que, por definición, un refugiado considerado pobre padece inseguridad alimentaria. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el número de refugiados que padecen inseguridad alimentaria supera con creces los recursos del programa: 301.301 refugiados en la Franja de Gaza (27% de la población registrada), 170.944 refugiados en la Ribera Occidental (20% de la población registrada), y aproximadamente 160.000 refugiados en el Líbano (dos tercios de los refugiados registrados que residen en el Líbano). En Jordania, la asistencia del OOPS hace que las condiciones sociales y económicas de los refugiados de Palestina sean más o menos comparables a las de la población de Jordania en general, con la excepción de los exrefugiados de Gaza cuyo número asciende actualmente a alrededor de 136.000. El Departamento de Estadísticas de Jordania estima que el 13% de los jordanos viven en la pobreza absoluta (necesidades básicas alimentarias y no alimentarias). Esto significa que hay 253.500 refugiados palestinos en Jordania en condiciones de pobreza absoluta. En 2010, la Oficina Central de Estadísticas de Siria informó de que el 12% de la población estaba aquejada de inseguridad alimentaria. Al igual que en el caso de Jordania, la evaluación indica por ahora que la población de refugiados palestinos se encuentra en condiciones más o menos iguales a las de la población de la República Árabe Siria en general, por lo que se puede suponer que 57.216 refugiados palestinos en el país padecen inseguridad alimentaria. Se calcula que el número total de refugiados de Palestina que necesitan asistencia alimentaria en las cinco zonas del OOPS asciende a cerca de 800.000. Esta cifra es casi tres veces superior al límite actual del programa de asistencia para condiciones especialmente difíciles.", "73. El aumento de la pobreza ha incrementado la demanda de servicios sociales y de socorro, pero las contribuciones de los donantes no han crecido a la par. Las presiones internas hacen que los presupuestos de los países donantes estén sometidos a grandes exigencias y los cambios en los mecanismos de financiación de la ayuda alimentaria constituyen un obstáculo importante para que el OOPS pueda satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de los pobres.", "74. Si no se dan situaciones de emergencia, algunos refugiados pobres pueden salir de la pobreza mediante mejores oportunidades de educación, formación y empleo. A pesar de que la situación económica en la Ribera Occidental y en la Franja de Gaza y las escasas oportunidades de trabajo para los refugiados en el Líbano constituyen factores que limitan gravemente las posibilidades de reducción de la pobreza, el OOPS puede tener un impacto considerable en las perspectivas de subsistencia de los refugiados dotándolos de medios, ya sea formación o microfinanciación, y ayudándolos a aprovechar las oportunidades para salir de la pobreza.", "75. Para todos los refugiados, pero sobre todo para los más vulnerables, la labor realizada por el OOPS para que sus viviendas sean de un nivel aceptable, sigue siendo esencial para que puedan vivir con la dignidad que es su derecho. Los niveles de hacinamiento de los refugiados de Palestina son muy elevados, especialmente en los campamentos de la Franja de Gaza, el Líbano, Jordania y la República Árabe Siria. Nada más que en la zona de Jordania, hay unas 500 viviendas que requieren urgente rehabilitación.", "76. El OOPS sólo tenía capacidad para aceptar el 30% de las solicitudes para estudiar en sus centros de formación profesional. A pesar de numerosos esfuerzos, la expansión de los centros de formación profesional del OOPS ha sido muy lenta y muy limitada y esto por diversas razones, desde las políticas a la escasez de recursos a la mala idea que la sociedad se hace de ellos y a la crisis financiera mundial. Entre los principales problemas y limitaciones de los centros de formación profesional del OOPS cabe destacar en particular la falta de acceso y equidad, los problemas de financiación y la capacidad de los centros, la falta de un marco y de normas de calidad para los centros, la necesidad de reformular los programas de estudio y los mecanismos de aplicación, y la precariedad de los vínculos con las industrias y los mercados de trabajo.", "77. La falta de financiación para el Fondo General y para proyectos será causante en parte de que se mantengan condiciones de vida deficientes y viviendas inhabitables y de la falta de infraestructura básica. A menos que se financie, ejecute y se considere prioritario un plan estratégico para mejorar el entorno urbano, el bienestar económico, sanitario, social, físico y ambiental de los refugiados seguirá deteriorándose, lo que suele conllevar pérdidas económicas y de salud o vidas, pero también puede conducir a inestabilidad política, así como a la pérdida de credibilidad del Organismo entre los refugiados. Además, las situaciones de emergencia (naturales o causadas por el hombre) provocan la destrucción a gran escala de la infraestructura y aumentan la necesidad de realizar reparaciones y de reconstruir. La falta de capacidad en los cruces legítimos hacia la Franja de Gaza ha limitado gravemente la capacidad del Organismo para satisfacer las necesidades y los objetivos de reconstrucción de la Franja de Gaza y ha obstaculizado el desarrollo económico y humano.", "78. La falta de capacidad de planificación urbana en las zonas producirá una demora operacional del programa de infraestructura y mejora de los campamentos en las zonas. En 2010, en el campamento de Jordania no se recaudaron fondos para rehabilitar las 500 viviendas deficientes que más lo necesitaban, lo que supone un riesgo inmediato para la seguridad de los beneficiarios del programa de asistencia a las personas en situación especialmente difícil. En el Líbano, el llamamiento del OOPS para financiar la reconstrucción del campamento de Nahr al-Barid le ha permitido hacer algunos progresos y empezar a reasentar a algunos de los residentes del campamento. La financiación del llamamiento, empero, sigue siendo muy insuficiente, por lo que la mayoría de los 26.000 palestinos registrados como refugiados han sido trasladados a alojamientos temporales hasta tanto no se reconstruya el campamento. Los residentes necesitan financiamiento continuo para satisfacer sus necesidades humanitarias esenciales: alimentación, vivienda, salud y educación. El OOPS debe seguir prestando asistencia alimentaria de emergencia en forma de paquetes de alimentos.", "79. El OOPS en Gaza ha adoptado un enfoque doble con respecto a la emergencia en la zona. Si bien por un lado trata de reactivar la economía mediante la reconstrucción, lo que pone fin a la dependencia de la ayuda de decenas de miles de familias, las necesidades básicas de las personas que se encuentran en circunstancias difíciles requieren atención y cuidado hasta que se encuentren soluciones sostenibles. En este contexto, el enfoque de la asistencia humanitaria y de la pobreza adoptado por el Organismo se expresa principalmente mediante el llamamiento de emergencia. La promesa de una mayor autosuficiencia y esperanza se basa en el Plan de Recuperación y Reconstrucción de Gaza. Con un presupuesto de 400 millones de dólares para el próximo bienio, el plan constituye pilares de estabilidad y oportunidad. En este presupuesto se incluyen proyectos para construir 100 escuelas, reconstruir viviendas para más de 17.500 beneficiarios, construir un centro de salud y financiar proyectos de agua, saneamiento e higiene con el fin de mejorar la infraestructura de abastecimiento de agua y alcantarillado en los campamentos de refugiados. La falta de financiación para estos proyectos es lo único que impide completarlos. No completar estos proyectos tiene consecuencias como, por ejemplo, los doble turnos permanentes en las escuelas y la posibilidad de pasar a tres turnos, y el riesgo de que el Organismo no cumpla su mandato de proporcionar acceso universal a la educación para la población de refugiados de la Franja de Gaza. El crecimiento de la población de Gaza se refleja en un incremento anual de 10.000 estudiantes en las escuelas del Organismo. La reconstrucción de diversas viviendas destruidas durante el conflicto con Israel soluciona parcialmente las necesidades de alojamiento emergentes en la comunidad de refugiados.", "80. Se considera que la falta de información detallada sobre el número de viviendas deficientes en las zonas de operaciones constituye uno de los principales problemas para el Organismo. Un estudio de evaluación rápida en todos los campamentos permitiría disponer de una base de datos confiable para dar prioridad a las intervenciones de rehabilitación de viviendas que se requieran.", "D. Recursos financieros", "81. En el cuadro 14 se indican las necesidades de recursos por objetivo para el objetivo de desarrollo humano 3.", "Cuadro 14", "Necesidades de recursos por objetivo", "Un nivel de vida digno", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Estimación Estimación 2012 2013", "Reducción de la pobreza de los refugiados de 58 035 61 426 Palestina más pobres", "Servicios financieros inclusivos y mayor acceso a los sistemas de crédito y ahorro^(a)", "Mejores conocimientos especializados y mayor acceso 21 041 20 880 al empleo para los refugiados de Palestina", "Desarrollo sostenido de los campamentos y 3 813 3 770 modernización de las infraestructuras deficientes y las viviendas insalubres", "Presupuesto ordinario total 82 889 86 076", "Presupuesto para proyectos 302 288 365 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "^(a) No incluye el presupuesto del Departamento de Microfinanzas que se autofinancia con ingresos por concepto de intereses sobre la distribución de préstamos. El total del presupuesto del Departamento de Microfinanzas para el bienio 2012-2013 asciende a 25,8 millones de dólares, de los que 25,7 millones guardan relación con este objetivo.", "Capítulo V", "Objetivo 4: Pleno goce de los derechos humanos", "A. Objetivo de desarrollo humano", "82. Para que pueda haber un desarrollo humano justo y equitativo es necesario que se respeten los derechos humanos. La protección es un tema intersectorial para el Organismo, lo que significa que las cuestiones relativas a la protección se tienen en cuenta en todas las actividades de programación.", "B. Objetivos", "83. Los objetivos de este objetivo son los siguientes:", "a) Salvaguardia y promoción de los derechos de los refugiados de Palestina;", "b) Fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los refugiados para diseñar y prestar servicios sociales sostenibles en sus comunidades;", "c) El registro de los refugiados de Palestina y su idoneidad para recibir los servicios del OOPS se establece con arreglo a las normas internacionales aplicables.", "C. Limitaciones y desafíos", "84. La labor de protección del Organismo tiene dimensiones internas y externas. Internamente, el OOPS promueve la protección a través de la programación y la prestación de servicios. Externamente, se ocupa de controlar las condiciones de los refugiados y de informar al respecto, y lleva a cabo intervenciones apropiadas; además, el Comisionado General destaca la necesidad de encontrar una solución justa y duradera al conflicto que respete el derecho de los refugiados.", "85. Para el goce de los derechos de los refugiados es fundamental que el OOPS preste los servicios esenciales y que se pueda acceder a ellos en distintas circunstancias, como los conflictos armados. La colaboración directa e indirecta con otros agentes contribuye a crear y consolidar un entorno y prácticas en que se respetan los derechos. Entre estos derechos se encuentran los derechos económicos y sociales relacionados con las esferas principales en las que el OOPS presta servicios, como la educación, así como los derechos civiles y políticos, como el derecho a la vida. Además el OOPS, en su calidad de importante proveedor de servicios públicos, procura proporcionarlos respetando los derechos, la dignidad y la seguridad de sus beneficiarios. Para ello, por ejemplo, incorpora sistemáticamente las normas mínimas de protección en todos sus programas en todas las esferas, actuando para eliminar la violencia en las escuelas, tomando medidas para prevenir la violencia de género y el maltrato de los niños, y promoviendo el conocimiento de los derechos de las personas mediante programas de larga duración sobre los derechos humanos y la tolerancia en las escuelas. Los mecanismos de control y presentación de informes contribuyen a la aplicación efectiva de estas actividades de protección.", "86. En 2010-2011, el programa del Organismo centró sus actividades en asegurar la calidad de los servicios sociales prestados a los refugiados en sus comunidades. Para ello, se elaboraron y publicaron una serie de instrumentos para el personal y las organizaciones comunitarias dirigidas por refugiados.", "87. El primero de estos instrumentos, una guía práctica para evaluar la capacidad, examina de manera exhaustiva a las organizaciones comunitarias en cuanto organizaciones de la sociedad civil y mide su capacidad para proporcionar servicios de calidad y su sostenibilidad financiera. El instrumento se utiliza en colaboración con las organizaciones y los progresos se miden anualmente. Otros instrumentos se centraban en los servicios ofrecidos específicamente por las organizaciones comunitarias, como el programa de micropréstamos, y se utilizaban para asegurar que existieran políticas y procedimientos de control interno, así como para estudiar las consecuencias sociales de los pequeños préstamos a quienes los habían solicitado.", "88. Lo más difícil para el programa de servicios sociales y su labor con las organizaciones comunitarias son las actividades de concienciación que las organizaciones llevan a cabo para los refugiados en las comunidades, que pueden ser más vulnerables que otros y pueden necesitar servicios sociales pero que, por distintos motivos, no pueden acceder a la asistencia.", "89. Como parte de su propósito de mejorar los servicios que presta a los refugiados palestinos, el Organismo ha creado un nuevo sistema de información en línea sobre inscripción de refugiados, que sustituye el sistema obsoleto de registro en las zonas. El nuevo sistema mejora la integridad de los datos de los refugiados y facilita tanto la recopilación de información adicional como su análisis, contribuyendo así a que el OOPS pueda formular mejores políticas y programas.", "90. Además, los servicios de registro que se prestan a los refugiados son más eficaces y dignos gracias a las nuevas tarjetas de registro de las familias que se expiden en las zonas de operación del OOPS. Con este sistema ya no es necesario depender de la sede para imprimir las tarjetas y se ha reducido considerablemente el plazo de tres meses que se necesitaba antes para emitirlas. La creación de capacidad y el desarrollo profesional del personal siguen siendo importante en este sentido, pero también se ven afectados por la escasez crónica de recursos.", "91. Dado que todos los refugiados palestinos registrados, que ahora suman casi 5 millones de personas, dependen de los servicios de determinación de idoneidad y de registro, hace falta más personal para garantizar que los servicios de registro se presten conforme a las normas internacionales pertinentes.", "92. La capacidad del Organismo para lograr sus objetivos depende de una serie de factores que no están bajo su control directo, como la facilitación del gobierno de acogida y de otros gobiernos de la región. El contexto político de la región plantea un problema considerable para el cumplimiento de este objetivo de desarrollo humano.", "93. Entre los proyectos se encuentran los “Juegos de Verano” del OOPS, la mayor actividad recreativa organizada para los niños refugiados en la Franja de Gaza. Los juegos proporcionan un espacio seguro y creativo para los niños refugiados lejos de las condiciones de pobreza y hacinamiento que prevalecen en la Franja de Gaza. Además, constituyen una oportunidad para que los niños participen en actividades que complementan el programa de educación del OOPS y adquieran así competencias que les permitan convertirse en miembros productivos de la sociedad. No hay ninguna actividad equivalente en la Franja de Gaza, ninguno de los otros campamentos de verano ofrece actividades tan diversas en un ambiente alejado de la política. Si se deja de financiar este programa, el espacio y la variedad de actividades disponibles para los niños refugiados de la Franja de Gaza, incluidas las que los ayuda a alcanzar su potencial como estudiantes y lograr un nivel de vida digno, se verán reducidas.", "D. Recursos financieros", "94. En el cuadro 15 se indican las necesidades de recursos por objetivo para el objetivo de desarrollo humano 4.", "Cuadro 15", "Necesidades de recursos por objetivo", "Pleno goce de los derechos humanos", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Estimación Estimación 2012 2013", "Salvaguardar y promover los derechos de los 17 17 refugiados de Palestina", "Fortalecer la capacidad de los refugiados para 1 425 1 224 diseñar e implementar servicios sociales sostenibles en sus comunidades", "Garantizar que la inscripción y la elegibilidad de 2 278 2 279 los refugiados de Palestina para los servicios del OOPS se ajusten a las normas internacionales pertinentes", "Presupuesto ordinario total 3 720 3 520", "Presupuesto para proyectos 12 765 12 765", "Total 16 485 16 285", "Capítulo VI", "Objetivo 5: Gestión efectiva y eficaz y apoyo en el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "A. Objetivo", "95. El objetivo de una gestión efectiva y eficaz y apoyo en el OOPS consiste en promover y mantener las mejores normas posibles en materia de gestión, mejorar las relaciones de los interesados y permitir la ejecución de programas de calidad que contribuyan a lograr el desarrollo humano de los refugiados de Palestina.", "96. Este objetivo es logrado por los siguientes Departamentos de la sede y las dependencias correspondientes en las oficinas de zona:", "a) Oficina del Comisionado General;", "b) Departamento de Servicios Administrativos;", "c) Departamento de Recursos Humanos;", "d) Departamento de Finanzas;", "e) Departamento de Asuntos Jurídicos;", "f) Departamento de Servicios de Supervisión Interna;", "g) Departamento de Relaciones Externas y Comunicaciones.", "B. Objetivos", "97. Los objetivos del objetivo 5 son los siguientes:", "a) Proporcionar liderazgo, fortalecer la gestión y movilizar recursos adicionales;", "b) Desarrollar y mantener el OOPS a fin de que pueda desempeñar su mandato.", "C. Limitaciones y desafíos", "98. A lo largo del bienio, el OOPS seguirá basándose en los resultados de las reformas de los departamentos de apoyo realizadas en el marco del plan “Desarrollo Institucional” y procederá a planificar y ejecutar las reformas del programa para sostener el cambio. Si bien las reformas de apoyo a la gestión como el perfeccionamiento del personal y la introducción de un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales siguen constituyendo prioridades, el fortalecimiento de los servicios básicos del OOPS y de su capacidad de movilización de recursos es parte esencial de las reformas del plan para sostener el cambio. Atraer y retener a personal cualificado e invertir en su desarrollo seguirá siendo importante para el éxito de las reformas.", "99. Varios estudios internos han llegado a la conclusión de que la única alternativa del Organismo para mitigar riesgos consiste en desarrollar e implementar un nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales. El sistema utilizado actualmente ha quedado obsoleto. La implementación de un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales depende completamente de que haya suficientes fondos disponibles, como se refleja en el presupuesto anual estimado del proyecto. La falta de fondos es un obstáculo enorme, ya que el OOPS no puede adquirir las licencias de software necesarias para iniciar la implementación, ni puede comenzar las negociaciones contractuales con posibles integradores de sistemas para el proyecto. Si el proyecto no está completamente financiado para el bienio, esta limitación hará que no se pueda empezar a utilizar el nuevo sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales.", "100. Las continuas presiones financieras que soporta el OOPS afectan su capacidad de gestión, lo que tiene secuelas para el Organismo en su conjunto. Debido a la crisis económica mundial, las previsiones económicas para 2012 son particularmente preocupantes. La grave falta de fondos planteará problemas considerables tanto para los servicios de apoyo como para los servicios para programas. La movilización de recursos suficientes para sostener las reformas y lograr mayor eficiencia es una prioridad.", "101. En vista de las reformas en curso y de la evolución política de la región, las partes interesadas, incluidos los donantes y los beneficiarios, tienen grandes y crecientes expectativas. El OOPS trata de colmarlas, pero señala que la reforma de los servicios públicos es una tarea compleja que no produce resultados rápidos. El conflicto prolongado y la creciente inestabilidad en las zonas de operaciones del Organismo complican aún más la tarea.", "102. Para hacer avanzar el proceso de reforma para sostener el cambio es necesario fortalecer aún más la cultura de la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas. Para que gran parte del personal, tanto internacional como local, colabore con la reforma hace falta el apoyo de los directivos, además de capacitación, preparación y una reforma de los sistemas de gestión clave.", "D. Recursos financieros", "103. En el cuadro 16 se indican las necesidades de recursos por objetivo para el objetivo de desarrollo humano 5.", "Cuadro 16", "Necesidades de recursos por objetivo", "Gestión efectiva y eficaz y apoyo en el OOPS", "(En efectivo y en especie, en miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Estimación Estimación 2012 2013", "Proporcionar liderazgo, fortalecer la gestión y 28 703 28 842 movilizar recursos adicionales", "Desarrollar y mantener el OOPS a fin de que pueda 61 543 55 058 desempeñar su mandato^(a)", "Presupuesto ordinario total 90 246 83 900", "Presupuesto para proyectos 20 623 20 623", "Total 110 869 104 523", "^(a) No incluye el presupuesto del Departamento de Microfinanzas que se autofinancia con ingresos por concepto de intereses sobre la distribución de préstamos. El total del presupuesto del Departamento de Microfinanzas para el bienio 2012-2013 asciende a 25,8 millones de dólares, de los que 117.000 dólares (57.000 dólares para 2012 y 60.000 dólares para 2013) guardan relación con este objetivo.", "Capítulo VII", "Recomendaciones de la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas – estado de la aplicación", "104. En el cuadro 17 se indica el estado actual de las 61 recomendaciones formuladas por la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas en su informe correspondiente al bienio 2008-2009. Al 31 de marzo de 2011, se habían aplicado 30 recomendaciones, 25 estaban en vías de aplicación, 4 aún no se habían aplicado y 2 habían quedado superadas por los acontecimientos.", "105. El cuadro directivo del Organismo está decidido a aplicar las recomendaciones, algunas de las cuales requieren financiación adicional, una duración superior a un bienio, o la adopción de medidas estratégicas. La aplicación de la mayoría de las recomendaciones que se consideran en vía de aplicación está prevista para el segundo y tercer trimestre de 2011.", "Cuadro 17", "Estado de aplicación de las recomendaciones de la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas para el bienio que finalizó el 31 de diciembre de 2009", "Departamento/Oficina Número de Estado de recomen-daciones aplicación\n Aplicada En vías de No Superada por los aplicación aplicada acontecimientos", "Finanzas 19 14 2 2 1", "Oficina de Gaza 6 2 4 – –", "Oficina de Jordania 2 1 1 – –", "Oficina de la República Árabe 2 1 1 – – Siria", "Departamento de Apoyo Administrativo:", "División de Sistemas de 10 6 3 1 – Información", "División de Adquisiciones y 1 – 1 – – Logística", "Administración 1 – 1 – –", "Coordinación y apoyo a los 4 – 4 – – programas", "Departamento de Recursos 6 5 1 – – Humanos", "Departamento de Servicios de 9 – 7 1 1 Supervisión Interna", "Gestión Ejecutiva 1 1 – – –", "Total 61 30 25 4 2", "080911 150911", "*1145678*" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "A/66/13/Add.1", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[17 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1II. A 18 long and healthy \n life III.Acquired 21 knowledge and \nskills IV. A 24 decent standard of \nliving V. Human 28 rights enjoyed to the \nfullest VI. Effective 31 and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near \n East VII.Recommendations 33 of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of \nimplementation", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established within the United Nations system as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly by the Assembly in its resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and became operational on 1 May 1950. It is one of the largest United Nations programmes, with a population of 4.8 million Palestine refugees covered by its mandate in 2011. As the General Assembly expressed in its resolution 65/100, the Agency has played an essential role for over 60 years since its establishment in providing vital services for the well-being, human development and protection of Palestine refugees and the amelioration of their plight. The General Assembly renews the mandate of the Agency every three years, most recently in its resolution 65/98, when it affirmed the necessity for the continuation of the Agency’s work pending the just resolution of the question of the Palestine refugees.", "2. The mission of UNRWA is to help Palestine refugees achieve their full potential in human development under the difficult circumstances in which they live, consistent with internationally agreed goals and standards. The Agency fulfils this mission by providing a variety of essential services within the framework of international standards to Palestine refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Among United Nations agencies, UNRWA is unique in delivering services directly to beneficiaries. The mandate of the Agency, which derives from the General Assembly and has evolved over time in response to developments in the operational context, extends at present to providing education; health; relief and social services; microfinance and emergency assistance to refugees; infrastructure and improvements within refugee camps; and protection.", "A. Context", "3. The latest political and security developments in the Middle East are only the most recent pressures on the Agency, further straining its limited resources and therefore its ability to serve approximately 5 million refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Access problems in the West Bank, the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip, serious financial constraints and security concerns are only some of the difficulties the Agency is faced with on a daily basis. Despite these difficulties, UNRWA, which is seen by many as a stabilizing influence in this volatile region, is doing its utmost to continue providing direct services for Palestine refugees.", "4. The core services that UNRWA provides are comparable in nature and scope to those provided by a local or national government. With around 29,000 staff, most of whom are Palestine refugees themselves, UNRWA is one of the largest employers in the Middle East. Over 480,000 children go to Agency schools, run by approximately 22,000 education staff. The Agency’s 137 health centres across the region received over 10 million patient visits last year. UNRWA also assists close to 280,000 of the poorest and most vulnerable refugees with additional assistance provided by a reformed society safety net programme targeting the poorest of the poor. Persons with other special needs, such as people with disabilities, also benefit from specialized services in the Agency’s health centres. Gender is being mainstreamed into the core programmes of UNRWA, with the empowerment of women in their communities a key area of focus for the Agency. At present, the challenges in providing those services are daunting", "5. In Gaza, the Agency serves a registered population of 1.1 million Palestine refugees, including more than 210,000 students. Although thousands more students are eligible to attend UNRWA schools, they are not able to do so due to the lack of classrooms. The effects of the blockade of and the conflict in the Gaza Strip from December 2008 to January 2009 have devastated the economy and resulted in the need for large-scale reconstruction of refugee housing. As refugee shelters constitute much of the housing stock requiring reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, the responsibility shouldered by UNRWA is made all the more challenging by a lack of funding and difficulties in importing construction materials as a result of the blockade.", "6. In the West Bank, despite some improvement, such as the reduction in the number of checkpoints, restrictions of access and movement continue to isolate communities and pose not only political but also logistical challenges. These challenges increase hardships for the refugee population and weaken the Agency’s ability to provide services in a cost-effective manner in the affected areas.", "7. In Lebanon, UNRWA remains the main provider of services to a marginalized Palestine refugee community that is faced with high levels of poverty and limited opportunities to escape such poverty. In Lebanon, the formation of a new government in early 2011 raised hopes for progress on a range of issues of concern to UNRWA and the refugees. Among the areas of concern was legislation granting refugees access to a range of professions, which is yet to be implemented. The Agency’s inability to provide what refugees perceive to be an inadequate subsidy to enable them to access tertiary care for life-threatening illnesses has resulted in unrest in refugee camps and direct threats to the safety of front-line Agency staff.", "8. In Jordan, where the refugee situation remains stable, the Government has responded to popular demands with a range of measures, among them salary increases for public sector employees. The implications are discussed below (see paras. 12 and 13). The Syrian Arab Republic, traditionally a stable area of operation, has seen violent unrest erupt in 2011, posing a challenge to UNRWA activities in this field.", "9. The direct services provided by the Agency are critical for the well-being of Palestine refugees throughout the region. If the financial situation of UNRWA does not improve, the impact on its beneficiaries will be immediate and substantial. The lack of adequate resources has already eroded the quality of UNRWA programmes. While extrabudgetary contributions to the Agency have risen gradually over the years, they have not kept pace with a growing population and rising costs.", "B. Planning assumptions", "10. UNRWA fully recognizes that central to its commitment to address the needs of beneficiaries and address financial difficulties is a need for it to make substantial improvements to the way in which it operates.", "11. Following the landmark June 2004 Geneva conference, in 2006 UNRWA began its most ambitious reform process to date entitled “organizational development”. This reform process, which concluded in 2009, introduced far-reaching changes in the Agency’s management systems and planning frameworks. Building on the organizational development plan, UNRWA continued its reforms with the development of a plan known as “sustaining change”. Its outline was finalized in May 2011 and presented to the Agency’s Advisory Commission in its session in late June 2011. The plan aims to complete the envisaged institutional transformation of the Agency over the next two bienniums. Where the organizational development plan started revitalization of the UNRWA management, sustaining change aims at invigorating its programmes, ensuring equality and effectiveness are improved where they are needed most, at the point of delivery in overcrowded schools, clinics and camp service centres. The plan also prioritizes the enhancement of the Agency’s resource mobilization capacity. As a result of organizational development and with the progress made under the sustaining change plan, the Agency has introduced a longer-term strategic focus, for example, through a medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015, that is supported by a robust results-based planning system. Monitoring and evaluation capacities are being developed further, and the Agency is also integrating into its planning cross-cutting issues that are central to United Nations system-wide development and humanitarian work, such as gender, disabilities and protection. The Agency has also delegated greater authority to management in the field in order to enhance efficiencies, while at the same time seeking to ensure that UNRWA headquarters provides the support required to uphold relevant standards Agency-wide, good practices in terms of programme planning and evaluation, and accountability for results. In addition, the Agency’s procurement rules have been overhauled, bringing them closer to the standards used throughout the United Nations system. The Agency’s human resources processes have also been overhauled, with a focus on improving recruitment processes and workforce management which is so important for an Agency of approximately 29,000 staff members who are critical for the delivery of quality services to millions of beneficiaries.", "12. Staff costs constitute the bulk of the UNRWA budget (see table 4). This is because the day-to-day direct delivery of services requires a large number of staff (some 29,000). Efforts to maintain parity with host authorities’ public sector salaries render the Agency’s financial sustainability susceptible to economic volatility. As an example, during 2011, public sector salary increases in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan resulted in an additional cost of around $8.5 million per annum to UNRWA.", "13. Host governments face an increasing demand for quality services while their own financial situation is deteriorating; in some cases this puts additional pressure on UNRWA services, when some Palestine refugees availing themselves of host government services return to UNRWA. At the same time, donors expect improved efficiency, effectiveness and quality of service delivery. UNRWA therefore is faced with increasing demands and expectations from all of its primary stakeholders, with a constrained resource base and increasing operational costs.", "C. Budget structure", "14. The budget structure of UNRWA reflects the medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015 and is based on the implementation plans prepared for each field office and headquarters department for the second biennium of the strategy. The chapters that follow and the expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and measurements set out therein reflect the ongoing commitment of UNRWA to results-based budgeting, as introduced during the biennium 2010-2011.", "15. The medium-term strategy identifies four human development goals for Palestine refugees, namely, to:", "(a) Have a long and healthy life;", "(b) Acquire knowledge and skills;", "(c) Have a decent standard of living;", "(d) Enjoy human rights to the fullest extent possible.", "16. In order to link financial resources directly to the achievement of results consistent with the Agency’s strategy, the budget includes a breakdown by goals and strategic objectives, as illustrated in the following tables and figures:", "organizational chart of UNRWA broken down by department and area of operation and showing the number of international and area staff located in each department (figure I); summary of the programme budget for 2012-2013 broken down by human development goal, regular budget, project budget and other requirements (table 1); breakdown of the regular budget by field office with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 2 and figure II); breakdown of the regular budget by human development goal with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 3 and figure III); breakdown of the regular budget by category of expenditure with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 4 and figure IV); breakdown of the project budget by human development goal and field office (table 5).", "Figure I", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Organizational structure and post distribution for the biennium 2012-2013", "Note: Seventy-five international posts are funded through extrabudgetary resources.", "Abbreviations: USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; XB, extrabudgetary; RB, regular budget; GS, General Service; OL, Other level.", "^(a) Local posts.", "^(b) New post.", "^(c) Reclassified post.", "^(d) Number of Microfinance and Microenterprise Department posts was excluded from table 7.", "Table 1", "Budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Human Fiscal Fiscal Biennium development goal year 2012 year 2013 2012-2013\n Regular Project Total Regular Regular Project Total budget budget budget budget budget", "Cash ^(a) In kind Total Cash In Total Project Total Cash In kind Total ^(a) kind budget ^(a)", "A Long and 116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 Healthy Life 826 496 816 673 642", "Acquired 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 664 17 162 682 102 Knowledge and 095 315 845 940 Skills", "A Decent 82 889 — 82 302 288 385 177 86 — 86 076 265 351 749 168 965 — 168 567 961 736 926 Standard of 889 076 673 965 Living", "Human Rights 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 Enjoyed to the 765 Fullest", "Effective and 90 246 — 90 20 623 110 869 83 — 83 900 20 104 523 174 146 — 174 41 246 215 392 efficient 246 900 623 146 governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 950 472 1 247 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 315 933 178", "Other requirements", "Contingency 11 000 — 11 — 11 000 11 — 11 000 — 11 000 22 000 — 22 000 — 22 000 reserve^(b) 000 000", "Salary increase 16 135 — 16 — 16 135 31 — 31 135 — 31 135 47 270 — 47 270 — 47 270 reserve 135 135", "Separation 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 benefits reserve", "New enterprise 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 resource planning reserve", "Capitalization 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 and depreciation reserve^(c)", "Subtotal 32 135 — 32 — 32 135 47 — 47 135 — 47 135 79 270 — 79 270 — 79 270 135 135", "Total 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 315 203 448", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(c) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Table 2", "Regular budget requirements by field office", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Field office 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource headquarters expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate^(a) estimate^(a) growth ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "Gaza Strip 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "Lebanon 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "Syrian Arab 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55 Republic", "Jordan 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "West Bank 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "Headquarters", "Education 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79) programme", "Health programme 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "Relief and social 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16) services programme", "Infrastructure and 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30.28 camp improvement programme", "Support 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42 departments", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,a)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 —", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure II", "Regular budget by field office", "[]", "Table 3", "Regular budget requirements by human development goal", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Human development 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource goal expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "A Long and Healthy 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40 of Living", "Human Rights 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55) Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 012) — efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "(Footnotes on following page)", "(Footnotes to table 3)", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure III", "Regular budget by human development goal", "[]", "Table 4", "Regular budget requirements by category of expenditure", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Category of 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource expenditure expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "International 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49 staff costs", "Area staff costs 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "Services 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "Supplies 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "Equipment and 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9.30 construction", "Premises 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "Grants and 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67 subsidies", "Field reserve — — — (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 —", "Cost recovery (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) — —", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure IV", "Regular budget by category of expenditure", "[]", "Table 5", "Project budget by human development goal and field office", "Human development Gaza Lebanon^(b) Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total goal Strip^(a) Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346 Life", "Acquired Knowledge — — 2 814 14 348 — — 17 162 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 402 485 155 940 — 2 005 6 599 932 567 961 of Living", "Human Rights 25 530 — — — — — 25 530 Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and — — — — — 41 246 41 246 efficient governance and support in UNRWA^(c)", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) The Gaza Strip project budget includes $400 million related to reconstruction.", "^(b) The Lebanon field office project budget includes $115 million for the Nahr El-Bared camp during 2012-2013. The total funding requirement to finish the entire project is $207 million.", "^(c) The $41.2 million under effect and efficient governance and support in UNRWA includes $26 million for enterprise resource planning and $15 million for the sustaining change initiative related to reforms in education and health and formation of the Department of External Relations and Communications.", "D. Staff", "17. In order to deliver its core programmes and projects, the Agency employs international and area staff.", "18. Through its resolution 3331 B (XXIX) of 17 December 1974, the General Assembly decided that the expenses for salaries of international staff in the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise be a charged to voluntary contributions, should, with effect from 1 January 1975, be financed from the regular budget of the United Nations for the duration of the Agency’s mandate. During the biennium 2010-2011, the posts of 133 international staff were funded from the regular budget.", "19. In addition to the approved 133 international staff posts, 13 new posts (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3), plus five reclassifications (4 D-1 to D-2, 1 P-4 to P-5), have been recommended by the Controller for inclusion in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The establishment of the new international staff posts would serve to meet the increased demands on the Agency stemming from the General Assembly’s United Nations-wide initiatives to follow key best practice policies and initiatives, including the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, internal justice reform, security management system standards and policies, such as the minimum operational security standards, and gender mainstreaming.", "20. Apart from the above, 75 international staff posts are funded from the regular budget (see table 6). A total of 69 posts are funded from project funds; two posts are funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); two posts are funded by the World Health Organization (WHO); one post is funded by the Microfinance Department through its programme income; and one post is covered by the Agency’s Provident Fund.", "Table 6", "International staffing requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "Category Regular budget ^(a) Other sources", "Professional and above", "USG 1 —", "ASG 1 —", "D-2 8 2", "D-1 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-1 2 3", "Subtotal 135 68", "General Service", "Other level 11 7", "Subtotal 11 7", "Total 146 75", "^(a) Included in the regular budget column are the proposed 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications of approved posts.", "21. The core programmes of UNRWA are otherwise delivered primarily through 29,763 local staff as at 30 June 2011, the number of which will need to increase to over 30,823 by the end of 2013 if the Agency is to realize the achievements set out in this budget proposal (see table 7).", "Table 7", "Estimated number of local staff as at 31 December 2013 by human development goal", "Goal Gaza Lebanon Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906 and Skills", "A Decent Standard of 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 Living", "Human Rights Enjoyed 48 16 63 42 37 5 211 to the Fullest", "Effective and 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583 efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Total 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. Financial situation", "22. With the exception of international staff posts funded from the regular budget through assessed contributions and posts provided by other United Nations agencies, the ongoing operations, projects and emergency appeals of UNRWA are funded by voluntary contributions of donors.", "23. Table 8 shows the funding status of the Agency’s budget for 2010, including activities funded through both unearmarked contributions to the regular budget and earmarked contributions.", "24. The financial results for the fiscal year 2010 clearly illustrate the funding shortfalls experienced by the Agency in its efforts to implement its mandate. The funding gap for the regular budget funded through unearmarked voluntary contributions amounted to $47.3 million, whereas the projects budget experienced a shortfall of $204.9 million.", "Table 8", "Funding status of the Agency — 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular Projects Emergency budget appeal\n Budgeted Unbudgeted activities activities", "Budget 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "Contributions and 554.6^(b) 50.6^(c) 57.1 162.0 income", "Funding gap (47.3) — (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) Represents the amount requested in the 2010 emergency appeal.", "^(b) Includes cash and in kind income.", "^(c) Represents income earmarked for activities that were not included under the published programme budget for 2010 (for example, food aid (cash subsidies) for SHC) in the occupied Palestinian territory, reimbursement to UNRWA for losses in respect of incidents in the Gaza Strip between 27 December 2008 and 19 January 2009, organizational development — phase II and enterprise resource planning.", "25. The 2010 emergency appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $161.3 million.", "26. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2011, shown in table 9, indicate a funding gap for the regular budget of $104.5 million when comparing the budgeted expenditure of $624.7 million with total expected income (based on indicative estimates from donors and estimated interest income) of $520.2 million to the General Fund — the mechanism of unearmarked, voluntary contributions for the Agency’s cash and in kind requirements. Without additional contributions, the Agency will not be in a position to fully implement its budgeted activities. The 2011 Emergency Appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $205.9 million, whereas the shortfall forecast of the projects budget is $153.", "Table 9", "Expected funding status of the Agency — 2011", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular budget Projects Emergency appeal", "Budget 624.7 228.8 342.6", "Projected income^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "Funding gap (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "27. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2012, shown in table 10, do not look promising. If these projections prove to be correct, the funding gap will widen further to $133.2 million (based on indicative estimates from donors as well as forecasted programme support cost recoveries).", "Table 10", "Expected funding gap — 2012", "Regular budget", "Budget 654.9", "Projected income 521.7", "Funding gap (133.2)", "28. Income projections by donor for 2011 and 2012 appear in table 11 below.", "Table 11 Income projections for the General Fund — 2011 and 2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Donor\tProjectedincome2011\tIncomeforecast2012\tDonor\tProjectedincome^(a)2011\tIncomeforecast2012 \nAustralia\t6300\t6300\tSubtotal b/f\t215700\t215100\nBahrain\t100\t100\tSaudi Arabia\t5200\t2000\nBelgium\t4300\t1400\tSpain\t14300\t12600\nCanada\t0\t—\tSweden\t43900\t43600\nDenmark\t12800\t13400\tSwitzerland\t10500\t12000\nEgypt\t100\t100\tTurkey\t1000\t1000\nEU\t115100\t114400\tUAE\t1800\t1800\nFinland\t4200\t4300\tUK\t31900\t47900\nFrance\t6700\t6400\tUK (PerformanceIncrement)\t5400\t—\nGermany\t8700\t9000\tUSA\t114600\t114600\nIreland\t5700\t5700\tNon-Advisory Commission\t13600\t13600\nItaly\t2900\t2900\tNGOs\t1900\t3800\nJapan\t2900\t2900\tIn kind\t3500\t1900\nKuwait\t2000\t2000\tInterest\t2118\t3000\nNetherlands\t18600\t18600 \nNorway\t25200\t27500\tPSC recoveries\t24000\t20000\nQatar\t100\t100\tInternational stafffunded by New York\t30782\t28803\nSubtotalc/f\t215700\t215100\tTotal\t520200\t521703", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "29. UNRWA is operating in a financial situation where the disparity between the budget and income and expenditure has become chronic. The Agency has renewed its commitment to developing its resource mobilization capacity in a number of key areas, including:", "(a) Merging the former Department of External Relations with the former headquarters Public Information Office to create the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(b) Developing a partnership strategy and establishing a Partnerships Division within the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(c) Establishing a new representative office in Washington, D.C.;", "(d) Strengthening the existing representative office in Brussels;", "(e) Reaffirming the central role of the Department of External Relations and Communications as the focal point for resource mobilization in the Agency;", "(f) Appointing a senior Director of the Department of External Relations and Communications to lead the development of a new strategy supported by enhanced internal alignment.", "30. The new resource mobilization strategy of UNRWA assumes that it will be possible to increase overall income from all sectors of the market, but recognizes that it will not be possible to dramatically alter present trajectories. It acknowledges that targets for the General Fund in the coming years are challenging but assumes that these can be reached given some movement to reduce outlays. While noting the generous support of Arab donors for UNRWA projects, the Agency continues to reach out to them to provide additional contributions to the General Fund. Relative dependence on traditional donors can be reduced further, but levels of funding from these sources will have to continue to increase. In order to further resource mobilization successfully, investments are needed that also address communication components.", "31. The strategy presents three strategic objectives:", "(a) Deepen the partnership with traditional donors, resulting in:", "• Predictable General Fund contributions that grow in line with expenditure projections", "• Adequate response to emergencies and to field-specific needs", "• Partnership on outreach and resource mobilization;", "(b) Diversify the donor base, resulting in:", "• Emerging economies increasing their share of the General Fund", "• Non-traditional (European Union) donors increasing contributions across funding portals", "• Higher Arab contributions across funding portals", "• Private and corporate donations increasing substantially", "• Partnerships and collaborative action bringing financial and non‑financial gains to the Agency;", "(c) Develop the capacity of the Agency to mobilize resources and manage donor relations:", "• Headquarters and fields offices are strategically aligned around the corporate resource mobilization priorities of UNRWA", "• Synergies between communications and donor relations are fully utilized.", "32. Figure V shows the expected sources of funding of the Agency’s total budget volume for 2012 and 2013, including both the regular and projects budgets.", "Figure V Budget funding — 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[] \nVoluntary cashcontribution to theGeneral Fund 1 228 063\nVoluntary cashcontribution toprojects 681 245\nVoluntary in kindcontributions to theGeneral Fund 3 688\nUnited Nationsregular budget 50 346\n Other 48 106 \n Total 2 011 448", "33. Voluntary contributions will be requested to cover about 95 per cent of total budget volume for 2012-2013, of which 64.2 per cent are cash contributions to the General Fund, 35.6 per cent cash receipts to fund projects, and about 0.2 per cent constitutes in kind contributions to the General Fund.", "34. The funding of 133 approved international posts, the proposed 13 additional posts and 5 proposed reclassifications funded from the regular budget accounts for about 2.5 per cent of the annual total budget volume. The remaining 2.4 per cent of other income is derived from the following sources:", "(a) Interest income and miscellaneous income, including programme support costs in the range of $23 million per annum;", "(b) Funding of six staff posts (2 international and 4 local staff) by UNESCO and four posts (2 international and 2 local staff) by WHO as part of their technical assistance to the education and health programmes, respectively.", "35. If donor contributions continue to fall behind the levels required to finance rising levels of service delivery requirements, the resulting constraints on the Agency’s capacity will continue to undermine the human development standards of the refugees and put additional pressure on the host authorities.", "36. UNRWA recognizes that the resource scarcity resulting from the current global economic climate, increasing needs resulting from population growth and inflationary pressures require that the Agency prioritize services and activities within and among its main programmes. The budget therefore encompasses funding for only an identified set of core activities fundamental in meeting the basic needs of the refugees. The resources required to do so are necessary for the Agency to fulfil the essence of its mandate.", "Chapter II", "Goal 1: a long and healthy life", "A. Human Development goal", "37. The UNRWA health programme enables Palestine refugees to achieve a long and healthy life through the provision of comprehensive primary health-care services and through working with communities to promote healthy lifestyles.", "B. Objectives", "38. The objectives of the programme are:", "(a) Universal access to quality, comprehensive. primary health care;", "(b) Sustained protection and promotion of family health;", "(c) Ensured prevention and control of diseases.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "39. The UNRWA health programme has delivered comprehensive, primary health-care services to Palestine refugees for over 60 years, achieving some remarkable gains, particularly in the fields of maternal and child health. However, the context in which the health programme operates is changing, bringing a range of new challenges.", "40. Ageing populations, as well as changes in lifestyle, have resulted in increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among Palestine refugees, in keeping with similar trends observed globally. Non-communicable diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking-related lung disease and cancers. These diseases usually require lifelong care and are treated with medicines that are often expensive. As a result of budget constraints, UNRWA is at present unable to provide the cholesterol-lowering medicines that are essential in the management of a high proportion of patients with non-communicable diseases. The complications of such diseases may be severe enough to require hospitalization and may result in disability. Management of this increasing burden of chronic diseases thus has substantial resource implications for staffing, medicines and hospital care. Furthermore, significant efforts will have to be made in working with communities to address lifestyle-related risk factors, which are key to preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases. Resources are needed to develop effective communication campaigns and to build the capacity of community support organizations.", "41. Costs of health care continue to rise in the Agency’s fields of operation, as is the case in countries worldwide. UNRWA has faced substantial increases in the costs of medicines and hospitalization fees in recent years. Furthermore, deepening poverty may cause refugees who previously used private service providers to start using UNRWA services, creating an additional burden for the Agency’s health services. Another concern is that policy changes in host countries may affect the access of refugees to Ministry of Health facilities, making them even more reliant on UNRWA services. The years ahead are therefore likely to see an increase in demand for the Agency’s health services, while available resources may not increase at the same pace.", "42. Escalating demand for services and the increasing need for lifelong care of chronic diseases have necessitated UNRWA to seek new ways of delivering health services in order to ensure quality of care for the future. The recently introduced family health team approach promotes comprehensive care for the whole family, focusing on continuity of care and on building relationships among health-care providers, patients, families and communities. This approach represents a modernization of primary health care, in keeping with regional and global trends, and requires an investment in systems development and staff capacity that will result in high quality, efficient health services that are able to respond to future health needs.", "43. Long-term care of high numbers of patients with non-communicable diseases, who often have complex case management needs, requires a well functioning patient record system. Furthermore, the resource implications associated with high numbers of patients on costly medications requires adequate health management information systems to monitor the efficiency of care. Current UNRWA information systems are inadequate to meet these complex information needs. In order to enable evidence-based decision-making and appropriate resource allocation in the future, substantial investment is needed in health information systems.", "44. Many of the health facilities are located in old buildings, the maintenance of which has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of all health facilities to ensure that they meet the required functions and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains an unfunded challenge.", "45. While most of the refugees in camps are served with water supply and sewer networks, very little is known about the quality of water they drink and use and the adequacy of infrastructure systems. Improving the quality of the environmental infrastructure networks in camps based on WHO standards requires comprehensive assessments on adequacy of systems but remains an unfunded challenge too.", "46. Due to budget constraints, UNRWA will address only the environmental issues, although recognizing the importance, as opportunity arises and when minimum expenditure is envisaged. Budgeting for general environmental concerns is addressed only through projects.", "47. There are approximately 28,000 Palestine refugees living in Dar’a Camp in southern Syrian Arab Republic whose health is affected by unsanitary and unsafe living conditions. Reported cases of water-related diseases due to inadequate and leaking water and sewer systems is not uncommon in this and other camps.", "D. Financial resources", "48. Table 12 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 1.", "Table 12 A long and healthy life Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access to quality, comprehensive, 83 520 84 327 primary health care", "Sustained protection and promotion of family 7 282 7 327 health", "Ensured prevention and control of diseases 27 024 26 162", "Total regular budget 117 826 117 816", "Project budget 14 673 14 673", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Chapter III", "Goal 2: acquired knowledge and skills", "A. Human development goal", "49. UNRWA attempts to situate its educational developments and priorities within the global frameworks of the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All initiative. UNRWA provides education services to nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children through some 700 schools located in Jordan, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Arab Republic and the West Bank. Nearly half of the Agency’s schools are located within the camps.", "50. In a situation where almost 41 per cent of Palestine refugees are below the age of 18 and affected by high levels of unemployment and poverty, education remains one of the surest ways to make a lasting positive socio-economic impact. Thus, in achieving the second Millennium Development Goal of universal basic education, the focus of UNRWA for the biennium 2012-2013 will be on enhancing the quality of its basic education services through a system-wide education reform. The education reform strategy is in line with the overall UNRWA sustaining change agenda, medium-term strategy and national, regional and global education for all aspirations.", "51. The UNRWA education reform addresses perceptions of declining quality which have been identified through the Agency-wide monitoring and learning achievement tests. The education reform is designed to establish an enabling environment whereby schools and teachers receive appropriate, timely, professional and administrative support. This will facilitate educationally, technically and economically meaningful progress towards the achievement of quality education for Palestine refugee students in UNRWA schools.", "52. Children have a right to education, one that is upheld by the General Assembly, which has encouraged the Agency, in close cooperation with other relevant United Nations entities, to continue making progress in addressing the needs and rights of children in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Achieving universal primary education is the second Millennium Development Goal, and the international community has committed itself to work towards better quality education for all. UNRWA operates 700 elementary and preparatory schools, providing free basic education for nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children. Over time, the Agency’s schools have acquired a reputation for low dropout rates and high academic achievement. Literacy rates among Palestine refugees compare well with those in the region, and there has been gender equity in enrolment since the 1970s.", "53. Through its education system, UNRWA has the greatest potential to help Palestine refugee children to thrive, to achieve their potential and to grow up understanding their rights and respecting the rights of others. Basic education, delivered by the Agency’s education programme, is therefore considered among the highest priorities of all the Agency’s services to refugees. The UNRWA education programme also contributes to the strategic objective on employability.", "B. Objectives", "54. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Universal access to and coverage of basic education;", "(b) Educational quality and outcomes against set standards are enhanced;", "(c) Improve access to educational opportunities for learners with special education needs.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "55. School buildings and infrastructure. More than 70 per cent of the schools are operating on double shift, and 15 per cent from rented premises with meagre resources for upkeep and enhancement of school infrastructure. UNRWA is committed to providing all its students with a complete basic education. Despite continued efforts to decrease the dropout rate, further efforts are needed, as approximately 10 per cent of boys and 5 per cent of girls in the UNRWA system do not finish the full cycle of basic education.", "56. Student achievement. Performance in the Agency’s monitoring and learning achievement tests is highest in less cognitively demanding skills and lower in more demanding skills (such as drawing inferences, applying knowledge to real world situations and performing two-step procedures). These skills are premised on the mastery of less complex thinking skills. A number of UNRWA students markedly underperform, with just under one third of grade four and grade eight students assessed for numeracy skills and scoring between zero and 30 per cent in the monitoring and learning achievement tests. In addition, in the same tests, close to two thirds of UNRWA students scored between zero and 30 per cent in eighth grade Arabic. This underscores the need for an increased focus on improving the quality of the teaching and learning process through the provision of appropriate pre- and in-service training and support to teachers.", "57. Curriculum enrichment. UNRWA utilizes host country curriculum in each of its five fields of operation. This makes the delivery of uniform quality education and mainstreaming Agency-wide policies, structures and systems that are relevant to curriculum quality particularly challenging. UNRWA enriches curricula to improve quality and to ensure that United Nations values are embedded within the curricula, notwithstanding the constraints on the capacity of the Agency’s education programme managers.", "58. Quality education. Current teacher preparation and pre-service and in-service career development programmes tend to be more conventional, and efforts will be required to adopt non-conventional strategies, which will involve a school-based teacher development programme using open distance learning methodologies.", "59. Inclusive education. Currently there are an estimated 100,000 students in UNRWA institutions with special education needs who are not being cared for. An inclusive education vision for the Agency will assure the rights of all refugee children, regardless of gender, abilities, disabilities, impairments, health conditions and socio-economic status, to equal access to a meaningful and quality education. UNRWA is thus increasing its focus on inclusive education and is developing a policy, shared terminology and guidelines for Agency schools on how best to support children with special education needs.", "60. Many of the school facilities are deteriorated, and maintenance has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of the structural integrity of schools has revealed that a number of the buildings housing these schools need to be either structurally strengthened or replaced as an immediate priority; students’ health and safety will otherwise be placed at risk. Funding still needs to be secured to address this issue.", "61. Furthermore, assessment of all education facilities to ensure that they meet the required function and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains to be an unfunded challenge. Such assessments will enable the Agency to prioritize interventions and achieve efficiencies.", "D. Financial resources", "62. Table 13 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 2.", "Table 13 Acquire knowledge and skills Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access and coverage of basic education 83 650 82 280", "Educational quality and outcomes against set 239 584 249 538 standards are enhanced", "Improve access to educational opportunities for 4 861 5 027 learners with special education needs", "Total regular budget 328 095 336 845", "Project budget 8 581 8 581", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Chapter IV", "Goal 3: a decent standard of living", "A. Human development goal", "63. To live with dignity, refugees must be able to attain a decent standard of living; a safe place to live; sufficient quantities of food; and the opportunity to learn skills that will lead to work. Essentially, refugees must be given the opportunity to escape poverty. The right to a decent standard of living — through adequate shelter, food and work — are set out in human rights agreements and reinforced in the first Millennium Development Goal, to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”, that includes targets to achieve productive employment and decent work. The United Nations is also committed to building inclusive financial services for the poor.", "64. The Agency’s interventions in support of this goal require an integrated response from its Relief and Social Services programme, microfinance programme, education programme, and camp improvement and infrastructure programme.", "65. There has been a demographic shift in the refugee population, with more than 25 per cent between the ages of 15 and 24. In many ways the realization of the future hopes, aspirations and identity of Palestine refugees depends on the type of education and training they receive. The UNRWA technical and vocational education and training programme aims to provide Palestine refugees with alternative educational opportunities.", "66. There are around 7,000 regular students enrolled in various programmes in the 10 UNRWA vocational training centres. In addition, there are various specific initiatives in the fields catering to short-term courses for youth and school dropouts providing them with employable skills and training.", "67. The Agency has developed its technical courses to be more market-oriented, skill-based and is addressing possibilities of income generation placing more emphasis on entrepreneurial and life skills in the school and technical and vocational education and training curricula. The new competency-based training approach introduces new categories of training that focus on the development of skills identified by employers themselves, creating a skilled labour force and establishing a technical and vocational education and training programme that is more responsive to the demands of local and regional labour markets.", "68. UNRWA also provides professional career guidance and placement services for graduates within its field offices.", "69. UNRWA will prioritize shelter improvements for vulnerable refugees and will pursue a holistic and participatory approach to camp improvement that reflects the social as well as the physical aspects of the built environment.", "B. Objectives", "70. The objectives of goal 3 are:", "(a) Reduce poverty among the poorest Palestine refugees;", "(b) Increase availability to inclusive financial services and access to credit and savings facilities;", "(c) Achieve enhanced skills and improved access to employment for Palestine refugees;", "(d) Sustain camp development and upgrade of substandard infrastructure and accommodation.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "71. UNRWA provides direct support to the poorest under its special hardship assistance to 288,405 refugees annually; has trained more than 7,000 graduates in technical and vocational skills; provided microfinance products for approximately 112,000 loans to refugees since its inception; and over time has rehabilitated around 3,235 shelters. The special hardship assistance programme’s primary focus is upon the food insecure, or those who are identified as falling below the abject poverty line. Traditionally, UNRWA has dealt with poverty through its special hardship assistance programme, serving approximately 5.5 per cent of all registered Palestine refugees. In 2011, 288,405 Palestine refugees were enrolled in the special hardship assistance programme across the five fields and received food assistance on a quarterly basis. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 83,000 food insecure families received additional cash assistance to bridge the poverty gap.", "72. Although the special hardship assistance programme ceiling rises by 3.5 per cent annually, the programme is unable to keep pace with the increasing rates of poverty among Palestine refugees. During the current biennium, work has been undertaken in three fields of UNRWA operations to understand the numbers of food insecure refugees who are in need of assistance. The poverty line used in this work was defined as the cost of basic food needs, so if a refugee was determined to be poor, he or she is by definition food insecure. The results from this work show the number of food insecure refugees far outstrips the resources of the programme: 301,301 refugees in the Gaza Strip (27 per cent of the registered population); 170,944 refugees in the West Bank (20 per cent of the registered population); and approximately 160,000 refugees in Lebanon (two thirds of the registered refugees residing in the country); are estimated to be food insecure. In Jordan, assistance from UNRWA renders the social and economic conditions of the Palestine refugees more or less comparable with the general Jordanian population, with the exception of refugees from Gaza, who currently number around 136,000 individuals. The Department of Statistics of Jordan estimates that 13 per cent of Jordanians are living in absolute poverty (basic food and non-food needs). This translates into 253,500 Palestine refugees in Jordan who are in absolute poverty. In 2010, the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Syrian Arab Republic reported that 12 per cent of the population were food insecure. As with Jordan, the assessment for the time being is that the Palestine refugee population is more or less in the same position as the general population of the Syrian Arab Republic so it can be assumed that 57,216 Palestine refugees in the country are food insecure. The estimated total number of Palestine refugees in need of food assistance in the five fields of UNRWA is around 800,000 individuals. This is nearly three times the current ceiling of the special hardship assistance programme.", "73. Increasing poverty has heightened demand for relief and social services; however, donor contributions have not kept pace with these demands. Due to domestic pressures, donor countries’ budgets are stretched, and changes in food aid funding mechanisms pose a significant challenge to UNRWA to meet food requirements for the poor.", "74. In the absence of emergencies, there are poor refugees who are able to exit poverty given the right educational, training and employment opportunities. While the economic situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as the limited opportunities for refugees to work in Lebanon, are severe limiting factors for poverty reduction, UNRWA can nevertheless make a significant impact on refugees’ livelihood prospects by equipping them — through training or microfinance — and helping them to access the right opportunities to exit poverty.", "75. For all refugees, but especially the most vulnerable, the Agency’s work in raising the quality of refugees’ shelter to acceptable standards remains vital if they are to live with the dignity that is their right. Levels of overcrowding among Palestine refugees are very high, especially in camps in the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan. In the Jordan field alone, approximately 500 shelters are in most urgent need of rehabilitation.", "76. UNRWA could accommodate only 30 per cent of the applicants to the vocational training centres. Despite several efforts, the expansion of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training has been quite slow and extremely limited. The reasons have been varied, ranging from political to resource scarcity to low social perceptions and the global financial crisis. The major issues and constraints of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training include: low access and equity; funding constraints and capacity of vocational training centres; lack of a quality framework and standards for technical and vocational education and training; need for redesign of curricula and implementation mechanisms; and weak linkages with industry and labour markets.", "77. Lack of General Fund and project funding will contribute to the continuation of substandard living conditions, inhabitable shelters and lack of basic infrastructure. Unless a strategic plan to improve the urban environment is funded and implemented as a priority, the economic, health, social, physical and environmental well-being of refugees will continue to deteriorate, which normally results in economic and loss of health/life, but also might lead to political unrest as well as loss of credibility on the part of the Agency with the refugees. Furthermore, emergencies (natural or man-made) result in the large-scale destruction of infrastructure and will increase the demand for repair and reconstruction. Inadequate capacity at legitimate crossings into the Gaza Strip has severely limited the Agency’s ability to meet reconstruction needs and targets for the Gaza Strip and stymied economic and human development.", "78. Lack of urban planning capacity in the fields will result in operational delays of the infrastructure and camp improvement programme at the field level. In the Jordan field, there were no funds raised in 2010 to rehabilitate the 500 highest priority substandard shelters, which pose an immediate risk to the safety and security of beneficiaries of the Special Hardship Assistance Programme. In Lebanon, the Agency’s appeal for funding for the reconstruction of the Nahr El‑Bared Camp has enabled it to make some progress and begin rehousing some of the camp residents. The appeal however, remains heavily underfunded, leaving most of the camp’s 26,000 registered Palestine refugees displaced in temporary accommodation until it is rebuilt. The residents require continuous funding to support their critical humanitarian needs: food; shelter; health; and education. UNRWA is required to continue to provide emergency food assistance in the form of food parcels.", "79. UNRWA Gaza has taken a two-pronged approach to the emergency in the area. While seeking to reactivate the economy through reconstruction and thus bring tens of thousands of families out of aid dependency, the basic needs of those who suffer hardship require attention and care until sustainable solutions are found. Against this backdrop, the Agency’s humanitarian assistance and poverty approach is expressed most prominently through the emergency appeal. The promise of increased self-reliance and hope lies with the Gaza Recovery and Reconstruction Plan. Budgeted at $400 million over the next biennium, the plan represents pillars of stability and opportunity. Within that budget are projects to build 100 schools, rebuild shelters for more than 17,500 beneficiaries, build one health centre and fund water, sanitation and hygiene projects to upgrade the water and sewage infrastructure in the refugee camps. The lack of funding for these projects is the sole impediment to completion. The implications of not completing these projects include the continued double shifting, and eventual triple shifting, of schools, as well as the possibility that the Agency will not meet its mandate to provide universal access to education for the refugee population of the Gaza Strip. The population growth in Gaza is reflected by an annual increase of 10,000 students in the Agency’s schools. Shelter reconstruction partially addresses the emergent shelter needs of the refugee community and reconstructs a number of shelters destroyed during the conflict with Israel.", "80. Lack of comprehensive information on the number of substandard shelters across the fields is envisaged to be one of the main challenges for the Agency. A rapid assessment survey in all camps would provide a reliable database to prioritize shelter rehabilitation interventions that are required.", "D. Financial resources", "81. Table 14 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 3.", "Table 14 A decent standard of living Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Reduced poverty among the poorest Palestinian 58 035 61 426 refugees", "Inclusive financial services and increased access to credit and savings facilities^(a)", "Enhanced skills and improved access to employment for 21 041 20 880 Palestinian refugees", "Sustained camp development and upgraded substandard 3 813 3 770 infrastructure and accommodation", "Total regular budget 82 889 86 076", "Project budget 302 288 365 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total Microfinance Department budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $25.7 million relates to this goal.", "Chapter V", "Goal 4: human rights enjoyed to the fullest", "A. Human development goal", "82. Just and equitable human development requires respect for human rights. Protection is a cross-cutting theme for the Agency, meaning that protection issues will be taken into consideration in all programming.", "B. Objectives", "83. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and advanced;", "(b) Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and implement sustainable social services in their communities;", "(c) Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "84. The Agency’s protection work has internal and external dimensions. Internally, UNRWA promotes protection through programming and service delivery. Externally, it engages in monitoring and reporting of refugee conditions and undertakes appropriate interventions, and the Commissioner-General highlights the need for a just and durable solution to the conflict that respects the right of the refugees.", "85. The provision of essential services by UNRWA and ensuring access to them under varying circumstances, including armed conflict, is integral to the enjoyment of rights of the refugees. Direct and indirect engagement with other actors helps create and consolidate an environment and practices in which rights are respected. These rights include economic and social rights associated with the core areas of service delivery of UNRWA, such as education, as well as civil and political rights, such as the right to life. In addition, as a major provider of public services, UNRWA seeks to ensure that the manner in which it provides them ensures respect for the rights, dignity and safety of its beneficiaries. It does this by, for example, mainstreaming minimum protection standards in all programmes across all fields, acting to eliminate violence in schools, taking steps to prevent gender-based violence and abuse of children, and promoting knowledge of individual rights through a long-term human rights and tolerance programming in its schools. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms help in the effective implementation of these protection activities.", "86. In 2010-2011, the Agency programme focused its efforts on ensuring that quality social services were being provided by refugees in their communities. This was done through the development and promulgation of a variety of tools for staff and refugee-run community-based organizations.", "87. The first of these tools, a capacity assessment toolkit, takes a comprehensive look at community-based organizations as civil society organizations and measures their ability to provide quality service and financial sustainability. Administered in partnership with the organizations, progress is tracked on an annual basis. Other tools focused on specific services offered by the community-based organizations, such as the microlending programme, ensuring that internal control policies and procedures are in place as well as exploring the social impact the small loans have on those who take small loans.", "88. The main challenge for the social services programme and its work with community-based organizations is the organizations’ outreach to refugees in the community who may be more vulnerable than others and in need of social services but for a variety of reasons are unable to access the assistance.", "89. As part of the Agency’s desire to improve service delivery to Palestine refugees, the Agency developed a new online web-based Refugee Registration Information System to replace the outdated Field Registration System. The new system enhances the integrity of refugee data and facilitates collection of new information being gathered about refugees and its analysis, thereby improving the Agency’s ability to better formulate policy and programming.", "90. In addition, more efficient and dignified registration services are being provided to refugees through new family registration cards issued in the UNRWA fields of operation. This has eliminated the previous reliance upon headquarters to print these cards and significantly reduced the three-month time frame in which registration cards were previously issued. The capacity-building and professional development of staff remains important in this regard, and is in turn affected by chronic resource constraints.", "91. Due to the fact all registered Palestine refugees, now numbering nearly 5 million persons, rely upon eligibility and registration services, more staff are required to ensure that registration services are carried out in accordance with relevant international standards.", "92. The Agency’s ability to achieve its objectives relies on a range of factors outside its direct control, including the facilitation of host and other governments in the region. The political context in the region poses a significant challenge to fulfilment of this human development goal.", "93. Included under projects are provisions for the UNRWA Summer Games, which is the largest organized recreational activity available to refugee children in the Gaza Strip. The games provide a safe and creative space for refugee children, away from conditions of poverty and overcrowding that prevail in the Gaza Strip. Equally, they provide an opportunity for children to engage in activities that complement the UNRWA education programme, enhancing the acquisition of skills that enable them to become productive members of society. There is no equivalent activity in the Gaza Strip; none of the other major summer recreational camps feature such diverse activities in a setting free from politics. Should this programme not be funded, the space and range of activities available to the refugee children of the Gaza Strip, including one which helps them reach their potential as students and achieve a decent standard of living, will be curtailed.", "D. Financial resources", "94. Table 15 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 4.", "Table 15 Human rights enjoyed to the fullest Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and 17 17 advanced", "Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and 1 425 1 224 implement sustainable social services in their communities", "Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees 2 278 2 279 for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards", "Total regular budget 3 720 3 520", "Project budget 12 765 12 765", "Grand total 16 485 16 285", "Chapter VI", "Goal 5: effective and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "A. Goal", "95. The goal of effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA is to promote and sustain the best possible standards of management, enhance stakeholder relations and enable the delivery of quality programmes that help achieve the human development of the Palestine refugees.", "96. This goal is achieved by the following Headquarters Departments and the corresponding units in the field offices:", "(a) Commissioner-General’s Office;", "(b) Administrative Services Department;", "(c) Human Resources Department;", "(d) Finance Department;", "(e) Department of Legal Affairs;", "(f) Department of Internal Oversight Services;", "(g) External Relations and Communications Department.", "B. Objectives", "97. The objectives of goal 5 are:", "(a) To provide leadership, strengthen governance and mobilize additional resources;", "(b) To develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry out its mandate.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "98. During the biennium, UNRWA will continue to build on the results of its organizational development reform of the support departments and move forward with planning and implementation of its “sustaining change” programme reforms. While management support reforms, such as staff development and introduction of an enterprise resource planning system remain priorities, the strengthening of the core services of UNRWA — and its resource mobilization capacity — lie at the heart of the “sustaining change” reforms. Attracting and retaining qualified staff and investing in their development will continue to be important to the success of the reforms.", "99. Several internal studies have concluded that the only alternative that the Agency has to mitigate risk is to develop and implement a new enterprise resource planning system. The current enterprise system has become obsolete. The introduction of an enterprise resource planning system depends entirely on the availability of sufficient funding, as reflected in the estimated annual project budget. The lack of funds is an overwhelming constraint, as UNRWA cannot proceed with the acquisition of the required software licences to start the implementation, nor can it begin contractual negotiations with prospective system integrators for the project. If the project is not fully funded for the biennium, this constraint will prevent the initiation of the new enterprise resource planning system.", "100. The continuing financial pressures facing UNRWA affect governance capacity, with implications for the Agency as a whole. Due to the global economic downturn, economic forecasts for 2012 are of particular concern. Large funding gaps will pose a severe challenge to both support and programme services. Mobilizing sufficient resources to sustain reforms and achieve greater efficiencies is a priority.", "101. In the light of ongoing reforms and political developments in the region, the expectations of stakeholders, including donors and beneficiaries, are high and growing. As UNRWA seeks to meet these expectations, it notes that reforming public services is a complex task that does not yield results quickly. The task is complicated further by conditions of protracted conflict and growing instability in the Agency’s areas of operations.", "102. To move the sustaining change reform process forward, it is necessary to strengthen further the culture of transparency and accountability. Engendering reform support from a large number of staff, both international and area staff, requires the buy-in of all managers, combined with training, coaching and the reform of key management systems.", "D. Financial resources", "103. Table 16 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 5.", "Table 16 Effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Provide leadership, strengthen governance and 28 703 28 842 foster partnerships", "Develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry 61 543 55 058 out its mandate^(a)", "Total regular budget 90 246 83 900", "Project budget 20 623 20 623", "Total 110 869 104 523", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department (MD) budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total MD budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $117,000 ($57,000 for 2012 and $60,000 for 2013) relates to this goal.", "Chapter VII", "Recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of implementation", "104. Table 17 illustrates the current status of 61 recommendations made by the United Nations Board of Auditors in its report for the biennium 2008-2009. As at 31 March 2011, 30 recommendations had been implemented, 25 were under implementation, 4 were yet to be implemented, and 2 recommendations had been overtaken by events.", "105. The management of UNRWA is committed to implementing the recommendations, some of which require additional funding, span bienniums or require strategic intervention. Most of the recommendations indicated as being under implementation are planned for the second and third quarters of 2011.", "Table 17 Status of implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors for the biennium ended 31 December 2009", "Implementationstatus \nDepartment/office\tNumberofrecommendations\tImplemented Underimplementation\tNotimplemented\tOvertakenby events \nFinance\t19\t14 2\t2\t1\n Gaza field office 6 2 4 — — \n Jordan field office 2 1 1 — — \nSyrian Arab Republicfield office\t2\t1 1\t—\t—Department ofAdministrative Support:Information SystemsDivision\t1011\t6—— 311\t1——\t——— Procurement andLogistics Division \n Administration \nProgramme Coordinationand Support\t4\t— 4\t—\t—\nDepartment of HumanResources\t6\t5 1\t—\t—\nDepartment of InternalOversight Services\t9\t— 7\t1\t1\n Executive Management 1 1 — — — \nTotal\t61\t30 25\t4\t2", "150911", "*1145675*", "[]" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "A/66/13/Add.1", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[17 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter I. Introduction 1II.Objective 19 1: A long and healthy life III. Objective 22 2: Acquisition of knowledge and skills IV. Objective 26 3: A decent standard of living V. Objective 31 4: Full enjoyment of human rights VI. Objective 34 5: Effective and effective management and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East VII.", "Chapter I", "I. Introduction", "1. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established within the United Nations system as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly pursuant to Assembly resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and began to operate on 1 May 1950. UNRWA is one of the major United Nations programmes, with a population of 4.8 million Palestine refugees under its mandate. As noted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/100, the Agency has played an essential role for the more than 60 years since its establishment, providing vital services for the well-being, human development and protection of Palestine refugees and improving their situation. The General Assembly extended the Agency ' s mandate every three years, as it did lastly in its resolution 65/98, in which it affirmed the need for the Agency to continue its work until the problem of Palestine refugees was resolved fairly.", "2. The mission of UNRWA is to help Palestine refugees develop their full human potential in the difficult circumstances in which they live, in line with internationally agreed goals and standards. The Agency fulfils its mission by providing a range of essential services, under international standards, to Palestine refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. UNRWA distinguishes itself from other agencies for providing services directly to refugees. The mandate of the Agency, which emanates from the General Assembly and has evolved over time in response to developments in the context of its operations, currently covers the provision of education, health, social and relief services, microfinance and emergency assistance for refugees, infrastructure services and improvements in refugee camps, and protection.", "A. Context", "3. The latest political and security developments in the Middle East, which constitute only the most recent pressures on the Agency, place an additional burden on UNRWA ' s limited resources and thus affect its capacity to provide services to some 5 million refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Access problems in the West Bank, the continued blockade of the Gaza Strip, severe financial constraints and security concerns are only a few of the challenges facing the Agency every day. Despite these difficulties, UNRWA, regarded by many as a stabilizing influence in this unstable region, is making every effort to continue providing direct services to Palestine refugees.", "4. The basic services provided by UNRWA are comparable in nature and scope to those provided by a local or national government. With some 29,000 staff, most of whom are Palestine refugees, UNRWA is one of the largest employers in the Middle East. More than 480,000 children attend Agency schools, which are staffed by some 22,000 teachers. UNRWA ' s 137 health centres throughout the region treated more than 10 million patients last year. The Agency also provides additional assistance to some 280,000 of the poorest and most vulnerable refugees through a reformed social security network programme aimed at the poorest of the poor. Persons with other special needs, such as persons with disabilities, also benefit from the specialized services of the Agency ' s health centres. Gender issues are being mainstreamed into UNRWA ' s core programmes and women ' s empowerment in their communities is regarded as a key area of Agency concern. At present, difficulties in providing these services are enormous.", "5. In Gaza, the Agency caters to a registered population of 1.1 million Palestinian refugees, including more than 210,000 students. Thousands of other students are eligible to attend UNRWA schools but cannot do so because they lack classrooms. The effects of the blockade and the conflict that took place from December 2008 to January 2009 in the Gaza Strip have ruined the economy and created an enormous need to rebuild shelters for refugees. Since refugee housing is a large part of the housing needed to be rebuilt in the Gaza Strip, the responsibility assumed by UNRWA is even more complex due to lack of funding and difficulties in importing building materials caused by the blockade.", "6. In the West Bank, despite some improvements such as reducing the number of checkpoints, restrictions on access and movement continue to isolate communities, which poses not only political problems but also logistical problems. These challenges increase the difficulties for the refugee population and undermine the Agency ' s ability to provide services in affected areas in a cost-effective manner.", "7. In Lebanon, UNRWA remains the primary service provider for a marginalized Palestine refugee community, experiencing high levels of poverty and has little opportunity to escape from it. In Lebanon, the formation of a new government in early 2011 gave the hope that progress could be made on a number of issues of concern to UNRWA and refugees, such as legislation to allow refugees access to a number of professions, which has not yet been implemented. The Agency ' s inability to provide what refugees consider to be an insufficient subsidy to enable them to access tertiary care in the event of illnesses that endanger their lives has caused disruption in the refugee camps and has led to direct threats to the safety of Agency frontline personnel.", "8. In Jordan, where the refugee situation remains stable, the Government has responded to popular demands with a number of measures, including wage increases for public sector employees. The impact of these measures is discussed below (see paras. 12 and 13). In 2011, in the Syrian Arab Republic, traditionally a stable area of operations, violent disturbances erupted that hamper UNRWA ' s activities in the area.", "9. Direct services provided by the Agency are critical to the well-being of Palestinian refugees throughout the region. If the economic situation of UNRWA does not improve, the impact on beneficiaries will be immediate and substantial. The lack of adequate resources has already worsened the quality of UNRWA programmes. Although extrabudgetary contributions to UNRWA have gradually increased in recent years, they have not kept pace with population growth and increasing costs.", "B. Planning assumptions", "10. UNRWA openly recognizes that in order to fulfil its commitment to meeting the needs of beneficiaries and to address financial difficulties, it is essential that it substantially improve its way of operating.", "11. In 2006, after the historic Geneva Conference in June 2004, UNRWA initiated a reform process, the most ambitious so far, called “Institutional Development”. This reform process, which ended in 2009, introduced profound changes in the Agency ' s management systems and planning frameworks. On the basis of the " Institutional Development " plan, UNRWA continued the reforms and developed a plan known as " Sustaining Change " , which was finalized in May 2011 and presented at the session of the Agency ' s Advisory Commission at the end of June 2011. The plan aims to complete the institutional transformation of the Agency over the next two bienniums. Unlike the " Institutional Development " plan, which initiated the revitalization of the Agency ' s management, the plan for sustaining change is aimed at strengthening programmes, ensuring greater equality and effectiveness where more are needed, at the place where they are implemented, namely, schools, clinics and camp service centres. The plan also gives priority to improving the Agency ' s resource mobilization capacity. As a result of the " Institutional Development " , and thanks to the progress achieved through the change-support plan, the Agency has adopted a longer-term strategic direction, applying, for example, a medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015, supported by a robust results-based planning system. Monitoring and evaluation capacities continue to be developed and the Agency is also integrating into its planning cross-cutting issues that are critical to development and humanitarian activities across the United Nations system, such as gender, disability and protection. While it is true that the Agency has delegated more authority to field managers to improve efficiency, it has also sought to ensure that UNRWA headquarters provides the necessary support for the Agency-wide compliance with the relevant standards, use good practices in programme planning and evaluation, and report on results. In addition, the Agency ' s procurement standards have been revised to align them more with United Nations system-wide standards. The Agency ' s human resources processes have also been revised to improve recruitment and personnel management processes, which are very important for an agency with some 29,000 staff who are essential to provide quality services to millions of beneficiaries.", "12. Staff costs constitute most of the UNRWA budget (see table 4). This is because the daily delivery of services directly requires the employment of a large number of staff (about 29,000). Efforts to maintain parity with public sector salaries of host authorities make the Agency ' s financial sustainability vulnerable to economic volatility. As an example, it should be noted that in 2011, public sector wage increases in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan amounted to an additional cost of about $8.5 million per year for UNRWA.", "13. Host Governments are confronted with a demand for quality services, while their own financial situation is deteriorating; in some cases this is an additional pressure on UNRWA services, as when some Palestine refugees using the services of the host government resort to UNRWA. At the same time, donors seek greater efficiency, effectiveness and quality in service delivery. This means that UNRWA has to address the growing demands and expectations of all its key stakeholders with a limited resource base and increasing operating costs.", "C. Budget structure", "14. The budget structure of UNRWA reflects the medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015 and is based on the implementation plans prepared for each area and headquarters department office for the second biennium of the strategy. The following chapters and expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and measurements indicated in them reflect UNRWA ' s ongoing commitment to results-based planning and budgeting during the biennium 2010-2011.", "15. The medium-term strategy identifies four development goals for Palestine refugees, namely:", "(a) Living a long and healthy life;", "(b) Acquiring knowledge and skills;", "c) Have a decent standard of living;", "(d) Full enjoyment of human rights.", "16. To directly link financial resources with the achievement of results consistent with the Agency ' s strategy, the budget includes a breakdown by strategic goals and objectives, as shown in the tables and charts below:", "Organizational chart for UNRWA by department and area of operations, indicating the number of international and area staff working in each department (figure I); summary of the programme budget for 2012-2013, disaggregated, inter alia, by human development objective, regular budget and project budgets (table 1); breakdown of the regular budget by area office, with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (Table 2 and regular figure II);", "Figure I", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Organizational chart and distribution of posts for the biennium 2012-2013", "Abbreviations: USG, Under-Secretary-General; SsG, Assistant Secretary-General; PO, regular budget; RS, extrabudgetary; GS (OL), General Service (Other level).", "Note: There are 75 international posts funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "^(a) New posts.", "^(b) Local level posts.", "^(c) Reclassification.", "^(d) Number of posts in the Microfinance Department excluded from table 7.", "Table 1 Budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Exercise Objective Exercise Biennium economic human development of 2012-2013 2012 2013 Budget Budget Budget Total Budget Budget Total Budget Budget Regular Total for regular projects for regular projects for projects", "In Total In Total In Total In Total Cash^(a) species effective^(a) species effective^(a) species", "A long life and 116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 673 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 healthy 826 496 816 642", "Acquisition of 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 644 17 162 682 102 knowledge and 095 315 845 940 competences", "A standard of living 82 889 - 82 889 302 288 385 177 86 076 - 86 076 265 673 351 749 168 965 - 168 567 961 736 926 dignified 965", "Full enjoyment of 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 765 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 human rights", "Effective management and 90 246 - 90 246 20 623 110 869 83 900 - 83 900 20 623 104 523 174 146 - 174 41 246 215 392 efficient and support 146 at UNRWA", "Subtotal 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 315 950 472 1 247 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 933 178", "Other requirements", "Case booking 11 000 - 11 000 - 11 000 11 000 - 11 000 - 11 000 22 000 - 22 - 22 000 emergency^(b) 000", "Reserve for 16 135 - 16 135 - 16 135 31 135 - 31 135 - 31 135 47 270 - 47 - 47 270 salary increments", "Benefits for 2 000 - 2 000 - 2 000 2 000 - 2 000 - 2 000 4 000 - 4 000 - 4 000 separation", "New reserve for 2 000 - 2000 - 2000 2000 - 2000 - 2000 4 000 - 4 000 - 4 000 enterprise resource planning", "Reserve for 1 000 - 11 000 - 1000 1000 - 1000 2 000 - 2 000 - 2 000 capitalization and depreciation^(c)", "Subtotal 32 135 - 32 135 - 32 135 47 135 - 47 135 - 47 135 79 270 - 79 - 79 270 270", "Total 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 315 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 203 448", "^(a) It includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and the reclassification of 5 posts requested in the 2012 - 2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Includes reserves for: cash for the purchase of food, currency, annual and general holiday.", "^(c) A capitalization and depreciation reserve has been included as a provision to meet the requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Table 2", "Regular budget resource requirements by area office", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Area Office Expenditure Budget Estimates Estimates 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) resources^(d) Percentage", "Gaza Strip 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "Lebanon 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5,55", "Syrian Arab Republic 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10,55", "Jordan 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 124 541 14 124 6.05", "West Bank 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "Headquarters", "Education programme 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79)", "Health programme 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "Relief programme and 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16) social services", "Programme of 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30.28 camp infrastructure and improvement", "Departments of 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19,42 support", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "- - - 2 809 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergency^(b, c)", "Increases reserve - - - 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 salaries^(b)", "Benefits by - - - 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21,23) separation from service^(b)", "New booking for the - - - - 2 000 2 000 4 000 enterprise resource planning^(b)", "Reserve (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) capitalization and depreciation^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9,96", "^(a) It includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and the reclassification of 5 posts requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) The comparative figures for 2008-2010 are covered by headquarters and respective area offices.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for the purchase of food, currency, annual and general holiday.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A capitalization and depreciation reserve has been included as a provision to meet the requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure II", "[] Regular budget by area office", "Table 3", "Regular budget resource requirements for human development objectives", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Development Office Expenditure Costs Budget estimates Estimates Human growth 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) resources^(d) Percentage", "A long life and 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81 healthy", "Acquisition of 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48 knowledge and skills", "A standard of living 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35,40 dignified", "Full enjoyment of 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 (14.55) human rights 233)", "Effective management and 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 efficient and support for 012) UNRWA", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "- - - 2 809 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergency^(b, c)", "Increases reserve - - - 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 salaries^(b)", "Benefits by - - - 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 (21,23) separation from 078) service^(b)", "New booking for the - - - - 2 000 2 000 4 000 enterprise resource planning^(b)", "Reserve (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) capitalization and depreciation^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 996 465", "^(a) It includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and the reclassification of 5 posts requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) The comparative figures for 2008-2010 are covered by headquarters and respective area offices.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for the purchase of food, currency, annual and general holiday.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A capitalization and depreciation reserve has been included as a provision to meet the requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure III Regular budget for human development objectives", "[]", "Table 4", "Regular budget resource requirements by expenditure category", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Expenditure Category Expenditure Costs Budget estimates Estimates Growth 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012^(a) 2013^(a) of resources Amount Percentage", "Staff costs 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49 international", "Staff costs 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13 area", "Services 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "Supplies 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 228 65 184 13 405 11,26", "Equipment and construction 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9,30", "Locals 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32,94", "Grants and 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67 grants", "Reserve on - - - (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 land", "Recovery (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) - costs", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "- - - 2 809 11 000 19 191 683,20 emergency^(b,c)", "Increases reserve - - - 24 500 16 135 35 135 22 770 92,94 salaries^(b)", "Benefits by - - - 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21,23) separation from service^(b)", "New booking for the - - - - 2 000 2 000 4 000 - enterprise resource planning^(b)", "Reserve (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) – 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) capitalization and depreciation^(b, e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9,96", "^(a) It includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and the reclassification of 5 posts requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) The comparative figures for 2008-2010 are covered by headquarters and respective area offices.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for the purchase of food, currency, annual and general holiday.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A capitalization and depreciation reserve has been included as a provision to meet the requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure IV", "Regular budget by expenditure category", "Table 5", "Project budgets by human development objectives and area office", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Development objective Lebanon Strip^(b) Jordan Republic Jordan Bank Human headquarters Gaza^(a) West Syrian Arab", "A long life and 13 198 14 563 - - 1 585 29 346 healthy", "Acquisition of - - 2 814 14 348 - - 17 162 knowledge and skills", "A decent standard of living 402 485 155 940 - 2 005 6 599 932 567 761", "Full enjoyment of 25 530 - - - - 25 530 human rights", "Effective management and - - - - - 41 246 41 246 efficient and support for UNRWA^(c)", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) The budget for the Gaza Strip project includes $400 million related to the reconstruction of Gaza.", "^(b) The budget for the Lebanon office project includes $115 million for Nahr al-Barid camp in 2012-2013. Total funding requirements to complete the entire project amount to $207 million.", "^(c) The $41.2 million for effective and efficient management and support in UNRWA includes $26 million for enterprise resource planning and $15 million for the change-support initiative, related to education and health reforms and the establishment of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Communications.", "D. Staff", "17. The Agency employs international and area staff for the implementation of its core programmes and projects.", "18. In its resolution 3331B (XXIX) of 17 December 1974, the General Assembly decided that the costs of international staff salaries to the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise be paid through voluntary contributions, would be financed with effect from 1 January 1975 from the regular budget of the United Nations, pending the mandate of the Agency. During the biennium 2010-2011, the posts of 133 international staff were funded from the regular budget.", "19. The Controller recommended that, in addition to the 133 approved international posts, 13 new posts (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3) and 5 reclassifications (4 D-1 to D-2, 1 P-4 to P-5). The establishment of these new international posts would contribute to meeting the growing demands placed on the Agency following the initiatives undertaken by the General Assembly throughout the United Nations system to implement best practices policies and initiatives, in particular the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), the reform of the internal justice system, the norms and policies of the United Nations system of minimum operating security management (such as the United Nations security management system).", "20. In addition to the above, there are 75 international posts funded from other sources other than the regular budget (see table 6). A total of 69 posts are funded from project funds; two are funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); two by the World Health Organization (WHO); one by the Department of Microfinance through programme income; and one by the Agency ' s Provident Fund.", "Table 6 International staff requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "Category Budget Other United Nations regular sources^(a)", "Professional category and above", "USG 1 -", "SsG 1 -", "D-2 8 2", "D-1 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-33 3", "Subtotal 135 68", "General Service category 11 7", "Subtotal 11 7", "Total 146 75", "^(a) The regular budget column includes the proposed 13 additional international posts and the 5 approved post reclassifications.", "21. Moreover, as at 30 June 2011, the implementation of UNRWA ' s core programmes is mainly carried out by 29,763 local staff, whose number is to be increased to over 30,823 to enable the Agency to achieve the expected accomplishments of this budget proposal by the end of 2013 (see table 7).", "Table 7 Estimated number of local staff as at 31 December 2013 by human development objectives", "Applying for the Lebanon Republic Jordan Bank Total, Gaza Total West", "A long life and 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380 healthy", "Acquisition of 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906 knowledge and skills", "A standard of living 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 dignified", "Full enjoyment of 48 16 63 42 37 5 211 human rights", "Effective management and 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583 effective and support to UNRWA", "Total 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. Financial position", "22. With the exception of international posts funded from the regular budget through assessed contributions and posts funded by other United Nations agencies, UNRWA ' s ongoing operations, projects and emergency appeals are funded through voluntary contributions from donors.", "23. Table 8 shows the status of funding for the Agency ' s budget in 2010, including activities funded through general-purpose regular budget contributions and earmarked contributions.", "24. The financial results of the 2010 financial period clearly illustrate the Agency ' s funding gap in its efforts to fulfil its mandate. The regular budget funding deficit funded from general-purpose voluntary contributions amounted to $47.3 million, and the project budget to $204.9 million.", "Table 8 Agency funding status - 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Budget Projects Regular emergency appeal Non-budgeted activities", "Budget 601,9 262,0 323,3^(a)", "Contributions e 554,6^(b) 50,6^(c) 57,1 162,0 income", "Funding deficit (47.3) - (204,9) (161,3)", "^(a) It represents the figure requested in the 2010 emergency appeal.", "^(b) Includes cash and in-kind income.", "^(c) It represents income allocated to specific activities not included in the published version of the 2010 programme budget (e.g., food aid (in cash) for persons in a particularly difficult situation) in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the reimbursement to UNRWA for losses incurred in connection with incidents occurring in the Gaza Strip from 27 December 2008 to 19 January 2009, Institutional Development – phase II and enterprise resource planning.", "25. The 2010 emergency appeal funding deficit in the Occupied Palestinian Territory was $161.3 million.", "26. The current forecasts of income and expenditure for 2011, as shown in table 9, indicate a regular budget funding shortfall of $104.5 million when the budgeted expenditure of $624.7 million is compared to the projected total income of $520.2 million (a figure based on indicative donor estimates and estimated interest income) for the General Fund, which is to cover the Agency ' s overall cash-gathering mechanism. Without further contributions, the Agency may not fully undertake the budgeted activities. The funding shortfall for the 2011 emergency appeal in the Occupied Palestinian Territory was $205.9 million, while the projected shortfall in the project budget is $153 million.", "Table 9 Planned funding status of the Agency - 2011", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Budget Projects Regular emergency appeal", "Budget 624.7 228,8 342,6", "Expected accomplishments^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "Funding deficit (104,5) (153,0) (205,9)", "^(a) Includes estimated year-end income and pledges confirmed by the end of June 2011.", "27. Current income and expenditure forecasts for 2012, as shown in table 10, are not encouraging. If correct, in 2012 the funding deficit will reach $133.2 million (a figure based on indicative donor estimates and estimated income for programme support cost recovery).", "Table 10 Planned funding deficit - 2012", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular budget", "Budget 654,9", "Planned income 521.7", "Funding deficit (133,2)", "28. Income forecasts for 2011 and 2012, disaggregated by donor, are shown in table 11.", "Table 11 General Fund income forecasts - 2011 and 2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "19,200 United States of America", "^(a) Includes estimated year-end income and pledges confirmed by the end of June 2011.", "29. UNRWA was operating in a financial situation where the gap between budget, income and expenditure had become chronic. The Agency has reiterated its commitment to increase its resource mobilization capacity in a number of key areas, such as:", "(a) The merger of the former Department of Foreign Affairs with the former Public Information Office at headquarters to create the Department of Foreign Affairs and Communications;", "(b) The development of a partnership strategy and the establishment of a Partnerships Division in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Communications;", "(c) Establishment of a new office of the representative in Washington, D.C.;", "(d) Strengthening the office of the representative in Brussels;", "(e) The reaffirmation of the central role of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Communications as the focal point for the mobilization of resources of the Agency;", "f) The appointment of a Senior Director of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Communications to lead the development of a new strategy with the support of improved internal harmonization.", "30. The new resource mobilization strategy of UNRWA presupposes the possibility of increasing the overall income of all sectors of the market, but recognizes that it will not be possible to drastically alter current trajectories. The strategy recognizes that the goals set for the General Fund in the coming years are difficult but believes that they can be achieved if some measures are taken to reduce expenditures. While noting the generous support of Arab donors for their projects, the Agency continues to address them to provide additional contributions to the General Fund. The relative dependence on traditional donors can be further reduced but funding levels from these sources will have to continue to increase. In order to mobilize additional resources, investments that also take into account communication components are needed.", "31. The strategy consists of three strategic objectives:", "(a) To deepen collaboration with traditional donors in order to achieve:", "• Predictable contributions to the General Fund, to be increased in accordance with expenditure projections", "• Adequate response to emergencies and specific needs in areas", "• A partnership for advocacy and resource mobilization;", "(b) Diversify the donor base to achieve:", "• Increased contributions from emerging economies to the General Fund", "• Increased contributions from non-traditional European Union donors to all funding portals", "• An increase in Arab contributions in all funding portals", "• A substantial increase in private and corporate donations", "• Economic and non-economic benefits provided to the Agency by partnerships and collaborative initiatives;", "(c) Develop the Agency ' s capacity to mobilize resources and manage donor relations:", "• Headquarters and field offices activities are strategically aligned with UNRWA ' s institutional resource mobilization priorities", "• The synergies between communications and donor relations are fully utilized.", "32. Figure V shows the projected sources of funding for the Agency ' s total budgetary volume for 2012 and 2013, including both the regular budget and project budgets.", "33. Voluntary contributions will be requested to cover about 95 per cent of the total budget volume for 2012-2013, of which 64.2 per cent are cash contributions to the General Fund, 35.6 per cent are cash contributions for project financing and approximately 0.2 per cent constitute in-kind contributions to the General Fund.", "Figure V", "Budget funding - 2012-2013", "[](Thousands of United States dollars)", "Voluntary contributions in cash to the FundGeneral 1 228 063 Voluntary contributions in cash to the projects 681 245 Voluntary contributions in kind to the FundGeneral 3 688 United Nations regular budget 50 346 Others 48 106 Total 2 011 448", "34. The regular budget funding of 133 international posts approved in addition to 13 additional posts and 5 proposed reclassified posts represents 2.5 per cent of the total annual budget volume. The remaining 2.4 per cent of projected income comes from the following sources:", "(a) Interest and miscellaneous income, including programme support costs, for approximately $23 million per year;", "(b) Financing of six posts (2 international and 4 local) by UNESCO and four posts (2 international and 2 local) funded by WHO as part of their technical assistance to education and health programmes, respectively.", "35. If donor contributions continue to fail to meet the necessary levels to finance the growing requirements for service delivery, the consequent capacity constraints of UNRWA will continue to undermine the human development levels of refugees and exert additional pressure on host authorities.", "36. UNRWA recognizes that the scarcity of resources due to the current world ' s economic climate, increased needs resulting from population growth and inflationary pressures require UNRWA to set an order of priority for services and activities within and among its main programmes. For this reason, the budget provides only funds for a particular set of essential activities that are critical to meeting the basic needs of refugees. The necessary resources are essential to enable the Agency to fulfil the essence of its mandate.", "Chapter II", "Objective 1: A long and healthy life", "A. Human development goal", "37. The UNRWA health programme makes it possible for Palestine refugees to enjoy a long and healthy life by providing comprehensive primary health-care services and working with communities to promote healthy lifestyles.", "B. Objectives", "38. The objectives of the programme are:", "(a) Ensure universal access to comprehensive and quality primary health-care services;", "(b) Protect and promote family health in a sustained manner;", "(c) Preventing and controlling disease.", "C. Limitations and challenges", "39. UNRWA ' s health programme has provided comprehensive primary health-care services to Palestine refugees for more than 60 years and has thus made significant progress, especially in the areas of maternal and child health. However, the context in which the health programme operates is changing, which poses a number of new challenges.", "40. Population ageing and lifestyle changes have resulted in an increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among Palestine refugees that coincides with the trends observed globally. Non-communicable diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, lung diseases related to smoking and cancer, diseases that often need permanent attention and whose treatment requires drugs that are often expensive. Owing to budgetary constraints, UNRWA is currently unable to provide cholesterol-lowering medicines that are essential to treating a large part of patients with non-communicable diseases. Complications of these diseases may be serious enough to require hospitalization and may cause disability. Therefore, the increased burden management of chronic diseases has a significant impact on resources for staffing, medicine and hospital care. In addition, important efforts should be made with communities to take action against lifestyle-related risk factors, which are key to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Resources are needed to develop effective communication campaigns and build the capacity of community support organizations.", "41. Health-care costs continue to increase in UNRWA ' s areas of operation, as in the world. In recent years, UNRWA has faced substantial increases in the cost of medicines and hospitalizations. In addition, the worsening of poverty can lead refugees who previously used private services to start using UNRWA services, an additional burden on Agency health services. Another concern is that policy changes in host countries may affect refugees ' access to the Ministry of Health facilities, which would make them even more dependent on UNRWA services. Accordingly, the Agency ' s demand for health services is likely to increase in the coming years, but available resources may not increase at the same time.", "42. The increased demand for services and the need for continued care for chronic diseases has forced UNRWA to seek new ways of providing health services in order to ensure the quality of care in the future. The recently adopted family health team concept promotes comprehensive care for the whole family, focusing on continuity of care and the promotion of relationships among health professionals, patients, families and communities. This concept represents a modernization of primary health care that is consistent with regional and global trends, and requires an investment in system development and staff capacity that will result in efficient and high-quality health services, capable of responding to future health needs.", "43. Often the long-term care of a large number of patients with non-communicable diseases, who have complex needs from the case management point of view, requires a system to keep the clinical histories functioning properly. On the other hand, the existence of a large number of patients treated with expensive drugs has resource implications and requires adequate health management information systems to ensure that care efficiency is monitored. The information systems used by UNRWA today are insufficient to meet these complex information needs. In order to allocate adequate resources and make evidence-based decisions in the future, there is a need for considerable investment in health information systems.", "44. Many of the sanitary facilities are in old buildings whose maintenance has been neglected over the years due to funding problems. Funding for the evaluation of all health facilities to ensure that they can play their role and use without risk, are efficient, environmentally sound and safe in case of seismic activities, and comply with established standards, remains a challenge.", "45. While most of the refugees in the camps are connected to sewage networks and have drinking water, very little is known about the quality of the water they drink and use and that of infrastructure systems. In order to align the quality of camp environmental infrastructure networks with WHO standards, comprehensive system quality assessments are required, which is another problem for which there is no funding.", "46. Owing to budgetary constraints, UNRWA would address only environmental issues, although it recognized their importance, as opportunities arise and when minimal costs were anticipated. Budgeting for general environmental problems will be addressed only through projects.", "47. Some 28,000 refugees live in Dar’a camp in the south of the Syrian Arab Republic and their health is affected by unhealthy and unsafe living conditions. In this camp, as in others, cases of water-related diseases due to inadequate water supply and sewage systems are not rare and leaked.", "D. Financial resources", "48. Table 12 identifies resource requirements by objectives for development objective 1.", "Table 12", "Resource requirements by target", "A long and healthy life", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate 2012 2013", "Ensure universal access to services 83 520 84 327 comprehensive and of good quality primary health care", "Protect and promote family health 7 282 7 327", "Preventing and controlling disease 27 024 26 162", "Total regular budget 117 826 117 816", "Project budget 14 673 14 673", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Chapter III", "Objective 2: Knowledge acquisition and competencies", "A. Human development goal", "49. UNRWA seeks to place its progress and priorities on education within the overall framework of the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All initiative. UNRWA provides education services to nearly half a million Palestine refugee children in about 700 schools in Jordan, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Arab Republic and the West Bank. Nearly half of Agency schools are in camps.", "50. In a situation where nearly 41 per cent of Palestine refugees are under the age of 18 and are affected by high levels of unemployment and poverty, education remains one of the safest ways to achieve positive and lasting socio-economic effects. Therefore, with regard to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 2, namely, universal basic education, UNRWA will focus its attention on the biennium 2012-2013 on improving the quality of education services through system-wide education reform. The education reform strategy is in line with the programme of the initiative to sustain change, the medium-term strategy and the national, regional and global aspirations of the education for all initiative.", "51. The reform of UNRWA ' s education responds to the perception of a decrease in quality evidenced by the Agency-wide monitoring of learning outcomes. Education reform is aimed at creating an enabling environment in which schools and teachers receive adequate professional and administrative support in a timely manner. This will contribute to significant educational, technical and economic progress towards achieving quality education for Palestinian refugee students in UNRWA schools.", "52. Children have the right to education, as confirmed by the General Assembly, which has encouraged the Agency, in close cooperation with other relevant United Nations entities, to continue to make progress in meeting the needs and respecting the rights of children in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The achievement of universal primary education is Millennium Development Goal 2 and the international community is committed to working to improve the quality of education for all. UNRWA administers 700 primary and preparatory schools and provides free education to nearly half a million Palestine refugee children. Over time, UNRWA schools have become distinguished by their low dropout rates and the level of academic performance. The literacy rates of Palestinian refugees are comparable to regional rates and since the 1970s there has been gender equality in enrolment.", "53. The UNRWA education system is the Agency ' s most powerful tool to help Palestine refugee children develop, achieve their full potential and grow by knowing their rights and respecting the rights of others. The basic education provided under the Agency ' s education programme is therefore considered to be one of the highest priorities of all Agency services to refugees. The UNRWA education programme also contributes to the achievement of the strategic objective related to employability.", "B. Objectives", "54. Objective 2 is as follows:", "(a) Ensure universal access and coverage in relation to basic education;", "(b) Improve the quality and results of education compared to established standards;", "(c) Improve access to educational opportunities for pupils with special education needs.", "C. Limitations and challenges", "55. School buildings and infrastructure. Over 70 per cent of schools operate on a double-shift basis and 15 per cent in rented premises, with little resources to maintain and improve school infrastructure. UNRWA is committed to providing all its students with full basic education. Despite ongoing efforts to reduce school dropouts, more needs to be done, as approximately 10 per cent of children and 5 per cent of girls studying in the UNRWA system do not complete the full cycle of basic education.", "56. School performance. The results obtained in the Agency ' s Learning Results Tracking Tests are better in less cognitively demanding and worse tests that require more complex skills (such as drawing conclusions, applying knowledge to real-world situations and solving induction exercises). These skills are based on the domain of less complex intellectual abilities. A group of UNRWA students obtained remarkablely low results: just under one third of the fourth and eighth grade students evaluated in numerical skills obtained a score of between zero and 30% in the monitoring of learning results. In addition, in the same tests, nearly two thirds of UNRWA ' s eighth grade students scored between zero and 30 per cent in Arabic. This underscores the need to pay greater attention to the quality of teaching and learning by providing training and support to teachers prior to and in service.", "57. Improved curriculum. UNRWA uses host country curricula in each of its five areas of operation. This makes it particularly difficult to provide uniform quality education and incorporate policies, structures and systems that are important for the quality of the curriculum. UNRWA enriched the curriculum to improve its quality and ensure that the values of the United Nations were an intrinsic part of the curriculum, beyond the capacity constraints of the Agency ' s education programme managers.", "58. Quality education. At present, the preparation of teachers and programmes to promote the career prospects provided before and during the service tend to be more conventional, and efforts should be made to adopt non-conventional strategies that include a programme to promote the career prospects of school-based teachers through open distance training techniques.", "59. Inclusive education. At present, it is estimated that there are some 100,000 students in UNRWA institutions with special education needs that are not being addressed. An inclusive education concept for the Agency will ensure the rights of all refugee children, irrespective of their gender, skills, disabilities, impediments, health problems and socio-economic status, to equal access to effective and quality education. UNRWA was therefore paying more attention to inclusive education and was preparing a policy, shared terminology and guidelines for Agency schools on how best to support children with special education needs.", "60. Many of the school premises are deteriorated and their maintenance has been neglected over the years due to funding problems. In assessing the structural integrity of schools, it was revealed that it is necessary to immediately strengthen the structure of several of the buildings in which these schools are accommodated or replaced; otherwise, the health and safety of students will be jeopardized. Funding is still needed to solve this problem.", "61. In addition, funding for the evaluation of all school premises to ensure that they can play their role and use without risk, are efficient, environmentally sound and safe in case of seismic activities, and comply with established standards, remains a challenge. Through these assessments, the Agency could establish a priority order for interventions and increase efficiency.", "D. Financial resources", "62. Table 13 identifies resource requirements by objective for the human development goal 2.", "Table 13 Resource requirements by objective Knowledge acquisition and competencies", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate 2012 2013", "Ensure universal access and coverage 83 650 82 280 in relation to basic education", "Improve the quality and results of 239 584 249 538 teaching compared to established standards", "Improve access to opportunities of 4 861 5 027 education for pupils with special education needs", "Total regular budget 328 095 336 845", "Project budget 8 581 8 581", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Chapter IV", "Objective 3: A decent standard of living", "A. Human development goal", "63. To live with dignity, refugees must have the possibility of achieving a decent standard of living; safe housing where to live; sufficient amounts of food; and the opportunity to acquire skills that will prepare them to work. Basically, refugees must be offered the possibility of getting out of poverty. The right to a decent standard of living — represented by adequate housing, food and work — is enshrined in the human rights conventions and was reaffirmed in Millennium Development Goal 1, “to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”, which covers the goals of productive employment and decent work. The United Nations has also undertaken to create inclusive financial services for the poor.", "64. The Agency ' s activities in support of this goal require an integrated response to its relief and social services programme, its microfinance programme, its education programme and its infrastructure and camp improvement programme.", "65. There has been a demographic change in the refugee population and more than 25 per cent of them are between 15 and 24 years old. In many ways, the realization of future hopes and aspirations and the identity of Palestinian refugees depends on the type of education and training they receive. The UNRWA technical and vocational education and training programme aims to provide Palestine refugees with alternative educational opportunities.", "66. There are some 7,000 regular students enrolled in various programmes in the 10 UNRWA vocational training centres. In addition, in the areas there are several specific initiatives that offer short-term courses for young people and those who have left school and provide them with the skills and training necessary to find work.", "67. The Agency has developed its technical courses to guide them more market-oriented and base them on competencies, and is taking into account in school curricula and the technical and vocational education and training programme the possibility that, for income generation, entrepreneurship and life skills are more important. The new competencies-based training approach uses new training categories focused on the acquisition of competencies identified by employers themselves, creating a trained workforce and establishing a technical and vocational education and training programme that better responds to the demands of local and regional labour markets.", "68. UNRWA also provides professional guidance and placement services for graduates in its area offices.", "69. UNRWA will prioritize housing improvements for the most vulnerable refugees and adopt an integrated and participatory approach to camp improvement that reflects both the social and physical aspects of the built environment.", "B. Objectives", "70. Objective 3 is as follows:", "(a) Poverty reduction for the poorest Palestine refugees;", "(b) Increased availability of inclusive financial services and access to credit and savings systems;", "(c) Improved expertise and increased access to employment for Palestine refugees;", "(d) Sustained camp development and modernization of poor infrastructure and unhealthy housing.", "C. Limitations and challenges", "71. UNRWA provides direct support to the poorest in the context of assistance for particularly difficult situations provided annually to some 288,405 refugees; has provided technical and professional training to more than 7,000 graduates; has provided microfinance products to refugees, some 112,000 loans since their inception; and over time has rehabilitated some 3,235 homes. The assistance programme for persons in especially difficult circumstances focuses primarily on those affected by food insecurity, or those who have been determined to be below the threshold of extreme poverty. Traditionally, UNRWA has dealt with poverty through its assistance programme for persons in especially difficult circumstances, providing services to approximately 5.5 per cent of all registered Palestine refugees. In 2011, the 288,405 Palestine refugees registered in the assistance programme for persons in especially difficult circumstances in the five camps received food assistance through quarterly supplies. In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 83,000 families affected by food insecurity received additional cash assistance to overcome poverty.", "72. Although the maximum limit of assistance for persons in especially difficult circumstances increases by 3.5 per cent each year, the programme does not grow at the same time as the poverty rates of Palestine refugees. In the current biennium, efforts have been made to identify the number of refugees affected by food insecurity who need assistance in three areas of UNRWA operations. To this end, a poverty line defined as the cost of basic food needs has been used, and therefore, by definition, a refugee considered poor suffers from food insecurity. The results indicate that the number of refugees suffering from food insecurity exceeds the resources of the programme: 301,301 refugees in the Gaza Strip (27% of the population registered), 170,944 refugees in the West Bank (20% of the population registered), and approximately 160,000 refugees in Lebanon (two thirds of registered refugees residing in Lebanon). In Jordan, UNRWA ' s assistance makes the social and economic conditions of Palestine refugees more or less comparable to those of the Jordanian population in general, with the exception of the former Gazans currently around 136,000. The Jordanian Statistics Department estimates that 13 per cent of Jordanians live in absolute poverty (basic food and non-food needs). This means that there are 253,500 Palestine refugees in Jordan in conditions of absolute poverty. In 2010, the Syrian Central Statistics Office reported that 12 per cent of the population was suffering from food insecurity. As in the case of Jordan, the assessment now indicates that the population of Palestine refugees is more or less equal to those of the population of the Syrian Arab Republic in general, so 57,216 Palestinian refugees in the country may be presumed to suffer from food insecurity. The total number of Palestine refugees in need of food assistance in the five UNRWA areas is estimated to be about 800,000. This figure is almost three times higher than the current limit of the special hardship assistance programme.", "73. The increase in poverty has increased demand for social and relief services, but donor contributions have not grown at the same time. Internal pressures make the budgets of donor countries subject to high demands and changes in food aid financing mechanisms a major obstacle for UNRWA to meet the food needs of the poor.", "74. If there are no emergency situations, some poor refugees may leave poverty through better opportunities for education, training and employment. Despite the fact that the economic situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the limited employment opportunities for refugees in Lebanon constitute factors that severely limit the potential for poverty reduction, UNRWA may have a significant impact on the prospects for the livelihood of refugees by providing them with means, either training or microfinance, and by helping them to take advantage of opportunities to get out of poverty.", "75. For all refugees, but especially for the most vulnerable, the work done by UNRWA to ensure that their homes are at an acceptable level remains essential to enable them to live with the dignity of their right. The overcrowding levels of Palestine refugees are very high, especially in the camps in the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic. Nothing more than in the Jordan area, there are about 500 homes that require urgent rehabilitation.", "76. UNRWA had only the capacity to accept 30 per cent of applications to study in its vocational training centres. Despite numerous efforts, the expansion of UNRWA ' s vocational training centres has been very slow and very limited and for various reasons, from policies to resource shortages to the poor idea that society is making of them and the global financial crisis. The main challenges and constraints of UNRWA ' s vocational training centres include lack of access and equity, funding problems and the capacity of the centres, lack of a quality framework and standards for the centres, the need to reformulate curricula and implementation mechanisms, and the precariousness of linkages with industries and labour markets.", "77. Lack of funding for the General Fund and for projects will be causing poor living conditions and uninhabitable housing and lack of basic infrastructure. Unless a strategic plan to improve the urban environment, the economic, health, social, physical and environmental well-being of refugees is funded, implemented and considered a priority, it will continue to deteriorate, often leading to economic, health and life losses, but it can also lead to political instability, as well as the Agency ' s loss of credibility among refugees. In addition, emergency situations (natural or man-made) cause large-scale destruction of infrastructure and increase the need for repairs and reconstruction. The lack of capacity at the legitimate crossings into the Gaza Strip has severely limited the Agency ' s ability to meet the needs and objectives of reconstruction in the Gaza Strip and has hampered economic and human development.", "78. The lack of urban planning capacity in the areas will result in operational delays in the infrastructure and camp improvement programme in the areas. In 2010, no funds were raised at the Jordan camp to rehabilitate the 500 deficient homes most in need, which poses an immediate risk for the safety of the beneficiaries of the assistance programme to the particularly difficult persons. In Lebanon, UNRWA ' s call for the reconstruction of Nahr al-Barid camp had enabled it to make some progress and to begin re-establishing some of the camp ' s residents. The funding of the appeal, however, remains very insufficient, and the majority of the 26,000 Palestinians registered as refugees have been transferred to temporary accommodation until the camp is rebuilt. Residents need continued funding to meet their essential humanitarian needs: food, housing, health and education. UNRWA should continue to provide emergency food assistance in the form of food packages.", "79. UNRWA in Gaza has taken a dual approach to emergency in the area. While on the one hand it seeks to reactivate the economy through reconstruction, which puts an end to the dependency on aid of tens of thousands of families, the basic needs of people in difficult circumstances require attention and care until sustainable solutions are found. In this context, the Agency ' s approach to humanitarian and poverty is expressed primarily through the emergency appeal. The promise of greater self-reliance and hope is based on the Gaza Recovery and Reconstruction Plan. With a budget of $400 million for the next biennium, the plan constitutes pillars of stability and opportunity. This budget includes projects to build 100 schools, rebuild homes for more than 17,500 beneficiaries, build a health centre and finance water, sanitation and hygiene projects to improve water and sewage infrastructure in refugee camps. The lack of funding for these projects is the only thing preventing them from completing them. Failure to complete these projects has implications such as, for example, the two permanent shifts in schools and the possibility of three shifts, and the risk that the Agency will not fulfil its mandate to provide universal access to education for the refugee population in the Gaza Strip. The growth of the population in Gaza is reflected in an annual increase of 10,000 students in Agency schools. The reconstruction of various homes destroyed during the conflict with Israel partially addresses the needs of emerging accommodation in the refugee community.", "80. The lack of detailed information on the number of deficient housing in the areas of operations is considered to be one of the main problems for the Agency. A quick-assessment study in all camps would provide a reliable database to prioritize rehabilitative housing interventions required.", "D. Financial resources", "81. Table 14 identifies resource requirements by objective for the human development goal 3.", "Table 14", "Resource requirements by target", "A decent standard of living", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate 2012 2013", "Poverty reduction for refugees from 58 035 61 426", "Inclusive financial services and increased access to credit and savings systems^(a)", "Improved expertise and increased access 21 041 20 880 to employment for Palestine refugees", "Sustained camp development and 3 813 3 770 modernization of poor infrastructure and unhealthy housing", "Total regular budget 82 889 86 076", "Project budget 302 288 365 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "^(a) It does not include the budget of the Microfinance Department that is self-financing with interest income on loan distribution. The total budget of the Microfinance Department for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $25.8 million, of which $25.7 million relates to this objective.", "Chapter V", "Goal 4: Full enjoyment of human rights", "A. Human development goal", "82. In order for fair and equitable human development, human rights must be respected. Protection is a cross-cutting theme for the Agency, which means that protection issues are taken into account in all programming activities.", "B. Objectives", "83. The objectives of this objective are:", "(a) Safeguarding and promoting the rights of Palestine refugees;", "(b) Strengthening the capacity of refugees to design and deliver sustainable social services in their communities;", "(c) The registration of Palestine refugees and their suitability to receive UNRWA services is established in accordance with applicable international standards.", "C. Limitations and challenges", "84. The Agency ' s protection work has internal and external dimensions. Internally, UNRWA promotes protection through programming and service delivery. Externally, it was responsible for monitoring and reporting on refugee conditions and carried out appropriate interventions; the Commissioner-General also stressed the need to find a just and lasting solution to the conflict that respected the right of refugees.", "85. For the enjoyment of refugee rights, it was essential for UNRWA to provide essential services and access to them in different circumstances, such as armed conflict. Direct and indirect collaboration with other actors contributes to creating and consolidating an environment and practices in which rights are respected. These rights include economic and social rights related to the main areas in which UNRWA provides services, such as education, civil and political rights, such as the right to life. In addition, UNRWA, as an important provider of public services, seeks to provide them with respect for the rights, dignity and security of its beneficiaries. For this purpose, for example, it systematically incorporates minimum standards of protection in all its programmes in all areas, acting to eliminate violence in schools, taking measures to prevent gender-based violence and child abuse, and promoting knowledge of the rights of persons through long-term programmes on human rights and tolerance in schools. Control and reporting mechanisms contribute to the effective implementation of these protection activities.", "86. In 2010-2011, the Agency ' s programme focused on ensuring the quality of social services provided to refugees in their communities. To this end, a number of tools were developed and published for refugee-led community personnel and organizations.", "87. The first of these tools, a practical guide to capacity-building, comprehensively examines community organizations as civil society organizations and measures their capacity to provide quality services and their financial sustainability. The instrument is used in collaboration with organizations and progress is measured annually. Other tools focused on services offered specifically by community organizations, such as the micro-loans programme, and were used to ensure that internal control policies and procedures existed, as well as to study the social consequences of small loans to which they had requested them.", "88. The most difficult thing for the social services programme and its work with community organizations is the awareness-raising activities that the organizations carry out for refugees in communities, which may be more vulnerable than others and may need social services but which, for different reasons, cannot access assistance.", "89. As part of its intention to improve the services it provides to Palestinian refugees, the Agency has created a new online information system on refugee registration, which replaces the outdated registration system in the areas. The new system improves the integrity of refugee data and facilitates both the collection of additional information and its analysis, thus contributing to the development of better policies and programmes by UNRWA.", "90. Furthermore, registration services for refugees are more effective and dignified by the new family registration cards issued in UNRWA ' s areas of operation. With this system it is no longer necessary to rely on the headquarters to print the cards and the three-month deadline for issuing them has been considerably reduced. Capacity-building and professional staff development remain important in this regard, but are also affected by chronic resource shortages.", "91. Since all registered Palestinian refugees, which now account for nearly 5 million people, depend on the appropriateness and registration services, more personnel are required to ensure that registration services are provided in accordance with relevant international standards.", "92. The Agency ' s ability to achieve its objectives depends on a number of factors that are not directly controlled, such as the facilitation of the host Government and other Governments in the region. The political context of the region poses a significant challenge in meeting this human development goal.", "93. Among the projects are the UNRWA Summer Games, the largest recreational activity organized for refugee children in the Gaza Strip. The games provide a safe and creative space for refugee children away from the prevailing conditions of poverty and overcrowding in the Gaza Strip. In addition, they provide an opportunity for children to participate in activities that complement the UNRWA education programme and thus acquire competencies that enable them to become productive members of society. There is no equivalent activity in the Gaza Strip, none of the other summer camps offer such diverse activities in an environment far from politics. If this programme is no longer funded, the space and variety of activities available to refugee children in the Gaza Strip, including those that help them achieve their potential as students and achieve a decent standard of living, will be reduced.", "D. Financial resources", "94. Table 15 identifies resource requirements by target for the human development goal 4.", "Table 15", "Resource requirements by target", "Full enjoyment of human rights", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate 2012 2013", "Safeguarding and promoting the rights of the 17 Palestine refugees", "Strengthen the capacity of refugees for 1 425 1 224 design and implement sustainable social services in their communities", "Ensure that the registration and eligibility of 278,279 Palestine refugees for UNRWA services conform to relevant international standards", "Total regular budget 3 720 3 520", "Project budget 12 765 12 765", "Total 16 485 16 285", "Chapter VI", "Objective 5: Effective and effective management and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "A. Objective", "95. The objective of effective and effective management and support in UNRWA is to promote and maintain the best possible management standards, improve stakeholder relationships and enable the implementation of quality programmes that contribute to the human development of Palestine refugees.", "96. This objective is achieved by the following headquarters departments and the corresponding units in the area offices:", "(a) Office of the Commissioner-General;", "(b) Department of Administrative Services;", "c) Human Resources Department;", "(d) Finance Department;", "(e) Department of Legal Affairs;", "f) Department of Internal Oversight Services;", "(g) Department of External Relations and Communications.", "B. Objectives", "97. Objective 5 is as follows:", "(a) Providing leadership, strengthening management and mobilizing additional resources;", "(b) Develop and maintain UNRWA to enable it to fulfil its mandate.", "C. Limitations and challenges", "98. Throughout the biennium, UNRWA will continue to build on the results of the support department reforms under the " Institutional Development " plan and will plan and implement programme reforms to sustain change. While management support reforms such as staff development and the introduction of an enterprise resource planning system remain a priority, the strengthening of UNRWA ' s basic services and its resource mobilization capacity is an essential part of the reform of the plan to sustain change. attracting and retaining qualified staff and investing in their development will remain important for the success of reforms.", "99. Several internal studies have concluded that the only alternative of the Agency to mitigate risks is to develop and implement a new enterprise resource planning system. The system currently used has been obsolete. The implementation of an enterprise resource planning system is fully dependent on sufficient funds available, as reflected in the estimated annual project budget. Lack of funds is a huge obstacle, as UNRWA cannot purchase the software licenses necessary to start implementation, nor can it begin contractual negotiations with potential system integrators for the project. If the project is not fully funded for the biennium, this limitation will make it impossible to start using the new enterprise resource planning system.", "100. UNRWA ' s continued financial pressures affect its management capacity, which is consistent with the Agency as a whole. Because of the global economic crisis, economic forecasts for 2012 are particularly worrying. The serious lack of funds will pose significant challenges for both support and programme services. The mobilization of sufficient resources to sustain reforms and achieve greater efficiency is a priority.", "101. In view of the ongoing reforms and political developments in the region, stakeholders, including donors and beneficiaries, have high and growing expectations. UNRWA sought to fill them, but noted that public service reform was a complex task that did not produce rapid results. Protracted conflict and growing instability in the Agency ' s areas of operations further complicate the task.", "102. To advance the reform process to sustain change, it is necessary to further strengthen the culture of transparency and accountability. In order for much of the staff, both international and local, to collaborate with the reform requires the support of managers, in addition to training, preparation and reform of the key management systems.", "D. Financial resources", "103. Table 16 identifies resource requirements by objective for the human development goal 5.", "Table 16", "Resource requirements by target", "Effective and effective management and support for UNRWA", "(In cash and in kind, in thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate 2012 2013", "Provide leadership, strengthen management and 28 703 28 842 mobilize additional resources", "Develop and maintain UNRWA so that it can 61 543 55 058 fulfil its mandate^(a)", "Total regular budget 90 246 83 900", "Project budget 20 623 20 623", "Total 110 869 104 523", "^(a) It does not include the budget of the Microfinance Department that is self-financing with interest income on loan distribution. The total budget of the Department of Microfinance for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $25.8 million, of which $117,000 ($57,000 for 2012 and $60,000 for 2013) relates to this objective.", "Chapter VII", "Recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors - status of implementation", "104. Table 17 shows the current status of the 61 recommendations made by the United Nations Board of Auditors in its report for the biennium 2008-2009. As at 31 March 2011, 30 recommendations had been implemented, 25 were under implementation, 4 had not yet been implemented and 2 had been overcome by events.", "105. The Agency ' s leadership is determined to implement the recommendations, some of which require additional funding, longer than one biennium, or strategic action. The implementation of most of the recommendations considered under implementation is scheduled for the second and third quarter of 2011.", "Table 17", "Status of implementation of the recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors for the biennium ended 31 December 2009", "Department/Office State number of recommendations implemented Applied On the road of No Overdue by the application applied events", "Finance 19 14 2 1", "Gaza Office 6 2 4 - -", "Jordan Office 2 1 1 - -", "Office of the Arab Republic 2 1 1 - - Syria", "Department of Administrative Support:", "Systems Division 10 6 3 1 – Information", "Procurement Division and 1 - 1 - - Logistics", "Administration 1 - 1 - -", "Coordination and support for 4 - 4 - - programmes", "Department of Resources 6 5 1 - - Human", "Department of Services of 9 - 7 1", "Executive management 1 1 - - -", "Total 61 30 25 2", "080911 150911", "♪ 1145678 ♪" ]

[ "Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011", "6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011, Nueva York", "Tema 3 del programa provisional", "Programas por países y asuntos conexos", "Prórroga de marcos de cooperación y programas por países", "Nota de la Administradora", "Resumen \nLa presente nota contiene información sobre la prórroga por dos añosdel cuarto marco de cooperación Sur-Sur y la primera prórroga por unaño de los programas para Eritrea y la República Árabe Siria. Lassolicitudes de una primera prórroga por un año de los programas porpaíses son aprobadas por la Administradora y se presentan a la JuntaEjecutiva a título informativo. Elementos de decisión \nLa Junta Ejecutiva tal vez desee tomar nota de la prórroga por dosaños del cuarto marco de cooperación Sur-Sur de conformidad con ladecisión 2009/9 y de la prórroga de los programas para Eritrea y laRepública Árabe Siria por un año, del 1 de enero de 2012 al 31 dediciembre de 2012, que se presentan en el cuadro 1.", "Anexo", "Cuadro 1", "Prórrogas de los programas por países aprobadas por la Administradora desde junio de 2011", "País\tPeríodoinicialdelmarcooelprogramaparaelpaís\tPeríododeprórrogapropuesto\tMotivoy explicación \n Armonización con las Naciones Unidas\tEvolución de lasituación política del país\tEjecución y otras cuestiones \nCuartomarcodecooperaciónSur-Sur\t2008-2011\t2012-2013 De conformidadcon ladecisión2009/9, seprorroga elmarco a fin desincronizarlocon el planestratégicodel PNUD para2008-2013.Durante elperíodo de laprórroga, losobjetivos ylasactividadesdel marcoseguiránsiendo losmismos, y lasactividades deprogramas quecuentan con elapoyo de laDependenciaEspecialestaríanconformes conlas esferasprioritariasdel marcodescritas enel documentoDP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1.\nEritrea\t2007-2011\t2012 El Gobierno deEritrea hadecidido noparticipar enel próximoproceso delMANUD. Estaprórroga sebasa en unanota deconceptoarmonizada conlasprioridadesnacionalesexistentes ynuevas, y enque sedescriben lossectores enque seconcentraránel equipo delas NacionesUnidas en elpaís y el PNUDhasta fines de2012.\nRepúblicaÁrabeSiria\t2007-2011\t2012 El equipo delas NacionesUnidas en elpaís y elGobierno dela RepúblicaÁrabe Siriadecidieronprorrogarpor un añoel programapara el paísa fin decontar conmás tiempopara unprocesoconsultivopara laelaboraciónde un nuevoprograma.\t–", "MANUD: Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo." ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Extensions of cooperation frameworks and country programmes", "Note of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present note contains information on the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation, and the first one-year extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic. Requests for first one-year extensions of country programmes are approved by the Administrator and presented to the Executive Board for information.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish to take note of the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation pursuant to decision 2009/9, and the extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic for a period of one year each, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, as reported in table 1.", "Annex", "Table 1. Extensions of country programmes approved by the Administrator since June 2011", "Country\tOriginalframework/CPDperiod\tYear(s)proposedfornewextension\tReasonand explanation \n United Nations harmonization\tIn-country political development\tImplementation and/or other issues\nFourthCooperationFrameworkforSouth-SouthCooperation\t2008-2011\t2012-2013 Pursuant todecision 2009/9,the framework isbeing extendedto synchronizewith the UNDPstrategic planfor 2008-2013.During theextensionperiod, theobjectives andactivities ofthe frameworkwould remain thesame, andprogrammeactivitiessupported by theSpecial Unitwould beconsistent withthe focus areasof the frameworkas elaborated inDP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1\nEritrea\t2007-2011\t2012 The Governmentof the State ofEritrea hasdecided to optout of the nextUNDAF process.This extensionis informed by aConcept Notethat is alignedto existing andemergingnationalpriorities, anddescribes thesectors in whichthe UNCT/UNDPwill concentrateuntil the end of2012.\nSyria\t2007-2011\t2012 The UNCT and thegovernment ofSyria agreed toextend thecountryprogramme forone year toallow for moretime forconsultativeprocess indeveloping a newprogramme.\t-", "UNDAF = United Nations Development Assistance Framework", "UNCT= United Nations Country Team" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6-9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Extension of country cooperation frameworks and programmes", "Note by the Administrator", "Summary The present note contains information on the two-year extension of the fourth South-South cooperation framework and the first one-year extension of programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic. The first one-year extension of the country programmes is approved by the Administrator and presented to the Executive Board for information. Elements of decision The Executive Board may wish to note the two-year extension of the fourth South-South cooperation framework in accordance with decision 2009/9 and the extension of programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic for one year, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, as presented in table 1.", "Annex", "Table 1", "Extensions of country programmes approved by the Administrator since June 2011", "In the period period of time, the programme for the country period of time proposed Motive and explanation Harmonization with the United Nations Political situation in the country Implementation and other issues fourth-south cooperation 2008-2011 2012-2013 In accordance with decision 2009/9, they would promote the organization in order to synchronize it with the UNDP strategic plan for2008-2013. Eritrea 2007-2011 2012 The Government of Eritrea had decided not to participate in the next UNDAF process. This is based on a deconceptoharmonized notion of existing and new national hardships, and which hosts the constituents where the United Nations team will be concentrated in the country and UNDP until the end of 2012. Syrian Arab Republic 2007-2011 2012 The United Nations team in the country and the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic decided to extend for one year the program for the country in order to count more time for a consultation process for the development of a new program. -", "UNDAF: United Nations Development Assistance Framework." ]

[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad", "Décimo período extraordinario de Sexagésimo sexto año sesiones de emergencia", "Tema 5 del programa", "Medidas ilegales israelíes en la Jerusalén Oriental ocupada y el resto del territorio palestino ocupado", "Cartas idénticas de fecha 17 de agosto de 2011 dirigidas al Secretario General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Observador Permanente de Palestina ante las Naciones Unidas", "Una vez más Israel, la Potencia ocupante, confirma flagrantemente su insistencia en seguir imponiendo su política ilícita y expansionista en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, en lugar de poner en marcha iniciativas de paz creíbles que pongan fin a la insidiosa, ilegítima y beligerante ocupación militar de las tierras palestinas que comenzó en junio de 1967, hace ya 44 años.", "Tras los recientes anuncios de la aprobación de planes para construir al menos 2.500 nuevas viviendas en dos asentamientos ilegales de la Jerusalén Oriental ocupada, a los que hice referencia en mis cartas recientes de 8 y 11 de agosto de 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500 y A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515), el Gobierno de Israel declaró el 15 de agosto que el Ministro de Defensa había aprobado planes para seguir ampliando el asentamiento ilegal de Ariel, que se adentra 22 kilómetros en la región central de la Ribera Occidental septentrional, mucho más allá de las fronteras anteriores a 1967.", "En los planes se prevé la construcción de al menos 277 nuevas viviendas en dicho asentamiento ilegal, con la intención declarada de entregar al menos 100 de esas viviendas a algunos de los colonos israelíes que en el pasado vivieron en los asentamientos de la Franja de Gaza antes de la llamada “desconexión” llevada a cabo en 2005, y que ahora serán trasladados de nuevo a los territorios palestinos ocupados, al igual que los miles de colonos como ellos que ya han sido trasladados, lo que constituye una infracción grave del Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra. Con la aprobación de esos planes, el total de nuevas viviendas aprobadas en los asentamientos ilegales en un período de tan solo dos semanas asciende a casi 2.800 viviendas. Esto pone de manifiesto la intensidad y el alcance de los intentos de la Potencia ocupante de continuar afianzando los asentamientos ilegales en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y alterando la composición demográfica del territorio, a fin de prejuzgar por la fuerza e ilegalmente el resultado final de un futuro acuerdo de paz, socavando la esencia y el fundamento de la solución biestatal basada en las fronteras anteriores a 1967.", "Estos actos unilaterales ilícitos constituyen flagrantes provocaciones que agudizan las ya exacerbadas tensiones y frustraciones del pueblo palestino, que continúa siendo testigo de la confiscación y colonización de sus tierras por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, y ahondan la desconfianza que despierta en la población la Potencia ocupante, cuyas perversas intenciones se ven repetidamente reflejadas en sus medidas y políticas ilegales. A este respecto, reiteramos la condena y rechazo absolutos del pueblo palestino y sus dirigentes de todas las actividades israelíes de asentamiento en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, en particular la construcción de los asentamientos y el muro y la demolición de viviendas y otras propiedades palestinas.", "Asimismo, reafirmamos el consenso internacional, firmemente enraizado en el derecho internacional, de que tales medidas de colonización carecen de legitimidad y seguirán sufriendo el rechazo y la falta de reconocimiento de la comunidad internacional. No cabe duda de que, al perseverar en sus actividades de asentamiento, Israel desafía abiertamente los reiterados llamamientos de la comunidad internacional en favor de la cesación total de las actividades de asentamiento en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental.", "La actitud desafiante de Israel ante los llamamientos internacionales, incluido el realizado ayer, 16 de agosto de 2011, por el Cuarteto, que una vez más exigió inequívocamente la completa cesación de todas las actividades de asentamiento, no debe tolerarse. Es preciso que la comunidad internacional adopte medidas inmediatas y directas para hacer cumplir el derecho internacional. El fracaso de la comunidad internacional, incluido el Consejo de Seguridad, en este empeño no hará sino fomentar aún más la impunidad de Israel. Así pues, más que una mera amenaza contra la solución biestatal basada en las fronteras anteriores a 1967, la continuación de la campaña de asentamientos ilegales de Israel constituye un obstáculo físico y político que impedirá el logro de la solución biestatal.", "Las destructivas medidas ilegales de la Potencia ocupante entrañan múltiples peligros y requieren la adopción urgente de medidas de reparación para que aún siga siendo posible poner fin a las violaciones cometidas por Israel y al deterioro de la situación sobre el terreno y salvar las perspectivas de lograr una paz basada en la solución biestatal de conformidad con las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas y las condiciones de larga data del proceso de paz. Las responsabilidades y obligaciones que a este respecto incumben a la comunidad internacional, incluido el Consejo de Seguridad, son claras y deben ser respetadas. Ha llegado el momento de actuar, la adopción de medidas internacionales firmes y eficaces no puede esperar más.", "Hoy deseo también señalar a su atención la persistente campaña militar israelí contra la Franja de Gaza ocupada, que continúa causando muertos y heridos entre la población civil. Ayer, 16 de agosto, las fuerzas de ocupación israelíes llevaron a cabo ataques aéreos contra algunas zonas civiles de la Franja, concretamente la ciudad de Gaza, Jan Yunis y Rafah. Mousa Shteiwi, un palestino de 29 años de edad, murió a consecuencia de los ataques y otros muchos resultaron heridos, entre ellos un niño de 6 años. Esas operaciones militares israelíes continúan sembrando el miedo entre la población palestina de Gaza y agravando el sufrimiento que le inflige el cruel bloqueo ilegal impuesto por Israel. También perdió la vida en el día de ayer Amin Taleb Al-Dabash, un palestino de 38 años que murió atropellado por un vehículo de las fuerzas de ocupación israelíes en el barrio de Jabal Abu Ghneim de la Jerusalén Oriental ocupada. Condenamos estos actos de violencia y reiteramos la necesidad de proteger a la población civil palestina del territorio palestino ocupado.", "La presente carta se suma a las 399 cartas anteriores sobre la crisis imperante en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, desde el 28 de septiembre de 2000. Estas cartas, fechadas entre el 29 de septiembre de 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) y el 11 de agosto de 2011 (A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515) constituyen una relación básica de los crímenes cometidos por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, contra el pueblo palestino desde septiembre de 2000. Israel, la Potencia ocupante, deberá responder por todos estos crímenes de guerra, actos de terrorismo de Estado y violaciones sistemáticas de los derechos humanos cometidos contra el pueblo palestino, y los responsables deberán ser llevados ante la justicia.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien disponer la distribución de la presente carta como documento del décimo período extraordinario de sesiones de emergencia de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 5 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Riyad Mansour Embajador Observador Permanente de Palestina ante las Naciones Unidas" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Once again, Israel, the occupying Power, is grossly confirming its insistence on continuing to pursue its illegal, expansionist agenda in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, rather than pursuing serious peace efforts that will bring an end to its insidious, illegitimate forty-four year belligerent military occupation of the Palestinian land since June 1967.", "Following the recent announcements of the approval of plans for the construction of at least 2,500 new units in two illegal settlements in Occupied East Jerusalem, to which I referred in my recent letters of 8 and 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500 and A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515), the Israeli Government declared, on 15 August, that the Defense Minister has approved plans for the further expansion of the illegal settlement of Ariel, established far beyond the pre-1967 borders, 22 kilometres deep into the central northern West Bank.", "The plans provide for construction of at least 277 new units in that illegal settlement, with the declared intention of providing at least 100 of those units for Israeli settlers who had in the past been living in settlements in the Gaza Strip prior to the so-called “disengagement” carried out in 2005, who will now be again transferred illegally into the Occupied Palestinian Territory, as thousands of settlers like them have already been transferred, in grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The approval of these plans raises the total of new units approved in the illegal settlements to nearly 2,800 units in the span of just two weeks, revealing the intensity and extent of the occupying Power’s attempts to further entrench these illegal settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to further alter the demographic composition and character of that Territory in order to forcibly and illegally prejudge the final outcome of a peace settlement, undermining the essence and foundation of the two-State solution based on the pre‑1967 borders.", "Such illegal, unilateral actions constitute flagrant provocations that are stoking already-high tensions and frustrations among the Palestinian people as they continue to witness the confiscation and colonization of their land by Israel, the occupying Power, and are deepening the people’s mistrust of the occupying Power, whose malicious intentions are repeatedly exposed by such illegal actions and policies. In this regard, we reiterate the total condemnation and rejection by the Palestinian people and their leadership of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including, in particular, the construction of settlements and the Wall and the demolition of Palestinian homes and properties.", "Furthermore, we reaffirm the international consensus position, firmly rooted in international law, that such colonization measures have no legitimacy whatsoever and will remain rejected and unrecognized by the international community. Indeed, Israel’s continued pursuit of settlement activities constitutes a brazen challenge to the international community’s repeated calls for a total cessation of all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Israel’s defiance of these international calls, including that of the Quartet of yesterday, 16 August 2011, whereby it issued yet another unequivocal demand for a complete cessation of settlement activities, must not be tolerated. Immediate and direct measures by the international community are needed to enforce international law. Failure by the international community, including the Security Council, to do so will only foster further Israeli impunity. As such, more than merely threatening the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, the continuation of Israel’s illegal settlement campaign will make it physically and politically impossible to achieve the two-State solution.", "The dangers are of the occupying Power’s illegal, destructive course of action are manifold and require urgent redress if there is to be any chance to stop Israel’s violations and the further deterioration of the situation on the ground and to salvage the prospects for achieving a peace based on the two-State solution in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and the long-standing terms of reference of the peace process. The responsibilities and obligations of the international community, including of the Security Council, in this regard are clear and must be upheld. The time is now, and effective and serious international action must be undertaken.", "Today, I must also draw your attention to the continuing Israeli military campaign against the Occupied Gaza Strip that continues to cause loss of civilian life and injuries. Yesterday, 16 August, the Israeli occupying forces carried out a series of air strikes against civilian areas in the Gaza Strip that targeted Gaza City, Khan Younis and Rafah. Those attacks resulted in the killing of one Palestinian man, Mousa Shteiwi, aged 29, and the wounding of several others, including a 6-year-old child. Such Israeli military operations continue to terrorize the Palestinian people in Gaza, further deepening their suffering under the blockade being cruelly and illegally imposed by Israel. Also yesterday, a Palestinian man, Amin Taleb Al-Dabash, aged 38, was killed when he was run over by a vehicle of the Israeli occupying forces in the Jabal Abu Ghneim neighbourhood of Occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn all such violent actions and reiterate the need for protection of the Palestinian civilian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 399 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515) constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Tenth Special Session of Sixty-sixth Year Emergency Session", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Once again, Israel, the occupying Power, blatantly confirms its insistence on continuing to impose its illegal and expansionist policy on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, rather than putting in place credible peace initiatives that end the insidious, illegitimate and belligerent military occupation of the Palestinian lands that began in June 1967, 44 years ago.", "Following the recent announcements of the adoption of plans to build at least 2,500 new homes in two illegal settlements in occupied East Jerusalem, to which I referred in my recent letters of 8 and 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500 and A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515), the Government of Israel declared on 15 August that the Minister of Defence had approved plans to further expand the illegal settlement of the West Ariel, which went beyond 22", "The plans envisage the construction of at least 277 new housing units in the illegal settlement, with the stated intention of handing over at least 100 of these homes to some of the Israeli settlers who in the past lived in the settlements of the Gaza Strip prior to the so-called “disconnection” carried out in 2005, and that they will now be transferred back to the occupied Palestinian territories, as well as the thousands of settlers like them who have already been transferred from Geneva. With the approval of these plans, the total number of new housing approved in the illegal settlements in a period of just two weeks is almost 2,800 dwellings. This demonstrates the intensity and scope of the efforts of the occupying Power to continue to strengthen the illegal settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to alter the demographic composition of the territory, in order to forcibly and illegally prejudge the final outcome of a future peace agreement, undermining the essence and basis of the two-State solution based on the pre-1967 borders.", "These unlawful unilateral acts are blatant provocations that exacerbate the already exacerbated tensions and frustrations of the Palestinian people, which continue to witness the confiscation and colonization of their lands by Israel, the occupying Power, and to deepen the mistrust of the occupying Power, whose perverse intentions are repeatedly reflected in its illegal measures and policies. In this regard, we reiterate the absolute condemnation and rejection of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular the construction of settlements and the wall and the demolition of Palestinian homes and other properties.", "We also reaffirm the international consensus, firmly rooted in international law, that such colonization measures lack legitimacy and will continue to suffer the rejection and lack of recognition by the international community. There is no doubt that, in persevering in its settlement activities, Israel openly challenges the repeated calls of the international community for the total cessation of settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Israel ' s defiant attitude to international appeals, including yesterday, 16 August 2011, by the Quartet, which once again unequivocally demanded the complete cessation of all settlement activities, should not be tolerated. The international community must take immediate and direct action to enforce international law. The failure of the international community, including the Security Council, will only further promote Israel ' s impunity. Thus, more than a mere threat to the two-State solution based on the pre-1967 borders, the continuation of Israel ' s illegal settlement campaign constitutes a physical and political obstacle that will prevent the achievement of the two-State solution.", "The destructive illegal actions of the occupying Power pose multiple dangers and require urgent reparations measures to ensure that violations committed by Israel and the deterioration of the situation on the ground continue to be possible and the prospects for peace based on the two-State solution in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and the long-standing conditions of the peace process. The responsibilities and obligations of the international community, including the Security Council, in this regard are clear and must be respected. The time has come for action, strong and effective international action cannot wait any longer.", "Today, I would also like to draw your attention to the ongoing Israeli military campaign against the occupied Gaza Strip, which continues to cause deaths and injuries among the civilian population. Yesterday, 16 August, Israeli occupation forces carried out air strikes against some civilian areas of the Gaza Strip, namely the city of Gaza, Khan Younis and Rafah. Mousa Shteiwi, a 29-year-old Palestinian, died as a result of the attacks and many others were injured, including a 6-year-old. These Israeli military operations continue to sow fear among the Palestinian population in Gaza and exacerbate the suffering inflicted on it by Israel ' s cruel illegal blockade. Amin Taleb Al-Dabash, a 38-year-old Palestinian who was killed by a vehicle of the Israeli occupation forces in the occupied East Jerusalem Jabal Abu Ghneim neighbourhood, also lost his life yesterday. We condemn these acts of violence and reiterate the need to protect the Palestinian civilian population from the occupied Palestinian territory.", "The present letter adds to the previous 399 letters on the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515) constitute a basic record of the crimes committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. Israel, the occupying Power, must respond for all these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, and those responsible must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1718 (2006)", "Nota verbal de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Turkmenistán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Con referencia a la nota del Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1718 (2006), de 7 de febrero de 2011, la Misión Permanente de Turkmenistán ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de transmitir la información relativa a la aplicación de lo dispuesto en esa resolución (véase el anexo).", "Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Turkmenistán ante las Naciones Unidas", "[Original: ruso]", "Aplicación de la resolución 1718 (2006) del Consejo de Seguridad por Turkmenistán", "Turkmenistán ha aplicado activamente instrumentos como los convenios, las resoluciones, los acuerdos y los tratados que constituyen los textos esenciales para establecer un sistema de seguridad internacional y consolidar la paz y la estabilidad sociales, y reconoce la importancia de las normas del derecho internacional universalmente aceptadas. Nuestro Gobierno apoya plenamente la iniciativa de las Naciones Unidas encaminada a prohibir las armas modernas de destrucción en masa, así como a lograr la prohibición, la reducción y la no proliferación de armas convencionales.", "El 20 de diciembre de 2008 se inauguró en Ashgabat el Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Diplomacia Preventiva en Asia Central. Turkmenistán apoya plenamente los esfuerzos de las Naciones Unidas para establecer en la región de Asia Central zonas libres de armas nucleares y otros tipos de armas modernas de destrucción en masa, acata estrictamente todos los convenios que ha suscrito y cumple todas las obligaciones internacionales que ha asumido de prohibir ese tipo de armas.", "Turkmenistán fundamenta su política exterior en su condición de neutralidad positiva; respeta la soberanía, la integridad territorial y la inviolabilidad de las fronteras de otros Estados; mantiene una política de no injerencia en los asuntos internos de otros Estados, y de renuncia al uso de la fuerza y a la participación en bloques y alianzas militares; se atiene a los principios de la cooperación para forjar relaciones de amistad y mutuamente beneficiosas con todos los Estados de la región y del mundo, y respeta a cabalidad esos principios en su política pacífica." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations has the honour, in reference to the note of the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006), dated 7 February 2011, to transmit herewith the information concerning the implementation of the provisions of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "[Original: Russian]", "Information on the implementation by Turkmenistan of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006)", "Turkmenistan has been active in implementing instruments such as the conventions, resolutions, agreements and treaties that are the core texts for building an international security system and for consolidating social peace and stability and recognizes the importance of universally accepted norms of international law. Our Government fully supports the United Nations initiative to prohibit modern weapons of mass destruction, and for the prohibition, reduction and non-proliferation of conventional weapons.", "On 20 December 2008, the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia was opened in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan fully supports the efforts of the United Nations to establish zones in the Central Asian region that are free of nuclear weapons and other modern weapons of mass destruction and strictly observes all the conventions to which it is a signatory and all the international obligations which it has undertaken to prohibit such weapons.", "Turkmenistan bases its foreign policy on its status of positive neutrality; respects the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of other States; maintains a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other States, the non-use of force and non-participation in military blocs and unions; follows the principles of cooperation to develop friendly and mutually beneficial relations with all States in the region and the world; and fully complies with those principles in its peaceful policy." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "With reference to the note by the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) of 7 February 2011, the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations has the honour to transmit information on the implementation of the provisions of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "[Original: Russian]", "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) by Turkmenistan", "Turkmenistan has actively implemented instruments such as conventions, resolutions, agreements and treaties that constitute the essential texts for the establishment of an international security system and the consolidation of social peace and stability, and recognizes the importance of universally accepted norms of international law. Our Government fully supports the United Nations initiative to ban modern weapons of mass destruction, as well as to achieve the prohibition, reduction and non-proliferation of conventional weapons.", "The United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia was opened in Ashgabat on 20 December 2008. Turkmenistan fully supports the efforts of the United Nations to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones and other modern weapons of mass destruction in the Central Asian region, strictly abides by all the conventions it has signed and fulfils all the international obligations it has assumed to prohibit such weapons.", "Turkmenistan bases its foreign policy on its status as a positive neutrality; respects the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of other States; maintains a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other States, and of renunciation of the use of force and of participation in military blocs and alliances; abides by the principles of cooperation in forging friendly and mutually beneficial relations with all States of the region and of the world, and respects peaceful policy." ]

[ "Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1718 (2006)", "Carta de fecha 29 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente de Panamá ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de remitirle información del Gobierno de Panamá sobre las medidas adoptadas en cumplimiento del párrafo 8 de la resolución 1718 (2006) y los párrafos 9, 10, 18 y 20 de la resolución 1874 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad (véase el anexo).", "(Firmado) Pablo Antonio Thalassinos Embajador Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 29 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente de Panamá ante las Naciones Unidas", "La Dirección General de Marina Mercante de la Autoridad Marítima de Panamá emitió la Resolución núm. 106-36-DGMM de 16 de noviembre de 2006, mediante la cual se acata en todas sus partes la resolución 1718 (2006) aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, en su 5551ª sesión, celebrada el 14 de octubre de 2006, y por lo tanto, se niega toda solicitud de abanderamiento de naves procedentes de la República Popular Democrática de Corea y que enarbolen su pabellón.", "En lo referente a los párrafos 9, 10, 18 y 20 de la resolución 1874 (2009), la cual guarda relación con la transferencia, venta y/o exportación de material bélico o explosivo, en consulta con la misma, nos manifestó que no existe a nivel de la Dirección General la figura de un Comité de Inspección, sino que actualmente funciona un Comité de Abordaje, el cual está coordinado por un Oficial de Abordaje de la Autoridad Marítima de Panamá e integrado por los respectivos inspectores de las autoridades competentes, entre los cuales figura un inspector de la Autoridad Nacional de Aduanas, quien tiene competencia para verificar el manifiesto de carga y otros instrumentos presentados por el buque a su llegada y salida del puerto.", "En ese sentido, la Institución competente sobre las medidas de control e inspección de la carga es la Autoridad Nacional de Aduanas, a través de su oficina de análisis de riesgo, la Unidad Técnica de Inspección de Contenedores (UNITEC) y el Programa Global de Control de Contenedores (PGCC)." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit herewith information from the Government of Panama on the measures adopted in accordance with paragraph 8 of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) and paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) (see annex).", "(Signed) Pablo Antonio Thalassinós", "Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Merchant Marine Directorate of the Panama Maritime Authority has issued resolution No. 106-36-DGMM of 16 November 2006, which is fully consistent with resolution 1718 (2006), adopted by the United Nations Security Council at its 5551st meeting, held on 14 October 2006. Therefore, all requests for vessels from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to register in Panama and fly its flag are denied.", "With regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009), on the transfer, sale and/or export of war materiel or explosives, the Merchant Marine Directorate has informed us that it does not have an inspection committee; there is, however, a Boarding Committee, which is coordinated by a Boarding Official from the Panama Maritime Authority and is composed of inspectors from the various competent authorities, including an inspector from the National Customs Authority, who is responsible for checking the cargo manifest and other documents presented by the vessel upon arrival and departure from the port.", "Therefore, the competent body with regard to cargo control and inspection measures is the National Customs Authority, through its risk-analysis office, the Technical Unit for Container Inspection (UNITEC) and the International Container Control Programme (CCP)." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit to you information from the Government of Panama on the measures taken pursuant to paragraph 8 of resolution 1718 (2006) and paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) (see annex).", "(Signed) Pablo Antonio Thalassinos Embajador Representante Permanente", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The General Directorate of Merchant Marina of the Panama Maritime Authority issued Resolution No. 106-36-DGMM of 16 November 2006, by which resolution 1718 (2006) adopted by the United Nations Security Council at its 5551st meeting, held on 14 October 2006, is seized everywhere, and therefore refuses any request for the banning of ships from the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea and to fly their flag.", "With regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009), which relates to the transfer, sale and/or export of military or explosive material, in consultation with the same, he told us that there is not at the level of the General Directorate the figure of an Inspection Committee, but that currently operates a Coordinating Committee, which is coordinated by an Inspectorate of the Panamanian Maritime Authority and composed of the respective ports.", "In this regard, the competent institution on cargo control and inspection measures is the National Customs Authority, through its risk analysis office, the Technical Container Inspection Unit (UNITEC) and the Global Container Control Programme (PGCC)." ]

[ "Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1718 (2006)", "Nota verbal de fecha 10 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Brunei Darussalam ante las Naciones Unidas", "La Misión Permanente de Brunei Darussalam ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de transmitir adjunta una copia del informe de Brunei Darussalam sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1874 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad relativa a la República Popular Democrática de Corea (véase el anexo).", "Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 10 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Brunei Darussalam ante las Naciones Unidas", "1. El Gobierno de Brunei Darussalam ha tomado nota de la aprobación de la resolución 1874 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad al objeto de aplicar las disposiciones de los párrafos dispositivos pertinentes de conformidad con la legislación y las regulaciones nacionales en la materia.", "2. En cumplimiento de dicha resolución, se ha celebrado una reunión interinstitucional para informar a todos los organismos nacionales competentes de Brunei Darussalam sobre sus obligaciones y estudiar la aplicación de los párrafos dispositivos pertinentes de la resolución 1874 (2009).", "3. Brunei Darussalam también tiene el honor de informar de que las actividades comerciales y el intercambio de bienes entre el país y la República Popular Democrática de Corea son mínimos.", "4. Brunei Darussalam apoya las iniciativas encaminadas a asegurar la paz, la estabilidad y la desnuclearización de la Península de Corea mediante el diálogo pacífico y constructivo." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations has the honour to enclose herewith a copy of the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) with a view to implementing the provisions of the relevant operative paragraphs, in accordance with its relevant domestic laws and regulations.", "2. In compliance with the said resolution, an inter-agency meeting had been convened to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant operative paragraphs of resolution 1874 (2009).", "3. Brunei Darussalam also has the honour to report that trade activities and the exchange of goods between Brunei Darussalam and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are minimal.", "4. Brunei Darussalam supports efforts to ensure peace, stability and the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula through peaceful and constructive dialogue." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith a copy of the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) in order to implement the provisions of the relevant operative paragraphs in accordance with the relevant national legislation and regulations.", "2. Pursuant to that resolution, an inter-agency meeting had been held to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider the implementation of the relevant operative paragraphs of resolution 1874 (2009).", "3. Brunei Darussalam also has the honour to report that commercial activities and the exchange of goods between the country and the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea are minimal.", "4. Brunei Darussalam supports efforts to ensure the peace, stability and denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula through peaceful and constructive dialogue." ]

[ "Carta de fecha 17 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Sudán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Pese a que somos conscientes de que los informes sobre la situación de los derechos humanos son considerados parte del foro pertinente en este ámbito, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, y estamos convencidos de ello, y en vista de la exposición informativa realizada por la Sra. Navanethem Pillay, Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en Kordofán meridional, tengo el honor de presentar adjunto un documento que contiene las observaciones del Gobierno del Sudán en relación con el informe preliminar sobre las violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario en Kordofán meridional ocurridas entre el 5 y el 30 de junio de 2011 (véase el anexo).", "Tengo también el honor de solicitarle que distribuya el adjunto como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 17 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Sudán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Observaciones del Gobierno del Sudán en relación con el 13º informe periódico de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en el Sudán, titulado “Informe preliminar sobre las violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario en Kordofán meridional ocurridas entre el 5 y el 30 de junio de 2011”", "Introducción y observaciones generales", "1. En primer lugar, el Gobierno del Sudán desea señalar que el 13º informe periódico de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos se titula “Informe preliminar sobre las violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario en Kordofán meridional ocurridas entre el 5 y el 30 de junio de 2011” y no menciona “acusaciones”, aunque el informe solo contiene testimonios no documentados y observaciones sobre hechos que no pueden ser considerados violaciones, lo que indica que el contenido del informe es solamente una conclusión y el presunto resultado final de acontecimientos ocurridos recientemente en la zona en el período mencionado.", "2. En el informe se mencionan violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho humanitario ocurridas durante el conflicto armado entre las Fuerzas Armadas Sudanesas (FAS) y las denominadas “milicias afiliadas a las FAS”, y el Movimiento de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLM) en Kordofán meridional entre el 5 y el 30 de junio de 2011. Cabe mencionar en principio que un informe donde se describe la situación de los derechos humanos durante un conflicto armado no puede atribuir todas las violaciones a una parte en el conflicto y excluir a la otra. En el informe rara vez se indican las violaciones cometidas por el Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLA). Sorprendentemente, la parte que inició los enfrentamientos dentro de las ciudades y que causó la muerte de civiles no fue culpada por estas violaciones. Esto indica que se aplica un doble rasero incluso cuando se trata de determinar quiénes son las víctimas y quiénes, los agresores.", "3. Este enfoque selectivo utilizado a lo largo del informe contradice la totalidad de las normas de las Naciones Unidas que rigen la vigilancia de la situación de los derechos humanos, así como el código de conducta de los funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas y los oficiales de derechos humanos en las oficinas de la Organización sobre el terreno.", "4. En el informe se menciona, en el párrafo donde se brinda información de antecedentes, que la marginación de los nuba por el Gobierno sudanés hizo que se unieran al SPLA. El informe se basa en un libro de Alex de Waal y Yoanes Ajawin publicado en Londres en 1995 y titulado Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. Este libro refleja las opiniones políticas de los autores, pero es inaceptable que la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos haya basado su informe en él y lo utilice como referencia. Esto hace que se determine quiénes son las víctimas y quiénes los agresores al principio del informe, y que se haga caso omiso de todas las violaciones cometidas por la supuesta víctima (el SPLA) y no se las mencione.", "5. La marginación de los nuba que se menciona a lo largo del informe no existe en realidad. Los nuba están bien representados en todas las instituciones oficiales del Estado, en todos los cargos y niveles. Además, su presencia no se limita a esta parte geográfica del Sudán; están presentes en todo el país y nunca se quejaron de marginación en gobiernos anteriores. La referencia a la marginación induce a error y genera un aumento de las tensiones entre distintas etnias y del racismo, lo que está prohibido por todas las normas de derechos humanos.", "6. En el informe se mencionan supuestas violaciones a gran escala de un modo que no puede siquiera ser considerado una fuente de información, y se afirma al final del párrafo que esta información no ha sido verificada, un método de elaboración de documentos de este tipo que carece de honestidad y de profesionalidad.", "7. En el período abarcado por el informe, el Gobierno del Sudán, como se mencionará más adelante, no escatimó esfuerzos para proporcionar a la población afectada equipo de rescate y asistencia humanitaria, pero esto no se mencionó en el informe.", "8. Aunque en el informe se afirmó que quienes lo elaboraron se habían reunido con funcionarios de diversas instituciones, incluidas autoridades de los gobiernos federal y de los estados, no se mencionan todas las medidas adoptadas por las autoridades en estos niveles para superar los efectos de los incidentes.", "Información de antecedentes y supuestas violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos (párrs. 4 a 25)", "9. En esta parte del informe hay varias afirmaciones falsas que contradicen hechos básicos en relación con el lugar, el momento y la fecha en que ocurrieron los incidentes, además de falsas citas del acuerdo general de paz y muestras de falta de conocimiento del sistema administrativo de Kordofán meridional, aunque la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS) había estado presente en la zona durante seis años.", "10. En el informe se brinda información supuestamente recabada por medio de visitas sobre el terreno, entrevistas con víctimas y testigos, reuniones con políticos, líderes religiosos y locales, desplazados internos, miembros de la UNMIS y de organizaciones voluntarias, y algunas fuentes de los medios de difusión; esta información sigue siendo errónea (como se señalará en algunos ejemplos), lo que afecta directamente la credibilidad del informe.", "11. A continuación figuran algunos ejemplos de las afirmaciones falsas:", "a) Los enfrentamientos en Kadugli no empezaron el 5 de junio de 2011, como se afirma en el informe, sino que se iniciaron fuera de la ciudad cuando el SPLA atacó a las FAS ese mismo día en la zona de Um Dorein, 35 kilómetros al este de Kadugli, a las 8.15 horas (párr. 14);", "b) No existe ninguna localidad llamada Um Battah (párr. 16); Um Battah es un barrio de Kadugli y no hay una zona militar con ese nombre;", "c) Las unidades integradas conjuntas se establecieron de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el acuerdo general de paz y están divididas equitativamente entre el SPLA y las FAS; las fuerzas del Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés-Norte mencionadas en el informe no existen. Esto muestra una información que evidentemente fue inventada por la UNMIS (párr. 5);", "d) Es imposible realizar bombardeos aéreos contra civiles en Kadugli y Eldalang, porque las dos ciudades están controladas por las FAS y Kadugli es la capital del estado de Kordofán meridional; además, las FAS son responsables de la protección y la seguridad de civiles y de su propiedad;", "e) Al informar sobre la matanza de personas de etnicidad árabe, el informe se refiere a un grupo armado desconocido, a fin de evitar criminalizar al SPLA, aunque proporciona todos los detalles en relación con la fuente de los demás ataques, demostrando una selectividad clara y deliberada.", "12. A diferencia de lo mencionado en el párrafo 8 del informe, la situación en Kadugli era normal el 5 de junio. Las FAS no bloquearon las principales vías a la casa de Abdelaziz ElHilu, sino que habían intentado abrirlas. Todos los caminos que llevaban a su casa fueron bloqueados por el SPLA y sembrados de minas. No hubo ningún tipo de combate y esto se evidenció con la llegada desde Jartum el 6 de junio de 2011 de un comité de alto nivel, formado por dirigentes del SPLM y el Partido del Congreso Nacional; no había órdenes de desarmar el SPLA por la fuerza, lo que podría haber llevado a un ataque directo, cosa que no ocurrió.", "13. En el párrafo 9 del informe se alega que los ataques de las FAS contra Kadugli causaron el desplazamiento de miles de civiles, que procedieron a refugiarse en iglesias, hospitales y complejos de la UNMIS, pero, en vista de que las FAS están en Kadugli, es ilógico y poco probable que hayan sido las autoras de los ataques contra la ciudad, por lo que estos debieron haber provenido de la otra parte, es decir, el SPLA.", "14. El párrafo 13 se refiere a las matanzas extrajudiciales, lo que no se condice con el carácter y la profesionalidad de las FAS, que siempre han sido muy disciplinadas y comprometidas con las normas militares nacionales y el derecho internacional humanitario en tiempos de guerra. Las FAS realizan programas de adiestramiento de alto nivel en coordinación con el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR) y la legislación militar es muy estricta en lo que respecta a hacer que todo aquel que delinca rinda cuentas por ello; un ejemplo de esto es el de Darfur. Además, la mitad de los efectivos de las FAS en Kordofán meridional pertenecen a la tribu nuba, al igual que el General que dirige las operaciones en el Ejército Sudanés.", "15. En el párrafo 14 figura información falsa sobre la matanza de algunos civiles el 6 de junio, pero, como se informó anteriormente, los enfrentamientos de hecho empezaron el 7 de junio en Kadugli, por lo que no es cierto que haya habido víctimas civiles que necesitaban atención médica ese día.", "16. La respuesta proporcionada en el párrafo 15 de este documento corresponde también al párrafo 15 del informe. Además, las FAS no iniciaron ataques aéreos contra ninguna zona residencial dentro de Kadugli.", "17. El número de víctimas que figura en el párrafo 16 del informe se basa en el testimonio de una persona, que calculó que 150 personas habían sido muertas dentro del complejo de las FAS. Este testimonio es ilógico, porque esa persona no debería haber sido liberada para proporcionar esta información si un crimen tal hubiese ocurrido dentro del complejo.", "18. No es cierto lo que, según el párrafo 18 dijeron algunos desplazados internos que testificaron que un ciudadano fue muerto en el hospital policial de Kadugli. Las dos personas muertas fuera del hospital eran miembros del SPLA con indumentaria civil; fueron muertas tras un tiroteo con la policía en la que también recibió heridas de bala un agente policial. Se informó de este hecho y se lo documentó en los registros policiales en Kadugli.", "19. El párrafo 19 del informe contiene meras acusaciones sin pruebas.", "20. Las FAS no participaron en modo alguno en la muerte del contratista de la UNMIS que también pertenecía al SPLM, que se menciona en el párrafo 17. Si esa persona era un miembro activo del SPLM, habría sido útil interrogarlo para obtener información, en lugar de matarlo. Lo que se mencionó en el párrafo 14 del presente documento también puede añadirse como respuesta a este incidente.", "21. No hubo ningún incidente en la zona de AlFaid y las FAS estaban muy lejos de allí. Hubo allí ciertas tensiones tribales durante la elección, que se controlaron. No se produjo enfrentamiento alguno en esta zona el 14 de junio de 2011, como se indica en el párrafo 20 del informe, lo que muestra claramente que hubo una confusión deliberada de la fuente de la información.", "22. La respuesta proporcionada en el párrafo 5 del presente documento se aplica al párrafo 21.", "23. En el párrafo 22 se menciona la existencia de fosas comunes en la zona de Elgrood, pero la verdad es que se enterraron allí los cuerpos de efectivos militares de ambos bandos. Esto fue hecho por voluntarios de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán, con el apoyo del CICR, tras haber cumplido todos los procedimientos jurídicos necesarios.", "24. La zona mencionada en el párrafo 23 del informe, que fue descrita por el testigo como una fosa común, es un área residencial y habitada que se extiende entre el cuartel general de la 14ª División hasta el mercado; no es un terreno vacío que pueda ser utilizado como cementerio, ya que cualquier civil puede verlo. La UNMIS también puede realizar una visita a la zona para verificar la información, en lugar de depender de las afirmaciones de un testigo.", "25. Lo mencionado en el párrafo 25 del informe respecto de que las FAS y el SPLA habrían sembrado minas antipersonal no es cierto. El SPLA sembró minas en zonas dentro de Kadugli y en las carreteras que unen esta ciudad con Elrosairis y en la zona de Taloudi; esto ocurrió el 6 de junio. Las FAS contribuyeron a desminar la zona de Hajar Elnar, así como la carretera de Rosairis a Kadugli. Las FAS también recibieron 17 minas antitanque que el SPLA tenía intenciones de sembrar en zonas cercanas a Hajar Elnar. Algunas minas fueron encontradas con una organización no gubernamental denominada NCA, que presta apoyo al SPLM.", "Matanzas indiscriminadas y uso de armas prohibidas (párrs. 26 y 27)", "26. En el párrafo 26 se mencionan informes no confirmados de que las FAS utilizaban armas químicas contra civiles, lo que es totalmente incorrecto. Las FAS tienen prohibido, en su legislación y reglamentos, utilizar este tipo de armas.", "27. Tampoco es cierto lo dicho en el párrafo 27 respecto de los bombardeos aéreos contra civiles. La verdad es que las FAS atacan zonas concretas del SPLA en ejercicio de su derecho a la legítima defensa y también con el fin de proteger a los civiles y, al mismo tiempo, reducir al mínimo los efectos de los ataques del SPLA contra civiles (solamente dos personas resultaron muertas, lo que demuestra que esto se hizo en la mínima medida posible). No se atacó a ciudades donde hay civiles, como Kadugli y Aldalang, ni se vio afectado el complejo de la UNMIS en Kauda; en cambio, se recibieron informes del Jefe del Sector IV sobre casos de desmayos e histeria a los que las FAS respondieron positivamente y se dio permiso para evacuar a esas personas de Kadugli, conforme a lo solicitado por la UNMIS. Para los vuelos de la UNMIS de Kadugli a Kauda se emplean helicópteros que pueden utilizar cualquier pista de aterrizaje.", "28. La misma respuesta al párrafo 27 puede darse al párrafo 29 del informe.", "Desapariciones forzadas, arrestos arbitrarios y detención ilegal (párrs. 30 a 36)", "29. En el párrafo 30 se habló de ataques contra cristianos, lo que no es cierto. Las FAS nunca han atacado a cristianos ni sus iglesias. La convivencia pacífica es una de las características de este Estado; además, muchos oficiales de las fuerzas regulares son también cristianos. Asimismo, las FAS no pueden ser responsables por la desaparición de ninguna persona durante los incidentes y la verificación de documentos de identidad es un procedimiento de seguridad habitual en estas circunstancias.", "30. No existe una milicia árabe en Kadugli, ni ha habido, antes de los incidentes o mientras estos se producían, saqueos ni ataques contra civiles como se indica en el párrafo 31 del informe.", "31. En el párrafo 32 del informe se menciona que las FAS allanaron casas para buscar a miembros o partidarios del SPLA. Las FAS recibieron informes sobre la existencia de armas en lugares que solían estar ocupados por el SPLA y era su deber verificar estos informes para garantizar la seguridad y la estabilidad en la región.", "32. En el párrafo 28 del presente documento se proporciona una respuesta al párrafo 33 del informe.", "33. Lo que se menciona en el párrafo 34 no es cierto.", "34. La respuesta al párrafo 37 es una repetición de lo mencionado en el párrafo 21.", "35. Lo que dice el párrafo 41 no es cierto. El 6 de junio, la situación en Kadugli era muy tranquila y nunca se llevaron a cabo ataques contra iglesias anglicanas o católicas. Al día siguiente, todas las fuerzas regulares que habían sido desplegadas, desde esa mañana presenciaron el inicio de los enfrentamientos en Kadugli entre el SPLA (en las montañas que rodean Kadugli) y las FAS, la policía y las fuerzas de seguridad, y todo bombardeo que afectase una iglesia habría sido causado por el SPLA, que se encontraba en las montañas que rodean Kadugli.", "36. Lo mencionado en el párrafo 44 no es correcto. La relación con la UNMIS era excelente antes de los incidentes. Tras la intensificación de los enfrentamientos, las FAS mantenían un contacto periódico con el Jefe del Sector IV, que visitó el cuartel general de la 14ª División más de una vez y acogió con beneplácito la coordinación y cooperación con las FAS en una situación tan excepcional. Las FAS nunca controlaron el combustible de la UNMIS; el Jefe del Sector pidió disculpas a las FAS por el error tras la verificación de la información incorrecta. El almacén de alimentos era vigilado por oficiales de las FAS porque la empresa que los suministraba tenía el emblema del SPLM en las matrículas de los vehículos, escondido por el de las Naciones Unidas. Uno de los miembros de la empresa (de nacionalidad india) intentó destruir las matrículas de los vehículos para ocultar esta relación. Pese a todo esto, la UNMIS seguía teniendo acceso al almacén hasta que se retiraron todos los suministros.", "37. En cuanto a la información suministrada en el párrafo 45 sobre el arresto de tres personas que prestaban asistencia a la UNMIS y las golpizas de que fueron objeto, y las amenazas emitidas contra oficiales de la UNMIS por algunos miembros de las FAS, esto no es cierto; mientras continuaban los combates, no había fuerzas de las FAS fuera del complejo ni se establecieron puestos de control dentro de la ciudad.", "38. En relación con la información que figura en el párrafo 46, según la cual se había disparado contra un funcionario nacional de la UNMIS, las FAS no fueron responsables de este incidente, la persona fue ingresada en el hospital militar de Kadugli y luego fue trasladada a Jartum; actualmente goza de buena salud.", "39. En el párrafo 48 del informe se menciona el desplazamiento de residentes de la zona de Kaiga a un lugar cercano a la UNMIS, lo que tampoco es cierto. Kaiga es una zona en el norte de Kadugli y, lógicamente, es imposible trasladarse hacia el sur mientras todos se dirigen hacia el norte, a Aldalang y El Obeid, huyendo de los enfrentamientos. Además, las FAS no tienen presencia en Kaiga y no hay una zona militar que se denomine Um Battah.", "40. En el párrafo 50 del informe se menciona el maltrato sufrido por una patrulla de la UNMIS formada por cuatro miembros, incluido un Mayor jordano, que llegó al cuartel general de la 14ª División sin una notificación previa del Sector IV. Se interrogó al Jefe del Sector, quien declaró que no era consciente de la existencia de la patrulla y que el principal objetivo, dada la situación en la zona, era mejorar la coordinación y garantizar la seguridad durante su movimiento. Se los llevó ante los principales oficiales nacionales de vigilancia y luego se los liberó. Todas las declaraciones mencionadas en este párrafo son falsas.", "41. Lo que se mencionó en el párrafo 52 sobre bombardeos aéreos fue una repetición y nunca ocurrió en Kadugli ni en la zona circundante. Los incendios y saqueos son parte de la situación de inseguridad causada por el SPLA. Las FAS jamás destruyeron casas con aplanadoras, ya que no tienen maquinaria de este tipo en Kadugli.", "42. Lo que se menciona en el párrafo 53 del informe es un procedimiento jurídico realizado con el acuerdo del Jefe del Sector IV. Varios funcionarios nacionales fueron acusados de participar en algunos incidentes de seguridad, por lo que las FAS solicitaron que se verificara la identidad de todos los pasajeros a Wau. De los 20 funcionarios nacionales, solo seis fueron detenidos. Cinco de ellos fueron liberados; dos eran cristianos, uno de ellos era un sacerdote, y todos ellos eran nuba. Las FAS recibieron el reconocimiento del Jefe del Sector IV y de las personas liberadas por el buen trato de que fueron objeto durante la detención. Una persona sigue detenida y será enjuiciada.", "43. El párrafo 54 es un párrafo repetido, al que se respondió en el párrafo 36 del presente documento.", "Desplazamiento forzado y regreso involuntario", "44. En el párrafo 37 del informe se afirma que los habitantes del pueblo de Umber, todos ellos pertenecientes a tribus nuba, se habían visto desplazados. En el informe no se menciona el desplazamiento de ciudadanos de los demás pueblos de los alrededores (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib y Umbrimbeeta) habitados por tribus árabes, aunque todos fueron desplazados el mismo día, 10 de junio de 2011, como resultado de los enfrentamientos militares ocurridos en los pueblos de Azrag, Algimaizaya y Umbriabou. Los habitantes de Umbrimbeeta, Umber y parte de Khour-Aldilaib que se trasladaron a Abu-Karshula recibieron asistencia humanitaria y volvieron a sus pueblos para fines de junio.", "45. En el párrafo 38 se menciona el desplazamiento de 11.000 personas de Kadugli el 20 de junio de 2011, aunque el desplazamiento de Kadugli empezó el 6 de junio de 2011, tras los hechos ocurridos. El 20 de junio de 2011, los desplazados a Alshaeir, en las cercanías de la UNMIS, volvieron a Kadugli. Como resultado de los hechos ocurridos en Kadugli, el 6 de junio de 2011 unas 13.722 personas se dirigieron a la zona de Alshaeir, cerca del complejo de la UNMIS fuera de la ciudad. La Comisión de Asistencia Humanitaria del Estado realizó una reunión de coordinación con organismos de las Naciones Unidas (Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA), Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) y Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios (OCAH)), la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OMI), el Comité de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán y la Organización Nacional Mubadiroun, y se acordó después de la reunión que se proporcionaría asistencia humanitaria urgente a los afectados.", "46. Además de la asistencia urgente proporcionada por el Gobierno del Sudán y la Comisión de Asistencia Humanitaria, se adoptaron las siguientes medidas:", "• El PMA proporcionó suministros alimentarios para un mes, que serían distribuidos por el Comité de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán", "• El UNICEF, la OIM, el ACNUR y el Centro Conjunto de Suministros proporcionaron material para refugios (mantas a prueba de agua, utensilios de cocina, sábanas, contenedores para agua, redes para mosquitos y jabón), que serían distribuidos por el Comité de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán", "• Agua: la UNMIS suministró ocho cisternas y el UNICEF, tres contenedores plásticos con capacidad para 3.000 litros", "• Saneamiento: la UNMIS, el UNICEF y el UNFPA establecieron 150 sanitarios públicos y el Ministerio de Salud estatal proporcionó dos clínicas móviles", "• Se prestaron servicios de seguridad y protección de la infancia con el apoyo del UNICEF y el ACNUR", "47. Todos estos servicios se prestaron con la supervisión y coordinación de la Comisión de Asistencia Humanitaria en el Estado y el seguimiento de los organismos de las Naciones Unidas.", "48. Tras el fin de los enfrentamientos militares el 20 de junio y el regreso de la calma a Kadugli, el Gobierno del Estado empezó las actividades de remoción de minas, seguridad y protección de civiles y sus bienes por la policía y restauración de la infraestructura de la ciudad (agua, electricidad, hospitales). Los negocios comerciales y las tiendas de alimentos reabrieron sus puertas y los desplazados internos empezaron a regresar voluntariamente a sus hogares. Los ancianos y las personas con necesidades especiales pidieron asistencia para ser trasladadas y el Gobierno del Estado les prestó los medios de transporte a la ciudad que necesitaban.", "49. En cuanto al párrafo 39 del informe, tras el regreso a la ciudad de los desplazados la Comisión de Asistencia Humanitaria, llevó a cabo un estudio conjunto con los organismos de las Naciones Unidas en la ciudad, las organizaciones nacionales y las instituciones gubernamentales pertinentes a fin de determinar las necesidades de quienes regresaban a ella. Sobre la base de este estudio, los participantes acordaron proporcionar la asistencia y los servicios básicos necesarios, como se detalla a continuación:", "• Suministro de alimentos para 12.000 repatriados por un mes entero, proporcionados por el PMA y distribuidos por el Comité de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán", "• Reparación y rehabilitación de 63 bombas de agua por el UNICEF y la OIM, llevada a cabo conjuntamente por la Sociedad de Agua y Saneamiento Ambiental del Estado", "• Reparación de una planta para acumular agua de lluvia (Donki) por la OIM", "• Establecimiento de 180 sanitarios por el UNICEF y la OIM, en cooperación con la sociedad de Agua y Saneamiento Ambiental del Estado", "• Provisión de suministros no alimentarios para 7.000 familias por la OIM y el Centro Conjunto de Logística de las Naciones Unidas (UNJLC) (mantas a prueba de agua, utensilios de cocina, sábanas, contenedores para agua, redes para mosquitos y jabón) distribuidos por el Comité de la Media Luna Roja del Sudán con la participación de los organizadores", "• Suministro de medicamentos y equipos de primeros auxilios para siete clínicas por la OMS y el Ministerio de Salud del Estado", "• Elaboración de un programa para proteger a los niños y reunirlos con sus familias, por el UNICEF y el Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales del Estado", "• Incorporación de los hijos de desplazados en las escuelas de Kadugli y suministro de material de estudio por el UNICEF, Save the Children de Suecia y el Ministerio de Educación.", "Conclusión", "50. Para concluir sus observaciones sobre el informe del ACNUDH, el Gobierno del Sudán expresa su rechazo y profundo resentimiento por la falta de profesionalidad demostrada en la reunión y formulación de la información relativa a los hechos ocurridos recientemente en Kordofán meridional, que contradice las normas internacionales que se utilizan para el seguimiento de la situación de los derechos humanos. El Gobierno del Sudán ha sido objeto de un traicionero ataque contra su legitimidad constitucional y sus autoridades elegidas. La acción del Movimiento y Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLM/A) en Kordofán meridional es un golpe político y militar contra los resultados de las elecciones celebradas allí, que los observadores nacionales e internacionales habían considerado limpias.", "51. El informe está plagado de errores y presunciones que no se basan en conclusiones lógicas y objetivas y que, en la mayoría de los casos, contradicen los hechos sobre el terreno, como ya se ha mencionado.", "52. El Gobierno del Sudán está convencido de que este informe no refleja realmente la situación de los derechos humanos en el momento y lugar mencionados y, en consecuencia, su contenido no puede utilizarse como referencia para adoptar procedimientos o medidas.", "53. Este informe y la forma en que se ha redactado no ayudan al Gobierno del Sudán a adoptar las medidas correctas ni alientan la cooperación con ningún procedimiento futuro que se adopte sobre su base." ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Despite our conviction and knowledge that reports on the human rights situation are considered within the appropriate forum of human rights that is the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and in the light of the briefing by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Navanethem Pillay, on the human rights situation in South Kordofan, I have the honour to enclose herewith a document containing the comments of the Government of the Sudan on the preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011 (see annex).", "I have further the honour to request you to circulate the enclosed document as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Comments of the Government of the Sudan on the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011”", "Introduction and general observations", "1. First of all, the Government of the Sudan would like to point out that the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011” without mentioning “allegations”, although the report contains mere undocumented testimonies and observations that cannot be considered as “violations”, which indicates that the contents of the report are just a conclusion and a presumed final result of recent incidents that took place in the area during the mentioned time frame.", "2. The report mentioned violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law that took place during the armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the so-called “militias affiliated to SAF” and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011. It is worth mentioning in principle that a report describing the situation of human rights during armed conflict cannot attribute all the violations to one party of the conflict and exclude the other. The report rarely pointed out violations committed by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Surprisingly, the party that started the fighting inside the towns and caused the death of civilians was not blamed for these violations. This indicates double standards even when it comes to determining victims and aggressors.", "3. This selective approach throughout the report contradicts all United Nations standards governing the monitoring of human rights situations, as well as the code of conduct of United Nations officers and human rights officers in the United Nations field offices.", "4. The report mentions in the background paragraph that marginalization by the Government of the Sudan of the Nuba led them to join the SPLA. The report is based on a book by Alex de Waal and Yoanes Ajawin, published in London in 1995 entitled Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. This book reflects the political views of the writers, but it is unacceptable for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to base its report on this book and use it as a reference. This leads to a determination of the victims and the aggressors at the beginning of the report and to ignoring and remaining silent with regard to all the violations committed by the alleged victim (SPLA).", "5. The marginalization of the Nuba mentioned throughout the report was not true. The Nuba are well represented in all official institutions of the State, at all grades and levels. In addition, their presence is not confined to this geographic part of the Sudan, they are present throughout the Sudan and they have never complained of marginalization during the previous Governments. Reference to marginalization is misleading and leads to escalating ethnic tensions and racism, which is prohibited by all the human rights standards.", "6. The report referred to alleged large-scale violations in a way that cannot even be considered as a source of information, and concludes at the end of the paragraph by stating that this information was not verified, a method that lacks honesty and professionalism in preparing such reports.", "7. During the reporting period, the Government of the Sudan, as will be indicated later, spared no efforts to provide the affected populations with rescue equipment and humanitarian assistance, but these efforts were not reflected in the report.", "8. Although the report alleged that those who prepared the report met with officials in a number of institutions, including federal and state government authorities, it fails to mention all the measures taken by federal and state government authorities to overcome the impact of the incidents.", "Background and alleged violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law (paras. 4-25)", "9. This part of the report is full of fabricated allegations that contradict basic facts when it comes to the places, timing and dates on which incidents took place, in addition to false quotations from the comprehensive peace agreement and ignorance of the administrative system of South Kordofan, although the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) had been present in South Kordofan for six years.", "10. The report provides information allegedly collected through field visits, interviews with victims and witnesses, meetings with politicians, religious and local leaders, internally displaced persons, UNMIS staff, members of voluntary organizations and some media sources, it is still inaccurate (as will be pointed out in some examples), which directly affect the credibility of the report.", "11. Examples of the fabricated allegations:", "(a) Fighting inside Kadugli did not start on 5 June 2011 as alleged in the report, but started outside Kadugli when the SPLA attacked the SAF on that same day in the Um Dorein area 35 km east of Kadugli at 8.15 a.m. (para. 14);", "(b) There is no locality called Um Battah (para. 16). Um Battah is a neighbourhood in Kadugli and there is no military area with that name;", "(c) The Joint Integrated Units were established according to provisions of the comprehensive peace agreement, they are equally divided between the SPLA and the SAF; the Sudan People’s Liberation Army-North (SPLA-N) forces referred to in the report do not exist. This indicates clearly fabricated information by UNMIS (para. 5);", "(d) It is impossible to conduct aerial bombardments against Kadugli and Eldalang and to target civilians because the two cities are under the control of the SAF and Kadugli is the capital of South Kordofan State; in addition, the protection and security of civilians and their property lies with the SAF;", "(e) When reporting the killings of ethnic Arabs, the report referred to an unknown armed group, to avoid criminalizing the SPLA, although it provides all details regarding the source of the other attacks; such an attitude reflects a clear and deliberate selectivity.", "12. Contrary to what was mentioned in paragraph 8 of the report, the situation inside Kadugli was normal on 5 June. The SAF did not block the major roads to Abdelaziz ElHilu’s house, but had been trying to open them. All roads leading to his house were blocked by the SPLA and planted with mines. There was no fight at all; this was evidenced by the arrival of a high-level committee from Khartoum on 6 June 2011 composed of leaders from the SPLM and the National Congress Party, and there were no orders to disarm the SPLA by force, which could have led to a direct attack, which did not happen.", "13. Paragraph 9 of the report alleged that the SAF attacks on Kadugli resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians, who consequently took refuge in churches, hospitals and UNMIS compounds, but since the SAF are inside Kadugli it is illogical and unlikely that the attacks against the city come from the SAF, but from the other party, which is the SPLA.", "14. Paragraph 13 refers to extrajudicial killings, which is not in line with the nature and professionalism of the SAF, which has always been very disciplined and committed to national military rules and international humanitarian law during war. The SAF conducts high-level training programmes in coordination with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and the military law is very strict in making anyone who violates the law accountable, an example of that is in Darfur. In addition, half of the SAF forces in South Kordofan are originally from the Nuba tribe and the Commanding General of Operations in the Sudanese Army is also from the Nuba tribe.", "15. Paragraph 14 mentioned false information about the killing of some civilians on 6 June, but, as mentioned previously, the fighting actually started on 7 June inside Kadugli, therefore talking about civilian casualties in need of any medical care on that day is not true.", "16. The response provided in paragraph 15 above also applies to paragraph 15 of the report. Furthermore the SAF did not launch air attacks targeting any residential areas inside Kadugli.", "17. The number of casualties provided in paragraph 16 of the report is based on the testimony of one person, who estimated that the number of people killed inside the SAF compound was 150. This testimony is illogical because that person should not have been released to reveal this information if such a crime had taken place inside the compound.", "18. What was mentioned in paragraph 18 by some internally displaced persons, who testified that one citizen was killed in the police hospital in Kadugli, was not true. The two persons killed outside the hospital were SPLA personnel wearing civilian dress; they were killed following an exchange of fire with the police and a police officer was also shot. This incident was reported and documented in police records in Kadugli.", "19. Paragraph 19 of the report contains mere allegations without any proof.", "20. The SAF was not involved in any way in the killing of the UNMIS contractor who was also a member of the SPLM, as mentioned in paragraph 17. If that person was an active SPLM member, it would have been useful to interrogate him in order to obtain information instead of killing him. What was mentioned in paragraph 14 above can also be added as a response to this incident.", "21. The AlFaid area was not the scene of any incidents, and the SAF was very far from the area. It witnessed some tribal tensions during the election, which were brought under control. On 14 June 2011 this area did not witness any fighting, as indicated in paragraph 20 of the report, which indicates clearly that there is deliberate confusion from the source of the information.", "22. The response provided in paragraph 5 above applies to paragraph 21.", "23. Paragraph 22 mentioned the existence of mass graves in Elgrood area, but the truth is that the bodies of some military members from both sides were buried. This was done by volunteers of the Sudanese Red Crescent with the support of ICRC after fulfilling all the required legal procedures.", "24. The area mentioned in paragraph 23 of the report, which was described by the witness as a mass grave, is a residential and inhabited area that extends from the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division to the market area, it is not an empty area that can be used as a cemetery, since any civilian can notice it. UNMIS can also make a field visit to the area to verify the information instead of depending on the allegations of one witness.", "25. What was mentioned in paragraph 25 of the report, that both the SAF and the SPLA laid anti-personnel mines, is not true. The SPLA mined areas inside Kadugli and on the road from Kadugli to Elrosairis and in the Taloudi area; these acts took place on 6 June. The SAF helped to clear the area in Hajar Elnar and also the road from Rosairis to Kadugli. The SAF also received 17 anti-tank mines, which the SPLA intended to plant in areas around Hajar Elnar. Some mines were found with a non-governmental organization called NCA, known to provide support to the SPLM.", "Indiscriminate killings and use of prohibited weapons (paras. 26 and 27)", "26. Paragraph 26 mentioned unconfirmed reports of the use of chemical weapons by the SAF against civilians, which is totally incorrect. The SAF is forbidden by virtue of its law and regulations from using such weapons.", "27. What was mentioned in paragraph 27, about aerial bombardments targeting civilians, was also not true. The truth is that SAF attacks targeted specific areas of the SPLA using the right to self-defence and also to protect the civilians and, at the same time, to minimize the impact of SPLA attacks on civilians (only two persons were killed, which proves that this was done to the minimum). Cities with civilians like Kadugli and Aldalang were not targeted and the UNMIS compound in Kauda was not affected, instead reports were received from the Head of Sector IV about cases of fainting and hysteria, which were positively responded to by the SAF and permission was given upon UNMIS request to evacuate those persons from Kadugli. UNMIS flights from Kadugli to Kauda use helicopters that can use any runway.", "28. The same response to paragraph 27 above applies to paragraph 29 of the report.", "Forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and illegal detention (paras. 30-36)", "29. Paragraph 80 talked about targeting Christians, which is not true. The SAF never targeted Christians or their churches. Peaceful coexistence is one of the characteristics of this State; in addition, many of the officers in the regular forces are also Christians. Also, the SAF cannot be responsible for the disappearance of any person during the incidents and the checking of identification documents is a normal security procedure in such circumstances.", "30. There is no Arab militia in Kadugli, nor looting or attacking civilians as indicated in paragraph 31 of the report. Neither before nor during the incidents.", "31. Paragraph 32 of the report mentioned that the SAF raided houses to search for SPLA members or supporters. The SAF received reports about weapons in places that used to be SPLA locations, and it was the task of the SAF to verify these reports to ensure security and stability in the area.", "32. Paragraph 28 above provides the answer for paragraph 33 of the report.", "33. What was mentioned in paragraph 34 was not true.", "34. Paragraph 37 was a repetition responded to in paragraph 21.", "35. Paragraph 41 was not true. On 6 June the situation in Kadugli was very calm. Anglican and Catholic churches were never targeted. On the next day, all regular forces that were in place since that morning witnessed the beginning of fighting inside Kadugli between the SPLA (on the mountains surrounding Kadugli) and the SAF, the police and security forces, and any bombing affecting a church would have been caused by the SPLA, who were in the mountains surrounding Kadugli.", "36. What was mentioned in paragraph 44 was not correct. The relationship with UNMIS was excellent before the incidents. Following the escalation of fighting, the SAF remained in regular contact with the Head of Sector IV, who visited the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division more than once and welcomed the coordination and the cooperation of the SAF in such an exceptional situation. The SAF never controlled the fuel of UNMIS; the Head of the Sector apologized to the SAF for the misunderstanding after verification of the incorrect information. The food storage facility was guarded by officers from the SAF because the supplying company had the SPLM emblem on the cars’ number plates hidden by the United Nations emblem. One of the members of the company (an Indian national) tried to destroy the cars’ number plates to hide this relationship. In spite of all these facts, UNMIS continued to have access to the storage facility until they took all the supplies.", "37. As regards information provided in paragraph 45, about arresting and beating three personnel assisting UNMIS and the threatening of UNMIS officers by some SAF members, this is not true because, as the fighting continued, no SAF forces were stationed outside the compound and there were no checkpoints established inside the town.", "38. With regard to the information in paragraph 46, stating that one national staff of UNMIS was shot: the SAF was not responsible for that. That person was hospitalized in Kadugli military hospital and transferred later to Khartoum and is now in good health.", "39. Paragraph 48 of the report talked about the displacement of residents of Kaiga area to a place near UNMIS, which is also not true. Kaiga is an area north of Kadugli and logically it is impossible to move to the south while everyone is moving to the north, to Aldalang and ElObied, running away from the fighting. In addition, the SAF has no presence in Kaiga and there is no place named Um Battah military area.", "40. Paragraph 50 of the report talked about the mistreatment of a UNMIS patrol composed of four members including a Jordanian major, who arrived at the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division without prior notice from Sector IV. The Head of the Sector was questioned and he stated that he was not aware of the patrol, the main purpose — given the situation in the area — was to enhance coordination and ensure the safety and security during their movement. They were taken to the nearest national monitoring officers and then released. All statements mentioned in this paragraph were fabricated.", "41. What was mentioned in paragraph 52 about aerial bombardments was a repetition and never happened, neither inside Kadugli nor in the surrounding area. Fire and looting are part of the insecurity situation caused by the SPLA. The SAF never destroyed houses using bulldozers since they do not have any in Kadugli.", "42. What was mentioned in paragraph 53 of the report was a legal procedure with the agreement of the Head of Sector IV. Since a number of national staff are accused of involvement in some security incidents, the SAF requested that the identity of all passengers to Wau be checked. Of the 20 national staff, only 6 were detained. Five were released, two were Christians, one was a priest and all were Nubas. The SAF received acknowledgement from the Head of Sector IV and from released persons of the good treatment received during detention. One person is still detained and will be brought before a court.", "43. Paragraph 54 is a repeated paragraph, responded to in paragraph 36 above.", "Forced displacement and involuntary return", "44. Paragraph 37 of the report claims that villagers from the village of Umber, exclusively inhabited by Nuba tribes, were displaced. The report did not mention the displacement of citizens from the other neighbouring villages (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib and Umbrimbeeta), inhabited by Arab tribes, although they were all displaced on the same day, 10 June 2011, as a result of the military confrontations that took place in the villages of Azrag, Algimaizaya and Umbrtabou. Villagers from Umbrimbeeta, Umber and part of Khour-Aldilaib who fled to Abu-Karshula were provided humanitarian assistance and returned to their villages by late June.", "45. Paragraph 38 referred to the displacement of 11,000 people from Kadugli on 20 June 2011, though the displacement from Kadugli began on 6 June 2011, following the events. On 20 June 2011 those who were displaced to Alshaeir near UNMIS returned to Kadugli. As a result of the events that took place in Kadugli, on 6 June 2011 approximately 13,722 people fled on a daily basis to the area of Alshaeir near the UNMIS compound outside the city. The Humanitarian Aid Commission of the State held a coordination meeting with the United Nations agencies (World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent and the Mubadiroun National Organization, and it was agreed after the meeting to provide urgent humanitarian assistance to those affected.", "46. In addition to the urgent aid provided by the Government of the Sudan and the Humanitarian Aid Commission, the following was done:", "• Provision of a one-month supply of food by WFP to be distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Provision of shelter materials (rainproof blankets, cooking utensils, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) by UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR and the Joint Supply Centre, and distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Water: provision of eight tankers from UNMIS and three plastic containers with a capacity of 3,000 cubic litres by UNICEF", "• Sanitation: setting up of 150 public toilets by UNMIS, UNICEF and UNFPA, as well as two mobile clinics provided by the state ministry of health", "• Security services and child protection: provision of support by UNICEF and UNHCR", "47. All those services were carried out under the supervision and coordination of the Humanitarian Aid Commission in the State and with a follow-up from the United Nations agencies.", "48. Following the end of military confrontations on 20 June and the return of calm to Kadugli, the government of the State started mine-clearing operations, securing and protecting civilians and their properties by the police and restoring the infrastructure to the city (water, electricity, hospitals). Trade and grocery stores reopened their doors, internally displaced persons starting to voluntarily return to their houses. Elders and those with special needs called for help to be transported, thus the government of the State provided them with the necessary means of transportation to the city.", "49. Concerning paragraph 39 of the report, the Humanitarian Aid Commission, after the return of the displaced to the city, carried out a joint survey involving the United Nations agencies in the city, the national organizations and the relevant government institutions so as to determine the needs of the returnees in the city. Based on this survey, the participants agreed to provide the needed assistance and basic services as follows:", "• Provision of food for 12,000 returnees for a whole month by WPF, distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Refurbishment and rehabilitation of 63 water pumps by UNICEF and IOM, jointly implemented by the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Rehabilitation of a rainwater collection station (Donki) by IOM", "• Setting up of 180 toilets by UNICEF and IOM in cooperation with the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Provision of non-food materials for 7,000 families by IOM and the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre (rainproof blankets, cooking hardware, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent with the participation of the organizers", "• Provision of medicine and first aid kits for seven clinics in the city by WHO and the State Ministry of Health", "• A programme was developed to protect and reunite children with their families by UNICEF and the State Ministry of Social Affairs", "• Absorption of the sons of displaced people in the schools of Kadugli and provision of study materials by UNICEF, Save the Children Sweden and the Ministry of Education", "Conclusion", "50. At the end of its comments on the report of OHCHR, the Government of the Sudan expresses its rejection and deepest resentment at the unprofessional method adopted in collecting and formulating the information concerning the events that took place in South Kordofan lately, which contradict the international standards followed in monitoring the situation of human rights. The Government of the Sudan has come under a treacherous attack against its constitutional legitimacy and its elected Government. What the SPLA/M did in South Kordofan is both a political and military coup on the elections’ results held in South Kordofan, which were considered to be fair elections according to national and international observers.", "51. The report is riddled with flaws and assumptions not based on logical and objective findings, which in most cases contradict the facts on the ground, as mentioned above.", "52. The Government of the Sudan firmly believes that this report does not really reflect the situation of human rights in the said time and place, consequently it cannot be considered as a reference for adopting any procedures or measures based on the content of the report.", "53. This report and the way it was worded does not help the Government of the Sudan to take the right measures and it does not encourage cooperation with any future procedure based on this report." ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "While we are aware that reports on the human rights situation are considered part of the relevant forum in this area, the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and we are convinced of this, and in view of the briefing by Ms. Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, on the situation of human rights in Southern Kordofan, I have the honour to submit herewith a document containing the comments of the Government of the Sudan on the preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan between 5 and 30 June 2011 (see annex).", "I also have the honour to request you to circulate the attachment as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Comments of the Government of the Sudan on the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan between 5 and 30 June 2011”", "Introduction and general comments", "1. First, the Government of the Sudan wishes to point out that the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan between 5 and 30 June 2011” and does not mention “accusations”, although the report contains only undocumented testimonies and observations on facts that cannot be considered as the content of the recent conclusion, the fact that the report is not considered as a result.", "2. The report mentions violations of international human rights and humanitarian law norms that occurred during the armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (FAS) and so-called “FAS affiliated militias”, and the Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement (SPLM) in Southern Kordofan between 5 and 30 June 2011. It should be mentioned in principle that a report describing the human rights situation during an armed conflict cannot attribute all violations to one party to the conflict and exclude the other. The report rarely indicates violations committed by the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army (SPLA). Surprisingly, the part that started the clashes inside the cities and that caused the death of civilians was not blamed for these violations. This indicates that a double standard applies even when it comes to determining who the victims are and who, the aggressors.", "3. This selective approach used throughout the report contradicts all United Nations standards governing the monitoring of the human rights situation, as well as the code of conduct of United Nations staff and human rights officers in the field offices of the Organization.", "4. The report mentions, in the paragraph providing background information, that the marginalization of the noba by the Sudanese Government led them to join the SPLA. The report is based on a book by Alex de Waal and Yoanes Ajawin published in London in 1995 and entitled Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. This book reflects the authors ' political views, but it is unacceptable that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has based its report on it and uses it as a reference. This makes it possible to determine who the victims are and who the aggressors are at the beginning of the report, and to ignore all the violations committed by the alleged victim (SPLA) and not to mention them.", "5. The marginalization of the nuba mentioned throughout the report does not actually exist. Nuba are well represented in all official State institutions, at all levels and positions. Moreover, their presence is not limited to this geographical part of the Sudan; they are present throughout the country and never complained of marginalization in previous Governments. The reference to marginalization leads to error and generates increased tensions between different ethnic groups and racism, which is prohibited by all human rights standards.", "6. The report mentions alleged large-scale violations in a manner that cannot even be considered as a source of information, and at the end of the paragraph states that this information has not been verified, a method of producing such documents that lacks honesty and professionalism.", "7. During the reporting period, the Government of the Sudan, as mentioned below, spared no effort to provide the affected population with rescue and humanitarian assistance, but this was not mentioned in the report.", "8. While the report stated that those who produced it had met with officials from various institutions, including authorities from federal and state governments, it did not mention all measures taken by the authorities at these levels to overcome the effects of the incidents.", "Background information and alleged violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law (paras. 4-25)", "9. In this part of the report, there are several false claims that contradict basic facts regarding the location, timing and date of the incidents, in addition to false quotations from the general peace agreement and evidence of lack of knowledge of the Southern Kordofan administrative system, although the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) had been present in the area for six years.", "10. The report provides information allegedly collected through field visits, interviews with victims and witnesses, meetings with politicians, religious and local leaders, internally displaced persons, members of UNMIS and voluntary organizations, and some sources of the media; this information remains wrong (as noted in some examples), which directly affects the credibility of the report.", "11. Here are some examples of false claims:", "(a) The fighting in Kadugli did not begin on 5 June 2011, as stated in the report, but began outside the city when SPLA attacked the FAS on the same day in the Um Dorein area, 35 kilometres east of Kadugli, at 815 hours (para. 14);", "(b) There is no locality called Um Battah (para. 16); Um Battah is a Kadugli neighborhood and there is no military zone with that name;", "(c) Joint integrated units were established in accordance with the provisions of the general peace agreement and are equally divided between SPLA and FAS; the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army-North forces mentioned in the report do not exist. This shows information that was obviously invented by UNMIS (para. 5);", "(d) It is impossible to carry out aerial bombardments against civilians in Kadugli and Eldalang, because the two cities are controlled by the FAS and Kadugli is the capital of the state of Southern Kordofan; in addition, the FAS are responsible for the protection and security of civilians and their property;", "(e) In reporting on the killing of persons of Arab ethnicity, the report refers to an unknown armed group, in order to avoid criminalizing SPLA, although it provides all the details regarding the source of the other attacks, demonstrating a clear and deliberate selectivity.", "12. Unlike paragraph 8 of the report, the situation in Kadugli was normal on 5 June. The FAS did not block the main roads to the house of Abdelaziz ElHilu, but had tried to open them. All roads leading to his house were blocked by SPLA and planted with mines. There was no fighting and this was evident from the arrival from Khartoum on 6 June 2011 of a high-level committee, consisting of SPLM leaders and the National Congress Party; there were no orders to disarm SPLA by force, which could have led to a direct attack, which did not occur.", "13. In paragraph 9 of the report, it is alleged that FAS attacks on Kadugli caused the displacement of thousands of civilians, who took refuge in UNMIS churches, hospitals and complexes, but, in view of the fact that FAS are in Kadugli, it is illogical and unlikely that they have been the authors of the attacks against the city, so they should have come from the other side, that is, SPLA.", "14. Paragraph 13 referred to extrajudicial killings, which did not correspond to the nature and professionalism of the FAS, which had always been highly disciplined and committed to national military standards and international humanitarian law in times of war. The FAS conducts high-level training programmes in coordination with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and military legislation is very strict with regard to ensuring that everyone who criminalizes accounts for it; an example of this is that of Darfur. In addition, half of the SAF troops in Southern Kordofan belong to the Nuba tribe, as well as the Sudan Army General.", "15. Paragraph 14 provided false information on the killing of some civilians on 6 June, but, as previously reported, the factual clashes had begun on 7 June in Kadugli, and it was not true that there had been civilian victims who needed medical care that day.", "16. The reply provided in paragraph 15 of this document also corresponds to paragraph 15 of the report. In addition, FAS did not initiate air strikes against any residential area within Kadugli.", "17. The number of victims in paragraph 16 of the report was based on the testimony of a person, who estimated that 150 persons had been killed within the SAF complex. This testimony is illogical, because that person should not have been released to provide this information if such a crime had occurred within the complex.", "18. It is not true what, according to paragraph 18, said some internally displaced persons who testified that a citizen was killed in the Kadugli police hospital. The two persons killed outside the hospital were members of the SPLA with civilian clothing; they were killed after a shooting with the police in which a police officer was also shot. This was reported and documented in police records in Kadugli.", "19. Paragraph 19 of the report contains mere accusations without evidence.", "20. The FAS did not participate in any way in the death of the UNMIS contractor who also belonged to SPLM, mentioned in paragraph 17. If that person was an active member of SPLM, it would have been useful to interrogate him for information rather than kill him. What was mentioned in paragraph 14 of this document can also be added in response to this incident.", "21. There was no incident in the area of AlFaid and the FAS were far from there. There were certain tribal tensions during the election, which were controlled. No confrontation occurred in this area on 14 June 2011, as indicated in paragraph 20 of the report, which clearly shows that there was a deliberate confusion of the source of information.", "22. The reply provided in paragraph 5 of this document applies to paragraph 21.", "23. Paragraph 22 mentioned the existence of mass graves in the area of Elgrood, but the truth was that the bodies of military personnel on both sides were buried there. This was done by Sudanese Red Crescent volunteers, with the support of the ICRC, after completing all the necessary legal procedures.", "24. The area mentioned in paragraph 23 of the report, which was described by the witness as a common grave, is a residential and inhabited area that extends between the headquarters of the 14th Division to the market; it is not an empty land that can be used as a cemetery, since any civilian can see it. UNMIS may also undertake a visit to the area to verify information rather than rely on a witness ' s claims.", "25. What was mentioned in paragraph 25 of the report on the fact that FAS and SPLA had planted anti-personnel mines was not true. The SPLA planted mines in areas within Kadugli and the roads that unite this city with Elrosairis and in the area of Taloudi; this happened on June 6. The FAS helped to demine the area of Hajar Elnar, as well as the road from Rosairis to Kadugli. FAS also received 17 anti-tank mines that SPLA intended to sow in areas near Hajar Elnar. Some mines were found with a non-governmental organization called NCA, which supports SPLM.", "Indiscriminate killings and use of prohibited weapons (paras. 26 and 27)", "26. Paragraph 26 referred to unconfirmed reports that FAS used chemical weapons against civilians, which was totally incorrect. SAFs are prohibited in their legislation and regulations from using such weapons.", "27. Nor is it true what was said in paragraph 27 concerning the aerial bombardment of civilians. The truth is that FAS attack specific SPLA areas in exercise of their right to self-defence and also in order to protect civilians and, at the same time, minimize the impact of SPLA attacks on civilians (only two persons were killed, demonstrating that this was done to the minimum extent possible). Cities with civilians, such as Kadugli and Aldalang, were not attacked and the UNMIS compound in Kauda was not affected; however, reports were received from the Chief of Sector IV on cases of fainting and hysteria to which the FAS responded positively and permission was given to evacuate those people from Kadugli, as requested by UNMIS. For UNMIS flights from Kadugli to Kauda helicopters are used that can use any airstrip.", "28. The same response to paragraph 27 could be given to paragraph 29 of the report.", "Enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and illegal detention (paras. 30-36)", "29. Paragraph 30 referred to attacks against Christians, which is not true. The FAS have never attacked Christians or their churches. Peaceful coexistence is one of the characteristics of this State; in addition, many regular forces officers are also Christians. Furthermore, FAS cannot be responsible for the disappearance of any person during the incidents and the verification of identity documents is a standard security procedure under these circumstances.", "30. There is no Arab militia in Kadugli, nor has there been, before or while the incidents occurred, looting or attacking civilians as indicated in paragraph 31 of the report.", "31. In paragraph 32 of the report, it is mentioned that FAS raided houses to search for SPLA members or supporters. SAFs received reports on the existence of weapons in places that used to be occupied by SPLA and it was their duty to verify these reports to ensure security and stability in the region.", "32. A response to paragraph 33 of the report is provided in paragraph 28 of the present document.", "33. What was mentioned in paragraph 34 was not true.", "34. The response to paragraph 37 was a repetition of what was mentioned in paragraph 21.", "35. Paragraph 41 was not true. On June 6, the situation in Kadugli was very quiet and attacks against Anglican or Catholic churches were never carried out. The next day, all the regular forces that had been deployed, since that morning witnessed the beginning of the fighting in Kadugli between the SPLA (in the mountains surrounding Kadugli) and the FAS, the police and the security forces, and any bombing that affected a church would have been caused by the SPLA, which was in the mountains surrounding Kadugli.", "36. The point mentioned in paragraph 44 is not correct. The relationship with UNMIS was excellent before the incidents. Following the escalation of the clashes, FAS maintained regular contact with Sector IV Chief, who visited the 14th Division headquarters more than once and welcomed coordination and cooperation with FAS in such an exceptional situation. FAS never controlled UNMIS fuel; the Chief Sector apologized to FAS for the error following the verification of incorrect information. The food store was monitored by FAS officers because the company supplying them had the SPLM emblem on vehicle registrations, hidden by the United Nations. One of the members of the company (Indian nationality) tried to destroy vehicle registrations to hide this relationship. Despite all this, UNMIS continued to have access to the warehouse until all supplies were withdrawn.", "37. With regard to the information provided in paragraph 45 on the arrest of three persons assisting UNMIS and the beatings they were subjected to, and threats against UNMIS officers by some members of the FAS, this is not true; while fighting continued, there were no FAS forces outside the compound or checkpoints within the city.", "38. With regard to the information contained in paragraph 46, according to which an UNMIS national staff member had been shot, the FAS were not responsible for this incident, the person was admitted to the Kadugli military hospital and then transferred to Khartoum; he was currently in good health.", "39. Paragraph 48 of the report referred to the displacement of residents from the Kaiga area to a location near UNMIS, which was not true either. Kaiga is an area in the north of Kadugli and, logically, it is impossible to move south as all are heading north to Aldalang and El Obeid, fleeing from the clashes. In addition, the FAS have no presence in Kaiga and there is no military area known as Um Battah.", "40. Paragraph 50 of the report mentioned the ill-treatment suffered by a four-member UNMIS patrol, including a Jordanian Major, who arrived at the 14th Division headquarters without prior notification of Sector IV. The Chief of Sector was interrogated, who stated that he was not aware of the existence of the patrol and that the main objective, given the situation in the area, was to improve coordination and ensure security during his movement. They were taken to the main national monitoring officers and then released. All statements mentioned in this paragraph are false.", "41. What was mentioned in paragraph 52 on air bombings was a repetition and never occurred in Kadugli or in the surrounding area. Fires and looting are part of the insecurity caused by SPLA. The FAS never destroyed houses with flatterers, as they do not have such machinery in Kadugli.", "42. What is mentioned in paragraph 53 of the report is a legal procedure under the agreement of the Chief of Sector IV. Several national officials were accused of participating in some security incidents, and FAS requested that the identity of all passengers be verified to Wau. Of the 20 national staff, only six were arrested. Five of them were released; two were Christians, one of them was a priest, and all of them were nuba. The FAS received the recognition of the Head of Sector IV and the persons released for the good treatment they were subjected to during the detention. A person remains in detention and will be prosecuted.", "43. Paragraph 54 was a repeated paragraph, which was answered in paragraph 36 of the present document.", "Forced displacement and involuntary return", "44. Paragraph 37 of the report stated that the inhabitants of the village of Umber, all of them belonging to the Nuba tribes, had been displaced. The report does not mention the displacement of citizens of the other surrounding villages (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib and Umbrimbeeta) inhabited by Arab tribes, although they were all displaced on the same day, 10 June 2011, as a result of military clashes in the villages of Azrag, Algimaizaya and Umbriabou. The inhabitants of Umbrimbeeta, Umber and part of Khour-Aldilaib who moved to Abu-Karshula received humanitarian assistance and returned to their villages by the end of June.", "45. Paragraph 38 mentioned the displacement of 11,000 people from Kadugli on 20 June 2011, although Kadugli ' s displacement began on 6 June 2011, following the events. On 20 June 2011, displaced persons to Alshaeir, near UNMIS, returned to Kadugli. As a result of the events in Kadugli, on 6 June 2011, some 13,722 people went to the Alshaeir area near the UNMIS compound outside the city. The State Humanitarian Assistance Commission held a coordination meeting with United Nations agencies (World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OIOS), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the Committee on the Population of the Sudan", "46. In addition to the urgent assistance provided by the Government of the Sudan and the Humanitarian Assistance Commission, the following measures were taken:", "• WFP provided food supplies for one month, to be distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR and the Joint Supply Centre provided shelter materials (waterproof blankets, kitchen utensils, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap), which would be distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• Water: UNMIS supplied eight tanks and UNICEF, three plastic containers capable of 3,000 litres", "• Sanitation: UNMIS, UNICEF and UNFPA established 150 public health facilities and the Ministry of State Health provided two mobile clinics", "• Child security and protection services supported by UNICEF and UNHCR", "47. All these services were provided with the supervision and coordination of the Humanitarian Assistance Commission in the State and the follow-up of United Nations agencies.", "48. Following the end of the military clashes on 20 June and the return of calm to Kadugli, the Government of the State began mine clearance, security and protection of civilians and their property by the police and restoration of the city's infrastructure (water, electricity, hospitals). Commercial businesses and food shops reopened their doors and internally displaced persons began to return voluntarily to their homes. The elderly and persons with special needs called for assistance to be transferred and the Government of the State provided them with the means of transport to the city they needed.", "49. With regard to paragraph 39 of the report, following the return to the city of displaced persons, the Humanitarian Assistance Commission conducted a joint study with United Nations agencies in the city, relevant national organizations and government institutions to identify the needs of returnees. On the basis of this study, participants agreed to provide the necessary basic assistance and services, as detailed below:", "• Provision of food for 12,000 returnees for an entire month, provided by WFP and distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee", "• Repair and rehabilitation of 63 water pumps by UNICEF and IOM, carried out jointly by the State Water and Environmental Sanitation Society", "• Repair of a plant to accumulate rainwater (Donki) by IOM", "• Establishment of 180 health facilities by UNICEF and IOM, in cooperation with the State ' s Water and Environmental Sanitation Society", "• Provision of non-food supplies for 7,000 families by IOM and the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre (UNJLC) (waterproof blankets, kitchen utensils, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) distributed by the Sudanese Red Crescent Committee with the participation of the organizers", "• Provision of first-aid medicines and equipment for seven clinics by WHO and the Ministry of State Health", "• Development of a programme to protect and reunite children with their families, by UNICEF and the Ministry of State Social Affairs", "• Inclusion of displaced children in Kadugli schools and provision of study materials by UNICEF, Save the Children Sweden and the Ministry of Education.", "Conclusion", "50. In concluding its observations on the OHCHR report, the Government of the Sudan expresses its rejection and deep resentment at the lack of professionalism demonstrated in the collection and formulation of information concerning recent developments in Southern Kordofan, which contradicts international standards used to monitor the human rights situation. The Government of the Sudan has been subjected to a treacherous attack against its constitutional legitimacy and its elected authorities. The action of the Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement and Army (SPLM/A) in Southern Kordofan is a political and military coup against the results of the elections held there, which national and international observers had considered clean.", "51. The report is plagued by mistakes and presumptions that are not based on logical and objective conclusions and that, in most cases, they contradict facts on the ground, as already mentioned.", "52. The Government of the Sudan is convinced that this report does not really reflect the human rights situation at the time and place mentioned, and therefore its content cannot be used as a reference for taking procedures or measures.", "53. This report and the manner in which it has been drafted do not help the Government of the Sudan to take the right measures or encourage cooperation with any future procedures to be taken on its basis." ]

[ "Presidente:\tSr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMiembros:\tAlemania\tSr. Huth\n Bosnia y Herzegovina Sr. Durmić \n Brasil Sr. Fernandes \n China Sr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Sr. Osorio \n Estados Unidos de América Sr. DeLaurentis \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Zhukov \n Francia Sr. Briens \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n Líbano Sr. Jaber \n Nigeria Sra. Ogwu \n Portugal Sr. Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSr. Tatham\n Sudáfrica Sr. Laher", "Orden del día", "Región de África Central", "Se abre la sesión a las 10.10 horas.", "Aprobación del orden del día", "Queda aprobado el orden del día.", "Región de África Central", "El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 39 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al Sr. Abou Moussa, Representante Especial del Secretario General y Jefe de la Oficina Regional de las Naciones Unidas para África Central, a participar en esta sesión.", "Doy la bienvenida al Sr. Moussa, quien participa en la sesión de hoy por videoconferencia desde Libreville.", "El Consejo de Seguridad iniciará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.", "Tiene ahora la palabra el Sr. Abou Moussa.", "Sr. Moussa (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, deseo aprovechar esta oportunidad para felicitarlo por haber asumido la Presidencia del Consejo durante este mes y para desearle los mayores éxitos.", "Es para mí un honor intervenir ante el Consejo en mi nueva calidad de Representante Especial del Secretario General para la Región de África Central y Jefe de la Oficina Regional de las Naciones Unidas para África Central (UNOCA). A mi lado se encuentra mi asesor superior de asuntos políticos, Sr. Paul Zoumanigui.", "Agradezco la acogida espontánea y cálida que recibí desde mi llegada a Libreville el 15 de junio por los Estados de la subregión del África Central, el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país y en particular nuestros anfitriones, el Gobierno del Gabón y su pueblo, cuyo constante y generoso apoyo ha facilitado en gran medida el éxito del establecimiento de la UNOCA.", "Conscientes del hecho de que la responsabilidad de prevenir los conflictos recae en los gobiernos nacionales y otros agentes locales, como ha reiterado el Consejo de Seguridad, iniciamos nuestra labor realizando visitas de cortesía a los Estados de la región. Lo hicimos con el fin de establecer contactos con los dirigentes del Gobierno, los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países, los miembros del cuerpo diplomático y los representantes de las organizaciones regionales presentes en la subregión, con el objetivo de familiarizarnos con la situación en la región y las prioridades de los dirigentes, sobre todo las relacionadas con la asistencia a los gobiernos nacionales y las partes interesadas locales para hallar soluciones duraderas a sus problemas y apoyar el fomento de las capacidades de alerta temprana, prevención de conflictos y consolidación de la paz a largo plazo a los niveles nacional y regional.", "Durante las visitas que realizamos al Chad, Guinea Ecuatorial, el Camerún y la República Centroafricana, así como las conversaciones que sostuvimos con las autoridades en Libreville, examinamos cuestiones relativas a la cooperación entre la UNOCA y los dirigentes de esos Estados Miembros, los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países y otros asociados internacionales representados en esos países para promover más la paz, la seguridad y el desarrollo en la subregión del África Central. Gracias a la interacción establecida hasta la fecha con los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países, las misiones políticas especiales de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno, en particular la Oficina Integrada de las Naciones Unidas para la Consolidación de la Paz en la República Centroafricana y el Centro de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y la Democracia en África Central, estamos sentando las bases para la formulación de un mecanismo de coordinación eficaz para la presencia de las Naciones Unidas en la subregión.", "Tenemos la intención de continuar y concluir las visitas de cortesía a los Estados Miembros en las próximas semanas. Sin embargo, nuestras observaciones preliminares a partir de las conversaciones sostenidas durante las visitas realizadas hasta la fecha reiteran las primeras evaluaciones de los Estados Miembros y las Naciones Unidas que justificaron el establecimiento de la UNOCA. Entre ellas figuran la necesidad de aumentar el apoyo de las Naciones Unidas en la subregión para ayudar a los Estados Miembros a hacer frente a los problemas de seguridad, prevención de los conflictos y consolidación de la paz; la necesidad de fortalecer el apoyo de las Naciones Unidas al diálogo político interno en los Estados Miembros pertinentes como medida de prevención de conflictos; y la necesidad de apoyar el fomento de la capacidad de las instituciones subregionales, entre ellas la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central y la Comisión del Golfo de Guinea.", "Más recientemente, la necesidad de fomentar la capacidad de hacer frente a problemas de seguridad transfronterizos concretos, como la piratería en el Golfo de Guinea y las amenazas planteadas por grupos rebeldes como el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA) y Baba Ladde en la República Centroafricana, se ha convertido en una preocupación común de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana y la subregión. La UNOCA ha asumido la responsabilidad de coordinar los esfuerzos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno con el objetivo de apoyar los esfuerzos existentes iniciados por la Unión Africana.", "En este sentido, tengo la intención de visitar Addis Abeba tan pronto como sea posible para sostener conversaciones con la Unión Africana a fin de examinar la cuestión del LRA y otros asuntos subregionales pertinentes de interés común. A tales efectos, tenemos la intención de convocar una reunión de los Representantes Especiales del Secretario General y de todos los coordinadores residentes en la subregión una vez que hayamos concluido nuestras visitas de cortesía.", "Quisiera, en particular, señalar a la atención del Consejo las consecuencias de la situación en Libia, que presenta nuevos desafíos para los países vecinos de la subregión del África Central. Hasta la fecha, se ha informado de que, del total de más de 500.000 chadianos que según las estimaciones vivían en Libia antes del actual conflicto, cerca de 80.000 han regresado al país a finales de julio. Su regreso presenta varios problemas para el Chad, en particular la pérdida de remesas. La vulnerabilidad de los que regresan al tráfico y la circulación ilícitos de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras que llevan a cabo los grupos armados, como el LRA, problema que se ha generalizado, preocupa cada vez más a los Gobiernos del Chad y de la República Centroafricana.", "Tampoco es inconcebible que algunos de los que regresan, principalmente aquellos que han participado en operaciones militares o en operaciones de seguridad en Libia, puedan ser reclutados como mercenarios o incluso como combatientes de grupos armados en la subregión de África Central. Se teme que las armas robadas de Libia, que pueden ser introducidas a través de las zonas porosas de la subregión, aticen la delincuencia y socaven los logros recientes en relación con el aumento de la cooperación y la seguridad entre el Chad, el Sudán y la República Centroafricana.", "Sin embargo, la llegada de un nuevo Coordinador Residente al Chad y el envío de un asesor sobre paz y desarrollo a su Oficina en Nyamena serán de utilidad para analizar la evolución de la situación en el Chad y en sus fronteras con Libia, el Sudán y la República Centroafricana. La UNOCA trabajará en estrecha colaboración con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país para considerar a las oportunidades de consolidación de la paz que puedan surgir.", "También nos alienta el clima imperante de compromiso renovado de los países de la subregión de trabajar de consuno a fin de fomentar la cooperación y las relaciones diplomáticas para hacer frente a las amenazas comunes a la paz y la seguridad en la subregión. En ese sentido, el establecimiento el 23 de mayo por el Chad, el Sudán y la República Centroafricana, en su cumbre tripartita celebrada en Jartum, de un mecanismo conjunto para promover la seguridad fronteriza y la estabilidad y fortalecer los vínculos económicos entre ellos demuestra la postura positiva y la decisión de los dirigentes de la subregión de eliminar las amenazas constantes a la paz y la seguridad que han aterrorizado a la población, como las actividades del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor y de otros grupos delictivos que merodean las zonas rurales en el triángulo Chad-Sudán-República Centroafricana.", "Del mismo modo, a pesar de su riqueza, la zona del Golfo de Guinea enfrenta lo que suele llamarse la “maldición de los recursos naturales” o la “paradoja de la abundancia”. Los países de la zona siguen afrontando bajos índices de crecimiento y una constante pobreza como resultado de las amenazas nacionales, regionales e internacionales multifacéticas y la vulnerabilidad, como la amenaza cada vez mayor de la piratería. La inseguridad fronteriza en el Golfo de Guinea sigue exacerbándose por las actividades ilícitas que cometen en la zona grupos que la utilizan como ruta de tránsito, que amenazan y cometen delitos como la explotación de los abundantes recursos hídricos, actos de piratería y delitos conexos, y el uso del Golfo como centro de tráfico para el transbordo de estupefacientes.", "Los países de la región siempre han reconocido los grandes beneficios de una mayor seguridad transfronteriza, y han iniciado negociaciones para resolver los problemas de seguridad que surjan e impedir que vuelvan a ocurrir incidentes conexos en el futuro. No es de extrañar que el Gobierno del Gabón, en su quincuagésimo primer aniversario del Día de la Independencia el 17 de agosto, dedicara su ejército a “la participación del Gabón en la seguridad del Golfo de Guinea”. En el próximo período trabajaremos para plasmar el mandato de la UNOCA en iniciativas subregionales coherentes con el fin de facilitar la coordinación y el intercambio de información entre las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y otros asociados a fin de respaldar esas iniciativas de consolidación de la paz y diplomacia preventiva en la subregión.", "Contamos con el apoyo del Consejo para reunir la voluntad política necesaria a fin de promover la diplomacia preventiva como un instrumento eficaz para la paz y la seguridad en la subregión a través de actividades concretas con los Estados Miembros y otros asociados de la subregión, lo que demostrará el valor añadido inicial y la importancia de la UNOCA sobre el terreno.", "Tras el establecimiento de la UNOCA, y con el fin de crear sinergias en la subregión del África Central, el Secretario General transfirió las funciones de la secretaría del Comité Consultivo Permanente de las Naciones Unidas encargado de las cuestiones de seguridad en África Central del Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz y el Desarme en África en la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme al Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, funciones que asumirá la UNOCA. Por lo tanto, la UNOCA está realizando los preparativos para la 33ª reunión del Comité, prevista para este año en Bangui (República Centroafricana).", "Al asumir esa importante función, trabajaremos con los Estados Miembros, la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme, otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas y los asociados internacionales pertinentes para velar por que se apliquen los importantes logros que el Comité Consultivo Permanente ha obtenido en materia de políticas de desarme en la subregión y para facilitar la labor del Comité a la hora de abordar las cuestiones que ha incluido en su programa para una paz y una seguridad más amplias. Algunas de esas cuestiones son la amenaza creciente de la piratería y la seguridad marítima en el Golfo de Guinea, la situación y las actividades de los nómadas mbororo de la subregión del África central, el cambio climático y el conflicto, la seguridad transfronteriza, las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras, el vínculo entre la explotación ilegal de recursos naturales y el conflicto en el África central, los derechos humanos, en particular la trata y el trabajo infantil, y la mujer y la paz y la seguridad en la subregión.", "Con ese fin, me propongo organizar en mi Oficina una capacidad especial de apoyo secretarial al Comité Consultivo Permanente que se encargue de los preparativos de las reuniones bianuales del Comité y ayude a los Estados Miembros a traducir los instrumentos políticos que este ha desarrollado en iniciativas nacionales y transfronterizas para la consolidación de la paz y la prevención de los conflictos. Uno de esos instrumentos es la Convención de África Central para el control de las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras, sus municiones y todas las piezas y componentes que puedan servir para su fabricación, reparación y ensamblaje, conocida como Convención de Kinshasa, aprobada en la 31ª reunión ministerial del Comité Consultivo Permanente encargado de las cuestiones de seguridad en África Central, celebrada en Brazzaville (República del Congo) en noviembre de 2010.", "La Convención de Kinshasa representa un gran avance jurídico en la lucha contra el tráfico de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en la subregión, las cuales contribuyen a prolongar y agravar los conflictos. La Convención aporta a los Estados partes un punto de referencia común para coordinar sus esfuerzos y para poner fin a la proliferación descontrolada de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en el África central. Por lo tanto, nos proponemos trabajar con el Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz y el Desarme en África, en colaboración con el Secretario General de la CEEAC, a fin de proporcionar apoyo al Comité en el proceso de ratificación con miras a garantizar que la Convención entre en vigor y se aplique lo antes posible.", "Por último, estamos agradecidos al Consejo y a los diferentes componentes de la Secretaría por el valioso apoyo que han brindado en los esfuerzos por establecer la Oficina desde que se inauguró el 2 de marzo. En ese sentido, se ha logrado un enorme progreso, con casi el 80% de su dotación de personal incorporado y una mejora constante de su entorno operacional.", "Aun así, todavía quedan por delante más retos. No obstante, confiamos en que, con el apoyo del Consejo, podremos cumplir efectivamente nuestro mandato.", "El Presidente (habla en inglés): Agradezco en sumo grado al Sr. Moussa su exposición informativa.", "No hay más oradores inscritos en mi lista. A continuación, invito a los miembros del Consejo a celebrar consultas oficiosas a fin de proseguir nuestro examen del tema.", "Se levanta la sesión a las 10.25 horas." ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Durmić\n Brazil Mr. Fernandes \n China Mr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Mr. Osorio \n France Mr. Briens \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n Germany Mr. Huth \n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mr. DeLaurentis", "Agenda", "Central African region", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Central African region", "The President: Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Abou Moussa, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Mr. Moussa, who is joining today’s meeting via video teleconference from Libreville.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Abou Moussa.", "Mr. Moussa: First of all, I wish to take this opportunity to congratulate you, Sir, on your assumption of the Council presidency this month, and to wish you full success.", "I am honoured to address the Council in my new capacity as the first Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Central African region and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA). Sitting next to me is my senior political advisor, Mr. Paul Zoumanigui.", "I am grateful for the spontaneous and warm welcome extended to me since my arrival in Libreville on 15 June by States of the Central African subregion, the United Nations country team and in particular our hosts, the Government Gabon and its people, whose continued and generous support has greatly facilitated the successful establishment of UNOCA.", "Cognizant of the fact that responsibility for conflict prevention rests with national Governments and other local actors, as reiterated by the Security Council, we launched our work with ongoing courtesy visits to States of the region. We did so with a view to establishing contact with Government leaders, the United Nations country teams, members of diplomatic corps and representatives of regional organizations present in the subregion in order to familiarize ourselves with developments in the region and the priorities of the leaders, particularly those relating to assistance for national Governments and their local stakeholders in finding lasting solutions to their problems, and to support for the development of national and regional capacities for early warning, conflict prevention and long-term peacebuilding.", "During our visits paid to Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic, coupled with our discussions with the authorities in Libreville, we discussed issues pertaining to cooperation between UNOCA and leaders of these Member States, United Nations country teams and other international partners represented in these countries for the promotion of greater peace, security and development in the Central African subregion. Through interaction thus far with United Nations country teams, the United Nations special political missions on the ground, in particular the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic and the United Nations Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, we are laying the basis for framing an effective coordination mechanism for the United Nations presence in the subregion.", "We intend to pursue and complete the courtesy visits to Member States in the coming weeks. However, our preliminary observations from the discussions during the visits conducted thus far reconfirm the initial assessments of Member States and the United Nations that warranted the establishment of UNOCA. These include the need for enhanced United Nations support in the subregion to help Member States address security, peacebuilding and conflict-prevention challenges; the need to strengthen United Nations support for internal political dialogue within relevant Member States as a conflict-prevention measure; and the need to support the capacity-building of subregional institutions, including the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission.", "Most recently, the need to build capacity for tackling specific trans-border security challenges, such as piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the threats posed by such rebel groups as the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and Baba Ladde in the Central African Republic, has become a shared concern of the United Nations, the African Union and the subregion. UNOCA has assumed the responsibility for the coordination of the efforts of United Nations family on the ground with a view to supporting existing efforts initiated by the African Union.", "In this regard, I intend to visit Addis Ababa as soon as possible for discussions with the African Union on the issue of the LRA and other pertinent subregional matters of common concern. To this effect, we intend to convene a meeting of the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and all the resident coordinators in the subregion once we complete our courtesy visits.", "I would, in particular, like to draw the attention of the Council to the fallout of the situation in Libya, which presents new challenges for neighbouring countries in the Central African subregion. So far, reports are that, of the more than 500,000 Chadians estimated to be living in Libya prior to the current conflict, close to 80,000 had returned home by the end of July. Their return presents several challenges for Chad, particularly the loss of remittances. The vulnerability of returnees to the pervasive illicit trafficking and the circulation of small arms and light weapons by armed groups, including the LRA, are increasingly worrying for the Governments of Chad and the Central African Republic.", "It is also not inconceivable that some returnees, particularly those who may have participated in military or security operations in Libya, could be recruited as mercenaries or even as fighters for armed groups in the Central African subregion. It is feared that stolen weapons from Libya, which may be moved into the porous areas in the subregion, could fuel criminality and undermine recent developments designed to enhance cooperation and security between Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "However, the arrival of a new Resident Coordinator in Chad and the deployment of a peace and development adviser to his Office in N’djamena will be helpful in providing analyses of the evolution of the situation within Chad and along its borders with Libya, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. UNOCA will work closely with the United Nations country team to address peace consolidation opportunities that may arise.", "We are also encouraged by the prevailing climate of renewed determination of countries of the subregion to work together to foster cooperation and diplomatic ties towards addressing common threats to peace and security in the subregion. In this connection, the establishment on 23 May by Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic at their tripartite summit meeting in Khartoum of a joint mechanism to promote border security and stability and strengthen economic ties among themselves testifies to the positive posture and determination of leaders of the subregion to eliminate the persisting peace and security threats that have terrorized the people, including the activities of the Lord’s Resistance Army and other criminal groups roaming the countryside in the Chad-Sudan-Central African Republic triangle.", "In the same vein, despite its wealth, the Gulf of Guinea area is facing what is often referred to as the “natural resource curse” or the “paradox of plenty”. The countries of the area continue to face low growth and persisting poverty as a result of multifaceted domestic, regional and international threats and vulnerabilities, such as the increasing threat of piracy. Border insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea is further aggravated by the perpetration of unlawful activities in the area by groups that use the area as a transit route, posing threats and committing criminal acts such as poaching of its rich water resources, piracy and related criminal attacks, and the use of the Gulf as a trafficking hub for the transshipment of narcotics.", "The countries of the region have always recognized the wide-ranging benefits of enhanced cross-border security, and have initiated negotiations towards resolving cross-border security issues that arise and preventing the reoccurrence of related incidents in the future. It is no wonder that the Government of Gabon, at its fifty-first Independence Day celebration on 17 August, dedicated its military to “the participation of Gabon in the security of the Gulf of Guinea”. In the coming period, we will be working to translate the mandate of UNOCA into cohesive subregional initiatives to facilitate coordination and information exchange between United Nations entities and other partners towards supporting such peacebuilding and preventive diplomacy initiatives in the subregion.", "We are counting on the support of the Council in order to muster the requisite political will to promote preventive diplomacy as an effective tool for peace and security in the subregion through concrete activities with Member States and other partners in the subregion, which will demonstrate the early added value and relevance of UNOCA on the ground.", "Following the establishment of UNOCA, and with a view to building synergies within the Central Africa subregion, the Secretary-General transferred the secretariat functions of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Issues in Central Africa from the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa in the Office of Disarmament Affairs to the Department of Political Affairs, to be assumed by UNOCA. UNOCA is therefore pursuing preparations for the 33rd meeting of the Committee, to be held later this year in Bangui, the Central African Republic.", "As we assume that important function, we will work with Member States, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, other United Nations entities and relevant international partners to ensure that the Standing Advisory Committee’s important policy accomplishments in the area of disarmament in the subregion are implemented, and to facilitate the work of the Committee in addressing the items that it has listed on its agenda for greater peace and security. Those include the growing threat of piracy and maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, the situation and activities of Mbororo nomads in the Central African subregion, climate change and conflict, cross-border security, small arms and light weapons, the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources and conflict in Central Africa, human rights, in particular trafficking and child labour, and women and peace and security in the subregion.", "To that end, I intend to organize a dedicated capacity for secretarial support to the Standing Advisory Committee in my Office in order not only to tackle the preparation of the biannual meetings of the Committee, but also to help Member States to translate the policy instruments that it has developed into national and cross-border initiatives for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. Such instruments include the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their", "Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention, adopted at the 31st ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa, held in Brazzaville, the Republic of Congo, in November 2010.", "The Kinshasa Convention indeed represents a major legal breakthrough in the fight against the trafficking of small arms and light weapons in the subregion, which contribute to the prolongation and exacerbation of conflicts within the subregion. The Convention provides the States parties with a common reference point to coordinate their efforts and to end the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Central Africa. We therefore intend to work with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, in collaboration with the ECCAS Secretary-General, in lending our support to the Committee for the ratification process with a view to ensuring the Convention’s early entry into force and implementation.", "Finally, we are grateful to the Council and to the various components of the Secretariat for their valuable support of efforts to establish the Office since its inauguration on 2 March. Tremendous progress has been achieved in that regard, with almost 80 per cent of its staff complement on board and continued improvement in its operational environment.", "Yet, still more challenges lie ahead. Nevertheless, we trust that, with the Council’s support, we will certainly be able to deliver on our mandate.", "The President: I thank Mr. Moussa very much for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.25 a.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri (India) Members: Germany Mr. Huth Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Durmić Brasil Sr. Fernandes China Sr. Yang Tao Colombia Mr. Osorio United States of America Mr. DeLaurentis Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov France Mr. Briens Gabon Mr. Messone Lebanon, sir. Jaber Nigeria Ms. Ogwu Portugal Mr. Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Mr. Tatham South Africa Laher", "Agenda", "Central African Region", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Central African Region", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Abou Moussa, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Mr. Moussa, who participates in today's video conference session from Libreville.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Abou Moussa.", "Mr. Moussa: Mr. President: First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate you on your assumption of the presidency of the Council this month and to wish you every success.", "It is my honour to intervene with the Council in my new capacity as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Central African Region and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA). Next to me is my senior adviser on political affairs, sir. Paul Zoumanigui.", "I appreciate the spontaneous and warm welcome I received since my arrival in Libreville on 15 June by the States of the Central African subregion, the United Nations country team and in particular our hosts, the Government of Gabon and its people, whose continued and generous support has greatly facilitated the success of the establishment of UNOCA.", "Aware of the fact that the responsibility for preventing conflicts rests with national Governments and other local actors, as reiterated by the Security Council, we begin our work by conducting courtesy visits to the States of the region. We did so in order to establish contacts with Government leaders, United Nations country teams, members of the diplomatic corps and representatives of regional organizations present in the subregion, with the objective of familiarizing ourselves with the situation in the region and the priorities of leaders, particularly those related to assisting national Governments and local stakeholders in finding durable solutions to their problems and supporting the development of early-warning, conflict prevention and long-term peacebuilding capacities.", "During our visits to Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic, as well as the discussions we had with the authorities in Libreville, we discussed issues relating to cooperation between UNOCA and the leaders of those Member States, United Nations country teams and other international partners represented in those countries to further promote peace, security and development in the Central African subregion. Through the interaction established to date with United Nations country teams, United Nations special political missions in the field, in particular the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic and the United Nations Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, we are laying the foundation for the development of an effective coordination mechanism for the United Nations presence in the subregion.", "We intend to continue and conclude courtesy visits to Member States in the coming weeks. However, our preliminary comments from the discussions held during the visits to date reiterate the first assessments of Member States and the United Nations that justified the establishment of UNOCA. These include the need to increase United Nations support in the subregion to assist Member States in addressing security, conflict prevention and peacebuilding challenges; the need to strengthen United Nations support for internal political dialogue in relevant Member States as a conflict prevention measure; and the need to support capacity-building of subregional institutions, including the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission.", "More recently, the need to build capacity to address specific cross-border security issues, such as piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and threats posed by rebel groups such as the LRA and Baba Ladde in the Central African Republic, has become a common concern of the United Nations, the African Union and the subregion. UNOCA has assumed responsibility for coordinating the efforts of the United Nations system in the field with the objective of supporting the existing efforts initiated by the African Union.", "In this regard, I intend to visit Addis Ababa as soon as possible to hold discussions with the African Union to discuss the issue of LRA and other relevant subregional matters of common interest. To that end, we intend to convene a meeting of the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and all resident coordinators in the subregion once we have completed our courtesy visits.", "In particular, I would like to draw the Council ' s attention to the consequences of the situation in Libya, which presents new challenges for the countries neighbouring the Central African subregion. To date, it has been reported that, out of the total of more than 500,000 Chadians who according to estimates lived in Libya prior to the current conflict, about 80,000 have returned to the country by the end of July. Its return presents several problems for Chad, including loss of remittances. The vulnerability of those returning to the illicit trade in and movement of small arms and light weapons carried out by armed groups, such as the LRA, which has become widespread, is increasingly concerned by the Governments of Chad and the Central African Republic.", "Nor is it inconceivable that some returnees, mainly those who have participated in military operations or in security operations in Libya, may be recruited as mercenaries or even as combatants of armed groups in the Central African subregion. It is feared that stolen weapons in Libya, which can be introduced through the porous areas of the subregion, will fuel crime and undermine recent achievements in relation to increased cooperation and security between Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "However, the arrival of a new Resident Coordinator in Chad and the dispatch of a peace and development adviser to his Office in N ' Djamena will be useful in analysing developments in Chad and its borders with Libya, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. UNOCA will work closely with the United Nations country team to consider the potential opportunities for peacebuilding.", "We are also encouraged by the prevailing climate of renewed commitment by the countries of the subregion to work together in order to foster cooperation and diplomatic relations to address the common threats to peace and security in the subregion. In that regard, the establishment on 23 May by Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic, at its tripartite summit in Khartoum, of a joint mechanism to promote border security and stability and to strengthen the economic links between them demonstrates the positive stance and the decision of the leaders of the subregion to eliminate the constant threats to peace and security that have terrorized the population, such as the activities of the Central African Resistance Army and other criminal groups of Chad-South Africa.", "In the same way, despite its wealth, the Gulf of Guinea area is facing what is often called “the curse of natural resources” or the “paradox of abundance”. Countries in the area continue to face low growth rates and continued poverty as a result of multifaceted national, regional and international threats and vulnerability, such as the growing threat of piracy. Border insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea continues to be exacerbated by illegal activities in the area by groups using it as a transit route that threaten and commit crimes such as the exploitation of abundant water resources, piracy and related crimes, and the use of the Gulf as a trafficking centre for the trans-shipment of narcotic drugs.", "The countries of the region have always recognized the great benefits of increased cross-border security, and have initiated negotiations to resolve emerging security challenges and prevent related incidents from happening again in the future. It is no surprise that the Government of Gabon, on its fifty-first anniversary of Independence Day on 17 August, would devote its army to “the participation of Gabon in the security of the Gulf of Guinea”. In the next period, we will work to translate the mandate of UNOCA into coherent subregional initiatives to facilitate coordination and information exchange among United Nations entities and other partners to support those peacebuilding and preventive diplomacy initiatives in the subregion.", "We have the support of the Council to bring together the necessary political will to promote preventive diplomacy as an effective instrument for peace and security in the subregion through concrete activities with Member States and other partners in the subregion, which will demonstrate the initial added value and importance of UNOCA in the field.", "Following the establishment of UNOCA, and in order to create synergies in the Central African subregion, the Secretary-General transferred the functions of the secretariat of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa in the Office for Disarmament Affairs to the Department of Political Affairs, which will be the responsibility of UNOCA. UNOCA is therefore preparing for the thirty-third meeting of the Committee, scheduled for this year in Bangui, Central African Republic.", "In assuming that important role, we will work with Member States, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, other United Nations entities and relevant international partners to ensure the implementation of the important achievements that the Standing Advisory Committee has made in the area of disarmament policies in the subregion and to facilitate the work of the Committee in addressing the issues it has included in its agenda for wider peace and security. Some of these issues are the growing threat of piracy and maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, the situation and activities of the mbororo nomads in the Central African subregion, climate change and conflict, cross-border security, small arms and light weapons, the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the conflict in Central Africa, human rights, in particular trafficking and child labour, and women and peace and security in the subregion.", "To that end, I intend to organize in my Office a special capacity for secretarial support to the Standing Advisory Committee to prepare for the Committee ' s biannual meetings and to assist Member States in translating the political instruments it has developed into national and cross-border initiatives for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. One such instrument is the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components that May Be Manufacturing, Reparation and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention, adopted at the thirty-first ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa, held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, in November 2010.", "The Kinshasa Convention represents a major legal advance in the fight against the trafficking in small arms and light weapons in the subregion, which contribute to the prolongation and aggravation of conflicts. The Convention provides States parties with a common reference point for coordinating their efforts and ending the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Central Africa. We therefore intend to work with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, in collaboration with the Secretary-General of ECCAS, to provide support to the Committee in the ratification process with a view to ensuring that the Convention enters into force and applies as soon as possible.", "Finally, we are grateful to the Council and the various components of the Secretariat for their valuable support in the efforts to establish the Office since its inauguration on 2 March. In this regard, enormous progress has been made, with nearly 80 per cent of its built-in staffing and a steady improvement in its operational environment.", "Even so, more challenges remain. However, we are confident that, with the support of the Council, we will be able to effectively fulfil our mandate.", "The President: I am grateful to Mr. Moussa his briefing.", "There are no more speakers on my list. I then invite the members of the Council to hold informal consultations in order to continue our consideration of the item.", "The meeting rose at 10.25 a.m." ]

[ "Orden del día provisional de la 6601^(a) sesión del Consejo de Seguridad", "Que se celebrará el jueves, 18 de agosto de 2011, a las 10.00 horas", "1. Aprobación del orden del día.", "2. Región de África Central." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6601st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 18 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Central African region." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6601^(a) meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 18 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Central African region." ]

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[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Tema 43 del programa \n Cuestión de Chipre", "Carta de fecha 15 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Turquía ante las Naciones Unidas", "Por la presente tengo el honor de transmitir una carta de fecha 12 de agosto de 2011 dirigida a usted por el Sr. Sertaç Güven, Encargado de Negocios interino de la República Turca de Chipre Septentrional (véase el anexo).", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir el texto de la presente carta y su anexo como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 43 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Ertuğrul Apakan Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 15 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Turquía ante las Naciones Unidas", "Por la presente tengo el honor de transmitir una copia de la carta de fecha 11 de agosto de 2011 dirigida a usted por el Excmo. Sr. Derviş Eroğlu, Presidente de la República Turca de Chipre Septentrional (véase el apéndice).", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir el texto de la presente carta y su apéndice como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 43 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Sertaç Güven Encargado de Negocios interino República Turca de Chipre Septentrional", "Apéndice", "Sin duda debe usted estar en conocimiento de las recientes declaraciones oficiales de la parte grecochipriota por las que se anunció que a comienzos de octubre se iniciarán obras de perforación para la exploración de recursos naturales submarinos al sur de la isla. Al respecto, quisiera señalar a su atención lo siguiente.", "En primer lugar, deseo reiterar que la administración grecochipriota, que se autodenomina “Gobierno de la República de Chipre”, no tiene autoridad jurídica o moral para representar al pueblo turcochipriota o actuar en su nombre o en el de toda la isla. Esto también se aplica a, entre otras cosas, la firma de acuerdos bilaterales por la administración grecochipriota con los países de la región, en particular acuerdos relativos a la soberanía, como la delimitación de las zonas de jurisdicción marítima o las zonas económicas exclusivas, y a las actividades de exploración de petróleo o de gas natural en el Mediterráneo oriental, antes de que se llegue a una solución de la cuestión de Chipre.", "Los turcochipriotas, cofundadores y copartícipes políticos en condiciones de igualdad de la República de Chipre de 1960, destruida por los grecochipriotas en nombre de la unión con Grecia, que volverán a estar en igualdad política con los grecochipriotas en cualquier solución general futura, ciertamente tienen los mismos derechos y la misma jurisdicción sobre los recursos naturales de la isla, incluso en las zonas marítimas circundantes. Además, un entendimiento aceptado en las negociaciones, incluidas las del actual proceso, es que las cuestiones relativas a la delimitación de las zonas de jurisdicción marítima de la isla de Chipre quedarán a discreción del nuevo gobierno de asociación, en que turcochipriotas y grecochipriotas compartirán el poder sobre la base de la igualdad política.", "Se recordará que los intentos de la administración grecochipriota de crear un hecho consumado en el Mediterráneo oriental por medio de actos unilaterales, como la delimitación de las zonas de jurisdicción marítima y la realización de actividades de exploración de petróleo o gas natural, ya se han señalado a su atención en nuestras repetidas presentaciones. Como es sabido, la administración grecochipriota firmó acuerdos de delimitación marítima con Egipto en 2003; con el Líbano, en 2007; y con Israel, el 17 de diciembre de 2010, acuerdos respecto de los cuales tanto la parte turcochipriota como Turquía han dejado constancia de sus objeciones ante las Naciones Unidas.", "También se ha dejado constancia de que, de conformidad con el derecho internacional, la administración grecochipriota no tiene derecho a celebrar acuerdos bilaterales para delimitar las zonas de jurisdicción marítima ni a realizar estudios exploratorios o actividades de perforación en el Mediterráneo oriental. Como es sabido, la delimitación de la plataforma continental o de la zona económica exclusiva en un mar semicerrado, como el Mediterráneo oriental, solo puede efectuarse con el acuerdo de todas las partes y teniéndose en cuenta los derechos e intereses de todos los interesados con arreglo al derecho internacional.", "A pesar de lo anterior, nuestras objeciones y advertencias legítimas no han sido atendidas y la administración grecochipriota ha continuado con sus actos unilaterales, que violan los derechos legítimos del pueblo turcochipriota, impugnan las zonas de jurisdicción marítima de los países vecinos y, por tanto, amenazan con socavar la estabilidad en el Mediterráneo oriental.", "El último anuncio de la administración grecochipriota en el sentido de que el inicio de las actividades de perforación para la exploración de los recursos naturales al sur de la isla está previsto para octubre de 2011 ha elevado las provocaciones grecochipriotas de esta índole a un nivel nuevo y peligroso. En un momento en que prosiguen las negociaciones para determinar el futuro de la isla unida, esos actos unilaterales, además de aumentar la tensión, tienen graves efectos negativos sobre el proceso en curso, que afectan adversamente al ambiente entre las dos partes en la negociación. Estoy seguro de que usted estará de acuerdo en el carácter particularmente inoportuno de este acto, ya que coincide con una fase crítica, tal vez decisiva, de las negociaciones, cuando nos preparamos para la reunión tripartita que se celebrará en octubre bajo sus auspicios. Mas aun, la exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos submarinos por la administración grecochipriota no se pueden considerar o presentar como meras actividades económicas en medio del actual proceso de negociación, ya que tales actividades pueden alterar radicalmente los parámetros sobre el terreno y acabar con la actual oportunidad de llegar a una solución general.", "Deseo reiterar que las recientes acciones y declaraciones provocadoras de la parte grecochipriota arrojan serias dudas sobre su sinceridad para negociar y concretar una solución general en un futuro previsible. Espero que la comunidad internacional, consciente de lo anterior, utilice su influencia para persuadir a la parte grecochipriota a poner fin a sus actividades unilaterales en relación con los recursos naturales de la isla mientras no se llegue a una solución mutuamente convenida en la isla y a adoptar una actitud más constructiva. Proceder en sentido opuesto solo servirá para aumentar la tensión y debilitar las perspectivas de llegar a un acuerdo.", "Nosotros, la parte turcochipriota, estamos decididos a mantener nuestra postura constructiva y dirigir todos nuestros esfuerzos hacia la conclusión del proceso de negociación actual con una solución general aceptable para ambas partes. Creo sinceramente que podemos llegar a la solución definitiva de la cuestión de Chipre con su misión de buenos oficios si la parte grecochipriota decide corresponder con el mismo espíritu, en lugar de dedicarse a actividades que no son compatibles con ese objetivo.", "(Firmado) Derviş Eroğlu Presidente" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 12 August 2011, addressed to you by Mr. Sertaç Güven, Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ertuğrul Apakan Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to convey herewith a copy of the letter dated 11 August 2011 addressed to you by His Excellency Dr. Derviş Eroğlu, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see enclosure).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its enclosure could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Sertaç Güven Chargé d’affaires a.i. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", "Enclosure", "You must no doubt be aware of the recent official statements by the Greek Cypriot side announcing that drilling for underwater natural resource exploration to the south of the island will commence at the beginning of October. In this connection, I would like to bring the following to your kind attention.", "At the outset, I wish to reiterate that the Greek Cypriot administration, which purports to be the “Government of the Republic of Cyprus”, has no legal or moral right to represent or act on behalf of the Turkish Cypriot people or the whole island. This also extends, inter alia, to the signing, by the Greek Cypriot administration, of bilateral agreements with the countries of the region, particularly agreements related to sovereignty, such as the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas or exclusive economic zones and conducting oil/natural gas exploration activities in the eastern Mediterranean before the settlement of the Cyprus issue.", "As the politically equal co-founding partner of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus, destroyed by the Greek Cypriots in the name of union with Greece, the Turkish Cypriots, who will again be the political equal of the Greek Cypriots in any future comprehensive settlement, certainly have an equal right and say on the natural resources of Cyprus, including in sea areas of the island. It is also an established understanding in the negotiations, including the current process, that issues related to the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas of the island of Cyprus will be left to the discretion of the new partnership government, where Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots will share power on the basis of political equality.", "It will be recalled that the attempts by the Greek Cypriot administration to create a fait accompli in the eastern Mediterranean through unilateral acts such as delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas and the conducting of oil/natural gas exploration activities have already been brought to your attention through our repeated representations. As is known, the Greek Cypriot administration signed maritime delimitation agreements with Egypt as early as 2003, with Lebanon in 2007 and with Israel on 17 December 2010, to which both the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey have registered their objections with the United Nations.", "It has also been put on record that, in accordance with international law, the Greek Cypriot administration has no right to conclude bilateral agreements to delimit maritime jurisdiction zones, or to conduct exploratory surveys or drilling activities in the eastern Mediterranean. As known, the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone in a semi-enclosed sea, such as the eastern Mediterranean, can only be effected by the agreement of all parties and taking into account the rights and interests of all concerned under international law.", "In spite of the foregoing, our legitimate objections and warnings have gone unheeded and the Greek Cypriot administration has continued its unilateral acts, violating the legitimate rights of the Turkish Cypriot people, challenging neighbouring countries’ maritime jurisdiction areas and, thus, threatening to undermine stability in the eastern Mediterranean.", "The latest announcement by the Greek Cypriot administration to the effect that drilling for natural resource exploration to the south of the island is scheduled to start in October 2011 has taken the Greek Cypriot provocations in this respect to a new and dangerous level. At a time when negotiations are continuing to determine the future of the island together, such unilateral acts, apart from escalating tension, have a serious negative impact on the ongoing process, adversely affecting the atmosphere between the two negotiating parties. I am sure you will agree that the timing of this act is particularly unfortunate, as it coincides with a critical, perhaps even decisive, phase of the negotiations, as we prepare for the tripartite meeting in October under your auspices. What is more, exploration and exploitation of offshore hydrocarbon resources by the Greek Cypriot administration cannot be simply viewed or presented as mere economic activities amid the current negotiation process, since such activities have the potential to fundamentally change the parameters on the ground and destroy the existing window of opportunity for a comprehensive solution.", "I wish to reiterate that the recent provocative actions and statements of the Greek Cypriot side are casting serious doubts on its sincerity to negotiate and conclude a comprehensive settlement in the foreseeable future. I hope that the international community, in awareness of the above, uses its influence to convince the Greek Cypriot side to cease its unilateral activities regarding the natural resources of the island until the achievement of a mutually agreed settlement on the island and to adopt a more constructive attitude. Moving contrary to this path will serve no other purpose than increasing tension and damaging prospects for a settlement.", "As the Turkish Cypriot side, we are determined to continue our constructive stance and to direct all our efforts towards concluding the present negotiating process with a mutually acceptable comprehensive settlement. I sincerely believe that a final solution of the Cyprus question is within our reach under your mission of good offices if the Greek Cypriot side decides to reciprocate in the same spirit, instead of engaging in activity that is not compatible with this objective.", "(Signed) Derviş Eroğlu President" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Item 43 Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I hereby have the honour to transmit a letter dated 12 August 2011 addressed to you by Mr. Sertaç Güven, Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the text of the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ertuğrul Apakan Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I hereby have the honour to transmit a copy of the letter dated 11 August 2011 addressed to you by His Excellency. Mr. Derviş Eroğlu, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see enclosure).", "I should be grateful if you would have the text of the present letter and its appendix circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Sertaç Güven Chargé d ' affaires a.i. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", "Appendix", "You must undoubtedly be aware of the recent official statements of the Greek Cypriot side, which were announced that in early October, drilling works will begin for exploration of submarine natural resources south of the island. In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the following.", "First of all, I would like to reiterate that the Greek Cypriot administration, which calls itself “Government of the Republic of Cyprus”, has no legal or moral authority to represent the Turkish Cypriot people or act on its behalf or on the island as a whole. This also applies to, inter alia, the signing of bilateral agreements by the Greek Cypriot administration with the countries of the region, in particular agreements relating to sovereignty, such as the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction zones or exclusive economic zones, and the exploration of oil or natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean, before a settlement of the Cyprus question is reached.", "The Turkish Cypriots, co-founders and political partners on an equal basis in the Republic of Cyprus of 1960, destroyed by the Greek Cypriots on behalf of the union with Greece, who will again be in political equality with the Greek Cypriots in any future general solution, certainly have the same rights and jurisdiction over the island ' s natural resources, even in the surrounding maritime areas. In addition, an understanding accepted in the negotiations, including those of the current process, is that the issues relating to the delimitation of the maritime jurisdiction zones of the island of Cyprus will be at the discretion of the new partnership government, in which Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots will share power on the basis of political equality.", "It will be recalled that the efforts of the Greek Cypriot administration to create a fait consummated in the Eastern Mediterranean through unilateral acts, such as the delimitation of areas of maritime jurisdiction and the conduct of oil and natural gas exploration activities, have already been brought to your attention in our repeated presentations. As is well known, the Greek Cypriot administration signed maritime delimitation agreements with Egypt in 2003; with Lebanon in 2007; and with Israel, on 17 December 2010, agreements for which both the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey have recorded their objections to the United Nations.", "It has also been noted that, in accordance with international law, the Greek Cypriot administration has no right to enter into bilateral agreements to identify areas of maritime jurisdiction or to conduct exploratory studies or drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean. As is known, the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone in a semi-enclosed sea, such as the Eastern Mediterranean, can only be carried out with the agreement of all parties and taking into account the rights and interests of all concerned under international law.", "Despite the above, our legitimate objections and warnings have not been addressed and the Greek Cypriot administration has continued its unilateral acts, which violate the legitimate rights of the Turkish Cypriot people, challenge the maritime areas of neighbouring countries and therefore threaten to undermine stability in the eastern Mediterranean.", "The latest announcement by the Greek Cypriot administration that the start of drilling activities for the exploration of natural resources south of the island is scheduled for October 2011 has raised Greek Cypriot provocations of this kind to a new and dangerous level. At a time when negotiations continue to determine the future of the united island, such unilateral acts, in addition to increasing tension, have serious negative effects on the ongoing process, which adversely affect the environment between the two parties to the negotiation. I am sure that you will agree on the particularly inopportune nature of this act, as it coincides with a critical, perhaps decisive phase of the negotiations, when we prepare for the tripartite meeting to be held in October under your auspices. Moreover, the exploration and exploitation of submarine hydrocarbons by the Greek Cypriot administration cannot be considered or presented as mere economic activities in the midst of the current negotiation process, as such activities can radically alter the parameters on the ground and end the current opportunity to reach a general solution.", "I would like to reiterate that the recent provocative actions and statements of the Greek Cypriot side cast serious doubts about their sincerity in negotiating and realizing a comprehensive solution in the foreseeable future. I hope that the international community, aware of the above, will use its influence to persuade the Greek Cypriot side to put an end to its unilateral activities in relation to the island ' s natural resources until a mutually agreed solution is reached on the island and to adopt a more constructive attitude. Proceeding in the opposite direction will only serve to increase tension and weaken the prospects of reaching agreement.", "We, the Turkish Cypriot side, are determined to maintain our constructive stance and direct all our efforts towards the conclusion of the current negotiation process with a comprehensive solution acceptable to both parties. I sincerely believe that we can reach the final settlement of the Cyprus question with its mission of good offices if the Greek Cypriot side decides to correspond with the same spirit, rather than to engage in activities that are not compatible with that objective.", "(Signed) Derviş Eroğlu President" ]

[ "Carta de fecha 17 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Sudán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Me complace informarle de que el Ministro de Justicia de la República del Sudán ha emitido un decreto de fecha 16 de agosto de 2011 por el que se establece un comité para evaluar la situación de los derechos humanos y el cumplimiento del derecho internacional humanitario en Kordofán Meridional, tras los recientes incidentes causados por el Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés al no haber logrado su candidato ganar el puesto de gobernador estatal el pasado mes de mayo.", "El comité está integrado por todos los ministerios y órganos gubernamentales pertinentes, bajo la presidencia del relator del consejo consultivo de derechos humanos.", "El decreto autoriza al comité a reunir información y documentos y verificarlos, visitar campamentos de desplazados y entrevistar a los residentes y recabar las opiniones de las autoridades y ciudadanos locales.", "El decreto también faculta al comité a pedir asistencia a quien considere apropiado para realizar sus tareas y presentar su informe dos semanas después del inicio de su labor.", "Habiendo señalado este asunto a su atención, solicito que la presente carta se distribuya como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Representante Permanente" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "It gives me great pleasure to inform you that the Minister of Justice of the Republic of the Sudan has issued a decree, on 16 August 2011, establishing a committee to assess the human rights situation as well as compliance with the international humanitarian law in South Kordofan in the wake of the recent incidents triggered by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army after the failure of their candidate to win the post of governor of the state last May.", "The committee comprises all the relevant Ministries and Government bodies, under the chairmanship of the rapporteur of the consultative council of human rights.", "The decree authorizes the committee to collect information and documents and verify them; visit camps of displaced persons and conduct interviews with the residents; and seek the views of local authorities and citizens.", "The decree also made it possible for the committee to seek the assistance of whoever it deems appropriate to carry out its assignment and to submit its report within two weeks of the date of commencing its work.", "Having brought this matter to your kind attention, I request that the present letter be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I am pleased to inform you that the Minister of Justice of the Republic of the Sudan has issued a decree dated 16 August 2011 establishing a committee to assess the situation of human rights and compliance with international humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan, following the recent incidents caused by the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army by the failure of its candidate to win the post of state governor last May.", "The committee is composed of all relevant ministries and governmental bodies, under the chairmanship of the Human Rights Advisory Council.", "The decree authorizes the committee to collect information and documents and verify them, visit displaced persons camps and interview residents and seek the views of local authorities and citizens.", "The decree also empowers the committee to seek assistance from anyone it deems appropriate to carry out its tasks and submit its report two weeks after the commencement of its work.", "Having brought this matter to your attention, I request that the present letter be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas de 2011 sobre Promesas de Contribuciones para las Actividades de Desarrollo", "Nueva York, 8 de noviembre de 2011", "Estado de las contribuciones correspondientes a 2011 prometidas o pagadas en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas de 2010 sobre Promesas de Contribuciones para las Actividades de Desarrollo, al 30 de junio de 2011", "Nota del Secretario General", "1. El Secretario General tiene el honor de distribuir, de conformidad con el artículo 21 del reglamento de las conferencias de las Naciones Unidas sobre promesas de contribuciones, el informe sobre el estado de las contribuciones correspondientes a 2011 prometidas o pagadas en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas de 2010 sobre Promesas de Contribuciones para las Actividades de Desarrollo al 30 de junio de 2011 (véanse los anexos). Se hicieron contribuciones a los fondos y programas siguientes:", "Fondo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas", "Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (antes Fondo Fiduciario de apoyo a las actividades del Centro de Derechos Humanos)", "Fondo Fiduciario Pérez Guerrero de cooperación económica y técnica entre países en desarrollo", "Fondo Fiduciario para el socorro en casos de desastre", "Fondo Fiduciario para el fortalecimiento de la Oficina del Coordinador del Socorro de Emergencia (antes Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios)", "Fondo Fiduciario para los simposios de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Capitalización", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito y la Justicia Penal", "Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo", "Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres", "Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Cooperación Sur-Sur", "Fundación de las Naciones Unidas para el Hábitat y los Asentamientos Humanos del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos", "Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones", "Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas", "Fondo Fiduciario de las Naciones Unidas para el Envejecimiento", "Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para los pueblos indígenas", "Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las víctimas de la tortura", "Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para Problemas de Discapacidad", "Fondo Fiduciario de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para Luchar contra las Formas Contemporáneas de la Esclavitud", "Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Juventud", "2. Además de las promesas de contribuciones mencionadas se hicieron promesas de contribuciones a los siguientes fondos y programas:", "Fondo central para la acción en casos de emergencia", "Fondo Fiduciario de apoyo a las actividades de la Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo", "3. La Conferencia escuchó los anuncios de promesas de contribuciones de varios gobiernos a uno o más programas y fondos, y tomó nota de que varios gobiernos no estaban en condiciones de anunciar sus contribuciones, pero que las comunicarían al Secretario General tan pronto como pudieran hacerlo después de la clausura de la Conferencia.", "Anexo I", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Bangladesh Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "China Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "India^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Kuwait^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Singapur Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Tailandia Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo II", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (antes Fondo Fiduciario de apoyo a las actividades del Centro de Derechos Humanos) correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País\tMoneda en quese hacela contribución\tCantidad\tCantidad endólaresEE.UU. o suequivalente^(a) \n Santa Sede^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00 \n Mónaco^(c) Euro 20 000,00 28 860,03", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de pago.", "^(b) La promesa de contribuciones se hizo al Proyecto para el Protocolo facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura.", "^(c) Pagada.", "Anexo III", "Estado de las contribuciones acumuladas al Fondo Fiduciario Pérez Guerrero de cooperación económica y técnica entre países en desarrollo^(a), al 30 de junio de 2011", "A. Contribuciones pagadas", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "País\tCantidad\tFecha\tTotal \n Antigua y Barbuda 5 000,00 Enero de 2008 \n\t5000,00^(b)\tNoviembre de2008\t\n\t5 000,00\tOctubre de 2009\t15000,00\n Argelia 2 000,00 Junio de 1999 \n 10 000,00 Abril de 2004 \n 10 000,00 Enero de 2005 \n\t10 000,00\tDiciembre de2005\t\n\t10 000,00\tDiciembre de2006\t\n 10 000,00 Febrero de 2008 \n 10 000,00 Enero de 2009 \n\t10 000,00\tDiciembre de2009\t72000,00\nArgentina\t5 000,00\tFebrero de 2011\t5000,00\n Brasil 2 000,00 Marzo de 2004 \n\t20 000,00\tJunio de 2006\t22000,00\n Camerún 4 514,67 Julio de 2009 \n\t4 461,00\tAgosto de 2009\t8975,67\nChile\t5 000,00\tNoviembre de2009\t5000,00\n China 2 000,00 Febrero de 2000 \n 20 000,00 Julio de 2007 \n\t20 000,00\tDiciembre de2008\t\n 20 000,00 Junio de 2009 \n 20 000,00 Julio de 2010 \n\t20 000,00\tJunio de 2011\t102000,00\n Chipre 2 000,00 Marzo de 1999 \n 3 000,00 Enero de 2002 \n\t2 775,00\tMayo de 2003\t7775,00\n Egipto 2 000,00 Marzo de 2001 \n\t2 000,00\tSeptiembre de2002\t\n\t10 000,00\tFebrero de 2010\t14000,00\nFilipinas\t1 500,00\tSeptiembre de1999\t\n\t1 500,00\tAgosto de 2006\t3000,00\nIndia\t2 000,00\tAgosto de 1999\t2000,00\n Indonesia 2 000,00 Marzo de 2003 \n\t5 000,00\tMarzo de 2010\t7000,00\nIrán (RepúblicaIslámica del)\t3 000,00\tEnero de 1999\t\n\t10000,00^(c)\tFebrero de 2005\t\n\t10000,00^(d)\tFebrero de 2005\t\n\t10 000,00\tJulio de 2007\t33000,00\nJamaica\t1 000,00\tAbril de 2009\t1000,00\n Kuwait 3 000,00 Abril de 2003 \n\t5 000,00\tEnero de 2011\t8000,00\nLíbano\t2 000,00\tOctubre de 2009\t2000,00\nMadagascar\t1 000,00\tMayo de 2010\t1000,00\nMalasia\t2 000,00\tMayo de 1999\t2000,00\nMauricio\t500,00\tDiciembre de1997\t500,00\nNamibia\t1 000,00\tEnero de 2005\t1000,00\n Pakistán 1 000,00 Abril de 1998 \n\t5 000,00\tJunio de 2006\t6000,00\nPerú\t2 000,00\tAgosto de 2000\t2000,00\n Qatar 10 000,00 Enero de 2004 \n 10 000,00 Mayo de 2009 \n\t20 000,00\tMayo de 2010\t40000,00\nRepública PopularDemocrática de Corea\t2 000,00\tFebrero de 1999\t\n 2 000,00 Mayo de 2000 \n 2 000,00 Marzo de 2001 \n 2 000,00 Febrero de 2002 \n\t2 000,00\tDiciembre de2003\t\n 2 000,00 Octubre de 2004 \n\t2 000,00\tJunio de 2005\t14000,00\nRepública Unida deTanzanía\t5 000,00\tEnero de 2002\t5000,00\nSingapur\t2 000,00\tDiciembre de1998\t\n\t2 000,00\tSeptiembre de2001\t\n 2 000,00 Abril de 2006 \n\t2 000,00\tDiciembre de2010\t8000,00\n Sudáfrica 3 000,00 Agosto de 2001 \n\t6 765,90\tSeptiembre de2003\t\n 8 187,73 Marzo de 2005 \n\t8 016,03\tDiciembre de2006\t\n 6 666,67 Abril de 2007 \n 7 645,15 Enero de 2008 \n 5 888,54 Febrero de 2009 \n 7 822,00 Febrero de 2010 \n\t9 179,83\tFebrero de 2011\t63171,85\nSudán\t10 000,00\tEnero de 2010\t10000,00\nSuriname\t1 500,00\tNoviembre de2007\t1500,00\n Tailandia 2 000,00 Mayo de 1999 \n 2 289,90 Abril de 2002 \n\t2 000,00\tFebrero de 2004\t6289,90\n Trinidad y Tabago 4 130,07 Agosto de 2006 \n 2 000,00 Marzo de 2007 \n\t2 000,00\tSeptiembre de2009\t\n\t2 000,00\tEnero de 2010\t10130,07\nUruguay\t5 000,00\tNoviembre de2007\t\n\t5 000,00\tMayo de 2009\t10000,00\nVenezuela (RepúblicaBolivariana de)\t1 000000,00\tSeptiembre de2004\t\n\t5 000,00\tSeptiembre de2004\t\n\t5 000,00\tSeptiembre de2004\t\n\t5 000,00\tNoviembre de2004\t\n\t5 000,00\tNoviembre de2004\t\n 5 000,00 Mayo de 2005 \n 10 000,00 Octubre de 2006 \n\t10 000,00\tOctubre de 2007\t1 045000,00\nViet Nam\t2 000,00\tJunio de 2001\t2000,00\nTotal 1 535342,40", "B. Contribuciones prometidas", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "País\tCantidad\tFecha\tTotal \nMadagascar\t1 000,00\tNoviembre de2005\t1000,00\nRepública DemocráticaPopular Lao\t1 000,00\tDiciembre de2009\t1000,00\nSenegal\t10 000,00\tSeptiembre de2005\t10000,00\nZimbabwe\t1 000,00\tDiciembre de2006\t1000,00\nTotal 13000,00", "C. Contribuciones de organizaciones internacionales", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Organización Cantidad Fecha Total \nFondo Internacional deDesarrollo Agrícola\t100 000,00\tAgosto de 2007\t\n\t100 000,00\tOctubre de 2009\t200000,00\nTotal 200000,00", "^(a) De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 58 de la declaración aprobada por la 20ª reunión anual de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores del Grupo de los 77 (Nueva York, 27 de septiembre de 1996), así como en la decisión que figura en el párrafo 47 de la declaración aprobada por la 27ª reunión anual de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores del Grupo de los 77 (Nueva York, 25 de septiembre de 2003).", "^(b) Representa la contribución correspondiente a 2009.", "^(c) Representa la contribución correspondiente a 2004.", "^(d) Representa la contribución correspondiente a 2005.", "Anexo IV", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario para el socorro en casos de desastre correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo V", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario para el fortalecimiento de la Oficina del Coordinador del Socorro de Emergencia (antes Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios) correspondiente a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "China^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "Mónaco^(b) Euro 40 000,00 53 426,40", "Singapur Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo VI", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario para los simposios de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Indonesia Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo VII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Capitalización correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Andorra Dólar EE.UU. 27 000,00", "Austria Euro 1 000 000,00 1 430 615,00", "Bélgica Euro 2 200 000,00 3 147 353,00", "Bhután Ngultrum 181 800,00 3 995,00", "China Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "España Euro 1 000 000,00 1 430 615,00", "Estados Unidos de Dólar EE.UU. 1 000 000,00 América", "Liechtenstein Franco suizo 60 000,00 63 091,00", "Luxemburgo Euro 900 000,00 1 267 606,00", "Noruega Corona noruega 15 000 000,00 2 750 779,00", "Suecia Corona sueca 35 000 000,00 5 416 280,00", "Tailandia Dólar EE.UU. 2 500,00", "Total 15 669 834,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones realizadas en moneda local se han convertido a dólares de los Estados Unidos aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente en la fecha de pago. Las sumas impagadas se han convertido a dólares de los Estados Unidos aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 30 de junio de 2011.", "Anexo VIII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Recursos Costos Total ordinarios locales", "Afganistán 1 000,00 1 000,00", "Alemania 6 480 043,75 6 480 043,75", "Andorra 28 128,00 28 128,00", "Argentina 25 000,00 25 000,00", "Austria 1 991 763,50 1 991 763,50", "Bangladesh 34 500,00 34 500,00", "Barbados 4 000,00 4 000,00", "Bélgica 26 641 744,00 26 641 744,00", "Bhután 15 435,00 15 435,00", "Burundi 807,75 807,75", "Canadá 18 848 160,00 18 848 160,00", "Costa Rica 6 011,91 6 011,91", "Chile 70 000,00 70 000,00", "China 1 316 456,67 1 316 456,67", "Dinamarca 28 577 350,00 28 577 350,00", "Emiratos Árabes Unidos 100 000,00 100 000,00", "Eslovenia 31 972,00 31 972,00", "Estados Unidos de 132 250 000,00 132 250 000,00 América", "Estonia 48 820,87 48 820,87", "Federación de Rusia 1 000 000,00 1 000 000,00", "Filipinas 28 168,45 28 168,45", "Finlandia 23 239 425,00 23 239 425,00", "Francia 1 994 300,00 1 994 300,00", "Honduras 30 005,78 30 005,78", "Hungría 135 250,00 135 250,00", "Irlanda 11 549 290,00 11 549 290,00", "Islandia 688 248,90 688 248,90", "Israel 100 000,00 100 000,00", "Italia 3 708 801,00 3 708 801,00", "Japón 18 288 364,00 18 288 364,00", "Kuwait 200 000,00 200 000,00", "Lesotho 2 000,00 2 000,00", "Liechtenstein 54 230,00 54 230,00", "Luxemburgo 3 732 392,50 3 732 392,50", "Malasia 284 000,00 284 000,00", "Marruecos 84 309,12 84 309,12", "México 214 000,00 214 000,00", "Mónaco 10 685,28 10 685,28", "Montenegro 5000,00 5000,00", "Myanmar 72,79 320,31 393,10", "Nicaragua 2 000,00 2 000,00", "Noruega 75 555 000,00 75 555 000,00", "Nueva Zelandia 4 580 160,00 4 580 160,00", "Países Bajos 48 433 000,00 48 433 000,00", "Pakistán 35 700,00 35 700,00", "Panamá 26 750,00 26 750,00", "Portugal 300 000,00 300 000,00", "Qatar 100 000,00 100 000,00", "República de Corea 3 000 000,00 3 000 000,00", "Suecia 75 024 000,00 75 024 000,00", "Suiza 21 231 400,00 21 231 400,00", "Tailandia 179 929,00 67 998,50 247 927,50", "Togo 2 000,00 2 000,00", "Trinidad y Tabago 15 000,00 15 000,00", "Turquía 150 000,00 150 000,00", "Anexo IX", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito y la Justicia Penal correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 200 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo X", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Alemania Euro 13 500 000,00 18 852 838,00\n Arabia Saudita Dólar EE.UU. 2 000 000,00", "Austria Euro 5 000 000,00 6 868 132,00", "Bahrein Dólar EE.UU. 56 000", "Bélgica Euro 4 100 000,00 5 891 497,00", "Bhután Ngultrum 806 738,00 17 731,00", "Canadá Dólar 50 000 000,00 51 493 306,00 canadiense", "Costa Rica Colón 60 000 150,00 120 590,00 costarricense", "Dinamarca Corona danesa 320 000 000,00 60 445 788,00", "Emiratos Árabes Unidos Dólar EE.UU. 324 000,00", "Estonia Euro 25 565,00 35 507,00", "Finlandia Euro 20 000 000,00 28 612 303,00", "Francia Euro 16 000 000,00 22 792 023,00", "Guyana Dólar EE.UU. 40 640,00", "Irlanda Euro 8 940 000,00 12 591 549,00", "Islandia Dólar EE.UU. 197 778,00", "Italia Euro 1 500 000,00 2 112 676,00", "Kuwait Dólar EE.UU. 570 000,00", "Luxemburgo Euro 2 950 000,00 4 154 930,00", "Marruecos Dirham marroquí 1 750 000,00 214 198,00", "Noruega Corona noruega 770 000 000,00 132 461 724,00", "Nueva Zelandia Dólar 8 000 000,00 6 191 950,00 neozelandés", "Países Bajos Euro 66 300 000,00 94 849 785,00", "Pakistán Dólar EE.UU. 8 000,00", "República Árabe Siria Libra siria 1 313 115,00 28 337,00", "República de Corea Dólar EE.UU. 5 000 000,00", "Sudáfrica Rand 1 150 000,00 160 615,00 sudafricano", "Suecia Corona sueca 344 500 000,00 54 917 902,00", "Tailandia Dólar EE.UU. 865 112,00", "Total     511 874 911", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones realizadas en moneda local se han convertido a dólares de los Estados Unidos aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente en la fecha de pago. Las sumas impagadas se han convertido a dólares de los Estados Unidos aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 30 de junio de 2011.", "Anexo XI", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas a la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán Dólar EE.UU. 400,00", "Alemania^(b, e) Euro 818 000,00 1 165 242,00", "Angola Dólar EE.UU. 750,00", "Antigua y Barbuda Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Arabia Saudita Dólar EE.UU. 100 000,00", "Argentina^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 12 000,00", "Australia^(b, c) Dólar australiano 9 400 000,00 9 494 902,00", "Austria^(b, d) Euro 240 000,00 338 670,00", "Bélgica^(b) Euro 1 250 000,00 1 788 269,00", "Bhután^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Burkina Faso Franco CFA 2 000 000,00 3 620,00", "Canadá^(b) Dólar canadiense 10 000 000,00 10 289 124,00", "Congo Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Côte d’Ivoire Franco CFA 10 000 000,00 19 954,00", "Chile^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 23 000,00", "China^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 60 000,00", "Chipre^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 7 400,00", "Dinamarca^(b) Corona danesa 20 000 000,00 3 777 862,00", "Dominica Dólar EE.UU. 475,00", "Egipto Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Emiratos Árabes Dólar EE.UU. 50 000,00 Unidos^(b)", "Eritrea Dólar EE.UU. 200,00", "Eslovenia Dólar EE.UU. 38 503,00", "España^(f) Euro 18 500 000,00 25 412 088,00", "Estados Unidos de Dólar EE.UU. 6 000 000,00 América", "ex República Yugoslava Dólar EE.UU. 3 500,00 de Macedonia", "Finlandia Euro 3 000 000,00 4 273 504,00", "Francia^(b) Euro 200 000,00 284 900,00", "Gabón^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 150 000,00", "Ghana Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "Granada Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Grecia Dólar EE.UU. 35 000,00", "Guinea-Bissau Dólar EE.UU. 100,00", "Guyana^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Honduras^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "India^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 021 043,00", "Indonesia Dólar EE.UU. 70 000,00", "Iraq Dólar EE.UU. 100,00", "Irlanda^(b) Euro 1 200 000,00 1 690 141,00", "Islandia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 359 022,00", "Italia Euro 700 000,00 997 151,00", "Jamaica Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "Japón Dólar EE.UU. 446 808,00", "Jordania Dólar EE.UU. 1 200,00", "Kuwait^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00", "Liberia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Liechtenstein^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 79 482,00", "Luxemburgo^(b) Euro 1 005 000,00 1 415 493,00", "Malasia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Marruecos^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Mauricio^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Montenegro Euro 5 000,00 6 570,00", "Namibia Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Nigeria Dólar EE.UU. 500 000,00", "Noruega Corona noruega 80 000 000,00 15 000 000,00", "Nueva Zelandia^(b) Dólar neozelandés 2 500 000,00 1 908 397,00", "Omán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Países Bajos Euro 4 000 000,00 5 925 926,00", "Panamá^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 15 000,00", "Paraguay Dólar EE.UU. 250,00", "Perú Dólar EE.UU. 2 500,00", "Qatar Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "República Árabe Libra siria 515 000,00 11 114,00 Siria^(b)", "República de Corea^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 3 000 000,00", "República Unida de Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00 Tanzanía", "Senegal Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Serbia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "Sierra Leona Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Singapur Dólar EE.UU. 50 000,00", "Suecia^(b, g) Corona sueca 52 000 000,00 8 322 663,00", "Suriname Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Tailandia Dólar EE.UU. 13 000,00", "Timor-Leste Dólar EE.UU. 15 000,00", "Togo^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Trinidad y Tabago Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Túnez^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 12 500,00", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 250 000,00", "Ucrania^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Viet Nam Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en moneda local se han convertido a dólares de los Estados Unidos aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de noviembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de pago.", "^(b) Pagada.", "^(c) 7.355.865,00 dólares pagados al 30 de junio de 2011.", "^(c) 281.690,00 dólares pagados al 30 de junio de 2011.", "^(e) 571.171,00 dólares pagados al 30 de junio de 2011.", "^(f) Pendiente de aprobación parlamentaria.", "^(g) 4.048.583,00 dólares pagados al 30 de junio de 2011.", "Anexo XII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Bangladesh Dólar EE.UU. 653,00\n Bhután^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 450,00", "Federación de Dólar EE.UU. 900 000,00 Rusia^(b)", "India^(c) Dólar EE.UU. 100 000,00", "Kuwait Dólar EE.UU. 200 000,00", "Mongolia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Singapur^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 40 000,00", "Tailandia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "^(c) Se recibieron 4.415 dólares al 30 de junio de 2011.", "Anexo XIII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Cooperación Sur-Sur correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "A. Contribuciones de países", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente", "Argentina Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00\n Bangladesh Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "China Dólar EE.UU. 900 000,00", "República de Corea Dólar EE.UU. 2 200 887,24", "Suriname Dólar EE.UU. 100 000,00", "B. Contribuciones de organizaciones internacionales", "Organización Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente", "Organismo Alemán de Dólar EE.UU. 47 551,71 Cooperación Internacional\n Fondo de la OPEP para el Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00 Desarrollo Internacional", "Anexo XIV", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas a la Fundación de las Naciones Unidas para el Hábitat y los Asentamientos Humanos del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00\n Federación de Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00 Rusia^(b, c)", "India Dólar EE.UU. 80 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "^(c) Las contribuciones adicionales prometidas por Kuwait (347.705 dólares) y la Federación de Rusia (390.000 dólares) se asignaron a otras actividades del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat).", "Anexo XV", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Indonesia Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00\n Kuwait^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00", "Santa Sede Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Tailandia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo XVI", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País o región Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Alemania Euro 15 600 000,00 22 003 862,00", "Angola Dólar EE.UU. 15 000,00", "Antigua y Barbuda Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Argentina Dólar EE.UU. 2 500,00", "Armenia Dólar EE.UU. 2 500,00", "Australia Dólar australiano 10 500 000,00 10 388 205,00", "Austria Euro 600 000,00 824 176,00", "Bahamas Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Bangladesh Dólar EE.UU. 25 000,00", "Barbados Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Bélgica Euro 4 500 000,00 6 437 768,00", "Benin Dólar EE.UU. 4 000,00", "Botswana Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Burkina Faso Franco CFA 4 000 000,00 8 066,00", "Burundi Dólar EE.UU. 769,00", "Camboya Dólar EE.UU. 8 264,00", "Canadá Dólar canadiense 17 350 000,00 17 868 177,00", "Comoras Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Congo Franco CFA 25 000 000,00 55 496,00", "Costa Rica Colón 1 447 103,00 2 908,00 costarricense", "Côte d’Ivoire Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "China Dólar EE.UU. 1 050 000,00", "Dinamarca Corona danesa 205 700 000,00 37 794 985,00", "Djibouti Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Ecuador Dólar EE.UU. 4 000,00", "Emiratos Árabes Unidos Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Eritrea Dólar EE.UU. 2 000,00", "Estados Unidos de Dólar EE.UU. 40 000 000,00 América", "Estonia Euro 25 565,00 35 507,00", "ex República Yugoslava Dólar EE.UU. 2 500,00 de Macedonia", "Federación de Rusia Dólar EE.UU. 300 000,00", "Fiji Dólar de Fiji 8 449,00 4 827,00", "Finlandia Euro 28 500 000,00 40 772 532,00", "Gabón Dólar EE.UU. 10 016,00", "Gambia Dalasi 300 000,00 11 009,00", "Georgia Dólar EE.UU. 3 500,00", "Ghana Dólar EE.UU. 12 500,00", "Guinea Dólar EE.UU. 5 808,00", "Guinea-Bissau Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Guinea Ecuatorial Franco CFA 19 754 315,00 41 029,00", "Guyana Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "India Dólar EE.UU. 500 000,00", "Indonesia Rupia indonesia 350 000 000,00 40 721,00", "Irlanda Euro 3 050 000,00 4 295 775,00", "Islandia Dólar EE.UU. 71 592,00", "Islas Cook Dólar neozelandés 1 500,00 1 145,00", "Islas Marshall Dólar EE.UU. 1 500,00", "Islas Salomón Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Italia Euro 300 000,00 412 088,00", "Japón Dólar EE.UU. 25 438 946,00", "Kenya Chelín keniano 800 000,00 9 610,00", "Kiribati Dólar EE.UU. 195,00", "Kuwait Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Liberia Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Luxemburgo Euro 2 650 000,00 3 732 394,00", "Malasia Dólar EE.UU. 200 000,00", "Maldivas Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Malí Franco CFA 3 000 000,00 6 515,00", "Mauritania Ouguiya 1 000 000,00 3 610,00", "México Peso mexicano 1 183 220,00 100 785,00", "Micronesia (Estados Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00 Federados de)", "Mónaco Dólar EE.UU. 20 035,00", "Mongolia Dólar EE.UU. 4 000,00", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000,00 242,00", "Níger Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Nigeria Dólar EE.UU. 31 167,00", "Noruega Corona noruega 332 000 000,00 57 113 367,00", "Nueva Zelandia Dólar EE.UU. 4 573 775,00", "Omán Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Países Bajos Euro 42 538 000,00 60 855 508,00", "Panamá Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Papua Nueva Guinea Kina 10 000,00 4 367,00", "Reino Unido de Gran Libra esterlina 20 000 000,00 32 894 737,00 Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte", "República Árabe Siria Libra siria 520 000,00 11 221,00", "República de Corea Dólar EE.UU. 100 000,00", "Rwanda Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "Samoa Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Santo Tomé y Príncipe Dobra 300 000 000,00 17 607,00", "Sierra Leona Leone 30 000 000,00 6 977,00", "Singapur Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Sudáfrica Rand 632 000,00 91 303,00", "Suecia Corona sueca 445 500 000,00 70 813 208,00", "Suiza Franco suizo 14 000 000,00 14 861 996,00", "Swazilandia Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Tailandia Dólar EE.UU. 96 000,00", "Togo Franco CFA 6 000 000,00 13 030,00", "Tokelau Dólar de Fiji 8 449,00 4 828,00", "Tonga Dólar EE.UU. 100,00", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 150 000,00", "Tuvalu Dólar EE.UU. 3 000,00", "Uganda Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Uruguay Dólar EE.UU. 5 000,00", "Uzbekistán Dólar EE.UU. 1 211,00", "Vanuatu Dólar EE.UU. 1 049,00", "Yemen Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "Total 454 339 009,00", "Nota: Los compromisos de contribuciones correspondientes a 2011 de Botswana, las Comoras, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, las Islas Marshall, Micronesia (Estados Federados de), Omán, Rwanda, Sudáfrica, Suiza, Uganda y Vanuatu se recibieron y consignaron en 2010.", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones impagadas se calculan aplicando el tipo de cambio de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de junio de 2011.", "Anexo XVII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario de las Naciones Unidas para el Envejecimiento correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace la contribución dólares EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo XVIII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para los pueblos indígenas correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Santa Sede^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo XIX", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las víctimas de la tortura correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Kuwait^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo XX", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para Problemas de Discapacidad correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo XXI", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para Luchar contra las Formas Contemporáneas de la Esclavitud correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Qatar Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 6 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo XXII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas a los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en hace dólares la contribución EE.UU. o su equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Alemania Dólar EE.UU. 199 618,00", "Alemania Euro 60 000,00 83 333,33", "Alemania^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 400 000,00", "Alemania^(b) Euro 1 705 2 362 394,25 000,00", "Alemania^(c) Euro 18 564,40 26 580,51", "Argentina^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 200 000,00", "Australia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 642 540,00", "Bélgica Dólar EE.UU. 2 252 760,00", "Bélgica Euro 350 000,00 486 111,11", "Brasil^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 600 000,00", "China^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 30 000,00", "Dinamarca^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 613 487,00", "España^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 480,31", "España^(b) Euro 1 640 2 284 192,00 000,00", "Estados Unidos de Dólar EE.UU. 100 000,00 América", "Finlandia^(b) Euro 770 961,19 1 184 285,29", "Francia Euro 490 000,00 680 555,55", "Italia^(b) Euro 500 000,00 724 550,00", "Japón^(b) 3 013 199,93", "Luxemburgo^(b) Euro 400 000,00 580 120,00", "Micronesia^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 50 000,00", "Noruega^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 25 446,00", "Panamá^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "República Árabe Libra siria 225 000,00 4 855,42 Siria^(b)", "República de Corea Dólar EE.UU. 300 000,00", "Suecia Corona sueca 4 000 595 858,78 000,00", "Suiza Franco suizo 800 000,00 813 008,00", "Suiza^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 299 975,00", "Total 17 741 342,48", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de noviembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "^(c) Esta promesa fue hecha antes del 30 de junio de 2011 pero la contribución se recibió el 8 de julio de 2011. Por tanto, la contribución se consigna al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo XXIII", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Juventud correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Turquía Dólar EE.UU. 10 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "Anexo XXIV", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo central para la acción en casos de emergencia correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "Afganistán^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500,00", "Bhután^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 1 500,00", "China^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 500 000,00", "Kuwait^(b) Dólar EE.UU. 300 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia.", "^(b) Pagada.", "Anexo XXV", "Estado de las contribuciones prometidas o pagadas al Fondo Fiduciario de apoyo a las actividades de la Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo correspondientes a 2011, al 30 de junio de 2011", "País Moneda en que se Cantidad Cantidad en dólares hace EE.UU. o su la contribución equivalente^(a)", "China Dólar EE.UU. 20 000,00", "^(a) Las promesas de contribuciones en monedas nacionales se consignan aplicando el tipo de cambio operacional de las Naciones Unidas vigente al 1 de diciembre de 2010. Las contribuciones se consignan al tipo de cambio vigente en la fecha de la transferencia." ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate, in accordance with rule 21 of the rules of procedure for United Nations pledging conferences, a statement of contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011 (see annexes). Contributions were made to the following funds and programmes:", "Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights)", "Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries", "Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance", "Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)", "Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund", "United Nations Development Programme", "United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "United Nations Environment Programme", "United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation", "United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "United Nations Population Fund", "United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability", "United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "United Nations Volunteers", "United Nations Youth Fund", "2. Contributions other than those to the funds and programmes listed above were pledged to:", "Central Emergency Response Fund", "Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "3. The Conference heard the announcement of pledges by a number of Governments to one or more programmes and funds, and took note of the fact that several Governments were not in a position to announce their contributions but proposed to communicate their announcement of such contributions to the Secretary-General as soon as they were in a position to do so after the close of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Thailand United States 30 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex II", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(c) Euro 20 000.00 28 860.03", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of payment.", "^(b) Pledge was made towards the Project for the Optional Protocol of the Convention against Torture.", "^(c) Paid.", "Annex III", "Cumulative contributions to the Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries^(a) as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions paid", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \n Algeria 2 000.00 June 1999 \n 10 000.00 April 2004 \n 10 000.00 January 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2006 \n 10 000.00 February 2008 \n 10 000.00 January 2009 \n\t10 000.00\tDecember 2009\t72000.00\n Antigua and Barbuda 5 000.00 January 2008 \n\t5000.00^(b)\tNovember 2008\t\n\t5 000.00\tOctober 2009\t15000.00\nArgentina\t5 000.00\tFebruary 2011\t5000.00\n Brazil 2 000.00 March 2004 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2006\t22000.00\n Cameroon 4 514.67 July 2009 \n\t4 461.00\tAugust 2009\t8975.67\nChile\t5 000.00\tNovember 2009\t5000.00\n China 2 000.00 February 2000 \n 20 000.00 July 2007 \n 20 000.00 December 2008 \n 20 000.00 June 2009 \n 20 000.00 July 2010 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2011\t102000.00\n Cyprus 2 000.00 March 1999 \n 3 000.00 January 2002 \n\t2 775.00\tMay 2003\t7775.00\nDemocratic People’sRepublic of Korea\t2 000.00\tFebruary 1999\t\n 2 000.00 May 2000 \n 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 February 2002 \n 2 000.00 December 2003 \n 2 000.00 October 2004 \n\t2 000.00\tJune 2005\t14000.00\n Egypt 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 September 2002 \n\t10 000.00\tFebruary 2010\t14000.00\nIndia\t2 000.00\tAugust 1999\t2000.00\n Indonesia 2 000.00 March 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tMarch 2010\t7000.00\n Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3 000.00 January 1999 \n\t10000.00^(c)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10000.00^(d)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10 000.00\tJuly 2007\t33000.00\nJamaica\t1 000.00\tApril 2009\t1000.00\n Kuwait 3 000.00 April 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2011\t8000.00\nLebanon\t2 000.00\tOctober 2009\t2000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tMay 2010\t1000.00\nMalaysia\t2 000.00\tMay 1999\t2000.00\n Mauritius 500.00 December 1997 500.00 \nNamibia\t1 000.00\tJanuary 2005\t1000.00\n Pakistan 1 000.00 April 1998 \n\t5 000.00\tJune 2006\t6000.00\nPeru\t2 000.00\tAugust 2000\t2000.00\n Philippines 1 500.00 September 1999 \n\t1 500.00\tAugust 2006\t3000.00\n Qatar 10 000.00 January 2004 \n 10 000.00 May 2009 \n\t20 000.00\tMay 2010\t40000.00\n Singapore 2 000.00 December 1998 \n 2 000.00 September 2001 \n 2 000.00 April 2006 \n\t2 000.00\tDecember 2010\t8000.00\n South Africa 3 000.00 August 2001 \n 6 765.90 September 2003 \n 8 187.73 March 2005 \n 8 016.03 December 2006 \n 6 666.67 April 2007 \n 7 645.15 January 2008 \n 5 888.54 February 2009 \n 7 822.00 February 2010 \n\t9 179.83\tFebruary 2011\t63171.85\nSudan\t10 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10000.00\nSuriname\t1 500.00\tNovember 2007\t1500.00\n Thailand 2 000.00 May 1999 \n 2 289.90 April 2002 \n\t2 000.00\tFebruary 2004\t6289.90\n Trinidad and Tobago 4 130.07 August 2006 \n 2 000.00 March 2007 \n 2 000.00 September 2009 \n\t2 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10130.07\nUnited Republic ofTanzania\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2002\t5000.00\n Uruguay 5 000.00 November 2007 \n\t5 000.00\tMay 2009\t10000.00\nVenezuela (BolivarianRepublic of)\t1 000000.00\tSeptember 2004\t\n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 May 2005 \n 10 000.00 October 2006 \n\t10 000.00\tOctober 2007\t1 045000.00\nViet Nam\t2 000.00\tJune 2001\t2000.00\nTotal 1 535342.40", "B. Contributions pledged", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \nLao People’s DemocraticRepublic\t1 000.00\tDecember 2009\t1000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tNovember 2005\t1000.00\nSenegal\t10 000.00\tSeptember 2005\t10000.00\nZimbabwe\t1 000.00\tDecember 2006\t1000.00\nTotal 13000.00", "C. Contributions by international organizations", "(In United States dollars)", "Organization Amount Date Total \nInternational Fund forAgricultural Development\t100000.00\tAugust 2007\t\n\t100000.00\tOctober 2009\t200000.00\nTotal 200000.00", "^(a) Pursuant to the provisions contained in para. 58 of the declaration adopted by the twentieth annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 27 September 1996) as well as the decision contained in para. 47 of the declaration adopted by the twenty-seventh annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 25 September 2003).", "^(b) Represents contribution for 2009.", "^(c) Represents contribution for 2004.", "^(d) Represents contribution for 2005.", "Annex IV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex V", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(b) Euro 40 000.00 53 426.40", "Singapore United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex VI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Indonesia United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex VII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Capital Development Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Andorra United States 27 000.00 dollar", "Austria Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Belgium Euro 2 200 000.00 3 147 353.00", "Bhutan Ngultrum 181 800.00 3 995.00", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein Swiss franc 60 000.00 63 091.00", "Luxembourg Euro 900 000.00 1 267 606.00", "Norway Norwegian kroner 15 000 000.00 2 750 779.00", "Spain Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 35 000 000.00 5 416 280.00", "Thailand United States 2 500.00 dollar", "United States of United States 1 000 000.00 America dollar", "Total 15 669 834.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex VIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Children’s Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Regular resource Local cost Total", "Afghanistan 1 000.00 1 000.00", "Andorra 28 128.00 28 128.00", "Argentina 25 000.00 25 000.00", "Austria 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "Bangladesh 34 500.00 34 500.00", "Barbados 4 000.00 4 000.00", "Belgium 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "Bhutan 15 435.00 15 435.00", "Burundi 807.75 807.75", "Canada 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "Chile 70 000.00 70 000.00", "China 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "Costa Rica 6 011.91 6 011.91", "Denmark 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "Estonia 48 820.87 48 820.87", "Finland 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "France 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "Germany 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "Honduras 30 005.78 30 005.78", "Hungary 135 250.00 135 250.00", "Iceland 688 248.90 688 248.90", "Ireland 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "Israel 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Italy 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "Japan 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "Kuwait 200 000.00 200 000.00", "Lesotho 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Liechtenstein 54 230.00 54 230.00", "Luxembourg 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "Malaysia 284 000.00 284 000.00", "Mexico 214 000.00 214 000.00", "Monaco 10 685.28 10 685.28", "Montenegro 5000.00 5000.00", "Morocco 84 309.12 84 309.12", "Myanmar 72.79 320.31 393.10", "Netherlands 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "New Zealand 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "Nicaragua 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Norway 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "Pakistan 35 700.00 35 700.00", "Panama 26 750.00 26 750.00", "Philippines 28 168.45 28 168.45", "Portugal 300 000.00 300 000.00", "Qatar 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Republic of Korea 3 000 000.00 3 000 000.00", "Russian Federation 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "Slovenia 31 972.00 31 972.00", "Sweden 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "Switzerland 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "Thailand 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "Togo 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Trinidad and 15 000.00 15 000.00 Tobago", "Turkey 150 000.00 150 000.00", "United Arab 100 000.00 100 000.00 Emirates", "United States of 132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00 America", "Annex IX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 200 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex X", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Development Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Austria Euro 5 000 000.00 6 868 132.00", "Bahrain United States 56 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "Bhutan Bhutan ngultrum 806 738.00 17 731.00", "Canada Canadian dollar 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "Costa Rica Costa Rican colón 60 000 150.00 120 590.00", "Denmark Danish kroner 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Finland Euro 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "France Euro 16 000 000.00 22 792 023.00", "Germany Euro 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "Guyana United States 40 640.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 197 778.00 dollar", "Ireland Euro 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "Italy Euro 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "Kuwait United States 570 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "Morocco Moroccan dirham 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "Netherlands Euro 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "New Zealand New Zealand 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian kroner 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "Pakistan United States 8 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 5 000 000.00 dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 2 000 000.00 dollar", "South Africa South Africa rand 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 1 313 115.00 28 337.00 Republic", "Thailand United States 865 112.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 324 000.00 Emirates dollar", "Total     511 874 911.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 400.00 dollar", "Angola United States 750.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 12 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b,c) Australian dollar 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "Austria^(b,d) Euro 240 000.00 338 670.00", "Belgium^(b) Euro 1 250 000.00 1 788 269.00", "Bhutan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "Canada^(b) Canadian dollar 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "Chile^(b) United States 23 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 60 000.00 dollar", "Congo United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Côte d’Ivoire CFA franc 10 000 000.00 19 954.00", "Cyprus^(b) United States 7 400.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) Danish krone 20 000 000.00 3 777 862.00", "Dominica United States 475.00 dollar", "Egypt United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Eritrea United States 200.00 dollar", "Finland Euro 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "France^(b) Euro 200 000.00 284 900.00", "Gabon^(b) United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Germany^(b,e) Euro 818 000.00 1 165 242.00", "Ghana United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Greece United States 35 000.00 dollar", "Grenada United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 100.00 dollar", "Guyana^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Honduras^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Iceland^(b) United States 359 022.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 1 021 043.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 70 000.00 dollar", "Iraq United States 100.00 dollar", "Ireland^(b) Euro 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "Italy Euro 700 000.00 997 151.00", "Jamaica United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Japan United States 446 808.00 dollar", "Jordan United States 1 200.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Liberia^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein^(b) United States 79 482.00 dollar", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00", "Malaysia^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Mauritius^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Montenegro Euro 5 000.00 6 570.00", "Morocco^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Namibia United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Netherlands Euro 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "New Zealand^(b) New Zealand 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 80 000 000.00 15 000 000.00", "Oman^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Paraguay United States 250.00 dollar", "Peru United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Qatar United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Republic of United States 3 000 000.00 Korea^(b) dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Senegal United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Serbia^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Sierra Leone United States 500.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Slovenia United States 38 503.00 dollar", "Spain^(f) Euro 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00", "Suriname United States 500.00 dollar", "Sweden^(b,g) Swedish krona 52 000 000.00 8 322 663.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 515 000.00 11 114.00 Republic^(b)", "Thailand United States 13 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 3 500.00 Republic of dollar Macedonia", "Timor-Leste United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Togo^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Trinidad and Tobago United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Tunisia^(b) United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 250 000.00 dollar", "Ukraine^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 50 000.00 Emirates^(b) dollar", "United Republic of United States 5 000.00 Tanzania dollar", "United States of United States 6 000 000.00 America dollar", "Viet Nam United States 5 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of the payment.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $7,355,865.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(d) $281,690.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(e) $571,171.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(f) Pending parliamentary approval.", "^(g) $4,048,583.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Environment Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 653.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 450.00 dollar", "India^(c) United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Mongolia^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 900 000.00 Federation^(b) dollar", "Singapore^(b) United States 40 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $4,415 was received as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions by countries", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "Argentina United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 900 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 2 200 887.24 dollar", "Suriname United States 100 000.00 dollar", "B. Contributions by international organizations", "Organization Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "German Agency for United States 47 551.71 International dollar Cooperation", "OPEC Fund for United States 20 000.00 International dollar Development", "Annex XIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "India United States 80 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 10 000.00 Federation^(b,c) dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) Additional pledges made by Kuwait ($347,705) and the Russian Federation ($390,000) were earmarked towards other activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Annex XV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XVI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Population Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country or area Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 500.00 dollar", "Angola United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Armenia United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Australia Australian 10 500 10 388 205.00 dollar 000.00", "Austria Euro 600 000.00 824 176.00", "Bahamas United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 25 000.00 dollar", "Barbados United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "Benin United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Botswana United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "Burundi United States 769.00 dollar", "Cambodia United States 8 264.00 dollar", "Canada Canadian dollar 17 350 17 868 177.00 000.00", "China United States 1 050 000.00 dollar", "Comoros United States 500.00 dollar", "Congo CFA franc 25 000 55 496.00 000.00", "Cook Islands New Zealand 1 500.00 1 145.00 dollar", "Costa Rica Costa Rican 1 447 103.00 2 908.00 colón", "Côte d’Ivoire United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Denmark Danish krone 205 700 37 794 985.00 000.00", "Djibouti United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Ecuador United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Equatorial Guinea CFA franc 19 754 41 029.00 315.00", "Eritrea United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Fiji Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 827.00", "Finland Euro 28 500 40 772 532.00 000.00", "Gabon United States 10 016.00 dollar", "Gambia Dalasi 300 000.00 11 009.00", "Georgia United States 3 500.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 15 600 22 003 862.00 000.00", "Ghana United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Guinea United States 5 808.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Guyana United States 500.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 71 592.00 dollar", "India United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia Indonesian 350 000 40 721.00 rupiah 000.00", "Ireland Euro 3 050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "Italy Euro 300 000.00 412 088.00", "Japan United States 25 438 946.00 dollar", "Kenya Kenya shilling 800 000.00 9 610.00", "Kiribati United States 195.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Liberia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "Malaysia United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Maldives United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Mali CFA franc 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "Marshall Islands United States 1 500.00 dollar", "Mauritania Ouguiya 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "Mexico Mexican peso 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "Micronesia (Federated United States 1 000.00 States of) dollar", "Monaco United States 20 035.00 dollar", "Mongolia United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242.00", "Netherlands Euro 42 538 60 855 508.00 000.00", "New Zealand United States 4 573 775.00 dollar", "Niger United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 31 167.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "Oman United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Panama United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Papua New Guinea Kina 10 000.00 4 367.00", "Republic of Korea United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Russian Federation United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Rwanda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Samoa United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Sao Tome and Principe Dobra 300 000 17 607.00 000.00", "Sierra Leone Leone 30 000 6 977.00 000.00", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Solomon Islands United States 1 000.00 dollar", "South Africa Rand 632 000.00 91 303.00", "Swaziland United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 445 500 70 813 208.00 000.00", "Switzerland Swiss franc 14 000 14 861 996.00 000.00", "Syrian Arab Republic Syrian pound 520 000.00 11 221.00", "Thailand United States 96 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 2 500.00 Republic of Macedonia dollar", "Togo CFA franc 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "Tokelau Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 828.00", "Tonga United States 100.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Tuvalu United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Uganda United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Arab Emirates United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Kingdom of Great Pound sterling 20 000 32 894 737.00 Britain and Northern 000.00 Ireland", "United States of America United States 40 000 000.00 dollar", "Uruguay United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Uzbekistan United States 1 211.00 dollar", "Vanuatu United States 1 049.00 dollar", "Yemen United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Total 454 339 009.00", "Note: Contribution commitments for 2011 from Botswana, Comoros, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Oman, Rwanda, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda and Vanuatu were received and recorded in 2010.", "^(a) All unpaid pledges are calculated using the United Nations rate of exchange effective as at 1 June 2011.", "Annex XVII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XVIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XIX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Qatar United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 6 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Volunteers for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b) United States 642 540.00 dollar", "Belgium United States 2 252 760.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 350 000.00 486 111.11", "Brazil^(b) United States 600 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) United States 613 487.00 dollar", "Finland^(b) Euro 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "France Euro 490 000.00 680 555.55", "Germany^(b) Euro 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25", "Germany^(b) United States 400 000.00 dollar", "Germany United States 199 618.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 60 000.00 83 333.33", "Germany^(c) Euro 18 564.40 26 580.51", "Italy^(b) Euro 500 000.00 724 550.00", "Japan^(b) 3 013 199.93", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 400 000.00 580 120.00", "Micronesia^(b) United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Norway^(b) United States 25 446.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Spain^(b) Euro 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00", "Spain^(b) United States 480.31 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "Switzerland^(b) United States 299 975.00 dollar", "Switzerland Swiss franc 800 000.00 813 008.00", "Syrian Arab Republic^(b) Syrian pound 225 000.00 4 855.42", "United States of America United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Total 17 741 342.48", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) This pledge was made before 30 June 2011 but the contribution was received on 8 July 2011. Therefore, this contribution is recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Youth Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Central Emergency Response Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 300 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational exchange rate in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the prevailing exchange rate as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XXV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "China United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer." ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Status of contributions for 2011 pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities as at 30 June 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate, in accordance with rule 21 of the rules of procedure of the United Nations pledging conferences, the report on the status of contributions for 2011 pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities as at 30 June 2011 (see annexes). Contributions were made to the following funds and programmes:", "Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Supporting the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights)", "Perez Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries", "Trust Fund for Disaster Relief", "Trust Fund for the Strengthening of the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)", "Trust Fund for the Symposiums of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "United Nations Children ' s Fund", "United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund", "United Nations Development Programme", "United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "United Nations Environment Programme", "United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation", "United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "United Nations Population Fund", "United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Peoples", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability", "United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "United Nations Volunteer", "United Nations Youth Fund", "2. In addition to the above-mentioned pledges, pledges were made to the following funds and programmes:", "Central Emergency Response Fund", "Trust Fund for Supporting the Activities of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "3. The Conference heard announcements of pledges from a number of Governments to one or more programmes and funds, and noted that a number of Governments were not in a position to announce their contributions, but would communicate them to the Secretary-General as soon as they could do so after the closure of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States dollar 1 000.00", "China United States dollar 30 000.00", "India^(b) U.S. Dollar 3 000,00", "Kuwait^(b) United States dollar 5 000,00", "Singapore U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Thailand United States dollar 30 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex II", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Coin in which the contribution is made Quantity endolarsUS or suequivalente^(a) Holy See^(b) U.S. dollar 000.00 Monaco^(c) Euro 20 000,00 28 860,03", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of payment.", "^(b) The pledge was made to the Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture.", "^(c) Paid.", "Annex III", "Status of contributions accumulated to the Perez Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries^(a) as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions paid", "(United States dollars)", "10,00 April 2009", "B. Contributions pledged", "(United States dollars)", "Country Quantity Total Madagascar 1 000,00 November 2005 1000,00 Democratic RepublicPopular Lao 1 000,00 December 2009 1000,00 Senegal 10 000,00 September 2005 10000,00 Zimbabwe 1 000,00 December2006 1000,00 Total 13000,00", "C. Contributions from international organizations", "(United States dollars)", "Organization Quantity Date Total International Fund for Agricultural Development 100 000,00 August 2007 100 000,00 October 2009 200000,00 Total 200000,00", "^(a) In accordance with paragraph 58 of the declaration adopted by the twentieth annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 27 September 1996), as well as the decision contained in paragraph 47 of the declaration adopted by the twenty-seventh annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 25 September 2003).", "^(b) Represents the 2009 contribution.", "^(c) Represents 2004 contribution.", "^(d) Represents the 2005 contribution.", "Annex IV", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex V", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the Strengthening of the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "China^(b) United States dollar 30 000.00", "Monaco^(b) Euro 40 000,00 53 426.40", "Singapore United States dollar 20 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex VI", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the Symposiums of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Indonesia United States dollar 20 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex VII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Capital Development Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Andorra Dólar USA 27 000.00", "Austria Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615,00", "Belgium Euro 2 200 000.00 3 147 353,00", "Bhutan Ngultrum 181 800,00 3 995,00", "China United States dollar 30 000.00", "Spain Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615,00", "United States of America 1 000 000.00 America", "Liechtenstein Swiss Franc 60 000,00 63 091.00", "Luxembourg Euro 900 000.00 1 267 606,00", "Norwayn Crown 15 000 000,00 2 750 779,00", "Sweden Swedish crown 35 000 000,00 5 416 280,00", "Thailand United States dollar 2 500,00", "Total 15 669 834.00", "^(a) Local currency pledges have been converted to United States dollars using the United Nations operational rate of exchange prevailing on the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted to United States dollars using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in force as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex VIII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Children ' s Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Resources Total local regulars", "Afghanistan 1 000.00 1 000.00", "Germany 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "Andorra 28 128.00 28 128.00", "Argentina 25 000,00 25 000,00", "Austria 1 991 763.50 1 991 763,50", "Bangladesh 34 500,00 34 500,00", "Barbados 4 000,00 4 000,00", "Belgium 26 641 744,00 26 641 744,00", "Bhutan 15 435,00 15 435,00", "Burundi 807,75 807,75", "Canada 18 848 160,00 18 848 160,00", "Costa Rica 6 011,91 6 011,91", "Chile 70 000,00 70 000,00", "China 1 316 456,67 1 316 456,67", "Denmark 28 577 350,00 28 577 350,00", "United Arab Emirates 100 000,00 100 000,00", "Slovenia 31 972.00 31 972.00", "United States of 132 250 000,00 132 250 000,00", "Estonia 48 820.87 48 820.87", "Russian Federation 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "Philippines 28 168.45 28 168.45", "Finland 23 239 425,00 23 239 425,00", "France 1 994 300,00 1 994 300,00", "Honduras 30 005.78 30 005.78", "Hungary 135 250,00 135 250,00", "Ireland 11 549 290,00 11 549 290,00", "Iceland 688 248,90 688 248,90", "Israel 100 000,00 100 000,00", "Italy 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "Japan 18 288 364,00 18 288 364,00", "Kuwait 200 000.00 200 000.00", "Lesotho 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Liechtenstein 54 230,00 54 230,00", "Luxembourg 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "Malaysia 284 000,00 284 000,00", "Morocco 84 309,12 84 309,12", "Mexico 214 000,00 214 000,00", "Monaco 10 685.28 10 685.28", "Montenegro 5000,00 5000,00", "Myanmar 72.79 320.31 393,10", "Nicaragua 2 000,00 2 000,00", "Norway 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "New Zealand 4 580 160,00 4 580 160,00", "Netherlands 48 433 000,00 48 433 000,00", "Pakistan 35 700,00 35 700,00", "Panama 26 750,00 26 750,00", "Portugal 300 000.00 300 000.00", "Qatar 100 000.00 000.00", "Republic of Korea 3 000 000,00 3 000 000,00", "Sweden 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "Switzerland 21 231 400,00 21 231 400,00", "Thailand 179 929,00 67 998,50 247 927,50", "Togo 2 000,00 2 000,00", "Trinidad and Tobago 15 000,00 15 000,00", "Turkey 150 000,00 150 000,00", "Annex IX", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States dollar 200 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex X", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Development Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Germany Euro 13 500 000,00 18 852 838,00 Saudi Arabia United States dollar 2 000 000.00", "Austria Euro 5 000 000,00 6 868 132,00", "Bahrain United States dollar 56 000", "Belgium Euro 4 100 000.00 5 891 497,00", "Bhutan Ngultrum 806 738,00 17 731,00", "Canada Dollar 50 000 000,00 51 493 306,00 Canadian", "Costa Rica Colón 60 000 150,00 120 590,00 Costa Rica", "Denmark Danish krona 320 000 000,00 60 445 788,00", "United Arab Emirates United States dollar 324 000.00", "Estonia Euro 25 565,00 35 507,00", "Finland Euro 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "France Euro 16 000 000,00 22 792 023,00", "Guyana United States dollar 40 640,00", "Ireland Euro 8 940 000,00 12 591 549,00", "Iceland United States dollar 197 778.00", "Italy Euro 1 500 000.00 2 112 676,00", "Kuwait United States dollar 570 000.00", "Luxembourg Euro 2 950 000,00 4 154 930,00", "Morocco Dirham Moroccan 1 750 000,00 214 198.00", "Norway Norwegian Crown 770 000 000,00 132 461 724,00", "New Zealand Dollar 8 000 000,00 6 191 950,00 New Zealand", "Netherlands Euro 66 300 000.00 94 849 785,00", "Pakistan United States dollar 8 000.00", "Syrian Arab Republic Syrian pound 1 313 115,00 28 337,00", "Republic of Korea United States dollar 5 000 000.00", "South Africa Rand 1 150 000,00 160 615,00", "Sweden Swedish crown 344 500 000,00 54 917 902,00", "Thailand United States dollar 865 112.00", "Total 511 874 911", "^(a) Local currency pledges have been converted to United States dollars using the United Nations operational rate of exchange prevailing on the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted to United States dollars using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in force as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XI", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States dollar 400,00", "Germany^(b, e) Euro 818 000,00 1 165 242,00", "Angola United States dollar 750,00", "Antigua and Barbuda United States dollar 1 000.00", "Saudi Arabia United States dollar 100 000.00", "Argentina^(b) United States dollar 12 000.00", "Australia^(b, c) Australian dollar 9 400 000,00 9 494 902,00", "Austria^(b, d) Euro 240 000,00 338 670,00", "Belgium^(b) Euro 1 250 000.00 1 788 269,00", "Bhutan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Burkina Faso Franco CFA 2 000 000,00 3 620,00", "Canada^(b) Canadian dollar 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "Congo United States dollar 10 000.00", "Côte d’Ivoire Franco CFA 10 000 000,00 19 954,00", "Chile^(b) United States dollar 23 000.00", "China^(b) United States dollar 60 000.00", "Cyprus^(b) United States dollar 7 400,00", "Denmark^(b) Danish krona 20 000 000,00 3 777 862,00", "Dominica United States dollar 475,00", "Egypt United States dollar 5 000,00", "United States dollar 50 000,00 United States^(b)", "Eritrea United States dollar 200.00", "Slovenia United States dollar 38 503.00", "Spain^(f) Euro 18 500 000,00 25 412 088,00", "United States of America 6 000 000.00 America", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Korea 3 500,00 Macedonia", "Finland Euro 3 000 000,00 4 273 504,00", "France^(b) Euro 200 000,00 284 900,00", "Gabon^(b) United States dollar 150 000.00", "Ghana United States dollar 2 000,00", "Grenada United States dollar 3 000.00", "Greece United States dollar 35 000.00", "Guinea-Bissau United States dollar 100,00", "Guyana^(b) U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Honduras^(b) U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "India^(b) United States dollar 1 021 043,00", "Indonesia United States dollar 70 000.00", "Iraq United States dollar 100,00", "Ireland^(b) Euro 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "Iceland^(b) United States dollar 359 022,00", "Italy Euro 700 000,00 997 151,00", "Jamaica United States dollar 2 000.00", "Japan US Dollar 446 808.00", "Jordan United States dollar 1 200,00", "Kuwait^(b) United States dollar 20 000.00", "Liberia^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Liechtenstein^(b) United States dollar 79 482.00", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 1 005 000,00 1 415 493,00", "Malaysia^(b) United States dollar 10 000.00", "Morocco^(b) U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Mauritius^(b) U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Montenegro Euro 5 000.00 6 570,00", "Namibia United States dollar 3 000,00", "Nigeria United States dollar 500 000.00", "Norwayn Crown 80 000 000,00 15 000 000.00", "New Zealand^(b) New Zealand dollar 2 500 000,00 1 908 397,00", "Oman^(b) U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Netherlands Euro 4 000 000,00 5 925 926,00", "Panama^(b) United States dollar 15 000.00", "Paraguay United States dollar 250.00", "Peru United States dollar 2 500,00", "Qatar United States dollar 30 000.00", "Syrian Arab Republic 515 000,00 11 114,00 Syria^(b)", "Republic of Korea^(b) United States dollar 3 000 000.00", "United Republic of United States dollar 5 000.00 Tanzania", "Senegal United States dollar 5 000,00", "Serbia^(b) U.S. dollar 2 000,00", "Sierra Leone United States dollar 500,00", "Singapore United States dollar 50 000.00", "Sweden^(b, g) Swedish krona 52 000 000,00 8 322 663,00", "Suriname United States dollar 500,00", "Thailand United States dollar 13 000.00", "Timor-Leste United States dollar 15 000.00", "Togo^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Trinidad and Tobago United States dollar 5 000,00", "Tunisia^(b) U.S. Dollar 12 500,00", "Turkey United States dollar 250 000.00", "Ukraine^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Viet Nam U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "^(a) Local currency pledges have been converted to United States dollars using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of payment.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $7,355,865.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(c) $281,690.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(e) $571,171.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(f) Pending parliamentary approval.", "^(g) $4,048,583.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Environment Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States dollar 653,00 Bhutan^(b) United States dollar 1 450,00", "United States dollar 900 000,00 Russia^(b)", "India^(c) United States dollar 100 000.00", "Kuwait United States dollar 200 000.00", "Mongolia^(b) United States dollar 1 000.00", "Singapore^(b) United States dollar 40 000.00", "Thailand^(b) U.S. Dollar 2 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $4,415 was received as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XIII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "A. Country contributions", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent", "Argentina United States dollar 30 000,00 Bangladesh U.S. Dollar 1 000,00", "China United States dollar 900 000.00", "Republic of Korea United States dollar 2 200 887.24", "Suriname United States dollar 100 000.00", "B. Contributions from international organizations", "Organization Currency Amount Amount in dollars a contribution U.S. or its equivalent", "U.S. Dollar German Agency 47 551,71 International cooperation OPEC Fund for the United States dollar 20 000.00 International Development", "Annex XIV", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00 US Dollar Federation 10 000,00 Russia^(b, c)", "India United States dollar 80 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) Additional contributions pledged by Kuwait ($347,705) and the Russian Federation ($390,000) were allocated to other activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Annex XV", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Indonesia United States dollar 10 000.00 Kuwait^(b) United States dollar 20 000.00", "Holy See United States dollar 1 000.00", "Thailand^(b) U.S. Dollar 2 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XVI", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Population Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country or region Currency in which it is Quantity in dollars the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States dollar 500,00", "Germany Euro 15 600 000.00 22 003 862.00", "Angola United States dollar 15 000.00", "Antigua and Barbuda United States dollar 1 000.00", "Argentina United States dollar 2 500,00", "Armenia United States dollar 2 500,00", "Australia Australian dollar 10 500 000,00 10 388 205,00", "Austria Euro 600 000.00 824 176.00", "Bahamas United States dollar 1 000.00", "Bangladesh United States dollar 25 000.00", "Barbados U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Belgium Euro 4 500 000,00 6 437 768.00", "Benin United States dollar 4 000.00", "Botswana U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "Burkina Faso Franco CFA 4 000 000,00 8 066,00", "Burundi United States dollar 769,00", "Cambodia United States dollar 8 264,00", "Canada Canadian dollar 17 350 000,00 17 868 177,00", "Comoros US Dollar 500,00", "Congo Franco CFA 25 000 000,00 55 496,00", "Costa Rica Colón 1 447 103,00 2 908,00 costarricense", "Côte d’Ivoire United States dollar 10 000.00", "China United States dollar 1 050 000.00", "Denmark Danish krona 205 700 000,00 37 794 985,00", "Djibouti United States dollar 3 000,00", "Ecuador U.S. Dollar 4 000,00", "United Arab Emirates United States dollar 10 000.00", "Eritrea United States dollar 2 000.00", "United States of America 40 000 000.00 America", "Estonia Euro 25 565,00 35 507,00", "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Russian Federation United States dollar 300 000.00", "Fiji Dollar 8 449,00 4 827.00", "Finland Euro 28 500 000,00 40 772 532,00", "Gabon United States dollar 10 016,00", "Gambia Dalasi 300 000.00 11 009,00", "Georgia United States dollar 3 500,00", "Ghana United States dollar 12 500,00", "Guinea United States dollar 5 808,00", "Guinea-Bissau United States dollar 1 000.00", "Equatorial Guinea CFA 19 754 315,00 41 029,00", "Guyana United States dollar 500,00", "India United States dollar 500 000.00", "Indonesia Indonesian rupiah 350 000 000,00 40 721.00", "Ireland Euro 3 050 000,00 4 295 775,00", "Iceland United States dollar 71 592.00", "Cook Islands New Zealand dollar 1 500,00 1 145,00", "United States Dollar Marshall Islands 1 500,00", "United States dollar Solomon Islands 1 000.00", "Italy Euro 300 000,00 412 088,00", "Japan US Dollar 25 438 946.00", "Kenyan Chelinn 800 000,00 9 610,00", "Kiribati United States dollar 195,00", "Kuwait United States dollar 10 000.00", "Liberia United States dollar 10 000.00", "Luxembourg Euro 2 650 000,00 3 732 394,00", "Malaysia United States dollar 200 000.00", "Maldives United States dollar 5 000,00", "Mali Franco CFA 3 000 000,00 6 515,00", "Mauritania Ouguiya 1 000 000,00 3 610,00", "Mexico Mexican Peso 1 183 220,00 100 785,00", "Micronesia (United States dollar", "Monaco United States dollar 20 035,00", "Mongolia United States dollar 4 000.00", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242,00", "Niger United States dollar 10 000.00", "Nigeria United States dollar 31 167.00", "Norwayn Crown 332 000 000,00 57 113 367,00", "New Zealand Dollar USA 4 573 775,00", "Oman United States dollar 10 000.00", "Netherlands Euro 42 538 000,00 60 855 508.00", "Panama United States dollar 10 000.00", "Papua New Guinea Kina 10 000,00 4 367,00", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 20 000 000,00 32 894 737,00", "Syrian Arab Republic 520 000,00 11 221,00", "Republic of Korea United States dollar 100 000.00", "Rwanda United States dollar 1 000.00", "Samoa United States dollar 3 000,00", "Sao Tome and Principe Dobra 300 000 000,00 17 607,00", "Sierra Leone 30 000 000,00 6 977,00", "Singapore U.S. Dollar 5 000,00", "South Africa Rand 632 000,00 91 303,00", "Sweden Swedish krona 445 500 000,00 70 813 208,00", "Swiss franc 14 000 000,00 14 861 996,00", "Swaziland United States dollar 10 000.00", "Thailand United States dollar 96 000.00", "Togo Franco CFA 6 000 000,00 13 030,00", "Tokelau Fiji dollar 8 449,00 4 828.00", "Tonga United States dollar 100,00", "Turkey United States dollar 150 000.00", "Tuvalu United States dollar 3 000.00", "Uganda United States dollar 10 000.00", "Uruguay United States dollar 5 000,00", "Uzbekistan United States dollar 1 211,00", "Vanuatu United States dollar 1 049,00", "Yemen United States dollar 30 000.00", "Total 454 339 009,00", "Note: The 2011 commitments of Botswana, Comoros, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Oman, Rwanda, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda and Vanuatu were received and recorded in 2010.", "^(a) Unpaid pledges are calculated using the current United Nations rate of exchange as at 1 June 2011.", "Annex XVII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Quantity Amount in makes the contribution US dollars or its equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States dollar 10 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex XVIII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Peoples for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Holy See^(b) U.S. Dollar 1 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XIX", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Kuwait^(b) United States dollar 10 000.00", "Turkey United States dollar 10 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XX", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Disability Problems for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Turkey United States dollar 10 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex XXI", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Qatar United States dollar 10 000.00", "Turkey United States dollar 6 000,00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex XXII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to United Nations Volunteers for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the contribution USA or its equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Germany United States dollar 199 618.00", "Germany Euro 60 000.00 83 333.33", "Germany^(b) United States dollar 400 000.00", "Germany^(b) Euro 1 705 2 362 394,25 000.00", "Germany^(c) Euro 18 564,40 26 580,51", "Argentina^(b) United States dollar 200 000.00", "Australia^(b) United States dollar 642 540,00", "Belgium United States dollar 2 252 760,00", "Belgium Euro 350 000,00 486 111,11", "Brazil^(b) United States dollar 600 000.00", "China^(b) United States dollar 30 000.00", "Denmark^(b) United States dollar 613 487,00", "Spain^(b) U.S. dollar 480,31", "Spain^(b) Euro 1 640 2 284 192,00 000.00", "United States of America 100 000.00", "Finland^(b) Euro 770 961,19 1 184 285,29", "France Euro 490 000,00 680 555.55", "Italy^(b) Euro 500 000,00 724 550,00", "Japan^(b) 3 013 199,93", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 400 000,00 580 120,00", "Micronesia^(b) United States dollar 50 000.00", "Norway^(b) United States dollar 25 446.00", "Panama^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Syrian Arab Republic Libra 225 000,00 4 855.42 Syria^(b)", "Republic of Korea United States dollar 300 000.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 4,000 595 858.78 000,00", "Swiss franc 800 000,00 813 008,00", "Switzerland^(b) United States dollar 299 975,00", "Total 17 741 342,48", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) This promise was made before 30 June 2011 but the contribution was received on 8 July 2011. The contribution is therefore disclosed to the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex XXIII", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Youth Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Turkey United States dollar 10 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "Annex XXIV", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Central Emergency Response Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States dollar 500,00", "Bhutan^(b) U.S. dollar 1 500,00", "China^(b) United States dollar 500 000.00", "Kuwait^(b) United States dollar 300 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XXV", "Status of contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund to Support the Activities of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Currency in which Amount Amount in dollars makes the US or its equivalent contribution^(a)", "China United States dollar 20 000.00", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are reflected in the current exchange rate at the date of the transfer." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 87 b) del programa provisional*", "Reducción de los presupuestos militares: información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, incluida la transparencia de los gastos militares", "Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales encargado de examinar el funcionamiento y perfeccionamiento del Instrumento normalizado de las Naciones Unidas de presentación de informes sobre gastos militares", "Nota del Secretario General", "Corrección", "Anexo I, cuadro 7", "El texto de la nota de pie de página f) debería ser el siguiente:", "^(f) Suiza es Estado Miembro desde 2002. Suiza presentó información en 1996 y desde 1998 hasta 2001." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 87 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Reduction of military budgets: objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "Annex I, table 7", "Footnote (f) should read", "^(f) Switzerland became a Member State in 2002. Switzerland provided information in 1996 and from 1998 to 2001." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 87 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Reduction of military budgets: objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "Group of Governmental Experts to Review the Operation and Improvement of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting on Military Expenses", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "Annex I, table 7", "The text of footnote (f) should read as follows:", "^(f) Switzerland has been a Member State since 2002. Switzerland submitted information in 1996 and from 1998 to 2001." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 67 b) del programa provisional*", "Eliminación del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia: aplicación y seguimiento generales de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban", "Lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia y aplicación y seguimiento generales de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General el informe provisional elaborado por el Sr. Githu Muigai, Relator Especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre las formas contemporáneas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 65/240 de la Asamblea General.", "Informe provisional del Relator Especial sobre las formas contemporáneas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia", "Resumen", "Este informe se presenta a la Asamblea General en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la resolución 65/240 de la Asamblea, relativa a las actividades mundiales para la eliminación total del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia y para la aplicación y el seguimiento generales de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban.", "Tras una breve introducción, el Relator Especial trata en la sección II del informe las cuestiones temáticas de interés abordadas en el marco de su mandato desde la presentación de su anterior informe a la Asamblea (A/65/295). Entre dichas cuestiones figuran la discriminación estructural; la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso; los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, como los grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas, y los movimientos ideológicos extremistas similares, y las víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, entre ellos los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y las víctimas de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia, incluida la discriminación basada en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria. Asimismo, el Relator Especial destaca algunas de las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia.", "En la sección III, el Relator Especial hace un recuento de otras actividades realizadas desde la presentación de su anterior informe a la Asamblea General, entre ellas visitas a países, comunicados de prensa temáticos, seminarios y consultas.", "Por último, en la sección IV, el Relator Especial presenta una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones relacionadas con las cuestiones temáticas de interés antes mencionadas. El Relator Especial destaca los valiosos esfuerzos realizados por los Estados para hacer frente a las dificultades y encomia a los gobiernos por haber desarrollado varias prácticas idóneas tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. No obstante, subraya que, lamentablemente el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia siguen teniendo efectos negativos para el disfrute pleno de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales. Ello es particularmente patente en el caso de los afrodescendientes, los romaníes, los miembros de las comunidades basadas en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria y, en general, las minorías étnicas, sobre todo en ámbitos como la educación, el empleo, la salud, la vivienda, el acceso a la nacionalidad, la administración de justicia y la elaboración de perfiles delictivos en función de la raza, así como en el acceso a la adopción de decisiones políticas y los sistemas judiciales. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial formula varias recomendaciones que los Estados podrían utilizar como instrumentos para el análisis y el progreso ulteriores.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 4II. Cuestiones 4 de interés en relación con el \nmandato A.Manifestaciones 5 y formas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de \nintolerancia B.Víctimas 9 del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de \nintolerancia C.Mejores 14 prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de \nintolerancia III.Actividades 15 del Relator \nEspecial A.Visitas 15 a \npaíses B.Comunicados 16 de prensa \ntemáticos C.Seminarios 17 y \nconsultas IV.Conclusiones 19 y \nrecomendaciones", "I. Introducción", "1. El 25 de marzo de 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó su resolución 16/33 en la que prorrogó el mandato del Relator Especial sobre las formas contemporáneas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia por un período adicional de tres años, de conformidad con el mandato que figura en la resolución 7/34 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "2. Este informe se presenta en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la resolución 65/240 de la Asamblea General relativa a las actividades mundiales para la eliminación total del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia y para la aplicación y el seguimiento generales de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban. La Asamblea solicitó al Relator Especial que, en el marco de su mandato, siguiera prestando particular atención a la incidencia negativa del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia en el goce pleno de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales.", "3. En el presente informe, el Relator Especial ofrece un panorama general de las cuestiones de interés abordadas en el marco de su mandato desde la presentación de su informe anterior a la Asamblea General (A/65/295). Estas cuestiones de interés para el mandato se presentan en la sección II y entre ellas figuran la discriminación estructural; la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso; los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, como los grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas, y los movimientos ideológicos extremistas similares, y las víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, en particular los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y las víctimas de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia, incluida la discriminación basada en los sistemas de casta y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria. El Relator Especial también destaca algunas de las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia.", "4. En la sección III, el Relator Especial informa de otras actividades llevadas a cabo desde la presentación de su informe anterior a la Asamblea General, entre ellas visitas a países, comunicados de prensa temáticos, seminarios y consultas.", "5. En la sección IV presenta una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones relacionadas con las cuestiones de interés antes mencionadas.", "II. Cuestiones de interés en relación con el mandato", "6. En sus informes, comunicados de prensa e intervenciones de índole temática en conferencias y otras reuniones, el Relator Especial, en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 32 de la resolución 65/240 de la Asamblea General, ha seguido prestando especial atención a los efectos negativos del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia en el goce pleno de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales.", "7. En la presente sección, el Relator Especial se refiere a diversas manifestaciones y formas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia (subsección A); las víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia (subsección B), y las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia (subsección C).", "A. Manifestaciones y formas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia", "1. Discriminación estructural", "8. Desde la presentación de su anterior informe a la Asamblea General, el Relator Especial ha puesto de relieve en varias ocasiones la cuestión de la discriminación estructural, en particular en una declaración pública y en su informe anual presentado en el 17º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/17/40).", "9. El 18 de octubre de 2010, el Relator Especial participó en el debate temático titulado “Discriminación estructural: definiciones, enfoques y tendencias”, que se celebró en el marco del octavo período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo Intergubernamental sobre la aplicación efectiva de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban. En la declaración formulada en esa ocasión, el Relator Especial reconoció que si bien la existencia y las manifestaciones generalizadas de la discriminación estructural se habían estudiado y abordado ampliamente, en particular por mecanismos de expertos de las Naciones Unidas, seguía siendo difícil definir ese fenómeno. Presentó algunas consideraciones que podrían contribuir a una mejor comprensión de las diferentes manifestaciones de la discriminación estructural y sus distintas causas.", "10. El Relator Especial opinó que la discriminación estructural consistía en patrones racistas, xenofóbicos o intolerantes de comportamiento y actitudes que, en el seno de las estructuras sociales, tenían como blanco a personas o grupos de personas específicos, por motivos de raza, color, ascendencia u origen nacional o étnico. Ese tipo de discriminación estructural “societal” estaba relacionado, entre otras cosas, con la persistencia en la sociedad de prejuicios raciales profundamente arraigados y estereotipos raciales negativos.", "11. El Relator Especial también destacó que la discriminación estructural podía ser resultado de pasadas injusticias históricas cometidas contra grupos específicos de personas. Mucho después de abolida la discriminación racial oficial, las desigualdades creadas seguían teniendo efectos desfavorables o desproporcionados que menoscaban los derechos humanos de los miembros de grupos étnicos y raciales específicos. Los pueblos indígenas, los romaníes, los miembros de las comunidades basadas en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria, las minorías étnicas y los afrodescendientes seguían viéndose particularmente afectados por ese legado histórico, en particular en esferas como la salud, la vivienda, el empleo, la educación, la administración de justicia, la representación política y el empoderamiento. Consiguientemente, la discriminación estructural ilustra los efectos negativos del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia en el pleno disfrute de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales.", "12. En el contexto de la discriminación estructural, el Relator Especial desea reiterar la importancia de abordar los posibles efectos discriminatorios de leyes, políticas y programas que, prima facie, no tengan carácter discriminatorio. En la práctica, si bien en algunos casos las leyes y las políticas públicas aparentemente están en consonancia con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el objetivo de los gobiernos es prohibir la discriminación racial, la aplicación de esas leyes o políticas podría tener efectos discriminatorios. El Relator Especial insta a los Estados a que revisen y reformulen leyes, políticas y programas que tengan efectos desproporcionados, incluidas las leyes, las políticas y los programas que puedan discriminar indirectamente a grupos específicos de personas. Asimismo, recomienda que al abordar la cuestión de la discriminación estructural se preste especial atención a la situación de los migrantes.", "2. Incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso", "13. Desde la presentación de su informe anterior a la Asamblea General, la cuestión de la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso ha sido planteada por el Relator Especial en varias ocasiones, entre ellas en un comunicado de prensa y comunicaciones escritas presentados conjuntamente con el Relator Especial sobre la libertad de religión o de creencias y el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión.", "14. En el comunicado de prensa conjunto sobre la situación en Côte d’Ivoire, emitido el 1 de abril de 2011 junto a otros expertos de las Naciones Unidas en materia de derechos humanos[1], el Relator Especial exhortó a todas las partes a abstenerse de toda apología del odio nacional o racial que pudiera incitar a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia. Además, exigió que se pusiera fin a los ataques contra ciudadanos extranjeros y sumó su voz al llamamiento hecho por el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial para que se investigara y sancionara sin demora a los autores de actos de violencia étnica.", "15. El Relator Especial también abordó la cuestión de la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso en las comunicaciones escritas conjuntas presentadas en Viena[2], Nairobi[3] y Bangkok[4] para la serie de talleres de expertos de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) sobre la prohibición de la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso. En los talleres de expertos se abordaron los derechos y las libertades consagrados en las siguientes disposiciones de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos: el artículo 18 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, relativo a la libertad de pensamiento, de conciencia y de religión; el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal y del Pacto, relativo a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; el artículo 20 del Pacto, relativo a la prohibición de toda apología del odio nacional, racial o religioso que constituya incitación a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia; y el artículo 4 de la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, relativo a la erradicación de la incitación a la discriminación racial, así como a todo acto de violencia o toda incitación a cometer tales actos.", "16. En las comunicaciones escritas conjuntas, el Relator Especial examinó algunas de las prácticas legislativas y judiciales de las regiones en que se celebraron los talleres (Europa, África y Asia y el Pacífico; el cuarto taller de expertos, sobre las Américas, se realizará en octubre de 2011). Examinó, además, las políticas que favorecían la prohibición y prevención efectivas de la apología del odio nacional, racial o religioso que constituyera incitación a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia. A ese respecto, citó algunos ejemplos y algunas recomendaciones pertinentes de las misiones de determinación de hechos efectuadas con arreglo a su mandato en países de diferentes regiones y de las comunicaciones enviadas a los Estados para ayudarlos a revisar prácticas y políticas legislativas y judiciales.", "17. El Relator Especial reiteró que todos los derechos humanos eran universales, indivisibles e interdependientes y estaban relacionados entre sí. Subrayó que en ninguna parte ello era más evidente que en el debate sobre la libertad de expresión y la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso. Hizo gran hincapié en que en todos los casos que se examinaran debían tenerse en cuenta la libertad de expresión y las exigencias de una sociedad pluralista, tolerante, democrática y con amplitud de miras. La libertad de expresión debía entenderse en sentido positivo, como uno de los fundamentos esenciales de toda sociedad democrática y pluralista. Era necesario que todas las personas disfrutaran por igual de la libertad de expresión, como medio de combatir el racismo y la discriminación. Gracias al ejercicio de esa libertad, se crearía un ambiente de respeto y entendimiento entre pueblos, culturas y religiones.", "18. El Relator Especial también recordó que en el seminario de expertos del ACNUDH sobre los artículos 19 y 20 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, celebrado en Ginebra en octubre de 2008, se determinaron algunos criterios objetivos para prevenir la aplicación arbitraria de las normas jurídicas nacionales relativas a la incitación al odio racial o religioso: para que la incitación al odio sea punible tiene que establecerse la intención manifiesta de incitar a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia; toda limitación de la libertad de expresión deberá definirse de forma clara y restringida y estipularse mediante una ley, además de ser necesaria y proporcionada al objetivo que se intenta alcanzar, es decir, prohibir la incitación al odio; no se impondrán limitaciones que pongan en peligro el ejercicio del propio derecho; en lo relativo a la libertad de expresión, se utilizarán los medios menos agresivos posibles, para evitar que se produzca un efecto de autocensura, y la decisión sobre la aplicación de dichas limitaciones debe ser tomada por un sistema judicial independiente. El Relator Especial también se refirió a los Principios de Camden sobre la libertad de expresión y la igualdad[5], que proporcionan orientaciones útiles para la interpretación de las leyes y normas internacionales relativas a la incitación al odio, entre otras cuestiones. A ese respecto, reiteró el Principio 12, en que se aclara que “los términos ‘odio’ y ‘hostilidad’ se refieren a emociones intensas e irracionales de oprobio, enemistad y aversión del grupo destinatario”, que se entenderá que “el término ‘promoción’ requiere la intención de promover públicamente el odio contra el grupo destinatario” y que “el término ‘incitación’ se refiere a declaraciones sobre grupos nacionales, raciales o religiosos que puedan crear un riesgo inminente de discriminación, hostilidad o violencia contra personas pertenecientes a dichos grupos”.", "19. En las presentaciones escritas conjuntas, el Relator Especial también destacó como paso positivo la aprobación, sin proceder a votación, el 24 de marzo de 2011, de la resolución 16/18 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, titulada “Lucha contra la intolerancia, los estereotipos negativos y la estigmatización, la discriminación, la incitación a la violencia y la violencia contra las personas basada en la religión o las creencias”. El Representante Especial expresó su reconocimiento al Consejo de Derechos Humanos por haber finalmente encontrado, tras años de debate, la forma de abordar de manera unánime esos fenómenos preocupantes, sin referirse a conceptos o nociones que socavarían las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. En ese contexto, el Relator Especial recalcó el principio de que los individuos y no las religiones per se eran los titulares de derechos.", "3. Partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, incluidos grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas, y movimientos ideológicos extremistas similares", "20. En lo que respecta a la cuestión de los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, como los grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas, y los movimientos ideológicos extremistas similares, el Relator Especial ha presentado un informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 18º período de sesiones (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. El Relator Especial constató las buenas prácticas adoptadas por los Estados y otras partes interesadas en la lucha contra los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas. A ese respecto, acogió con satisfacción la prohibición de la discriminación racial en la constitución y la legislación de varios Estados y el hecho de que la discriminación racial y la incitación al odio racial se consideraran un delito en el derecho penal de algunos países. También acogió con satisfacción el hecho de que en algunas leyes penales, los motivos racistas o xenofóbicos se consideraran factores agravantes en relación con algunos delitos. Entre otras buenas prácticas, el Relator Especial destacó la puesta en marcha por los Estados de programas específicamente dirigidos a combatir el extremismo y, en particular, a alejar a los jóvenes de los grupos extremistas; el establecimiento en los ministerios públicos de dependencias que se ocuparan específicamente de los delitos de incitación al odio; la recopilación de datos sobre delitos de incitación al odio, incluidos los delitos racistas cometidos por miembros de grupos extremistas, así como la capacitación de agentes de las fuerzas del orden, la adopción de medidas educativas y la realización de actividades de sensibilización para fomentar la tolerancia y el respeto de la diversidad cultural.", "22. Al tiempo que destacó los esfuerzos realizados por los Estados para contrarrestar los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, el Relator Especial subrayó la persistencia de importantes problemas cuya solución exigía mayores esfuerzos y una mayor vigilancia, en particular respecto de la protección de grupos de personas vulnerables contra los delitos racistas y xenofóbicos. El Relator Especial hizo hincapié en que los miembros de minorías, como los romaníes, los sinti, los migrantes, los refugiados y los solicitantes de asilo, seguían siendo las principales víctimas de la violencia y los ataques perpetrados o instigados por partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas. Puso de relieve la impunidad que seguía amparando a los autores de delitos con motivos racistas y expresó su preocupación por el hecho de que en la mayoría de casos, las víctimas de esos delitos no los denunciaran.", "23. En ese contexto, el Relator Especial señaló también los problemas planteados por los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas en relación con la protección y la consolidación de la democracia y los derechos humanos. Destacó que los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas habían ganado influencia e, inclusive, obtenido escaños parlamentarios a nivel nacional y regional. Por otra parte, algunos partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas habían adoptado nuevas estrategias para asegurarse de ocupar un lugar en la escena política absteniéndose de propagar abiertamente ideas racistas y xenófobas. El Relator Especial también destacó con preocupación el aumento del uso de la Internet para difundir ideas racistas por personas y grupos de personas estrechamente vinculados a movimientos extremistas.", "24. En vista de las próximas elecciones presidenciales y legislativas que se celebrarán en algunos países, el Relator Especial pidió a los partidos políticos tradicionales que se abstuvieran de usar las elecciones como vehículo de propagación de ideas populistas y de buscar coaliciones con partidos políticos extremistas. Recordó, además, que cualquier medida que se adoptara para hacer frente a los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas debía atenerse a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y reafirmar los principios democráticos.", "B. Víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia", "25. En reiteradas ocasiones, el Relator Especial ha hecho hincapié en la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque orientado a las víctimas para asegurar que las medidas adoptadas respondan verdaderamente a las necesidades concretas de quienes sufren el racismo y la discriminación. En consonancia con los documentos de Durban, el Relator Especial ha subrayado que todas las víctimas deben recibir la misma atención y protección y que es esencial evitar el establecimiento de jerarquías entre las diversas formas de discriminación, aunque su naturaleza y grado varíen en función del contexto histórico, geográfico y cultural. Todas las formas de racismo y discriminación deben ser enfrentadas con la misma firmeza y resolución.", "26. En ese contexto, el Relator Especial desea poner de relieve los efectos negativos del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia en el goce pleno de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales de ciertos grupos. Desde la presentación de su informe anterior a la Asamblea General, el Relator Especial ha examinado la situación de los afrodescendientes (véase la subsección B.1), los romaníes (véase la subsección B.2) y las personas que sufren discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia, incluida la discriminación basada en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria (véase la subsección B.3).", "1. Afrodescendientes", "27. En el marco de la celebración del Año Internacional de los Afrodescendientes, el Relator Especial participó en el debate temático titulado “La discriminación racial contra los afrodescendientes”, celebrado en Ginebra el 7 de marzo de 2011 bajo los auspicios del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial. El Relator Especial también participó en el debate temático titulado “Los afrodescendientes: panorama general de su situación actual”, realizado el 29 de marzo en el marco del décimo período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos sobre los Afrodescendientes. El Relator Especial, además, junto a otros expertos independientes de las Naciones Unidas en derechos humanos, emitió una declaración conjunta titulada “Reconocimiento, justicia y desarrollo: hoja de ruta para lograr la plena igualdad de los afrodescendientes”, presentada el 21 de marzo con motivo del Día Internacional para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial.", "28. El Relator Especial reconoció que se habían logrado avances y cambios positivos; no obstante, hizo hincapié en el hecho de que aún persistían importantes problemas. En efecto, tras un siglo de lucha contra el racismo y la discriminación racial, los afrodescendientes aún seguían siendo discriminados y marginados como consecuencia de las injusticias históricas y violaciones graves de los derechos humanos de que habían sido víctimas en otras épocas, como la esclavitud y la trata transatlántica de esclavos. Ello era patente sobre todo en los ámbitos de la educación, el empleo, la salud y la vivienda. Tales desigualdades menoscababan, además, el acceso a la adopción de decisiones políticas y los sistemas judiciales. En la administración de justicia, en particular, persistían importantes problemas derivados de la discriminación racial contra los afrodescendientes y su tratamiento desigual ante la ley, particularmente en el sistema de justicia penal. Los afrodescendientes se veían a menudo enfrentados al racismo institucional en la esfera de la administración penal. También los perjudicaba el hecho de que la policía elaborara perfiles delictivos en función de la raza.", "29. Las desigualdades existentes en todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los afrodescendientes exigen una atención urgente y sostenida. La discriminación estructural o el racismo institucionalizado, aún cuando adopten formas sutiles, son parte de la existencia cotidiana de los afrodescendientes. Lamentablemente, no se reconoce la existencia de esas desigualdades como parte de la cultura de las instituciones públicas o las empresas privadas, ni en el seno de la sociedad en general. Es indispensable que se reconozca que el racismo y la discriminación racial contra los afrodescendientes siguen enraizados en las sociedades.", "30. En ese contexto, el Relator Especial hizo hincapié igualmente en la situación de las mujeres y las niñas afrodescendientes, que a menudo sufrían múltiples formas de discriminación basada en su ascendencia y su género. Las mujeres y las niñas afrodescendientes eran por lo general más marginadas y discriminadas que los hombres en ámbitos fundamentales como la educación, la vida pública y política, la salud y el acceso a los mercados de trabajo, además de seguir siendo particularmente vulnerables a la explotación, la trata, el abuso racial y la violencia.", "31. A juicio del Relator Especial, la participación de los afrodescendientes en los aspectos políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales de la sociedad, así como en el adelanto y el desarrollo económico de sus países es indispensable para una sociedad inclusiva. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial se refirió en particular al párrafo 32 de la Declaración de Durban[6], en que se afirma la importancia y necesidad de asegurar la completa integración de los afrodescendientes en la vida social, económica y política con miras a facilitar su plena participación en todos los niveles del proceso de adopción de decisiones. Asimismo, se subrayaron las valiosas contribuciones realizadas por los afrodescendientes a la vida económica, social, cultural, civil y política de la sociedad.", "32. La discriminación racial contra los afrodescendientes es un obstáculo considerable en la vía del desarrollo. En consecuencia, el Relator Especial recordó que la participación efectiva y el empoderamiento, la igualdad y la no discriminación eran elementos fundamentales de un enfoque del desarrollo basado en los derechos humanos, y que debía alentarse la realización de avances en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "2. Romaníes", "33. En su informe anual al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, presentado en su 17º período de sesiones, el Relator Especial analizó la cuestión del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia contra los romaníes. Señaló que, a pesar de la amplia gama de medidas adoptadas por los Estados a nivel regional y nacional para eliminar el racismo y la discriminación racial contra los romaníes, quedaba mucho por hacer, habida cuenta de su situación actual. En la práctica, seguían existiendo serias dificultades que revelaban la existencia de graves y profundos problemas de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia contra los romaníes. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial subrayó que los romaníes eran particularmente vulnerables al racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y la intolerancia en relación con el disfrute de sus derechos a la educación, la salud, el empleo y la vivienda. La discriminación generalizada a que hacían frente los romaníes fomentaba de manera cruel su marginación y su exclusión social. El Relator Especial observó con preocupación la segregación de los niños romaníes en las escuelas, la alta tasa de desempleo entre los romaníes, los desalojos forzosos y la creciente segregación de que eran víctimas en materia de vivienda, así como las prácticas discriminatorias a que estaban sometidos en cuanto al acceso a la atención y los servicios médicos.", "34. Si bien la marginación y la exclusión en materia socioeconómica eran una de las manifestaciones más frecuentes del racismo y la discriminación racial a que se veían enfrentados los romaníes, también eran víctimas de la discriminación en el disfrute de sus derechos civiles y políticos. De hecho, en varios países, los romaníes eran discriminados en el acceso a la ciudadanía y seguían siendo ampliamente excluidos de la vida pública y política de muchos países, en los que aún estaban insuficientemente representados o no representados en absoluto en la administración pública y las instituciones del Estado o los partidos políticos. El Relator Especial también observó con preocupación que los romaníes eran discriminados en el acceso a la justicia, en particular en el sistema de justicia penal, en el que eran conocidas las actitudes discriminatorias de los fiscales, las demoras excesivas en el tratamiento de los casos presentados por romaníes y la elaboración de perfiles delictivos en función de la raza por parte de la policía.", "35. La violencia contra los romaníes que ejercen agentes privados y públicos sigue siendo un grave y creciente problema en muchos países. En este contexto, el Relator Especial destacó el abuso y la violencia contra los romaníes a manos de la policía, el auge del extremismo, con el consecuente aumento de la vulnerabilidad de los romaníes a la violencia racista, y la persistencia del discurso racista y xenofóbico contra los romaníes por parte de funcionarios públicos y por los políticos, entre ellos altos funcionarios de Estado.", "36. El Relator Especial expresó su preocupación también respecto de la situación de los inmigrantes romaníes que sufrían una doble discriminación, como romaníes y como no ciudadanos. Señaló que la pobreza que padecían en su país de origen, así como el racismo, la discriminación racial y la marginación, a menudo ayudaban a explicar su decisión de emigrar. Por otro lado, desde hacía varios años los inmigrantes romaníes eran blanco frecuente de políticas y retóricas en materia de seguridad que en ocasiones habían resultado en su expulsión. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial expresó su preocupación por la expulsión selectiva de migrantes romaníes, en particular hacia países en que podían ser discriminados. Exhortó a los Estados a respetar los derechos de los migrantes romaníes, consagrados en los instrumentos pertinentes de derechos humanos regionales e internacionales.", "37. Aunque las razones de la discriminación racial y el racismo contra la comunidad romaní seguían siendo difíciles de evaluar, el Relator Especial hizo hincapié en la existencia de tres factores principales que, si bien no agotaban la cuestión, podían explicar la persistencia de esa situación. Entre esos factores figuraban la falta de participación de los romaníes en los procesos de adopción de decisiones, la falta de aplicación de políticas y leyes en favor de los romaníes y la dimensión estructural del racismo y la discriminación racial a que se veían enfrentados. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial subrayó, además, que los romaníes se enfrentaban a una discriminación institucionalizada, que se reflejaba tanto en la legislación, las políticas y las medidas administrativas como en la actitud discriminatoria de los funcionarios del Estado. Hizo hincapié en la necesidad de que los Estados velaran por que sus funcionarios cumplieran con sus obligaciones internacionales en materia de derechos humanos.", "3. Discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia, incluida la discriminación basada en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria", "38. El Relator Especial ha señalado en reiteradas ocasiones los efectos negativos de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia en el pleno disfrute de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales. El Relator Especial reafirma la necesidad de que los Estados reconozcan que la discriminación por razones de ascendencia constituye una manifestación de discriminación racial prohibida por la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial. El Relator Especial se ha sumado a la posición adoptada por el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, que en su recomendación general núm. 29 sobre el Artículo 1, párrafo 1, de la Convención (Ascendencia) (2002) reafirmó enérgicamente que la discriminación basada en la “ascendencia” comprendía la discriminación de miembros de diversas comunidades basada en tipos de estratificación social como la casta y sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria que anulaban o reducían el disfrute por esas personas, en pie de igualdad, de los derechos humanos.", "39. El Relator Especial desea subrayar que la discriminación múltiple agudiza la gravedad de la difícil situación de las castas bajas, que a veces forman parte de minorías religiosas. Por ejemplo, muchos hindúes pertenecientes a “castas registradas” (dalits) sufren segregación en el acceso a la vivienda, viven por debajo del umbral de pobreza, perciben un sueldo inferior al salario mínimo y no tienen acceso a la educación. También sufren de numerosas enfermedades, sobre todo por la falta de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, y a veces sufren discriminación en el acceso a los centros de salud pública. Su discriminación generalizada los mantiene en la pobreza, sin educación, en condiciones de vida terribles y en trabajos de baja categoría. Los niños pertenecientes a las castas más bajas, además de ser discriminados en el ámbito de la educación, se cuentan entre los más vulnerables, expuestos a ser reclutados como mano de obra infantil, soldados o profesionales del sexo, así como a niveles endémicos de tortura y castigos corporales. La trata y la venta de niños, en particular de niñas, y el infanticidio de las niñas son otras tantas formas de discriminación. Las mujeres y las niñas sufren una discriminación múltiple, incluidas la explotación sexual, la prostitución forzada y la violencia en el hogar y las comunidades, así como a manos de miembros de otras castas.", "40. Al mismo tiempo, el Relator Especial ha determinado, a nivel internacional y nacional, prácticas idóneas y desafíos en la lucha contra la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia. El Relator Especial observa con satisfacción que algunos gobiernos han puesto en marcha iniciativas dirigidas a abordar los problemas a que se enfrentan las comunidades afectadas por la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia y los alienta a proseguir esos esfuerzos, intercambiar las mejores prácticas y ponerse a la vanguardia de las iniciativas regionales e internacionales dirigidas a eliminar esa forma de discriminación.", "41. El Relator Especial señala que, a pesar de los esfuerzos de algunos gobiernos para erradicar ese tipo de discriminación mediante el establecimiento de garantías constitucionales, leyes y programas de acción afirmativa, la discriminación basada en la casta lamentablemente sigue siendo un fenómeno generalizado y profundamente arraigado. Desea reiterar que, no obstante la existencia de obligaciones jurídicas internacionales relativas a la protección contra la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia, en la práctica algunos gobiernos no han cumplido con esas obligaciones y, en algunos casos, han soslayado la cuestión de la discriminación por motivos de casta alegando que ese tipo de discriminación no se inscribe en el ámbito de los convenios internacionales, como la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, en contraste con la opinión del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial recomienda una vez más que se pongan en práctica las medidas generales que figuran en la recomendación general núm. 29 (2002) del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial.", "42. El Relator Especial recomienda que se sigan utilizando los principios y directrices para la eliminación de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia[7] como marco de orientación para la elaboración de medidas eficaces que deberían adoptar los Estados a fin de cumplir con sus obligaciones jurídicas internacionales, e invita a los gobiernos a que examinen la posibilidad de establecer un órgano consultivo de instituciones regionales de derechos humanos que se ocupe de estudiar el tema y crear conciencia a nivel regional. Por otro lado, el Relator Especial recomienda que conjuntamente con la adopción de medidas relacionadas con el marco jurídico se lleven a cabo actividades de sensibilización.", "C. Mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia", "43. La cuestión de las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia ha sido abordada por el Relator Especial en varias ocasiones, en particular en la mesa redonda sobre las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia que se celebró el 15 de junio de 2011, en el marco del 17º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Dicha mesa redonda fue organizada en el contexto de la próxima celebración del décimo aniversario de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban.", "44. En esa ocasión, el Relator Especial tuvo la oportunidad de compartir sus experiencias en relación con ese tema. Entre las prácticas idóneas destacadas por el Relator Especial figuraron las medidas jurídicas, políticas e institucionales identificadas durante sus visitas a países y en sus informes al Consejo de Derechos Humanos y la Asamblea General. El Relator Especial señaló, en particular, la elaboración de algunas leyes nacionales contra el racismo y la discriminación racial que brindaban una buena protección.", "45. En el párrafo 28 del documento final de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban[8], se reiteró el llamamiento a los Estados para que formularan planes de acción para prevenir, combatir y erradicar el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial destacó que algunos Estados habían elaborado planes nacionales de acción contra el racismo que estaban en consonancia con las disposiciones de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción. En algunos casos, esos planes de acción y estrategias nacionales se habían elaborado con el objetivo de proteger a grupos específicos de personas; por ejemplo, los romaníes. El Relator Especial también puso de relieve las medidas concretas adoptadas para proteger a los trabajadores migrantes, en particular mediante la creación de canales que permitieran a los trabajadores extranjeros presentar quejas y la prestación de asistencia lingüística y financiera para presentar demandas ante los tribunales.", "46. El Relator Especial hizo hincapié, además, en que varios países ya habían invertido en planes de educación para fomentar el entendimiento mutuo y el respeto de la diversidad cultural, y que se habían elaborado políticas y programas educativos para contribuir a la coexistencia pacífica de las diversas comunidades a nivel nacional. Entre los ejemplos positivos identificados por el Relator Especial también figuraron la capacitación de funcionarios de organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley y la realización de actividades de sensibilización.", "47. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial reiteró que la creación de un marco institucional adecuado para la promoción y el intercambio de las mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el racismo ayudaría a los Estados a aprovechar experiencias positivas que pudieran transferirse a otros contextos. Una vez finalizada, la base de datos del ACNUDH sobre las mejores prácticas sería una herramienta clave en la identificación y el intercambio de prácticas idóneas. Los Estados también podrían utilizar mejor el proceso del Examen Periódico Universal para intercambiar prácticas idóneas.", "III. Actividades del Relator Especial", "48. En esta sección, el Relator Especial se refiere a otras actividades realizadas desde la presentación de su informe anterior a la Asamblea General, como visitas a países (subsección A), comunicados de prensa temáticos (subsección B) y seminarios y consultas (subsección C).", "A. Visitas a países", "1. Misión a Hungría", "49. El Relator Especial visitó Hungría del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011. A ese respecto, desea reiterar su más sincero agradecimiento al Gobierno de Hungría por la transparencia y cooperación plenas mostradas durante la visita. El informe detallado con las observaciones y conclusiones del Relator Especial sobre la visita se presentará al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 20º período de sesiones, que se celebrará en 2012.", "50. En la conferencia de prensa celebrada en Budapest el 27 de mayo de 2011[9], el Relator Especial destacó el contexto particular de su visita, que tenía lugar más de 10 años después de la primera visita efectuada a Hungría por un anterior Relator Especial sobre el racismo, y en momentos en que el Gobierno de Hungría había aprobado una nueva Constitución y ocupaba la presidencia de la Unión Europea. Recordó, además, que las cuestiones planteadas durante su misión debían entenderse en el contexto de la historia de Hungría, en particular de las consecuencias de la caída del régimen comunista para los grupos desfavorecidos, específicamente la minoría romaní.", "51. El Relator Especial encomió los importantes esfuerzos realizados por el Gobierno de Hungría para cumplir con sus obligaciones y compromisos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos respecto de la situación de las minorías nacionales y étnicas y la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia. Observó que se habían adoptado medidas legislativas, institucionales y políticas fundamentales. En ese sentido, acogió con beneplácito algunos logros fundamentales, como la Ley LXXVII, de 1993, sobre los derechos de las minorías nacionales y étnicas y la Ley CXXV, de 2003, sobre el trato igual y la promoción de la igualdad de oportunidades, que proporcionaban un marco legislativo amplio y valioso en la lucha contra la discriminación. El Relator Especial también acogió con beneplácito el sistema húngaro de autogobierno de las minorías, único en su tipo, el acuerdo recientemente concertado entre el Gobierno y dirigentes romaníes y la estrategia europea para la inclusión de los romaníes, lanzada por la Presidencia húngara del Consejo de la Unión Europea.", "52. Si bien se ha avanzado mucho en los últimos años, el Relator Especial puso de relieve que persistían problemas, particularmente en relación con la aplicación de las medidas adoptadas. Subrayó que Hungría tenía que asegurarse de que todas esas medidas condujeran a un resultado eficaz que beneficiara a todas las personas que sufrían racismo y discriminación racial. Señaló varias esferas críticas que requerían una atención especial y medidas enérgicas. A ese respecto, destacó que la situación de los refugiados, los solicitantes de asilo y los migrantes era un asunto al que debía prestarse una atención particular. También hizo hincapié en la importancia de asegurar que los cambios constitucionales no debilitaran el marco jurídico e institucional de la protección de los derechos de las minorías. Recomendó que se fomentara el empoderamiento efectivo de los miembros de las minorías.", "53. El Relator Especial destacó que la situación de los romaníes, que constituían el grupo minoritario más grande de Hungría, había empeorado en los últimos años, lo que reconocían algunos funcionarios del Gobierno. Los romaníes eran víctimas de racismo y discriminación racial, incluida la segregación en el ámbito de la educación, y estaban expuestos a la violencia y el abuso. Consciente de las raíces históricas de la situación actual de los romaníes y de las dificultades para solucionarla, el Relator Especial subrayó la urgente necesidad de contar con una fuerte voluntad política para abordar la situación de los romaníes. Era imperiosa la necesidad de que el Gobierno de Hungría invirtiera todos los recursos necesarios para revitalizar de la educación de los romaníes. También era indispensable que Hungría elaborara un enfoque amplio de la cuestión de los romaníes, así como un programa consolidado y coordinado de aplicación en todos los niveles, empezando por el nivel local. En ese sentido, había que subsanar la brecha entre la participación de Hungría en el ámbito internacional y el compromiso de los gobiernos locales.", "54. Por último, el Relator Especial subrayó que debían adoptarse medidas inmediatas para combatir el antisemitismo. Además, exhortó al Gobierno a permanecer vigilante ante el resurgimiento de partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, cuya plataforma en algunos casos era de carácter presuntamente racista, y señaló a la atención del Gobierno la repetición de la incitación al odio.", "2. Próximas misiones", "55. El Relator Especial desea expresar su agradecimiento al Gobierno de Bolivia, que ha aceptado su petición de visitar ese país en el marco de una misión que se propone efectuar antes de que finalice 2011. También desea dar las gracias al Gobierno de Sudáfrica por haberlo invitado a realizar una misión, que se propone llevar a cabo tan pronto como sea posible.", "56. El Relator Especial aguarda con gran interés la oportunidad de entablar un diálogo constructivo con las autoridades de los Gobiernos de Bolivia y Sudáfrica, respectivamente, sobre todas las cuestiones relacionadas con su mandato.", "B. Comunicados de prensa temáticos", "57. El 10 de diciembre de 2010, en un comunicado conjunto emitido por el Comité de Coordinación de los Procedimientos Especiales, en nombre de los titulares de mandatos del Consejo de Derechos Humanos con motivo del Día de los Derechos Humanos[10], el Relator Especial rindió homenaje a los defensores de derechos humanos que luchan contra la discriminación en todo el mundo y exhortó a que se les diera una mayor protección. Los defensores de los derechos humanos estaban a la vanguardia de los esfuerzos para combatir la discriminación y todas las violaciones de los derechos y la labor que realizaban era vital; sin embargo, hacían frente a frecuentes amenazas y, por lo tanto, deberían ser mejor protegidos. En esa ocasión, el Relator Especial también subrayó que los defensores de los derechos humanos habían impulsado el programa de derechos humanos y contribuido a que los principios de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos fueran cada vez más una realidad en sus sociedades, mediante la promoción de la igualdad, el estado de derecho y la justicia gracias a su compromiso y sus sacrificios. Los defensores de los derechos humanos habían contribuido, además, a dar forma a las leyes y políticas que establecían que nadie debía ser víctima de la discriminación. El Relator Especial subrayó, además, que los defensores de los derechos humanos y las organizaciones no gubernamentales eran esenciales para el funcionamiento de sociedades libres y justas en las que cualquier persona, independientemente de su origen étnico, religión, sexo, afiliación política o identidad sexual, tuviera derecho a oponerse a la desigualdad o el maltrato y a procurar que se hiciera justicia o exigir indemnización.", "58. El 17 de septiembre de 2010, en previsión de la Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, el Relator Especial emitió un comunicado de prensa conjunto sobre la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio[11], en el que señaló que se habían realizado importantes progresos en la consecución de algunos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, pero que quedaba mucho por hacer. Era necesario hacer hincapié en los derechos humanos para hacer frente a los problemas estructurales, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, que sustentaban y mantenían la pobreza y el subdesarrollo, cuyos efectos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio trataban de aliviar. Subrayó que los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio eran compromisos políticos loables y habían sido útiles para movilizar recursos financieros y energía, pero que los Estados podrían lograr esos objetivos de manera sostenible solo a condición de guiarse por obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos que definieran qué acciones debían emprenderse y por quién. El Relator Especial destacó, además, que la buena gobernanza y el estado de derecho a nivel nacional e internacional revestían una importancia decisiva.", "C. Seminarios y consultas", "59. El 30 de noviembre de 2010, el Relator Especial celebró una consulta de expertos en Ginebra sobre el tema “Igualdad, no discriminación y diversidad: ¿desafío u oportunidad para los medios de comunicación?”. El debate congregó a 12 expertos con experiencia de trabajo en organizaciones de medios de comunicación de alcance universal, así como a los relatores especiales sobre la promoción y la protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión y sobre la libertad de religión o de creencias. Entre los 12 expertos, de antecedentes profesionales diversos, estuvieron el director de un periódico, un presentador de televisión, un corresponsal extranjero, un periodista de una agencia de noticias, un “bloguero” y el director de un informativo, además de representantes de una organización de asociaciones de periodistas, de una organización internacional de derechos humanos, de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura y de la Alianza de Civilizaciones. En el marco del debate se analizaron dos casos concretos, a saber, la cobertura periodística de planes recientes de quemar ejemplares del Corán[12] y los problemas que entrañaba transmitir información sobre conflictos posteriores a las elecciones en un país dividido entre grupos étnicos[13]. El Relator Especial obtuvo más información sobre los procesos de adopción de decisiones en el marco de las diferentes organizaciones de medios de difusión y sobre las condiciones para adoptar decisiones que entrañaban juicios de opinión en su labor diaria respetando los principios fundamentales de la profesionalidad y la independencia. Los expertos pusieron de relieve diversos problemas a los que se enfrentaban los medios de comunicación, como el carácter cada vez más competitivo del sector y la necesidad de difundir noticias las 24 horas del día, todo eso en medio del carácter mundial y en evolución de esos medios. A la luz de su experiencia, los expertos también reflexionaron sobre las iniciativas y directrices existentes utilizadas por las organizaciones de medios de comunicación para promover la igualdad, la libertad de expresión y la diversidad[14]. Reconocieron que el mejor sistema, aunque imperfecto, era la autorregulación de los medios de comunicación; no obstante, insistieron también en que la autorregulación no debía dar lugar a una autocensura perniciosa o a una conspiración de silencio. Asimismo, destacaron la importancia de la formación profesional, en particular en la presentación de informes de investigación.", "60. El 10 de enero de 2011, el Relator Especial participó en la sesión sobre el tema “La Comisión Europea contra el Racismo y la Intolerancia y sus asociados internacionales: cooperación y sinergias”, celebrada en el marco del seminario organizado por el Consejo de Europa sobre “La lucha contra la discriminación por motivo de prejuicios raciales, étnicos, religiosos o de otro tipo”, que tuvo lugar en Ankara. El Relator Especial recordó las disposiciones de los documentos de Durban sobre el papel de los órganos regionales y resaltó la importante contribución de la Comisión Europea contra el Racismo y la Intolerancia, la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa y la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea en la lucha contra el racismo en Europa. A fin de fortalecer la cooperación, el Relator Especial recalcó que la estrategia adecuada consistía en adoptar un marco jurídico amplio en el que pudieran abordarse todas las formas de racismo y discriminación, tal como existía en las Naciones Unidas y Europa. Por otro lado, debían intercambiarse periódicamente las mejores prácticas con otros países y regiones, en particular en lo relativo a la aplicación de medidas complementarias; por ejemplo, iniciativas educacionales y de sensibilización encaminadas a promover el entendimiento social. El Relator Especial consideró que un intercambio más frecuente de experiencias podría, sin dudas, proporcionar un marco para la elaboración de herramientas útiles para combatir la discriminación y el racismo, sobre la base de las experiencias adquiridas. Alentó la adopción de nuevas medidas conjuntas por los mecanismos nacionales, regionales e internacionales de lucha contra la discriminación y acogió con beneplácito el aumento de la colaboración con los mecanismos europeos, en particular respecto de la preparación de visitas a países de Europa, datos, estudios, jurisprudencia y medidas jurídicas y políticas. También valdría la pena abordar algunas cuestiones con un enfoque común.", "IV. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "61. El Relator Especial toma nota de los valiosos esfuerzos realizados por los Estados para enfrentar los problemas relacionados con las cuestiones temáticas examinadas en el presente informe y encomia a los gobiernos por haber elaborado una serie de prácticas idóneas tanto a nivel nacional como regional. Sin embargo, el Relator Especial desea destacar que queda mucho por hacer para contrarrestar de manera eficaz el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia a que están sometidos en la práctica gran cantidad de mujeres, hombres, niños y niñas de todo el mundo.", "62. El racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, lamentablemente continúan teniendo efectos negativos en el pleno disfrute de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales. Ello es particularmente patente en el caso de los afrodescendientes, los romaníes, los miembros de las comunidades basadas en el sistema de castas y otros sistemas análogos de condición hereditaria y, en general, las minorías étnicas, sobre todo en ámbitos como la educación, el empleo, la salud, la vivienda, el acceso a la nacionalidad, la administración de justicia y la elaboración de perfiles delictivos en función de la raza, así como en el acceso a la adopción de decisiones políticas y los sistemas judiciales. Además, las mujeres y las niñas de algunas comunidades siguen siendo particularmente vulnerables a la explotación, la trata, el abuso racial y la violencia.", "63. En ese contexto y dadas las cuestiones temáticas de interés planteadas en el presente informe, el Relator Especial desea formular las siguientes recomendaciones generales que los Estados podrían utilizar como herramientas de análisis y progreso ulteriores.", "64. Un primer paso en la lucha contra el flagelo del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia es reconocer su existencia tanto en el seno de nuestras sociedades como de las instituciones del Estado. Consciente de lo difícil que resulta reconocer esas realidades, el Relator Especial está al mismo tiempo convencido de que ese reconocimiento es un primer paso vital hacia la erradicación de la discriminación racial.", "65. Los Estados no están necesariamente conscientes de las manifestaciones y la propagación del racismo y la discriminación racial en sus sociedades y de cómo repercuten en la vida cotidiana de las víctimas, particularmente en lo que atañe a la marginación y la exclusión social. La falta de herramientas adecuadas para evaluar la situación, entre ellas estadísticas y datos fiables, es una de las causas de que los Estados no siempre tengan conciencia de esa situación. El Relator Especial reitera que esos datos y estadísticas son necesarios no sólo para identificar a las personas y los grupos afectados por la discriminación racial, sino también para comprender mejor la naturaleza y el alcance de las desigualdades a que se enfrentan, así como para diseñar políticas y medidas específicamente dirigidas a remediar esas desigualdades. Por lo tanto, alienta a los Estados a que reúnan datos desglosados por origen étnico y mejoren la calidad de los actuales sistemas de recopilación de datos. Esos datos deben recopilarse en consulta con los grupos interesados ​​de personas y en consonancia con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. El Relator Especial recomienda encarecidamente, además, que se recopilen datos sobre los delitos racistas y xenofóbicos perpetrados por personas estrechamente vinculadas a partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, en particular grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas. La recopilación de datos desglosados por origen étnico puede servir también de herramienta importante para formarse una idea amplia de la dimensión estructural del racismo y la discriminación racial en diferentes países.", "66. Además, el Relator Especial insta encarecidamente a todos los Estados Miembros a que demuestren una mayor voluntad política para prevenir y combatir el racismo y la discriminación racial y promuevan medidas más eficaces para erradicar las manifestaciones de racismo, discriminación racial, xenofobia y formas conexas de intolerancia en todo el mundo. En la práctica, la eliminación del racismo y la discriminación racial no siempre se considera una prioridad. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial reitera que la Declaración y el Programa de Acción y el documento final de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban constituyen el marco internacional más amplio en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia. Por consiguiente, exhorta a todos los Estados a que presten su apoyo al proceso de Durban y cumplan de manera eficaz los compromisos contenidos en esos documentos. También insta a los Estados interesados ​​a ratificar la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial.", "67. El reconocimiento de los problemas y la demostración de una fuerte voluntad política a la hora de enfrentarlos podrán arrojar los resultados deseados a condición de que también se fortalezca la vigilancia, especialmente en relación con el aumento de ciertas manifestaciones y formas de racismo y discriminación racial, en particular el fenómeno de los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, incluidos los grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas y otros movimientos ideológicos extremistas. El Relator Especial recuerda que ningún Estado es inmune a esos fenómenos. A ese respecto, reitera que los dirigentes y los partidos políticos deben condenar enérgicamente todos los mensajes políticos que propaguen ideas basadas en la superioridad o el odio raciales, así como toda incitación a la discriminación racial o la xenofobia. El respeto de los derechos humanos y las libertades, la democracia y el estado de derecho debe ser siempre la piedra angular de cualquier programa o actividad de los partidos políticos, sin dejar de tener presente la necesidad de asegurar que los sistemas políticos y jurídicos reflejen el carácter multicultural de sus sociedades en todos los niveles.", "68. El Relator Especial alienta a los Estados a elaborar un enfoque amplio a la hora de diseñar medidas dirigidas a mitigar los efectos negativos del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia en el pleno disfrute de los derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales.", "69. Por otro lado, al elaborar un enfoque amplio de esa índole, los Estados deberán tener en cuenta la dimensión estructural del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia y, en particular, las manifestaciones que esos fenómenos adoptan respecto de algunos grupos de personas, como los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y las víctimas de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia. En efecto, las causas profundas de la discriminación estructural deben abordarse con un enfoque amplio que permita examinar ese fenómeno en todas sus dimensiones. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial insta a los Estados a que revisen y reformulen las leyes, las políticas y los programas que tengan un efecto desproporcionado, incluidas las leyes, las políticas y los programas que discriminen indirectamente a grupos específicos de personas. También recomienda que se adopten estrategias y planes nacionales de acción contra el racismo, centrados en la discriminación estructural y la interrelación entre el racismo y la exclusión socioeconómica o política de determinados grupos de la población.", "70. Una respuesta jurídica adecuada es un pilar fundamental del enfoque recomendado por el Relator Especial en el presente informe. Toda apología del odio nacional, racial o religioso que constituya una incitación a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia debe estar prohibida por ley, al igual que la propagación de ideas basadas en la superioridad o el odio raciales, toda incitación a la discriminación racial y todo acto de violencia o de incitación a cometer tales actos. A tal efecto, el Relator Especial recomienda que se promulguen leyes conformes a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, en particular el artículo 20, párrafo 2, del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y el artículo 4 de la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial. Se insta asimismo a los Estados a que incorporen en su legislación penal interna una disposición según la cual la comisión de un delito por motivos o con fines racistas o xenofóbicos constituya una circunstancia agravante que dé lugar a la aplicación de sanciones más severas. El Relator Especial también exhorta a los Estados a que apliquen plenamente los artículos 19 a 22 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, en que se garantizan los derechos a la libertad de expresión, reunión y asociación y se establecen las limitaciones a esos derechos. En ese sentido, subraya que los Estados nunca deberán perder de vista que el objetivo final al abordar la cuestión de la incitación al odio nacional, racial o religioso es procurar los medios más eficaces para proteger a las personas contra la apología del odio y la violencia perpetrada por otros.", "71. Las respuestas jurídicas están lejos de bastar para provocar cambios reales. En la práctica, las medidas legislativas deben complementarse con un conjunto mucho más amplio de medidas de carácter normativo, como la acción afirmativa, la recopilación de datos y estadísticas desglosados por origen étnico; la formación de los funcionarios del Estado en materia de derechos humanos y la realización de actividades educativas y de sensibilización que fomenten el entendimiento, el respeto y la tolerancia mutuos.", "72. Se recomienda diseñar y aplicar medidas y programas de acción afirmativa, en particular para corregir las desigualdades históricas de que siguen siendo víctimas ciertos grupos de personas, como los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y las víctimas de la discriminación basada en el empleo y la ascendencia. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial insta a los Estados a elaborar y aplicar medidas especiales de conformidad con la recomendación general núm. 32 del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial y las disposiciones de Durban.", "73. El racismo y la discriminación racial en el seno de las instituciones del Estado son una realidad que los Estados no deben negar. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial recomienda que los Estados fortalezcan la capacidad de los funcionarios de los órganos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley y los miembros del poder judicial mediante la realización periódica de actividades adecuadas y obligatorias de capacitación en derechos humanos centradas en el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, que abarquen asimismo los delitos de carácter racista y xenofóbicos cometidos por individuos estrechamente vinculados a partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas, entre ellos los grupos neonazis y de cabezas rapadas.", "74. A fin de abordar las causas profundas del racismo y la discriminación racial en la sociedad y construir sociedades basadas en la tolerancia, el respeto de la diversidad cultural y la no discriminación, el Relator Especial recomienda encarecidamente que los Estados inviertan en la educación. A ese respecto, el Relator Especial desea destacar en particular la importancia de los cursos de historia en la enseñanza de la historia de los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y otras comunidades, su cultura y sus aportes positivos, así como las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos de que han sido víctimas en otras épocas. Recuerda también que la educación en derechos humanos es una herramienta importante en la lucha contra el auge de los partidos políticos, movimientos y grupos extremistas.", "75. Los Estados deberían asimismo crear una mayor conciencia y cuestionar percepciones arraigadas desde hace mucho tiempo y, por esa vía, ayudar a que la opinión pública abogue por sociedades más justas y equitativas. Por consiguiente, los esfuerzos que se hagan con fines educativos deberán complementarse con actividades de concienciación dirigidas a informar y sensibilizar a la población. A tal efecto, el Relator Especial exhorta a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos a que elaboren programas adecuados que promuevan la tolerancia y el respeto hacia todas las personas y todos los derechos humanos y combatan el extremismo.", "76. Por otra parte, deberá prestarse especial atención a las víctimas. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial insta a los Estados a garantizar el acceso pleno de las víctimas del racismo y la discriminación racial a recursos jurídicos efectivos, incluido el derecho a obtener una reparación justa y adecuada. Se deberá investigar de manera inmediata, exhaustiva e imparcial toda actitud y todo delito de carácter racista y xenofóbico; ayudar a las víctimas a que conozcan sus derechos y sancionar debidamente a los culpables. El empoderamiento de las víctimas del racismo y la discriminación racial mediante la adopción de nuevas medidas que faciliten su acceso a una educación de calidad y superior es otro paso importante que deberán dar los Estados. Además, el Relator Especial insta a los Estados a asegurar que las víctimas del racismo y discriminación racial participen en los procesos de diseño, adopción de decisiones, aplicación y evaluación de las políticas nacionales, en particular en el caso de las políticas que les conciernan directamente.", "77. El Relator Especial reitera que todas las medidas adoptadas para prevenir y eliminar el racismo y la discriminación racial deben ser diseñadas y aplicadas de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Por otra parte, es fundamental que el enfoque integral, basado en un sólido marco jurídico, y las medidas complementarias fundamentales se apliquen de manera eficaz y en un espíritu inclusivo y de cooperación con la participación de los interesados. En ese sentido, el Relator Especial recomienda fortalecer y coordinar mejor las actividades de aplicación a nivel nacional y local y alienta a los Estados a cooperar debidamente con las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las Naciones Unidas y los mecanismos regionales de derechos humanos. Recomienda, además, que se intensifiquen los esfuerzos de los Estados para intercambiar prácticas idóneas desarrolladas a nivel local, nacional y regional para prevenir y eliminar el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia.", "[1] Véase el texto íntegro del comunicado de prensa en www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E.", "[2] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.", "Joint_SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/JointSRsubmissionforNairobi workshop.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/", "SRsubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[5] www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-quality.pdf.", "[6] Véase A/CONF.189/12 y Corr.1, cap. I.", "[7] www.2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf.", "[8] Véase A/CONF.211/8, cap. I.", "[9] El texto íntegro del comunicado de prensa puede consultarse en www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E.", "[10] Véase el texto íntegro del comunicado de prensa en www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E.", "[11] Véase el texto íntegro del comunicado de prensa en www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E.", "[12] Véase también la carta de denuncia de los relatores especiales de fecha 8 de septiembre de 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, párrs. 149 a 155).", "[13] Véase www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E.", "[14] Véanse, por ejemplo, el Código de Ética de Aljazeera (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/2008525185733692771.html); las Directrices Editoriales de la British Broadcasting Corporation (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); los Principios de Camden sobre la libertad de expresión y la igualdad elaborados por la organización< Artículo 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/Camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); y The Ethical Journalism Initiative (Iniciativa de Periodismo Ético) (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org) de la Federación Internacional de Periodistas (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 67 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance: comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of the follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Githu Muigai, pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Summary", "The present report to the General Assembly is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "Following a brief introduction, the Special Rapporteur refers, in section II of the report, to thematic issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). These issues include: structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "Finally, in section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, he emphasizes that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In this context, the Special Rapporteur provides several recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Issues 4 of concern for the \nmandate A.Manifestations 5 and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance B.Victims 9 of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance C.Best 13 practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance III. Activities 14 of the Special \nRapporteur A.Country 14 \nvisits B.Thematic 15 press \nreleases C.Seminars 16 and \nconsultations IV.Conclusions 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. On 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 16/33, by which it extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance for a further period of three years, in accordance with the terms of reference contained in Human Rights Council resolution 7/34.", "2. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, within his mandate, to continue giving particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "3. In this report, the Special Rapporteur gives an overview of the issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the Assembly (A/65/295). These issues of concern for the mandate are presented in section II and include structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "4. In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "5. In section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern.", "II. Issues of concern for the mandate", "6. In his thematic reports, press releases, contributions to conferences and other meetings, the Special Rapporteur has continued to give particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of General Assembly resolution 65/240.", "7. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur refers to various manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection A); victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection B); and best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection C).", "A. Manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "1. Structural discrimination", "8. Since the submission of his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted the issue of structural discrimination on several occasions, including in a public statement and in his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/40).", "9. On 18 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in the thematic discussion on “Structural discrimination: definitions, approaches and trends” held in the framework of the eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In the statement delivered on that occasion, the Special Rapporteur acknowledged that while the pervasive existence and manifestations of structural discrimination had been studied and addressed widely, including by United Nations expert mechanisms, that phenomenon remained a difficult one to define. He provided some elements that might contribute to a better understanding of the different manifestations of structural discrimination and its various causes.", "10. The Special Rapporteur took the view that structural discrimination refers to racist, xenophobic or intolerant patterns of behaviour and attitudes within societal structures that target specific individuals or groups of individuals, in relation to their race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. Such “societal” structural discrimination is related, inter alia, to the persistence of deeply rooted racial prejudice and negative stereotypes within the societies.", "11. The Special Rapporteur further highlighted that structural discrimination can be the result of past historical injustices perpetrated against specific groups of individuals. Long after that formalized racial discrimination was dismantled, the inequalities that were created continued to have a disadvantage or disproportionate effect on the human rights of individuals of specific ethnic and racial groups. Indigenous peoples, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status, ethnic minorities and people of African descent remain particularly affected by this historical legacy, notably in the areas of health, housing, employment, education, administration of justice as well as political representation and empowerment. Thus structural discrimination is one example of the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "12. In the context of structural discrimination, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate the importance of addressing any discriminatory effects of those laws, policies and programmes that are prima facie non-discriminatory. Indeed, in some cases while the legislation or the public policies seem to be in conformity with international human rights law, and the aim of Governments is to prohibit racial discrimination, their application may have a discriminatory effect. The Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that may discriminate indirectly against specific groups of individuals. He further recommends that particular attention be paid to the situation of migrants while addressing the question of structural discrimination.", "2. Incitement to national, racial or religious hatred", "13. Since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred has been raised by the Special Rapporteur on several occasions, including in a joint press release and in the joint written submissions presented with the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "14. In the joint press release regarding the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, issued with other United Nations human rights experts on 1 April 2011,[2] the Special Rapporteur called on all parties to refrain from any advocacy of national or racial hatred that might incite to discrimination, hostility or violence. He demanded an end to attacks against foreign nationals and joined his voice to the appeal made by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to promptly investigate and punish those responsible for ethnic violence.", "15. The Special Rapporteur also addressed the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in the joint written submissions presented in Vienna,[3] Nairobi[4] and Bangkok[5] to the series of expert workshops of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. The expert workshops touched upon the rights and freedoms enshrined in the following provisions of international human rights instruments: article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, respectively, on freedom of thought, conscience and religion; article 19 of the Universal Declaration and of the International Covenant on freedom of opinion and expression, respectively; article 20 of the Covenant on the prohibition of any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on the eradication of incitement to racial discrimination as well as acts of violence or incitement to such acts.", "16. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur explored some legislative and judicial practices in the workshops’ regions (Europe, Africa and Asia-Pacific; the fourth expert workshop on the Americas will be held in October 2011). He also explored policies conducive to effectively prohibiting and preventing advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In that regard, he referred to some examples and pertinent recommendations from the mandate’s country fact-finding visits in the different regions and the communications sent to States to help to review legislative and judicial practices and policies.", "17. The Special Rapporteur reiterated that all human rights were universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. He underlined that nowhere was that interdependence more obvious than in the discussion on freedom of expression and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. He strongly emphasized that freedom of expression and the demands of a pluralist, tolerant, broad-minded and democratic society needed to be taken into consideration in all cases being examined. Freedom of expression had to be understood in a positive sense as one of the essential foundations of a democratic and pluralistic society. It had to be guaranteed equally for all as a way to combat racism and discrimination. With the exercise of that freedom, an atmosphere of respect and understanding between peoples, cultures and religions had to be generated.", "18. The Special Rapporteur further recalled that the OHCHR expert seminar on articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant, held in Geneva in October 2008, identified some objective criteria to prevent arbitrary application of national legal standards pertaining to incitement to racial or religious hatred: the public intent of inciting discrimination, hostility or violence must be present for hate speech to be penalized; any limitations on freedom of expression should be clearly and narrowly defined, provided by law, necessary and proportionate to the objective they propound to achieve, i.e., prohibiting hate speech; limitations should not threaten the exercise of the right itself; the least intrusive means insofar as freedom of expression is concerned should be used to prevent a chilling effect; and the adjudication of such limitations should be made by an independent and impartial judiciary. The Special Rapporteur also referred to the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality,[6] which provide useful guidance for the interpretation of international law and standards, inter alia, with regard to incitement to hatred. In that regard, he reiterated Principle 12, which clarifies that “the terms ‘hatred’ and ‘hostility’ refer to intense and irrational emotions of opprobrium, enmity and detestation towards the target group”, that “the term ‘advocacy’ is to be understood as requiring an intention to promote hatred publicly towards the target group” and that “the term ‘incitement’ refers to statements about national, racial or religious groups which create an imminent risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against persons belonging to those groups”.", "19. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur also noted the positive development of the adoption, on 24 March 2011, by the Human Rights Council, without a vote, of resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence, and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. He expressed his appreciation that the Human Rights Council had, after years of debate, ultimately found a way to unanimously address those worrying phenomena without referring to concepts or notions that would undermine international human rights law. In that context, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the principle that individuals rather than religions per se were the rights-holders.", "3. Extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements", "20. With regard to the issue of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazi and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, the Special Rapporteur has submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. The Special Rapporteur identified good practices developed by States and other stakeholders to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups. In that regard, he welcomed the prohibition of racial discrimination in a number of States’ constitutions and legislation, and appreciated that racial discrimination and incitement to racial hatred were declared an offence under the criminal law of some countries. He also welcomed the fact that racist or xenophobic motives in some criminal legislation were aggravating factors in relation to some offences. Among other good practices, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the programmes specifically launched by States to combat extremism, including to steer youth away from extremist groups; the establishment of specific units to deal with hate crimes in Public Prosecutor’s offices; the collection of data on hate crimes, including racist crimes committed by members of extremist groups; as well as training of law enforcement agents, educational measures and awareness-raising activities to foster tolerance and respect for cultural diversity.", "22. While taking note of efforts made by States to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups, the Special Rapporteur underlined that important challenges remained which required more efforts and increased vigilance, including with regard to the protection of vulnerable groups of individuals against racist and xenophobic crimes. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that members of minorities, including Roma, Sinti, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, continued to be the main victims of violence and attacks perpetrated or incited by extremist political parties, movements and groups. He highlighted the remaining impunity of the perpetrators of racist crimes and expressed his concern about the underreporting of such crimes by the victims.", "23. In this context, the Special Rapporteur also raised the challenges posed by extremist political parties, movements and groups regarding the protection and consolidation of democracy and human rights. He highlighted that extremist political parties, movements and groups had gained influence, including through seats obtained in parliaments at the national and regional levels. Furthermore, some extremist political parties, movements and groups had adopted new strategies to secure a place on the political scene by refraining from openly propagating racist and xenophobic discourse. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted with concern the increased use of the Internet to disseminate racist ideas by individuals and groups of individuals closely linked to extremist movements.", "24. In view of upcoming presidential and legislative elections to be held in some countries, the Special Rapporteur called upon traditional political parties to avoid using electoral contexts to fuel populist ideas and to refrain from seeking coalitions with extremist political parties. He further recalled that any measures to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups had to be taken in accordance with international human rights law and in a manner that upheld democratic principles.", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "25. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly emphasized the need to adopt a victim-oriented approach, to ensure that actions undertaken truly respond to the concrete needs of those experiencing racism and discrimination. In line with the Durban documents, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted that all victims should receive the same attention and protection and that it is essential to avoid establishing any hierarchy among the different manifestations of discrimination, even if they may vary in nature and degree depending on the historical, geographical and cultural context. All forms of racism and discrimination should be addressed with the same emphasis and determination.", "26. In this context, the Special Rapporteur would like to highlight the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights of certain groups. Since his previous report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has discussed the situation of people of African descent (see subsection B.1), Roma (see subsection B.2) and those who face discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status (see subsection B.3).", "1. People of African descent", "27. In the context of the celebration of the International Year for People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the thematic discussion on “Racial discrimination against people of African descent”, held by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva on 7 March 2011. In addition, he participated in the thematic discussion on “People of African descent: Overview of the current situation facing people of African descent”, held in the framework of the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on 29 March. A joint statement on “Recognition, justice and development: a road map to achieve full equality for people of African descent” was also delivered by the Special Rapporteur and other United Nations independent human rights experts on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on 21 March.", "28. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged that progress and positive changes had been made; however, he emphasized that important challenges still remained. Indeed, despite century-long fights against racism and racial discrimination, people of African descent continued to be discriminated against and marginalized as a result of the historical injustices and grave human rights violations they had suffered from in the past, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. That was particularly blatant in the areas of education, employment, health and housing. Inequalities also seeped into the access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In the administration of justice in particular, important challenges remained with regard to racial discrimination against people of African descent and their unequal treatment before the law, especially in the criminal justice system. They often face institutional racism in the area of penal administration. Racial profiling by the police also adversely affects them.", "29. Inequalities in all aspects of daily life of people of African descent demand continued urgent attention. Subtle, but ever present, structural discrimination or institutionalized racism is part of their everyday existence. They are regrettably not accepted as part of the culture within public institutions or private enterprises, nor within the wider society. It is crucial to recognize that racism and racial discrimination against people of African descent remain embedded in societies.", "30. In that context, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized the situation of women and girls of African descent who often suffer multiple forms of discrimination on the basis of their descent and gender. Women and girls of African descent are regularly more marginalized and discriminated in comparison to men in key areas such as education, public and political life, health, and access to labour markets, and they remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "31. In the Special Rapporteur’s view, the participation of people of African descent in political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society, as well as in the advancement and economic development of their countries, is indispensable for an inclusive society. A particular reference was made in that regard by the Special Rapporteur to paragraph 32 of the Durban Declaration,[7] which affirms the importance and necessity of ensuring the full integration of people of African descent into social, economic and political life with a view to facilitating their full participation at all levels in the decision-making process. The invaluable contributions to the economic, social, cultural, civil and political life of society that have been made by people of African descent were also emphasized.", "32. Racial discrimination against people of African descent is a major obstacle to achieving development. The Special Rapporteur therefore recalled that meaningful participation and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination were central features of a human rights-based approach to development and that progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals should be encouraged.", "2. Roma", "33. In his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, the Special Rapporteur analysed the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. He noted that despite the wide range of measures taken by States at the regional and national levels to eliminate racism and racial discrimination against Roma, more remained to be done in the light of their current situation. Indeed, important challenges remained that revealed grave and deep-rooted problems of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that Roma were particularly exposed to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance when it came to the enjoyment of their rights to education, health, employment and housing. The widespread discrimination they faced fed their marginalization and social exclusion in a vicious manner. The Special Rapporteur noted with concern the segregation of Roma children in schools, the high rate of unemployment of Roma, their forced evictions and growing segregation in the area of housing, and the discriminatory practices they experienced while accessing health care and services.", "34. While the socio-economic marginalization and exclusion of Roma was one of the most frequent manifestations of the racism and racial discrimination they faced, Roma were also victims of discrimination in the enjoyment of their civil and political rights. Indeed, in a number of countries, Roma were discriminated against in their access to citizenship, and they were still widely excluded from the public and political life of many countries, where they remained underrepresented or not represented at all in States’ public administration and institutions, or in political parties. The Special Rapporteur also noted with concern that Roma were discriminated against in access to justice, including in the criminal justice system, where discriminatory attitudes by prosecutors, excessive delays in dealing with cases brought by Roma and racial profiling by the police were reported.", "35. Violence against Roma by private and public actors remains a serious and increasing problem in many countries. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlighted abuse and violence against Roma by the police, the rise of extremism which increased Roma vulnerability to racist violence, and the persistence of racist and xenophobic discourse against Roma by public officials and politicians, including high-ranking State officials.", "36. The situation of Roma migrants who face double discrimination as Roma and non-citizens was also raised with concern by the Special Rapporteur. He noted that the poverty they experienced in their country of origin, as well as racism, racial discrimination and marginalization, often helped to explain their emigration. Furthermore, for several years Roma migrants had frequently been targeted by security policies and discourse that had sometimes resulted in their expulsions. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur expressed his concern about the targeted expulsion of Roma migrants, including to countries where they were likely to face discrimination. He called upon States to respect the rights of Roma migrants as guaranteed by the relevant regional and international human rights instruments.", "37. While assessing the reasons for racial discrimination and racism against Roma remained complex, the Special Rapporteur stressed that three main factors, which should not be considered as exhaustive, might explain the persistence of such a situation. They included the lack of participation of Roma in decision-making processes, the lack of implementation of policies and legislation targeting Roma, and the structural dimension of the racism and racial discrimination they faced. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur also underlined that Roma were confronted with institutionalized discrimination reflected both in legislation, policies and administrative measures, and in the discriminatory attitudes of State officials. He emphasized the need for States to ensure that the behaviour of their agents complied with their international human rights obligations.", "3. Discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status", "38. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly raised the negative impact of discrimination based on work and descent on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. He reaffirms that States have to recognize that discrimination on the ground of descent constitutes a form of racial discrimination prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur has associated himself with the position taken by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination which in its general recommendation No. 29: Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Descent) (2002), strongly reaffirmed that “discrimination based on ‘descent’ includes discrimination against members of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights”.", "39. The Special Rapporteur would like to stress that multiple discrimination compounds the severity of the plight of low castes, who sometimes form part of a religious minority. For instance, many Hindu members belonging to “scheduled castes” (Dalits) experience segregation in access to housing, live below the poverty line, earn less than the minimum wage and have no access to education. They suffer from numerous diseases, not least because of lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and sometimes face discrimination in accessing public-health facilities. Pervasive discrimination keeps them poor, uneducated, in terrible living conditions and in menial jobs. Discriminated against in terms of education, children of lower castes are among the most vulnerable, facing recruitment as child labour, soldiers or as sex workers, and rampant torture and corporal punishment. Trafficking and the sale of children, especially young girls, and infanticide of female children are other multiple forms of discrimination. Women and girls face multiple discrimination, including through sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, violence in their family and communities, and from actors in other castes.", "40. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur has identified good practices and challenges in the fight against discrimination based on work and descent at the international and national levels. He notes with satisfaction that some Governments have taken initiatives to address the problems facing communities affected by discrimination based on work and descent, and he encourages them to continue their efforts, share best practices and take the lead in regional and international initiatives to eliminate this form of discrimination.", "41. However, despite Government efforts to eradicate this type of discrimination through constitutional guarantees, legislation and affirmative action programmes, the Special Rapporteur notes that caste-based discrimination remains deplorably widespread and deeply rooted. He would like to reiterate that, notwithstanding the existence of international legal obligations to protect against discrimination based on work and descent, certain Governments have failed to implement such obligations effectively and have, in some instances, sidestepped the question of caste discrimination by claiming that it does not fall under the scope of the international conventions, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in contrast to the opinion of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In that regard, he again recommends that the general measures contained in general recommendation No. 29 (2002) of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination be implemented.", "42. The Special Rapporteur recommends the continued use of the draft principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination based on work and descent[8] as a guiding framework for the elaboration of effective measures to be taken by States to fulfil international legal obligations, and invites Governments to consider creating a consultative body of regional human rights institutions to study the issue and raise regional awareness. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur recommends that measures with regard to the legal framework be taken hand-in-hand with awareness-raising measures.", "C. Best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "43. The issue of best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has been addressed on several occasions by the Special Rapporteur, including at the “Panel discussion on best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, held in the framework of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on 15 June 2011. The Panel was organized in the context of the upcoming celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "44. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to share his experience on this issue. Good practices highlighted by the Special Rapporteur included legal, policy and institutional measures identified during his country visits and in his reports to the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. The Special Rapporteur noted, in particular, the development of some national laws against racism and racial discrimination that provided good protection.", "45. The outcome document of the Durban Review Conference,[9] in paragraph 28, reaffirmed the call upon States to formulate action plans to prevent, combat and eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that some States had developed national action plans against racism that were in line with the provisions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In some cases, those national action plans and strategies had been elaborated to cover specific groups of individuals, including, for instance, the Roma. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted the specific measures adopted to protect migrant workers, including through the setting up of channels for foreign workers to submit complaints and the establishment of language and financial assistance to file lawsuits in court.", "46. The Special Rapporteur also stressed that several countries had already invested in education to foster mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity, and that some educational policies and programmes had been developed to contribute to the peaceful coexistence of the diverse communities at the national level. Other positive examples identified by the Special Rapporteur included the training of law enforcement agents and awareness-raising measures.", "47. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that creating an institutional framework for the adequate promotion and sharing of best practices in the fight against racism would help States to draw on positive lessons that could be transferred to other contexts. The best practices database of OHCHR, once finalized, will be a key tool in the identification and sharing of good practices. States can also make better use of the universal periodic review process to share good practices.", "III. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "48. In this section, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits (subsection A), thematic press releases (subsection B) as well as seminars and consultations (subsection C).", "A. Country visits", "1. Mission to Hungary", "49. The Special Rapporteur visited Hungary from 23 to 27 May 2011. He would like to reiterate his sincere appreciation to the Government of Hungary for its full openness and cooperation throughout the visit. A detailed report containing the observations and conclusions of the Special Rapporteur on the visit will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session, in 2012.", "50. At the press conference held in Budapest on 27 May 2011,[10] the Special Rapporteur highlighted the particular context of his visit, which occurred more than 10 years after the first visit to Hungary of a previous Special Rapporteur on racism, and at a time when the Government of Hungary had adopted a new Constitution and was holding the European Union’s presidency. He further recalled that the issues raised during his mission had to be understood in the context of the history of Hungary, in particular, the impact of the fall of the Communist regime on disadvantaged groups, especially the Roma minority.", "51. The Special Rapporteur commended the Government of Hungary for the significant efforts made to fulfil its international human rights obligations and commitments with respect to the situation of national and ethnic minorities and the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He noted that key legislative, institutional and political measures had been taken. In that regard, he welcomed, among others, key achievements such as Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities, and Act No. CXXV of 2003 on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities, which both provided a comprehensive and valuable legislative framework on anti-discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also welcomed the unique Hungarian system of minority self-governments, the newly adopted agreement between the Government and Roma leaders, and the European Roma Strategy initiated by the Hungarian presidency of the Council of the European Union.", "52. While much had been achieved in the past few years, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that challenges remained, including in relation to the implementation of the measures taken. He stressed that Hungary had to ensure that all those measures led to an effective outcome that would cover the situation of all the individuals who experienced racism and racial discrimination. He identified critical areas which deserved specific attention and determined action. In that regard, he stressed that the situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants was a matter that called for specific attention. The Special Rapporteur also emphasized the importance of ensuring that the constitutional changes would not weaken the legal and institutional framework for the protection of minorities’ rights. He recommended an effective empowerment of members of minorities.", "53. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the situation of Roma individuals, who represented the largest minority group in Hungary, had worsened in the last years, as also recognized by Government officials. They faced racism and racial discrimination, including segregation in the area of education, and were exposed to violence and abuse. Being aware of the historical roots of the current situation of Roma and the difficulties in fixing it, the Special Rapporteur underlined the urgent need for a strong political will to address their situation. There was a great urgency to reinvigorate the education of Roma with all the necessary resources of the Government of Hungary. It was essential that Hungary develop a comprehensive approach for Roma and elaborate a consolidated and coordinating programme of implementation at all levels, starting at the local level. The gap between Hungary’s engagement at the international level and the commitment of local governments must be filled in that regard.", "54. Finally, the Special Rapporteur underlined that immediate action was required to tackle anti-Semitism. He also called upon the vigilance of the Government vis-à-vis the resurgence of extremist political parties, movements and groups, some of which were alleged to have a racist platform, and he drew the attention of the Government to the recurrence of hate speech.", "2. Forthcoming missions", "55. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Bolivia, which has accepted his request to visit the country. He plans to undertake the mission before the end of 2011. He would like also to thank the Government of South Africa for inviting him to conduct a mission, which he plans to carry out as soon as possible.", "56. The Special Rapporteur is very much looking forward to engaging in a constructive dialogue, respectively, with the authorities of the Governments of Bolivia and South Africa on all matters related to his mandate.", "B. Thematic press releases", "57. On 10 December 2010, in a joint statement delivered by the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures on behalf of mandate holders of the Human Rights Council on the occasion of Human Rights Day,[11] the Special Rapporteur paid tribute to human rights defenders who act against discrimination globally and called for their greater protection. Human rights defenders were the front line of efforts to confront discrimination and all violations of rights — their work was vital, yet they were frequently under threat and must be better protected. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized that human rights defenders had advanced the human rights agenda and brought the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights closer to reality in their societies, promoting equality, the rule of law and justice through their commitment and sacrifices. They had helped to shape the laws and policies that established that no one should be the victim of discrimination. He further underlined that human rights defenders and non-governmental organizations were essential to the functioning of free and fair societies in which anyone, irrespective of his or her ethnicity, religion, gender, politics or sexual identity, had the right to object to inequality or mistreatment and to seek justice and redress.", "58. On 17 September 2010, in anticipation of the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint press release on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals,[12] in which he noted that significant progress had been made on the achievement of a number of Millennium Development Goals, but much more needed to be done. A focus on human rights was needed to tackle the structural problems, at both national and international levels, that underpinned and sustained the poverty and underdevelopment whose effects the Millennium Goals tried to alleviate. He emphasized that the Goals were laudable political commitments and had been useful in mobilizing money and energy, but States could achieve those Goals sustainably only if they were guided by human rights obligations that defined which actions should be taken, and by whom. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur stressed that good governance and the rule of law at national and international levels were critical.", "C. Seminars and consultations", "59. On 30 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur held an expert consultation in Geneva on the theme “Equality, non-discrimination and diversity: challenge or opportunity for the mass media?”. That discussion brought together 12 experts with work experience in mass media organizations with a global outreach, as well as the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. In terms of their professional backgrounds, the 12 experts included a newspaper editor, television anchor, foreign correspondent, wire reporter, online blogger, head of newsgathering and representatives of an umbrella organization of journalists, an international human rights organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Alliance of Civilizations. As part of the discussion, two specific cases studies were analysed, i.e., the media coverage of recent plans to burn copies of the Koran[13] and the challenges of reporting on post-electoral conflicts in an ethnically divided country.[14] The Special Rapporteur learned more about the decision-making processes within the different mass media organizations and the conditions for making their day-to-day judgement calls, adhering to the key principles of professionalism and independence. The experts highlighted several challenges faced by mass media, for example, the increasingly competitive nature of the industry and the need to provide news around the clock, coupled with a global and evolving media landscape. Drawing on their work, the experts also reflected upon existing initiatives and guidelines used by mass media organizations to promote equality, freedom of expression and diversity.[15] They acknowledged that self-regulation for mass media was the best system, albeit imperfect, yet they also emphasized that self-regulation should not lead to detrimental self-censorship or a conspiracy of silence. They also stressed the importance of skills training, including with respect to investigative reporting.", "60. On 10 January 2011, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the session on the theme “ECRI [European Commission against Racism and Intolerance] and its international partners: cooperation and synergies”, held in the framework of the seminar organized by the Council of Europe on “The fight against discrimination based on racial, ethnic, religious or other bias” in Ankara. While recalling the Durban documents’ provisions on the role of regional bodies, the Special Rapporteur underlined the considerable contribution of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in the fight against racism at the European level. In order to strengthen cooperation, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that adopting a comprehensive legal framework addressing all forms of racism and discrimination, as it existed at the United Nations and at European levels, was the correct strategy. In addition, best practices should be shared with other countries and regions on a regular basis, including on complementary measures such as education and awareness-raising initiatives aiming at promoting understanding within society. The Special Rapporteur took the view that a more regular exchange of experiences could certainly provide a framework for the development of useful tools to fight discrimination and racism, making use of the lessons learned. He encouraged further joint action of national, regional and international mechanisms fighting discrimination, and welcomed more interaction with European mechanisms, including with respect to the preparation of country visits in Europe, data, studies, case law, and legal and policy measures. A common approach on some issues would also be worthwhile.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "61. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges related to the thematic issues raised in the present report, and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that much remains to be done to effectively counter the racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance faced in practice by many women, men and children worldwide.", "62. Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In addition, women and girls belonging to certain communities remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "63. Against this background and pursuant to the thematic issues of concern raised in the present report, the Special Rapporteur would like to make the following general recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "64. A first step to be taken to address the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is to recognize its existence in our societies as well as in State institutions. While the Special Rapporteur is aware of the difficulty in acknowledging such a reality, he is, however, convinced that recognition is a vital first step towards ending racial discrimination.", "65. States are not necessarily aware of the manifestations and the spread of racism and racial discrimination in their societies and how it impacts on the everyday life of the victims, including in terms of marginalization and social exclusion. The absence of appropriate tools to assess the situation, including reliable statistics and data, is among the reasons for such a situation. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that such data and statistics are not only needed to identify the persons and groups affected by racial discrimination, but also to better understand the nature and extent of the inequalities they face, and design targeted policies and measures that will remedy inequalities. He therefore encourages States to collect ethnically disaggregated data and to improve the quality of existing data-collection systems. Such collection must be done in consultation with the concerned groups of individuals and in accordance with international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur also strongly recommends collecting data on racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups. Ethnically disaggregated data may also be an important tool to have a comprehensive picture of the structural dimension of racism and racial discrimination in countries.", "66. In addition, the Special Rapporteur strongly calls upon all States Members to demonstrate further political will to prevent and combat racism and racial discrimination, and to promote further effective action to eliminate instances of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance around the world. Indeed, the elimination of racism and racial discrimination is not always seen as a priority. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reaffirms that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference form the most comprehensive international framework in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He calls upon all States to bring their support to the Durban process and to effectively implement the commitments contained in those documents. He also urges the concerned States to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "67. Recognition and strong political will may lead to results if they are also coupled with an increased vigilance, especially with regard to the rise of certain manifestations and forms of racism and racial discrimination, including the phenomenon of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, as well as similar ideological extremist movements. The Special Rapporteur recalls that no State is immune from such phenomena. In this regard he reiterates that political leaders and political parties must strongly condemn all political messages that disseminate ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Respect for human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law must always be the cornerstone of any programme or activity developed by political parties, while they bear in mind the need to ensure that the political and legal systems reflect the multicultural character of their societies at all levels.", "68. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to develop a comprehensive approach when designing measures to address the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "69. Furthermore, while developing such a comprehensive approach, States should take into account the structural dimension of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including as experienced by some groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. Indeed, the root causes of structural discrimination need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach that will make it possible to address this phenomenon in all its dimensions. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that discriminate indirectly against some specific groups of individuals. He further recommends the adoption of national strategies and plans of action against racism, focusing on structural discrimination and the interrelation between racism and the socio-economic or political exclusion of certain parts of their population.", "70. An appropriate legal response is a fundamental pillar of the approach recommended by the Special Rapporteur in the present report. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence should be prohibited by law, as should the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends the enactment of legislation consistent with international human rights standards, including article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. States are also urged to introduce into their domestic criminal law a provision according to which committing an offence with racist or xenophobic motivation or aim constitutes an aggravating circumstance allowing for heavier sanctions. The Special Rapporteur also calls upon States to fully implement articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and determine the limitations thereto. In this regard, he emphasizes that States should never lose sight of the fact that the ultimate goal, while addressing the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, is to find the most effective ways through which individuals can be protected from advocacy of hatred and violence by others.", "71. Legal responses are far from being sufficient to bring about real changes. Indeed, legislative measures should be complemented by a much broader set of policy measures, such as affirmative action; the collection of ethnically disaggregated data and statistics; human rights training of State agents; and educational and awareness-raising measures to foster mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.", "72. The design and implementation of affirmative action measures or programmes are recommended, including to redress the historical inequalities experienced by certain groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to develop and implement special measures in line with general recommendation No. 32 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and the Durban provisions.", "73. Racism and racial discrimination within State institutions is a reality that States should not deny. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States strengthen the capacity of law enforcement agents and members of the judiciary through regular, adequate and mandatory human rights training activities focusing on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, that will also cover racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups.", "74. To address the root causes of racism and racial discrimination within society and build a society based on tolerance, respect for cultural diversity and non-discrimination, the Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States invest in education. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize in particular the importance of history classes in teaching the history of people of African descent, Roma and other communities, their culture and positive contributions, as well as the grave human rights violations they have suffered in the past. He further recalls that human rights education is a major tool in countering the rise of extremist political parties, movements and groups.", "75. States should also raise awareness and challenge long-entrenched perceptions to help to shape public opinion towards fairer and more equitable societies. Awareness-raising measures to inform and sensitize populations should therefore complement education efforts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur calls upon national human rights institutions to develop appropriate programmes to promote tolerance of, and respect for, all persons and all human rights, and to combat extremism.", "76. Furthermore, particular attention should be paid to the victims. In this respect, the Special Rapporteur urges States to guarantee to victims of racism and racial discrimination full access to effective legal remedies, including the right to seek just and adequate reparation. Prompt, thorough and impartial investigation of racist and xenophobic attitudes and crimes should be undertaken, the victims should be made aware of their rights, and those responsible adequately sanctioned. The empowerment of the victims of racism and racial discrimination through further measures to ensure their access to quality and higher education is also a major step to be taken by States. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure that victims of racism and racial discrimination be involved in the design, decision-making, implementation and evaluation processes of the national policies, especially those affecting them.", "77. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all the measures taken to prevent and eliminate racism and racial discrimination should be designed and implemented in conformity with international human rights standards. Moreover, it is crucial that the comprehensive approach, based on a solid legal framework, and key complementary measures are implemented in an effective, inclusive and cooperative manner with the involvement of relevant stakeholders. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends strengthening and better coordinating implementation efforts at the national and local levels, and he encourages States to duly cooperate with civil society organizations, the United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms. He also recommends that further efforts be made by States to share good practices that have been developed at the local, national and regional levels to prevent and eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.Joint_ SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/ JointSRsubmissionforNairobiworkshop.pdf.", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/ SRSubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[6] http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[7] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[8] www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf.", "[9] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[10] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E.", "[11] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E.", "[12] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E.", "[13] See also the allegation letter of the Special Rapporteurs dated 8 September 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, paras. 149-155).", "[14] See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E.", "[15] See, for example, Al Jazeera’s Code of Ethics (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/ 2008525185733692771.html); the British Broadcasting Corporation’s Editorial Guidelines (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality, prepared by Article 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/Camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); and the International Federation of Journalists, The Ethical Journalism Initiative (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 67 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance: comprehensive implementation and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report prepared by Mr. Githu Muigai, Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/240.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Summary", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and for the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "Following a brief introduction, the Special Rapporteur addresses in section II of the report the thematic issues of interest addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the Assembly (A/65/295). Such issues include structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; political parties, extremist movements and groups, such as neo-Nazi and rapist groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including Afro-descendants, Roma and victims of discrimination based on employment and descent, including castitarian and similar systems. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some of the best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "In section III, the Special Rapporteur records other activities undertaken since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "Finally, in section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations related to the thematic issues of concern mentioned above. The Special Rapporteur highlights the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges and commends Governments for developing several best practices at both the national and international levels. However, it stresses that, regrettably, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly evident in the case of Afro-descendants, Roma, members of communities based on the caste system and other similar systems of hereditary status and, in general, ethnic minorities, particularly in areas such as education, employment, health, housing, access to nationality, administration of justice and the development of criminal profiles based on race, as well as access to judicial decision-making and political systems. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur made several recommendations that States could use as tools for further analysis and progress.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 4II. Issues 4 of interest in connection with the mandate A. Demonstrations 5 and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance B.Víctimas 9 of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance C. Improvements 14 practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance III.Activities 15 of Special Rapporteur A.Visits 15 to countries B.", "I. Introduction", "1. On 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted its resolution 16/33 extending the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance for an additional period of three years, in accordance with the mandate contained in Human Rights Council resolution 7/34.", "2. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and for the comprehensive implementation and follow-up of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, within his mandate, to continue to pay particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "3. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur provides an overview of the issues of concern addressed in the context of his mandate since his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). These issues of concern for the mandate are presented in section II, including structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, such as neo-Nazi and rapist groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in particular Afro-descendants, Roma and victims of hereditary discrimination, The Special Rapporteur also highlights some of the best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "4. In section III, the Special Rapporteur reports on other activities undertaken since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "5. Section IV presents a series of conclusions and recommendations relating to the issues of concern mentioned above.", "II. Matters of relevance to the mandate", "6. In his reports, press releases and thematic interventions at conferences and other meetings, the Special Rapporteur, pursuant to paragraph 32 of General Assembly resolution 65/240, has continued to pay special attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "7. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur refers to various manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection A); victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection B); and best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection C).", "A. Manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "1. structural discrimination", "8. Since his previous report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has on several occasions highlighted the issue of structural discrimination, in particular in a public statement and in his annual report submitted at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/40).", "9. On 18 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in the thematic discussion entitled &quot; Structural discrimination: definitions, approaches and trends &quot; , held at the eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In the statement made at that time, the Special Rapporteur recognized that while the existence and widespread manifestations of structural discrimination had been widely studied and addressed, in particular by United Nations expert mechanisms, it remained difficult to define that phenomenon. It presented some considerations that could contribute to a better understanding of the different manifestations of structural discrimination and their different causes.", "10. The Special Rapporteur was of the view that structural discrimination consisted of racist, xenophobic or intolerant patterns of behaviour and attitudes that, within social structures, targeted individuals or groups of specific persons, on the basis of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. Such “societal” structural discrimination was related, inter alia, to the persistence in society of deeply entrenched racial prejudices and negative racial stereotypes.", "11. The Special Rapporteur also stressed that structural discrimination could result from past historical injustices committed against specific groups of individuals. Long after the abolition of official racial discrimination, the inequities created continued to have adverse or disproportionate effects that undermine the human rights of members of specific ethnic and racial groups. Indigenous peoples, Roma, members of communities based on the caste system and other similar systems of inherited status, ethnic minorities and people of African descent remained particularly affected by this historic legacy, particularly in areas such as health, housing, employment, education, administration of justice, political representation and empowerment. Consequently, structural discrimination illustrates the negative effects of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "12. In the context of structural discrimination, the Special Rapporteur wishes to reiterate the importance of addressing the potential discriminatory effects of laws, policies and programmes that, prima facie, are not discriminatory. In practice, while in some cases public laws and policies seem to be in line with international human rights standards, and the goal of Governments is to prohibit racial discrimination, the application of such laws or policies could have discriminatory effects. The Special Rapporteur urges States to review and reform laws, policies and programmes that have disproportionate effects, including laws, policies and programmes that may indirectly discriminate against specific groups of individuals. It also recommends that special attention be paid to the situation of migrants in addressing the issue of structural discrimination.", "2. Inciting national, racial or religious hatred", "13. Since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, the question of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred has been raised by the Special Rapporteur on several occasions, including in a press release and written communications jointly submitted with the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "14. In the joint press release on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, issued on 1 April 2011 together with other United Nations human rights experts[1], the Special Rapporteur called upon all parties to refrain from any advocacy of national or racial hatred that might incite discrimination, hostility or violence. It also called for an end to attacks against foreign nationals and voiced the call of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination for prompt investigation and punishment of perpetrators of ethnic violence.", "15. The Special Rapporteur also addressed the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in joint written submissions in Vienna[2], Nairobi[3] and Bangkok[4] for the series of expert workshops of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. The workshops of experts addressed the rights and freedoms enshrined in the following provisions of international human rights instruments: article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on freedom of thought, conscience and religion; article 19 of the Universal Declaration and the Covenant, on freedom of opinion and expression; article 20 of the Covenant, on the prohibition of all acts of racial hatred,", "16. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur reviewed some of the legislative and judicial practices in the regions where the workshops were held (Europe, Africa and Asia and the Pacific; the fourth expert workshop on the Americas will be held in October 2011). It also discussed policies that favour the effective prohibition and prevention of the apology of national, racial or religious hatred that constituted incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In this regard, he cited some examples and some relevant recommendations from fact-finding missions carried out under his mandate in countries from different regions and communications sent to States to assist them in reviewing legislative and judicial practices and policies.", "17. The Special Rapporteur reiterated that all human rights were universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. He stressed that this was nowhere more evident than in the debate on freedom of expression and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. He emphasized that freedom of expression and the demands of a pluralist, tolerant, democratic and broad-minded society should be taken into account in all cases under review. Freedom of expression should be understood in a positive sense, as one of the essential foundations of all democratic and pluralistic society. It was necessary for all people to enjoy freedom of expression equally as a means of combating racism and discrimination. Thanks to the exercise of that freedom, an environment of respect and understanding among peoples, cultures and religions would be created.", "18. The Special Rapporteur also recalled that the OHCHR expert seminar on articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, held in Geneva in October 2008, identified some objective criteria to prevent the arbitrary application of the national legal norms relating to incitement to racial or religious hatred: in order to ensure that incitement to hatred is punishable, the manifest intention of inciting discrimination, hostility or violence must be defined in a lesser manner, The Special Rapporteur also referred to the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality[5], which provide useful guidance for the interpretation of international laws and norms relating to incitement to hatred, among other issues. In this regard, he reiterated Principle 12, which clarifies that “the terms ‘odium’ and ‘hostility’ refer to intense and irrational emotions of oprobio, enmity and aversion of the target group”, which will mean that “the term ‘promotion’ requires the intention to publicly promote hatred against the target group” and that “the term ‘inciting’ refers to declarations on national, racial groups.”", "19. In the joint written presentations, the Special Rapporteur also highlighted as a positive step the adoption, without a vote, on 24 March 2011, of Human Rights Council resolution 16/18, entitled &quot; Combating intolerance, negative stereotypes and stigmatization, discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against persons based on religion or belief &quot; . The Special Representative expressed his appreciation to the Human Rights Council for having finally found, after years of debate, how to unanimously address those worrying phenomena, without referring to concepts or notions that would undermine international human rights standards. In that context, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the principle that individuals and not religions per se were rights holders.", "3. Extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazi and raptured heads, and similar extremist ideological movements", "20. With regard to the issue of extremist political parties, movements and groups, such as neo-Nazi and rapist groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, the Special Rapporteur has submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. The Special Rapporteur found good practices adopted by States and other stakeholders in the fight against extremist political parties, movements and groups. In that regard, it welcomed the prohibition of racial discrimination in the constitution and legislation of several States and the fact that racial discrimination and incitement to racial hatred were considered an offence in the criminal law of some countries. It also welcomed the fact that in some criminal laws, racist or xenophobic motives were considered to be aggravating factors in relation to some crimes. Among other good practices, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the launching by States of programmes specifically aimed at combating extremism and, in particular, at removing young people from extremist groups; the establishment in public ministries of units specifically dealing with hate crimes; the collection of data on hate crimes, including racist crimes committed by members of extremist groups, as well as the training of law enforcement officials, the promotion of tolerance and the promotion of cultural activities.", "22. While noting the efforts made by States to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups, the Special Rapporteur stressed the persistence of major problems whose solution required greater efforts and greater vigilance, in particular with regard to the protection of vulnerable groups from racist and xenophobic crimes. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that minority members, such as Roma, Sinti, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, remained the main victims of violence and attacks perpetrated or instigated by extremist political parties, movements and groups. He highlighted the continuing impunity for perpetrators of racist crimes and expressed concern that in most cases victims of such crimes did not report them.", "23. In that context, the Special Rapporteur also noted the challenges posed by extremist political parties, movements and groups regarding the protection and consolidation of democracy and human rights. He stressed that extremist political parties, movements and groups had gained influence and even obtained parliamentary seats at the national and regional levels. On the other hand, some extremist political parties, movements and groups had adopted new strategies to ensure that they took a place at the political scene, refraining from openly propagating racist and xenophobic ideas. The Special Rapporteur also noted with concern the increased use of the Internet to disseminate racist ideas by individuals and groups of people closely linked to extremist movements.", "24. In view of the upcoming presidential and legislative elections to be held in some countries, the Special Rapporteur requested traditional political parties to refrain from using elections as a vehicle for the spread of populist ideas and to seek coalitions with extremist political parties. He also recalled that any action taken to address extremist political parties, movements and groups should be consistent with international human rights standards and reaffirm democratic principles.", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "25. On repeated occasions, the Special Rapporteur has emphasized the need for a victim-oriented approach to ensure that the measures taken are truly responsive to the specific needs of those suffering from racism and discrimination. In line with the Durban documents, the Special Rapporteur has emphasized that all victims must receive equal attention and protection and that it is essential to avoid the establishment of hierarchies among the various forms of discrimination, although their nature and degree vary according to the historical, geographical and cultural context. All forms of racism and discrimination must be confronted with the same firmness and resolution.", "26. In that context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight the negative effects of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights of certain groups. Since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has considered the situation of people of African descent (see subsection B.1), the Roma (see subsection B.2) and persons suffering discrimination based on employment and descent, including discrimination based on caste system and other similar inherited status systems (see subsection B.3).", "1. People of African descent", "27. In the context of the International Year of People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur participated in the thematic discussion entitled “Racial discrimination against people of African descent”, held in Geneva on 7 March 2011 under the auspices of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also participated in the thematic debate entitled &quot; People of African descent: overview of their current situation &quot; , held on 29 March in the framework of the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. The Special Rapporteur, in addition, together with other independent United Nations human rights experts, issued a joint statement entitled “Recognition, justice and development: road map for the full equality of people of African descent”, presented on 21 March on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.", "28. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged progress and positive changes; however, he emphasized the fact that significant challenges remained. In fact, after a century of struggle against racism and racial discrimination, people of African descent were still discriminated against and marginalized as a result of the historic injustices and serious human rights violations that they had been victims of at other times, such as slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. This was particularly evident in the areas of education, employment, health and housing. Such inequalities also undermined access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In the administration of justice, in particular, significant problems arising from racial discrimination against people of African descent and their unequal treatment before the law persisted, particularly in the criminal justice system. People of African descent often faced institutional racism in the area of criminal administration. They were also harmed by the fact that the police produced criminal profiles based on race.", "29. Inequalities in all aspects of the daily life of people of African descent require urgent and sustained attention. Structural discrimination or institutionalized racism, even if they adopt subtle forms, are part of the daily existence of people of African descent. Unfortunately, the existence of such inequalities is not recognized as part of the culture of public institutions or private companies, or within society at large. It was essential to recognize that racism and racial discrimination against people of African descent remained rooted in societies.", "30. In that context, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized the situation of women and girls of African descent, who often suffered multiple forms of discrimination based on their descent and gender. Women and girls of African descent were generally more marginalized and discriminated against than men in key areas such as education, public and political life, health and access to labour markets, and remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "31. In the Special Rapporteur &apos; s view, the participation of people of African descent in the political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society, as well as in the advancement and economic development of their countries, is indispensable for an inclusive society. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur drew particular attention to paragraph 32 of the Durban Declaration[6], which affirms the importance and need to ensure the full integration of people of African descent into social, economic and political life with a view to facilitating their full participation at all levels of the decision-making process. The valuable contributions made by people of African descent to the economic, social, cultural, civil and political life of society were also underlined.", "32. Racial discrimination against people of African descent is a significant obstacle to development. Accordingly, the Special Rapporteur recalled that effective participation and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination were key elements of a human rights-based development approach, and that progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals should be encouraged.", "2. Roma", "33. In his annual report to the Human Rights Council, submitted at its seventeenth session, the Special Rapporteur discussed the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. He noted that despite the wide range of measures taken by States at the regional and national levels to eliminate racism and racial discrimination against Roma, much remained to be done, given their current situation. In practice, serious difficulties continued to exist that revealed serious and profound problems of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that Roma were particularly vulnerable to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance in relation to the enjoyment of their rights to education, health, employment and housing. The widespread discrimination faced by Roma cruelly encouraged their marginalization and social exclusion. The Special Rapporteur noted with concern the segregation of Roma children in schools, the high rate of unemployment among Roma, forced evictions and the growing segregation of them in housing, as well as the discriminatory practices to which they were subjected in access to medical care and services.", "34. While marginalization and exclusion in socio-economic matters were one of the most frequent manifestations of racism and racial discrimination faced by Roma, they were also victims of discrimination in the enjoyment of their civil and political rights. In fact, in several countries, Roma were discriminated against in access to citizenship and remained widely excluded from the public and political life of many countries, where they were still underrepresented or not represented at all in the public administration and State institutions or political parties. The Special Rapporteur also noted with concern that Roma were discriminated against in access to justice, in particular in the criminal justice system, in which discriminatory attitudes of prosecutors were known, excessive delays in the treatment of Roma cases and the development of criminal profiles based on race by the police.", "35. Violence against Roma by private and public actors remains a serious and growing problem in many countries. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlighted abuse and violence against Roma at the hands of the police, the rise of extremism, with the consequent increase in the vulnerability of Roma to racist violence, and the persistence of racist and xenophobic discourse against Roma by public officials and politicians, including senior State officials.", "36. The Special Rapporteur also expressed concern about the situation of Roma immigrants suffering from double discrimination, such as Roma and non-citizens. He noted that poverty in his country of origin, as well as racism, racial discrimination and marginalization, often helped explain his decision to emigrate. On the other hand, Roma immigrants had been a frequent target of security policies and rhetoric that had sometimes resulted in their expulsion. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at the selective expulsion of Roma migrants, particularly to countries where they could be discriminated against. It called on States to respect the rights of Roma migrants, enshrined in relevant regional and international human rights instruments.", "37. Although the reasons for racial discrimination and racism against the Roma community remained difficult to assess, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the existence of three main factors which, while not exhausting the issue, could explain the persistence of that situation. These factors included the lack of Roma participation in decision-making processes, the lack of policies and laws for Roma and the structural dimension of racism and racial discrimination faced. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur further stressed that Roma faced institutionalized discrimination, which was reflected both in legislation, policies and administrative measures and in the discriminatory attitude of State officials. He emphasized the need for States to ensure that their officials comply with their international human rights obligations.", "3. Discrimination based on employment and descent, including discrimination based on caste system and other similar inherited status systems", "38. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly pointed to the negative impact of discrimination based on employment and descent on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The Special Rapporteur reaffirms the need for States to recognize that discrimination on grounds of descent constitutes a manifestation of racial discrimination prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur has joined the position taken by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which in its general recommendation No. 29 on Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Ascendence) (2002) strongly reaffirmed that discrimination based on “ascendence” included discrimination against members of various communities based on types of social stratification such as caste and similar systems of inherited status that nullified or reduced the equal enjoyment of human rights by those persons.", "39. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that multiple discrimination exacerbates the seriousness of the plight of low castes, which sometimes form part of religious minorities. For example, many Hindus belonging to “registered houses” (dalits) suffer segregation in access to housing, live below the poverty line, receive a salary lower than the minimum wage and have no access to education. They also suffer from numerous diseases, especially due to lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and sometimes suffer discrimination in access to public health facilities. Their widespread discrimination keeps them in poverty, without education, in terrible living conditions and in low-level jobs. Children belonging to the lowest castes, in addition to being discriminated against in the field of education, are among the most vulnerable, exposed to being recruited as child labour, soldiers or sex workers, as well as endemic levels of torture and corporal punishment. The trafficking and sale of children, in particular girls, and the infanticide of girls are many other forms of discrimination. Women and girls suffer from multiple discrimination, including sexual exploitation, forced prostitution and domestic and community violence, as well as from members of other castes.", "40. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur has identified, at the international and national levels, best practices and challenges in combating discrimination based on employment and descent. The Special Rapporteur notes with satisfaction that some Governments have launched initiatives to address the challenges faced by communities affected by discrimination based on employment and descent and encourages them to continue those efforts, exchange best practices and take the lead in regional and international efforts to eliminate such discrimination.", "41. The Special Rapporteur notes that, despite the efforts of some Governments to eradicate such discrimination through the establishment of constitutional guarantees, laws and affirmative action programmes, caste-based discrimination unfortunately remains a widespread and deeply rooted phenomenon. He wished to reiterate that, despite the existence of international legal obligations relating to protection against discrimination based on employment and descent, in practice some Governments had failed to comply with those obligations and, in some cases, had ignored the issue of caste-based discrimination on the grounds that such discrimination did not fall within the scope of international conventions, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in contrast to the view of the Committee on Racial Discrimination. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur once again recommends that the general measures contained in general recommendation No be implemented. 29 (2002).", "42. The Special Rapporteur recommends that the principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination based on employment and descent be continued to be used[7] as a guiding framework for the development of effective measures that States should take in order to fulfil their international legal obligations, and invites Governments to consider establishing a consultative body of regional human rights institutions to study the issue and raise regional awareness. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur recommends that awareness-raising activities be carried out jointly with the adoption of measures related to the legal framework.", "C. Best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "43. The issue of best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has been addressed by the Special Rapporteur on several occasions, in particular at the round table on best practices in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance held on 15 June 2011, at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council. This round table was organized in the context of the forthcoming tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "44. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to share his experiences on that topic. The best practices highlighted by the Special Rapporteur included legal, political and institutional measures identified during his country visits and in his reports to the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. The Special Rapporteur noted, in particular, the development of some national laws against racism and racial discrimination that provided good protection.", "45. In paragraph 28 of the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference,[8] the call for States to formulate action plans to prevent, combat and eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was reiterated. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that some States had developed national plans of action against racism that were in line with the provisions of the Declaration and Programme of Action. In some cases, these national action plans and strategies had been developed with the aim of protecting specific groups of individuals; for example, the Roma. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted the concrete measures taken to protect migrant workers, in particular through the creation of channels to allow foreign workers to file complaints and the provision of linguistic and financial assistance to bring complaints to the courts.", "46. The Special Rapporteur further emphasized that several countries had already invested in education plans to promote mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity, and that educational policies and programmes had been developed to contribute to the peaceful coexistence of the various communities at the national level. The positive examples identified by the Special Rapporteur also included training of law enforcement officials and awareness-raising activities.", "47. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that the creation of an appropriate institutional framework for the promotion and exchange of best practices in combating racism would help States to build on positive experiences that could be transferred to other contexts. Once completed, the OHCHR database on best practices would be a key tool in identifying and sharing best practices. States could also better use the Universal Periodic Review process to exchange best practices.", "III. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "48. In this section, the Special Rapporteur refers to other activities undertaken since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, such as country visits (subsection A), thematic press releases (subsection B) and seminars and consultations (subsection C).", "A. Country visits", "1. Mission to Hungary", "49. The Special Rapporteur visited Hungary from 23 to 27 May 2011. In that regard, he wished to reiterate his sincere appreciation to the Government of Hungary for the full transparency and cooperation shown during the visit. The detailed report with the Special Rapporteur &apos; s comments and conclusions on the visit will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in 2012.", "50. At the press conference held in Budapest on 27 May 2011,[9] the Special Rapporteur highlighted the particular context of his visit, which took place more than 10 years after the first visit to Hungary by a previous Special Rapporteur on racism, and at a time when the Government of Hungary had adopted a new Constitution and held the Presidency of the European Union. He also recalled that the issues raised during his mission should be understood in the context of Hungary &apos; s history, in particular the consequences of the fall of the communist regime for disadvantaged groups, specifically the Roma minority.", "51. The Special Rapporteur commended the important efforts made by the Government of Hungary to fulfil its international human rights obligations and commitments regarding the situation of national and ethnic minorities and the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. It noted that key legislative, institutional and political measures had been taken. In that regard, it welcomed some key achievements, such as Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities and Act CXXV of 2003 on equal treatment and promotion of equal opportunities, which provided a comprehensive and valuable legislative framework to combat discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also welcomed the Hungarian system of self-government of minorities, unique in its kind, the recently concluded agreement between the Government and Roma leaders and the European strategy for the inclusion of Roma, launched by the Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union.", "52. While much progress has been made in recent years, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that problems persist, particularly with regard to the implementation of the measures taken. He stressed that Hungary had to ensure that all such measures led to an effective outcome that would benefit all persons suffering from racism and racial discrimination. He noted several critical areas requiring special attention and strong action. In that regard, he stressed that the situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants was a matter to which particular attention should be paid. It also emphasized the importance of ensuring that constitutional changes did not weaken the legal and institutional framework for the protection of minority rights. It recommended that effective empowerment of minority members be encouraged.", "53. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the situation of Roma, which constituted the largest minority group in Hungary, had worsened in recent years, recognizing some Government officials. The Roma were victims of racism and racial discrimination, including segregation in the field of education, and were exposed to violence and abuse. Aware of the historical roots of the current situation of the Roma and the difficulties in resolving them, the Special Rapporteur stressed the urgent need for strong political will to address the situation of the Roma. The need for the Hungarian Government to invest all necessary resources to revitalize the education of the Roma was imperative. It was also essential that Hungary develop a comprehensive approach to the issue of Roma, as well as a consolidated and coordinated programme of implementation at all levels, starting at the local level. In that regard, the gap between Hungary &apos; s international participation and the commitment of local governments needed to be bridged.", "54. Finally, the Special Rapporteur stressed that immediate action should be taken to combat anti-Semitism. It also called on the Government to remain vigilant in the face of the resurgence of extremist political parties, movements and groups, whose platform in some cases was allegedly racist, and drew the Government &apos; s attention to the repetition of incitement to hatred.", "2. Forthcoming missions", "55. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his gratitude to the Government of Bolivia, which has accepted his request to visit that country within the framework of a mission to be undertaken before the end of 2011. He would also like to thank the Government of South Africa for inviting him to undertake a mission, which he intends to carry out as soon as possible.", "56. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to the opportunity to engage in a constructive dialogue with the authorities of the Governments of Bolivia and South Africa, respectively, on all issues related to his mandate.", "B. Thematic press releases", "57. On 10 December 2010, in a joint communiqué issued by the Coordinating Committee of Special Procedures, on behalf of the Human Rights Council mandate holders on the occasion of Human Rights Day, the Special Rapporteur paid tribute to human rights defenders fighting discrimination worldwide and called for greater protection. Human rights defenders were at the forefront of efforts to combat discrimination and all violations of their rights and work were vital; however, they faced frequent threats and should therefore be better protected. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur also stressed that human rights defenders had promoted the human rights agenda and helped to make the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights increasingly a reality in their societies, by promoting equality, the rule of law and justice through their commitment and sacrifices. Human rights defenders had also contributed to shaping the laws and policies that established that no one should be victims of discrimination. The Special Rapporteur further stressed that human rights defenders and non-governmental organizations were essential to the functioning of free and fair societies in which anyone, regardless of their ethnic origin, religion, sex, political affiliation or sexual identity, had the right to oppose inequality or ill-treatment and to seek justice or compensation.", "58. On 17 September 2010, in anticipation of the United Nations High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint press release on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals[11], which noted that significant progress had been made towards achieving some of the Millennium Development Goals, but that much remained to be done. Human rights needed to be emphasized to address structural problems at both the national and international levels that supported and maintained poverty and underdevelopment, the effects of which the Millennium Development Goals sought to alleviate. He stressed that the Millennium Development Goals were commendable political commitments and had been useful in mobilizing financial resources and energy, but that States could achieve those goals in a sustainable manner only on the condition that they were guided by human rights obligations that defined what actions should be undertaken and by whom. The Special Rapporteur also stressed that good governance and the rule of law at the national and international levels were of critical importance.", "C. Seminars and consultations", "59. On 30 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur held an expert consultation in Geneva on &quot; Equality, non-discrimination and diversity: challenge or opportunity for the media &quot; . The debate brought together 12 experts with experience in universal media organizations, as well as special rapporteurs on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and on freedom of religion or belief. Among the 12 experts, of diverse professional backgrounds, were the director of a newspaper, a television presenter, a foreign correspondent, a journalist from a news agency, a “bloguero” and the director of an informative, as well as representatives of an organization of journalists’ associations, an international human rights organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Alliance of Civilizations. In the context of the discussion, two specific cases were discussed, namely, the journalistic coverage of recent plans to burn copies of the Quran[12] and the problems involved in transmitting information on post-electoral conflicts in a country divided among ethnic groups[13]. The Special Rapporteur received more information on decision-making processes within the framework of the various media organizations and on the conditions for decision-making involving judgements in his daily work, respecting the fundamental principles of professionalism and independence. The experts highlighted various problems faced by the media, such as the increasingly competitive nature of the sector and the need to disseminate news 24 hours a day, all of this in the midst of the global and evolving nature of these media. In the light of their experience, experts also reflected on existing initiatives and guidelines used by media organizations to promote equality, freedom of expression and diversity.[14] They recognized that the best system, although imperfect, was the self-regulation of the media; however, they also insisted that self-regulation should not result in pernicious self-censorship or a conspiracy of silence. They also stressed the importance of vocational training, particularly in the submission of research reports.", "60. On 10 January 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the meeting on &quot; The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and its international partners: cooperation and synergies &quot; , held in the framework of the seminar organized by the Council of Europe on &quot; Combating discrimination on the basis of racial, ethnic, religious or other prejudices &quot; , held in Ankara. The Special Rapporteur recalled the provisions of the Durban documents on the role of regional bodies and highlighted the important contribution of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Agency for Fundamental Rights of the European Union in combating racism in Europe. In order to strengthen cooperation, the Special Rapporteur stressed that the appropriate strategy was to adopt a comprehensive legal framework in which all forms of racism and discrimination could be addressed, as existed in the United Nations and Europe. On the other hand, best practices should be regularly exchanged with other countries and regions, in particular with regard to the implementation of complementary measures; for example, educational and awareness-raising initiatives aimed at promoting social understanding. The Special Rapporteur considered that a more frequent exchange of experiences could undoubtedly provide a framework for the development of useful tools to combat discrimination and racism, based on lessons learned. It encouraged further joint action by national, regional and international anti-discrimination mechanisms and welcomed increased collaboration with European mechanisms, in particular with regard to the preparation of visits to European countries, data, studies, jurisprudence and legal and political measures. It would also be worth addressing some issues with a common approach.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "61. The Special Rapporteur notes the valuable efforts made by States to address the thematic issues discussed in the present report and commends Governments for developing a range of best practices at both the national and regional levels. However, the Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that much remains to be done to effectively counter the racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance to which many women, men, boys and girls from around the world are subjected in practice.", "62. Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly evident in the case of Afro-descendants, Roma, members of communities based on the caste system and other similar systems of hereditary status and, in general, ethnic minorities, particularly in areas such as education, employment, health, housing, access to nationality, administration of justice and the development of criminal profiles based on race, as well as access to judicial decision-making and political systems. In addition, women and girls in some communities remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "63. In that context and given the thematic issues of interest raised in the present report, the Special Rapporteur wishes to make the following general recommendations that States could use as tools for further analysis and progress.", "64. A first step in combating the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is to recognize their existence both within our societies and within the State institutions. Aware of the difficulty of recognizing those realities, the Special Rapporteur is at the same time convinced that such recognition is a vital first step towards the eradication of racial discrimination.", "65. States are not necessarily aware of the manifestations and spread of racism and racial discrimination in their societies and of how they affect the daily lives of victims, particularly with regard to marginalization and social exclusion. The lack of adequate tools to assess the situation, including reliable statistics and data, is one of the causes for States not always to be aware of that situation. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that such data and statistics are necessary not only to identify individuals and groups affected by racial discrimination, but also to better understand the nature and extent of the inequalities they face, as well as to design policies and measures specifically aimed at remedying those inequalities. It therefore encourages States to collect data disaggregated by ethnic origin and to improve the quality of existing data collection systems. Such data should be compiled in consultation with interested groups of individuals and in line with international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that data be collected on racist and xenophobic crimes committed by persons closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, in particular neo-Nazi and rapist groups. The collection of data disaggregated by ethnic origin can also serve as an important tool for forming a comprehensive understanding of the structural dimension of racism and racial discrimination in different countries.", "66. In addition, the Special Rapporteur strongly urges all Member States to demonstrate greater political will to prevent and combat racism and racial discrimination and to promote more effective measures to eradicate manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance worldwide. In practice, the elimination of racism and racial discrimination is not always considered a priority. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference constitute the broader international framework for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He therefore called on all States to support the Durban process and to fulfil effectively the commitments contained in those documents. It also urges the States concerned to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "67. Recognition of the problems and demonstration of strong political will in dealing with them will be able to shed the desired results on the condition that vigilance is also strengthened, especially in relation to the increase in certain manifestations and forms of racism and racial discrimination, in particular the phenomenon of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazi and rapist groups and other extremist ideological movements. The Special Rapporteur recalls that no State is immune to such phenomena. In that regard, he reiterated that political leaders and parties should strongly condemn all political messages that proposed ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, as well as any incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Respect for human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law must always be the cornerstone of any agenda or activity of political parties, while bearing in mind the need to ensure that political and legal systems reflect the multicultural nature of their societies at all levels.", "68. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to develop a comprehensive approach in designing measures to mitigate the negative effects of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "69. On the other hand, in developing such a comprehensive approach, States should take into account the structural dimension of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and, in particular, the manifestations that such phenomena take on certain groups of persons, such as Afro-descendants, Roma and victims of discrimination based on employment and descent. In fact, the root causes of structural discrimination should be addressed with a comprehensive approach that would enable it to examine this phenomenon in all its dimensions. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to review and reform laws, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including laws, policies and programmes that indirectly discriminate against specific groups of individuals. It also recommends the adoption of national strategies and action plans against racism, focusing on structural discrimination and the interrelationship between racism and the socio-economic or political exclusion of certain groups of the population.", "70. A proper legal response is a fundamental pillar of the approach recommended by the Special Rapporteur in the present report. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence must be prohibited by law, as well as the spread of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination and any act of violence or incitement to such acts. To that end, the Special Rapporteur recommends the enactment of laws in accordance with international human rights standards, in particular article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. States are also urged to incorporate into their domestic criminal legislation a provision whereby the commission of an offence for racist or xenophobic reasons or for racist or xenophobic purposes constitutes an aggravating circumstance leading to the application of more severe penalties. The Special Rapporteur also calls upon States to fully implement articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and establish limitations on those rights. In that regard, he stressed that States should never lose sight of the ultimate goal in addressing the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred was to seek the most effective means of protecting individuals against the apology of hatred and violence perpetrated by others.", "71. Legal responses are far from sufficient to cause real changes. In practice, legislative measures should be complemented by a much wider range of policy measures, such as affirmative action, collection of data and statistics disaggregated by ethnic origin; training of State officials in the field of human rights and educational and awareness-raising activities that foster mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.", "72. It is recommended that affirmative action measures and programmes be designed and implemented, in particular to address the historical inequalities that certain groups of people, such as Afro-descendants, Roma and victims of discrimination based on employment and descent, continue to suffer. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to develop and implement special measures in accordance with general recommendation No. 32 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the provisions of Durban.", "73. Racism and racial discrimination within State institutions are a reality that States should not deny. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States strengthen the capacity of law enforcement officials and members of the judiciary through regular appropriate and mandatory human rights training activities focusing on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including racist and xenophobic crimes committed by individuals closely linked to political parties, movements and extremist groups.", "74. In order to address the root causes of racism and racial discrimination in society and build societies based on tolerance, respect for cultural diversity and non-discrimination, the Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States invest in education. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight in particular the importance of history courses in the teaching of the history of people of African descent, Roma and other communities, their culture and their positive contributions, as well as the serious human rights violations that they have been victims of at other times. It also recalls that human rights education is an important tool in combating the boom of extremist political parties, movements and groups.", "75. States should also create greater awareness and question long-standing perceptions and thereby help public opinion advocate for more just and equitable societies. Efforts for educational purposes should therefore be complemented by awareness-raising activities aimed at informing and sensitizing the population. To that end, the Special Rapporteur calls upon national human rights institutions to develop appropriate programmes to promote tolerance and respect for all human rights and to combat extremism.", "76. Special attention should also be paid to the victims. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure the full access of victims of racism and racial discrimination to effective legal remedies, including the right to a fair and adequate remedy. All racist and xenophobic attitudes and crimes should be investigated immediately, thoroughly and impartially; help victims to know their rights and to appropriately punish perpetrators. The empowerment of victims of racism and racial discrimination through the adoption of new measures to facilitate their access to quality and higher education is another important step to be taken by States. In addition, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure that victims of racism and racial discrimination participate in the processes of design, decision-making, implementation and evaluation of national policies, in particular in the case of policies that directly concern them.", "77. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all measures taken to prevent and eliminate racism and racial discrimination must be designed and implemented in accordance with international human rights standards. On the other hand, it is essential that the comprehensive approach, based on a strong legal framework, and fundamental complementary measures be effectively implemented and in an inclusive and cooperative spirit with stakeholder participation. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends strengthening and better coordinating national and local implementation activities and encourages States to cooperate adequately with civil society organizations, the United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms. It further recommends that the efforts of States be intensified to exchange best practices at the local, national and regional levels to prevent and eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "[1] See the full text of the press release at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908 strangerLangID=E.", "[2] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.", "Joint_SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/JointSRsubmissionforNairobi workshop.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/", "SRsubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[5] www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-quality.pdf.", "[6] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[7] www.2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf.", "[8] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[9] The full text of the press release can be accessed at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078 strangerLangID=E.", "[10] See the full text of the press release at www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587 strangerLangID=E.", "[11] See the full text of the press release at www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344 strangerLangID=E.", "[12] See also the complaint letter from the special rapporteurs dated 8 September 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, paras. 149-155).", "[13] See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122 strangerLangID=E.", "[14] Véanse, for example, the Code of Ethics of Aljazeera (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/2008525185733692771.html); the Editorial Guidelines of the British Broadcasting Corporation (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality elaborated by the organization Article 19." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Artículo 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Fortalecimiento de la función de las Naciones Unidas para mejorar la eficacia del principio de elecciones periódicas y genuinas y la promoción de la democratización", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "El presente informe describe las actividades de asistencia electoral a los Estados Miembros desarrolladas por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en los últimos dos años. La asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas se presta solo a petición de un Estado Miembro o por resolución del Consejo de Seguridad o de la Asamblea General. El informe indica que la demanda de asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas sigue siendo alta entre los Estados Miembros. Durante el bienio, las Naciones Unidas prestaron asistencia a más de 50 países.", "Como coordinador de las actividades de asistencia electoral, el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos está encargado de la política electoral de la Organización y de asegurar la coherencia y uniformidad en todo el sistema de todas las actividades electorales de las Naciones Unidas. En estas funciones tiene el apoyo de la División de Asistencia Electoral del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, que también ayuda a diseñar las actividades electorales de las Naciones Unidas y a dotarlas de personal y mantiene una lista de expertos electorales y la memoria institucional de la Organización en la materia.", "En operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y en situaciones después de un conflicto, la asistencia electoral se presta generalmente a través de componentes de misiones sobre el terreno bajo la égida del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz o el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos. El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) suele desempeñar un papel de apoyo a los mandatos de asistencia electoral ejecutados por misiones sobre el terreno. El PNUD es el órgano de ejecución principal de la Organización para prestar apoyo a las leyes, procesos e instituciones electorales fuera del contexto del mantenimiento de la paz o de situaciones siguientes a un conflicto.", "Otros departamentos, organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas también participan en la prestación de asistencia electoral, entre ellos el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, el Programa de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas, la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos.", "El informe destaca los progresos hechos en la coordinación de la asistencia electoral, dentro de la Organización y con actores externos. También se señalan los diversos vehículos de financiación para la asistencia electoral y la necesidad de contribuciones de los Estados Miembros.", "Se indica además el trabajo hecho por la Organización en materia de género y elecciones. Las Naciones Unidas siguen dando prioridad a la asistencia para hacer inclusivos los procesos electorales, procurando que las mujeres y los grupos subrepresentados puedan participar en la vida política de su país. Esto cada vez más incluye asesoramiento sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones pertinentes de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, en particular las relativas a las medidas especiales de carácter temporal.", "Se observa que, aunque la gran mayoría de los procesos electorales del mundo se desarrollan pacíficamente, a veces las elecciones pueden ocasionar violencia. En general las deficiencias técnicas no son la causa fundamental de la violencia, sino solo la chispa que enciende tensiones sociales, económicas o políticas más profundas. Para reducir este riesgo, se pueden prestar, a petición, servicios de mediación y buenos oficios, preferiblemente en colaboración con organizaciones regionales o subregionales, como complemento del asesoramiento técnico.", "También se tratan cuestiones de sostenibilidad y de eficiencia en relación con los costos, y se afirma que estos factores deben ser las consideraciones centrales en el diseño y la prestación de asistencia electoral, de las Naciones Unidas o de otros organismos. Se insta a los Estados Miembros y a los donantes a considerar atentamente el costo de las elecciones y de la asistencia electoral, teniendo en cuenta otras necesidades de desarrollo.", "Se señala la intención de dar prioridad en el próximo bienio a la mejora de la coherencia, la previsibilidad y la rendición de cuentas en la prestación de asistencia electoral. Estas actividades deben basarse en el papel directivo claro en todos los asuntos relacionados con la asistencia electoral que la Asamblea General ha asignado al coordinador para asuntos de asistencia electoral.", "El informe concluye haciendo hincapié en la gobernanza. La inversión en elecciones no reportará paz y desarrollo sostenibles sin un poder judicial independiente y profesional, medios de información abiertos y diversos, una sociedad civil vigorosa, gobierno creíble y gobernanza eficaz en todos los niveles.", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe se ha preparado de conformidad con la resolución 64/155 de la Asamblea General y abarca las actividades electorales desarrolladas por las Naciones Unidas desde el informe anterior sobre este tema (A/64/304).", "2. Han pasado 20 años desde el primer informe a la Asamblea General sobre la labor de la Organización en la asistencia para elecciones. Es difícil encontrar en el pasado un momento en que el deseo de gobierno electivo real y creíble se haya expresado de manera más dramática que en 2011. Los acontecimientos que empezaron en Túnez y siguen desarrollándose en el Oriente Medio y el norte de África parecen encarnar la disposición de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos que dice que “la voluntad del pueblo es la base de la autoridad del poder público [y que] esta voluntad se expresará mediante elecciones auténticas que habrán de celebrarse periódicamente, por sufragio universal e igual y por voto secreto u otro procedimiento equivalente que garantice la libertad del voto”.", "3. Por desgracia, en el período del informe algunas elecciones —incluidas algunas asistidas por las Naciones Unidas— han servido de chispa para inflamar resentimientos profundos, y así conducido a actos de violencia y pérdida de vidas.", "4. El presente informe ofrece una oportunidad de reflexionar sobre la mejor forma en que las Naciones Unidas pueden ayudar a los Estados Miembros que tienen nuevas necesidades y aspiraciones electorales y sobre el mejor modo de ayudar a prevenir o mitigar los conflictos y los actos de violencia relacionados con elecciones.", "5. Las Naciones Unidas solo pueden prestar asistencia electoral a un Estado Miembro si este la solicita y/o por mandato del Consejo de Seguridad o de la Asamblea General. La asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas se presta de conformidad con el principio de la igualdad soberana de los Estados y la convicción de que no existe un solo método o sistema electoral adecuado a todos los países. Por tanto, siempre se hace una evaluación de las necesidades antes de acordar o prestar cualquier tipo de asistencia electoral, para asegurar que la asistencia se ajuste a las necesidades específicas de la situación.", "6. Hoy las Naciones Unidas pueden prestar cinco tipos básicos de asistencia electoral, de los cuales los dos primeros requieren un mandato de la Asamblea General o del Consejo de Seguridad y hoy rara vez se usan: a) organización y celebración de elecciones; b) verificación/certificación; c) asistencia técnica; d) grupos de expertos y e) coordinación de los observadores internacionales.", "7. Las Naciones Unidas no han observado una elección desde 2001 (Fiji); en cambio, muchas organizaciones regionales están dando prioridad a esta actividad. Hoy la mayor parte de la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas consiste en algún tipo de asistencia técnica. En los últimos años, se ha pedido dos veces a las Naciones Unidas que certifiquen una elección. Este mandato requiere que la Organización verifique públicamente que las distintas etapas del proceso electoral son creíbles y conformes con las leyes del país y con los compromisos internacionales del país en materia de elecciones. Los mandatos de certificación son raros y requieren un mandato del Consejo de Seguridad o de la Asamblea General. Por ejemplo, en Côte d’Ivoire, la misión de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas tiene un mandato de certificación que tuvo su origen en los acuerdos de paz pertinentes antes de ser incluido en una resolución del Consejo de Seguridad (véase también párr. 42 infra).", "8. En el período del informe las Naciones Unidas prestaron asistencia electoral a más de 50 Estados Miembros (véase el anexo II), a 11 de ellos por mandato del Consejo de Seguridad. En el anexo I del presente informe se enumeran algunos ejemplos de asistencia electoral.", "9. El presente informe resume el trabajo de asistencia electoral de los departamentos, fondos, programas y organismos de las Naciones Unidas en el período del informe y se examina la cooperación dentro y fuera del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Se hace además una serie de observaciones encaminadas a fortalecer la prestación de asistencia electoral por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "II. Asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas en el período del informe", "A. Mandatos y actividades", "10. La asistencia que las Naciones Unidas prestan a los Estados Miembros en la celebración de elecciones creíbles, periódicas y auténticas sigue siendo una actividad de todo el sistema. El marco institucional de las Naciones Unidas se beneficia de la existencia de mandatos relativamente claros de la Asamblea General. El Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos es el coordinador de las Naciones Unidas para asuntos de asistencia electoral (en adelante “el coordinador”), y tiene, en virtud de la resolución 64/155 de la Asamblea, el mandato de garantizar la coordinación y la coherencia de la asistencia electoral y de evitar la duplicación de esa asistencia. La Asamblea también ha encargado al coordinador la formulación y la difusión de normas electorales, el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la memoria institucional electoral de la Organización y el mantenimiento de una lista diversa de expertos electorales preseleccionados que puedan desplegarse rápidamente en cualquier proyecto de asistencia de las Naciones Unidas.", "11. El coordinador tiene para el ejercicio de estas funciones el apoyo de la División de Asistencia Electoral del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos. La División hace todas las evaluaciones de las necesidades electorales para la Organización, recomienda al coordinador los parámetros de toda la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas y asesora sobre el diseño de todos los proyectos electorales de las Naciones Unidas. Da, en nombre del coordinador, orientación política y técnica continua a todas las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que participan en la asistencia electoral, en particular sobre el marco normativo de la Organización y las mejores prácticas acumuladas en la memoria institucional electoral de la Organización. En la resolución 63/261, sobre el fortalecimiento del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, la Asamblea General aprobó ocho nuevos puestos básicos (4 del cuadro orgánico y 4 de servicios generales) y la reclasificación de un puesto de la División de Asistencia Electoral. Estos puestos ya se han provisto y han fortalecido mucho la capacidad del Departamento de cumplir su mandato electoral.", "12. El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) es el órgano de ejecución principal de la Organización para prestar asistencia en la elaboración de leyes, procesos e instituciones electorales fuera del contexto del mantenimiento de la paz o de las situaciones siguientes a un conflicto. En la resolución 64/155 la Asamblea General pidió al PNUD que continuara sus programas de asistencia en materia de gobernanza democrática, en particular los que promueven la consolidación de las instituciones democráticas y los vínculos entre la sociedad civil y los gobiernos.", "13. En el contexto del mantenimiento de la paz o después de un conflicto, la asistencia electoral se presta generalmente mediante componentes de misiones sobre el terreno bajo la égida del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz o el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos. Con la tendencia a la integración de las actividades de las Naciones Unidas, el PNUD cada vez más presta apoyo al cumplimiento de los mandatos de asistencia electoral a cargo de misiones sobre el terreno bajo la égida de los dos departamentos. La División de Asistencia Electoral da orientación política y técnica a los componentes electorales de las misiones sobre el terreno.", "14. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) sigue dando formación y asesoramiento sobre la vigilancia de los derechos humanos en relación con elecciones, el apoyo y organización de campañas a favor de elecciones libres de violencia, la promoción de leyes e instituciones electorales conformes con los derechos humanos y el seguimiento de las violaciones de derechos humanos durante el proceso electoral y la preparación de informes sobre ellas. Desde julio de 2010 el Centro Subregional de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y la Democracia en el África Central, que actúa como oficina regional del ACNUDH para el África central, ha desarrollado actividades de creación de capacidad para diversos actores sobre la promoción de los derechos humanos y la democracia durante el período electoral.", "15. Participan en actividades relacionadas con elecciones otras partes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, entre ellas el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, que es el principal encargado de prestar servicios logísticos, servicios de adquisición, recursos humanos y apoyo de administración financiera al Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y al Departamento de Asuntos Políticos; la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos, que presta apoyo a las actividades electorales, principalmente en situaciones después de un conflicto y en operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, en colaboración con el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el PNUD y Estados Miembros; el Programa de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas, que aporta personal electoral para trabajar en operaciones sobre el terreno del PNUD, del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos; el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, que financia proyectos de la sociedad civil relacionados con la democracia; y la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), que aporta expertos, a petición, a las partes interesadas institucionales para asegurar que se traten debidamente la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos y la participación de las mujeres y promueve la coherencia de ese apoyo técnico.", "B. Cooperación y coordinación dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "16. Como indiqué en mi último informe (A/64/304), la multiplicidad de actores que participan en la asistencia electoral dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sigue siendo un factor positivo, pero las presiones tanto de dentro como de fuera del sistema pueden ser fuente de desavenencias y solapamientos. En la resolución 64/155, la Asamblea General reiteró la importancia de reforzar la coordinación dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y reafirmó la función del coordinador de asegurar la coherencia de todo el sistema, en particular mediante el fortalecimiento de la memoria institucional y la formulación y difusión de normas electorales.", "17. Por consiguiente he dado prioridad en el período del informe a los esfuerzos de promover la coherencia, la previsibilidad y la rendición de cuentas de la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas. Con este fin, desde el informe anterior:", "a) En septiembre de 2010 el PNUD y el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos firmaron una nota de orientación revisada sobre asistencia electoral[1] (revisión de la nota anterior, véase A/56/344, anexo II). La nota ayuda a aclarar las funciones y responsabilidades de manera que las dos entidades puedan colaborar mejor;", "b) He pedido al Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y al Departamento de Gestión que organicen un debate en todo el sistema sobre las disposiciones operacionales, incluidas la contratación y la adquisición, para ver cómo podrían emplearse en las actividades electorales procedimientos más flexibles y eficientes, con las salvaguardias y controles necesarios;", "c) He pedido al Departamento de Gestión, al Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y al Departamento de Asuntos Políticos que elaboren medios de asegurar que la lista de expertos electorales que la Asamblea General ha mandado establecer siga siendo un recurso a disposición de todos los proyectos de asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con las nuevas normas sobre recursos humanos (véase ST/AI/2010/3), asegurando que los procedimientos de remoción y contratación de candidatos de la lista sean interoperables con los de todos los organismos y programas;", "d) He pedido al Departamento de Asuntos Políticos que, en colaboración con el PNUD y en consulta con todos los asociados pertinentes, elabore planes para aumentar la producción de documentos sobre políticas y mejores prácticas de todo el sistema y para aplicar las recomendaciones sobre elecciones hechas en mi informe de 2010 sobre la participación de la mujer en la consolidación de la paz (A/65/354-S/2010/466);", "e) He pedido al Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos que, como coordinador de la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas, facilite los debates para determinar más claramente las funciones y responsabilidades de los departamentos, fondos y organismos de las Naciones Unidas, de acuerdo con los mandatos fijados por la Asamblea General, y los órganos competentes de las Naciones Unidas.", "18. El Mecanismo de Coordinación Interinstitucional para la Asistencia Electoral, presidido por la División de Asistencia Electoral, se estableció en 2009 bajo los auspicios del coordinador para promover el intercambio de información y el progreso de la armonización del trabajo electoral de la Organización. Se reúne mensualmente y es también el foro para la coordinación del seguimiento de las solicitudes precedentes.", "C. Cooperación con otras organizaciones", "19. En el período del informe las Naciones Unidas han seguido aumentando la cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, sobre el terreno y en la Sede, con miras a fortalecer la prestación de asistencia electoral.", "20. La multiplicidad cada vez mayor de proveedores de asistencia fuera del sistema de las Naciones Unidas ha enriquecido el acervo de conocimientos y creado nuevas oportunidades, en particular para el aumento de la cooperación Sur-Sur. Las Naciones Unidas apoyan y facilitan a menudo estos intercambios.", "21. Las Naciones Unidas siguen colaborando en dos instrumentos mundiales que promueven la creación de capacidad y la memoria institucional en conocimientos electorales: la Red de conocimientos electorales ACE y el proyecto Building Resources in Democracy, Governance and Elections (BRIDGE). Forman parte de la Red de conocimientos electorales ACE el Instituto Internacional de Democracia y Asistencia Electoral (International IDEA), Elecciones Canadá, el Instituto Electoral del África Austral, el Instituto Federal Electoral (México), la Fundación Internacional para los Sistemas Electorales, el PNUD, la División de Asistencia Electoral y el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales. La Red ACE aporta información completa y fidedigna sobre elecciones, promueve la creación de redes entre expertos en elecciones y ofrece servicios de creación de capacidad a órganos de gestión de elecciones. El segundo instrumento de conocimientos electorales, el proyecto BRIDGE, es una colaboración entre la Comisión Electoral de Australia, International IDEA, la Fundación Internacional para los Sistemas Electorales, la División de Asistencia Electoral y el PNUD. El objeto de la colaboración es elaborar, aplicar y mantener un plan de estudios completo sobre la administración eficaz de los procesos electorales y ofrecer programas de formación modulares para órganos de gestión de elecciones.", "22. Las Naciones Unidas, a través de ONU-Mujeres y el PNUD, también están asociadas a la Red Internacional de Información sobre Mujeres y Política (iKNOW), plataforma mundial innovadora que, mediante el intercambio de información y el establecimiento de redes, promueve la participación y presencia de las mujeres en los procesos políticos en todo el mundo. También participan en la Red la Unión Interparlamentaria, International IDEA y el National Democratic Institute.", "23. En 2010 la Fundación Kofi Annan e International IDEA crearon la Comisión Mundial de Elecciones, Democracia y Seguridad, grupo de alto nivel encargado de formular recomendaciones realistas de políticas sobre la forma de resolver mejor las amenazas a la integridad de las elecciones y a la integridad de la asistencia electoral internacional. El Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, en su calidad de coordinador, y el Administrador del PNUD participan como Amigos de la Comisión.", "24. El 21 de septiembre de 2010 se firmó un marco de cooperación entre la secretaría de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, en nombre de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, según el cual el Departamento apoyará el fortalecimiento de la capacidad electoral de la SADC y la cooperación en mediación e intercambio de experiencias. Las Naciones Unidas también siguen trabajando en asuntos electorales en colaboración con organizaciones intergubernamentales regionales, como la Unión Africana, la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) y muchas otras. Espero en particular seguir promoviendo la cooperación de la Organización en materia de elecciones con la Liga de los Estados Árabes. Esta cooperación será particularmente importante en vista de la rápida evolución que se observa en el Oriente Medio y el norte de África.", "25. La Unión Europea y el PNUD han establecido una colaboración estrecha en asistencia electoral en los últimos siete años. El PNUD sigue desarrollando una parte considerable de sus actividades de asistencia electoral dentro del marco formal de una asociación con la Unión Europea. Además de los proyectos conjuntos a nivel nacional, la asociación acogió varios talleres, en particular sobre elecciones y violencia y el uso de tecnología en los procesos electorales.", "26. Las Naciones Unidas también colaboran con los Estados Miembros en diversas cuestiones electorales. Por ejemplo, en junio de 2010 la División de Asistencia Electoral y el PNUD, en colaboración con el Gobierno de Rumania, organizaron un taller sobre la votación fuera del país, al cual asistieron representantes de unos 30 Estados Miembros, la Unión Europea, International IDEA, la OSCE y la Asociación de Oficiales Electorales de Europa Central y Oriental y también entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Aliento a los Estados Miembros a que apoyen las principales conclusiones del taller, en particular que los países anfitriones consideren el mejor modo de facilitar y apoyar la votación fuera del país en sus territorios y que las organizaciones regionales consideren la posibilidad de elaborar un conjunto de buenas prácticas o directrices para ayudar a los países anfitriones a hacerlo.", "27. Las Naciones Unidas rara vez observan elecciones, pero la División de Asistencia Electoral sigue participando en conversaciones encaminadas a mejorar el funcionamiento de los observadores electorales, mediante el cumplimiento de la Declaración de principios para la observación internacional de elecciones. Este documento, presentado en las Naciones Unidas en 2005, tiene por objeto armonizar los métodos de las muchas organizaciones, intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, que observan elecciones, en particular las prácticas que garantizan el respeto de la soberanía nacional. Entre los signatarios, que son más de 40, está la gran mayoría de los actores reconocidos y respetados en la materia. Aliento a otros a unirse al amplio consenso que ha surgido en todo el mundo sobre estos principios.", "III. Género y elecciones", "28. Las Naciones Unidas siguen dando prioridad a la asistencia encaminada a hacer inclusivos los procesos electorales y especialmente a asegurar que las mujeres y los grupos subrepresentados puedan tomar parte en la vida política de su país.", "29. Esto cada vez más incluye asesoramiento sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones pertinentes de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, en particular las relativas a las medidas especiales temporales. Las Naciones Unidas preconizan la inclusión de mujeres en los órganos de gestión de elecciones y alientan y apoyan los esfuerzos de las autoridades nacionales de incluir una perspectiva de género en las leyes y reglamentos electorales. La Organización ha contribuido a los intentos de extensión dirigidos a movilizar la participación de la mujer en las elecciones, como votante y como candidata. También se ha prestado especial atención a las mujeres entre los desplazados internos y al acceso de la mujer a los mecanismos de solución de controversias electorales.", "30. Para asegurar que se siga incorporando la perspectiva de género en la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas, el coordinador ahora requiere que cada evaluación de las necesidades electorales que se haga en respuesta a una solicitud de un Estado Miembro incluya atención especial a la cuestión de la representación de las mujeres. Además, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, ONU-Mujeres y el PNUD están revisando las “Directrices comunes para ampliar el papel de la mujer en los procesos electorales después de un conflicto” de los departamentos citados, con aportaciones de misiones sobre el terreno que han usado las directrices y aprovechando sus sugerencias de mejora.", "IV. Recursos de las Naciones Unidas para la asistencia electoral", "31. El presupuesto ordinario de la División de Asistencia Electoral cubre los gastos del personal básico; también se usan fondos extrapresupuestarios, incluidos el Fondo fiduciario en apoyo de asuntos políticos y el Fondo fiduciario de respuesta rápida. Los proyectos de asistencia electoral administrados por las oficinas de país del PNUD suelen financiarse con contribuciones voluntarias de los Estados Miembros que a menudo producen fondos colectivos de varios asociados, que incluyen contrapartes nacionales en la estructura de gestión para aumentar la apropiación nacional. En las operaciones de paz integradas con un componente electoral, el presupuesto de operaciones de paz abarca una parte del trabajo electoral, y el resto, que a menudo es considerable, se financia mediante mecanismos de financiación de donantes múltiples del PNUD. La Oficina de Apoyo a la Consolidación de la Paz ha usado a veces su Fondo de consolidación de la paz para prestar asistencia cuando la falta de fondos podría haber puesto en peligro la organización de las elecciones. ONU-Mujeres, con fondos básicos y mediante su Fondo para la igualdad entre los géneros, aporta financiación complementaria para el trabajo en cuestiones de género en relación con elecciones, que está estrechamente armonizado con los proyectos de asistencia electoral administrados por el PNUD o integrado en dichos proyectos.", "32. Desde mediados de 2009 el PNUD ha ejecutado un Programa Mundial de Apoyo al Ciclo Electoral, que fortalece la arquitectura de prácticas del PNUD, en particular mediante la elaboración de productos de conocimiento, la incorporación de las cuestiones de género en la programación electoral y el apoyo a iniciativas regionales y nacionales de fortalecimiento de las instituciones y procesos electorales. El Programa Mundial tiene una fuente de financiación especial (el Gobierno de España, con una contribución del Gobierno del Canadá) y asesores de dedicación exclusiva para ayudar a desarrollar sus actividades, y lo ejecuta directamente la Dirección de Políticas de Desarrollo del PNUD, bajo la autoridad de un Comité Directivo compuesto de representantes del PNUD y de los dos países donantes.", "33. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia presta apoyo financiero a proyectos que fortalecen la voz de la sociedad civil, promueven los derechos humanos y fomentan la participación de todos los grupos en los procesos democráticos, entre ellos muchos proyectos encaminados a crear capacidad entre los votantes y los candidatos, a formar y apoyar a los observadores de la sociedad civil y a asegurar una participación democrática amplia, incluido el proyecto ACE. Hasta la fecha más de 39 países han aportado más de 110 millones de dólares, y recientemente he aprobado 64 proyectos más en el quinto ciclo de financiación.", "34. El Fondo fiduciario en apoyo de asuntos políticos, administrado por el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, junto con el Fondo Fiduciario Temático para la Gobernanza Democrática del PNUD, siguen siendo fuentes importantes de financiación extrapresupuestaria esencial para las actividades de asistencia electoral. Estos fondos permiten ejecutar respuestas rápidas y proyectos y programas innovadores o catalíticos, incluidos los encaminados a prevenir conflictos o a apoyar la participación política de las mujeres y los grupos subrepresentados. En el período del informe se usaron fondos extrapresupuestarios para establecer rápidamente actividades en Haití, Guinea, el Níger y Kirguistán, entre otros países (para más detalles véase el anexo I).", "V. Elecciones y violencia", "35. En los dos informes anteriores expresé preocupación por la posibilidad de que las elecciones fueran ensombrecidas por la discordia política o la violencia, especialmente después del anuncio de los resultados.", "36. Esa violencia puede resultar de deficiencias del proceso electoral, como un padrón electoral muy defectuoso, el abuso del poder del partido gobernante, la falta de transparencia y la parcialidad, real o supuesta, de los funcionarios electorales, que pueden constituir o parecer fraude. Pero en general las deficiencias técnicas no son la causa fundamental de la violencia o del conflicto violento, sino solo el detonante que hace estallar tensiones sociales, económicas o políticas más profundas. Por ejemplo, si las condiciones políticas subyacentes no favorecen la confianza entre las partes interesadas, o uno de los candidatos se niega a aceptar resultados creíbles, las elecciones pueden provocar actos de violencia.", "37. Por supuesto, debemos mantener el problema en perspectiva. La gran mayoría de las elecciones del mundo se desarrollan pacíficamente, aunque las controversias electorales no son raras, especialmente cuando los resultados son muy parejos. En general, la controversia se resuelve pacíficamente mediante procesos políticos o instituciones del Estado. Pero cuando estas instituciones o los procesos políticos no contienen o, en el peor de los casos, agravan la controversia, puede haber actos de violencia, muertes y desplazamientos, con posibles consecuencias más amplias para la paz y la seguridad.", "38. Durante el bienio las Naciones Unidas tomaron varias medidas específicas para prevenir o mitigar el conflicto violento relacionado con elecciones. Voy a mencionar dos casos: Guinea y Côte d’Ivoire.", "39. En Guinea, después de la muerte del Presidente, Sr. Lansana Conté, y un golpe de Estado en 2008, la adopción del Acuerdo de Uagadugú de 15 de enero de 2010 sentó las bases para las elecciones presidenciales del 27 de junio de 2010, seguidas de una segunda vuelta el 19 de septiembre de 2010. Éstas fueron las primeras elecciones democráticas en casi 40 años, para una población muy diversa durante una transición complicada. Las Naciones Unidas prestaron apoyo técnico al proceso mediante un proyecto del PNUD, y también prestaron apoyo político y diplomático, en el marco del Grupo de Contacto Internacional sobre Guinea, copresidido por la Unión Africana y la Comunidad Económica de Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO).", "40. En la víspera de las dos vueltas de las elecciones, el Director Adjunto de la División de Asistencia Electoral fue enviado a apoyar al equipo del PNUD sobre el terreno. Cuando el Gobierno a último momento hizo una solicitud de financiación para la seguridad de las elecciones, la Oficina de Apoyo a la Consolidación de la Paz pudo evaluar la solicitud y desembolsar los fondos necesarios del Fondo de Consolidación de la Paz en tiempo récord. La Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS) prestó apoyo logístico muy rápidamente. Además, la oficina del ACNUDH recién creada en Guinea siguió la situación de los derechos humanos antes, durante y después de las elecciones, lo cual aumentó la confianza en el proceso.", "41. Mi Representante Especial para el África Occidental colaboró estrecha e intensamente con la Unión Africana y la CEDEAO durante la transición, visitó el país con los enviados de la Unión Africana y la CEDEAO más de 20 veces, con el apoyo de un asesor superior en mediación de las Naciones Unidas enviado especialmente a Conakry. Al fin, a pesar de que los resultados fueron parejos y hubo alguna controversia política, el Sr. Alpha Condé fue elegido presidente en un proceso generalmente pacífico. Entre los factores importantes que contribuyeron a ello estuvieron el nombramiento de un presidente de la comisión electoral que gozaba de la confianza de los dos contendientes en la segunda vuelta y el hecho de que el candidato que salió segundo, Sr. Cellou Dalein Diallo, aceptara el resultado final como un estadista.", "42. En Côte d’Ivoire, el mandato de las Naciones Unidas de certificar las elecciones se basaba en el Acuerdo de Pretoria de 2005 y en la decisión posterior del Consejo de Seguridad (resolución 1765 (2007)). Entre las condiciones para la certificación, elaboradas por las Naciones Unidas de conformidad con el Acuerdo político de Uagadugú de 2007, en consulta con el Facilitador del diálogo entre las partes de Côte d’Ivoire, el Presidente de Burkina Faso, Sr. Blaise Compaoré, y con las partes de Côte d’Ivoire, estaban las siguientes: el restablecimiento de la paz en todo el país; un proceso político inclusivo; igualdad de acceso a los medios de información estatales; el establecimiento de un padrón electoral objetivo; y resultados justos e imparciales de las elecciones. La primera vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales se celebró el 31 de octubre de 2010 y la segunda el 28 de noviembre de 2010. El 3 de diciembre de 2010 mi Representante Especial certificó que el resultado justo e imparcial de la segunda vuelta había sido, como lo había anunciado la Comisión Electoral Independiente el 2 de diciembre, la victoria del Sr. Alassane Ouattara.", "43. Como sabemos, la negativa del presidente en ejercicio a aceptar el resultado causó, por desgracia, conflicto violento y triste pérdida de vidas. Pero la certificación sirvió de base de consenso a la acción diplomática, incluida la de la CEDEAO, para asegurar el respeto de la voluntad democráticamente expresada del pueblo de Côte d’Ivoire. Aunque la diplomacia no evitó la violencia en este caso, el presidente legítimo ahora está en el cargo, y las Naciones Unidas siguen ayudando al Gobierno a resolver problemas fundamentales para establecer una paz y estabilidad duradera.", "44. La diferencia evidente entre el desenlace violento en Côte d’Ivoire y la evolución en general pacífica de las elecciones en Guinea se debe a que en el primer caso el candidato que había salido segundo se negó —a pesar de las instancias de las Naciones Unidas y otras partes— a aceptar el resultado legítimo.", "45. A raíz de estos dos acontecimientos, mi Representante Especial en el África Occidental y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para el África Occidental (UNOWA) organizó una conferencia regional sobre elecciones y estabilidad en el África occidental en mayo de 2011 en Praia (Cabo Verde). La conferencia fue acogida por el Gobierno de Cabo Verde y organizada en colaboración con el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos y el PNUD, y recibió el apoyo de la CEDEAO, la Unión Africana, la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía, la Unión Europea y el Instituto Internacional para la Paz. La Declaración de Praia sobre las elecciones y la estabilidad en el África occidental, adoptada el 20 de mayo de 2011, hizo recomendaciones prácticas para facilitar la celebración de elecciones pacíficas, entre ellas las siguientes: seguir fomentando la colaboración entre las Naciones Unidas, la CEDEAO y la Unión Africana en la prevención de conflictos; fortalecer la cooperación entre la UNOWA, el ACNUDH, la CEDEAO y los gobiernos para elaborar un programa regional de aumento de la capacidad en asuntos electorales; y establecer mecanismos de alerta temprana. En un comunicado de prensa de 8 de julio de 2011, el Consejo de Seguridad acogió con beneplácito la adopción de la Declaración de Praia y alentó a todos los actores pertinentes a aplicar sus recomendaciones.", "46. También durante el bienio, la División de Asistencia Electoral participó, en nombre de la Secretaría, como recurso técnico durante las deliberaciones de la Unión Interparlamentaria (UIP) para ayudar a diseñar un marco de la UIP para hacer frente a la violencia relacionada con elecciones. La resolución resultante sobre la creación de un marco legislativo bien fundado para prevenir la violencia electoral, mejorar la supervisión de las elecciones y asegurar el traspaso del poder sin contratiempos fue adoptada por consenso en la 124ª asamblea de la UIP el 20 de abril de 2011. La resolución pide, entre otras cosas, un aumento de la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y la UIP en la prevención de la violencia electoral, el traspaso del poder político sin contratiempos y en condiciones pacíficas y la aplicación durante todo el ciclo electoral de las recomendaciones pertinentes que formulen las misiones de observación de elecciones.", "47. Las Naciones Unidas adoptaron otras medidas durante el bienio a fin de ayudar a prevenir los conflictos violentos relacionados con las elecciones. Un ejemplo es el Sudán, donde el Secretario General estableció, a petición de las autoridades, un Grupo sobre los referendos del Sudán meridional, para supervisar el proceso y ofrecer buenos oficios para ayudar a resolver la discordia política durante el referendo. Además de consultar estrechamente con los dirigentes del norte y del sur, el Grupo trabajó en coordinación con la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS) y el proceso de mediación de la Unión Africana, y con los Estados Miembros interesados. La UNMIS y el PNUD también prestaron considerable asistencia técnica electoral bajo una estructura integrada. El referendo se celebró pacíficamente y los resultados fueron aceptados por ambas partes y por la comunidad internacional. Sudán del Sur se convirtió en país independiente el 9 de julio de 2011.", "VI. Sostenibilidad", "48. La buena conducción de elecciones es una inversión esencial, pero la experiencia en todo el mundo ha demostrado que no es verdad que la complejidad o el costo del sistema esté correlacionado con el éxito de las elecciones. Algunos procesos cuestan más por votante que otros, y los vendedores siguen ofreciendo algunos de los procesos electorales más caros y tecnología complicada a algunos de los países más pobres del mundo. La elección de sistema y proceso electoral es, por supuesto, derecho soberano de los Estados Miembros, pero la Asamblea General en la resolución 64/155 obliga a la Organización a tener presentes en su trabajo “la sostenibilidad y la eficacia en función de los costos”.", "49. Sigo preocupado por las técnicas y sistemas electorales que son tan complejos o costosos que pueden hacer que los países dependan de los proveedores o donantes. Algunas tecnologías tienen consecuencias financieras graves, no solo en el momento en que se aplican sino también en el futuro, que deben examinarse atentamente. Al tomar una decisión sobre la tecnología electoral, donantes y receptores deben considerar detenidamente las previsiones del presupuesto nacional a fin de apuntar directamente al objetivo de elecciones autofinanciadas nacionalmente en el futuro.", "50. Ahora se acepta que la asistencia electoral se debe prestar cuando más se necesite y no solo en el momento de la elección. Por ejemplo, se puede prestar ayuda para debates sobre la reforma electoral que pueden iniciarse años antes de una elección. La Asamblea General recomendó, en la resolución 64/155, que las Naciones Unidas siguieran prestando asesoramiento técnico y otro tipo de asistencia durante todo el ciclo electoral, incluso antes y después de las elecciones, según procediera. Este “enfoque del ciclo electoral” también es un instrumento de planificación útil para los proveedores y donantes de asistencia. Pero los ciclos de financiación no deben confundirse con lo que un país quiere o necesita, ni deben servir de justificación de una ayuda que presta poca atención al estado final.", "VII. Observaciones", "51. La demanda de asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas sigue siendo alta entre los Estados Miembros. Dada la necesidad cada vez mayor de respuesta flexible y rápida en la asistencia electoral, particularmente en vista de los acontecimientos actuales, aliento a los Estados Miembros a que consideren la posibilidad de hacer nuevas contribuciones voluntarias para la asistencia electoral, incluidas contribuciones asignadas para la respuesta rápida y para la inclusión de las mujeres, las minorías y los grupos subrepresentados, al Fondo fiduciario en apoyo de asuntos políticos y al Fondo Fiduciario Temático para la Gobernanza Democrática del PNUD, y también al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia y al Fondo para la Igualdad entre los Géneros.", "52. El mantenimiento de la demanda de asistencia electoral es indicio de la apreciación general de la labor de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del desarrollo democrático, incluidas las elecciones creíbles, periódicas y auténticas. Esto, creo, se basa principalmente en el compromiso, conforme al mandato dado por la Asamblea General en la resolución 64/155, de prestar asistencia de manera objetiva, imparcial, neutral e independiente. La asistencia de las Naciones Unidas también se presta en la inteligencia de que no hay un modelo o solución universal y de que cada país debe controlar su destino, pero la Organización está dispuesta a aportar sus expertos, sus mejores prácticas y su experiencia.", "53. Las Naciones Unidas también sostienen la importancia del cumplimiento de los compromisos, normas y principios internacionales con respecto a las elecciones y la necesidad de transparencia, credibilidad, inclusividad y universalidad del sufragio. Diversas convenciones de las Naciones Unidas protegen el derecho de todo ciudadano de participar en la dirección de los asuntos públicos y el derecho de votar y de ser elegido. La inclusividad política, en particular la participación política de las mujeres y la de las minorías y otros grupos subrepresentados, sigue siendo esencial para la estabilidad de la democracia y es una consideración importante en la asistencia que prestan las Naciones Unidas.", "54. Sin embargo, debemos reconocer que ni siquiera las elecciones más inclusivas y mejor conducidas pueden por sí solas eliminar el riesgo de violencia electoral. Las elecciones son procesos técnicos, pero son acontecimientos fundamentalmente políticos. Para reducir ese riesgo, las Naciones Unidas deben asegurar que el apoyo que se preste a los Estados Miembros incluya no solo asesoramiento técnico, sino también mediación y buenos oficios, si se solicitan, preferiblemente en colaboración con organizaciones regionales o subregionales. Este enfoque tendría por objeto resolver los resentimientos subyacentes antes de las elecciones, por ejemplo fomentando el diseño de instituciones políticas para evitar el monopolio del poder y la marginación política de la oposición y, después de las elecciones, apoyar el diálogo y alentar la conducta de estadista en la victoria y en la derrota. La verdadera medida de una elección es si engendra confianza pública amplia en el proceso y en el resultado. Una elección conducida de manera honrada y transparente, que respete los derechos básicos y con el apoyo eficaz y neutral de las instituciones del Estado y la conducta responsable de los participantes (dirigentes, candidatos y votantes) es la que tiene mayor probabilidad de producir un resultado aceptado y pacífico.", "55. La sostenibilidad y la eficiencia en relación con el costo deben tener cada vez más importancia en el diseño y la prestación de la asistencia electoral, de las Naciones Unidas o de otros órganos. La creación de capacidad permanente no requiere creación permanente de capacidad. Toda la asistencia debe tener por objetivos la sostenibilidad a largo plazo y la apropiación nacional y debe apuntar a estados finales claramente definidos. Además, debemos recordar que una maquinaria electoral más costosa no es una panacea contra el fraude. Sigo instando a los Estados Miembros a que examinen atentamente el costo de las elecciones y de la asistencia electoral, a la luz de otras necesidades de desarrollo. Aliento a los Estados Miembros y a los donantes a considerar la recomendación del Grupo de Sabios de la Unión Africana de que, por razones políticas y de desarrollo, los Estados establezcan como objetivo importante la financiación de las elecciones con el presupuesto nacional lo antes posible.", "56. Seguiré dando prioridad a los esfuerzos de mejorar la coherencia, la previsibilidad y la rendición de cuentas en la prestación de asistencia electoral. Esos esfuerzos deben basarse en el papel directivo claro en todos los asuntos relacionados con la asistencia electoral que la Asamblea General ha asignado al coordinador.", "57. Al mismo tiempo, trataré de fortalecer la capacidad de los diversos procesos administrativos de la Organización de prestar apoyo a sus misiones, al PNUD y a otros miembros del Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo a fin de asegurar que los programas de asistencia a los Estados Miembros puedan ejecutarse con más eficiencia, previsibilidad y rendición de cuentas.", "58. Con este fin, la asistencia electoral de las Naciones Unidas debe prestarse de manera integrada en todos los contextos, se preste o no mediante una misión sobre el terreno formalmente integrada. Creo que esto aumentará mucho la eficiencia y promoverá la coordinación sobre el terreno. Aliento a los Estados Miembros a tenerlo en cuenta al redactar los mandatos electorales del Consejo de Seguridad y al considerar presupuestos y contribuciones a fondos colectivos.", "59. La coherencia y la eficiencia también pueden fortalecerse fuera de la Organización. La multiplicidad de proveedores y donantes de asistencia electoral de todo el mundo puede asegurar una amplia gama de servicios de asesoramiento útiles para los Estados Miembros que solicitan ayuda, pero también puede crear una confusión inconveniente capaz de socavar los preparativos. Aliento a los Estados Miembros a que, cuando soliciten asistencia, consideren la posibilidad de designar a las Naciones Unidas (o a otra organización, si se prefiere) para ayudar a asegurar la coherencia entre los proveedores de asistencia electoral. Insto además a que se incluya una función de las Naciones Unidas de asegurar la coherencia entre los proveedores de asistencia electoral en todo mandato de asistencia electoral que se dé a una misión sobre el terreno.", "60. Por último, debemos invertir más tiempo y más recursos en gobernanza. Hace poco un miembro de mi personal estaba hablando con una mujer joven de un país en desarrollo sobre la elección que se celebraría próximamente. A su observación, “Este país necesita urgentemente una buena elección”, la joven prudente respondió: “No, lo que este país necesita urgentemente es que los candidatos elegidos gobiernen bien después de la elección”. La inversión en elecciones no reportará paz y desarrollo sostenibles sin una gobernanza buena y eficaz en todos los niveles, en particular un poder judicial independiente y profesional, pleno respeto de los derechos humanos, medios de información abiertos y diversos, una sociedad civil vigorosa y un gobierno creíble que responda a las necesidades de la población.", "Anexo I", "Algunos ejemplos de asistencia electoral prestada durante el período del informe", "Afganistán", "1. El Afganistán celebró elecciones presidenciales y provinciales en agosto de 2009, seguidas de elecciones parlamentarias en septiembre de 2010, con apoyo técnico y logístico de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS). El Programa de aumento de la capacidad jurídica y electoral para el futuro, administrado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), sigue prestando asistencia a la Comisión Electoral Independiente y a otras partes interesadas en las elecciones. Las Naciones Unidas también ayudaron a crear una Comisión de Denuncias Electorales (CDE) y una Comisión de Medios de Información. El Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer (hoy ONU-Mujeres) apoyó el diálogo entre las parlamentarias, y la Comisión Electoral Independiente procuró asegurar que las preocupaciones de las mujeres con respecto al proceso electoral fueran escuchadas y atendidas debidamente.", "2. Las elecciones presidenciales, del Consejo Provincial y de la Asamblea Nacional de 2009 y 2010 fueron dirigidas por una Comisión Electoral Independiente de todo el Afganistán (CEI) y las denuncias fueron investigadas por la CDE, que estaba compuesta de dos comisionados propuestos por las Naciones Unidas y tres comisionados afganos. Las elecciones de 2009 y 2010 se desarrollaron en condiciones más difíciles e inseguras que las de 2004-2005. La CDE investigó denuncias de fraude muy extendido y las investigaciones condujeron a la exclusión de unos 1,5 millones de votos en 2009 y 1,3 millones de votos en 2010. La inseguridad en algunas zonas también produjo complicaciones: muchos candidatos tuvieron dificultades para desarrollar su campaña en zonas expuestas a la insurgencia, la participación electoral fue menor que en 2004-2005, y muchos candidatos y votantes se sintieron privados de sus derechos electorales por la inseguridad. Esto condujo a la creación de un controvertido “tribunal especial”, adscrito a la Corte Suprema, para examinar la privación de derechos electorales y las denuncias de fraude. Después de tensiones considerables, la Wolesi Jirga se inauguró el 26 de enero de 2011, con un acuerdo de que el tribunal especial seguiría investigando los delitos electorales. El establecimiento del tribunal especial fue considerado ilegal por juristas y nunca fue reconocido por la CEI. La decisión posterior del tribunal especial de eliminar 62 diputados del Parlamento, según los resultados de un nuevo cómputo, causó un punto muerto difícil entre los poderes del Estado. El tribunal se disolvió por decreto presidencial en agosto. Sin embargo, lo notable de las elecciones de 2010 fue que la CEI pudo adoptar un enfoque proactivo de la detección del fraude y remitió muchos casos sospechosos de delito electoral a la CDE. Además, la CEI pudo asumir más responsabilidad y por tanto seguir creando una capacidad electoral que permitirá celebrar mejor las elecciones en el futuro.", "Côte d’Ivoire", "3. Las Naciones Unidas prestaron apoyo técnico, material, logístico y de seguridad a la Comisión Electoral Independiente (CEI) para la primera y la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales. La primera tuvo lugar el 31 de octubre de 2010; después fue necesaria una segunda vuelta para elegir entre los dos principales candidatos, Alassane Ouattara y Laurent Gbagbo. Después de la segunda vuelta, celebrada el 28 de noviembre de 2010, la CEI anunció los resultados provisionales el 2 de diciembre y declaró al Sr. Ouattara ganador de la elección en la segunda vuelta, pero el 3 de diciembre el Consejo Constitucional proclamó una versión de los resultados que daba la victoria al Sr. Gbagbo. Conforme a lo solicitado por las partes de Côte d’Ivoire en el marco del Acuerdo de Pretoria de 2005 y al mandato del Consejo de Seguridad, el Representante Especial del Secretario General en Côte d’Ivoire certificó la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales y confirmó el resultado anunciado por la Comisión Electoral. Los resultados anunciados por la CEI y certificados por las Naciones Unidas fueron aprobados después por la CEDEAO, la Unión Africana y el Consejo de Seguridad. Por desgracia, hubo una crisis violenta como consecuencia de la negativa del Sr. Gbagbo a ceder el poder. La presidencia del Sr. Ouattara fue inaugurada el 21 de mayo, con la presencia del Secretario General y unos 20 jefes de Estado.", "Haití", "4. Ya se habían iniciado los preparativos de las elecciones de febrero de 2010 cuando Haití fue golpeado por un terremoto devastador el 12 de enero de 2010. En vista del gran número de víctimas y daños materiales considerables, se aplazaron las elecciones. Después de una misión de viabilidad técnica enviada por el coordinador de las Naciones Unidas para la asistencia electoral a petición del Presidente, Sr. Préval, se adoptó un nuevo calendario electoral, según el cual la primera vuelta de las elecciones se celebraría el 28 de noviembre de 2010. Las elecciones presidenciales se combinaron con las elecciones parlamentarias (renovación de toda la cámara baja y un tercio de la cámara alta). El proceso electoral encontró otras dificultades como consecuencia de una epidemia de cólera y una tormenta tropical.", "5. Las elecciones se celebraron con éxito, superando las dudas sobre su factibilidad suscitadas por la complejidad e inestabilidad del contexto político y socioeconómico y las amenazas de boicot de algunos grupos políticos. La primera y la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales y legislativas se celebraron el 28 de noviembre 2010 y el 20 marzo de 2011. De acuerdo con el mandato del Consejo de Seguridad, la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití (MINUSTAH) coordinó todo el apoyo internacional al proceso electoral, incluso la asistencia en la creación de 1.500 centros de inscripción para los votantes desplazados, la inspección de los 1.483 centros de votación y la identificación de nuevos lugares para reemplazar los que habían sido dañados o destruidos, la distribución del padrón electoral actualizado y, en coordinación con la Policía Nacional de Haití, la elaboración y ejecución de un plan integrado de seguridad electoral. Entre los recursos desplegados en apoyo de las elecciones estuvieron más de 6.200 soldados de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, 1.300 agentes de policía de las Naciones Unidas, 200 funcionarios civiles, 174 horas de vuelo y 230 vehículos. Un proyecto del PNUD se centró en el apoyo a la capacidad de la comisión electoral provisional y en esferas complementarias como el apoyo al centro de tabulación, el padrón electoral, las controversias electorales y la educación cívica.", "Iraq", "6. La Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI) ha seguido prestando asesoramiento y apoyo técnico a la Alta Comisión Electoral Independiente (ACEI) del Iraq. Junto con las organizaciones asociadas, entre ellas el PNUD, la UNOPS y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, la UNAMI ha prestado asesoramiento normativo y técnico y trabajado para fortalecer la capacidad de la ACEI y su personal. Con el apoyo de los asociados del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otros asociados internacionales, la ACEI superó muchas dificultades operacionales, jurídicas y de seguridad y celebró con éxito las elecciones nacionales para el Consejo de Representantes en marzo de 2010. Hubo una participación considerablemente más amplia a nivel local que en la primera elección parlamentaria (2005). También se celebraron votaciones en 16 países para los iraquíes que reunían los requisitos. Hubo mucha participación de la sociedad civil. A raíz de una orden judicial, la ACEI hizo un nuevo cómputo de un número considerable de los votos emitidos, que confirmó la exactitud de los resultados anteriores. En total, la ACEI ha preparado y llevado a cabo tres grandes elecciones desde el nombramiento de sus miembros en 2007: las elecciones del Consejo de Provincias (enero de 2009), las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias en la región del Kurdistán (julio de 2009) y las elecciones parlamentarias nacionales.", "Kirguistán", "7. Las Naciones Unidas respondieron a la solicitud hecha por el Gobierno interino de Kirguistán después de los acontecimientos de abril de 2010 estableciendo el Proyecto de apoyo a la elección de Kirguistán a cargo del PNUD, que se centró en los preparativos operacionales técnicos, la simplificación del proceso de denuncias y la participación de la mujer. Además, las Naciones Unidas aportaron dos asesores internacionales a la Comisión Electoral Central de Kirguistán, expertos en cuestiones jurídicas y de procedimiento. A pesar de la situación política frágil y el calendario apretado, el referendo constitucional de junio y las elecciones parlamentarias del 10 de octubre se celebraron bien y en las fechas previstas.", "Liberia", "8. Liberia celebrará un referendo y elecciones presidenciales y legislativas durante el segundo semestre de 2011. Para la segunda serie de elecciones desde el fin del conflicto de Liberia, las Naciones Unidas asegurarán que la responsabilidad principal de la organización de las elecciones siga recayendo en las autoridades nacionales a la vez que les prestan el apoyo necesario. La Comisión Electoral Nacional recibe asistencia técnica mediante el programa de creación de capacidad del PNUD para el ciclo electoral 2010-2012. Además, la Comisión, el PNUD y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL) han determinado las zonas menos accesibles en que la UNMIL prestará más apoyo logístico. Conforme al mandato del Consejo de Seguridad, la UNMIL también apoya a las autoridades asegurando las elecciones y al mismo tiempo intensifica su colaboración con las autoridades de Liberia en asuntos jurídicos, políticos, judiciales, de seguridad y de derechos humanos para mitigar las tensiones y crear un clima propicio para una elección pacífica.", "Papua Nueva Guinea (Bougainville)", "9. A petición del Gobierno de Papua Nueva Guinea, en mayo de 2010 las Naciones Unidas enviaron un Equipo de Expertos de Supervisión Electoral para las segundas elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias de Bougainville. Esta elección —el ganador de la cual conduciría la región al proceso preparatorio del referendo sobre el estatuto de Bougainville (previsto para 2015-2020)— fue un hito en la consolidación de la paz y la democracia en el país. Por tanto, la elección se consideraba muy importante y también se veía con mucha preocupación la posibilidad de un recrudecimiento de la violencia. El Equipo de Expertos pudo visitar mesas electorales en toda la región, incluso en algunas zonas del sur en que muchas personas votaban por primera vez. La presencia de las Naciones Unidas fue bien recibida por todas las partes interesadas y fue considerada ampliamente como factor importante de fomento de la confianza en el proceso electoral y por tanto como contribución al clima finalmente pacífico de las elecciones.", "Sudán", "10. Las Naciones Unidas prestaron asesoramiento y asistencia técnica a la Comisión del Referendo del Sudán Meridional (CRSM), a través de la División Integrada de las Naciones Unidas de Apoyo al Referendo y a las Elecciones, compuesta de la división electoral de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS) y el PNUD. La CRSM inscribió 3,9 millones de votantes para el referendo del Sudán meridional entre el 15 de noviembre y el 8 de diciembre de 2010, para celebrar un referendo en enero de 2011 a fin de determinar si el pueblo del Sudán meridional deseaba separarse o seguir siendo parte del Sudán. Entre el 9 y el 15 de enero de 2011, 3,9 millones de votantes inscritos tuvieron la oportunidad de emitir el voto. Más de 250 funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas trabajaron en apoyo de la CRSM hasta los niveles de estado y de condado. Las Naciones Unidas, en cooperación con asociados internacionales, también prestaron apoyo financiero y logístico al proceso del referendo, incluida la votación fuera del país en ocho lugares. Las aeronaves de las Naciones Unidas también transportaron materiales a las mesas del referendo situadas en lugares remotos y aislados. Los resultados, que fueron aceptados por todas las partes, favorecieron la secesión por mayoría abrumadora.", "11. Además del apoyo directo prestado por la División Integrada, las partes en el Acuerdo General de Paz, en carta de fecha 17 de julio de 2010 dirigida al Secretario General, pidieron a las Naciones Unidas que desplegaran una misión de observación del referendo. El Secretario General nombró un grupo para que siguiera y evaluara el proceso del referendo. La práctica normal es que las Naciones Unidas no observen los procesos electorales en que también prestan asistencia técnica, pero el papel de las Naciones Unidas en la observación del referendo se consideró indispensable para reforzar la confianza en el proceso y la aceptación de los resultados. El personal del grupo observó el referendo en 46 condados en todos los estados del Sudán meridional, centrándose en las zonas remotas; en 13 de los 15 estados del norte del Sudán; y en los ocho países en que se celebraron votaciones fuera del país. El grupo indicó al Secretario General que el resultado del referendo reflejaba la voluntad libre del pueblo del Sudán meridional.", "Túnez", "12. En respuesta a la solicitud de asistencia electoral hecha por el Gobierno interino, el 1 de marzo de 2011 las Naciones Unidas enviaron a Túnez una misión de alto nivel encargada de evaluar las necesidades electorales. Las recomendaciones que se hicieron en el informe de la misión fueron aprobadas por el coordinador. Sobre la base de estas recomendaciones, las Naciones Unidas han ejecutado un proyecto para ayudar a las autoridades de Túnez a organizar las elecciones para la Asamblea Constituyente previstas para octubre de 2011. El proyecto se ha diseñado de manera que se concentre en las esferas en que Naciones Unidas tienen una clara ventaja comparativa y asegure sinergias y evite duplicaciones con programas ejecutados por otros actores. El proyecto incluye medidas para apoyar al órgano de gestión de las elecciones y promover la participación inclusiva en el proceso electoral de las mujeres y los grupos de la sociedad civil en particular.", "Anexo II", "Países y territorios que recibieron asistencia electoral durante el período del informe", "Afganistán^(a)", "^(a) Se prestó asistencia por mandato del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Antillas Neerlandesas (Bonaire)", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi^(a)", "Camboya", "Camerún", "Chad", "Comoras", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire^(a)", "El Salvador", "Etiopía", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau^(a)", "Guyana", "Haití^(a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq^(a)", "Islas Salomón", "Kenya", "Kirguistán", "Lesotho", "Líbano", "Liberia^(a)", "Malawi", "Maldivas", "México", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Níger", "Nigeria", "Panamá", "Papua Nueva Guinea", "Perú", "República Centroafricana", "República de Moldova", "República Democrática del Congo^(a)", "República Unida de Tanzanía", "Rumania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leona^(a)", "Sudán^(a)", "Suriname", "Territorio palestino ocupado", "Timor-Leste^(a)", "Togo", "Túnez", "Turkmenistán", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "[1] La nota de orientación de septiembre de 2010 está disponible en todos los idiomas oficiales de la Organización. Para obtener ejemplares, se ruega escribir al Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, [email protected]. El texto inglés se puede ver en el sitio web del PNUD: http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/html." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Strengthening the role of the United Nations in enhancing the effectiveness of the principle of periodic and genuine elections and the promotion of democratization", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report describes the activities of the United Nations system in providing electoral assistance to Member States over the past two years. United Nations electoral assistance is provided only at the request of a Member State or on the basis of a resolution of the Security Council or the General Assembly. The report indicates that the demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance remains high. During the biennium, the United Nations assisted over 50 countries.", "As the focal point for electoral assistance activities, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is responsible for the Organization’s electoral policy and for ensuring system-wide coherence and consistency in all United Nations electoral activities. In these tasks, he is supported by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs, which also assists with the design and staffing of United Nations electoral activities and maintains both the roster of electoral experts and the Organization’s electoral institutional memory.", "In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The United Nations", "Development Programme (UNDP) usually plays a supporting role to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions. UNDP is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context.", "A number of other United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes are also involved in the provision of electoral assistance, including the Department of Field Support, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Volunteers programme, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), and the United Nations Office for Project Services.", "The report highlights progress in the coordination of electoral assistance both within the Organization and with outside actors. The report also notes the various funding vehicles for electoral assistance and the need for Member State contributions.", "It further notes work done by the Organization in the area of gender and elections. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country. This increasingly includes advice on application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures.", "The report notes that although the vast majority of the world’s electoral processes are conducted peacefully, elections can on occasion trigger violence. Most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. To contain those risks, mediation and good offices, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations, can be made available upon request to supplement technical advice.", "The report also deals with issues of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, calling for them to be central considerations in design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. It urges Member States and donors to consider carefully the cost of elections, and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs.", "The report notes an intention to prioritize in the next biennium the improvement of coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point for electoral assistance matters.", "The report concludes with an emphasis on governance. Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without independent and professional judiciaries, open, pluralistic media, a robust civil society, a credible government and effective governance at all levels.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in conformity with General Assembly resolution 64/155 and covers electoral activities undertaken by the United Nations since the previous report on this subject (A/64/304).", "2. It has been 20 years since the first report to the General Assembly on the Organization’s work on supporting elections. Looking back, it is difficult to identify a moment when the desire for genuinely and credibly elected leadership was expressed more dramatically than it was in 2011. The events which began in Tunisia and continue to unfold in the Middle East and North Africa seem to embody the provision of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that “the will of the people shall be the basis of authority of government [and that] this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures”.", "3. Regrettably, the reporting period has also seen elections — including some supported by the United Nations — act as a spark to ignite deep-seated grievances, leading to violence and loss of lives.", "4. The present report provides an opportunity to both reflect on how the United Nations can best assist those Member States which have new electoral needs and aspirations, and how it can best assist in preventing or mitigating electoral-related conflict and violence.", "5. United Nations electoral assistance can be provided to a Member State only upon request and/or a mandate from the Security Council or General Assembly. United Nations electoral assistance is provided in conformity with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and the realization that there is no single electoral methodology or system that is appropriate for all countries. Therefore, a needs assessment is always carried out before any electoral assistance is agreed or provided in order to ensure the assistance is tailored to the specific needs of the situation.", "6. The United Nations today is able to provide the following five basic types of electoral assistance, the first two of which require a General Assembly or Security Council mandate, and are now rarely utilized: (a) organization and conduct of elections; (b) verification/certification; (c) technical assistance; (d) expert panels; and (e) coordination of international observers.", "7. The United Nations has not observed an election since 2001 (Fiji); in contrast, many regional organizations are prioritizing this activity. Today, most United Nations electoral support consists of some type of technical assistance. In recent years, the United Nations has twice been asked to undertake certification of an election. This mandate requires the Organization to verify publicly that various stages of an electoral process are credible and that they conform to that country’s national laws and international commitments on elections. Certification mandates are rare and require a Security Council or General Assembly mandate. For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations peacekeeping mission has a certification mandate that had its genesis in relevant peace agreements before being included in a Security Council resolution (see also para. 42 below).", "8. During the reporting period, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to more than 50 Member States (see annex II), 11 of them on the basis of a Security Council mandate. Selected examples of electoral assistance are listed in annex I to the present report.", "9. The present report summarizes the work of the United Nations departments, funds, programmes and agencies regarding electoral assistance during the reporting period and discusses cooperation within and outside the United Nations system. It further makes a number of observations aimed at strengthening the provision of electoral assistance by the United Nations system.", "II. United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "A. Mandates and activities", "10. United Nations assistance to Member States in conducting credible, periodic and genuine elections continues to be a system-wide endeavour. The United Nations institutional framework benefits from relatively clear mandates from the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance matters (hereinafter the focal point), with a mandate under Assembly resolution 64/155 to ensure coordination and coherence and avoid duplication of United Nations electoral assistance. The focal point is also charged by the Assembly with the development and dissemination of electoral policies, building and maintaining the Organization’s electoral institutional memory, and maintaining a diverse roster of pre-screened electoral experts who can be quickly deployed to any United Nations assistance project.", "11. The focal point is supported in these functions by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs. The Division conducts all electoral needs assessments for the Organization, recommends to the focal point the parameters for all United Nations electoral assistance and advises on the design of all United Nations electoral projects. It provides, on behalf of the focal point, ongoing political and technical guidance to all United Nations entities involved in electoral assistance, including on the Organization’s normative framework and best practices gleaned from the Organization’s electoral institutional memory. In its resolution 63/261 on strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs, the General Assembly approved a total of eight new core posts (4 Professional and 4 General Service) and one post reclassification for the Electoral Assistance Division. These posts are now filled, and have greatly strengthened the ability of the Department to carry out its electoral mandate.", "12. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to developing electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly requested UNDP to continue its democratic governance assistance programmes, in particular those that promote the strengthening of democratic institutions and linkages between civil society and Governments.", "13. In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. With the trend towards integrated United Nations efforts, UNDP is increasingly providing support to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions under the aegis of the two Departments. The Electoral Assistance Division provides political and technical guidance to the electoral components of such field missions.", "14. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) continues to provide training and advice on human rights monitoring in the context of elections, support and organization of campaigns for violence-free elections, engage in advocacy for human rights-compliant electoral laws and institutions and monitor and report on human rights violations during electoral processes. Since July 2010, the United Nations Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, acting as the OHCHR regional office for Central Africa, has carried out capacity-building activities for various actors on the promotion of human rights and democracy during electoral periods.", "15. Other parts of the United Nations system involved in election-related activities include: the Department of Field Support, which is primarily responsible for providing logistics, procurement, human resources and financial administration support to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Office for Project Services, which provides support to electoral activities, largely in post-conflict/peacekeeping environments, in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNDP and Member States; the United Nations Volunteers programme, which provides electoral staff to work in UNDP, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs field operations; the United Nations Fund for Democracy, which funds democracy-related civil society projects; and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), which provides technical expertise, on request, to institutional stakeholders to ensure that gender equality and women’s rights and participation are adequately addressed and promotes coherence in such technical support.", "B. Cooperation and coordination within the United Nations system", "16. As I noted in my previous report (A/64/304), although the multiplicity of actors involved in electoral assistance within the United Nations system remains a strength, pressures from within and outside the system can create incentive for disharmony and overlap. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly reiterated the importance of reinforced coordination within the United Nations system and reaffirmed the role of the focal point in ensuring system-wide coherence, including by strengthening institutional memory and the development and dissemination of electoral policies.", "17. I have therefore made efforts to promote coherence, predictability and accountability of United Nations electoral assistance a priority during the reporting period. To that end, since my previous report:", "(a) In September 2010, UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs signed a revised note of guidance on electoral assistance[1] (revising the previous note, see A/56/344, annex II). The note helps to clarify roles and responsibilities so that the two entities can work better together;", "(b) I have asked the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management to convene a system-wide discussion on operational arrangements, including recruitment and procurement, to see how procedures that are more flexible and efficient, while ensuring necessary safeguards and controls, could potentially be utilized in electoral activities;", "(c) I have asked the Department of Management, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs to develop means of ensuring that the General Assembly-mandated electoral roster remains a resource for all United Nations electoral assistance projects, in conformity with new human resources rules (see ST/AI/2010/3), by ensuring the interoperability of the roster clearance and recruitment procedures with those of all agencies and programmes;", "(d) I have asked the Department of Political Affairs, with UNDP and in consultation with all relevant partners, to develop plans to enhance production of system-wide policy and best practices documents and to implement the election-related recommendations contained in my 2010 report on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466);", "(e) I have requested the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, as the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance, to facilitate discussions to more clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of United Nations departments, funds and agencies, in accordance with their mandates as defined by the General Assembly, and appropriate United Nations bodies.", "18. The Inter-Agency Coordination Mechanism for Electoral Assistance, chaired by the Electoral Assistance Division, was established in 2009 under the auspices of the focal point to promote information-sharing and further harmonization of the Organization’s electoral work. It holds monthly meetings, and is also the forum for coordinating the follow-up to my requests above.", "C. Cooperation with other organizations", "19. In the reporting period, the United Nations has continued to enhance cooperation with other international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, both in the field and at Headquarters level, with a view to strengthening the delivery of electoral assistance.", "20. The increasing multiplicity of assistance providers outside the United Nations system has enriched the knowledge pool and opened new opportunities, including for greater South-South cooperation. The United Nations often supports and facilitates these exchanges.", "21. The United Nations continues to be a partner in two global tools that promote capacity-building and institutional memory in electoral knowledge: the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network and the Building Resources in Democracy, Governance and Elections (BRIDGE) project. The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network includes the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Elections Canada, the Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, Instituto Federal Electoral-Mexico, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, UNDP, the Electoral Assistance Division and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The ACE Network provides comprehensive and authoritative information on elections, promotes networking among election-related professionals and offers capacity-development services for electoral management bodies and others. The second electoral knowledge tool, the BRIDGE project, is a partnership of the Australian Electoral Commission, International IDEA, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP. The purpose of the partnership is to develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive curriculum on effective administration of electoral processes, and provide modular training packages for electoral management bodies.", "22. The United Nations, through UN-Women and UNDP, is also a partner in the International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics (iKNOW), an innovative global platform that uses the exchange of information and networking to promote women’s increased role and presence in political processes around the world. Partners also include the Inter-Parliamentary Union, International IDEA and the National Democratic Institute.", "23. In 2010, the Kofi Annan Foundation and International IDEA created the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. It is a high-level panel aimed at providing realistic policy recommendations on how to better deal with challenges to the integrity of elections and to the integrity of international electoral assistance. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, in his capacity as focal point, and the UNDP Administrator participate as Friends of the Commission.", "24. A Framework for Cooperation between the secretariat of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Department of Political Affairs, on behalf of the United Nations Secretariat was signed on 21 September 2010. It provides that the Department shall support the strengthening of the SADC electoral capacity, along with cooperation in mediation and the exchange of lessons learned. The United Nations also continues to work on electoral issues in collaboration with regional intergovernmental organizations including the African Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and many others. I particularly hope to promote further organizational cooperation in the electoral field with the League of Arab States. That cooperation will be particularly important given the rapid developments being seen in the Middle East and North Africa.", "25. The European Union and UNDP have developed a strong partnership in electoral assistance over the last seven years. UNDP continues to deliver a significant part of its electoral assistance activities within the formal framework of a partnership with the European Union. In addition to joint projects at the country level, the partnership hosted a number of workshops, including on elections and violence and the use of technology in electoral processes.", "26. The United Nations also works with individual Member States on various electoral issues. To name just one, in June 2010, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP, in conjunction with the Government of Romania, organized a workshop on out-of-country voting, attended by representatives of approximately 30 Member States, the European Union, International IDEA, OSCE, and the Association of Central and Eastern European Electoral Officials, as well as members of the United Nations system. I encourage Member States to endorse the key conclusions of the workshop, including that host countries should consider how they can best facilitate and support out-of-country voting on their territories, and that regional organizations could consider developing a set of good practices or guidelines to assist host countries in doing so.", "27. Although the United Nations rarely observes elections, the Electoral Assistance Division continues to participate in discussions to further enhance performance of electoral observers, through adherence to the Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation. That document, launched at the United Nations in 2005, aims to harmonize the methodologies of the many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations engaged in observing elections, including those practices which guarantee respect for national sovereignty. The more than 40 signatories now include the vast majority of recognized and respected actors in the field. I encourage others to join the broad consensus which has emerged around the globe regarding these principles.", "III. Gender and elections", "28. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country.", "29. This increasingly includes advice on the application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures. The United Nations advocates the inclusion of women in electoral management bodies and encourages and supports efforts by national authorities to include a gender perspective in their electoral laws and regulations. The Organization has contributed to targeted outreach attempts to mobilize women’s participation in elections, both as voters and candidates. Special attention has been also accorded to women among internally displaced populations and to women’s access to electoral dispute resolution mechanisms.", "30. To ensure continued gender mainstreaming in United Nations electoral assistance, the focal point now requires that every electoral needs assessment carried out in response to a request from a Member State includes specific attention to the issue of women’s representation. In addition, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Field Support, UN-Women and UNDP are revising the “DPKO/DFS-DPA Joint Guidelines on Enhancing the Role of Women in Post-Conflict Electoral Processes”, with input from field missions that have used the existing guidelines and using their suggestions for improvement.", "IV. United Nations resources for electoral assistance", "31. The regular budget of the Electoral Assistance Division covers its core staff costs, while extrabudgetary funds, including the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the Rapid Response Trust Fund, are also utilized. Electoral assistance projects managed by UNDP country offices are typically funded through voluntary contributions by Member States that often result in multi-partner basket funds, which include national counterparts in the management structure in order to ensure greater national ownership. In integrated peace operations with an electoral component, the peace operations budget covers some of the electoral work, while the balance, often quite substantial, is funded through UNDP multi-donor funding mechanisms. The Peacebuilding Support Office has occasionally utilized its Peacebuilding Fund to provide support when a lack of funding could have put at risk the organization of elections. With core funds and through its Fund for Gender Equality, UN-Women provides complementary funding for gender and elections work, closely aligned to, or integrated in, UNDP-managed electoral assistance projects.", "32. Since mid-2009, UNDP has been implementing a Global Programme on Electoral Cycle Support, which strengthens the UNDP practice architecture by, inter alia, developing knowledge products, mainstreaming gender issues into electoral programming and supporting regional and country-level initiatives to strengthen electoral institutions and processes. The Global Programme initiative draws from a dedicated funding source (the Government of Spain, with a contribution from the Government of Canada) and full time advisers to help implement its activities. It is directly executed by the UNDP Bureau for Development Policy, under a Steering Committee consisting of UNDP and representatives of the two donor countries.", "33. The United Nations Democracy Fund provides financial support for projects that strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes, including many projects aimed at building capacity among voters and candidates, training and supporting civil society observers and ensuring wide democratic engagement and participation, including the ACE project. To date, contributions of more than $110 million have been received from over 39 countries, and a further 64 projects were recently approved by me in the fifth funding round.", "34. The Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs, administered by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, along with the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, remain important sources of critical extrabudgetary funding for electoral assistance activities. Such funds allow the implementation of rapid response and innovative or catalytic projects and programmes, including those aimed at the prevention of conflict and at supporting the participation of women and underrepresented groups in political processes. Extrabudgetary funds were used during the reporting period to rapidly establish activities, inter alia, in Haiti, Guinea, the Niger and Kyrgyzstan (for further details, see annex I).", "V. Elections and violence", "35. In my previous two reports, I expressed concern over the potential for elections to be overshadowed by political discord or violence, especially after results are announced.", "36. Such violence can be triggered by electoral shortcomings, such as severely flawed voter lists, the misuse of incumbency, a lack of transparency or the actual or perceived bias of election officials, which can result in real or perceived fraud. However, most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence or violent conflict, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. Thus, if underlying political conditions are not conducive to confidence among stakeholders, or simply if one of the candidates refuses to accept credible results, elections can be a trigger for violence.", "37. We must of course keep the problem in context. The vast majority of the world’s elections are conducted peacefully, even though electoral controversy is not uncommon, especially when results are close. In general, such controversy is resolved peacefully by political processes or State institutions. However, where State institutions or political processes do not contain, or, at worst, exacerbate controversy, the result can be violence, death and displacement, with possible broader implications for peace and security.", "38. During the biennium, the United Nations took several specific measures to prevent or mitigate violent conflict related to elections. I will mention two cases: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire.", "39. In Guinea, following the death of President Lansana Conté and a coup d’état in 2008, the adoption of the Ouagadougou Accord of 15 January 2010 set the stage for presidential elections on 27 June 2010, followed by a second round on 19 September 2010. These were the first democratic elections in almost 40 years, for a very diverse population during a complicated transition. The United Nations provided technical support to the process through a UNDP project, and also provided political and diplomatic support, within the framework of the International Contact Group on Guinea, co-chaired by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).", "40. On the eve of both rounds of elections, the Deputy Director of the Electoral Assistance Division was deployed to support to the UNDP team on the ground. When a last-minute request for funding for security for the elections was presented by the Government, the Peacebuilding Support Office managed to assess the request and release the necessary funding from the Peacebuilding Fund in record time. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) provided logistics support on very short notice. In addition, the newly established OHCHR office in Guinea monitored the human rights situation before, during and after the elections, which increased trust and confidence in the process.", "41. My Special Representative for West Africa worked closely and intensively with the African Union and ECOWAS during the transition, visiting the country together with envoys of the African Union and ECOWAS more than 20 times, with the support of a United Nations senior mediation adviser specially deployed to Conakry. In the end, despite close results and some political controversy, Alpha Condé was elected President in a largely peaceful process. Among the critical factors were the appointment of an election commission chairperson who enjoyed trust of the two contestants in the second round, and the statesmanlike acceptance of the final results by runner-up Cellou Dalein Diallo.", "42. In Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations mandate to certify elections was based on the 2005 Pretoria Accord and the subsequent decision of the Security Council (resolution 1765 (2007)). The conditions for certification, developed by the United Nations pursuant to the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, in consultation with the Facilitator of the inter-Ivorian dialogue, President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso, and the Ivorian parties, included: restoration of peace across the country; an inclusive political process; equal access to the State media; the establishment of objective electoral lists; and fair and unbiased poll results. The first round of presidential elections was held on 31 October 2010, with a second round on 28 November 2010. On 3 December 2010, my Special Representative certified that the fair and unbiased result of the second round was, as announced by the Independent Electoral Commission on 2 December, the victory of Alassane Ouattara.", "43. As we know, the refusal of the incumbent to accept the result led, regrettably, to violent conflict and tragic loss of life. Yet the certification provided a consensus basis for diplomatic action, including by ECOWAS, to ensure that the democratically expressed will of the Ivorian people was respected. Although diplomacy did not prevent violence in this case, the legitimate President is now in office, and the United Nations continues to support the Government in addressing key challenges with a view to establishing lasting peace and stability.", "44. The obvious contrast between the violent outcome in Côte d’Ivoire and the largely peaceful outcome in Guinea was the refusal of the runner-up, despite urging from the United Nations and other parties, to accept the legitimate outcome.", "45. In the aftermath of these two events, my Special Representative in West Africa and the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) organized a regional conference on elections and stability in West Africa, in May 2011 in Praia, Cape Verde. The conference was hosted by the Government of Cape Verde and organized in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs and UNDP. It received the support of ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Organization of la Francophonie, the European Union and the International Peace Institute. The resulting Praia Declaration on Elections and Stability in West Africa, adopted on 20 May 2011, identified practical recommendations to facilitate the conduct of peaceful elections, including: further encouraging the United Nations-ECOWAS-African Union partnership in conflict prevention; strengthening cooperation between UNOWA, OHCHR, ECOWAS and Governments in developing a regional capacity-building programme in electoral affairs; and establishing early warning mechanisms. In a press statement on 8 July 2011, the Security Council welcomed the adoption of the Praia Declaration and encouraged all relevant actors to follow up on its recommendations.", "46. Also during the biennium, the Electoral Assistance Division participated on behalf of the Secretariat, as a technical resource during deliberations of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) to help design an IPU framework to address electoral-related violence. The resulting resolution on providing a sound legislative framework aimed at preventing electoral violence, improving electoral monitoring and ensuring the smooth transition of power was adopted by consensus at the 124th IPU assembly on 20 April 2011. The resolution calls, inter alia, for greater cooperation between the United Nations and IPU in the prevention of electoral violence, and in ensuring a smooth and peaceful transition of political power, as well as in the implementation throughout the electoral cycle of relevant recommendations made by electoral observation missions.", "47. The United Nations took other measures during the biennium to help to prevent violent conflict related to elections. One example is the Sudan, where the Secretary-General established, at the request of the authorities, a Panel on the Southern Sudan Referenda, to monitor the process and offer good offices to help resolve political discord during the referendum. In addition to consulting closely with the leadership in the North and South, the Panel worked in coordination with the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and the African Union mediation process, as well as concerned Member States. Substantial electoral technical assistance was also provided by UNMIS and UNDP under an integrated structure. The referendum was held peacefully and its results were accepted by both sides and by the international community. South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.", "VI. Sustainability", "48. Well-run elections are a crucial investment, but experience throughout the world has shown that it is not the case that the more complex or expensive a system, the more successful the elections will be. Some processes are more costly per voter than others, and vendors continue to promote some of the most expensive electoral processes and complicated technology to some of the poorest countries in the world. While the choice of electoral system and process is, of course, the sovereign right of Member States, the General Assembly in its resolution 64/155 obliges the Organization to bear in mind “sustainability and cost-effectiveness” in its work.", "49. I remain concerned about electoral techniques and systems that are so complex or expensive that they have the potential to leave countries dependent on vendors or donors. Some technologies will have large cost implications not just at the moment they are implemented, but in the future, which should be thoroughly considered. In making choices about electoral technology, donors and recipients need to look carefully at national budget forecasts in order to aim squarely at the goal of nationally self-funded elections in future.", "50. It is now accepted that electoral assistance should be made available whenever it is most needed and not just at the time of the election itself. For example, assistance is available for discussions on electoral reform which may be initiated years before an electoral event. The General Assembly recommended in its resolution 64/155, that the United Nations continue to provide technical advice and other assistance throughout the time span of the entire electoral cycle, including before and after elections, as appropriate. This “electoral-cycle approach” is also a useful planning tool for assistance providers and donors. But we should not confuse funding cycles with what a country wants or needs; nor should they be justifications for assistance that pays little attention to the end state.", "VII. Observations", "51. Demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance continues to be high. Given the increasing need for flexible and rapid response in electoral assistance, particularly in the light of current events, I encourage Member States to consider making further voluntary contributions for electoral assistance, including earmarked contributions for rapid response and for the inclusion of women, minorities and underrepresented groups, to the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, as well as to the United Nations Democracy Fund and the Fund for Gender Equality.", "52. The continued demand for electoral assistance is an indication of the general appreciation of the work of the United Nations in supporting democratic development, including credible, periodic and genuine elections. This, I believe, is based largely on the commitment, as directed by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/155, to carry out assistance in an objective, impartial, neutral and independent manner. United Nations assistance is also given with the understanding that there is no “one size fits all” model or solution, and that each country must be in charge of its own destiny, but the Organization is ready to make its expertise, best practices and lessons learned available.", "53. The United Nations also upholds the importance of the implementation of international commitments, norms and principles with respect to elections, as well as the need for transparency, credibility, inclusiveness and universal suffrage. Various United Nations conventions protect the right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs and the right to vote and to be elected. Political inclusiveness, in particular women’s political participation as well as that of minorities and other underrepresented groups, remains crucial for stable democracy, and is an important consideration in the assistance that the United Nations provides.", "54. However, we must recognize that even the most inclusive, best-run elections cannot by themselves erase the risk of electoral violence. While elections are technical processes, they are fundamentally political events. To contain such risks, the United Nations must ensure that the support available to Member States includes not just technical advice but also mediation and good offices, if requested, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations. This approach would aim to address underlying grievances before elections, for example, by encouraging the design of political institutions to prevent the monopoly of power and political marginalization of the opposition and, after the election, to support dialogue and encourage statesmanship both in victory and in defeat. The true measure of an election is whether it engenders broad public confidence in the process and trust in the outcome. An election run honestly and transparently, respecting basic rights, with the effective and neutral support of State institutions and the responsible conduct of participants (leaders, candidates and voters) is most likely to achieve an accepted and peaceful outcome.", "55. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness must increasingly be central considerations in the design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. Building capacity that is permanent does not require permanent capacity-building. All assistance should have long-term sustainability and national ownership as its goals, and should aim at clearly defined end states. In addition, we must remember that more costly electoral machinery is not a panacea for fraud. I continue to call upon Member States to consider carefully the cost of elections and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs. I encourage Member States and donors to consider the recommendation of the African Union Panel of the Wise that, for political and development reasons, States should establish as an important goal the funding of elections from national budgets, as soon as possible.", "56. I will continue to prioritize efforts to improve the coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point.", "57. At the same time, I will work to strengthen the ability of the Organization’s various administrative processes to support its missions, UNDP and others in the United Nations Development Group in order to ensure that assistance programmes to Member States can be delivered with greater efficiency, predictability and accountability.", "58. In support of this goal, United Nations electoral assistance should be provided in an integrated manner in all contexts, whether or not it is provided through a formally integrated field mission. I believe that this will greatly improve efficiency and promote coordination at the field level. I encourage Member States to take this into account when drafting Security Council electoral mandates and considering budgets and contributions to basket funds.", "59. Coherence and efficiency can also be strengthened outside the Organization. While the multiplicity of electoral assistance providers and donors worldwide can ensure a broad range of useful advice for Member States seeking assistance, it can also create an unhelpful cacophony that has the potential to undermine preparations. I encourage Member States, when requesting assistance, to consider designating the United Nations (or another organization, if preferred) to help to ensure coherence among electoral assistance providers. I further urge that mandates for electoral assistance include a role for the United Nations in ensuring coherence among electoral assistance providers in any electoral assistance mandate given to a field mission.", "60. Finally, we should be investing more time and resources in governance. Recently, one of my staff members was discussing an upcoming election with a young woman from a developing country. He said, “This country desperately needs a good election.” The wise young woman replied, “No, what this country desperately needs is for those elected to govern well after their election.” Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without good and effective governance at all levels, including independent and professional judiciaries, full respect for human rights, open and pluralistic media, a robust civil society and a credible and responsive Government.", "Annex I", "Selected examples of United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan", "1. Afghanistan held presidential and provincial elections in August 2009, followed by parliamentary elections in September 2010, with technical and logistical support from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The Enhancing Legal and Electoral Capacity for Tomorrow programme, managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), continues to support the Independent Election Commission and other electoral stakeholders. The United Nations also helped in the creation of an Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC) and Media Commission. The United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN-Women) supported dialogue between women members of parliament and the Independent Election Commission aimed at ensuring that women’s concerns about the electoral process were heard and addressed adequately.", "2. The 2009 and 2010 Presidential, Provincial Council and National Assembly elections were conducted by an all-Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC) and complaints were investigated by ECC, which was composed of two United Nations-nominated commissioners and three Afghan commissioners. The 2009 and 2010 elections were conducted under more difficult and insecure conditions than the 2004-2005 polls. Extensive fraud was investigated by ECC, leading to the exclusion of approximately 1.5 million votes in 2009 and 1.3 million votes in 2010. Insecurity in some areas was also a complicating factor: many candidates had difficulties conducting their campaign in insurgency-prone areas; voter turnout was lower than in 2004-2005, and many candidates and voters felt disenfranchised owing to the insecurity. This led to the establishment of a controversial “special tribunal” attached to the Supreme Court to deal with electoral disenfranchisement and fraud issues. After considerable tensions, the Wolesi Jirga was inaugurated on 26 January 2011, with an agreement that the special tribunal would continue to investigate electoral crimes. The establishment of the special tribunal was considered illegal by legal experts and it was never recognized by IEC. The special tribunal’s subsequent decision to remove 62 members from Parliament owing to “recount” results created a difficult impasse between the branches of Government. The tribunal was then dissolved by presidential decree in August. However, the highlight of the 2010 election was that IEC was able to take a proactive approach in detecting fraud while referring many suspected cases of electoral offences to ECC. In addition, IEC was able to take on more responsibility and therefore continue to build electoral capacity that will allow for better implementation of elections in the future.", "Côte d’Ivoire", "3. The United Nations provided technical, material, logistical and security support to the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) for the first and second round of presidential elections. The first round took place on 31 October 2010; a run-off was then necessary between the two top candidates after the first round, Alassane Ouattara and Laurent Gbagbo. Following the second round, held on 28 November 2010, IEC announced the provisional results on 2 December and declared candidate Ouattara as the winner of the run-off election, while the Constitutional Council proclaimed a version of results on 3 December that gave victory to Mr. Gbagbo. As requested by the Ivorian parties within the framework of the 2005 Pretoria Accord and mandated by the Security Council, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Côte d’Ivoire certified the second round of presidential elections, confirming the outcome as announced by the Electoral Commission. The results announced by IEC and certified by the United Nations were subsequently endorsed by the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union and the Security Council. Unfortunately, a violent crisis ensued as a result of Mr. Gbagbo’s refusal to cede power. President Ouattara was inaugurated on 21 May, with the Secretary-General in attendance along with some 20 Heads of State.", "Haiti", "4. Preparations for elections in February 2010 were already under way when Haiti was struck by a devastating earthquake on 12 January 2010. In the light of the significant human loss and the considerable material damage, elections were postponed. Following a technical feasibility mission dispatched by the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance at the request of President Préval, a new electoral timetable was then adopted, with the first round of the elections set for 28 November 2010. The presidential elections were combined with the parliamentary elections (renewal of the lower chamber and one third of the upper chamber). The electoral process was further hampered by a cholera epidemic and a tropical storm.", "5. Successful elections were held, overcoming doubts that they were possible given the complex and volatile political and socio-economic context and threats of boycott from some political groups. The first and second rounds of the presidential and legislative elections were held on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. In line with its Security Council mandate, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) coordinated all international support to the electoral process, including assisting in the setting up of 1,500 registration centres for displaced voters, inspecting all 1,483 voting centres and identifying new locations to replace those that had been damaged or destroyed, distributing the updated voters’ list and, in coordination with the Haitian National Police, developing and implementing an integrated electoral security plan. Resources deployed in support of the elections included more than 6,200 United Nations peacekeeping troops, 1,300 United Nations police, 200 civilian staff, 174 flight hours and 230 vehicles. A UNDP project focused on supporting the capacity of the provisional election commission as well as on complementary areas such as support to the tabulation centre, the voter list, electoral disputes and civic education.", "Iraq", "6. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has continued to provide technical advice and support to the Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) of Iraq. Along with its partner organizations, including UNDP, UNOPS and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNAMI has provided technical and policy advice, and worked to build the capacity of IHEC and its staff. With the support of its United Nations and other international partners, IHEC overcame numerous operational, security and legal challenges and successfully conducted the national election for the Council of Representatives in March 2010. There was considerably broader participation at the local level than in the first parliamentary election in 2005. Voting was also conducted for eligible Iraqi voters in 16 other countries. Civil society participation was strong. Following a court order, IHEC recounted a significant amount of the cast ballots, a process that confirmed the accuracy of the earlier results. In total, IHEC has now prepared and conducted three major electoral events since the appointment of its Commissioners in 2007, including the governorate council elections (January 2009), presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan region (July 2009) and the national parliamentary elections.", "Kyrgyzstan", "7. Following the request of the Kyrgyz Interim Government in the aftermath of the April 2010 events, the United Nations responded by establishing the Kyrgyz Election Support Project executed by UNDP, focusing on technical operational preparations, the streamlining of the complaints process and women’s participation. In addition, the United Nations deployed two international advisory members to the Kyrgyz Central Electoral Commission, with expertise in legal and procedural issues. Despite the fragile political situation and tight timelines, the June constitutional referendum and the 10 October parliamentary elections took place successfully and on time.", "Liberia", "8. Liberia will hold a referendum and presidential and legislative elections during the second half of 2011. For the second generation of elections since the end of the Liberian conflict, the United Nations will ensure that the primary responsibility for organizing the elections remain with the national authorities while providing them with needed support. The National Elections Commission receives technical assistance through the UNDP capacity-building programme for the 2010-2012 electoral cycle. Additionally, the National Elections Commission, UNDP and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have identified less accessible areas where additional logistics support from UNMIL will be provided. In line with the mandate from the Security Council, UNMIL also supports the authorities in securing the elections while intensifying its work with the Liberian authorities on legal, political, judicial, security and human rights issues to mitigate tensions and create an atmosphere conducive to peaceful elections.", "Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)", "9. Upon the request of the Government of Papua New Guinea, the United Nations deployed an Electoral Expert Monitoring Team for Bougainville’s second presidential and parliamentary elections in May 2010. That election — the winner of which would lead the region to the preparation process for the referendum on the status of Bougainville (envisaged between 2015-2020) — was a milestone in the consolidation of peace and democracy in the country. The election was, therefore, seen as critical, and there were also serious concerns about the possibility of the recurrence of violence. The Monitoring Team was able to visit polling stations all over the region including in some areas in the south where many people were voting for the first time. The United Nations presence was welcomed by all concerned stakeholders and was widely seen as an important factor in building confidence in the electoral process and consequently contributing to the ultimately peaceful electoral environment.", "Sudan", "10. The United Nations provided technical advice and assistance to the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission (SSRC), via the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, composed of the electoral division of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and UNDP. SSRC registered 3.9 million voters for the Southern Sudan Referendum between 15 November and 8 December 2010, for a referendum in January 2011 to determine if the people of Southern Sudan wished to secede from or remain a part of the Sudan. Between 9 and 15 January 2011, 3.9 million registered voters had the opportunity to cast their ballot. Over 250 United Nations staff worked to support SSRC down to the state and county levels. The United Nations, in cooperation with international partners, also provided financial and logistical support to the referendum process, including out-of-country voting in eight locations. United Nations air assets also transported materials by air to remote and isolated referendum centres. The results were accepted by all parties, with an overwhelming vote for secession.", "11. In addition to the direct support provided by the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, in a letter to the Secretary-General dated 17 July 2010, the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement requested the United Nations to deploy a monitoring mission for the referendum. The Secretary-General appointed a panel to monitor and assess the referendums process. While standard practice is that the United Nations does not usually monitor electoral processes in which it also provides technical assistance, the role of the United Nations with respect to monitoring the referendums was deemed to be critical in enhancing confidence in the process and acceptance of results. Panel staff monitored the referendum in 46 counties in all states in Southern Sudan, focusing on remote areas; in 13 out of 15 states in northern Sudan; and in all eight countries where out-of-country voting took place. The panel reported to the Secretary-General that the outcome of the referendum reflected the free will of the people of Southern Sudan.", "Tunisia", "12. In response to the interim Government’s request for electoral assistance, the United Nations deployed a high-level electoral needs assessment mission to Tunisia on 1 March 2011. The recommendations contained in the report of the Mission were approved by the focal point. Based on those recommendations, the United Nations has implemented a project assisting the Tunisian authorities in their organization of the Constituent Assembly elections envisaged for October 2011. The project has been defined to focus on areas where the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage and to ensure synergies and avoid duplication with other programmes being put in place by other actors. It includes measures to support the electoral management body and to help to promote inclusive participation in the electoral process on the part of women and civil society groups in particular.", "Annex II", "Countries and territories receiving United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan[2]", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Burundi^(a)", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Comoros", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire^(a)", "Democratic Republic of the Congo^(a)", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau^(a)", "Guyana", "Haiti^(a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq^(a)", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lebanon", "Lesotho", "Liberia^(a)", "Malawi", "Maldives", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire)", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Panama", "Papua New Guinea", "Peru", "Republic of Moldova", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leone^(a)", "Solomon Islands", "Sudan^(a)", "Suriname", "Timor-Leste^(a)", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkmenistan", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "[1] The September 2010 note of guidance is available in all the official languages of the Organization. For copies, please contact the Electoral Assistance Division at [email protected]. An English-language copy is available on the UNDP website: see http://www.beta.undp.org/ undp/en/home/html.", "[2] Assistance being provided under a Security Council mandate." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Article 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Strengthening the role of the United Nations in improving the effectiveness of the principle of periodic and genuine elections and the promotion of democratization", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report describes electoral assistance activities to Member States developed by the United Nations system over the past two years. United Nations electoral assistance is provided only at the request of a Member State or by a Security Council or General Assembly resolution. The report indicates that the demand for United Nations electoral assistance remains high among Member States. During the biennium, the United Nations assisted more than 50 countries.", "As coordinator of electoral assistance activities, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is responsible for the electoral policy of the Organization and for ensuring system-wide coherence and uniformity of all United Nations electoral activities. These functions are supported by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs, which also assists in designing United Nations electoral activities and staffing them and maintains a list of electoral experts and the Organization &apos; s institutional memory in the field.", "In peacekeeping and post-conflict situations, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the auspices of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) often plays a role in supporting electoral assistance mandates implemented by field missions. UNDP is the principal implementing body of the Organization to support electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the context of peacekeeping or post-conflict situations.", "Other United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes also participate in the provision of electoral assistance, including the Department of Field Support, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Volunteers Programme, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the United Nations Office for Project Services.", "The report highlights the progress made in coordinating electoral assistance, within the Organization and with external actors. The various financing vehicles for electoral assistance and the need for contributions from Member States are also identified.", "The work done by the Organization on gender and elections is also indicated. The United Nations continues to give priority to assistance in inclusive electoral processes, ensuring that women and underrepresented groups can participate in their country &apos; s political life. This increasingly includes advice on the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in particular on temporary special measures.", "It is noted that, although the vast majority of the world &apos; s electoral processes are being conducted peacefully, elections may sometimes cause violence. In general, technical deficiencies are not the root cause of violence, but only the spark that sparks deeper social, economic or political tensions. To reduce this risk, mediation and good offices can be provided at the request, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations, as a complement to technical advice.", "Issues of sustainability and cost-efficiency are also addressed, and it is stated that these factors should be the central considerations in the design and delivery of electoral assistance, the United Nations or other agencies. Member States and donors are urged to give careful consideration to the cost of elections and electoral assistance, taking into account other development needs.", "The intention is to give priority in the next biennium to improving coherence, predictability and accountability in the provision of electoral assistance. These activities should be based on the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance that the General Assembly has assigned to the electoral assistance coordinator.", "The report concluded by emphasizing governance. Investment in elections will not report sustainable peace and development without an independent and professional judiciary, open and diverse media, a vigorous civil society, credible government and effective governance at all levels.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/155 and covers the electoral activities of the United Nations since the previous report on this item (A/64/304).", "2. It has been 20 years since the first report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization in electoral assistance. It is difficult to find in the past a time when the desire for real and credible elective government has been expressed more dramatically than in 2011. The events that began in Tunisia and continue to develop in the Middle East and North Africa seem to incarnate the provision of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states that “the will of the people is the basis of the authority of the public power [and that] this will be expressed through genuine elections to be held periodically, by universal and equal suffrage and by secret vote or another equivalent procedure to guarantee the freedom of the vote.”", "3. Unfortunately, in the reporting period, some elections — including some attended by the United Nations — have served as sparks to inflate deep resentments, and thus led to acts of violence and loss of life.", "4. The present report provides an opportunity to reflect on how best the United Nations can assist Member States with new electoral needs and aspirations and how best to help prevent or mitigate elections-related conflicts and violence.", "5. The United Nations can only provide electoral assistance to a Member State if it is requested and/or mandated by the Security Council or the General Assembly. United Nations electoral assistance is provided in accordance with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and the conviction that there is no single electoral method or system appropriate to all countries. Therefore, a needs assessment is always made before agreeing or providing any type of electoral assistance, to ensure that assistance is tailored to the specific needs of the situation.", "6. Today the United Nations can provide five basic types of electoral assistance, of which the first two require a mandate from the General Assembly or the Security Council and are rarely used today: (a) organization and conduct of elections; (b) verification/certification; (c) technical assistance; (d) expert groups and (e) coordination of international observers.", "7. The United Nations has not observed an election since 2001 (Fiji); however, many regional organizations are giving priority to this activity. Today most of the United Nations electoral assistance consists of some kind of technical assistance. In recent years, the United Nations has twice been asked to certify an election. This mandate requires the Organization to publicly verify that the different stages of the electoral process are credible and consistent with the laws of the country and with the country &apos; s international commitments on elections. Certification mandates are rare and require a mandate from the Security Council or the General Assembly. For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations peacekeeping mission has a certification mandate that originated in the relevant peace agreements before being included in a Security Council resolution (see also para. 42 below).", "8. During the reporting period, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to over 50 Member States (see annex II), including 11 by mandate of the Security Council. Some examples of electoral assistance are listed in annex I to the present report.", "9. The present report summarizes the work of electoral assistance of United Nations departments, funds, programmes and agencies during the reporting period and reviews cooperation within and outside the United Nations system. A number of comments are also made to strengthen the provision of electoral assistance by the United Nations system.", "II. United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "A. Mandates and activities", "10. The assistance of the United Nations to Member States in holding credible, periodic and genuine elections remains a system-wide activity. The United Nations institutional framework benefits from the existence of relatively clear mandates of the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is the United Nations coordinator for electoral assistance (hereinafter “the coordinator”), and has, pursuant to Assembly resolution 64/155, the mandate to ensure coordination and coherence of electoral assistance and to avoid duplication of such assistance. The Assembly has also commissioned the coordinator to formulate and disseminate electoral standards, develop and maintain the Organization &apos; s electoral institutional memory and maintain a diverse list of pre-selected electoral experts that can be deployed rapidly in any United Nations assistance project.", "11. The coordinator has the support of the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs for the exercise of these functions. The Division conducts all electoral needs assessments for the Organization, recommends to the coordinator the parameters of all United Nations electoral assistance and advises on the design of all United Nations electoral projects. It provides, on behalf of the coordinator, continued political and technical guidance to all United Nations entities involved in electoral assistance, in particular on the Organization &apos; s normative framework and best practices in the Organization &apos; s electoral institutional memory. In resolution 63/261, on strengthening the Department of Political Affairs, the General Assembly approved eight new posts (4 Professional and 4 General Service) and the reclassification of one post from the Electoral Assistance Division. These posts have already been provided and have greatly strengthened the Department &apos; s ability to fulfil its electoral mandate.", "12. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the principal implementing body of the Organization to assist in the development of electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the context of peacekeeping or post-conflict situations. In resolution 64/155, the General Assembly requested UNDP to continue its assistance programmes in democratic governance, in particular those that promote the consolidation of democratic institutions and the links between civil society and Governments.", "13. In the context of peacekeeping or post-conflict, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the auspices of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. With the trend towards the integration of United Nations activities, UNDP increasingly supports the implementation of electoral assistance mandates by field missions under the auspices of the two departments. The Electoral Assistance Division provides political and technical guidance to the electoral components of field missions.", "14. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) continues to provide training and advice on the monitoring of human rights in connection with elections, the support and organization of campaigns for free elections of violence, the promotion of laws and electoral institutions consistent with human rights and the monitoring of human rights violations during the electoral process and the preparation of reports on them. Since July 2010, the United Nations Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, which acts as the OHCHR regional office for Central Africa, has developed capacity-building activities for various actors on the promotion of human rights and democracy during the electoral period.", "15. Participating in election-related activities of other parts of the United Nations system, including the Department of Field Support, which is the main task of providing logistical services, procurement services, human resources and financial administration support to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Office for Project Services, which provides support to electoral activities, mainly in post-conflict situations and in peacekeeping operations", "B. Cooperation and coordination within the United Nations system", "16. As I indicated in my last report (A/64/304), the multiplicity of actors involved in electoral assistance within the United Nations system remains a positive factor, but pressures both inside and outside the system can be a source of disagreements and overlap. In resolution 64/155, the General Assembly reiterated the importance of strengthening coordination within the United Nations system and reaffirmed the role of the focal point in ensuring system-wide coherence, including through strengthening institutional memory and formulating and disseminating electoral norms.", "17. I have therefore given priority in the reporting period to efforts to promote coherence, predictability and accountability for United Nations electoral assistance. To this end, since the previous report:", "(a) In September 2010, UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs signed a revised guidance note on electoral assistance[1] (review of the previous note, see A/56/344, annex II). The note helps to clarify functions and responsibilities so that the two entities can better collaborate;", "(b) I have requested the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management to organize a system-wide debate on operational arrangements, including recruitment and procurement, to see how more flexible and efficient procedures could be used in electoral activities, with the necessary safeguards and controls;", "(c) I have requested the Department of Management, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs to develop ways and means to ensure that the roster of electoral experts mandated by the General Assembly remains a resource available to all United Nations electoral assistance projects, in accordance with the new human resources standards (see ST/AI/2010/3), ensuring that the procedures for the removal and recruitment of candidates from the roster are interoperable with all agencies and programmes;", "(d) I have requested the Department of Political Affairs, in collaboration with UNDP and in consultation with all relevant partners, to develop plans to increase the production of system-wide policy and best practices documents and to implement the recommendations on elections in my 2010 report on women &apos; s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466);", "(e) I have requested the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, as coordinator of United Nations electoral assistance, to facilitate discussions to more clearly identify the roles and responsibilities of United Nations departments, funds and agencies, in accordance with the mandates established by the General Assembly, and the relevant United Nations bodies.", "18. The Inter-Agency Coordination Mechanism for Electoral Assistance, chaired by the Electoral Assistance Division, was established in 2009 under the auspices of the coordinator to promote information-sharing and progress in harmonizing the Organization &apos; s electoral work. It meets monthly and is also the forum for the coordination of follow-up to previous requests.", "C. Cooperation with other organizations", "19. In the reporting period, the United Nations has continued to enhance cooperation with other international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, on the ground and at Headquarters, with a view to strengthening the provision of electoral assistance.", "20. The growing multiplicity of aid providers outside the United Nations system has enriched knowledge and created new opportunities, particularly for increased South-South cooperation. The United Nations often supports and facilitates these exchanges.", "21. The United Nations continues to collaborate on two global instruments that promote capacity-building and institutional memory in electoral knowledge: the ACE electoral knowledge network and the Building Resources in Democracy, Governance and Elections (BRIDGE). They are part of the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network of the International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Canada Elections, the Austral African Electoral Institute, the Federal Electoral Institute (Mexico), the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, UNDP, the Electoral Assistance Division and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The ACE Network provides full and reliable information on elections, promotes networking among election experts and provides capacity-building services to elections management bodies. The second electoral knowledge instrument, the BRIDGE project, is a collaboration between the Australian Electoral Commission, International IDEA, the International Electoral Systems Foundation, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP. The purpose of the collaboration is to develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive curriculum on the effective management of electoral processes and to provide modular training programmes for electoral management bodies.", "22. The United Nations, through UN-Women and UNDP, is also associated with the International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics (iKNOW), an innovative global platform that, through information exchange and networking, promotes women &apos; s participation and presence in political processes around the world. The Inter-Parliamentary Union, International IDEA and the National Democratic Institute also participate in the Network.", "23. In 2010, the Kofi Annan Foundation and International IDEA established the World Elections, Democracy and Security Commission, a high-level panel to formulate realistic policy recommendations on how to better resolve threats to the integrity of elections and the integrity of international electoral assistance. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, in his capacity as coordinator, and the Administrator of UNDP participate as Friends of the Commission.", "24. On 21 September 2010, a cooperation framework was signed between the secretariat of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Department of Political Affairs on behalf of the United Nations Secretariat, according to which the Department will support the strengthening of SADC electoral capacity and cooperation in mediation and exchange of experiences. The United Nations also continues to work on electoral matters in collaboration with regional intergovernmental organizations, such as the African Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and many others. In particular, I look forward to further promoting the Organization &apos; s cooperation in elections with the League of Arab States. This cooperation will be particularly important in view of the rapid developments in the Middle East and North Africa.", "25. The European Union and UNDP have established close collaboration in electoral assistance over the past seven years. UNDP continues to develop a significant part of its electoral assistance activities within the formal framework of a partnership with the European Union. In addition to joint projects at the national level, the association hosted several workshops, including on elections and violence and the use of technology in electoral processes.", "26. The United Nations also collaborates with Member States on various electoral issues. For example, in June 2010, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP, in collaboration with the Government of Romania, organized a workshop on voting outside the country, which was attended by representatives of some 30 Member States, the European Union, International IDEA, OSCE and the Association of Electoral Officers in Central and Eastern Europe and also entities of the United Nations system. I encourage Member States to support the main conclusions of the workshop, in particular that host countries consider how best to facilitate and support voting outside their territories and that regional organizations consider developing a set of good practices or guidelines to assist host countries in doing so.", "27. The United Nations rarely observes elections, but the Electoral Assistance Division continues to engage in talks aimed at improving the functioning of electoral observers through the implementation of the Declaration of Principles for the International Election Observation. This document, presented at the United Nations in 2005, aims at harmonizing the methods of the many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, which observe elections, in particular the practices that guarantee respect for national sovereignty. Among the signatories, which are more than 40, is the vast majority of the recognized and respected actors in the matter. I encourage others to join the broad consensus that has emerged worldwide on these principles.", "III. Gender and elections", "28. The United Nations continues to give priority to assistance to inclusive electoral processes and especially to ensure that women and underrepresented groups can take part in their country &apos; s political life.", "29. This increasingly includes advice on the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in particular on temporary special measures. The United Nations advocates the inclusion of women in elections management bodies and encourages and supports the efforts of national authorities to include a gender perspective in electoral laws and regulations. The Organization has contributed to outreach efforts aimed at mobilizing women &apos; s participation in elections, as a voter and as a candidate. Particular attention has also been paid to women among internally displaced persons and to women &apos; s access to electoral dispute resolution mechanisms.", "30. In order to ensure that the gender perspective is further mainstreamed in United Nations electoral assistance, the coordinator now requires that every assessment of the electoral needs to be made in response to a request by a Member State include special attention to the issue of women &apos; s representation. In addition, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Field Support, UN-Women and UNDP are reviewing &quot; Common guidelines for expanding the role of women in post-conflict electoral processes &quot; of the above-mentioned departments, with inputs from field missions that have used the guidelines and drawing on their suggestions for improvement.", "IV. United Nations resources for electoral assistance", "31. The regular budget of the Electoral Assistance Division covers the costs of core staff; extrabudgetary funds are also used, including the Political Affairs Trust Fund and the Quick Response Trust Fund. Electoral assistance projects administered by UNDP country offices are often funded through voluntary contributions from Member States that often produce collective funds from various partners, including national counterparts in the management structure to increase national ownership. In integrated peace operations with an electoral component, the peace operations budget covers a portion of electoral work, and the remainder, which is often significant, is funded through UNDP multi-donor funding mechanisms. The Peacebuilding Support Office has sometimes used its Peacebuilding Fund to assist when the lack of funds could have jeopardized the organization of the elections. UN-Women, with core funds and through its Gender Equality Fund, provides complementary funding for gender work in relation to elections, which is closely aligned with or integrated UNDP-managed electoral assistance projects.", "32. Since mid-2009, UNDP has implemented a Global Electoral Cycle Support Programme, which strengthens the UNDP practice architecture, including through the development of knowledge products, gender mainstreaming in electoral programming and support for regional and national initiatives to strengthen electoral institutions and processes. The Global Programme has a special funding source (the Government of Spain, with a contribution from the Government of Canada) and dedicated advisers to help develop its activities, and is directly implemented by the UNDP Development Policy Directorate, under the authority of a Steering Committee composed of UNDP representatives and the two donor countries.", "33. The United Nations Democracy Fund provides financial support to projects that strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes, including many projects aimed at building capacity between voters and candidates, training and supporting civil society observers and ensuring broad democratic participation, including the ACE project. To date more than 39 countries have contributed more than $110 million, and I have recently approved 64 more projects in the fifth funding cycle.", "34. The Trust Fund for Political Affairs, administered by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, together with the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Democratic Governance, remains important sources of extrabudgetary funding essential to electoral assistance activities. These funds enable rapid responses and innovative or catalytic projects and programmes, including those aimed at preventing conflicts or supporting the political participation of women and underrepresented groups. Extrabudgetary funds were used during the reporting period to rapidly establish activities in Haiti, Guinea, the Niger and Kyrgyzstan, among other countries (for details see annex I).", "V. Elections and violence", "35. In the two previous reports, I expressed concern that the elections might be overshadowed by political discord or violence, especially after the announcement of the results.", "36. Such violence may result from deficiencies in the electoral process, such as a very defective electoral roll, abuse of the power of the ruling party, lack of transparency and the partiality, real or supposed, of electoral officials, which may constitute or appear fraud. But in general, technical deficiencies are not the root cause of violence or violent conflict, but only the trigger that causes deeper social, economic or political tensions. For example, if the underlying political conditions do not favour trust between the parties concerned, or one of the candidates refuses to accept credible results, the elections may provoke acts of violence.", "37. Of course, we must keep the problem in perspective. The vast majority of the world &apos; s elections develop peacefully, although electoral disputes are not rare, especially when the results are very similar. In general, the dispute is resolved peacefully through political processes or State institutions. But when these institutions or political processes do not contain or, at worst, aggravate the controversy, there may be acts of violence, deaths and displacement, with possible broader consequences for peace and security.", "38. During the biennium, the United Nations took a number of specific measures to prevent or mitigate the violent conflict related to elections. I will mention two cases: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire.", "39. In Guinea, after the President &apos; s death, sir. Lansana Conté, and a coup d &apos; état in 2008, the adoption of the Ouagadougou Agreement of 15 January 2010 laid the basis for the presidential elections of 27 June 2010, followed by a second round on 19 September 2010. These were the first democratic elections in almost 40 years, for a very diverse population during a complicated transition. The United Nations provided technical support to the process through a UNDP project, and also provided political and diplomatic support, within the framework of the International Contact Group on Guinea, co-chaired by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).", "40. On the eve of the two rounds of the elections, the Deputy Director of the Electoral Assistance Division was sent to support the UNDP field team. When the Government made a request for funding for election security at the end of the day, the Peacebuilding Support Office was able to assess the request and disburse the necessary funds for the Peacebuilding Fund in record time. The Office for Project Services (UNOPS) provided logistical support very quickly. In addition, the newly established OHCHR office in Guinea followed the human rights situation before, during and after the elections, which increased confidence in the process.", "41. My Special Representative for West Africa worked closely and intensively with the African Union and ECOWAS during the transition, visited the country with African Union and ECOWAS envoys more than 20 times, with the support of a senior United Nations mediation adviser sent especially to Conakry. At last, even though the results were similar and there was some political controversy, Mr. Alpha Condé was elected president in a generally peaceful process. Among the important factors contributing to this were the appointment of a chairman of the electoral commission who enjoyed the confidence of the two contenders in the second round and the fact that the candidate who left second, Mr. Cellou Dalein Diallo will accept the final result as a statesman.", "42. In Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations mandate to certify elections was based on the 2005 Pretoria Agreement and the subsequent decision of the Security Council (resolution 1765 (2007)). Among the conditions for certification, developed by the United Nations in accordance with the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, in consultation with the Facilitator of Dialogue among the Ivorian Parties, the President of Burkina Faso, Mr. Blaise Compaoré, and the Ivorian parties, were the following: the restoration of peace throughout the country; an inclusive political process; equal access to State media; the establishment of an objective electoral roll; and fair and impartial results of the elections. The first round of the presidential elections was held on 31 October 2010 and the second round was held on 28 November 2010. On 3 December 2010, my Special Representative certified that the fair and impartial outcome of the second round had been, as announced by the Independent Electoral Commission on 2 December, Mr. Alassane Ouattara.", "43. As we know, the president's refusal to accept the result caused, unfortunately, violent conflict and sad loss of life. But certification provided a consensus basis for diplomatic action, including that of ECOWAS, to ensure respect for the democratically expressed will of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. Although diplomacy did not prevent violence in this case, the legitimate president is now in office, and the United Nations continues to help the Government resolve key challenges in establishing lasting peace and stability.", "44. The obvious difference between the violent outcome in Côte d’Ivoire and the generally peaceful evolution of the elections in Guinea is due to the fact that in the first case the second candidate refused — despite United Nations and other parties — to accept the legitimate outcome.", "45. Following these two developments, my Special Representative in West Africa and the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) organized a regional conference on elections and stability in West Africa in May 2011 in Praia, Cape Verde. The conference was hosted by the Government of Cape Verde and organized in collaboration with the Department of Political Affairs and UNDP, and was supported by ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Organization of la Francophonie, the European Union and the International Institute for Peace. The Praia Declaration on Elections and Stability in West Africa, adopted on 20 May 2011, made practical recommendations to facilitate the holding of peaceful elections, including: to continue to foster collaboration between the United Nations, ECOWAS and the African Union in conflict prevention; to strengthen cooperation between UNOWA, OHCHR, ECOWAS and Governments in developing a regional programme for early warning of electoral capacity; and to establish early warning mechanisms. In a press release of 8 July 2011, the Security Council welcomed the adoption of the Praia Declaration and encouraged all relevant actors to implement its recommendations.", "46. Also during the biennium, the Electoral Assistance Division participated, on behalf of the Secretariat, as a technical resource during the deliberations of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) to help design a IPU framework to address election-related violence. The resulting resolution on the establishment of a well-founded legislative framework to prevent electoral violence, improve the monitoring of elections and ensure the smooth transfer of power was adopted by consensus at the IPU &apos; s 124th Assembly on 20 April 2011. The resolution calls for, inter alia, increased cooperation between the United Nations and IPU in the prevention of electoral violence, the transfer of political power without setbacks and in peaceful conditions and the implementation throughout the electoral cycle of the relevant recommendations made by election observation missions.", "47. The United Nations took other measures during the biennium to help prevent violent conflicts related to elections. An example is the Sudan, where the Secretary-General established, at the request of the authorities, a Panel on Southern Sudan Referendums to monitor the process and to provide good offices to help resolve political discord during the referendum. In addition to close consultation with the leaders of the north and south, the Group worked in coordination with the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and the African Union mediation process, and with interested Member States. UNMIS and UNDP also provided significant electoral technical assistance under an integrated structure. The referendum was held peacefully and the results were accepted by both parties and by the international community. South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.", "VI. Sustainability", "48. The good conduct of elections is an essential investment, but experience around the world has shown that it is not true that the complexity or cost of the system is correlated with the success of the elections. Some processes cost more for voting than others, and sellers continue to offer some of the most expensive electoral processes and complicated technology to some of the world's poorest countries. The choice of electoral system and process is, of course, the sovereign right of Member States, but the General Assembly in resolution 64/155 requires the Organization to bear in mind in its work “sustainability and cost-effectiveness”.", "49. I remain concerned about electoral techniques and systems that are so complex or costly that they can make countries dependent on suppliers or donors. Some technologies have serious financial implications, not only at the time they are applied but also in the future, which should be carefully examined. In making a decision on electoral technology, donors and recipients should carefully consider the national budget forecasts in order to point directly to the goal of nationally funded elections in the future.", "50. It is now accepted that electoral assistance should be provided as needed and not only at the time of election. For example, support can be provided for discussions on electoral reform that can begin years before election. The General Assembly recommended, in resolution 64/155, that the United Nations continue to provide technical advice and other assistance throughout the electoral cycle, including before and after elections, as appropriate. This “electoral cycle approach” is also a useful planning tool for aid providers and donors. But funding cycles should not be confused with what a country wants or needs, nor should they serve as a justification for aid that pays little attention to the final state.", "VII. Comments", "51. The demand for United Nations electoral assistance remains high among Member States. Given the growing need for flexible and rapid response in electoral assistance, particularly in view of current developments, I encourage Member States to consider making new voluntary contributions for electoral assistance, including contributions earmarked for the rapid response and for the inclusion of women, minorities and under-represented groups, the Trust Fund for Political Affairs and the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Democratic Governance, as well as the United Nations Democracy Fund.", "52. The maintenance of demand for electoral assistance is indicative of the overall appreciation of the work of the United Nations in support of democratic development, including credible, periodic and genuine elections. This, I believe, is based primarily on the commitment, in accordance with the mandate given by the General Assembly in resolution 64/155, to provide objective, impartial, neutral and independent assistance. United Nations assistance is also provided on the understanding that there is no universal model or solution and that each country must control its destiny, but the Organization is prepared to provide its experts, best practices and expertise.", "53. The United Nations also supports the importance of the implementation of international commitments, norms and principles regarding elections and the need for transparency, credibility, inclusiveness and universality of suffrage. Various United Nations conventions protect the right of every citizen to participate in the conduct of public affairs and the right to vote and to be elected. Political inclusiveness, in particular the political participation of women and that of minorities and other underrepresented groups, remains essential for the stability of democracy and is an important consideration in the assistance of the United Nations.", "54. However, we must recognize that even the most inclusive and better-driven elections alone can eliminate the risk of electoral violence. Elections are technical processes, but are fundamentally political developments. To reduce this risk, the United Nations should ensure that support to Member States includes not only technical advice, but also mediation and good offices, if requested, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations. This approach would aim to resolve the underlying resentments before the elections, for example by fostering the design of political institutions to avoid the monopoly of the political power and marginalization of the opposition and, after the elections, supporting dialogue and encouraging the conduct of statesman in victory and defeat. The true measure of an election is whether it generates broad public confidence in the process and in the result. An honest and transparent election that respects basic rights and with the effective and neutral support of State institutions and the responsible conduct of participants (leaders, candidates and voters) is the most likely to produce an accepted and peaceful outcome.", "55. Sustainability and cost-efficiency should be increasingly important in the design and delivery of electoral assistance, the United Nations or other bodies. Permanent capacity-building does not require permanent capacity-building. All assistance should aim at long-term sustainability and national ownership and should target clearly defined final states. In addition, we must remember that more expensive electoral machinery is not a panacea against fraud. I continue to urge Member States to give careful consideration to the cost of elections and electoral assistance in the light of other development needs. I encourage Member States and donors to consider the recommendation of the African Union Panel of Sages that, for political and development reasons, States should establish as an important objective the financing of the elections with the national budget as soon as possible.", "56. I will continue to give priority to efforts to improve coherence, predictability and accountability in electoral assistance. Such efforts should be based on the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance that the General Assembly has assigned to the coordinator.", "57. At the same time, I will seek to strengthen the capacity of the Organization &apos; s various administrative processes to support its missions, UNDP and other members of the United Nations Development Group to ensure that programmes of assistance to Member States can be implemented more efficiently, with predictability and accountability.", "58. To this end, United Nations electoral assistance should be provided in an integrated manner in all contexts, provided or not through a formally integrated field mission. I believe this will greatly increase efficiency and promote coordination on the ground. I encourage Member States to take this into account in drafting the electoral mandates of the Security Council and in considering budgets and contributions to collective funds.", "59. Coherence and efficiency can also be strengthened outside the Organization. The multiplicity of electoral assistance providers and donors around the world can ensure a wide range of useful advisory services for Member States seeking help, but it can also create inconvenient confusion capable of undermining preparations. I encourage Member States, when seeking assistance, to consider designating the United Nations (or another organization, if preferred) to help ensure coherence among electoral assistance providers. I further urge the inclusion of a United Nations role in ensuring coherence among electoral assistance providers in any electoral assistance mandate given to a field mission.", "60. Finally, we must invest more time and more resources in governance. Recently a member of my staff was talking to a young woman from a developing country about the upcoming election. In her observation, “This country urgently needs a good choice,” the prudent young woman replied: “No, what this country urgently needs is that the elected candidates will govern well after the election.” Investment in elections will not report sustainable peace and development without good and effective governance at all levels, including an independent and professional judiciary, full respect for human rights, open and diverse media, a vigorous civil society and a credible government that responds to the needs of the population.", "Annex I", "Examples of electoral assistance provided during the reporting period", "Afghanistan", "1. Afghanistan held presidential and provincial elections in August 2009, followed by parliamentary elections in September 2010, with technical and logistical support from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The future legal and electoral capacity-building programme, administered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), continues to assist the Independent Electoral Commission and other stakeholders in the elections. The United Nations also helped to establish an Electoral Complaints Commission (ECD) and a Media Commission. The United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN-Women) supported the dialogue between women parliamentarians, and the Independent Electoral Commission sought to ensure that women &apos; s concerns regarding the electoral process were properly heard and addressed.", "2. The presidential elections, the Provincial Council and the National Assembly of 2009 and 2010 were led by an Independent Electoral Commission of all Afghanistan (CIS) and the allegations were investigated by the CDE, which consisted of two United Nations commissioners and three Afghan commissioners. The 2009 and 2010 elections were conducted in more difficult and insecure conditions than in 2004-2005. The CDE investigated allegations of widespread fraud and investigations led to the exclusion of about 1.5 million votes in 2009 and 1.3 million votes in 2010. Insecurity in some areas also caused complications: many candidates had difficulty in developing their campaign in areas exposed to the insurgency, electoral participation was lower than in 2004-2005, and many candidates and voters felt deprived of their electoral rights for insecurity. This led to the creation of a controversial “special charge”, attached to the Supreme Court, to examine the deprivation of electoral rights and allegations of fraud. After considerable tensions, the Wolesi Jirga opened on 26 January 2011, with an agreement that the special court would continue to investigate electoral crimes. The establishment of the special court was considered illegal by jurists and was never recognized by the CIS. The subsequent decision of the special court to remove 62 deputies from Parliament, according to the results of a new compute, caused a difficult deadlock between the powers of the State. The court was dissolved by presidential decree in August. However, the notable feature of the 2010 elections was that the CIS was able to adopt a proactive approach to the detection of fraud and referred many suspected cases of electoral crime to the CDE. In addition, the CIS was able to assume more responsibility and thus continue to build an electoral capacity that will allow for better elections in the future.", "Côte d’Ivoire", "3. The United Nations provided technical, material, logistical and security support to the Independent Electoral Commission (CIS) for the first and second round of the presidential elections. The first took place on 31 October 2010; then a second round was needed to choose between the two main candidates, Alassane Ouattara and Laurent Gbagbo. Following the second round, on 28 November 2010, the CIS announced the provisional results on 2 December and declared Mr. Ouattara winner of the election in the second round, but on 3 December the Constitutional Council proclaimed a version of the results that gave the victory to Mr. Gbagbo. As requested by the Ivorian parties under the 2005 Pretoria Agreement and the mandate of the Security Council, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Côte d’Ivoire certified the second round of the presidential elections and confirmed the outcome announced by the Electoral Commission. The results announced by the CIS and certified by the United Nations were subsequently approved by ECOWAS, the African Union and the Security Council. Unfortunately, there was a violent crisis as a result of Mr. Gbagbo to yield power. The presidency of Mr. Ouattara was opened on 21 May, with the presence of the Secretary-General and some 20 heads of State.", "Haiti", "4. Preparations for the February 2010 elections had already begun when Haiti was hit by a devastating earthquake on 12 January 2010. In view of the large number of victims and significant material damage, the elections were postponed. Following a technical feasibility mission sent by the United Nations coordinator for electoral assistance at the request of the President, Mr. Préval, a new electoral calendar was adopted, according to which the first round of the elections would be held on 28 November 2010. The presidential elections were combined with the parliamentary elections (renovation of the entire lower chamber and one third of the upper chamber). The electoral process encountered other difficulties as a result of a cholera epidemic and a tropical storm.", "5. The elections were successfully held, overcoming doubts about their feasibility arising from the complexity and instability of the political and socio-economic context and the boycott threats of some political groups. The first and second round of the presidential and legislative elections was held on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. In accordance with the mandate of the Security Council, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) coordinated all international support for the electoral process, including assistance in the establishment of 1,500 registration centres for displaced voters, the inspection of 1,483 polling centres and the identification of new places to replace those that had been damaged or destroyed, the distribution of the updated electoral roll and, in coordination with the Haitian National Police, the implementation of the electoral plan. Among the resources deployed in support of the elections were more than 6,200 United Nations peacekeeping troops, 1,300 United Nations police officers, 200 civilian staff, 174 flight hours and 230 vehicles. A UNDP project focused on supporting the capacity of the interim electoral commission and on complementary areas such as support for the tabulation centre, electoral rolls, electoral disputes and civic education.", "Iraq", "6. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has continued to provide advice and technical support to the Iraq Independent Electoral Commission (ACEI). Together with partner organizations, including UNDP, UNOPS and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNAMI has provided policy and technical advice and worked to strengthen the capacity of CIS and its staff. With the support of the partners of the United Nations system and other international partners, ICAA overcome many operational, legal and security challenges and successfully held the national elections for the Council of Representatives in March 2010. There was a considerably wider participation at the local level than in the first parliamentary election (2005). Votes were also held in 16 countries for Iraqis eligible. There was a lot of civil society participation. Following a court order, the ACEI made a new computation of a significant number of votes cast, which confirmed the accuracy of the previous results. In total, ACEI has prepared and held three major elections since the appointment of its members in 2007: the elections of the Council of Provinces (January 2009), the presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan Region (July 2009) and the national parliamentary elections.", "Kyrgyzstan", "7. The United Nations responded to the request made by the interim Government of Kyrgyzstan following the events of April 2010 by establishing the UNDP-based Kyrgyzstan Election Support Project, which focused on technical operational preparations, simplification of the complaints process and participation of women. In addition, the United Nations provided two international advisers to the Central Electoral Commission of Kyrgyzstan, experts on legal and procedural matters. Despite the fragile political situation and tight schedule, the June constitutional referendum and the 10 October parliamentary elections were held well and on scheduled dates.", "Liberia", "8. Liberia will hold a presidential and legislative referendum and elections during the second half of 2011. For the second round of elections since the end of the Liberian conflict, the United Nations will ensure that the primary responsibility of the organization of the elections continues to fall to national authorities while providing them with the necessary support. The National Electoral Commission receives technical assistance through the UNDP capacity-building programme for the 2010-2012 electoral cycle. In addition, the Commission, UNDP and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have identified the least accessible areas in which UNMIL will provide more logistical support. In accordance with the mandate of the Security Council, UNMIL also supports the authorities in ensuring the elections and at the same time intensifys its collaboration with the Liberian authorities in legal, political, judicial, security and human rights matters to mitigate tensions and create a climate conducive to a peaceful election.", "Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)", "9. At the request of the Government of Papua New Guinea, in May 2010, the United Nations sent an Electoral Monitoring Expert Team for the second presidential and parliamentary elections in Bougainville. This election—the winner of which would lead the region to the preparatory process for the Bougainville Statute referendum (preview for 2015-2020)—was a milestone in consolidating peace and democracy in the country. The choice was therefore considered very important and the possibility of escalating violence was also very concerned. The Expert Team was able to visit polling stations throughout the region, even in some areas in the south where many people first voted. The United Nations presence was well received by all stakeholders and was widely regarded as an important confidence-building factor in the electoral process and thus as a contribution to the finally peaceful climate of the elections.", "Sudan", "10. The United Nations provided advice and technical assistance to the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission (CRSM), through the United Nations Integrated Referendum Support Division and Elections, which consists of the electoral division of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and UNDP. The CRSM registered 3.9 million voters for the Southern Sudan referendum from 15 November to 8 December 2010 to hold a referendum in January 2011 to determine whether the people of southern Sudan wished to separate or remain part of the Sudan. Between 9 and 15 January 2011, 3.9 million registered voters had the opportunity to vote. Over 250 United Nations staff worked in support of the CRSM to state and county levels. The United Nations, in cooperation with international partners, also provided financial and logistical support to the referendum process, including the out-of-country vote in eight locations. United Nations aircraft also transported materials to the referendum tables in remote and isolated locations. The results, which were accepted by all parties, favored the secession by overwhelming majority.", "11. In addition to the direct support provided by the Integrated Division, the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, in a letter dated 17 July 2010 addressed to the Secretary-General, requested the United Nations to deploy a referendum observation mission. The Secretary-General appointed a group to continue and evaluate the referendum process. The normal practice is that the United Nations does not observe the electoral processes in which it also provides technical assistance, but the role of the United Nations in the observation of the referendum was considered essential to strengthen confidence in the process and acceptance of results. The group staff observed the referendum in 46 counties in all southern Sudan states, focusing on remote areas; 13 of the 15 northern Sudan States; and the eight countries in which voting was held outside the country. The group informed the Secretary-General that the outcome of the referendum reflected the free will of the people of southern Sudan.", "Tunisia", "12. In response to the request for electoral assistance by the interim Government, on 1 March 2011, the United Nations sent a high-level mission to Tunisia to assess electoral needs. The recommendations made in the mission report were approved by the coordinator. On the basis of these recommendations, the United Nations has implemented a project to assist the Tunisian authorities in organizing the elections for the Constituent Assembly scheduled for October 2011. The project has been designed to focus on areas where the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage and to ensure synergies and avoid duplication with programmes implemented by other actors. The project includes measures to support the election management body and promote inclusive participation in the electoral process of women and civil society groups in particular.", "Annex II", "Countries and Territories receiving electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan^(a)", "^(a) Assistance was provided by mandate of the Security Council.", "Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire)", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi^(a)", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Chad", "Comoros", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire^(a)", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau^(a)", "Guyana", "Haiti^(a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq^(a)", "Solomon Islands", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lesotho", "Lebanon", "Liberia^(a)", "Malawi", "Maldives", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Panama", "Papua New Guinea", "Peru", "Central African Republic", "Republic of Moldova", "Democratic Republic of the Congo^", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leone^(a)", "Sudan^(a)", "Suriname", "Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Timor-Leste^(a)", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkmenistan", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "[1] The September 2010 guidance note is available in all official languages of the Organization. For copies, please write to the Department of Political Affairs, [email protected]. The English text is available on the UNDP website: http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/html." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* El presente documento es una versión preliminar del informe de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre su 53ª reunión ejecutiva, celebrada en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra los días 27 y 28 de junio y 11 de julio de 2011. La versión definitiva se publicará, junto con los informes relativos a la 51ª reunión ejecutiva, la 52ª reunión ejecutiva y al 58° período de sesiones de la Junta, en Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 15 (A/66/15).", "Informe de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre su 53ª reunión ejecutiva*", "Ginebra, 27 y 28 de junio y 11 de julio de 2011", "Introducción", "La 53ª reunión ejecutiva de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo fue inaugurada por el Sr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (República Dominicana), Presidente de la Junta, el lunes 27 de junio de 2011. Durante la reunión, la Junta celebró cuatro sesiones plenarias, de la 1067ª a la 1070ª.", "I. Medidas adoptadas por la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre los temas sustantivos de su programa", "A. Cooperación entre la UNCTAD y la Unión Interparlamentaria", "Decisión 506 (EX-53)", "La Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo,", "Recordando las resoluciones 57/32 y 57/47 de la Asamblea General,", "Reconoce el carácter interestatal único de la UIP,", "Decide armonizar sus modalidades de cooperación con la UIP con las prácticas de la Asamblea General,", "Decide retirar a la UIP de la lista de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas ante la UNCTAD y considerarla como una organización internacional de parlamentarios con condición de observadora.", "1070ª sesión plenaria 11 de julio de 2011", "B. Disposiciones relativas a la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales en las actividades de la UNCTAD", "Decisión 507 (EX-53)", "La Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo,", "Recordando la resolución 1996/31 del Consejo Económico y Social y el párrafo 35 f) de la estrategia de comunicaciones de la UNCTAD (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1), aprobada por la Junta en su 56º período de sesiones,", "Tomando conocimiento de la nota de la secretaría distribuida con la signatura TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decide que, de ahora en adelante, las organizaciones no gubernamentales nacionales, regionales y subregionales, así como las organizaciones nacionales que estén afiliadas a una organización no gubernamental internacional que ya haya sido reconocida como entidad consultiva por la UNCTAD, podrán solicitar ser reconocidas como entidades consultivas por la UNCTAD, de conformidad con los procedimientos y prácticas vigentes y aplicables para la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales en las actividades de la UNCTAD.", "1070ª sesión plenaria 11 de julio de 2011", "C. Acreditación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil a los efectos de la XIII UNCTAD", "Decisión 508 (EX-53)", "La Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo,", "1. Decide adoptar las mismas disposiciones que en Conferencias anteriores para la acreditación y participación de la sociedad civil en la XIII UNCTAD y sus reuniones preparatorias, en el entendimiento de que todas las solicitudes de acreditación serán presentadas a los Estados miembros para su aprobación; las organizaciones de la sociedad civil que estuvieron acreditadas ante la XII UNCTAD podrán solicitar acreditación para la XIII UNCTAD sin necesidad de volver a presentar la documentación conexa;", "2. Decide además que, en el marco del Comité Preparatorio de la XIII UNCTAD, se convocarán dos encuentros con representantes de la sociedad civil, parlamentarios y el sector privado.", "1070ª sesión plenaria 11 de julio de 2011", "D. Asuntos que requieren la adopción, por la Junta, de medidas derivadas de los informes y las actividades de sus órganos subsidiarios o relacionadas con ellos", "1. Informe de la Comisión de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones, y programa del cuarto período de sesiones (Tema 3 a) del programa)", "1. La Junta tomó nota del informe de la Comisión de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones (TD/B/C.I/21) e hizo suyas las conclusiones convenidas que figuraban en él. La Junta decidió aplazar el cuarto período de sesiones de la Comisión de Comercio y Desarrollo hasta finales de 2012. El programa y los temas del cuarto período de sesiones de la Comisión se decidirían lo antes posible después de la XIII UNCTAD, que iba a celebrarse en Doha (Qatar) en abril de 2012.", "2. Informe de la Comisión de la Inversión, la Empresa y el Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones, y programa del cuarto período de sesiones (Tema de 3 b) del programa)", "2. La Junta tomó nota del informe de la Comisión de la Inversión, la Empresa y el Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones (TD/B/C.II/15). La Junta decidió aplazar el cuarto período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Inversión, la Empresa y el Desarrollo hasta finales de 2012. El programa y los temas del cuarto período de sesiones de la Comisión se decidirían lo antes posible después de la XIII UNCTAD.", "3. El Secretario General Adjunto de la UNCTAD, Sr. Petko Draganov, prometió la plena cooperación de la secretaría en la aplicación de las decisiones de la Junta relativas a las comisiones. Dijo que, según cuales fueran los temas elegidos para los períodos de sesiones de las comisiones y el momento en que se eligieran, la secretaría podría pedir cierta flexibilidad a la Junta en cuanto a las fechas de presentación de los documentos previos a los períodos de sesiones. Con todo, aseguró a la Junta que la secretaría haría todo lo posible por preparar puntualmente documentos de excelente calidad de manera que las comisiones pudieran cumplir sus mandatos con eficacia.", "3. Temas de las reuniones de expertos de un solo año que se celebrarán próximamente (Tema 3 c) del programa)", "4. La Junta decidió, con carácter excepcional y sin sentar precedente, que no se celebraran las dos reuniones de expertos de un solo año correspondientes al ciclo actual.", "4. Informe del Grupo de Trabajo (Tema 3 d) del programa)", "5. La Junta tomó nota del informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Marco Estratégico y el Presupuesto por Programas acerca de su 57º período de sesiones (TD/B/WP/227) e hizo suyas las conclusiones convenidas que figuraban en él. También tomó nota del informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Marco Estratégico y el Presupuesto por Programas acerca de su 58º período de sesiones (TD/B/WP/230).", "5. Proyecto de mandato del Grupo de Trabajo (Tema 3 e) del programa)", "6. La Junta decidió pedir una aclaración a la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York acerca de los apartados 1 a) y 1 g) del documento “Proyecto de mandato del Grupo de Trabajo” (TD/B/EX(53)/4). Mientras tanto, decidió aplazar la aprobación del proyecto de mandato del Grupo de Trabajo hasta la próxima reunión apropiada de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo.", "E. Asuntos institucionales, de organización y administrativos, y asuntos conexos", "1. Designación de organizaciones no gubernamentales a los efectos del artículo 77 del reglamento de la Junta (Tema 4 a) del programa)", "7. La Junta aprobó las solicitudes de las organizaciones LDC Watch y Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International que figuraban en los documentos TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 y TD/B/EX(52)R.2.", "2. Cooperación entre la UNCTAD y la Unión Interparlamentaria (Tema 4 b) del programa)", "8. La Junta adoptó el proyecto de decisión que figuraba en el documento TD/B/EX(53)/5. Véase el capítulo I supra.", "3. Disposiciones relativas a la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales en las actividades de la UNCTAD (Tema 4 c) del programa)", "9. La Junta adoptó el proyecto de decisión que figuraba en el documento TD/B/EX(53)/6. Véase el capítulo I supra.", "4. Acreditación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil a los efectos de la XIII UNCTAD (Tema 4 d) del programa)", "10. La Junta adoptó el proyecto de decisión que figuraba en el documento TD/B/EX(53)/7. Véase el capítulo I supra.", "F. Informe de la Sexta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas encargada de examinar todos los aspectos del Conjunto de Principios y Normas Equitativos Convenidos Multilateralmente para el Control de las Prácticas Comerciales Restrictivas (Tema 5 del programa)", "11. La Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo acogió con satisfacción el “Informe de la Sexta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas encargada de examinar todos los aspectos del Conjunto de Principios y Normas Equitativos Convenidos Multilateralmente para el Control de las Prácticas Comerciales Restrictivas” (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) y la resolución que figuraba en él.", "G. Informe de la Junta sobre su 53ª reunión ejecutiva (Tema 7 del programa)", "12. La Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo autorizó al Relator a ultimar el informe sobre su 53ª reunión ejecutiva.", "II. Resumen del Presidente", "A. Apertura de la reunión", "13. Hicieron declaraciones los oradores siguientes: Sr. Petko Draganov, Secretario General Adjunto de la UNCTAD; el representante de Lesotho, en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China; el representante de Ghana, en nombre del Grupo de Estados de África; el representante de la Unión Europea; el representante de Nepal, en nombre del Grupo de los Países Menos Adelantados (PMA); el representante de El Salvador, en nombre del Grupo de los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe (GRULAC); el representante de China; el representante de Etiopía; y el representante de Tailandia.", "14. El Secretario General Adjunto señaló que África estaba saliendo de la reciente crisis económica pero que seguía habiendo problemas. El aumento de los precios de los alimentos era motivo de preocupación, y proceder a una transformación estructural para reducir la dependencia de los productos básicos y acelerar la diversificación económica seguían siendo objetivos importantes para la región. Mientras tanto, la débil recuperación de los países del Norte que comerciaban tradicionalmente con África significaba que la región tenía que mantenerse alerta y vigilar la sostenibilidad de su propia recuperación. El Secretario General Adjunto dijo que la ayuda debía considerarse parte de una agenda de desarrollo más amplia y que los países debían fomentar también sus capacidades productivas e intensificar la movilización de recursos internos para así depender menos de la ayuda. Dijo asimismo que la UNCTAD había acordado concentrar su atención en: a) promover la coherencia a todos los niveles para lograr un desarrollo económico sostenible y la reducción de la pobreza, especialmente mediante una mayor integración y cooperación regional; b) promover aún más la función del comercio como motor del desarrollo, incluida la reducción de la pobreza; c) fomentar un entorno propicio a todos los niveles para reforzar las capacidades productivas, el comercio y la inversión; y d) fortalecer la propia UNCTAD.", "15. Los delegados observaron que los resultados económicos positivos conseguidos recientemente por los países en desarrollo se debían en gran parte a los elevados aunque variables precios de los productos básicos. La asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD), las entradas de inversión extranjera directa (IED), las remesas, la movilización de recursos internos y otras iniciativas innovadoras para conseguir los recursos necesarios para financiar el desarrollo seguían teniendo una importancia fundamental. También seguían siendo cruciales la asistencia técnica y la creación de capacidad. Se reconocieron y agradecieron las actividades de la UNCTAD en el sector de la agricultura.", "16. Los oradores pidieron que se intensificaran las actividades de la UNCTAD en África en los tres pilares correspondientes a la investigación y el análisis de políticas, la cooperación técnica y la creación de un consenso. Se pidieron también más medios concretos para que la UNCTAD pudiera colaborar con los gobiernos, los asociados para el desarrollo y las instituciones de la región africana a fin de contribuir de manera más directa y significativa a la ejecución del Programa de la Unión Africana (UA) y la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África (NEPAD). Algunos delegados pidieron que se reforzara la División para África, los Países Menos Adelantados y los Programas Especiales (ALDC).", "17. Algunos estimaron que: a) el actual régimen de ayuda reflejaba con demasiada frecuencia las prioridades e intereses de los donantes en vez de las necesidades reales y las prioridades de los receptores; b) el régimen mundial de ayuda había quedado anticuado; c) la estructura actual de la ayuda confundía los medios con los fines; y d) había un inquietante y persistente problema debido a la diferencia entre ayuda comprometida y ayuda entregada.", "18. Algunos delegados expresaron la opinión de que, si bien el desarrollo de África tenía que estar sobre todo en manos de los propios africanos, también era preciso que los organismos internacionales de desarrollo acompañaran a África en este proceso ofreciendo asesoramiento y asistencia técnica y promoviendo la difusión de prácticas idóneas y experiencias de otras regiones.", "19. Algunos delegados estimaron que en el tercer período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Inversión, la Empresa y el Desarrollo de la UNCTAD, que tuvo lugar en mayo de 2011, se celebraron debates útiles acerca de la promoción de inversiones para el desarrollo, se confirmó la importancia vital del desarrollo de la infraestructura y se destacó el aumento de las capacidades productivas como elemento clave para el crecimiento económico sostenible y la reducción de la pobreza en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, algunos lamentaron que la Comisión no hubiera podido llegar a unas conclusiones convenidas dentro del plazo fijado de su período de sesiones. Con todo, los delegados alentaron a la Comisión a proseguir sus trabajos, que consideraban muy útiles y de elevada calidad.", "20. Los delegados estimaron que la Comisión de Comercio y Desarrollo, que se reunió en junio de 2011, planteó dos cuestiones muy interesantes y pertinentes, a saber, el análisis de la evolución del sistema comercial internacional y el fomento de su contribución al desarrollo y la recuperación económica, y también la integración de los países en desarrollo en las cadenas mundiales de producción y distribución, que servía entre otras cosas para añadir valor a sus exportaciones. Los delegados expresaron el deseo de que continuaran las investigaciones y análisis de la UNCTAD, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, para ayudar a los países en desarrollo a integrarse en las cadenas mundiales de producción y distribución. Se consideró necesaria la cooperación regional, así como la cooperación Sur‑Sur y la Triangular, para fomentar las capacidades productivas de las economías africanas.", "21. Los delegados celebraron que el período de sesiones hubiera centrado su atención en África. También elogiaron los temas y subtemas elegidos para la XIII UNCTAD. Los delegados elogiaron asimismo el documento preparado por la secretaría de la UNCTAD, “Actividades de la UNCTAD en favor de África” (TD/B/EX(53)/2) y pidieron que diversas regiones que afrontaban los mismos problemas cooperaran con los países africanos.", "B. Actividades de la UNCTAD en favor de África (Tema 2 del programa)", "22. La Junta tomó nota de los dos documentos preparados por la secretaría: a) ”Actividades de la UNCTAD en favor de África” (TD/B/EX(53)/2); y b) “El mejoramiento de la eficacia de la ayuda: de París a Busan” (TD/B/EX(53)/3). La secretaría presentó un panorama general de las actividades llevadas a cabo por la UNCTAD en el período que se examinaba. Muchos delegados expresaron su reconocimiento por las actividades de investigación, cooperación técnica y creación de consenso de la UNCTAD y por su contribución al desarrollo económico de África.", "23. Durante el debate interactivo que siguió a la presentación efectuada por la secretaría, varios delegados señalaron que los buenos resultados económicos obtenidos recientemente por África obedecían en gran parte a la fuerte subida de los precios de los productos básicos, que contribuía a la inestabilidad macroeconómica de la región. Quedaba mucho por hacer en lo que respecta a la mejora de la “infraestructura inmaterial” (como los sistemas jurídicos, reguladores y financieros), la “infraestructura material” (como carreteras y puentes), el aumento de la capacidad productiva de los sectores primarios no extractivos, la incorporación de las empresas a las cadenas mundiales de adición de valor y de producción y distribución, la intensificación de las actividades regionales, la promoción del comercio intrafricano, la reducción de la inseguridad alimentaria y el logro de un crecimiento de mayor calidad. Esas actividades requerirían AOD, IED, remesas, la movilización de recursos internos y otros sistemas innovadores de financiación del desarrollo.", "24. Se reconoció y agradeció la labor realizada por la UNCTAD al señalar a la atención de las autoridades la necesidad de fomentar las capacidades productivas, sobre todo en el sector de la agricultura. Se pidió a la UNCTAD que intensificara sus actividades a fin de apoyar la ejecución del recién acordado Programa de Acción de Estambul. Se hizo un llamamiento a la UNCTAD para que pusiera en práctica algunas de las ideas y recomendaciones de su Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs (Los países menos adelantados, Informe de 2010: Hacia una nueva arquitectura internacional del desarrollo en favor de los PMA) y su Economic Development in Africa Report 2010: South-South Cooperation: Africa and the new Forms of Development Partnership (Informe sobre el desarrollo económico de África, 2010: Cooperación Sur-Sur: África y las nuevas formas de asociación para el desarrollo). Se reconoció que era necesario reforzar el Estado para que desempeñara un papel esencial en el desarrollo, sobre todo en los países menos adelantados (PMA).", "25. El informe “Actividad de la UNCTAD en favor de África” fue acogido favorablemente por los delegados. Muchos de ellos reconocieron que la secretaría había procurado destacar la repercusión de sus actividades en África tal como se había recomendado en las reuniones ejecutivas anteriores de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo. Los delegados insistieron en la necesidad de que el informe continuara haciendo hincapié en el impacto de la labor de la UNCTAD ya que los organismos internacionales de desarrollo pretendían conseguir una mayor eficacia de la ayuda y del desarrollo. Un delegado observó que las actividades de la UNCTAD en África eran acordes con los planes nacionales y regionales de desarrollo y se basaban en la demanda. Sin embargo, se sugirió que la UNCTAD colaborara con los beneficiarios para llevar a cabo evaluaciones sectoriales más precisas y poder aportar así una contribución más efectiva. También se propuso que la UNCTAD iniciara actividades de cooperación técnica cuando tales actividades pudieran incrementar el valor añadido y tuvieran una repercusión positiva en los países en desarrollo, y que se evaluara el impacto de dichas actividades.", "26. Se elogió a la UNCTAD por haber establecido un Grupo Directivo de la NEPAD para reforzar la coordinación interna de sus actividades de apoyo a África. Un delegado propuso que la UNCTAD colaborara con el Instituto Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo de Tailandia a fin de ocuparse conjuntamente de las consecuencias y la evolución de la liberación del comercio en los países africanos. Algunos delegados expresaron también su interés por un mayor intercambio de experiencias entre la región de América Latina y el Caribe y África.", "27. Un delegado pidió que la UNCTAD intensificara sus intervenciones en África en las cuestiones siguientes: el desarrollo de los seguros, el fomento del desarrollo industrial y el adelanto tecnológico, la ayuda para el comercio, el cambio climático y la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones. Otro delegado pidió que se adoptaran nuevas medidas para promover el desarrollo y la difusión de la tecnología, en particular la tecnología basada en fuentes de energía renovables mediante estrategias tales como las asociaciones entre el sector público y el privado y la utilización de la IED. El mismo delegado alentó a la UNCTAD a que ayudara a las economías africanas en las actividades estadísticas y la recopilación de datos a fin de facilitar a los inversores extranjeros y a las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) la adopción de decisiones apropiadas en materia de inversión. Se sugirió que la UNCTAD concentrara sus investigaciones en África en cuestiones tales como la integración regional, la diversificación económica y el papel del sector privado en el fomento de las capacidades productivas. Algunos delegados pidieron también que la UNCTAD colaborara más con las instituciones africanas a fin de ejecutar el programa de la NEPAD para mejorar los resultados de las actividades de desarrollo.", "28. Muchos delegados subrayaron la necesidad de trabajar más en pro de la región de África y del fortalecimiento de la Sección de África y la División para África, los Países Menos Adelantados y los Programas Especiales (ALDC). A este respecto, pidieron a la UNCTAD que redoblara sus esfuerzos por poner en práctica las conclusiones convenidas en reuniones anteriores de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo en lo que respecta a facilitar más recursos a la ALDC.", "29. Algunos delegados tomaron nota de las medidas adoptadas por la Junta para dar mayor relevancia al papel del Grupo de Trabajo. Destacaron asimismo la necesidad de que se aprobara el proyecto de mandato para mejorar el funcionamiento del Grupo de Trabajo y que luego se transmitiera a la Asamblea General para que lo aprobase a su vez. Algunos delegados también tomaron nota de que LDC Watch y la Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) se habían añadido a la lista de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas ante la UNCTAD.", "Mesa redonda sobre “El mejoramiento de la eficacia de la ayuda: de París a Busan”", "30. Como parte del tema 2 del programa se celebró una mesa redonda sobre “El mejoramiento de la eficacia de la ayuda: de París a Busan”. El Sr. Jon Lomoy, Director de la División de Cooperación para el Desarrollo, Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), París, fue el orador principal de la mesa redonda, en la que participaron también: a) el Sr. Samuel Wangwe, Presidente Ejecutivo de Daima Associates Ltd. (República Unida de Tanzanía); b) la Sra. Ingrid Mutima, Experta en Movilización de Recursos Externos, Ministerio de Finanzas y Planificación Económica (Rwanda); y c) la Sra. Helen Allotey, Directora de Relaciones Económicas Exteriores, Ministerio de Finanzas y Planificación Económica (Ghana). El Secretario General Adjunto de la UNCTAD, Sr. Petko Draganov, hizo algunas observaciones introductorias en la mesa redonda.", "31. La mesa redonda abordó las cuestiones siguientes:", "a) ¿Cómo puede utilizarse la ayuda para catalizar otras formas de financiación del desarrollo y sentar las bases para superar la dependencia de la ayuda a mediano o largo plazo?", "b) ¿Cómo puede la comunidad de donantes mejorar la calidad de la ayuda que entrega a los países receptores?", "c) ¿Cómo pueden las lecciones extraídas de la cooperación Sur-Sur contribuir a mejorar la eficacia de la ayuda?", "d) ¿Qué tipo de mecanismos institucionales deberían establecer los gobiernos africanos para mejorar la calidad de la ayuda?", "e) ¿Qué espera África del Cuarto Foro de Alto Nivel sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda?", "32. Las recomendaciones fundamentales formuladas y las cuestiones que se plantearon en las observaciones introductorias, la declaración principal, las deliberaciones de la mesa redonda y el debate interactivo fueron las siguientes:", "a) Cumplir los compromisos existentes – África se enfrenta a enormes problemas de desarrollo, como por ejemplo lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, hacer frente al cambio climático, prevenir y reducir los conflictos, y gestionar los elevados precios de los alimentos y la energía. La movilización de recursos internos y externos será crucial para afrontar esos problemas. A pesar del reciente aumento de las corrientes de AOD dirigidas a África, los donantes todavía no han cumplido los compromisos internacionales contraídos con la región. A este respecto, es preciso que los donantes redoblen sus esfuerzos por cumplir sus actuales compromisos de ayuda a África.", "b) La eficacia de la ayuda también depende de la cantidad de ayuda – El debate sobre la eficacia de la ayuda da a menudo la impresión de que existe una dicotomía entre la calidad y la cantidad de ayuda. Sin embargo, la cantidad de ayuda es uno de los factores que determinan si esta es o no efectiva. Por consiguiente, es preciso que donantes y receptores reconozcan el hecho de que aumentar la cantidad de ayuda es condición necesaria para elevar la calidad de la ayuda a África.", "c) Utilización y entrega de la ayuda – La eficacia de la ayuda depende tanto de la calidad de la utilización de la ayuda como de la calidad de la entrega de la ayuda. La primera depende sobre todo de la manera de proceder de los receptores, mientras que la segunda depende de los donantes. Los ejemplos de Ghana y Rwanda demostraban que se habían realizado progresos significativos en la utilización de la ayuda a nivel nacional, pero que no se había mejorado mucho la entrega de la ayuda. Si los donantes procuran reducir la imprevisibilidad de la ayuda, evitar su fragmentación, fomentar la utilización de los sistemas de los países y reducir las condiciones impuestas a las corrientes de ayuda, todo ello contribuirá a elevar la calidad de la entrega de la ayuda.", "d) Importancia de la implicación y el liderazgo de los países – La implicación de los países en la utilización de la ayuda y el proceso de desarrollo es importante para hacerla más eficaz. Si los países receptores van a utilizar la ayuda para alcanzar sus objetivos nacionales de desarrollo, tienen que poder dirigir el proceso de entrega y gestión de la ayuda. En particular, tienen que asegurarse de que la ayuda satisfaga sus necesidades y prioridades de desarrollo. Para que los países africanos puedan ejercer con éxito ese liderazgo, hay que abordar el aspecto psicológico de la dependencia de la ayuda. Esta merma la capacidad de los países receptores para asumir el liderazgo y la responsabilidad del desarrollo. Hay que dar a conocer ejemplos de gobiernos receptores que hayan conseguido tener cada vez más fuerza en su relación con los donantes. Si bien la implicación y el liderazgo de los países tienen importancia, es necesario reconocer los contextos regionales, ya que el desarrollo está cada vez más influido por la cooperación regional.", "e) Utilización de los sistemas de los países – A pesar de que los países receptores han mejorado la calidad de sus sistemas e instituciones, los donantes todavía se muestran reacios a utilizarlos. La utilización limitada de los sistemas de los países receptores por parte de los donantes es uno de los aspectos en los que se ha progresado menos al intentar hacer más eficaz la ayuda durante los últimos años. También es preciso integrar la ayuda en los mecanismos de tesorería, contabilidad y auditoría de los países receptores. La mejor manera de afrontar el problema de la fragmentación de la ayuda tanto bilateral como multilateral es reforzando los sistemas de los países, pero eso tiene que hacerse de manera transparente y creíble.", "f) Mejora de la información sobre las corrientes de ayuda – Es preciso facilitar más y mejor información sobre las corrientes de ayuda si se quiere que esta resulte más eficaz. A nivel de los países receptores, los gobiernos deberían hacer lo posible por dar más información a todas las partes interesadas de sus respectivos países. A nivel de los donantes, es necesario facilitar dicha información a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil que trabajan en los países receptores. Además, los nuevos donantes deberían proporcionar más información sobre sus actividades de cooperación para el desarrollo en los países receptores. En este aspecto, hay que intensificar la cooperación entre donantes y receptores para mejorar las estadísticas referentes a la ayuda.", "g) Necesidad de estrategias para acabar con la dependencia de la ayuda – Los países africanos deberían tener estrategias para dejar de depender de la ayuda a medio o largo plazo. Aunque la ayuda puede ser necesaria a corto plazo, habría que evitar que creara dependencia a largo plazo. Una manera de lograrlo es utilizar la ayuda para fomentar la capacidad de movilización de recursos internos. También podría emplearse para activar otras modalidades de financiación del desarrollo, como la IED, el comercio y la financiación en condiciones comerciales. Ya hay indicios de que en África las corrientes de capital privado aumentan con mayor rapidez que la ayuda procedente de fuentes de financiación del desarrollo. En vista del carácter heterogéneo de los países africanos, no cabe esperar que puedan abandonar su dependencia de la ayuda al mismo tiempo. Los países dejarán de depender de la ayuda en momentos diversos, según cual sea su nivel de desarrollo.", "h) Reconocer el vínculo entre ayuda y comercio – La eficacia de la ayuda se ve también afectada por la naturaleza del sistema comercial multilateral. La incongruencia entre las políticas comerciales y de ayuda de los países donantes tiene una repercusión significativa en la eficacia de la ayuda en los países receptores. Cuando los donantes proporcionan ayuda a los receptores y al mismo tiempo les imponen medidas que limitan su capacidad para comerciar, hacen que les resulte muy difícil alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo. A este respecto, es importante que la ayuda se entregue de tal manera que los receptores puedan participar más efectivamente en el sistema comercial multilateral y también ir ascendiendo en la cadena de valor del comercio.", "i) Conexión entre la eficacia de la ayuda y la del desarrollo – No hay que exagerar la distinción entre eficacia de la ayuda y eficacia del desarrollo, porque la primera tiene por objeto fomentar la segunda. Si la ayuda es más eficaz, tendrá un mayor impacto en los países receptores y de este modo fomentará la eficacia del desarrollo. Es importante tener en cuenta las capacidades de los países receptores al debatir acerca de la eficacia de la ayuda. Es igualmente importante tomar en consideración las diversas modalidades de cooperación para el desarrollo: por ejemplo, la cooperación Sur-Sur frente a la cooperación Norte-Sur. En este contexto, los donantes deberían respetar la modalidad de cooperación elegida por los receptores. Además, es importante que los países receptores consideren la cooperación Sur-Sur más como un complemento que como una sustitución de la cooperación Norte-Sur.", "j) Necesidad de una responsabilidad mutua – En el debate sobre la eficacia de la ayuda, la idea de responsabilidad parece aplicarse más a los países receptores que a los asociados para el desarrollo. Sin embargo, para que la ayuda sea eficaz se requiere una responsabilidad mutua. Además, los países receptores suelen responder más ante los donantes que ante las partes interesadas a nivel nacional. Es necesario que los gobiernos receptores muestren una mayor responsabilidad ante los interesados locales a fin de que estos se impliquen realmente en las actividades. Una mejor gobernanza nacional que reconozca los valores y las culturas locales puede contribuir al logro de este objetivo. Asimismo, se necesitan indicadores claros y objetivos de la buena gobernanza.", "k) Mejorar la coordinación de la ayuda a nivel nacional – Es necesario que los países receptores mejoren la coordinación de la ayuda a nivel nacional. Para ello deben ejercer un mayor control sobre la gestión y la entrega de la ayuda a fin de que esta contribuya a satisfacer las necesidades y prioridades del desarrollo nacional. Además, la coordinación debería abarcar tanto la ayuda procedente de donantes tradicionales como las corrientes financieras oficiales que forman parte de la cooperación Sur-Sur.", "III. Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos (Tema 1 del programa)", "33. En su sesión plenaria de apertura, celebrada el 27 de junio de 2011, la Junta aprobó el programa provisional contenido en el documento TD/B/EX(53)/1. El programa de la reunión ejecutiva fue el siguiente:", "1. Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos.", "2. Actividades de la UNCTAD en favor de África.", "3. Asuntos que requieren la adopción, por la Junta, de medidas derivadas de los informes y las actividades de sus órganos subsidiarios o relacionadas con ellos:", "a) Informe de la Comisión de Comercio y Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones, y programa del cuarto período de sesiones;", "b) Informe de la Comisión de la Inversión, la Empresa y el Desarrollo sobre su tercer período de sesiones, y programa del cuarto período de sesiones;", "c) Temas de las reuniones de expertos de un solo año que se celebrarán próximamente;", "d) Informe del Grupo de Trabajo;", "e) Proyecto de mandato del Grupo de Trabajo.", "4. Asuntos institucionales, de organización y administrativos, y asuntos conexos:", "a) Designación de organizaciones no gubernamentales a los efectos del artículo 77 del reglamento de la Junta;", "b) Cooperación entre la UNCTAD y la Unión Interparlamentaria;", "c) Disposiciones relativas a la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales en las actividades de la UNCTAD;", "d) Acreditación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil a los efectos de la XIII UNCTAD.", "5. Informe de la Sexta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas encargada de examinar todos los aspectos del Conjunto de Principios y Normas Equitativos Convenidos Multilateralmente para el Control de las Prácticas Comerciales Restrictivas.", "6. Otros asuntos.", "7. Informe de la Junta sobre su 53ª reunión ejecutiva.", "Anexo", "¹ Véase la lista de participantes en el documento TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1.", "Asistencia¹", "1. Asistieron a la reunión representantes de los siguientes Estados miembros de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo:", "Alemania", "Angola", "Arabia Saudita", "Argelia", "Argentina", "Austria", "Azerbaiyán", "Bahrein", "Belarús", "Benin", "Brasil", "Brunei Darussalam", "Burkina Faso", "Camboya", "Camerún", "Canadá", "China", "Chipre", "Congo", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Cuba", "El Salvador", "España", "Estados Unidos de América", "Etiopía", "ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia", "Federación de Rusia", "Filipinas", "Finlandia", "Francia", "Ghana", "Guatemala", "Hungría", "Indonesia", "Irán (República Islámica del)", "Iraq", "Israel", "Italia", "Jamaica", "Japón", "Jordania", "Kazajstán", "Kuwait", "Lesotho", "Madagascar", "Malí", "Marruecos", "Mauritania", "México", "Nepal", "Nicaragua", "Nigeria", "Omán", "Panamá", "Polonia", "Portugal", "República Árabe Siria", "República Checa", "República Dominicana", "Rumania", "Rwanda", "Singapur", "Sudáfrica", "Sudán", "Suiza", "Tailandia", "Togo", "Turquía", "Ucrania", "Venezuela (República Bolivariana de)", "Viet Nam", "Yemen", "Zambia", "2. Asistieron a la reunión representantes del siguiente Estado miembro de la UNCTAD que no es miembro de la Junta de Comercio y Desarrollo:", "Santa Sede", "3. Estuvieron representadas en la reunión las siguientes organizaciones intergubernamentales:", "Grupo de Estados de África, el Caribe y el Pacífico", "Organización Internacional de la Francofonía", "Unión Africana", "Unión Europea", "4. Estuvieron representadas en la reunión las siguientes organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas:", "Centro de Comercio Internacional UNCTAD/OMC", "Comisión Económica para Europa", "5. Estuvieron representados en la reunión los siguientes organismos especializados y organizaciones conexas:", "Organización Mundial del Comercio", "Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones", "6. Participaron en la reunión los siguientes expertos:", "Sr. Jon Lomoy, Director de la División de Cooperación para el Desarrollo, Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos", "Sr. Samuel Wangwe, Presidente Ejecutivo de Daima Associates Ltd. (República Unida de Tanzanía)", "Sra. Ingrid Mutima, Experta en Movilización de Recursos Externos, Ministerio de Finanzas y Planificación Económica (Rwanda)", "Sra. Helen Allotey, Directora de Relaciones Económicas Exteriores, Ministerio de Finanzas y Planificación Económica (Ghana)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session[1]", "Geneva, 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011", "Introduction", "The fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board was opened by Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (Dominican Republic), President of the Board, on Monday, 27 June 2011. In the course of the session, the Board held four plenary meetings, the 1067th to the 1070th.", "I. Action by the Trade and Development Board on substantive items on its agenda", "A. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "Decision 506 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling General Assembly resolutions 57/32 and 57/47,", "Recognizes the unique inter-State character of IPU;", "Decides to align the modalities for its cooperation with IPU with the practices of the General Assembly;", "Decides to remove IPU from the list of NGOs having status with UNCTAD and to list it as an observer international organization of parliamentarians.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "B. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "Decision 507 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 and paragraph 35 (f) of the UNCTAD communications strategy (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1) adopted by the Board at its fifty-sixth session,", "Taking note of the secretariat note contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decides that, henceforth, national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations, as well as the national affiliates of international non-governmental organizations already in status with UNCTAD, are eligible to apply for consultative status with UNCTAD in accordance with the existing applicable procedures and practices for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "C. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "Decision 508 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board", "1. Decides to adopt the same arrangements for the accreditation and participation of civil society in UNCTAD-XIII and its preparatory meetings as at past Conferences, on the understanding that all applications for accreditation will be submitted to member States for approval; civil society organizations that were accredited to UNCTAD-XII may apply for accreditation to UNCTAD-XIII without the necessity to resubmit the related documentation;", "2. Further decides that two hearings with civil society, parliamentarians and the private sector will be convened within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for UNCTAD-XIII.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "D. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies", "1. Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(a))", "1. The Board took note of the Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.I/21) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Trade and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII, to be held in Doha, Qatar, in April 2012.", "2. Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(b))", "2. The Board took note of the Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.II/15). The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII.", "3. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, pledged the secretariat’s full cooperation in implementing the decisions of the Board regarding the Commissions. Depending on the topics chosen for the Commission sessions, and when they were chosen — he said that the secretariat might request from the Board some flexibility concerning submission dates for pre-sessional documentation. That notwithstanding, he assured the Board that the secretariat would do its utmost to ensure that high-quality documentation was prepared in a timely manner so that the Commissions could fulfil their mandates effectively.", "3. Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(Agenda item 3(c))", "4. The Board decided — on an exceptional basis and without setting a precedent — that the two single-year expert meetings for the current cycle would not take place.", "4. Report of the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(d))", "5. The Board took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-seventh session (TD/B/WP/227) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. It also took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-eighth session (TD/B/WP/230).", "5. Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(e))", "6. The Board decided to seek clarification from United Nations headquarters in New York concerning subparagraphs 1 (a) and 1 (g) of the document “Draft terms of reference for the Working Party” (TD/B/EX(53)/4). In the meantime, it decided to postpone adoption of the draft terms of reference for the Working Party until the next appropriate session of the Trade and Development Board.", "E. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters", "1. Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(Agenda item 4 (a))", "7. The Board approved the applications of LDC Watch and Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International as contained in documents TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 and TD/B/EX(52)/R.2.", "2. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(Agenda item 4 (b))", "8. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/5. See chapter I above.", "3. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(Agenda item 4 (c))", "9. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6. See chapter I above.", "4. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "(Agenda item 4 (d))", "10. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/7. See chapter I above.", "F. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "(Agenda item 5)", "11. The Trade and Development Board welcomed the “Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) and the resolution contained therein.", "G. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "(Agenda item 7)", "12. The Trade and Development Board authorized the Rapporteur to finalize the report of its fifty-third executive session.", "II. President’s summary", "A. Opening of the session", "13. The following speakers made statements: Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; the representative of Lesotho, speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China; the representative of Ghana, speaking on behalf of the African Group; the representative of the European Union; the representative of Nepal, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Group; the representative of El Salvador on behalf of the Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC); the representative of China; the representative of Ethiopia; and the representative of Thailand.", "14. The Deputy Secretary-General noted that Africa was bouncing back from the recent economic crisis, but that challenges remained. Rising food prices were a concern, and engaging in structural transformation to reduce dependence on commodities and accelerate economic diversification remained important objectives for the region. Meanwhile, the weak recovery of Africa’s traditional trading partners in the North implied that the region needed to remain vigilant about the sustainability of its own recovery. The Deputy Secretary-General said that aid should be seen as part of a broader development agenda, and countries also had to build their productive capacities and enhance domestic resource mobilization to lessen dependence on aid. He said that UNCTAD had agreed to focus on (a) enhancing coherence at all levels to achieve sustainable economic development and poverty reduction, especially through greater regional integration and cooperation; (b) further enhancing the role of trade as an engine of development, including poverty reduction; (c) enhancing the enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacities, trade and investment; and (d) strengthening UNCTAD itself.", "15. Delegates noted that the recent positive economic performance of developing countries had been due in large part to high but volatile commodity prices. Official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources, and other innovative resource-raising efforts that were needed to finance development, continued to be critical. Technical assistance and capacity-building also remained crucial. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s efforts in the field of agriculture.", "16. Speakers called for an intensification of UNCTAD’s efforts in Africa in its three pillars of research and policy analysis, technical cooperation and consensus-building. More concrete means were also called for on how UNCTAD could collaborate with governments, development partners and institutions of the African region in order to more directly contribute towards the implementation of the African Union (AU)/New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Programme in more direct and significant ways. Some delegates called for strengthening the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC).", "17. It was felt by some that (a) the current aid regime too often reflected the priorities and interests of donors, rather than the real needs and priorities of recipients; (b) the global aid regime was outdated; (c) the current aid architecture confused means for ends; and (d) there was a disquieting and persistent challenge of aid commitments versus delivery gap.", "18. Some delegates expressed the view that, while Africa’s development needed to be led from within by Africans themselves, there was also the need for the international development community to accompany Africa on this journey through policy advice and technical assistance, and by promoting the sharing of best practices and experiences from other regions.", "19. Some delegates felt that the third session of UNCTAD’s Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission, which took place in May 2011, provided for useful discussions regarding the promotion of investment for development, confirmed the vital importance of infrastructure development, and enhanced productive capacities as key elements for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction for developing countries. However, some thought it was regrettable that the Commission had failed to reach agreed conclusions within the scheduled time of its session. Nevertheless, delegates encouraged the Commission to continue its high quality work, which was considered to be very useful.", "20. Delegates felt that the Trade and Development Commission, which took place in June 2011, brought up two very interesting and relevant issues, namely the assessment of the evolution of the international trading system and the enhancement of its contribution to development and economic recovery, as well as the integration of developing countries in global supply chains, including through adding value to their exports. Delegates said they would welcome continued research and analysis by UNCTAD, both at the national and international levels, towards assisting developing countries to integrate into the global supply chains. Regional as well as South-South and Triangular cooperation was felt to be necessary to enhance the productive capacities of African economies.", "21. Delegates welcomed the session’s focus on Africa. They also praised the themes and sub-themes chosen for UNCTAD-XIII. Delegates also praised the document prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2), and called for different regions that shared the same problems to cooperate with African countries.", "B. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "(Agenda item 2)", "22. The Board took note of the two documents prepared by the secretariat: (a) “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2) and; (b) “Enhancing aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan” (TD/B/EX(53)/3). The secretariat provided an overview of the activities carried out by UNCTAD in the period under review. Many delegates expressed their appreciation of UNCTAD’s research, technical cooperation and consensus-building activities, and their contribution to economic development in Africa.", "23. During the interactive debate that followed the presentation by the secretariat, several delegates noted that Africa’s recent economic performance largely reflected the effects of booming commodity prices, which contributed to macroeconomic instability in the region. Much remained to be done in the areas of improving “soft infrastructure” (such as the legal, regulatory and financial systems), “hard infrastructure” (such as roads and bridges), upgrading productive capacities in non‑extractive primary sectors, enabling engagement of firms in value addition and global supply chains, intensifying regional activities, boosting intra-African trade, lessening food insecurity and raising the quality of growth. Such activities would require ODA, FDI, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources and other innovative resources for financing development.", "24. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s work in drawing the attention of policymakers to the need to develop productive capacities, especially in the field of agriculture. There were calls for UNCTAD to intensify its work in order to support the implementation of the recently concluded Istanbul Programme of Action. There was a call for UNCTAD to implement some of the ideas and recommendations of its Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs and its Economic Development in Africa Report 2010: South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnership. It was recognized that the State needed to be strengthened for it to play a critical developmental role, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).", "25. The report “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” was positively received by delegates. Many of them appreciated the fact that the secretariat had made efforts to highlight the impact of its activities in Africa as recommended in previous executive sessions of the Trade and Development Board. Delegates stressed the need for the report to continue emphasizing the impact of UNCTAD’s work as the international development community was pressing for greater aid and development effectiveness. One delegate noted that UNCTAD’s activities in Africa were aligned with national and regional development programmes and were demand-driven. However, it was suggested for UNCTAD to engage with beneficiaries to undertake more focused and area-specific assessments to ensure more effective contributions. It was also suggested for UNCTAD to engage in technical cooperation activities when such activities had the potential for increasing value added and for having a valuable impact on developing countries, and that the impact of such activities should be assessed.", "26. UNCTAD was commended for the setting up of a NEPAD Steering Group for strengthening internal coordination of its activities in support of Africa. One delegate suggested that UNCTAD should collaborate with the International Institute for Trade and Development (ITD) of Thailand to do joint work on the impact and developments of trade liberalization in African countries. Interest was also expressed by some delegates for an intensification of exchanges in terms of lessons learnt between the Latin American and Caribbean region and Africa.", "27. One delegate called for UNCTAD to strengthen its interventions in Africa in the following areas: the development of insurance, the fostering of industrial development and technological upgrading, aid for trade, climate change and ICT. Another delegate called for new measures to be developed to enhance technology development and diffusion, including renewable energy technology through strategies such as public-private partnerships and the use of FDI. The same delegate encouraged UNCTAD to assist African economies in the area of statistics and data collection in order to facilitate proper investment decisions by foreign investors and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It was suggested that UNCTAD should focus its research issues in Africa in the field of regional integration, economic diversification and the role of the private sector in enhancing productive capacities. Some delegates also called upon UNCTAD to collaborate more with African institutions to implement the NEPAD agenda for better development results.", "28. Many delegates highlighted the need for more to be done for the Africa region and for a strengthening of the Africa Section and the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC). In this regard, they requested UNCTAD to make more efforts to implement the agreed conclusions of previous sessions of the Trade and Development Board regarding providing more resources to ALDC.", "29. Some delegates noted efforts by the Board to enhance the role of the Working Party. They stressed the need for the draft Terms of Reference on enhancing the functioning of the Working Party to be approved and transmitted to the General Assembly for approval. Some delegates also noted that LDC Watch and the Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) were added as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) at UNCTAD.", "Panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan”", "30. A panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan” was held as part of agenda item 2. Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, was the keynote speaker at the panel session. The session also featured three panellists: (a) Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania; (b) Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda; and (c) Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, made opening remarks at the panel session.", "31. The questions addressed by the panel included:", "(a) How can aid be used to catalyse other forms of development finance and lay the foundations for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run?", "(b) How can the aid community improve on the quality of aid disbursed to recipient countries?", "(c) How can lessons from South-South cooperation contribute towards greater aid effectiveness?", "(d) What kinds of institutional mechanisms should be put in place by African governments to improve on the quality of aid?", "(e) What does Africa expect from the Fourth High-level Conference on Aid Effectiveness?", "32. The key recommendations made and issues that arose from the opening remarks, the keynote address, the panel discussion and the interactive debate were as follows:", "(a) Fulfil existing commitments — Africa faces enormous development challenges, including meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), dealing with climate change, preventing and reducing conflicts, and dealing with high food and energy prices. The mobilization of domestic and external resources will be critical to addressing these challenges. Despite the recent increase in ODA flows to Africa, donors are yet to meet the existing international commitments made to the region. In this regard, there is the need for donors to ratchet-up efforts to honour the existing aid commitments made to Africa;", "(b) Aid effectiveness also depends on the quantity of aid — The discussion on aid effectiveness often gives the impression of a dichotomy between aid quality and aid quantity. However, the quantity of aid is one of the factors determining whether or not aid is effective. Consequently, there is the need for donors and recipients to recognize the fact that increasing aid quantity is a necessary condition for enhancing aid quality in Africa;", "(c) Use of aid versus delivery of aid — Aid effectiveness depends on both the quality of the use of aid and the quality of the delivery of aid. The former depends mainly on the practices of the recipients, whilst the latter depends on the practices of the donors. The cases of Ghana and Rwanda showed that there has been significant progress in improving the quality of use of aid at the country level, but there has not been much progress in enhancing the quality of delivery of aid. Further efforts by donors to reduce unpredictability of aid, avoid aid fragmentation, enhance the use of country systems and reduce conditionalities associated with aid flows will all contribute to improving the quality of aid delivery;", "(d) Country ownership and leadership are important — Country ownership of the aid and development process is important in enhancing aid effectiveness. If recipient countries are to use aid to achieve their national development objectives, they have to be able to lead in the aid delivery and management process. In particular, they have to ensure that aid addresses their development needs and priorities. For African countries to successfully exercise such leadership, the psychological aspect of aid dependence has to be dealt with. It erodes recipient countries’ ability to exercise leadership and take responsibility for development. There is a need to publicize examples of recipient governments that have been able to successfully assert themselves in the donor-recipient relationship. While country ownership and leadership matter, there is also a need to recognize regional contexts, as development is increasingly influenced by regional cooperation;", "(e) Enforce the use of country systems — Despite progress by recipient countries in improving the quality of local country systems and institutions, donors are still reluctant to use them. The limited use of country systems by donors is one of the areas where there has been the least progress in enhancing aid effectiveness over the past few years. There is also the need to integrate aid into treasury, accounting and auditing mechanisms in recipient countries. The challenge of aid fragmentation both for bilateral and multilateral aid can be best addressed by strengthening country systems. It is, however, important to do this in a transparent and credible manner;", "(f) Improve information on aid flows — There is a need for more and better information on aid flows as an important element in enhancing aid effectiveness. At the recipient country level, governments should make more effort to provide information on aid flows to all local stakeholders. At the donor level, there is the need to make public information on aid flows to civil society organizations operating in recipient countries. Furthermore, emerging donors should provide more information on their development cooperation activities in recipient countries. In this regard, there is the need for more cooperation among donors and recipients in improving aid statistics;", "(g) Strategies are needed for exiting aid dependence — African countries should have strategies for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run. While aid is needed in the short run, it should be used to avoid aid dependence in the long run. One way to accomplish this is to use aid to enhance capacity for domestic resource mobilization. It could also be used to catalyse other sources of modes of development finance, such as FDI, trade and commercial financing. There are already indications that private capital flows are growing faster than aid flows as sources of development finance in Africa. Given the heterogeneity of African countries, they cannot be expected to exit aid dependence at the same time. The graduation from aid dependence will vary across countries, reflecting their differing levels of development;", "(h) Recognize the link between aid and trade — Aid effectiveness is also affected by the nature of the multilateral trading system. Incoherence between trade and aid policies of donor countries has significant impact on the effectiveness of aid in recipient countries. When donors give aid to recipients and also impose trade measures that limit the ability of recipients to trade, they make it difficult for recipients to achieve their development goals. In this regard, it is important that aid is delivered in a way that allows recipients to participate more effectively in the multilateral trading system as well as move up the value chain in the trading process;", "(i) Aid and development effectiveness are related — There is no need to overemphasize the distinction between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness because the former is geared towards enhancing the later. By making aid more effective, it would have more impact in recipient countries, thereby enhancing development effectiveness. It is important that recipient countries’ capacities be taken into account in the discussions on aid effectiveness. It is equally important to take into account the diverse modes of development cooperation: for example, South-South versus North-South. In this context, donors should respect the choice of mode of cooperation made by recipients. Furthermore, it is important that recipient countries see South-South cooperation as a complement rather than a substitute for North-South cooperation;", "(j) Need for mutual accountability — In the aid effectiveness debate, accountability seems to be applied more to recipient countries than to the development partners. However, mutual accountability is what is required for aid effectiveness. Furthermore, there is the tendency for recipient countries to be more accountable to the donors than to their local stakeholders. There is the need for recipient governments to demonstrate more accountability to local stakeholders to ensure genuine ownership of the process. Better domestic governance that recognizes local values and cultures can contribute to achieving this objective. Furthermore, there is the need for clear and objective indicators of good governance;", "(k) Improve aid coordination at the national level — There is the need for recipient countries to improve aid coordination at the national level. This requires recipient countries exercising more control over the aid management and delivery process to ensure that aid addresses their national development needs and priorities. Furthermore, coordination should cover aid from traditional donors as well as official financial flows which are part of South-South cooperation.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "(Agenda item 1)", "33. At its opening plenary meeting, on 27 June 2011, the Board adopted the provisional agenda contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/1. Accordingly, the agenda for the executive session was as follows:", "1. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "2. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "3. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies:", "(a) Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(b) Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(c) Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(d) Report of the Working Party", "(e) Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "4. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters:", "(a) Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(b) Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(c) Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(d) Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "5. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "6. Other business", "7. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "Annex", "Attendance[2]", "1. Representatives of the following States members of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Algeria Kazakhstan\n Angola Kuwait", "Argentina Lesotho", "Austria Madagascar", "Azerbaijan Mali", "Bahrain Mauritania", "Belarus Mexico", "Benin Morocco", "Brazil Nepal", "Brunei Darussalam Nicaragua", "Burkina Faso Nigeria", "Cambodia Oman", "Cameroon Panama", "Canada Philippines", "China Poland", "Congo Portugal", "Côte d’Ivoire Romania", "Cuba Russian Federation", "Cyprus Rwanda", "Czech Republic Saudi Arabia", "Dominican Republic Singapore", "El Salvador South Africa", "Ethiopia Spain", "Finland Sudan", "France Switzerland", "Germany Syrian Arab Republic", "Ghana Thailand", "Guatemala The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Hungary Togo", "Indonesia Turkey", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) Ukraine", "Iraq United States of America", "Israel Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Italy Viet Nam", "Jamaica Yemen", "Japan Zambia", "Jordan", "2. Representatives of the following State member of UNCTAD but not a member of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Holy See", "3. The following intergovernmental organizations were represented at the session:", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States", "African Union", "European Union", "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie", "4. The following United Nations organizations were represented at the session:", "Economic Commission for Europe", "International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO", "5. The following specialized agencies and related organizations were represented at the session:", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Trade Organization", "6. The following panellists participated in the session:", "Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania", "Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda", "Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana", "[1] * The present document is an advance version of the report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session, held at the United Nations Office at Geneva on 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011. It will appear in final form, together with the reports on the fifty-first executive session, the fifty-second executive session and the fifty-eighth session of the Board, as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/66/15).", "[2] For the list of participants, see TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "♪ The present document is a preliminary version of the report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session, held at the United Nations Office at Geneva on 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011. The final version will be issued, together with the reports of the fifty-first executive session, the fifty-second executive session and the fifty-eighth session of the Board, in Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/66/15).", "Report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session*", "Geneva, 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011", "Introduction", "The fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board was opened by Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (Dominican Republic), President of the Board, on Monday, 27 June 2011. During the meeting, the Board held four plenary meetings, from 1067th to 1070th.", "I. Action taken by the Trade and Development Board on substantive items on its agenda", "A. Cooperation between UNCTAD and IPU", "Decision 506 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling General Assembly resolutions 57/32 and 57/47,", "Recognizes the unique interstate character of IPU,", "Decides to harmonize its modalities of cooperation with IPU with the practices of the General Assembly,", "Decides to withdraw the IPU from the list of non-governmental organizations recognized before UNCTAD and to consider it as an international organization of parliamentarians with observer status.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "B. Provisions relating to the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities", "Decision 507 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 and paragraph 35 (f) of the UNCTAD communications strategy (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1), adopted by the Board at its fifty-sixth session,", "Noting the note by the secretariat circulated as document TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decides that, henceforth, national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations, as well as national organizations affiliated with an international non-governmental organization already in consultative status with UNCTAD, may apply for consultative status with UNCTAD, in accordance with existing and applicable procedures and practices for the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "C. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD XIII", "Decision 508 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "1. Decides to adopt the same arrangements as at previous Conferences for the Accreditation and Participation of Civil Society at UNCTAD XIII and its preparatory meetings, on the understanding that all applications for accreditation will be submitted to member States for approval; civil society organizations accredited to UNCTAD XII may apply for accreditation to UNCTAD XIII without the need to resubmit the related documentation;", "2. Decides further that, within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for UNCTAD XIII, two meetings will be convened with representatives of civil society, parliamentarians and the private sector.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "D. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies", "1. Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for the fourth session (agenda item 3 (a))", "1. The Board took note of the report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.I/21) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Board decided to defer the fourth session of the Trade and Development Commission until the end of 2012. The agenda and items of the fourth session of the Commission would be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD XIII, to be held in Doha, Qatar, in April 2012.", "2. Report of the Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development on its third session and agenda for the fourth session (agenda item 3 (b))", "2. The Board took note of the report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.II/15). The Board decided to defer the fourth session of the Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development until the end of 2012. The agenda and items of the fourth session of the Commission would be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD XIII.", "3. The Under-Secretary-General for UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov promised the full cooperation of the secretariat in implementing the Board &apos; s decisions on the commissions. He said that, depending on the topics chosen for the sessions of the commissions and the timing of their selection, the secretariat could request some flexibility from the Board regarding the dates of submission of pre-session documents. He assured the Board, however, that the secretariat would make every effort to prepare excellent quality documents in a timely manner so that the commissions could effectively fulfil their mandates.", "3. Items for the forthcoming one-year expert meetings (agenda item 3 (c))", "4. The Board decided, on an exceptional and unprecedented basis, not to hold the two one-year expert meetings for the current cycle.", "4. Report of the Working Group (agenda item 3 (d))", "5. The Board took note of the report of the Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-seventh session (TD/B/WP/227) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. It also took note of the report of the Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-eighth session (TD/B/WP/230).", "5. Draft terms of reference of the Working Group (agenda item 3 (e))", "6. The Board decided to request clarification from United Nations Headquarters in New York on paragraphs 1 (a) and 1 (g) of the Working Group &apos; s mandate project (TD/B/EX(53)/4). Meanwhile, it decided to postpone the adoption of the draft terms of reference of the Working Group until the next appropriate meeting of the Trade and Development Board.", "E. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters", "1. Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board (agenda item 4 (a))", "7. The Board approved requests from LDC Watch and Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International organizations contained in documents TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 and TD/B/EX(52)R.2.", "2. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union (Agenda item 4 (b))", "8. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/5. See chapter I above.", "3. Provisions for the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities (Agenda item 4 (c))", "9. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6. See chapter I above.", "4. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD XIII (Agenda item 4 (d))", "10. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/7. See chapter I above.", "F. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices (agenda item 5)", "11. The Trade and Development Board welcomed the &quot; Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices &quot; (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) and the resolution contained therein.", "G. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session (agenda item 7)", "12. The Trade and Development Board authorized the Rapporteur to finalize the report on its fifty-third executive session.", "II. Chairman &apos; s summary", "A. Opening of the meeting", "13. Statements were made by the following speakers: Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; the representative of Lesotho, on behalf of the Group of 77 and China; the representative of Ghana, on behalf of the Group of African States; the representative of the European Union; the representative of Nepal, on behalf of the Group of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs); the representative of El Salvador, on behalf of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC); the representative of China; the representative;", "14. The Under-Secretary-General noted that Africa was emerging from the recent economic crisis but that challenges remained. Increased food prices were of concern, and structural transformation to reduce commodity dependence and accelerate economic diversification remained important for the region. Meanwhile, the weak recovery of countries in the North that traditionally traded with Africa meant that the region needed to remain vigilant and monitor the sustainability of its own recovery. The Under-Secretary-General said that aid should be seen as part of a broader development agenda and that countries should also build their productive capacities and intensify domestic resource mobilization so as to less rely on aid. He also said that UNCTAD had agreed to focus on: (a) promoting coherence at all levels in achieving sustainable economic development and poverty reduction, especially through enhanced regional integration and cooperation; (b) further promoting the role of trade as a driver of development, including poverty reduction; (c) fostering an enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacities, trade and investment; and (d) strengthening UNCTAD itself.", "15. Delegates noted that the recent positive economic results achieved by developing countries were largely due to the high but variable commodity prices. Official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment inflows (FDI), remittances, domestic resource mobilization and other innovative initiatives to achieve the resources needed to finance development remained critical. Technical assistance and capacity-building were also crucial. UNCTAD &apos; s activities in the agriculture sector were recognized and appreciated.", "16. Speakers called for an intensification of UNCTAD &apos; s activities in Africa in the three pillars of policy research and analysis, technical cooperation and consensus-building. More concrete means were also requested to enable UNCTAD to work with Governments, development partners and institutions in the African region to contribute more directly and significantly to the implementation of the African Union (AU) Programme and the New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development (NEPAD). Some delegates called for the strengthening of the Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes Division (ALDC).", "17. Some felt that (a) the current aid regime too often reflected donor priorities and interests rather than actual needs and recipient priorities; (b) the global aid regime had been outdated; (c) the current aid structure confused means for purposes; and (d) there was a disturbing and persistent problem because of the difference between committed aid and delivered aid.", "18. Some delegates expressed the view that while Africa &apos; s development had to be primarily in the hands of Africans themselves, it was also necessary for international development agencies to accompany Africa in this process by providing advice and technical assistance and promoting the dissemination of best practices and experiences from other regions.", "19. Some delegates felt that useful discussions on investment promotion for development were held at the third session of the UNCTAD Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission in May 2011, the vital importance of infrastructure development was confirmed and productive capacities were highlighted as a key element for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. However, some regretted that the Commission had not been able to reach agreed conclusions within the deadline of its session. However, delegates encouraged the Commission to continue its work, which they considered very useful and of high quality.", "20. Delegates felt that the Trade and Development Commission, which met in June 2011, raised two very interesting and relevant issues, namely, the analysis of the evolution of the international trading system and the promotion of its contribution to development and economic recovery, and also the integration of developing countries into global production and distribution chains, which served, inter alia, to add value to their exports. Delegates expressed the desire to continue UNCTAD &apos; s research and analysis at both the national and international levels to help developing countries integrate into global production and distribution chains. Regional cooperation, as well as South-South and Triangular cooperation, was considered necessary to build the productive capacities of African economies.", "21. Delegates welcomed the focus of the session on Africa. They also commended the items and sub-items chosen for UNCTAD XIII. Delegates also commended the document prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, “UNCTAD activities for Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2) and called for cooperation between various regions facing the same problems with African countries.", "B. UNCTAD activities for Africa (agenda item 2)", "22. The Board took note of the two documents prepared by the secretariat: (a) &quot; UNCTAD &apos; s activities in favour of Africa &quot; (TD/B/EX(53)/2); and (b) &quot; Improved aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan &quot; (TD/B/EX(53)/3). The secretariat provided an overview of UNCTAD &apos; s activities during the period under review. Many delegates expressed their appreciation for UNCTAD &apos; s research, technical cooperation and consensus-building and its contribution to Africa &apos; s economic development.", "23. During the interactive discussion following the presentation by the secretariat, several delegates noted that Africa &apos; s recent economic performance was largely due to the strong rise in commodity prices, which contributed to the region &apos; s macroeconomic instability. Much remained to be done with regard to the improvement of the “intangible infrastructure” (such as legal, regulatory and financial systems), “material infrastructure” (such as roads and bridges), the enhancement of the productive capacity of non-extractive primary sectors, the incorporation of enterprises into global chains of value addition and production and distribution, the intensification of regional activities, the promotion of intra-frican trade, the reduction of food quality. Such activities would require ODA, FDI, remittances, domestic resource mobilization and other innovative development financing systems.", "24. The work of UNCTAD in drawing the attention of the authorities to the need to build productive capacities, particularly in the agriculture sector, was recognized and appreciated. UNCTAD was requested to intensify its efforts to support the implementation of the newly agreed Istanbul Programme of Action. A call was made for UNCTAD to implement some of the ideas and recommendations of its Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs ( Least Developed Countries, 2010 Report: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs) and its Economic Development in Africa Report 2010: South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnership (Africa Economic Development Report, 2010: South-South Cooperation). It was recognized that the State needed to be strengthened to play an essential role in development, particularly in the least developed countries (LDCs).", "25. The report “UNCTAD action for Africa” was welcomed by delegates. Many recognized that the secretariat had sought to highlight the impact of its activities on Africa as recommended in the previous executive sessions of the Trade and Development Board. Delegates stressed the need for the report to continue to emphasize the impact of UNCTAD &apos; s work as international development agencies sought to achieve greater aid and development effectiveness. One delegate noted that UNCTAD &apos; s activities in Africa were consistent with national and regional development plans and based on demand. However, it was suggested that UNCTAD work with beneficiaries to undertake more accurate sectoral assessments and thus be able to make a more effective contribution. It was also proposed that UNCTAD initiate technical cooperation activities when such activities could increase added value and have a positive impact on developing countries, and that the impact of such activities be assessed.", "26. UNCTAD was commended for establishing a NEPAD Steering Group to strengthen internal coordination of its support activities to Africa. One delegate proposed that UNCTAD work with the International Institute for Trade and Development of Thailand to address jointly the consequences and developments of trade liberation in African countries. Some delegates also expressed their interest in an increased exchange of experiences between the Latin American and Caribbean region and Africa.", "27. One delegate called for UNCTAD to intensify its interventions in Africa on the following issues: insurance development, industrial development and technological advancement, aid for trade, climate change and information and communications technology. Another delegate called for further measures to promote the development and diffusion of technology, including renewable energy technology through such strategies as public-private partnerships and FDI use. The same delegate encouraged UNCTAD to assist African economies in statistical activities and data collection in order to facilitate foreign investors and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to make appropriate investment decisions. It was suggested that UNCTAD focus its research on Africa on such issues as regional integration, economic diversification and the role of the private sector in building productive capacities. Some delegates also called for UNCTAD to work more with African institutions to implement the NEPAD programme to improve the outcomes of development activities.", "28. Many delegates stressed the need to work more for the African region and the strengthening of the Africa Section and the Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes Division (ALDC). In this regard, they called on UNCTAD to redouble its efforts to implement the agreed conclusions at previous meetings of the Trade and Development Board in facilitating more resources to ALDC.", "29. Some delegates took note of the actions taken by the Board to give greater relevance to the role of the Working Group. They also stressed the need for the adoption of the draft terms of reference to improve the functioning of the Working Group and then to be transmitted to the General Assembly for adoption. Some delegates also noted that LDC Watch and the Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) had been added to the list of NGOs recognized before UNCTAD.", "Panel discussion on &quot; Improved aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan &quot;", "30. As part of agenda item 2, a panel discussion was held on “Enhancing Aid Effectiveness: from Paris to Busan”. Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, was the lead speaker at the round table, which also participated: (a) Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive President of Daima Associates Ltd. (United Republic of Tanzania); (b) Ms. Ingrid Mutima, Expert in Mobilization of External Resources, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda); and (c) Ms. Helen Allotey, Director of Foreign Economic Relations, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana). The Under-Secretary-General for UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov made some introductory remarks at the round table.", "31. The round table addressed the following issues:", "(a) How can aid be used to catalyse other forms of development financing and lay the groundwork for overcoming medium- or long-term aid dependence?", "(b) How can the donor community improve the quality of aid delivered to recipient countries?", "(c) How can lessons learned from South-South cooperation help improve aid effectiveness?", "(d) What kind of institutional mechanisms should African Governments establish to improve aid quality?", "(e) What does Africa expect from the Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness?", "32. The key recommendations made and the issues raised in the introductory remarks, the main statement, the panel discussion and the interactive discussion were as follows:", "(a) Implementing existing commitments – Africa faces enormous development challenges, such as achieving the Millennium Development Goals, addressing climate change, preventing and reducing conflicts, and managing high food and energy prices. Mobilization of domestic and external resources will be crucial in addressing these challenges. Despite the recent increase in ODA flows to Africa, donors have not yet fulfilled international commitments to the region. In this regard, donors need to redouble their efforts to fulfil their current aid commitments to Africa.", "(b) Aid effectiveness also depends on the amount of help – The debate on aid effectiveness often gives the impression that there is a dichotomy between quality and amount of help. However, the amount of help is one of the factors that determine whether or not it is effective. Therefore, donors and recipients need to recognize the fact that increasing the amount of aid is a necessary condition for raising the quality of aid to Africa.", "(c) Use and delivery of aid - The effectiveness of aid depends both on the quality of the use of aid and on the quality of the delivery of aid. The first depends mainly on how to proceed from recipients, while the second depends on donors. The examples of Ghana and Rwanda showed that significant progress had been made in the use of aid at the national level, but that delivery of aid had not been greatly improved. If donors seek to reduce the unpredictability of aid, avoid fragmentation, encourage the use of country systems and reduce the conditions imposed on aid flows, this will contribute to improving the quality of aid delivery.", "(d) Importance of the involvement and leadership of countries – The involvement of countries in the use of aid and the development process is important to make it more effective. If recipient countries are to use aid to achieve their national development goals, they must be able to lead the delivery and management process. In particular, they need to ensure that aid meets their development needs and priorities. To enable African countries to successfully exercise such leadership, the psychological aspect of aid dependency needs to be addressed. This undermines the capacity of recipient countries to assume leadership and responsibility for development. Examples of recipient Governments that have gained increasing strength in their relationship with donors need to be made available. While the involvement and leadership of countries are important, regional contexts need to be recognized, as development is increasingly influenced by regional cooperation.", "(e) Use of country systems – Although recipient countries have improved the quality of their systems and institutions, donors are still reluctant to use them. The limited use of donor systems by recipient countries is one of the areas in which less progress has been made in trying to make aid more effective in recent years. Aid must also be integrated into the treasury, accounting and audit mechanisms of recipient countries. The best way to address the problem of fragmentation of aid both bilaterally and multilaterally is by strengthening country systems, but that has to be done in a transparent and credible manner.", "f) Improved information on aid flows – More and better information on aid flows needs to be provided if it is to be more effective. At the host country level, Governments should make every effort to provide more information to all stakeholders in their respective countries. At the donor level, it is necessary to provide such information to civil society organizations working in recipient countries. In addition, new donors should provide more information on their development cooperation activities in recipient countries. In this regard, cooperation between donors and recipients must be intensified to improve aid statistics.", "(g) Need for strategies to end aid dependence – African countries should have strategies to stop relying on medium- or long-term aid. Although aid may be needed in the short term, it would be necessary to avoid creating long-term dependency. One way to achieve this is to use assistance to build domestic resource mobilization capacity. It could also be used to activate other forms of development finance, such as FDI, trade and financing on trade terms. There is already evidence that private capital flows in Africa increase faster than aid from sources of development finance. In view of the heterogeneous nature of African countries, it is not hoped that they will be able to leave their aid dependence at the same time. Countries will no longer rely on aid at various times, depending on their level of development.", "(h) Recognize the link between aid and trade – Aid effectiveness is also affected by the nature of the multilateral trading system. The incongruity between trade and aid policies of donor countries has a significant impact on aid effectiveness in recipient countries. When donors provide aid to recipients and at the same time impose measures that limit their ability to trade, they make it very difficult for them to achieve their development goals. In this regard, it is important that aid be delivered so that recipients can participate more effectively in the multilateral trading system and also be promoted in the trade value chain.", "(i) Connection between aid effectiveness and development – The distinction between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness must not be overstated, as the first is aimed at fostering the second. If aid is more effective, it will have a greater impact on recipient countries and thus promote development effectiveness. It is important to take into account the capacities of recipient countries in discussing aid effectiveness. It is equally important to take into account the various modalities of development cooperation: for example, South-South cooperation against North-South cooperation. In this context, donors should respect the modality of cooperation chosen by recipients. Moreover, it is important for recipient countries to consider South-South cooperation more as a complement than as a substitution of North-South cooperation.", "(j) Need for mutual accountability – In the discussion on aid effectiveness, the idea of responsibility seems to apply more to recipient countries than to development partners. However, for aid to be effective, mutual responsibility is required. In addition, recipient countries tend to respond more to donors than to stakeholders at the national level. Recipient Governments need to show greater responsibility to local stakeholders so that they are actually involved in activities. Better national governance that recognizes local values and cultures can contribute to this goal. Clear indicators and goals of good governance are also needed.", "(k) Improved aid coordination at the national level – recipient countries need to improve aid coordination at the national level. To this end, they must exercise greater control over aid management and delivery in order to help it meet the needs and priorities of national development. In addition, coordination should cover both aid from traditional donors and official financial flows that form part of South-South cooperation.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (agenda item 1)", "33. At its opening plenary meeting, on 27 June 2011, the Board adopted the provisional agenda contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/1. The agenda of the executive session was as follows:", "1. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work.", "2. UNCTAD activities in favour of Africa.", "3. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies:", "(a) Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for the fourth session;", "(b) Report of the Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development on its third session and agenda for the fourth session;", "(c) Items for the upcoming one-year expert meetings;", "(d) Report of the Working Group;", "(e) Draft terms of reference of the Working Group.", "4. Institutional, organizational and administrative matters and related matters:", "(a) Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(b) Cooperation between UNCTAD and IPU;", "(c) Provisions relating to the participation of non-governmental organizations in UNCTAD activities;", "(d) Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD XIII.", "5. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices.", "6. Other business.", "7. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session.", "Annex", "1 See the list of participants in document TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1.", "Assistance1", "1. The meeting was attended by representatives of the following States members of the Trade and Development Board:", "Germany", "Angola", "Saudi Arabia", "Algeria", "Argentina", "Austria", "Azerbaijan", "Bahrain", "Belarus", "Benin", "Brazil", "Brunei Darussalam", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Canada", "China", "Cyprus", "Congo", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Cuba", "El Salvador", "Spain", "United States of America", "Ethiopia", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Russian Federation", "Philippines", "Finland", "France", "Ghana", "Guatemala", "Hungary", "Indonesia", "Iran (Islamic Republic of)", "Iraq", "Israel", "Italy", "Jamaica", "Japan", "Jordan", "Kazakhstan", "Kuwait", "Lesotho", "Madagascar", "Mali", "Morocco", "Mauritania", "Mexico", "Nepal", "Nicaragua", "Nigeria", "Oman", "Panama", "Poland", "Portugal", "Syria", "Czech Republic", "Dominican Republic", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Singapore", "South Africa", "Sudan", "Switzerland", "Thailand", "Togo", "Turkey", "Ukraine", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Viet Nam", "Yemen", "Zambia", "2. The meeting was attended by representatives of the following State member of UNCTAD not a member of the Trade and Development Board:", "Holy See", "3. The following intergovernmental organizations were represented at the meeting:", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group", "International Organization of la Francophonie", "African Union", "European Union", "4. The following United Nations organizations were represented at the meeting:", "International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO", "Economic Commission for Europe", "5. The following specialized agencies and related organizations were represented at the meeting:", "World Trade Organization", "International Telecommunication Union", "6. The following experts participated in the meeting:", "Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive President of Daima Associates Ltd. United Republic of Tanzania", "Mrs. Ingrid Mutima, Expert in Mobilizing External Resources, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)", "Mrs. Helen Allotey, Director of Foreign Economic Relations, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana)." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 140 del programa provisional*", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "* A/66/150.", "Examen de la gestión y la administración en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General el informe de la Dependencia Común de Inspección titulado “Examen de la gestión y la administración en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito” (JIU/REP/2010/10).", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "EXAMEN DE LA GESTIÓN Y LA ADMINISTRACIÓN EN LA OFICINA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS CONTRA LA DROGA Y EL DELITO (UNODC)", "Preparado por", "Yishan Zhang", "Papa Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Ginebra 2010", "RESUMEN", "Examen de la gestión y la administración en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el delito", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "Objetivos Este “Examen de la gestión y la administración en la Oficina de lasNaciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC)” forma parte deuna serie de exámenes de organizaciones participantes realizados porla Dependencia Común de Inspección en los últimos años. Su objetivoes definir aspectos que puedan mejorarse en la gobernanza, la gestiónejecutiva, la administración, la planificación estratégica y lapresupuestación, la gestión de los recursos humanos y la supervisión. Principales observaciones y conclusiones La Oficina tiene el mandato de prestar asistencia a los EstadosMiembros en su lucha contra las drogas, la delincuencia y elterrorismo, lo cual está comprendido en las esferas prioritarias delas Naciones Unidas. La comunidad internacional está reconociendocada vez más la importancia de los mandatos de la Oficina, y lamayoría de los interesados considera que la UNODC los cumple. La Oficina se estableció en 1997, fusionando diversas entidades delas Naciones Unidas. No obstante, los órganos rectores originales, laComisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito yJusticia Penal, se mantuvieron incambiados, así como los respectivosfondos fiduciarios. A raíz de ello, tanto la gobernanza como losmarcos financieros se caracterizan por la fragmentación, que incideen la eficacia y eficiencia de la Oficina. Conscientes de lasdificultades, los Estados Miembros iniciaron en 2008 un proceso deexamen de la gobernanza, creando un grupo de trabajointergubernamental de composición abierta encargado de mejorar lagobernanza y la situación financiera de la Oficina. Los Inspectorespresentan en este informe tres opciones para mejorar lasdisposiciones de gobernanza y una recomendación concreta relativa ala creación de un mecanismo integrado y más “adhesivo” para gobernary orientar las actividades de la Oficina. La gestión financiera de la Oficina es compleja y se efectúa porconducto de dos fondos fiduciarios separados. Los Inspectoresalientan una mayor eficiencia y racionalización de la gestiónfinanciera y opinan que deberían explorarse las posibilidades defusionar los dos fondos fiduciarios. Las actividades sustantivas y de cooperación técnica se han ampliadopara abarcar esferas nuevas y diversificadas, dado que la Oficina seha incorporado al programa de paz, seguridad y desarrollo del sistemade las Naciones Unidas, en especial por conducto de asociaciones conotras organizaciones internacionales, y también dados sus esfuerzospor atraer un mayor apoyo financiero. Esta tendencia a la expansiónha diluido un tanto la visión estratégica y las funciones depriorización dentro de la Oficina. Los Inspectores recomiendan que laOficina lleve a cabo un examen a fondo de sus mandatos, así como unproceso de priorización de esos mandatos y las actividades conexas. La Oficina se enfrenta a una situación difícil: el número cada vezmayor de mandatos y la ampliación de las actividades conexas no vanacompañados de un aumento de los recursos financieros y humanosnecesarios. Si bien las contribuciones para fines específicosestrictamente asignadas están aumentando, los fondos de financiaciónordinarios para garantizar las funciones básicas de la Oficina soninsuficientes. Los Inspectores formulan varias recomendaciones,incluida una en que se solicita a la Asamblea General que garanticeque las funciones básicas de la Oficina se financien con recursos delpresupuesto ordinario para asegurar que la UNODC pueda cumplir susmandatos de manera coherente y sostenible. La rápida expansión de su presencia sobre el terreno y de susactividades de asistencia técnica en el último decenio repercutesobremanera en la gestión actual de la UNODC en muchos aspectos:la coordinación y el apoyo de la sede a las oficinas extrasede, laidoneidad de las normas y los procedimientos administrativos, etc. El informe resalta también esferas como la gestión ejecutiva (visión,prácticas de gestión y comunicación) y la gestión de los recursoshumanos (transparencia, imparcialidad, coherencia de las políticas,capacitación). Los Inspectores también estudiaron el caso de la Junta Internacionalde Fiscalización de Estupefacientes (JIFE), entidad independientecuasi judicial, y de su secretaría, y recomendaron una modificaciónde la estructura administrativa y de las líneas jerárquicas de laJIFE. Recomendaciones Los Inspectores formularon 14 recomendaciones de las cuales 12 estándirigidas al Director Ejecutivo, una a la Comisión de Estupefacientesy a la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, y una a laAsamblea General. Recomendación 1 La Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal deberían celebrar conjuntamente la continuaciónrespectiva de sus períodos de sesiones. Dicha continuación conjuntade los períodos de sesiones haría las veces de órgano rectorintegrado, encargado de supervisar las actividades presupuestarias yprogramáticas de la Oficina. Recomendación 3 \nLa Asamblea General debería garantizar que las funciones básicas dela Oficina se financiaran con cargo a recursos del presupuestoordinario a partir del bienio 2012-2013, a fin de permitir quela UNODC cumpla sus mandatos de manera coherente y sostenible.", "ÍNDICE", "Página", "RESUMEN. 3", "SIGLAS Y 7 ABREVIATURAS.", "Capítulo Párrafos", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN. 1-14 8", "A. Ámbito, objetivos y metodología 1-7 8", "B. Una Oficina con mandatos diversificados y 8-14 9 exigentes", "II. GOBERNANZA 15-38 10", "A. Complejidad de las disposiciones sobre 15-21 10 gobernanza", "B. Opciones para mejorar la gobernanza 22-31 12", "C. Proceso de examen y priorización de mandatos 32-38 14 consolidados", "III. MARCO FINANCIERO 39-59 17", "A. La financiación de las funciones 43-48 19 institucionales sigue planteando un reto", "B. Simplificación de la gestión financiera 49-50 20", "C. Esfuerzos necesarios para reducir la 51-56 21 asignación rigurosa de fondos para fines específicos", "D. Estrategia de recaudación de fondos para 57-59 23 seguir ampliando la base de donantes", "IV. GESTIÓN EJECUTIVA 60-94 24", "A. Cuestionamiento de la administración por el 63-64 25 personal", "B. Reestructuración institucional de 2010 65-68 25", "C. La falta de coordinación reduce la eficacia 69-73 26", "D. Planificación estratégica y gestión basada en 74-83 28 los resultados", "E. Retos relacionados con la presencia sobre el 84-94 31 terreno", "V. GESTIÓN DE LOS 95-112 34 RECURSOS HUMANOS", "A. Recursos humanos considerados como 98-101 35 problemáticos", "B. La fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC 102-105 36", "C. Equilibrio de género y diversidad de la fuerza 106-110 38 de trabajo", "D. Insuficiencia de los recursos para 111-112 40 capacitación, desigualdad de las oportunidades de capacitación", "VI. SUPERVISIÓN 113-121 41", "A. Marco de supervisión 113-119 41", "B. Hacia una capacidad de evaluación 120-121 42 institucional fortalecida", "VII. OTROS ASUNTOS 122-130 43", "A. La Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de 122-125 43 Estupefacientes", "B. Arreglos entre la ONUV y la UNODC 126-128 44", "C. Servicios de tecnología de la información y 129-130 45 las comunicaciones", "VIII. ASPECTOS 131-134 46 DESTACADOS DE LA ENCUESTA", "ANEXOS", "I. Organigrama de la 48 Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "II. Diversidad 49 geográfica a nivel de los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico y categorías superiores (a diciembre de 2009)", "III. Presencia de la 50 UNODC sobre el terreno", "IV. Sinopsis de las 51 medidas que deben adoptar las organizaciones participantes en relación con las recomendaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS", "CCAAP Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "CPC Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación", "CPID Centro para la Prevención Internacional del Delito", "DAP División de Análisis de Políticas y Asuntos Públicos", "DCI Dependencia Común de Inspección", "DEI Dependencia de Evaluación Independiente", "DOMP Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz", "DPE Dependencia de Planificación Estratégica", "FFE Fondos para fines especiales", "FFG Fondos para fines generales", "GAP Gastos de apoyo a los programas", "GBR Gestión basada en los resultados", "JIFE Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes", "OFDPD Oficina de Fiscalización de Drogas y de Prevención del Delito", "ONUV Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena", "OSSI Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna", "PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo", "PNUFID Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas", "SCA Sección de Cofinanciación y Asociaciones", "SGRF Servicio de Gestión de Recursos Financieros", "UNODC Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN", "A. Ámbito, objetivos y metodología", "1. Como parte de su programa de trabajo de 2010, la Dependencia Común de Inspección (DCI) realizó un examen de la gestión y la administración en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), que integra la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. El presente informe forma parte de una serie de exámenes de la gestión y la administración de organizaciones participantes emprendidos en los últimos años.", "2. Los objetivos del informe consisten en determinar esferas que deben mejorarse, como las de gobernanza, gestión ejecutiva, administración, planificación estratégica y presupuestación, gestión de los recursos humanos, supervisión, etc., así como señalar las mejores prácticas y compartirlas con otras organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. La crisis financiera de 2008-2009 tuvo un marcado impacto negativo en la Oficina, dado que su modelo de actividades se basa principalmente en contribuciones extrapresupuestarias. Debido a la crisis, fue necesario adoptar severas medidas de ahorro en 2009 y proceder a una reestructuración interna en 2010. En ese momento crítico, los Estados Miembros emprendieron un ambicioso proceso de recuperación, estableciendo un grupo de trabajo sobre gobernanza y finanzas.", "3. De conformidad con las normas y directrices internas de la DCI así como con sus procedimientos de trabajo internos, la metodología seguida en la preparación del presente informe incluye un análisis en profundidad de la documentación interna así como entrevistas con funcionarios de la UNODC y representantes del personal. Además, los Inspectores se reunieron con embajadores y jefes de delegación, incluidos los Presidentes y miembros de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y el Grupo de trabajo sobre gobernanza y finanzas, así como con representantes de los grupos regionales, los principales donantes y los países beneficiarios. Los Inspectores asistieron también al Seminario de 2010 para representantes sobre el terreno a fin de dialogar con los representantes sobre el terreno de la UNODC. El examen de la DCI fue acogido con beneplácito por su carácter oportuno tanto por los Estados Miembros como por el personal y los administradores de la UNODC.", "4. Los Inspectores solicitaron las opiniones de los funcionarios de la UNODC en la sede y en las oficinas extrasede mediante una encuesta en línea para el personal. Las respuestas a esa encuesta proporcionaron informaciones útiles sobre diversos aspectos abordados en este informe. Además de presentar cifras globales, los Inspectores realizaron un amplio análisis de más de 1.500 observaciones, comentarios y sugerencias diferentes presentados en respuesta a las preguntas abiertas de la encuesta.", "5. De conformidad con el estatuto de la DCI, el presente informe se ha ultimado tras celebrar consultas entre los Inspectores a fin de poner a prueba sus conclusiones y recomendaciones frente al juicio colectivo de la Dependencia. La UNODC presentó observaciones fácticas y sustantivas sobre el proyecto de informe que se tuvieron en cuenta para finalizarlo.", "6. Para facilitar la utilización del informe y la aplicación de sus recomendaciones, así como el seguimiento de las mismas, en el anexo IV figura un cuadro en el que se especifican las recomendaciones que requieren una decisión de los órganos rectores de la UNODC y las que puede llevar a la práctica el Director Ejecutivo.", "7. Los Inspectores desean expresar su aprecio a quienes les prestaron asistencia en la preparación del presente informe y, en particular, a quienes participaron en las entrevistas y tan generosamente compartieron con ellos sus conocimientos y experiencia. A fin de evitar toda duplicación, el examen se realizó en coordinación con la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI), que realizó una auditoría de la gobernanza de la UNODC en 2010.", "B. Una Oficina con mandatos diversificados y exigentes", "8. La Oficina se creó en 1997 mediante la fusión del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas (PNUFID) y el Centro para la Prevención Internacional del Delito (CPID). Desde el punto de vista de la gestión, el carácter transnacional de las drogas, la delincuencia y el terrorismo y las interrelaciones entre ellos condujeron, a través de sucesivas reformas administrativas, a la creación de una entidad única que abordaba todas esas cuestiones[1]. En un primer momento se denominó Oficina de Fiscalización de Drogas y de Prevención del Delito (OFDPD), para pasar a llamarse UNODC en 2002. La UNODC tiene el mandato de prestar asistencia a los Estados Miembros en su lucha contra las drogas ilícitas, la delincuencia y el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones. Los mandatos de la UNODC son de primordial importancia y están comprendidos en las esferas prioritarias de las Naciones Unidas, conforme a lo determinado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 63/247.", "9. La Oficina combina servicios normativos para la aplicación eficaz de los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales, capacidades de investigación y análisis, y actividades de asistencia técnica y de creación de capacidad sobre el terreno. Esto se refleja en la denominación de las tres divisiones de la UNODC (Asuntos de Tratados, Análisis de Políticas y Asuntos Públicos y Operaciones), complementadas por la División de Gestión, compartida con la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena (ONUV).", "10. Desde su creación, los mandatos encomendados a la Oficina han proliferado, en particular en el último decenio, en la esfera de la prevención del delito. No obstante, estas tareas no se han visto acompañadas por un aumento paralelo de recursos del presupuesto ordinario adecuados. A su vez, la estructura y los procedimientos internos no se han adaptado a los nuevos desafíos que se plantean. Esta situación entraña un riesgo importante de que la Oficina no pueda cumplir plenamente las tareas encomendadas.", "11. La Oficina ha ampliado su presencia sobre el terreno para realizar una amplia gama de actividades de asistencia técnica. La entidad basada en la sede que asesora en materia de políticas y es el custodio de las convenciones y convenios internacionales coexiste actualmente con una red sobre el terreno semejante a un organismo especializado que presta servicios expertos en materia de asistencia técnica y cooperación. Un aspecto clave de la evaluación de la UNODC es la determinación de si la estructura y los procedimientos están suficientemente adaptados para satisfacer las necesidades de esa evolución. Por ejemplo, las normas y los procedimientos para la gestión de los recursos humanos o la tramitación de las adquisiciones no parecen adecuados en todas las situaciones para garantizar la eficacia y son considerados por muchos, y especialmente por quienes trabajan sobre el terreno, como no conducentes a la eficacia institucional.", "12. El anterior Director Ejecutivo (2002-2010) centró su atención en la integración de las actividades de la Oficina en el programa de paz, seguridad y desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas por conducto de un enfoque interrelacionado e interdisciplinario, así como en el desarrollo de asociaciones con otras organizaciones internacionales. Durante la preparación del presente informe, el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas designó a un nuevo Director Ejecutivo que asumió su cargo en septiembre de 2010.", "13. En los últimos años ha habido un reconocimiento cada vez mayor de la UNODC y sus logros, que se refleja en el aumento de las contribuciones extrapresupuestarias, aunque la mayoría de esas contribuciones se destinan a fines especiales. La mayoría de los entrevistados resaltó en general el hecho de que la Oficina cumple con sus cometidos no obstante las difíciles circunstancias por las que atraviesa. Sin embargo, el presente informe señala la fragmentación que persiste en muchas esferas: fragmentación del marco de gobernanza que afecta a la orientación en materia de políticas y a la supervisión, fragmentación de las fuentes de financiación que afecta a la sostenibilidad y la previsibilidad de los recursos y fragmentación de la gestión que afecta a la eficiencia y la eficacia.", "14. Al preparar el presente examen, los Inspectores tuvieron a la vista una serie de informes preparados por la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI) en los últimos años que contenían evaluaciones críticas de la UNODC así como de algunas de sus oficinas extrasede. Los Inspectores observaron que los esfuerzos realizados por la UNODC se habían traducido en algunas mejoras en la gestión en comparación con la crítica situación de la Oficina a principios de la década del 2000.", "II. GOBERNANZA", "A. Complejidad de las disposiciones sobre gobernanza", "15. La Oficina se caracteriza por la existencia de dos órganos rectores principales completamente separados, a saber, la Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal. La fragmentación y complejidad del marco de gobernanza de la Oficina se ilustran en la figura 1 infra. En 2007, la OSSI, en su evaluación de los riesgos de la UNODC, llegó a la conclusión de que las esferas de gestión estratégica y gobernanza eran las que corrían mayores riesgos[2]. Los Inspectores estuvieron de acuerdo con la opinión de que las disposiciones sobre gobernanza presentaban un reto que estaba afectando al funcionamiento eficiente de la Oficina en lo que al cumplimiento de sus mandatos se refería.", "16. La orientación en materia de políticas y los mandatos se originan en resoluciones o decisiones de múltiples órganos de las Naciones Unidas. Además de la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social y sus dos comisiones orgánicas, son órganos jurídicamente vinculantes los convenios y convenciones internacionales relativos a las esferas de labor de la Oficina, como los tres tratados de fiscalización internacional de drogas, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción y los instrumentos jurídicos universales contra el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones. Otras actividades de las Naciones Unidas como los congresos sobre prevención del delito, la Declaración del Milenio y la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo determinan un aumento de la complejidad de los mandatos. En la figura 1 también se resalta la falta de conexión entre los mandatos y la financiación.", "Figura 1: Marco de gobernanza de la UNODC", "[]", "17. Las razones de la fragmentación de la gobernanza son históricas: en la década de 1990 las entidades encargadas de la ejecución de dos programas diferentes sobre las drogas y el delito se fusionaron en una Oficina, mientras que al mismo tiempo los dos órganos rectores (la Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal) y sus fondos fiduciarios gemelos se mantuvieron en su estado original y sin modificaciones. Por consiguiente, el enfoque sustantivo integrado de las cuestiones relativas a las drogas y al delito no se reflejó en la estructura de gobernanza, y las funciones normativas y de regulación predominaron en cada Comisión dentro de sus respectivas esferas sustantivas.", "18. La Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal tienen diferente composición, diferentes programas y diferentes cuestiones prioritarias que requieren su atención. En la actualidad funcionan en forma paralela, individual y separada. Se deben adoptar medidas repetitivas en diversos foros. Por ejemplo, deben presentarse ponencias y documentos similares de la UNODC ante ambas Comisiones. El intervalo (un año) entre los períodos de sesiones principales de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal afecta a la eficacia de los órganos rectores, dado que parece más difícil adoptar medidas de seguimiento y presentar respuestas oportunas. Además, dada la actual duración de los períodos de sesiones, no se prevé un tiempo suficiente para abordar aspectos de gestión y administrativos durante la serie de sesiones sobre las actividades operacionales. En los últimos tiempos, las propias Comisiones han expresado algunas reservas sobre la eficacia de las disposiciones de gobernanza de la UNODC, en particular en lo relativo a la vigilancia de las actividades de la Oficina.", "19. Los Inspectores notaron cierto desaliento y frustración entre los administradores de la UNODC debido a la ausencia de una orientación oportuna y eficaz por parte de las Comisiones y sus Estados miembros a la Oficina. A su vez, los Estados miembros compartieron sus preocupaciones con los Inspectores en lo que respecta a la ausencia de consultas y transparencia a diversos niveles de la UNODC, e importantes países donantes así como países beneficiarios expresaron críticas en esferas como las de la elaboración y ejecución de proyectos (iniciativas propias), la asignación de recursos, la estructura y la composición de la plantilla, y los datos y cifras utilizados en los informes o en las publicaciones.", "20. En 2008, los Estados Miembros emprendieron un ambicioso proceso de examen de la gobernanza mediante la creación de un Grupo de trabajo intergubernamental de composición abierta sobre el mejoramiento de la gobernanza y la situación financiera de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito[3] (de aquí en adelante denominado “Grupo de trabajo sobre la gobernanza y la situación financiera”). Los Inspectores acogieron con beneplácito esta iniciativa que ofrece la posibilidad de iniciar un diálogo no solo entre la comunidad de Estados Miembros, donantes y países beneficiarios, sino también con el personal directivo superior de la UNODC. Como consecuencia de ello, los Estados Miembros y la UNODC lograron comprender mejor las limitaciones, preocupaciones y expectativas de cada uno. Los Inspectores consideran que un foro de esa índole, utilizado de la manera adecuada, debería servir para fomentar la confianza en el futuro.", "21. La Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal institucionalizaron el Grupo de trabajo sobre la gobernanza y la situación financiera por un período de dos años, en el entendimiento de que en 2011 deberían evaluarse su dinámica y sus resultados concretos[4]. Desde esa perspectiva, será necesario examinar y acordar un marco de evaluación claro, dado que la resolución no contiene precisiones sobre la cuestión. El Grupo de trabajo sobre la gobernanza y la situación financiera debe presentar a ambas Comisiones recomendaciones sobre cuestiones administrativas, programáticas y financieras dentro de las esferas de sus respectivos mandatos.", "B. Opciones para mejorar la gobernanza", "22. Durante sus conversaciones con los Estados Miembros y el personal directivo superior de la Oficina, los Inspectores quedaron impresionados por el interés común en un mecanismo de gobernanza más integrado y coherente que garantice un estudio a fondo más eficaz de las actividades de la Oficina. Algunos entrevistados sugirieron mecanismos presupuestarios y programáticos similares a los de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto (CCAAP) y el Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación (CPC), mientras que otros propusieron el establecimiento de una junta ejecutiva o un programa ejecutivo y un comité de presupuesto. El objetivo es crear un mecanismo eficaz que garantice que el personal directivo superior de la UNODC y los Estados Miembros alcancen un nivel suficiente de diálogo y entendimiento a fin de priorizar y vigilar la labor de la Oficina y sus actividades, y establecer un vínculo con los recursos necesarios y adecuados para lograr sus objetivos.", "23. Se instó a los Inspectores a que formularan recomendaciones concretas para mejorar las futuras disposiciones de gobernanza de la Oficina. En opinión de los Inspectores, las opciones que están en juego pueden resumirse de la siguiente manera:", "Opción 1: Reforma institucional: fusión de las dos Comisiones del Consejo Económico y Social", "24. El concepto relativo a la fusión de las dos Comisiones data de la época en que se estableció la Oficina combinando los programas separados de la droga y el delito. Esta opción representa un cambio importante en la estructura básica del Consejo Económico y Social, en particular en lo que respecta a la Comisión de Estupefacientes, que ha existido desde que se crearon las Naciones Unidas. El principal beneficio sería la armonización del esquema directivo con la estructura administrativa y la creación de las condiciones para que los Estados Miembros actúen de una manera integrada en lo que respecta a la orientación en materia de políticas, la responsabilidad financiera y las decisiones programáticas. Al mismo tiempo, se reducirían la duplicación de tareas y las dificultades causadas por el actual marco de doble gobernanza.", "25. Si bien muchos opinan que es la opción básica para solucionar los problemas, los Inspectores son conscientes de que la reforma institucional depende de la voluntad política de los Estados Miembros y de que se trataría de un proceso prolongado. La abolición de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, otra de las comisiones orgánicas del Consejo Económico y Social, y su sustitución por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos ofrece un ejemplo ilustrativo. Llevó años examinar y negociar cuestiones como las relativas a los mandatos, la composición y otras disposiciones conexas.", "26. A juicio de los Inspectores, la opción de contar con una comisión que se ocupara tanto de las cuestiones relativas a las drogas como de las cuestiones relativas a la delincuencia debería estudiarse a fondo a largo plazo, pero no podría resolver de inmediato las actuales dificultades de gobernanza.", "Opción 2: Adición institucional: creación de un órgano ejecutivo", "27. La opción relativa al establecimiento de un órgano adicional, como una junta ejecutiva o un comité de programa y de presupuesto al que se encomendaría la tarea de supervisar específicamente la gestión estratégica, el presupuesto y las actividades de la Oficina prevé un mecanismo de gobernanza y supervisión más permanente. Otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas cuentan con mecanismos semejantes, como la Junta Ejecutiva del PNUD, la Junta Ejecutiva del PMA o el Comité Ejecutivo del ACNUR.", "28. No obstante, la UNODC es la única entidad de las Naciones Unidas que tiene dos órganos rectores paralelos que han dado lugar a una situación delicada en materia de gobernanza. A juicio de los Inspectores, si se estableciera una junta o un comité de esa índole, deberían estipularse claramente su relación con las dos Comisiones y sus dos líneas jerárquicas. Los Inspectores desean alertar sobre el hecho de que una importante desventaja de esta opción es que podría añadir un nuevo estrato a la actual gobernanza, de por sí bastante compleja. No debería subestimarse la inversión necesaria para la creación de un mecanismo de esa índole, especialmente en momentos en que la Oficina está experimentando dificultades financieras.", "Opción 3: Mejoramiento institucional: combinación de la continuación de los períodos de sesiones", "29. La continuación de los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal ofrece una oportunidad para que los Estados Miembros examinen cuestiones financieras y de organización relacionadas con la UNODC. Estos períodos de sesiones se celebran actualmente de manera consecutiva, separada e independientemente, en la práctica durante la misma semana en el segundo semestre del año. Su programa y documentación son semejantes.", "30. Esta opción propugna una reunión combinada de la continuación de los períodos de sesiones de ambas Comisiones, con sus papeles y funciones ajustados o reformados a fin de que actúen como mecanismo presupuestario y programático fortalecido. Esta opción no solo ofrecería oportunidades de realizar economías y racionalizar los aspectos de organización y prestación de servicios, sino que proporcionaría también en cierta medida un marco para un enfoque más integrado de las cuestiones sustantivas.", "31. En opinión de los Inspectores, la tercera opción parece ser la hipótesis más útil en estos momentos. Confían en que podría proporcionar un marco para una estructura de gobernanza más integrada, eficaz y coherente si los Estados Miembros se comprometen en grado suficiente a esos efectos. Los Inspectores sugieren combinar las actuales continuaciones de los períodos de sesiones durante un período inicial de tres años, a fin de poner a prueba la eficacia de los nuevos arreglos y su impacto en la gobernanza de la Oficina. Una vez transcurrido ese período, los Estados Miembros estarían en condiciones de decidir si ese arreglo es satisfactorio o no.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de las disposiciones de gobernanza de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 1", "La Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal deberían celebrar conjuntamente las continuaciones de sus períodos de sesiones, que se constituirían en un órgano rector integrado a fin de brindar orientación en materia de políticas a la Oficina, y tendrían el cometido de supervisar las actividades presupuestarias y programáticas.", "C. Proceso de examen y priorización de mandatos consolidados", "32. Como lo observó el Secretario General al realizar la tarea de examen de los mandatos en 2006[5], las actividades de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas de la fiscalización de drogas, la prevención de la delincuencia transnacional y la lucha contra el terrorismo han aumentado considerablemente, con consecuencias directas para la Oficina, que desempeña un papel fundamental en esas esferas. En aquel momento, el Secretario General había identificado 364 mandatos de diversa índole (obligaciones en materia de presentación de informes, preparación de estudios, organización de conferencias, asistencia normativa o técnica), respecto de los cuales la UNODC era la entidad de ejecución. Además, la Oficina también actúa como secretaría para varias convenciones internacionales como la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, que han entrado en vigor en el último decenio.", "33. Una de las conclusiones que los Inspectores desean destacar es el número de respuestas positivas presentadas por los funcionarios con respecto a la diversidad de mandatos de la UNODC. Es notable que el 66% de los encuestados opine que la diversidad de mandatos de la UNODC ha tenido repercusiones positivas en su labor y en sus actividades. No obstante, los encuestados también consideran que la integración de esos mandatos dista mucho de haberse concretado, con solo un 25,2% y un 20,3% de expresiones positivas relativas a la integración de la elaboración de los programas y proyectos y las actividades, respectivamente.", "Cuadros 1 y 2: Opiniones de diversas categorías de funcionarios de la UNODC con respecto a la diversidad de mandatos (porcentajes)", "¿Ha tenido repercusiones en su labor y en sus actividades la diversidad de mandatos de la UNODC (drogas, delito, etc.)?\n Sí, Sí, No No sabe positivas negativas", "Todos los funcionarios 66,6 6,9 16,7 9,8", "Funcionarios internacionales 63,7 14,0 15,1 7,3 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Categorías P-5 y superiores 66,7 18,8 12,50 2,1", "Funcionarios de la sede 56,8 11,1 20,1 12,0", "Funcionarios sobre el 72,9 4,2 15,2 7,7 terreno", "¿En su opinión, están suficientemente integradas las cuestiones relativas a las drogas y al delito en la elaboración de programas y proyectos de la UNODC?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 25,2 40,7 17,7 16,4", "Funcionarios internacionales 15,6 44,1 32,4 7,8 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Categorías P-5 y superiores 31,3 31,3 29,2 8,3", "Funcionarios de la sede 18,8 40,2 20,1 20,9", "Funcionarios sobre el 29,5 40,8 16,7 13,1 terreno", "¿En su opinión, están suficientemente integradas las actividades de la UNODC en lo que respecta a los mandatos en materia de drogas, delincuencia y terrorismo?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 20,3 38,5 23,5 17,7", "Funcionarios internacionales 11,2 39,1 40,8 8,9 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Categorías P-5 y superiores 25,0 31,3 35,4 8,3", "Funcionarios de la sede 16,7 36,8 24,4 22,2", "Funcionarios sobre el 22,6 39,0 23,8 14,6 terreno", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "34. Al examinar el tipo y las fuentes de financiación que se describen en el capítulo III se deduce que los ingresos previsibles para las funciones administrativas y de apoyo a los programas de la UNODC son limitados y que no existen fondos garantizados para la ejecución de las actividades operacionales y técnicas aprobadas por las Comisiones. Por lo tanto, existe un riesgo en lo que respecta al cumplimiento de los mandatos.", "35. Los Inspectores examinaron las notas preparadas en 2008 por la UNODC para el 51º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y el 17º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, respectivamente, en las que figura información sobre “el estado de aplicación y las necesidades de recursos en el caso de las resoluciones y decisiones aprobadas por la Asamblea General, el Consejo Económico y Social y las propias Comisiones, en las que se había pedido que la Oficina adoptara medidas en el período 2003-2007”[6]. Si bien la UNODC presenta un elevado índice de cumplimiento de sus obligaciones de presentación de informes, el estado de la ejecución de los mandatos operacionales o de asistencia técnica enfrenta verdaderas dificultades. En la esfera de la prevención del delito y la justicia penal, los mandatos parcialmente ejecutados representan el 33% de los mandatos operacionales y de asistencia técnica, en la mayoría de los casos supuestamente debido a la falta de recursos. El 21% de las medidas cuya adopción se ha solicitado a la Oficina se registraron como actividades en curso. En la esfera de las drogas, los mandatos operacionales y técnicos se cumplieron a razón de un 22%, mientras que los parcialmente ejecutados representaron un 37%, por la misma razón presupuestaria. El 37% de los casos estaban en curso de ejecución. Tanto en las cuestiones relacionadas con las drogas como en las cuestiones relacionadas con el delito, el porcentaje de mandatos no ejecutados se estimó en inferior a un 10%.", "36. Dada la fragmentación de la gobernanza, es un reto lograr una visión consolidada de los mandatos y misiones encomendados a la Oficina. Los Inspectores estiman que es hora de examinar a fondo esos mandatos y misiones a fin de presentar a los Estados Miembros un panorama consolidado de todos los órganos de gobernanza. Con ello se proporcionaría mejor información a los Estados Miembros lo que les permitiría brindar una orientación más eficaz e informada. Las notas de 2008 constituyen una base valiosa que debería completarse, actualizarse y ampliarse para abarcar todos los órganos de orientación en materia de políticas.", "37. Sobre esa base, los Estados Miembros estarían en condiciones de volver a evaluar los mandatos en curso, así como su pertinencia y la disponibilidad de recursos. Los Estados Miembros podrían determinar su plan de priorización y seguir elaborando un enfoque integrado para abordar cuestiones sustantivas relativas a las drogas, el delito y el terrorismo. A su vez, el Director Ejecutivo estaría en condiciones de realizar ajustes en la Oficina para que la labor de esta se desarrollara sobre la base de un marco reconfirmado, y de asignar recursos en consecuencia, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones existentes. Los Inspectores opinan que ese proceso contribuiría a mejorar la coherencia de la labor de la Oficina. Idealmente, debería complementarse con un examen funcional de todas las dependencias de la UNODC para ajustar su labor a las prioridades que se definan.", "38. Al igual que en el caso de otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas, los Inspectores consideran que debería informarse a los Estados Miembros acerca de las consecuencias financieras de las resoluciones aprobadas por las Comisiones, así como sobre las capacidades de la UNODC para cumplir los requisitos operacionales pertinentes antes de la aprobación de esas resoluciones. En el contexto financiero en el que funciona la UNODC, es de primordial importancia que las nuevas misiones y cometidos encomendados a la Oficina se acompañen sistemáticamente de declaraciones claras sobre las consecuencias para el presupuesto por programas debatidas por las Comisiones.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de la Oficina en la ejecución y el cumplimiento de sus mandatos.", "Recomendación 2", "El Director Ejecutivo debería realizar un examen consolidado de todos los mandatos encomendados a la Oficina, incluidos los recursos necesarios y asignados, así como del estado de su ejecución. Sobre esa base, el Director Ejecutivo debería presentar, a la brevedad posible, un documento sobre el establecimiento de prioridades a la Comisión de Estupefacientes y a la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal.", "III. MARCO FINANCIERO", "39. La Oficina tiene una estructura fragmentadas de mecanismos de financiación con recursos dimanantes de múltiples secciones del presupuesto ordinario por programas de las Naciones Unidas (Secciones 16 y 22 así como Secciones 1 y 28F para la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena) y de los dos fondos fiduciarios, a saber, el Fondo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito y la Justicia Penal, supervisados por las respectivas Comisiones. Cada Fondo está dividido en contribuciones para fines generales, contribuciones para fines especiales y recursos en concepto de gastos de apoyo a los programas. La fragmentación está implícita en la Reglamentación financiera, que establece que en el presupuesto bienal deberá distinguirse entre el Fondo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito y la Justicia Penal, y que la contabilidad de los Fondos también se llevará por separado.", "Recuadro 1. Definiciones", "Definiciones del artículo II de la Reglamentación financiera de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (2008)", "Por fondos para fines generales (FFG) se entenderán “las contribuciones voluntarias para fines generales a los Fondos de la UNODC que se destinan a financiar la dirección y gestión ejecutivas, los programas y el componente de apoyo a los programas del presupuesto bienal”;", "Por fondos para fines especiales (FFE) se entenderán “las contribuciones voluntarias para fines específicos realizadas a la UNODC que tienen por objeto financiar las actividades de cooperación técnica y otras actividades”;", "Por gastos de apoyo a los programas (GAP) se entenderán “los gastos indirectos recuperados en apoyo de actividades financiadas con cargo a contribuciones voluntarias”.", "40. La delicada situación financiera de la Oficina ha sido centro de interés durante años y se ha comentado ampliamente. En las figuras 2 y 3 infra se resalta la evolución de los recursos de la UNODC y se ilustra la fragmentación del marco presupuestario de la Oficina así como la distribución de recursos entre sus fondos fiduciarios (si bien el Fondo del programa para la fiscalización de drogas aún representa más de las dos terceras partes del presupuesto general, la importancia del Fondo para la prevención del delito y la justicia penal ha aumentado considerablemente).", "41. Los Estados Miembros y los funcionarios de la UNODC convinieron durante las entrevistas en que uno de los principales factores que más afectaban a la eficiencia y eficacia de la UNODC era su situación financiera. Esta opinión se confirmó en la encuesta. En épocas recientes, la falta de recursos ha ocasionado reducciones en, por ejemplo, los viajes, las consultorías, la capacitación, los gastos de funcionamiento y los servicios por contrata.", "42. No obstante, desde 2004-2006 ha habido un marcado incremento de la financiación general de la UNODC (que alcanzó los 466.099 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos en 2008-2009) con un crecimiento porcentual de casi un 120%. Sin embargo, esta evolución favorable oculta aspectos problemáticos que podrían afectar al funcionamiento de la Oficina y su capacidad de ejecución: este aumento corresponde principalmente a un mayor número de contribuciones para fines específicos relacionadas con un espectacular aumento de los proyectos y actividades de todo tipo de la UNODC, junto con una disminución de las contribuciones para fines generales.", "Figura 2: Evolución del presupuesto de la UNODC (basada en los gastos), 2004-2005 a 2008-2009, en millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos", "[]", "Nota: Datos consolidados a partir de los informes de la Junta de Auditores (A/63/5/Add.9 y A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figura 3: Distribución del presupuesto de la UNODC (basada en los gastos) por fuentes de financiación, 2004-2005 a 2008-2009, en millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos", "[]", "Nota: Datos consolidados sobre la base de los informes de la Junta de Auditores (A/63/5/Add.9 y A/65/5/Add.9). Hasta 2006-2007, los gastos de apoyo a los programas se clasificaban como fondos para fines generales.", "A. La financiación de las funciones institucionales sigue planteando un reto", "43. En la UNODC, las funciones básicas deberían financiarse principalmente con cargo a recursos del presupuesto ordinario y a los fondos para fines generales. Con el aumento de sus mandatos y el desarrollo de su red sobre el terreno, los papeles y funciones de la UNODC se han ampliado considerablemente. No obstante, la expansión no ha ido acompañada del correspondiente aumento de recursos humanos y financieros básicos. No obstante el hecho de que las cuotas de las Naciones Unidas (presupuesto ordinario) (PO) se han incrementado desde 2004-2005 en valores nominales (a razón de un 27%), los Inspectores observaron que la proporción del presupuesto ordinario en el presupuesto general de la UNODC de hecho ha disminuido de un 14,3% en el bienio 2004-2005 a un 8,3% en el bienio 2008-2009.", "44. Al mismo tiempo, los recursos agregados del presupuesto ordinario y los fondos para fines generales representaron el 36,1% de la capacidad financiera en el bienio 2004-2005, pero disminuyeron a solo un 19,1% cuatro años más tarde (incluidos los gastos de apoyo a los programas). Los recursos en concepto de fondos para fines generales de cada uno de los Fondos son esenciales para financiar las funciones de gestión institucional y los servicios de apoyo, pero se están reduciendo marcadamente. La proporción entre fondos para fines generales y fondos para fines especiales se ha venido deteriorando desde hace varios años y no hay señales de que vaya a mejorar, y esto es motivo de preocupación para la sostenibilidad de la Oficina.", "45. Los Inspectores observaron que algunas funciones institucionales clave de la Oficina (como las de Director de la División de Operaciones, Jefe del Servicio de Gestión de Recursos Financieros, Jefe del Servicio de Tecnología de la Información, Jefe de la Dependencia de Planificación Estratégica, portavoz de la UNODC, algunos de los oficiales de evaluación, oficiales sustantivos de diversas subdivisiones, etc.) no se financian con cargo a las cuotas.", "46. De hecho, la Quinta Comisión de la Asamblea General también “expresó preocupación por la situación financiera general de la UNODC y solicitó al Secretario General que, en su proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013, presentara propuestas para asegurar que la Oficina tuviera los recursos suficientes para el desempeño de su mandato”[7].", "47. Los Inspectores están de acuerdo con la opinión de consenso expresada por los Estados Miembros de las misiones permanentes con sede en Viena y el personal directivo superior de la UNODC en el sentido de que un aumento de los recursos básicos es necesario a fin de garantizar las funciones institucionales básicas. Esto podría lograrse ya sea recibiendo una asignación mayor en el presupuesto ordinario de las Naciones Unidas o mediante un compromiso más enérgico en lo relativo a la aportación de contribuciones más sustanciales y sostenidas de fondos para fines generales, o una combinación de ambas medidas. Las declaraciones anteriores en las que se alentaba a los Estados Miembros a comprometer una parte de sus contribuciones a los fondos para fines generales con objeto de garantizar un equilibrio sostenible entre estas y las contribuciones a los fondos para fines especiales no han producido un efecto suficiente.", "48. Por consiguiente, los Inspectores consideran que la solicitud de un aumento de los recursos con cargo al presupuesto ordinario, presentada por la Oficina para el bienio 2012-2013, especialmente sobre la base de la resolución 64/243 de la Asamblea General (párr. 83), debe seguir examinándose a fin de garantizar recursos más sostenidos y previsibles que aseguren la estabilidad de la estructura de la UNODC. No obstante, una condición previa para ello es la clara identificación de las funciones institucionales básicas por parte de la UNODC en el contexto de una visión estratégica acordada y a largo plazo que cuente con un apoyo suficiente y se base en el examen del mandato recomendado en el capítulo II supra (recomendación 2).", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficiencia y la eficacia de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 3", "La Asamblea General debería garantizar que a partir del bienio 2012-2013 las funciones básicas de la Oficina se financien con cargo a recursos del presupuesto ordinario, a fin de permitir que la UNODC desempeñe sus mandatos de una manera coherente y sostenible.", "B. Simplificación de la gestión financiera", "49. La estructura de financiación implica un engorroso proceso de preparación y presentación del presupuesto bienal, dado que no se ha consolidado la aprobación del presupuesto por los órganos rectores. Las observaciones formuladas por el Director Ejecutivo en 2008 sobre esta cuestión no necesitan comentarios: “La UNODC sigue preparando y presentando dos presupuestos: uno relativo al presupuesto ordinario, presentado a la Sede de las Naciones Unidas (para su inclusión en el presupuesto por programas de las Naciones Unidas), y otro sobre sus fondos voluntarios, el presupuesto unificado, presentado a la Comisión de Estupefacientes y a la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal. Los dos documentos presupuestarios contienen la misma información, aunque con un enfoque diferente, y se presentan a la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto en dos ocasiones distintas y a los Estados Miembros en tres ocasiones diferentes. La UNODC prepara también dos conjuntos de cuentas de acuerdo con dos calendarios diferentes, y esas cuentas se auditan por separado”[8].", "50. La UNODC debe trabajar con dos fondos fiduciarios separados, lo que no contribuye a fomentar la eficacia. La cuestión de la fusión de los dos fondos fiduciarios existentes se ha examinado en ocasiones anteriores en la Comisión de Estupefacientes y en la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal sin que se haya llegado a conclusiones concretas. Convencidos de que la fusión de los fondos podría racionalizar la gestión financiera y aumentar la eficiencia y eficacia de la Oficina, pero conscientes también de que esa fusión supone un nivel suficiente de confianza por parte de los donantes, los Inspectores desean plantear la cuestión una vez más y piden que se realice un estudio de viabilidad para evaluar los posibles beneficios y dificultades relacionados con ese ajuste de la estructura financiera. Para atender a las inquietudes de los Estados Miembros, debería ser posible gestionar las asignaciones de los programas contra la droga y contra el delito dentro del mismo fondo, con plena transparencia y más eficazmente.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de la gestión financiera de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 4", "El Director Ejecutivo debería encargar la realización de un estudio sobre la viabilidad, los beneficios y las desventajas de fusionar el Fondo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito y la Justicia Penal e informar al respecto a la Comisión de Estupefacientes y a la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal para finales de 2012 a más tardar.", "C. Esfuerzos necesarios para reducir la asignación rigurosa de fondos para fines específicos", "51. La asignación de fondos para fines específicos es una cuestión difícil y delicada, que tiene algunas veces connotaciones políticas y se decide principalmente en base a las políticas del donante. En general, la práctica de asignar fondos para fines específicos repercute en la planificación, la priorización de las actividades y la asignación de recursos, especialmente cuando se combina con la disminución de los recursos básicos. También entraña el riesgo de modificar las prioridades en la etapa de ejecución, dado que los recursos aportados por los donantes están a menudo estrictamente asignados a proyectos específicos, como ocurre muchas veces en la UNODC, con las consiguientes limitaciones en la flexibilidad de la utilización de los recursos y en el establecimiento de prioridades. En el bienio 2008-2009, las contribuciones de fondos para fines especiales llegaron a representar el 80,9% de la financiación de la UNODC. En cierta medida, la asignación estricta de fondos para fines específicos también es consecuencia del hecho de que los mandatos de la UNODC son de naturaleza amplia y los donantes desean dirigir su apoyo financiero a esferas de labor bien determinadas.", "52. Los Inspectores están preocupados por el hecho de que si bien los Estados Miembros se muestran dispuestos a invertir en las actividades de la UNODC por medio de contribuciones para fines específicos, ya sea para el desempeño de los mandatos o para la ejecución de proyectos nacionales, son renuentes a invertir en la estructura básica de la UNODC mediante la aportación de fondos para fines generales. De hecho, un representante de la UNODC, al hacer uso de la palabra durante el 51º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, indicó que “la UNODC podría encontrase pronto en condiciones de tener que rechazar contribuciones extrapresupuestarias vinculadas a proyectos específicos por no contar con suficientes fondos para fines generales con que cubrir los costos operacionales”[9]. En la UNODC no existe mecanismo institucional alguno que vincule las contribuciones para fines especiales con las contribuciones para fines generales. En opinión de los Inspectores, a menos que se elabore y se ponga en práctica un mecanismo de esa índole, existe un riesgo permanente de tensiones financieras.", "53. En cierta medida, la situación financiera de la Oficina la obliga a adaptarse a la tendencia a la asignación de fondos para fines específicos elaborando proyectos capaces de atraer financiación en una esfera “popular” y, por lo tanto, obtener recursos para la Oficina. La presión constante en lo que respecta a la búsqueda de dinero se traduce en una tendencia a la ampliación de las actividades mediante la inclusión de una amplia gama de esferas sustantivas que no se relacionan directamente con sus mandatos básicos. El personal de la UNODC no siempre entiende esta expansión, como lo indican los múltiples comentarios expresados en la encuesta. Las iniciativas programáticas temáticas y regionales descritas en el capítulo IV constituyen un intento por introducir más flexibilidad en las prácticas de asignación de fondos para fines específicos y aumentar la previsibilidad mediante promesas de contribuciones plurianuales.", "54. Durante las entrevistas, algunos Estados Miembros atribuyeron la gran cantidad de fondos asignados para fines específicos a la ausencia de un grado suficiente de transparencia, no solo en la asignación de recursos sino también a diversos niveles en el seno de la Oficina, así como a lo que, a su modo de ver, era una supervisión insuficiente. Los Inspectores se enteraron con preocupación de que algunos donantes hacen sus contribuciones a la UNODC en forma de fondos asignados para fines específicos mientras que no proceden de igual manera al realizar contribuciones a otras organizaciones, lo que demuestra que hay un margen de mejora.", "55. Es necesario realizar esfuerzos conjuntos, tanto por parte de los donantes como de la UNODC, para reducir la asignación estricta de contribuciones. La Oficina debería seguir mejorando la transparencia de sus procesos, continuar mejorando sus capacidades de presentación y de intercambio de información, y emplear documentos más fáciles de utilizar en sus comunicaciones con los Estados Miembros. Estos últimos deberían, por conducto de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, hacer un llamamiento a los donantes para que se abstengan de asignar sus contribuciones a fines específicos y sigan aplicando, cuando proceda, la práctica de efectuar promesas de contribuciones plurianuales.", "56. La UNODC debería adoptar nuevas medidas concretas para fomentar la confianza de los donantes mediante una demostración de responsabilidad a todos los niveles de la Oficina, tanto en lo que respecta a la ejecución de los programas como a las prácticas del personal directivo superior. Como primera medida, el Comité Ejecutivo (véase el capítulo IV) confirmó la necesidad de crear un mecanismo específico para vigilar la situación financiera de la UNODC sobre una base más periódica. Esto se tradujo en la celebración de reuniones de información periódicas del Jefe de la Sección de Gestión de Recursos Financieros con los Directores de las divisiones. En opinión de los Inspectores, esta práctica podría ampliarse con la creación de un mecanismo institucional, como un comité de asignación de recursos encargado de examinar la situación financiera y supervisar la priorización estratégica de la asignación de recursos y de establecer prioridades en lo que respecta a las campañas de recaudación de fondos. La existencia de ese comité también podría contribuir a aumentar la transparencia y la confianza de los donantes, a fin de tratar de reducir la asignación de contribuciones para fines específicos.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia y la transparencia de la Organización.", "Recomendación 5", "El Director Ejecutivo debería establecer un mecanismo institucional para supervisar la situación financiera de la Oficina y determinar la asignación general de recursos, especialmente con miras a aumentar la transparencia, a fin de tratar de reducir la asignación de contribuciones para fines específicos.", "D. Estrategia de recaudación de fondos para seguir ampliando la base de donantes", "57. La UNODC clasifica a sus donantes en cinco grupos principales, como se indica en el cuadro 3. Para más de las dos terceras partes de sus contribuciones extrapresupuestarias la UNODC se basa en una categoría de donantes, y esa proporción aumenta si se añaden otras categorías como los fondos fiduciarios de múltiples donantes o las instituciones financieras internacionales, que también se basan principalmente en el mismo conjunto de países. Cabe observar como señal positiva que esta dependencia se ha reducido significativamente desde 2005; se ha visto propiciada en gran medida por contribuciones bilaterales para proyectos de ejecución nacional cuya responsabilidad se delega en la UNODC. Los Inspectores observaron con satisfacción que la proporción de la categoría de donantes nuevos y nacionales se ha duplicado con creces en los últimos cinco años. A pesar de haber sufrido una fuerte reducción en 2008 y 2009, representa una proporción de más del 25% de los ingresos extrapresupuestarios de la UNODC.", "Cuadro 3: proporción de las respectivas contribuciones extrapresupuestarias de los donantes de la UNODC (2005 a 2009) (porcentaje)", "Categoría de donantes de 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 la UNODC", "Principales donantes 83,5 61,5 71,7 53,9 64,7", "Donantes nuevos y 10,5 31,7 21,2 38,7 25,6 nacionales", "Organismos de las Naciones 3,9 5,1 6 3,5 5,4 Unidas", "Fondos fiduciarios de 0 0 0 2,1 2,3 múltiples donantes", "Instituciones financieras 1,7 1,3 0,8 0,8 1,1 internacionales y organizaciones intergubernamentales", "Sector privado 0,4 0,4 0,3 1 0,8", "Fuente: Informes anuales de la UNODC, 2006 a 2010", "58. La Junta Ejecutiva del Fondo Monetario Internacional se reformó recientemente, aumentando las cuotas para los mercados emergentes y los países en desarrollo. El Banco Mundial ya ha adoptado medidas similares. Estos cambios constituyen un reconocimiento de que los países en desarrollo están desempeñando un papel cada vez más importante en la economía mundial. En opinión de los Inspectores, la UNODC debería seguir esforzándose por ampliar aún más su base de donantes a fin de que incluya un mayor número de países en desarrollo, en particular los que cuentan con mercados emergentes, y por aumentar la participación del sector privado.", "59. La actual instrucción de gestión sobre recaudación de fondos[10] carece de una declaración clara sobre el enfoque estratégico de la UNODC en materia de movilización de recursos. Se centra en la política y los procedimientos generales. Los Inspectores recomiendan que se actualice el documento, especialmente para incluir más aspectos estratégicos.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 6", "El Director Ejecutivo debería formular una estrategia de recaudación de fondos para seguir ampliando la base de donantes de la Oficina.", "IV. GESTIÓN EJECUTIVA", "60. En la UNODC, los principales mecanismos de gestión son: a) el Comité Ejecutivo; b) el Comité de Examen de la Gestión; c) la reunión de funcionarios de categoría superior de la UNODC; y d) las reuniones de las divisiones[11].", "61. El propósito del Comité Ejecutivo es constituirse en el principal foro para la adopción de decisiones al más alto nivel. Es un órgano común de la ONUV y la UNODC integrado por todos los directores de ambas entidades así como por otros funcionarios de categoría superior. Tal vez no preste la debida atención a cuestiones específicas de la UNODC y, por lo tanto, tal vez tenga un efecto limitado en la Oficina como comité del personal directivo superior. Los Inspectores examinaron las actas de las reuniones celebradas por el Comité Ejecutivo en años recientes así como los cuadros de control de sus decisiones y observaron que las reuniones ofrecían más bien una oportunidad de intercambiar información. En opinión de los Inspectores, hay margen para fortalecer el Comité Ejecutivo y lograr que se concentre más en la gestión sustantiva y estratégica (visión) de especial interés para la UNODC. Su personal directivo superior debería evaluar la posibilidad de que esto se alcance ya sea con el formato actual del Comité Ejecutivo en el marco de la ONUV y la UNODC, o bien por medio de un mecanismo específico de la UNODC.", "62. El Comité de Examen de la Gestión fue reemplazado por el Equipo Superior de Gestión en abril de 2010. Su mandato tiene un ámbito limitado y se centra en cuestiones de gestión de la actuación profesional y planes de promoción de las perspectivas de carrera. Las deliberaciones relativas a la evaluación individual de la actuación profesional (e-PAS) se limitan generalmente a examinar el cumplimiento y la clasificación media. Los Inspectores alientan al personal directivo superior a seguir examinando la manera de transformar la evaluación individual de la actuación profesional en un instrumento más eficaz para la gestión del personal en el contexto de una organización caracterizada por la inseguridad laboral. El anterior Director Ejecutivo también había expresado su preocupación en el sentido de que algunos administradores no utilizaban adecuadamente el instrumento del e-PAS.", "A. Cuestionamiento de la administración por el personal", "63. En lo que respecta a la gestión ejecutiva, las mejoras son importantes en comparación con la situación que existía hace diez años. No obstante, los Inspectores recibieron un número considerable de observaciones que revelaban la insatisfacción del personal con la gestión general de la Oficina y con el personal directivo superior en particular, lo que indica que la moral del personal es baja en la Oficina. La falta de transparencia en la adopción de decisiones, la ausencia de comunicación en grado suficiente y la falta de aliento para la celebración de debates abiertos, el hecho de que no se realice un seguimiento de las decisiones, la mala gestión, etc., se citan con frecuencia como ejemplos de preocupaciones, como se indica en la figura 4 infra.", "64. Los Inspectores están convencidos de que debería prestarse urgente atención a la gestión general a fin de crear una atmósfera y condiciones más adecuadas para garantizar la eficacia. En ese espíritu, el personal directivo superior de la UNODC debería garantizar el recurso periódico a mecanismos institucionalizados de diálogo y comunicación con el personal y proporcionar un verdadero foro para el intercambio de opiniones a fin de aumentar la identificación de los funcionarios con las decisiones que afectan directamente a sus condiciones de trabajo y entorno.", "Figura 4: Esferas de preocupación de los funcionarios de la UNODC relacionadas con la gestión ejecutiva", "[]", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "B. Reestructuración institucional de 2010", "65. La UNODC efectuó una reestructuración institucional en abril de 2010 que fue motivada no solo por dificultades financieras que requerían cierta racionalización de la estructura sino también por anteriores recomendaciones de supervisión que señalaban duplicaciones, superposiciones y lagunas de funciones sustantivas o administrativas así como una falta de coordinación y la existencia de una competencia interna. El proceso de reajuste se guió por el principio rector de consolidar los conocimientos temáticos especializados para aumentar la integración sustantiva de los temas mediante una redistribución de secciones y dependencias de dos divisiones, a saber, la División de Operaciones y la División para Asuntos de Tratados.", "66. En el momento de la realización del examen por los Inspectores, los cambios estructurales eran demasiado recientes como para que se pudieran sacar conclusiones sobre sus aspectos positivos o negativos. No obstante, se formularon algunas observaciones a los Inspectores, principalmente lamentando que el proceso hubiera sido parcial, que hubiera abarcado solo dos de las cuatro divisiones de la UNODC, y que por lo tanto podía considerarse como una oportunidad desaprovechada para ajustar aun más la estructura a los mandatos de la Oficina.", "67. Los Inspectores también recibieron observaciones de funcionarios que expresaban inquietudes acerca de un patrón de reestructuración constante en la UNODC. Las razones de la reestructuración institucional no siempre resultan evidentes para los funcionarios, y no se les comunican claramente. Algunos entrevistados cuestionaron enérgicamente los fundamentos de los cambios administrativos, destacando su impresión de que se trataba de la realización de un programa personal que estaba por encima de la institución, en algunos casos.", "68. Tras el examen del mandato y el proceso de priorización (recomendación 2), los Inspectores aconsejarían también al Director Ejecutivo que realizara un examen funcional de todas las divisiones, secciones y dependencias de la UNODC, y que las ajustara al marco de acción reconfirmado y priorizado de la Oficina, incluso reorientando los recursos humanos y financieros si era necesario.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 7 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería realizar un examen funcional de todaslas divisiones, secciones y dependencias de la UNODC a fin deajustarlas como parte de un marco de acción reconfirmado y priorizadode la Oficina propuesto en la recomendación 2.", "C. La falta de coordinación reduce la eficacia", "69. En anteriores informes de supervisión se señaló la falta de coordinación e incluso cierta competencia entre entidades de la UNODC. Estos problemas son el resultado de la fusión de entidades de diferentes orígenes y dos culturas distintas en una misma Oficina. También son consecuencia del contexto financiero, en el que las actividades de cada dependencia están muy supeditadas a las contribuciones voluntarias movilizadas.", "70. En el cuadro 4 figuran los resultados de la encuesta sobre coordinación y cooperación de las divisiones, los departamentos y las dependencias de la UNODC, por un lado, y entre la sede y las oficinas extrasede, por el otro. Por cierto, los entrevistados de diversos niveles jerárquicos señalaron repetidas veces como problemáticas las cuestiones relativas a la coordinación. En el cuadro también se muestra que las opiniones expresadas varían considerablemente según la categoría de los encuestados. Los Inspectores observaron que las opiniones de los funcionarios internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico eran más críticas. Es interesante señalar que la evaluación realizada por el personal de la sede es sistemáticamente más crítica en comparación con la retroalimentación recibida del terreno. Además, los funcionarios de la UNODC critican la manera en que se documentan las responsabilidades y los procesos de trabajo, lo que podría tener repercusiones en la eficacia interna de la Oficina.", "71. A modo de ejemplo, los Inspectores escucharon repetidos comentarios sobre la ausencia de coordinación de las actividades de recaudación de fondos e incluso sobre la competencia entre dependencias y oficinas que caen en la tentación de movilizar fondos para sus propios proyectos, garantizando así su existencia. Esto también parece contribuir a distraer a los funcionarios de los aspectos sustantivos de su labor.", "72. Los Inspectores recomiendan que la UNODC examine sus actuales mecanismos de coordinación así como la eficacia de estos, a fin de determinar si hay duplicación o elementos superfluos en los procesos o desviaciones y superposiciones en las prácticas.", "Cuadro 4: Opiniones de diversas categorías de funcionarios de la UNODC sobre cuestiones de coordinación (porcentaje)", "A su modo de ver ¿hay suficiente coordinación y cooperación entre las divisiones, departamentos y unidades de la UNODC?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 20,2 39,7 34,3 5,7", "Funcionarios internacionales 9,4 34,4 54,4 1,7 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Funcionarios de la sede 14,4 37,4 43,2 4,9", "Funcionarios sobre el 23,6 42,0 28,9 5,5 terreno", "A su modo de ver ¿es adecuado el nivel de coordinación y cooperación entre la sede y las oficinas extrasede?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 20,4 40,1 31,0 8,5", "Funcionarios internacionales 7,8 35,0 53,9 3,3 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Funcionarios de la sede 12,3 42,0 34,2 11,5", "Funcionarios sobre el 25,7 38,8 30,0 5,5 terreno", "A su modo de ver ¿las respectivas responsabilidades y procesos de trabajo de las divisiones o departamentos están documentados con claridad y exactitud?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 20,0 39,6 31,4 9,0", "Funcionarios internacionales 6,7 38,9 48,9 5,6 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Funcionarios de la sede 12,3 44,0 35,8 7,8", "Funcionarios sobre el 24,8 36,2 29,2 9,9 terreno", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "73. Los Inspectores observaron que el Seminario anual para representantes sobre el terreno, mecanismo de coordinación interna en el que participan tanto representantes regionales de la UNODC como representantes en los países y funcionarios de diversas secciones de la sede, era una práctica adecuada. Además de las deliberaciones sustantivas, el Seminario aborda una amplia gama de cuestiones administrativas y de gestión que se examinan en forma colectiva. Brinda una oportunidad de que los administradores sobre el terreno interactúen directamente con administradores de la sede, tanto en sesiones colectivas como en reuniones bilaterales. Los Inspectores consideran que es un foro útil para aumentar la comprensión recíproca de las respectivas capacidades, limitaciones, procedimientos, funciones, logros etc., que podría mitigar cierta sensación de desconexión con la sede.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la coordinación general en la Oficina y, por lo tanto, su eficacia.", "Recomendación 8 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería emprender un examen y evaluaciónamplios de los mecanismos y procedimientos de coordinación de laOficina y adoptar medidas apropiadas para mejorarlos para finales de2012.", "D. Planificación estratégica y gestión basada en los resultados", "74. La planificación estratégica ha tenido un gran impulso en la UNODC con la aprobación de la estrategia de mediano plazo para el período 2008-2011 de la Oficina, que complementa el correspondiente programa del marco estratégico de las Naciones Unidas[12].", "75. La determinación de si la estrategia de mediano plazo de la UNODC estaba abordando de manera adecuada cuestiones estratégicas y sería utilizada como instrumento de gestión estratégica con miras a elaborar una visión común para la UNODC generó comentarios muy diversos de los entrevistados. Los Inspectores recibieron repetidos comentarios sobre la ausencia de una visión a largo plazo para la Oficina y sus misiones, o por lo menos la ausencia de una comunicación clara de esa visión a todas las dependencias y al personal. Esta situación también es consecuencia de la tendencia observada en los últimos años, cuando la UNODC estableció su presencia en muchas esferas diferentes para captar apoyo financiero.", "76. Como se ilustra en la figura 5 infra, la UNODC emprendió en los últimos años iniciativas de planificación regionales y temáticas. Con el apoyo de los Estados Miembros, la actual programación temática[13] y regional constituye un intento por conciliar numerosos proyectos fragmentados y esporádicos en un conjunto de programas más estratégico y consolidado. Los Inspectores pudieron percibir en sus entrevistas y en su examen de los documentos programáticos un gran compromiso interno y una actitud proactiva para ajustar el proceso y aprovechar a tales efectos las enseñanzas extraídas de programas ya elaborados. Actualmente están en vías de desarrollo algunos programas regionales y temáticos.", "77. Los múltiples niveles y marcos cronológicos que utiliza la UNODC en sus procesos de planificación estratégica se indican en la figura 5 infra, en la que también se puede ver que no existe una alineación plena de todos los documentos de planificación, dado que se conciben y elaboran gradualmente.", "Figura 5: Planificación estratégica en la UNODC", "[]", "78. Está previsto que se deriven muchos beneficios del enfoque temático y programático, a saber: a) un diálogo mejorado con los Estados Miembros, aumentando por lo tanto su implicación por la vía de la intervención de los actores regionales en la etapa de la elaboración, así como mediante la participación de estos en los comités directivos en la etapa de ejecución; b) el potencial de una movilización de recursos y de una financiación asignada con mayor flexibilidad por los donantes a nivel de los programas más que a nivel de proyectos individuales; c) la mayor eficacia administrativa que se deriva de la realización de una serie de actividades de gestión a nivel de los programas, y d) la creación de un marco de supervisión reforzado en el que la sede y las oficinas extrasede contribuirían al mejoramiento de la obligación de rendir cuentas.", "79. No obstante, se han identificado algunos otros aspectos que son problemáticos, a saber: a) la UNODC debe gestionar mejor la supresión gradual de los proyectos existentes y la transición hacia la programación; b) la UNODC debe gestionar la coexistencia en su cartera de programas y proyectos nacionales elaborados teniendo en cuenta las situaciones locales; c) la UNODC necesita ajustar los actuales instrumentos institucionales de gestión y presentación de informes para que cumplan plenamente los requisitos de apoyo administrativo y financiero de programas más amplios (como la presentación de informes, el seguimiento de la información, la vigilancia de promesas de contribuciones, gastos, etc.); d) la UNODC debe conciliar el reajuste de varios niveles de programación que no se conciben, redactan y aprueban al mismo tiempo.", "80. Los Inspectores llegaron a la conclusión de que en la UNODC la planificación estratégica representa un reto, dado el contexto caracterizado por la imprevisibilidad de los recursos debida principalmente a la asignación de fondos para fines específicos. No obstante, destacan que la planificación estratégica debería basarse en la priorización y la visión a largo plazo (recomendación 2) de las actividades a fin de alcanzar los objetivos establecidos. Esto es de primordial importancia para que una entidad como la UNODC no tenga que verse obligada a ejecutar programas y actividades impulsados por los donantes. Los Inspectores también recomiendan la realización de una evaluación completamente independiente de la ejecución de la programación temática y regional, cuyos resultados se presentarían a los órganos rectores.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficiencia de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 9 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería presentar una evaluación independientede la programación temática y regional e informar sobre la situaciónde su ejecución, su impacto y las enseñanzas extraídas a la Comisiónde Estupefacientes y a la Comisión de Prevención del Delito yJusticia Penal para finales de 2013.", "81. Si bien el enfoque de la gestión basada en los resultados recibe un fuerte apoyo de los Estados Miembros, en opinión de los Inspectores la Oficina sigue enfrentando una serie de retos a ese respecto. La encuesta en línea indicó que el nivel de conocimiento de la gestión basada en los resultados era relativamente bajo y dispar entre los funcionarios de la UNODC, hecho que se confirmó durante las entrevistas con los administradores pertinentes. Fue alentador comprobar que los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico conocen mejor la gestión basada en los resultados, pero al mismo tiempo cabe observar que el 36% de ellos manifestó que los objetivos y resultados previstos de la UNODC no se les comunicaban claramente. Las dudas expresadas en las respuestas relativas al impacto de la gestión basada en los resultados en la mejora de la ejecución general son preocupantes, en particular las del personal directivo superior (4,2% de respuestas positivas). Sobre la base de las respuestas a la encuesta, existe también una necesidad urgente de impartir más capacitación en materia de gestión basada en los resultados.", "Cuadro 5: Opiniones de los funcionarios de la UNODC con respecto al impacto de la gestión basada en los resultados en la ejecución de actividades de la Oficina (porcentaje)", "A su modo de ver, la gestión basada en los resultados ¿ha mejorado la ejecución general de las actividades de la UNODC?", "Sí Medianamente No No sabe", "Todos los funcionarios 8,6 21,7 20,8 48,9", "Funcionarios internacionales 5,6 26,4 32,6 35,4 del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Personal directivo superior 4,2 27,1 43,8 25,0 (P‑5 y categorías superiores)", "Funcionarios de la sede 5,7 24,1 24,1 46,1", "Funcionarios sobre el 10,0 20,2 19,0 50,8 terreno", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "82. Las observaciones anteriores de la OSSI señalaban las dificultades de la planificación y la gestión basada en los resultados en la UNODC. Los Inspectores consideran que una cultura más pujante de la gestión basada en los resultados en la UNODC beneficiaría sin duda a la Oficina, ya que contribuiría a una mejor comprensión por parte de los donantes de las actividades y logros de esta mediante el aumento de la transparencia y la obligación de rendir cuentas. De esta manera se fortalecería la confianza de los donantes y, por lo tanto, se atraerían más recursos. Los Inspectores examinaron varios documentos de planificación y reconocieron los progresos realizados en los últimos años, teniendo en cuenta que podrían surgir algunas dificultades en la determinación de parámetros pertinentes para medir los logros en esferas como las drogas o el delito, que son delicadas por naturaleza.", "83. Los Inspectores alientan a los administradores y representantes regionales de la UNODC a que sigan esforzándose por aumentar la pertinencia, relevancia y calidad de los indicadores. Los inspectores alientan al personal directivo superior de la UNODC a que siga desarrollando una cultura de planificación y basada en los resultados a fin de crear progresivamente una base de conocimientos institucionales y una cultura compartida en materia de gestión basada en los resultados entre los funcionarios.", "E. Retos relacionados con la presencia sobre el terreno", "84. Desde su creación, la UNODC ha desarrollado considerablemente su presencia sobre el terreno y la cobertura de los países que corresponden a la expansión de su cartera de actividades de cooperación técnica. Como se indica en la figura 6 infra, la red sobre el terreno de la Oficina abarca cuatro categorías de entidades, a saber: a) oficinas regionales (dirigidas por un representante sobre el terreno); b) oficinas en los países (dirigidas por un representante sobre el terreno o un administrador nacional); c) oficinas de programas (dirigidas por un jefe o coordinador del programa, según proceda), y d) asesores. En el anexo III figura un mapa del despliegue sobre el terreno de la UNODC.", "85. Los Inspectores observaron los esfuerzos de la UNODC por formalizar aún más la estructura y la nomenclatura de su red sobre el terreno. En 2010, el Comité Ejecutivo hizo suya la nota de orientación en la que se definían los respectivos papeles, funciones y responsabilidades de cada entidad y sus interacciones con otras entidades dentro y fuera de la UNODC. No obstante, durante el examen fue obvio que este documento no se había dado a conocer lo suficiente en la Oficina, incluso entre la comunidad de representantes sobre el terreno. Por consiguiente, es necesario difundir esta nota de concepto para garantizar que las oficinas extrasede cumplan con sus disposiciones y directrices.", "Figura 6: Evolución de la presencia de la UNODC sobre el terreno (2005 a 2009)", "[]", "Fuente: Datos consolidados sobre la base de los informes anuales de la UNODC y de la información proporcionada", "por esta. La cobertura de países puede cambiar durante un año determinado.", "86. Los entornos operativos de las oficinas extrasede de la UNODC varían considerablemente entre oficinas situadas en distintos países, y lo mismo sucede con el ámbito y la índole de las actividades realizadas. Los Inspectores desean resaltar que los encuestados consideran que la presencia sobre el terreno es beneficiosa para la Oficina y para su capacidad de ejecución. Casi un 60% de ellos estima que la presencia sobre el terreno da resultados positivos y contribuye a mejorar la capacidad de ejecución de la UNODC. Solo un 5,2% de los encuestados expresó una opinión negativa.", "87. No obstante, durante la realización del examen hubo consenso en que la presencia de la UNODC sobre el terreno seguía siendo limitada en términos de recursos y conocimientos especializados disponibles. De hecho, el despliegue sobre el terreno se sustenta casi enteramente en fuentes extrapresupuestarias, y lo mismo ocurre en el caso de la División de Operaciones. Esto crea tensiones e incertidumbre, y podría influir en las prioridades de los programas así como en la ejecución de los mandatos. Entre las entidades extrasede existen oficinas autónomas (que se ocupan de una gran cartera de proyectos) y oficinas subsidiadas (que tienen una base de proyectos más pequeña).", "88. En el momento actual, basándose en el de proceso priorización (recomendación 2), los Inspectores opinan que la Oficina debería redefinir el enfoque estratégico de su presencia sobre el terreno y reconfirmar sus principios sobre despliegue, en particular la estrategia para fortalecer su presencia regional o su despliegue en los países.", "89. Hay una serie de retos de gestión a nivel del terreno. La eficiencia y eficacia de la presencia sobre el terreno se relaciona estrechamente con la capacidad de liderazgo y de gestión de los representantes sobre el terreno. A menudo, una oficina trabaja con uno o dos funcionarios internacionales complementados con personal local. Los Inspectores observaron que las categorías de los representantes de la UNODC varían entre P-4 y D-1, según la magnitud de las operaciones de las que se encargan. Las descripciones de funciones de estos puestos datan de 1999 y existe por cierto una necesidad de actualizarlas teniendo en cuenta la evolución de la Oficina y de sus operaciones sobre el terreno. En ese contexto, los Inspectores observaron que se están realizando esfuerzos por elaborar descripciones genéricas de funciones para los jefes de las oficinas extrasede y de las oficinas regionales. Los Inspectores también alientan a la UNODC a que siga inscribiendo a sus representantes sobre el terreno en módulos de capacitación sobre liderazgo y gestión que puedan contribuir a mejorar la capacidad de gestión en las oficinas extrasede de la UNODC.", "90. Debido a su capacidad limitada, la UNODC se basa en el PNUD para el suministro de servicios de apoyo en esferas como la selección y administración del personal sobre el terreno, la gestión financiera y administrativa de las oficinas extrasede, el apoyo administrativo a los proyectos, etc. Los Inspectores escucharon una serie de observaciones relativas a las demoras y a la calidad de los servicios proporcionados a las oficinas extrasedes de la UNODC. También se reconoció que la situación local era un importante elemento de variabilidad en lo que respecta a la calidad de esos servicios. Los Inspectores también consideraron que la propia UNODC debía desempeñar un papel central en lo que al buen funcionamiento de esos arreglos respecta.", "91. La mayoría de los funcionarios desplegados sobre el terreno tienen contratos de servicio del PNUD, conformes a las condiciones contractuales del PNUD y a sus políticas. Contribuyen a ejecutar los mandatos de la Oficina, pero no se consideran funcionarios de la UNODC. El hecho de que coexistan diversas situaciones contractuales podría tener consecuencias en materia de gestión. Crea diferencias entre los funcionarios y también impone procedimientos y procesos engorrosos a los administradores, que se enfrentan a dos conjuntos de normas y reglamentos que a veces pueden ser contradictorios. También hay diferencias en lo que respecta al estatuto, los derechos y el sistema de evaluación de la actuación profesional de los funcionarios y a los procesos de administración de justicia. En última instancia, la situación podría perjudicar la calidad de la ejecución al repercutir en la motivación del personal así como en su retención.", "92. En un Memorando de Entendimiento de 1997 se definen los arreglos de trabajo y los servicios prestados en el marco de la lista universal de precios, que es a menudo competitiva. En opinión de los Inspectores, las disposiciones establecidas en el Memorando de Entendimiento en lo que respecta a la evaluación de los servicios y a los mecanismos para la solución de conflictos son demasiado generales. La UNODC debería celebrar consultas con el PNUD con miras a enmendar el Memorando de Entendimiento introduciendo indicadores de ejecución precisos a fin de garantizar un marco conjunto para evaluar el desempeño y los servicios. Los Inspectores también alientan a la UNODC a que tenga presentes soluciones alternativas. La UNODC utiliza los servicios ofrecidos por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS) en materia de gestión de proyectos, adquisiciones, recursos humanos y gestión financiera en los que existe una ventaja competitiva. También deberían estudiarse opciones para establecer una colaboración con el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno de las Naciones Unidas o para retener algunas actividades administrativas a nivel central y actuar a distancia, cuando sea posible. Asimismo, se están examinando las posibilidades de compartir emplazamientos con oficinas de las Naciones Unidas (por ejemplo, en Nairobi o en Bangkok).", "93. Más generalmente, mientras que para aspectos programáticos los funcionarios sobre el terreno tienen casi siempre una contraparte en la sede, la estructura y los mecanismos administrativos de apoyo no se han ajustado para hacer frente a la creciente presencia descentralizada. Es hora de que la UNODC establezca una estructura específica que se ocupe del apoyo a las operaciones sobre el terreno.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la eficacia de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 10 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería celebrar lo antes posible consultas conel Administrador del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para elDesarrollo a fin de examinar y actualizar el Memorando deEntendimiento en vigor con miras a incluir en él disposiciones parala evaluación de los servicios.", "94. La vigilancia de las actividades sobre el terreno es un requisito pero, en cierta medida, la falta de capacidad interna impide que se cumpla. Las auditorías recientes indican que además de los mecanismos de control y equilibrio existentes, es necesario aumentar la supervisión administrativa y financiera de las oficinas extrasede por parte de la sede. Los Inspectores se complacen en observar que la UNODC ha elaborado un nuevo sistema de vigilancia del cumplimiento y la eficiencia de sus operaciones sobre el terreno, que se ha presentado al Seminario de 2010 para representantes sobre el terreno. Mediante ese sistema, la UNODC procura establecer las condiciones para a) demostrar más responsabilidad institucional por la vía de la transparencia y de antecedentes documentados, a fin de prestar asistencia en la supervisión institucional, la adopción de decisiones y el aprendizaje institucional en la Oficina; b) medir los resultados de los programas a lo largo de toda su ejecución; y c) promover el aprendizaje institucional. Un enérgico compromiso institucional de apoyo a este sistema, con plena cooperación de todas las entidades interesadas (oficinas extrasede pero también entidades de la UNODC como el Servicio de Gestión de Recursos Financieros, el Servicio de Tecnología de la Información, los equipos de tareas, la Dependencia de Evaluación Independiente, la Dependencia de Planificación Estratégica, la Sección de Cofinanciación y Asociaciones, y la Dependencia de Control de Calidad y Supervisión), constituye un requisito para su éxito.", "V. GESTIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS HUMANOS", "95. La gestión de los recursos humanos se lleva a cabo en el marco de las Naciones Unidas. La Sección de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos de la ONUV y la UNODC tiene por lo tanto un ámbito de acción limitado en una serie de esferas. Al integrar la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, los objetivos de la UNODC se definen y evalúan en muchos ámbitos teniendo en cuenta los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas tal como se expresan en el ciclo de los planes de acción sobre recursos humanos. A los efectos del presente examen, los Inspectores quisieron analizar las cifras desde una perspectiva más amplia, incluyendo puestos financiados con cargo a fuentes distintas del presupuesto ordinario.", "96. Debido a la doble naturaleza de las actividades de la Oficina (normativa y de cooperación técnica), los Inspectores señalan el hecho de que algunas normas de las Naciones Unidas tal vez no se adapten plenamente a las necesidades de la Oficina, en particular en lo que respecta al aumento de su presencia sobre el terreno. En algunos aspectos, la Oficina presenta actualmente el perfil de un organismo especializado (conocimientos técnicos específicos, presencia sobre el terreno, necesidad de una capacidad de respuesta rápida, etc.).", "97. Las modalidades de financiación crean tensiones constantes en lo relacionado con la seguridad en el empleo, que es una preocupación de la mayoría de los funcionarios de la UNODC. La encuesta confirma que el impacto en los resultados institucionales no es insignificante y parece mayor entre los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico. Los Inspectores observaron los esfuerzos de la UNODC en la materia, como en el caso de las medidas de reducción de los gastos adoptadas en 2009, ocasión en que se perdieron muy pocos empleos. Pero cabe observar que los encuestados no se mostraron receptivos a las medidas de esa índole y señalaron el hecho de que la UNODC no cuenta con mecanismo alguno para hacer frente a la inseguridad laboral y mitigarla, como suele suceder en un contexto semejante.", "Cuadro 6: Opiniones de diversas categorías de funcionarios de la UNODC con respecto al impacto de la inseguridad laboral (porcentaje)", "A su modo de ver, ¿hasta qué punto resulta afectada la ejecución general por la inseguridad laboral en la UNODC?", "Considerablemente No mucho Medianamente En forma Para insignificante nada", "Todos los 63,3 12,5 20,4 2,4 1,4 funcionarios", "Funcionarios 72,5 7,3 16,9 2,8 0,6 internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico únicamente", "Funcionarios de 67,5 9,2 18,9 3,1 1,3 la sede", "Funcionarios 61,3 14,6 20,4 2,1 1,5 sobre el terreno", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "A. Recursos humanos considerados como problemáticos", "98. Los Inspectores son conscientes de que las cuestiones relativas a los recursos humanos tienden a generar debates, discusiones y frustración entre el personal de las organizaciones internacionales. No obstante, los ejemplos proporcionados durante las sesiones de entrevistas y los comentarios sumamente críticos expresados en las respuestas a la encuesta son indicativos de las opiniones del personal de la UNODC relativas a aspectos como la transparencia de los procedimientos y los procesos de selección, el cumplimiento de las normas y la coherencia de su aplicación, las impresiones de favoritismo y las dudas acerca del tratamiento equitativo de los candidatos, los prejuicios por motivos de género, etc. Los Inspectores están convencidos de que es de primordial importancia responder a estas percepciones aplicando y demostrando el grado más alto de cumplimiento, transparencia y comunicación en esas cuestiones en todas las etapas a fin de evitar motivos de frustración y rumores.", "99. Además, se formularon numerosas críticas relativas a la mala calidad de los servicios prestados por la Sección de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos, describiéndose a esta como no suficientemente orientada hacia los clientes. Los Inspectores recomiendan que la Sección de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos adopte medidas para reunir más periódicamente observaciones de los clientes a fin de identificar las percepciones de estos y realizar los ajustes correspondientes si es posible en el marco de su capacidad y de sus recursos.", "Figura 7: Cuestiones relativas a las recursos humanos mencionadas por los funcionarios de la UNODC", "[]", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "100. La movilidad se rige por la política de las Naciones Unidas, que se está revisando actualmente. En esa esfera, la UNODC participa en la iniciativa voluntaria de intercambio en redes para promover la movilidad del personal. Los Inspectores opinan que no obstante la ausencia de un plan de movilidad requerido, una mayor rotación entre los funcionarios de la sede y los que desempeñan sus funciones sobre el terreno podría beneficiar a la Oficina, ya que los conocimientos institucionales se desarrollarían mejor sobre la base de un mayor intercambio de experiencias. Por el momento, los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico, que son el principal objetivo del plan de movilidad, consideran que la UNODC no alienta suficientemente esa rotación. Los Inspectores estiman que la ausencia de un sistema de esa índole constituye una oportunidad perdida en el contexto de la UNODC.", "101. Con respecto a las cuestiones de recursos humanos, así como a otras cuestiones críticas de interés para el personal, los Inspectores recuerdan que, desde 2009, la Subdivisión Regional del Ombudsman de las Naciones Unidas en Viena brinda a los funcionarios una oportunidad de plantear asuntos de su interés y de estudiar las maneras de solucionar oficiosamente los problemas.", "B. La fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC", "102. En los cuadros 7 y 8 se presenta una instantánea de la composición de la fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC. Los Inspectores desean destacar las dificultades a las que se enfrentaron para obtener una visión clara de la plantilla de la UNODC debido a los recursos que esta comparte con la ONUV. A raíz de ello, los datos presentados se extrajeron de la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Información de Gestión (SIIG) y no incluyen a los funcionarios que se desempeñan en la División de Administración.", "Cuadro 7: Fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC según su ubicación correspondiente a los años 2005 y 2009, distribuida conforme al tipo de financiación (presupuesto ordinario (PO) o fondos extrapresupuestarios (XP))", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "PO XP PO XP PO XP PO XP", "Funcionarios de la 135 304 159 509 30,8 69,2 23,8 76,2 sede", "Funcionarios sobre 2 392 2 1940 0,5 99,5 0,1 99,9 el terreno", "Todos los 137 696 161 2449 16,4 83,6 6,2 93,8 funcionarios", "Fuente: Datos consolidados sobre la base de las cifras proporcionadas por la UNODC", "Cuadro 8: Fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC, por categorías, correspondiente a los años 2005 y 2009, distribuida conforme al tipo de financiación (presupuesto ordinario (PO) o fondos extrapresupuestarios (XP))", "2005 2009 Aumento porcentual", "PO XP PO XP PO XP", "Funcionarios de la Sede 135 304 159 509 17,8 67,4", "Funcionarios 70 73 80 95 14,3 30,1 internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico", "Funcionarios del Cuadro 41 55 43 55 4,9 0,0 de Servicios Generales", "Contratistas individuales 12 7 3 40 -75,0 471,4", "Consultores 12 16 33 79 175,0 393,8", "Otros: (oficiales - 78 - 15 - -80,8 auxiliares/expertos asociados/voluntarios),", "Pasantes - 75 - 225 - 200,0", "Funcionarios sobre el 2 392 2 1940 0,0 394,9 terreno", "Funcionarios 1 67 1 100 0,0 49,3 internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico", "Funcionarios del Cuadro 1 1 1 0,0 -100,0 de Servicios Generales", "Contratistas externos - 226 - 1290 - 470,8", "Consultores - 39 - 366 - 838,5", "Oficiales nacionales - 19 - 27 - 42,1", "Otros: (oficiales - 14 - 9 - -35,7 auxiliares/expertos asociados: pasantes, voluntarios, etc.)", "Personal contratado por - 26 - 148 469,2 el PNUD*", "Total por fuente de 137 696 161 2449 17,5 251,9 financiación", "Total de funcionarios 833 2610 + 213,3", "Fuente: Datos consolidados sobre la base de cifras proporcionadas por la UNODC", "103. Hay un aumento general de la fuerza de trabajo que coincide con una reducción de la proporción de puestos financiados con cargo a recursos del presupuesto ordinario. La relación entre los fondos del presupuesto ordinario y los fondos extrapresupuestarios ilustra el riesgo para la continuidad de las actividades, la eficacia institucional, la retención de servicios de expertos y conocimientos institucionales en la UNODC. En 2005, los puestos del presupuesto ordinario representaban el 16,5% de la fuerza de trabajo (con un 83,5% de puestos financiados con cargo a recursos extrapresupuestarios), pero se redujeron al 6,1% en 2009. Los Inspectores observaron también que dos categorías de la fuerza de trabajo (pasantes y consultores) se caracterizan por un marcado incremento. Paralelamente, la categoría de oficiales auxiliares se redujo considerablemente.", "104. Los programas de pasantías en las entidades de las Naciones Unidas se consideran una experiencia positiva para todas las partes interesadas: las organizaciones, los supervisores y los pasantes. Los Inspectores cuestionan el considerable y creciente empleo de pasantes en la sede, que podría indicar una falta de los recursos necesarios para satisfacer las necesidades de la Oficina. En ese contexto es, cuando menos, difícil cumplir con los requisitos normativos de creación de un entorno de trabajo conducente a un aprendizaje sustantivo y al desarrollo profesional de los pasantes, junto con la supervisión adecuada.", "105. El número de contratistas y consultores también ha aumentado debido a la expansión de la cartera. Por ejemplo, el número de consultores sobre el terreno se ha multiplicado con creces. Los Inspectores están preocupados en particular porque, como lo observó la Junta de Auditores en una serie de informes, la gestión de los contratos de consultoría a nivel local podría resultar problemática en lo que a aspectos como la selección, la vigilancia y la evaluación respecta.", "C. Equilibrio de género y diversidad de la fuerza de trabajo", "106. En el cuadro 9 se señala la gran diferencia en la proporción de mujeres y de hombres según el nivel jerárquico. La distribución por género en todo el Cuadro Orgánico ha mejorado levemente y la proporción de mujeres alcanzó el 42,4% en 2009. También se produjeron mejoras en lo que respecta a los puestos de alto nivel (P-5 y categorías superiores), aunque esos puestos todavía están ocupados en su mayor parte por hombres (más de las tres cuartas partes). A nivel del terreno, la distribución por género de los representantes sobre el terreno es más desfavorable (17,6% de mujeres), mientras que en el caso de los consultores, la proporción de mujeres se estima en un 38%. Esta situación generó comentarios durante las entrevistas y quejas presentadas por conducto de la encuesta en el sentido de que la UNODC era “una organización dominada por los hombres”.", "Cuadro 9: Distribución por género en la UNODC en el Cuadro Orgánico y categorías superiores en los años 2005 y 2009", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "Todos los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico", "Mujeres 85 117 40,3% 42,4%", "Hombres 126 159 59,7% 57,6%", "Funcionarios de alto nivel del Cuadro Orgánico (P-5 y categorías superiores)", "Mujeres 10 15 16,4% 24,2%", "Hombres 51 47 83,6% 75,8%", "Fuente: Datos proporcionados por la UNODC", "107. La misma tendencia positiva en relación con el equilibrio de género se observa en el caso de los procesos de contratación y ascensos en el Cuadro Orgánico. Pero también en esta oportunidad, los ascensos a nivel superior siguen correspondiendo en su mayoría a hombres. Las previsiones en materia de jubilación en puestos de alto nivel durante los próximos tres años ofrecen una oportunidad de adoptar medidas para aumentar la representación de la mujer, dado que ocho de los diez cargos de categoría superior afectados están ocupados actualmente por funcionarios de sexo masculino. Los Inspectores instan al Director Ejecutivo a aprovechar esta oportunidad para equilibrar mejor la representación de los géneros entre el personal directivo.", "Cuadro 10: Distribución por género de la contratación y los ascensos en el Cuadro Orgánico y categorías superiores durante el período comprendido entre 2005 y 2009", "Contratación (PO) Total de 2005 a Total (%) de 2005 a 2009 2009", "Todos los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico", "Mujeres 10 47,6%", "Hombres 11 52,4%", "No se realizó una contratación suficiente de personal superior del Cuadro Orgánico (P-5 y categorías superiores) como para que se puedan formular conclusiones", "Ascensos (PO) Total de 2005 de a Total (%) de 2005 a 2009 2009", "Todos los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico", "Mujeres 31 64,6%", "Hombres 17 35,4%", "Personal superior del Cuadro Orgánico (P-5 y categorías superiores)", "Mujeres 5 33,3%", "Hombres 10 66,7%", "Fuente: Datos proporcionados por la UNODC", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la representación de los géneros a nivel superior en la Oficina.", "Recomendación 11 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería adoptar nuevas medidas para mejorar elequilibrio de géneros a nivel superior, incluso en el caso de losrepresentantes sobre el terreno.", "108. La cuestión de la diversidad de la fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC también requiere alguna atención. En el anexo II se observa que el origen geográfico de los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico no está suficientemente equilibrado. Si bien estaban representadas 68 nacionalidades entre los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico de la UNODC en 2009, casi un tercio de ellos eran originarios de tres países del Grupo de los Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados. Esta situación debería corregirse mediante una estrategia de contratación proactiva a mediano plazo. Tras examinar los datos relativos a actividades de contratación y ascensos, los Inspectores desearían que se realizaran esfuerzos más serios y coherentes para ampliar la diversidad de la contratación a fin de tener en cuenta a candidatos de países en desarrollo, incluso a nivel superior.", "109. El equilibrio geográfico entre los consultores también es preocupante. En 2009, el 51% de los consultores provenían de cuatro países (a saber, el Reino Unido, Australia, los Estados Unidos y el Canadá). Esta concentración representa una pérdida de diversidad de conocimientos especializados y experiencia y una falta de participación y contribuciones de otras regiones. Si bien los Directores de la División para Asuntos de Tratados y de la División de Operaciones abogaron por ampliar la diversidad de nacionalidades de los consultores, la situación no ha mejorado demasiado.", "110. Dada la especificidad de los mandatos, la fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC debe poseer una gran especialización en diversas esferas como el tráfico de drogas, la corrupción, etc. La Sección de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos debería adoptar medidas para fortalecer su capacidad de procurar activamente los servicios de esos expertos especializados, en particular en los países en desarrollo. La UNODC se propone emplear los medios puestos a disposición por Inspira, el nuevo instrumento de contratación de las Naciones Unidas, para apoyar esos esfuerzos de promoción.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar el equilibrio geográfico de los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 12 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería establecer un plan de acción claro paraampliar la diversidad de la fuerza de trabajo en el Cuadro Orgánico,así como entre los consultores, en particular considerando laposibilidad de contratar a más candidatos de países en desarrollo.", "D. Insuficiencia de los recursos para capacitación, desigualdad de las oportunidades de capacitación", "111. Dada la necesidad de mantener conocimientos especializados sustantivos en la esfera jurídica y en diversas esferas técnicas, la capacitación y el reciclaje de los funcionarios son estratégicos para la UNODC. Como se indica en la figura 7 supra, la capacitación constituye uno de los mayores intereses de los funcionarios que respondieron a la encuesta.", "112. Si bien los Inspectores observaron que el número de funcionarios capacitados se duplicó en los últimos cinco años, las cuestiones que se mencionan a continuación retuvieron la atención de los Inspectores:", "a) Los fondos para capacitación se suministran sobre la base de la fuerza de trabajo financiada con cargo a los recursos del presupuesto ordinario, sin tener en cuenta a los funcionarios financiados con cargo a otros tipos de recursos. Por consiguiente, los recursos para capacitación son notoriamente insuficientes. La UNODC ha introducido de manera proactiva soluciones creativas para ampliar tanto como sea posible la inscripción, pero su impacto ha sido limitado.", "b) El acceso a la capacitación no solo es limitado sino también desigual entre los cuadros de personal. Los funcionarios sobre el terreno no están suficientemente expuestos a oportunidades de capacitación, no obstante la existencia de módulos en línea. A nivel local, la situación contractual también es un obstáculo. En opinión de los Inspectores, esta situación entraña un importante riesgo institucional, dado que es probable que los funcionarios encargados del suministro de servicios o de procedimientos operacionales clave no reciban un entrenamiento suficiente y periódico. Las expectativas de organizar actividades de capacitación descentralizadas están limitadas por restricciones financieras. En consecuencia, el personal sobre el terreno a menudo se ve sometido a un proceso de “aprendizaje en la práctica”.", "c) Como se mencionó, la labor de la UNODC se relaciona con aptitudes y competencias muy específicas, y por lo tanto la idoneidad de la capacitación, en particular el perfeccionamiento de las aptitudes sustantivas y técnicas para mejorar la eficacia profesional de sus funcionarios, es de primordial importancia. A ese respecto, los Inspectores señalan el hecho de que solo un 27% de los encuestados pertenecientes al Cuadro Orgánico estaban satisfechos con la idoneidad de la capacitación que se les impartía. Los Inspectores también consideran que podría resultar beneficiosa la elaboración de módulos de capacitación básica sobre todos los mandatos de la UNODC a fin de aumentar la comprensión y los conocimientos institucionales.", "VI. SUPERVISIÓN", "A. Marco de supervisión", "113. El marco de supervisión se presenta en la figura 1 de este informe, junto con las disposiciones sobre gobernanza. Como parte de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas, la UNODC está sujeta a la supervisión interna de la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI), que desempeña funciones de auditoría, evaluación, inspección e investigación. La OSSI sigue un enfoque basado en los riesgos para seleccionar sus tareas de auditoría o de inspección y evaluación, y ha elaborado una serie de informes en cada una de esas esferas específicas.", "114. Un Memorando de Entendimiento de 1999 rige los arreglos de autoría (financiación de recursos, planificación, etc.). Los Inspectores comparten la recomendación de la Junta de Auditores en el sentido de examinar la actualización y revisión de este acuerdo. En su opinión, esos arreglos no tienen suficientemente en cuenta la expansión de la presencia sobre el terreno y el desarrollo de la cartera de la UNODC en el último decenio. Se han adoptado medidas iniciales a ese respecto.", "115. En lo relativo a la evaluación, además de la reciente inspección de los sistemas de vigilancia y evaluación de la UNODC, se informó a los inspectores de que la OSSI tiene previsto realizar una evaluación amplia de los programas de la Oficina en los próximos dos años. En el marco de los recursos existentes, no es probable que la UNODC se someta a otra evaluación de esa índole hasta que no haya transcurrido más de un decenio, lo que no se ajusta al ciclo de ocho años que la OSSI consideró adecuado y razonable en el contexto de las Naciones Unidas.", "116. La Dependencia Común de Inspección proporciona una supervisión externa independiente a la Oficina, que es una de sus organizaciones participantes. Los Inspectores encomian el cumplimiento y la puntualidad de la retroalimentación de la UNODC a la solicitud anual de información de seguimiento sobre las recomendaciones incluidas en los informes y notas de la DCI. Los Inspectores acogen con beneplácito el hecho de que el Grupo de trabajo sobre gobernanza y finanzas haya solicitado que “se presenten también a las Comisiones los informes pertinentes de la Dependencia Común de Inspección y el resumen de los informes pertinentes de la OSSI”[14]. Los Inspectores consideran que esto podría contribuir a mejorar la supervisión, teniendo presente que el examen de los informes de la DCI y las medidas que adopte en consecuencia la Asamblea General son en principio aplicables a la Oficina.", "117. En lo que respecta a los informes y notas de la DCI publicados durante el período comprendido entre 2004 y 2009, la UNODC aceptó el 40% de las recomendaciones que se le formularon. La fase de ejecución de las recomendaciones aceptadas es muy satisfactoria, ya que más del 90% de ellas se han señalado como ejecutadas o en curso de ejecución. El índice de aceptación más bien bajo puede explicarse por el hecho de que una serie de recomendaciones incluidas en los informes de la DCI para todo el sistema abordan cuestiones relacionadas con políticas y directrices elaboradas y ejecutadas a nivel de las Naciones Unidas y su Secretaría y con respecto a las cuales la Oficina tiene poca libertad para adoptar medidas.", "118. La Junta de Auditores audita los estados financieros consolidados y examina las operaciones de la Oficina correspondientes a cada bienio. La Junta emitió una opinión de auditoría sin salvedades para 2006‑2007 y 2008-2009, pero señaló una serie de cuestiones a la atención de la UNODC. Los Inspectores instan a la UNODC a que adopte medidas apropiadas para aplicar las recomendaciones formuladas por la Junta en informes anteriores que aún no se hayan aplicado plenamente.", "119. Los Inspectores observaron también que la UNODC no cuenta en la actualidad con un sistema de vigilancia de la aplicación de las recomendaciones de supervisión aceptadas, ya sea interno o externo. Los Inspectores opinan que debería elaborarse urgentemente un sistema de esa índole.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la obligación de rendir cuentas y el desempeño de la Oficina.", "Recomendación 13 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería adoptar medidas para crear, parafinales de 2011, un sistema interno de vigilancia de la aplicación delas recomendaciones formuladas por los órganos de supervisiónpertinentes.", "B. Hacia una capacidad de evaluación institucional fortalecida", "120. En el momento de realizar el presente examen, y no obstante la considerable atención prestada en los últimos años por los Estados Miembros y por la UNODC a la Dependencia de Evaluación Independiente, no se consideró que la función de evaluación en la UNODC diera garantías suficientes a los Estados Miembros y a los donantes en lo que respecta a la evaluación del desempeño de la UNODC. En opinión de los Inspectores, esta es una esfera prioritaria de examen, dado que es de primordial importancia que la UNODC esté en condiciones de medir y demostrar la eficacia y eficiencia de la ejecución de sus programas y los resultados conexos. Además, la Dependencia de Evaluación Independiente debe desempeñar un papel en muchas esferas importantes, como la obligación de rendir cuentas, los mecanismos de aprendizaje y la mejora en la elaboración de los programas y proyectos de la Oficina.", "121. La cuestión de la independencia de la función de evaluación que surgió a raíz de anteriores arreglos estructurales y de presentación de informes se solucionó colocando la Dependencia de Evaluación Independiente bajo la égida del Director Ejecutivo en el organigrama de la Oficina. Los Inspectores desean destacar la necesidad de seguir promoviendo una cultura de evaluación institucional, en cuyo marco y como responsabilidad compartida: a) los Estados Miembros deben conceder recursos suficientes y ejercer su responsabilidad de supervisión, en particular en lo que respecta a la manera en que la administración aplica las conclusiones de las evaluaciones. El hecho de que los representantes de los Estados Miembros hayan solicitado expresamente que los informes de evaluación se distribuyan directamente a los órganos rectores y al mismo tiempo al personal directivo superior de la UNODC es acogido con beneplácito por los Inspectores como señal de compromiso; b) el personal directivo de la UNODC debería crear las condiciones para la existencia de una robusta capacidad de evaluación institucional y establecer los mecanismos necesarios para asegurar que las conclusiones de la evaluación y las enseñanzas extraídas se apliquen en ciclos futuros de programas y proyectos; c) la dependencia de evaluación debe contribuir a afianzar su propia credibilidad y demostrar su utilidad elaborando informes de evaluación de alta calidad en cumplimiento de las reglas y normas profesionales, y d) el personal de la UNODC a todos los niveles (personal directivo superior, administradores de nivel medio o administradores de proyectos, oficiales sustantivos) debe adoptar una actitud abierta y de respaldo hacia las evaluaciones realizadas.", "VII. OTROS ASUNTOS", "A. La Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes", "122. La Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes (JIFE) es el órgano independiente y cuasi judicial de vigilancia de la aplicación de los tres tratados de fiscalización internacional de drogas de las Naciones Unidas, a saber: la Convención Única de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes, el Convenio sobre Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1971 y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1988. Establecida en 1968 con arreglo a lo dispuesto en la Convención Única de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes, tiene predecesores en el marco de los anteriores tratados de fiscalización de drogas, que datan de la época de la Sociedad de las Naciones.", "123. La JIFE desempeña un papel fundamental en la lucha internacional contra las drogas ilícitas. Cuenta, en el ejercicio de sus funciones de órgano creado en virtud de un tratado, con la asistencia de una secretaría. La secretaría de la JIFE es una entidad administrativa de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, pero responde únicamente ante la Junta sobre cuestiones de fondo. Para garantizar su independencia, la secretaría de la JIFE se financia con cargo a recursos del presupuesto ordinario de las Naciones Unidas.", "124. Los Inspectores opinan que un mejor entendimiento y cooperación entre la UNODC y la secretaría de la JIFE garantizaría el buen funcionamiento de la JIFE. Por cierto, ambas partes manifestaron la necesidad de mejorar esas relaciones, señalando algunas dificultades en lo que respecta a recursos presupuestarios y gestión, contratación del personal, adquisiciones y apoyo administrativo.", "125. La línea jerárquica de la secretaría de la JIFE (D-1) dentro del organigrama de la UNODC ha sido motivo de alguna preocupación, dado que rinde informe al Jefe de la División para Asuntos de Tratados en lugar de hacerlo directamente al Director Ejecutivo. Los Inspectores consultaron la resolución 1991/48 del Consejo Económico y Social, refrendada por la resolución 46/104 de la Asamblea General, sobre las disposiciones administrativas relativas a la secretaría de la JIFE y al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas, el predecesor de la UNODC. En la resolución se establece que: “El Secretario de la Junta será nombrado o adscrito a ella por el Secretario General, previa consulta con la Junta”. El Secretario responderá ante la Junta en todas las cuestiones de fondo y ante el Director Ejecutivo en las demás cuestiones. Sobre la base de la resolución, los Inspectores sostienen que para garantizar la independencia de la JIFE y de su secretaría, el Secretario debería informar directamente al Director Ejecutivo.", "La recomendación que se formula a continuación tiene por objeto mejorar la obligación de rendir cuentas y el desempeño de la secretaría de la JIFE.", "Recomendación 14 \nEl Director Ejecutivo debería modificar tan pronto como sea posiblela línea jerárquica correspondiente al Secretario de la JIFE, ysituar este cargo bajo su responsabilidad directa en el organigrama.", "B. Arreglos entre la ONUV y la UNODC", "126. El actual organigrama de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena y de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito se estableció en los documentos ST/SGB/2004/5 y ST/SGB/2004/6, respectivamente. Su principal característica es que la ONUV y la UNODC, como entidades separadas, comparten una División de Gestión que presta servicios a ambas entidades, así como a otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas en Viena. Las funciones básicas de la División se dividen entre ambas Oficinas.", "127. Si bien los arreglos son satisfactorios en la práctica a nivel de trabajo y los Inspectores no los cuestionan como tales, cabe observar que en 2010 la Junta de Auditores planteó la cuestión de los servicios administrativos compartidos, como los de gestión financiera, y observó dificultades para realizar un desglose exacto de los gastos de personal y gastos conexos entre la ONUV y la UNODC[15]. A vía de ejemplo, se señaló que los gastos de gestión de la UNODC no pueden por lo tanto determinarse ni estimarse fácilmente. En el curso del examen, los Inspectores tuvieron dificultades para reunir datos centrados únicamente en la dotación de personal de la UNODC, por ejemplo.", "128. En la figura 8 infra se presenta un resumen de las opiniones de los encuestados con respecto a varios aspectos de los servicios prestados por la División de Gestión en apoyo de las actividades de la UNODC.", "Figura 8: Evaluación, por los funcionarios de la UNODC, de los servicios prestados por la División de Gestión", "[]", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "C. Servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones", "129. La Sección de Tecnología de la Información de la ONUV/UNODC tiene una sólida reputación y un alto perfil en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en lo que a sus avanzadas capacidades de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones respecta, como se ha reconocido en varias encuestas sobre satisfacción de los usuarios. No obstante, durante el examen se registraron algunos comentarios en el sentido de que la Sección podría concentrarse más en prestar servicios de apoyo buenos y oportunos a diversas dependencias de la UNODC.", "130. Además de los servicios de apoyo, la Sección de Tecnología de la Información elabora también aplicaciones informáticas para clientes externos, principalmente gobiernos, en esferas abarcadas por los programas de la UNODC como las de blanqueo de dinero y delitos financieros, y para las cuales existen pocas alternativas disponibles en el mercado comercial. Estos servicios sustantivos se consideran como actividades de cooperación técnica realizadas sobre la base de la recuperación de costos y se rigen por acuerdos sobre el nivel de los servicios. La UNODC señaló que “la capacidad de los Estados Miembros de cumplir eficazmente sus mandatos en esferas como la fiscalización de drogas, la presentación de informes estadísticos y la vigilancia estadística, la reforma de la justicia penal y la lucha contra el blanqueo de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo se ve considerablemente potenciada por el empleo de sofisticadas soluciones de la tecnología de la información y de infraestructuras de comunicaciones”. Si bien no cuestionan el valor añadido para los Estados Miembros, los Inspectores desean destacar que estas actividades deberían llevarse a cabo en plena coordinación con otras entidades de la UNODC. Por ejemplo, los Inspectores subrayan que los representantes sobre el terreno de la UNODC deberían tener conocimiento de todas las actividades de cooperación técnica realizadas por la Sección de Tecnología de la Información en apoyo de los gobiernos de los países comprendidos en el ámbito de su región y participar en ellas.", "VIII. ASPECTOS DESTACADOS DE LA ENCUESTA", "131. El personal de la UNODC realizó su contribución al examen de los Inspectores, por medio de una encuesta en línea que se envió tanto a los funcionarios de la sede como al personal sobre el terreno en mayo y junio de 2010. El enlace se distribuyó por conducto del sistema de gestión de la información de la UNODC y los Inspectores recopilaron y procesaron en forma confidencial las respuestas. El índice de participación, en particular en Viena, es ilustrativo y estadísticamente representativo de las opiniones de algunas categorías de funcionarios. Las conclusiones basadas en los datos agregados y filtrados provenientes de diversas categorías de funcionarios y diferentes ubicaciones se han incluido en el texto del informe.", "Cuadro 11: Participación en la encuesta de 2010 de la DCI, por ubicación", "Ubicación Destinatarios Personas que Índice de respondieron participación", "Sede de Viena 464 269 58 %", "Ubicaciones sobre el 1350 368 27,3 % terreno*", "Total 1814 665** 36,7 %", "*Incluye a todos los funcionarios situados fuera de la sede ** Incluye encuestas incompletas", "132. Al analizar las respuestas, los Inspectores observaron los siguientes puntos de interés: a) los funcionarios internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico son a menudo los más críticos en su evaluación; b) sorprenden las críticas del personal directivo (por encima de la categoría P-5) en las esferas bajo su responsabilidad cuando afirman que falta transparencia en la aplicación de las normas y los reglamentos y en las decisiones de gestión; tampoco consideran que se aliente suficientemente un debate abierto, y c) hay algunas marcadas diferencias entre las impresiones del personal de la sede y las de los funcionarios sobre el terreno.", "133. Los Inspectores reunieron 584 comentarios y sugerencias que figuraban en las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas y que se tradujeron en 1.526 puntos diferentes que abordaban un gran número de cuestiones administrativas y de gestión relacionadas con la labor de la Oficina. Mediante el análisis del contenido, los Inspectores agruparon esas observaciones en varias categorías amplias, que se representan en la figura 9 infra. Además, las opiniones expresadas por los funcionarios también se incorporaron en el texto del informe cuando se relacionaban con una cuestión específica.", "134. Los Inspectores sugieren que se realice periódicamente en la Oficina una encuesta del personal: por un lado, el personal de la UNODC demostró que estaba deseoso de contribuir a esa iniciativa y por el otro, el personal directivo podría beneficiarse con esta retroalimentación proporcionada en las respuestas expresadas por todos los componentes de la fuerza de trabajo de la UNODC.", "Figura 9: Esferas mencionadas por los encuestados de la UNODC", "Fuente: Encuesta de 2010 de la DCI", "Principales aspectos abarcados\n Gestión de los Capacitación, promoción de las perspectivas de recursos humanos carrera, situación contractual, seguridad en el empleo, diversidad de la fuerza de trabajo, contratación, movilidad, conocimientos institucionales, condiciones de trabajo.", "Gestión ejecutiva Transparencia, personal directivo superior, gestión de la actuación profesional, planificación estratégica y gestión basada en los resultados, prácticas de gestión, comunicación.", "Organigrama Coordinación y cooperación internas, comunicación interna, descentralización y reestructuración.", "Servicios Retroalimentación sobre la calidad del Servicio administrativos de Gestión de Recursos Financieros, Servicio de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos, servicios de adquisiciones, y relaciones con el PNUD. En particular en lo que respecta al apoyo sobre el terreno prestado por la sede.", "Marco financiero Gestión financiera, recursos financieros y financiación.", "Marco jurídico Disposiciones sobre gobernanza, mandatos de la Oficina, pertinencia de las normas y los reglamentos.", "Supervisión Auditoría de las oficinas extrasede, evaluación, vigilancia de las oficinas extrasede.", "Otras cuestiones Seguridad, transporte, gestión de proyectos y observaciones de carácter general.", "ANEXOS", "Anexo I: Organigrama de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, abril de 2010 (fuente: UNODC)", "[]", "Anexo II: Diversidad geográfica a nivel de los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico y categorías superiores (a diciembre de 2009)", "Nacionalidad Número de Porcentaje Nacionalidad Número de Porcentaje funcionarios funcionarios\n Italia 29 10,5% 23,6% Belarús 1 0,4%", "Alemania 19 6,9% Bosnia y 1 0,4% Herzegovina", "Estados Unidos de 17 6,2% Botswana 1 0,4% América", "Canadá 14 5,1% Cote d’Ivoire 1 0,4%", "Francia 13 4,7% Ecuador 1 0,4%", "Reino Unido 13 4,7% Eslovaquia 1 0,4%", "Austria 11 4,0% Federación de 1 0,4% Rusia", "España 9 3,3% Georgia 1 0,4%", "India 8 2,9% Ghana 1 0,4%", "Dinamarca 7 2,5% Honduras 1 0,4%", "Japón 7 2,5% Indonesia 1 0,4%", "Brasil 6 2,2% Irán (República 1 0,4% Islámica del)", "Australia 5 1,8% Irlanda 1 0,4%", "Bélgica 5 1,8% Israel 1 0,4%", "Sudáfrica 5 1,8% Jamahiriya Árabe 1 0,4% Libia", "Egipto 4 1,4% Kirguistán 1 0,4%", "Grecia 4 1,4% Malí 1 0,4%", "Noruega 4 1,4% Malta 1 0,4%", "Nueva Zelandia 4 1,4% Marruecos 1 0,4%", "Suecia 4 1,4% México 1 0,4%", "Uzbekistán 4 1,4% Mongolia 1 0,4%", "Argentina 3 1,1% Myanmar 1 0,4%", "Camerún 3 1,1% Namibia 1 0,4%", "Finlandia 3 1,1% Paraguay 1 0,4%", "Kazajstán 3 1,1% Perú 1 0,4%", "Kenya 3 1,1% Polonia 1 0,4%", "Países Bajos 3 1,1% Portugal 1 0,4%", "Turquía 3 1,1% Qatar 1 0,4%", "Azerbaiyán 2 0,7% República Checa 1 0,4%", "Bolivia (Estado 2 0,7% República de 1 0,4% Plurinacional de) Moldova", "Bulgaria 2 0,7% Rumania 1 0,4%", "China 2 0,7% Senegal 1 0,4%", "Irán (República 2 0,7% Seychelles 1 0,4% Islámica del)", "Jamaica 2 0,7% Suiza 1 0,4%", "Letonia 2 0,7% Tailandia 1 0,4%", "Líbano 2 0,7% Turkmenistán 1 0,4%", "Mauricio 2 0,7% Uganda 1 0,4%", "Pakistán 2 0,7% Uruguay 1 0,4%", "Argelia 1 0,4% Venezuela 1 0,4% (República Bolivariana de)", "Bangladesh 1 0,4% Zimbabwe 1 0,4%", "Barbados 1 0,4% Total general 276 100%", "Fuente: Datos proporcionados por la UNODC.", "[]Anexo III: Presencia de la UNODC sobre el terreno en 2010 (fuente: Informe Anual de la UNODC, 2010)", "Oficinas regionales (10) Oficinas en los Oficinas de países (9) enlace (2)\n Brasil y el Cono Sur Afganistán Nueva York", "Asia central Bolivia (Estado Bruselas Plurinacional de)", "África oriental Colombia", "Oriente Medio y África septentrional Irán (República Islámica del)", "México, América Central y el Caribe República Democrática Popular Lao", "Perú, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional Myanmar de) y Ecuador", "Asia meridional Nigeria", "África meridional Pakistán", "África occidental y central Viet Nam", "Centro para Asia Oriental y el Pacífico", "Oficinas de programas (32)", "Oficina Regional de Programas de Panamá, Oficina Regional de Programas para Europa sudoriental, Oficina Subregional de Programas de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos (para los Estados del Golfo), Oficina Subregional de Programas de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, Albania, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Camboya, China, El Salvador, Etiopía, Federación de Rusia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordania, Kazajstán, Kirguistán, Líbano, Nepal, Qatar, República Democrática del Congo, República de Moldova, República Dominicana, Rumania, Serbia, Somalia, Sudán, Tayikistán, territorio palestino ocupado, Turkmenistán, Turquía.", "Anexo IV", "Sinopsis de las medidas que deben adoptar las organizaciones participantes en relación con las recomendaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "Clave: L: Recomendación para que el órgano legislativo adopte una decisión. E: Recomendación para que el director ejecutivo adopte medidas.", "La recomendación no supone que la organización adopte medida alguna. Repercusiones previstas: a: una mayor rendición de cuentas; b: la difusión de las mejores prácticas; c: coordinación y cooperación acrecentadas; d: controles y cumplimiento acrecentados; e: una eficacia mayor; f: importantes economías de fondos; g: una mayor eficiencia; o: alguna otra. * Abarca todas las entidades enumeradas en el documento ST/SGB/2002/11 distintas del ACNUR, ONU-Hábitat, el OOPS, el PNUMA, la UNCTAD y la UNODC.", "[1] Véase A/51/950, párrs. 143 a 145, ST/SGB/Organization, Section: UNDCP (1993), ST/SGB/1998/17 y ST/SGB/2004/6.", "[2] Véase el informe de la OSSI AE2007/361/0.", "[3] Decisión 51/1 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y decisión 17/2 de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal.", "[4] Véase la resolución 52/13 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, la resolución 18/3 de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y la decisión 2009/251 del Consejo Económico y Social.", "[5] A/60/733, “Informe del Secretario General sobre los mandatos y su ejecución: análisis y recomendaciones para facilitar el examen de los mandatos”.", "[6] Véase E/CN.7/2008/13 y E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, párr. 85.", "[8] Véase E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] Véase UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1, junio de 2002.", "[12] Estrategia para el período 2008-2011 de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5), aprobada por el Consejo Económico y Social en sus resoluciones 2007/12 y 2007/19.", "[13] A diciembre de 2010, entre los programas temáticos figuraban los siguientes: a) medidas contra la corrupción y los delitos económicos, b) prevención del delito y reforma de la justicia penal, c) forma de encarar las vulnerabilidades en las esferas sanitaria y del desarrollo humano en el contexto de las drogas y el delito, d) servicios científicos y forenses, e) prevención del terrorismo, f) investigación y análisis de tendencias, y g) delincuencia organizada y tráfico ilícito (incluidos la trata de personas, el tráfico ilícito de migrantes, el blanqueo de dinero y el tráfico ilícito de armas de fuego).", "[14] Véase E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] Véase A/63/5/Add.9, Informe financiero y estados financieros comprobados." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime” (JIU/REP/2010/10).", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC)", "Prepared by", "Yishan Zhang", "Papa Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "Objectives This “Review of management and administration in the United NationsOffice on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)” is part of a series of reviews ofparticipating organizations undertaken by the Joint Inspection Unitin recent years. The objective is to identify areas for improvementin governance, executive management, administration, strategicplanning and budgeting, human resources management and oversight. Main findings and conclusions The Office is mandated to assist Member States in their fight againstdrugs, crime and terrorism which fall in the priority spheres of theUnited Nations. The importance of the Office’s mandates isincreasingly recognized in the international community and moststakeholders considered that the Office delivers. The Office was set up in 1997 by merging various United Nationsentities. However, the original governing bodies, the Commission onNarcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice (CCPCJ), were kept unchanged, so were the respectivetrust funds. As a result, both governance and financial frameworksare characterized by fragmentation, which impacts on theeffectiveness and efficiency of the Office. Conscious of thedifficulties, member States in 2008 initiated a governance reviewexercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working groupaiming at improving the governance and financial situation of theOffice. The Inspectors present in the report three options forenhancing governance arrangements and one concrete recommendation tohave an integrated and more adhesive mechanism to govern and guidethe activities of the Office. The Office has to deal with complex financial management through twoseparate trust funds. The Inspectors encourage increased efficiencyand streamlining of the financial management and believe thatopportunities to merge the two trust funds should be explored. The substantive and technical cooperation activities have expanded tonew and diversified areas as a result of both the Office joining thepeace, security and development agenda of the United Nations system,notably via partnerships with other international organizations andits efforts to attract increased financial support. This trend forexpansion has somehow diluted the strategic vision and theprioritization functions within the Office. The Inspectors recommendto the Office that it conduct a thorough mandate review and aprioritization exercise on these mandates and related activities. The Office faces a difficult situation: the increasing number ofmandates and the expansion of related activities are not matched withfinancial and human resources. While the tightly earmarked voluntarycontributions are increasing, the Office is lacking regular fundingto secure its core functions. The Inspectors make severalrecommendations including one requesting the General Assembly toensure that core functions of the Office be funded via regular budgetresources to ensure that UNODC can carry out its mandates in aconsistent and sustainable manner. The rapid expansion of its field presence and technical assistanceactivities in the last decade heavily impacts on UNODC managementtoday in many aspects: coordination and support from the headquartersto the field, adequacy of administrative rules and procedures, etc. The report also highlights areas such as executive management(vision, management practices and communication) and human resourcesmanagement (transparency, fairness, consistency of policies,training). The Inspectors also studied the case of the independentquasi-judicial International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) and itssecretariat and recommended that the administrative structure andreporting lines concerning INCB be changed. Recommendations The Inspectors made 14 recommendations; 12 are directed to theExecutive Director, one is addressed to the Commission on NarcoticDrugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and CriminalJustice (CCPCJ), and one is addressed to the General Assembly. Recommendation 1 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on CrimePrevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessionsthat would serve as an integrated governing body, tasked to overseebudgetary and programmatic activities of the Office. Recommendation 3 \nThe General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Officeare funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistentand sustainable manner.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. 3\n\tABBREVIATIONS. 6\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-14\t7\n\tA.\tScope, objectives and methodology\t1-7\t7\n\tB.\tAn Office with diversified and demandingmandates\t8-14\t7\nII.\tGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK 15-38\t8\n\tA.\tComplexity of governance arrangements\t15-21\t8\n\tB.\tOptions for improving governance\t22-31\t10\n\tC.\tConsolidated mandate review andprioritization exercise\t32-38\t11\nIII.\tFINANCIALFRAMEWORK 39-59\t13\n\tA.\tFinancing corporate functions remains achallenge\t43-48\t15\n\tB.\tSimplification of financial management\t49-50\t16\n\tC.\tNecessary efforts for reducing rigorousearmarking\t51-56\t17\n\tD.\tFund-raising strategy to further enlargethe donor basis\t57-59\t18\nIV.\tEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENT 60-94\t19\n\tA.\tManagement attitude questioned by staff\t63-64\t19\n\tB.\tOrganizational restructuring in 2010\t65-68\t20\n\tC.\tLack of coordination reduces effectiveness\t69-73\t21\n\tD.\tStrategic planning and results-basedmanagement\t74-83\t22\n\tE.\tChallenges related to field presence\t84-94\t24\nV.\tHUMANRESOURCESMANAGEMENT 95-112\t27\n\tA.\tHuman resources flagged as problematic\t98-101\t27\n\tB.\tUNODC workforce\t102-105\t28\n\tC.\tGender balance and workforce diversity\t106-110\t30\n\tD.\tInsufficient training resources, uneventraining opportunities\t111-112\t31\nVI.\tOVERSIGHT 113-121\t32\n\tA.\tOversight framework\t113-119\t32\n\tB.\tTowards a strengthened corporateevaluation capacity\t120-121\t33\nVII.\tOTHERISSUES 122-130\t33\n\tA.\tThe International Narcotics Control Board\t122-125\t33\n\tB.\tUNOV/UNODC arrangements\t126-128\t34\n\tC.\tInformation and communication technologyservices\t129-130\t35\nVIII.\tSURVEYHIGHLIGHTS 131-134\t35\nANNEXES \nI.\tUNODCorganizationalchart 38II.\tGeographicaldiversityatProfessionallevelandabove 39 \n\t(asofDecember2009) \nIII.\tUNODCfieldpresence 40\nIV.\tOverviewonactiontobetakenonrecommendations 41", "ABBREVIATIONS", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "CCPCJ Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CICP Centre for International Crime Prevention", "CND Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "CPC Committee for Programme Coordination", "CPS Co-financing and Partnership Section", "DPA Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "GPF General Purpose Funds", "ECOSOC Economic and Social Council", "FRMS Financial Resources Management Services", "FRS Field Representatives Seminar", "HRAP Human Resources Action Planning Cycle", "IEU Independent Evaluation Unit", "INCB International Narcotics Control Board", "ITS Information Technology Section", "JIU Joint Inspection Unit", "MDTF Multi-Donors Trust Funds", "MOU Memorandum of Understanding", "MRC Management Review Committee", "ODCCP United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "PSC Programme support costs", "RBM Results-based management", "SPF Special Purpose Funds", "SPU Strategic Planning Unit", "UNCAC United Nations Convention against Corruption", "UNCTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna", "I. INTRODUCTION", "A. Scope, objectives and methodology", "As part of its programme of work for 2010, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is a component of the United Nations Secretariat. This report is part of a series of reviews of management and administration of participating organizations undertaken in recent years.", "The objectives are to identify areas for improvement such as in governance, executive management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management, oversight, etc., as well as to pinpoint best practices and share them with other United Nations system organizations. The 2008-2009 financial crisis noticeably and negatively impacted on the Office as its business model relies mainly on extrabudgetary contributions. It led to a severe cost-saving exercise in 2009 and an internal restructuring in 2010. At this critical moment, Member States embarked on an ambitious remedial exercise by setting up a working group on governance and finance.", "In accordance with the JIU internal standards and guidelines and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included an in-depth analysis of internal documentation as well as interviews with UNODC officials and staff representatives. Moreover, the Inspectors met with ambassadors/heads of delegations, including the Chairmen and members of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) and the Working Group on Governance and Finance as well as the regional groups, major donors and recipient countries. The Inspectors also attended the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar to dialogue with UNODC field representatives. The JIU review was welcomed as timely by both Member States and UNODC staff/managers.", "The Inspectors solicited the opinions of UNODC employees from headquarters and field locations via an online staff survey. The responses provided useful insights into various aspects tackled in this report. In addition to presenting aggregated figures, the Inspectors made an extensive analysis of more than 1,500 separate remarks, comments and suggestions made via the open questions of the survey.", "In accordance with the JIU statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. UNODC provided factual and substantive comments on the draft report that were taken into account in finalizing the report.", "To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, Annex IV contains a table specifying those recommendations that require a decision by the UNODC governing bodies and those that can be acted upon by the Executive Director.", "The Inspectors wish to express their appreciation to all who assisted them in the preparation of this report, particularly to those who participated in the interviews and so willingly shared their knowledge and expertise. In order to avoid duplication, the review was conducted in coordination with the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) that carried out a governance audit of UNODC in 2010.", "B. An Office with diversified and demanding mandates", "The Office was created in 1997 by merging the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP). From the management point of view, the interrelated and transnational nature of drugs, crime and terrorism led, through successive administrative reforms, to the creation of a single entity tackling all these matters.[1] It was first called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP) and renamed UNODC in 2002. UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. UNODC mandates are of primary importance and fall in the priority spheres of the United Nations as determined by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/247.", "The Office combines normative services for effective implementation of international legal instruments; research and analysis capacities as well as technical assistance and capacity building activities in the field. This is reflected by the denomination of the three UNODC divisions (Treaty Affairs, Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Operations), complemented by the Division for Management, which is in common at the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV).", "Since its inception, the mandates entrusted to the Office have proliferated, in particular in the last decade in the field of crime prevention. However, these tasks have not been accompanied by a parallel increase of adequate regular budget resources. In turn, the structure and the internal procedures have not been adapted to the rising new challenges. This situation entails a major risk of it not being able to fully meet the mandates requirements.", "The Office has expanded its field presence for carrying out a wide range of technical assistance activities. The political advisor and guardian of international conventions headquarters-based entity now coexists with a field network similar to a specialized agency delivering expert technical assistance/cooperation services. Whether the structure and the procedures were sufficiently adapted to match the requirements of this evolution is a key aspect in assessing UNODC. For example, the rules and procedures for managing human resources or dealing with procurement do not seem to be adequate in all situations to ensure effectiveness and are seen by many, especially those working in the field, as not conducive to organizational effectiveness.", "The former Executive Director (2002-2010) focused his attention on integrating the activities of the Office into the peace, security and development agenda of the United Nations through an interrelated and interdisciplinary approach as well as on developing partnership with other international organizations. During the course of the preparation of this report, the United Nations Secretary-General appointed a new Executive Director who took office in September 2010.", "Recent years have seen increased recognition of UNODC and its achievements, as reflected in the increase of extra-budgetary contributions, even though most are earmarked. The fact that the Office delivers despite difficult circumstances was generally highlighted by most of the interviewees. Nevertheless, this report flags the fragmentation which is persistent in many areas: fragmentation of governance framework affecting policy guidance and oversight, fragmentation of sources of funding affecting sustainability and predictability of resources and fragmentation of management affecting efficiency and effectiveness.", "In preparing this review, the Inspectors came across a number of reports prepared by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in recent years containing critical assessments of UNODC as well as some of its field offices. The Inspectors have noticed that the efforts deployed by UNODC resulted in some improvements in terms of management compared to the critical situation of the Office at the early 2000s.", "II. GOVERNANCE", "A. Complexity of governance arrangements", "The Office is characterized by completely separate main governing bodies, namely the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The fragmentation and complexity of the governance framework of the Office are pictured in figure 1 below. In 2007, the OIOS Risk Assessment of UNODC concluded that the areas of strategic management and governance were at higher risk.[2] The Inspectors concur with the opinion that the governance arrangements present a challenge that is affecting the efficient functioning of the Office in fulfilling its mandates.", "Policy guidance and mandates originate from resolutions or decisions of multiple United Nations bodies. Besides the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its two functional commissions, international conventions related to the Office’s areas of work such as the three international drug control conventions, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) and the Protocols, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the universal legal instruments against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations are all legally binding bodies. Other United Nations activities such as the Congress on Crime Prevention, the Millennium Declaration and the Counter-Terrorism Strategy add to the complexity of the mandates. Figure 1 also highlights the disconnection between mandates and funding.", "Figure 1: UNODC governance framework", "[]", "The reasons for governance fragmentation are historical: in the 1990s the entities responsible for the implementation of two different programmes on drugs and crime were merged into one Office while at the same time the two governing bodies (CND and CCPCJ) and their twin trust funds were kept as original and unchanged. The integrated substantive approach of drugs and crime issues was thus not reflected in the governance structure with policy and normative functions taking predominance in each commission within their respective substantive areas.", "CND and CCPCJ have different memberships, agendas and priorities of concern. They currently operate in parallel, individually and separately. Repetitive actions have to be taken in various fora. For example, similar UNODC presentations and documents have to be presented to both commissions. The interval (one year) between the main sessions of CND and CCPCJ affect the effectiveness of governing bodies, as timely reactions and follow-up appears more difficult. Furthermore, the current length of the sessions provides little time to address management and administrative aspects during the operational segments. In the recent past, the commissions themselves have expressed some reservation on the effectiveness of UNODC governance arrangements, in particular in terms of monitoring of the Office activities.", "The Inspectors perceived some disappointment and frustration among UNODC managers about the absence of timely and effective guidance to the Office from the commissions and their Member States. In turn, Member States shared their concerns with the Inspectors regarding the absence of consultation and transparency at various levels of UNODC, with criticism by major donor countries as well as recipient countries in areas such as project design and implementation (self-initiatives), allocation of resources, structure and staffing composition, data and figures utilized in reports or publications.", "In 2008, Member States embarked in an ambitious governance review exercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working group on improving the governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[3] (hereafter the “WG FinGov”). The Inspectors welcome this initiative that provides an avenue to create a dialogue not only within the Member State community, donors and recipient countries, but also with UNODC senior management. As a consequence, Member States and UNODC gained a better understanding of each other’s constraints, preoccupations and expectations. The Inspectors consider that such a forum, if used properly, should serve as a confidence-builder for the future.", "CND and CCPCJ institutionalized the WG FinGov for a period of two years, with the understanding that its dynamics and concrete results should be evaluated in 2011.[4] In that perspective, a clear evaluation framework will need to be discussed and agreed upon since the resolution is not precise on that matter. The WG FinGov is tasked to submit to the two commissions recommendations on administrative, programmatic and financial matters within the areas of their respective mandates.", "B. Options for improving governance", "During their discussions with Member States and senior managers of the Office, the Inspectors were impressed by the common interest for a more integrated and coherent governance mechanism that would ensure more effective scrutiny of the Office’s activities. Some interviewees suggested budgetary and programmatic mechanisms similar to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) and the Committee for Programme Coordination (CPC) while some others proposed the setting up of an executive board/executive programme and budget committee. The objective is to create an effective mechanism ensuring that UNODC senior management and Member States reach a sufficient level of dialogue and understanding in order to prioritize and monitor the work of the Office and its activities, and make the link with necessary and adequate resources to achieve its goals.", "The Inspectors were urged to make concrete recommendations to improve the future governance arrangements of the Office. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the options at stake can be summarized as follows:", "Option 1: Institutional reform: merging of two ECOSOC commissions", "The concept of merging the two commissions could be traced back to the time when the Office was established by combining the separate drug and crime programmes. This option represents a major change of the basic structure of the Economic and Social Council, in particular concerning CND which had been in existence since the very beginning of the United Nations. The primary benefit would be to align the governing scheme to the administrative structure and provide the conditions to act in an integrated manner for policy guidance, financial responsibility and programmatic decisions among Member States. At the same time, it would reduce duplication and difficulties caused by the present dual governance framework.", "Though believed by many to be the root option to solve problems, the Inspectors are conscious that the institutional reform depends on the political willingness of Member States and that it is a time-consuming exercise. The abolition of the Commission on Human Rights, another functional commission of the Economic and Social Council, and its replacement by the Human Rights Council offered an illustrative example. It took years to discuss and negotiate issues like mandates, membership and other related arrangements.", "In the opinion of the Inspectors, the option of having one commission dealing with both drugs and crime issues should be fully explored in the long run, but it could not solve at once the current difficulties in governance.", "Option 2: Institutional addition: creating an executive body", "To set up an additional body such as an executive board or a programme and budget committee and task it to oversee specifically the strategic management, the budget and the activities of the Office. This option provides a more permanent governance and oversight mechanism. Other United Nations entities do have similar mechanisms such as the Executive Board for UNDP, the WFP Executive Board or the Executive Committee for UNHCR.", "However, UNODC is the only United Nations entity to have two parallel governing bodies, which have brought with them a delicate situation in governance. In the view of the Inspectors, if such a board or committee were to be set up its relationship with the two Commissions, its reporting lines should be clearly stipulated. The Inspectors would like to warn that a major drawback of this option is that it might add another layer to the current already quite complex governance. It should not be underestimated in terms of investment for such a mechanism, especially when the Office is experiencing financial constraints.", "Option 3: Institutional improvement: combining the reconvened sessions", "CND and CCPCJ reconvened sessions provide an opportunity for Member States to discuss organizational and financial matters related to UNODC. These sessions are currently held back to back, separately and independently, in practice during the same week in the later half of the year. Agenda and documentation are similar.", "This option stands for a combined meeting of the reconvened sessions of both commissions with their roles and functions adjusted or converted so as to serve as a strengthened budgetary and programmatic mechanism. This option would not only offer opportunities for cost savings and streamlining the organizational and servicing aspects but also would provide to a certain extent, a framework for a more integrated approach of substantive issues.", "In the Inspectors’ views, option 3 appears to be the more actionable scenario at this point in time. They trust that it could provide a framework for a more integrated, more effective and coherent governance structure, if provided with sufficient level of commitment from Member States. The Inspectors suggest combining the current reconvened sessions for an initial period of three years, so as to test the effectiveness of the new arrangements and its impact on the Office’s governance. Member States would then be in a position to decide whether or not this arrangement is satisfactory.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to improve the effectiveness of the governance arrangements of the Office.", "Recommendation 1", "The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessions that would serve as an integrated governing body providing policy guidance to the Office, tasked to oversee budgetary and programmatic activities.", "C. Consolidated mandate review and prioritization exercise", "As noted by the Secretary-General when conducting a mandate review exercise in 2006,[5] the activities of the United Nations in the fields of drug control, transnational crime prevention and combating terrorism have expanded considerably with direct consequences on the Office which is a key player in these areas. At that time, the Secretary-General had identified 364 mandates of various nature (reporting obligations, preparation of studies, conferences organization, normative or technical assistance) for which UNODC was the implementing entity. In addition, the Office is also acting as secretariat for several international conventions such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and its Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) that entered into force in the last decade.", "One of the findings that the Inspectors wish to stress is the number of positive responses collected among staff concerning the diversity of UNODC mandates. It is remarkable that 66 per cent of the respondents are of the opinion that the diversity of UNODC mandates has positively impacted their work and activities. However, the respondents also consider that the integration of these mandates is far from being achieved, with only 25.2 per cent and 20.3 per cent of positive expressions regarding integration of programme/project design and activities, respectively.", "Tables 1 and 2: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on mandate diversity (in percentage)", "Has the diversity of UNODC mandates (drugs, crime, etc.) impacted your work and activities?\n Yes, Yes, No Don’t know positively negatively", "All employees 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "International Professional 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3 staff only", "P-5 and above 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "Headquarters staff 56.8 11.1 20.1 12.0", "Field staff 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "In your view, is there sufficient integration between drugs and crime issues in UNODC programme and project design?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "International Professional 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8 staff only", "P-5 and above 31.3 31.3 29.2 8.3", "Headquarters staff 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "Field staff 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "In your view, are UNODC activities with regard to drugs, crime and terrorism mandates sufficiently integrated?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "International Professional 11.2 39.1 40.8 8.9 staff only", "P-5 and above 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "Headquarters staff 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "Field staff 22.6 39.0 23.8 14.6", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "The type and sources of funding as described in Chapter III give limited predictable income for UNODC programme support and administrative functions and no secured funds for the implementation of operational and technical activities as approved by the commissions. There is thus a risk concerning mandate implementation.", "The Inspectors reviewed the notes prepared in 2008 by UNODC for CND at its fifty-first session and CCPCJ at its seventeenth session, respectively, which contain information on the “implementation status and resources requirements of resolutions and decisions adopted by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the commissions themselves in which the Office action was requested for the period 2003-2007”.[6] While UNODC presents a high rate of compliance of its reporting obligations, the implementation status of operational or technical assistance mandates faces some real difficulties. In the crime prevention and criminal justice area, partly implemented mandates represented 33 per cent of operational and technical assistance mandates, in most of the cases allegedly due to lack of resources. Twenty-one per cent of actions requested of the Office were recorded as ongoing assignments. In the drug area, operational and technical mandates were fulfilled at 22 per cent while partly implemented represented 37 per cent for the same budgetary reason. Ongoing implementation concerned 37 per cent of the cases. In both drug and crime matters, mandates not implemented were estimated at fewer than 10 per cent. Given the fragmentation of the governance, it is a challenge to have a consolidated vision of mandates and missions entrusted to the Office. The Inspectors believe that it is time to have a thorough review of these mandates and missions in order to provide a consolidated picture to the Member States of all governance bodies. That would provide better information to Member States to enable more effective and informed guidance. The 2008 notes are a valuable basis that should be completed, updated and expanded to cover all policy guidance bodies.", "On that basis, the Member States would be in a position to reassess ongoing mandates, as well as their relevance and resources availability. Member States could determine their prioritization scheme and further develop an integrated approach to tackle drugs, crime and terrorism substantive issues. In turn, the Executive Director would be in a position to align the Office to work on the basis of a reconfirmed framework and allocate resources accordingly taking into consideration existing limitations. The Inspectors believe that such exercise would contribute to enhance the coherence of the Office’ work. Ideally, it should be complemented by a functional review of all UNODC units to have them fully aligned to the priorities as defined.", "As for other United Nations entities, the Inspectors consider that Member States should be informed about the financial implications of resolutions adopted by the commissions as well as on UNODC capacities to meet their operational requirements prior to the resolutions’ adoption. In the financial context in which UNODC operates, it is of primary importance that new missions and assignments entrusted to the Office be systematically accompanied by clear programme budget implications statements discussed by the commissions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office in delivering and fulfilling its mandates.", "Recommendation 2", "The Executive Director should establish a consolidated review of all mandates entrusted to the Office, including resources required and allocated, as well as status of implementation. On that basis, the Executive Director should submit, at the earliest opportunity, a prioritization document to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.", "III. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK", "The Office has a fragmented structure of funding mechanisms with resources composed of multiple sections of the United Nations regular programme budget (Sections 16 and 22 as well as Sections 1 and 28F for the United Nations Office at Vienna) and of the two trust funds, namely the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund overseen by respective commission. Each fund is divided into un-earmarked contributions, earmarked contributions and Programme support costs resources. The fragmentation is entailed in the financial rules which state that biennial budget should distinguish between the International Drug Control Programme Fund and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Fund and that the accounting of the funds should also be distinguished.", "Box 1. Definitions", "Definitions from Article II of the Financial Rules of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008)", "General Purpose Funds (GPF) shall mean “un-earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC Funds that are provided to finance executive direction and management, programme and programme support component of biennial budget”;", "Special Purpose Funds (SPF) shall mean “earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC that are provided to finance technical cooperation and other activities”;", "Programme support costs (PSC) shall mean “the indirect costs recovered in support of activities financed from voluntary contributions”.", "The delicate financial situation of the Office has been at the centre of interest for years and has been widely commented. Figures 2 and 3 below highlight the evolution of UNODC resources and picture the fragmentation of UNODC budgetary framework as well as the distribution of resources among its trust funds (while the drug control programme fund still represents more than two third of the overall budget, the weight of the crime prevention and criminal justice fund has significantly increased).", "Member States and UNODC officials agreed during interviews that one of the major factors most affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of UNODC is its financial situation. This opinion was confirmed by the survey. In the recent past, the lack of resources has triggered reductions in, for example, travel, consultancies, training, operating expenses and contractual services.", "Since 2004-2006, there has been, however, a sharp increase of UNODC overall funding (reaching 466,099 million USD in 2008-2009) with a percentage growth of almost 120 per cent. However, this favourable evolution hides problematic aspects that might affect the Office’s functioning and implementing capacity: this augmentation mainly corresponds to more earmarked contributions related with spectacular augmentation of UNODC projects and activities of all kinds, together with a decline of non-earmarked contributions.", "Figure 2: Evolution of UNODC budget (based on expenditures), 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figure 3: Distribution UNODC budget (based on expenditures) by source of funding, 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9). Until 2006-2007, programme support costs were classified as general purpose.", "A. Financing corporate functions remains a challenge", "At UNODC, core functions should be financed primarily from regular budget resources and General Purpose Funds (GPFs). With the increase of its mandates and the development of its field network, the roles and functions of UNODC have expanded considerably. However, the expansion was not accompanied with matching human and financial core resources. Despite the fact that assessed United Nations contributions (regular budget, or RB) have increased since 2004-2005 in nominal terms (by 27 per cent), the Inspectors noted that the RB share of the overall UNODC budget has in fact decreased from 14.3 per cent in 2004-2005 to 8.3 per cent in 2008-2009.", "At the same time, aggregated resources from RB and GPFs represented 36.1 per cent of the financial capacity in 2004-2005 but dropped to only 19.1 per cent four years later (including PSC). GPF resources in each of the funds are critical to finance corporate management functions and support services but are sharply declining. The ratio of GPF versus SPF has been deteriorating for several years now and there is no sign to be seen for improvement which is worrisome for the sustainability of the Office.", "The Inspectors noted that some key corporate functions of the Office are not funded by assessed contributions (such as the Director of the Division for Operations, the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service, the Chief of Information Technology Services, the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit, the UNODC spokesperson, some of the evaluation officers, substantive officers in several branches, etc.).", "As a matter of fact, the General Assembly Fifth Committee also “expressed concern regarding the overall financial situation of UNODC, and requests the Secretary-General to submit proposals in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 to ensure that the Office has sufficient resources to carry out its mandate”.[7]", "The Inspectors concur with the consensus view by Member States of Vienna-based permanent missions and UNODC senior management that an increase of core resources is needed in order to secure basic corporate functions. This could be achieved either by receiving a larger allocation from the United Nations regular budget or by a stronger commitment to increased and sustained contributions to GPFs, or by a combination of both means. Previous statements encouraging Member States to commit a share of their contributions to general-purpose funding to ensure a sustainable balance between GPFs and SPFs contributions have not produced a sufficient effect.", "Therefore, the Inspectors consider that the request for an increase of regular budget resources as introduced by the Office for the 2012-2013 biennium, notably on the basis of General Assembly resolution 64/243 (para. 83), merits further attention to secure more sustained and predictable resources to ensure stability of UNODC structure. However, a precondition is that key corporate functions are clearly identified by UNODC in the context of an agreed and well supported strategic long-term vision based on the mandate review as recommended above in Chapter II (recommendation 2).", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 3", "The General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Office are funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013 biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistent and sustainable manner.", "B. Simplification of financial management", "The funding structure involves a cumbersome process for the preparation and presentation of the biennial budget, as the approval of the budget by governing bodies has not been consolidated. The comment made by the Executive Director in 2008 on this issue is self explanatory: “UNODC still prepares and presents two budgets: its regular budget submission to United Nations Headquarters (for inclusion in the programme budget of the United Nations) and a budget on its voluntary funds, the consolidated budget, to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The two budget documents contain the same information, albeit with a different focus, and are presented to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on two different occasions and to Member States on three different occasions. UNODC also prepares two sets of accounts according to different schedules, accounts that are audited separately”.[8]", "UNODC has to work with two separate trust funds which is not conducive for effectiveness. The issue of merging the two existing trust funds had been discussed in the past at CND and CCPCJ, without reaching any concrete conclusions. Believing that the fund-merging could streamline the financial management and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office, but also conscious that such merging supposes a sufficient level of confidence from donors, the Inspectors wish to raise the issue again and call for a feasibility study to take stock of potential benefits and difficulties related to such adjustment of the financial structure. To address Member States’ concerns, it should be possible to manage drugs and crime programmes allocations within the same fund, in full transparency and more effectively.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the financial management of the Office.", "Recommendation 4", "The Executive Director should commission a study on the feasibility, benefits and drawbacks of merging the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and report thereon to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2012 at the latest.", "C. Necessary efforts for reducing rigorous earmarking", "Earmarking is a delicate and sensitive issue, sometimes bearing political connotations and mainly decided by the donor’s policies. Generally speaking, the earmarking practice impacts on planning, prioritization and resources allocations, especially coupled with the decline of core resources. It also entails a risk of shifting priorities at the implementation stage since resources contributed by donors are often strictly earmarked to specific projects, which is very much the case of UNODC, therefore limiting flexibility in the use of resources and the prioritization. In 2008-2009 contributions to SPFs represented as much as 80.9 per cent of UNODC funding. To some extend, strict earmarking also results from the fact that UNODC mandates are broad in nature and donors wish to target their financial support to precise areas of work.", "The Inspectors are concerned by the fact that while Member States show willingness to invest in UNODC activities through contributions to SPFs, either for mandate implementation or for national project execution, they are reluctant to invest in UNODC basic structure via the GPFs. As a matter of fact, one UNODC representative addressing the CND 51st session warned that “UNODC could soon find itself in a position where it would have to refuse extra-budgetary contributions linked to specific projects because the general-purpose funds were not sufficient to meet operational costs”.[9] At UNODC, there is no institutional mechanism that links the contributions made to the SPF with contributions to GPF. In the view of the Inspectors, unless such a mechanism is developed and implemented, there is a permanent risk of financial tensions.", "To some extent, its financial situation forces the Office itself to adapt to the earmarking trend by designing projects capable of sparking off funding in a “popular” area and therefore securing resources for the organization. The constant pressure to search for money translates into a trend for expansion of activities by including a wide range of substantive areas not directly related to its core mandates. This spreading is not always well understood by UNODC staff as shown by multiple comments expressed via the survey. The thematic and regional programming initiatives described in Chapter IV are an attempt to introduce more flexibility into earmarking practices and increase predictability via multi-year pledges.", "During interviews, some Member States attributed the strong earmarking to the absence of sufficient level of transparency, not only in the allocation of resources but at various levels within the Office and also to what they consider as insufficient oversight in their eyes. The Inspectors learned with concern that some donors apply earmarking to their contributions to UNODC while they do not do so when contributing to other organizations which shows that there is room for improvement.", "Joint efforts, from both donors and UNODC, are needed in order to reduce the strict earmarking of contributions. The Office should further improve the transparency of its processes, continue to improve its reporting and information sharing capacities, and increase the user-friendliness of documents when communicating to Member States. The latter should, through CND and CCPCJ, appeal to donors to refrain from earmarking and to further develop when applicable a practice of multi-year pledging.", "UNODC should take further and concrete measures to build up donors’ confidence by demonstrating accountability at all levels of the Office, both for programme implementation and senior management practices. As a first step, the Executive Committee (Excom, see Chapter IV) confirmed the need to create a specific mechanism to monitor UNODC’s financial situation on a more regular basis. It translated into regular briefings of the divisions’ Directors by the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Section. In the Inspectors’ opinion, this could be expanded into an institutional mechanism such as a resources allocation committee to review the financial situation and oversee the strategic prioritization in the allocation of resources and prioritize fund raising appeals. The existence of such committee could also contribute to raise transparency and confidence of donors so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of the Organization.", "Recommendation 5", "The Executive Director should institute a corporate mechanism to oversee the financial situation of the Office and to determine overall resource allocation, notably aiming at increasing transparency so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "D. Fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the donor base", "UNODC categorizes its donors into five main groups as shown in Table 3. UNODC relies for more than two thirds of its extrabudgetary (XB) contributions on one category of donors, even more when adding other categories such as the multi-donor trusts funds or the international financial institutions which are also mainly relying on the same pool of countries. It is a positive sign to note that this dependence has been significantly lowered since 2005; it has been largely boosted by bilateral contributions for national execution projects for which implementation is delegated to UNODC. The Inspectors noted with satisfaction that the share of the category of emerging and national donors has more than doubled in the last five years. Despite a significant drop from 2008 to 2009, it represents a share of over 25 per cent of the extrabudgetary income for UNODC.", "Table 3: UNODC donors respective share of extrabudgetary contributions (2005-2009), in percentage", "UNODC donor category 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Major donors 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "Emerging and national 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6 donors", "United Nations 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4 agencies", "Multi-donor trust 0 0 0 2.1 2.3 funds", "IFIs and IGOs 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "Private sector 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "Source: UNODC Annual reports 2006-2010.", "The International Monetary Fund Executive Board recently reformed itself, increasing the quotas for the emerging markets and developing countries. The World Bank had already taken similar actions. These changes are in recognition that developing countries are playing an increasing role in world economy. In the view of the Inspectors, UNODC should continue its efforts to further enlarge its donor base from among developing countries, in particular those with emerging markets, as well as towards the private sector.", "The current management instruction on fund-raising[10] lacks a clear statement on UNODC strategic approach to resources mobilization. It focuses on overall policy and procedures. The Inspectors recommend updating the document, notably to include more strategic aspects.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 6", "The Executive Director should formulate a fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the Office’s donor base.", "IV. EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT", "At UNODC, the main management mechanisms are: (a) the Executive Committee (Excom); (b) the Management Review Committee (MRC); (c) the UNODC senior staff meeting, and (d) the Divisions’ meetings.[11]", "The Excom is intended to be the main forum for decision-making at the highest level. It is a common UNOV/UNODC body composed of all directors of both entities as well as other senior officials. It may lack appropriate focus on UNODC specific issues and thus have limited effect as a senior management committee for the office. The Inspectors studied the records of Excom meetings in recent years as well as the monitoring tables of its decisions and noted that meetings were more of an information sharing opportunity. In the Inspectors’ opinion, there is room for strengthening the Executive Committee and have it to focus more on substantive and strategic management (vision) with particular interest of UNODC. Its senior management should assess if this can be achieved in the current UNOV/UNODC format of the Excom or via a UNODC-dedicated mechanism.", "The MRC was replaced by the Senior Management Team in April 2010. Its terms of reference are limited in scope and focused on performance management issues and staff development plans. Discussions regarding individual’s performance appraisal (e-PAS) are generally limited to compliance and average rating. The Inspectors encourage senior managers to further explore how individual performance appraisal could be a more effective tool for managing staff in the context of an organization characterized by job uncertainty. The former Executive Director also expressed his concerns that the e-PAS was not used adequately by some of the managers.", "A. Management questioned by staff", "As far as executive management is concerned, improvements are significant as compared to a decade ago. Nevertheless, the Inspectors received a considerable number of comments revealing dissatisfaction of staff with overall management of the Office and with senior managers in particular, showing that staff morale is low in the Office. Lack of transparency in decision making, absence of sufficient communication and encouragement to open discussions, absence of follow-up to decisions, mismanagement, etc. are frequently cited as examples of concerns as shown in figure 4 below.", "The Inspectors are convinced that urgent attention should be given to overall management in order to create a better atmosphere and conditions for effectiveness. In that spirit, UNODC senior management should ensure that institutionalized mechanisms of dialogue and communication with staff are undertaken on a regular basis and provide a real forum for exchange of views in order to increase staff ownership of decisions directly affecting their working conditions and environment.", "Figure 4: Areas of concern of UNODC employees regarding executive management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "B. Organizational restructuring in 2010", "UNODC has implemented an organizational restructuring in April 2010 that was triggered not only by financial difficulties requiring some streamlining of the structure but also by previous oversight recommendations that pointed out duplications, overlaps/gaps of substantive or administrative functions as well as a lack of coordination and the existence of internal competition. The guiding principle of the realignment exercise was to consolidate thematic expertise to increase substantive integration of themes by redeploying sections and units of two divisions, namely the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs.", "At the time of the Inspectors’ review, the structural changes were too recent to enable drawing any conclusion on its positive or negative aspects. However, some remarks were made to the Inspectors, mostly regretting that the exercise was partial, involving only two of the four divisions of UNODC and therefore could be considered as a missed opportunity to further align the structure with the mandates of the Office.", "The Inspectors also received comments from staff expressing concerns on a constant restructuring pattern at UNODC. The reasons for organizational restructuring are not always obvious for staff and not clearly communicated to them. Some interviewees strongly questioned the rationale for the administrative changes, stressing their impression of the realization of a personal agenda above the organization’s benefit, in some cases.", "Following the mandate review and the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors would also advise the Executive Director to conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, and align them to the reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office, including by reorienting human and financial resources if necessary.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 7", "The Executive Director should conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, in order to align them as part of a reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office as proposed in recommendation 2.", "C. Lack of coordination reduces effectiveness", "The lack of coordination and even some competition between UNODC entities have been pointed out by previous oversight reports. These problems are the result of merging entities of different origins and two different cultures into a single Office. It is also the consequence of the financial context in which activities of each unit are highly dependent on the voluntary contributions raised.", "Table 4 displays the survey results on coordination and cooperation of UNODC divisions/departments/units on one hand and between Headquarters and field level on the other hand. Indeed, coordination issues were repeatedly pointed out as problematic by interviewees occupying various hierarchical levels. The table also shows that opinions expressed vary significantly according to the category of respondents. The Inspectors noted that the views of international professionals were more critical. Interestingly, the assessment made by Headquarters staff is consistently more critical compared to the feedback from the field. In addition, UNODC employees are critical on the way responsibilities and work processes are documented which could impact on the internal effectiveness of the Office.", "As an example, the Inspectors heard repeated comments on the absence of coordination in fund-raising activities and even on competition between units/offices that are tempted to mobilize funds for their own projects, therefore securing their existence. This also appears to contribute to divert officers from the substantive aspects of their work.", "The Inspectors recommend that UNODC review its current coordination mechanisms and their effectiveness in order to identify either duplication or redundancy in processes or bypassing and overlapping practices.", "Table 4: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on coordination issues (in percentage)", "Do you consider that there is sufficient coordination and cooperation among divisions/departments/units at UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "International Professional 9.4 34.4 54.4 1.7 staff only", "Headquarters staff 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "Field staff 23.6 42.0 28.9 5.5", "Do you find that the level of coordination and cooperation between Headquarters/Field Offices is adequate?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.4 40.1 31.0 8.5", "International Professional 7.8 35.0 53.9 3.3 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 42.0 34.2 11.5", "Field staff 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "Do you find that respective responsibilities and work processes among divisions and/or departments are clear and well documented?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "International Professional 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 44.0 35.8 7.8", "Field staff 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "As a good practice, the Inspectors noted the annual Field Representatives Seminar (FRS) serving as an internal coordination mechanism which involves UNODC regional and country representatives and officials from various sections at Headquarters. In addition to substantive discussions, the seminar tackles a wide range of management and administrative issues that are addressed and discussed in a collective manner. It is an opportunity for field managers to directly interact with managers at Headquarters, both in collective session and in bilateral meetings. The Inspectors see it as a useful forum to increase mutual understanding of respective capacities, constraints, procedures, functions, achievements, etc. that could alleviate a certain feeling of disconnection with Headquarters.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance overall coordination within the Office and therefore its effectiveness.", "Recommendation 8", "The Executive Director should undertake a comprehensive review and assessment of coordination mechanisms and procedures within the Office and take appropriate measures for improvement by the end of 2012.", "D. Strategic planning and results-based management", "Strategic planning has undergone a major development at UNODC with the adoption of the UNODC Medium-term Strategy for the period 2008-2011 complementing the corresponding programme of the United Nations Strategic Framework.[12]", "Whether the UNODC mid-term strategy was sufficiently addressing strategic issues and would be used as a strategic management tool to develop a common vision for UNODC generated mixed comments from interviewees. The Inspectors received repeated comments on the absence of a long-term vision for the Office and its missions, or at least the absence of a clear communication of this vision to all units and staff. This situation is also the result of the trend observed in recent years during which UNODC positioned itself in many different areas to capture financial support. As shown in figure 5 below, UNODC launched in recent years regional and thematic planning initiatives. Supported by Member States, the ongoing thematic[13] and regional programming is an attempt to reconcile numerous fragmented and sporadic projects into a more strategic and consolidated set of programmes. The Inspectors could perceive through their interviews and their review of programming documents a strong internal commitment and a proactive attitude to adjust the process and build it on lessons learned from programmes already designed. Some regional and thematic programmes are currently under development.", "The multiple layers and timeframes that UNODC has to face in its strategic planning processes are shown in figure 5 below, which also shows that all planning documents are not fully aligned as they are conceived and developed gradually.", "Figure 5: Strategic planning at UNODC", "[]", "There are many benefits expected from the thematic and programmatic approach: (a) the enhanced dialogue with Member States therefore increasing ownership via the involvement of regional actors at the drafting stage and their participation in the steering committees at the implementation stage; (b) the potential for resource mobilization and softer earmarking done at the programme level rather than at single projects; (c) the increased administrative effectiveness by dealing with a number of management activities at the programme level, and (d) the creation of a reinforced oversight framework in which headquarters and field offices would contribute to increased accountability.", "However, some more problematic aspects have been identified: (a) UNODC has to better manage the transition and the phasing out of existing projects into programming; (b) UNODC has to manage the coexistence in its portfolio of programmes and national projects developed according to local situations; (c) UNODC needs to adjust current managing and reporting corporate tools to meet the full requirements for financial and administrative support of more comprehensive programmes (such as reporting, tracking down information, monitoring pledges, expenditures, etc.); (d) UNODC has to reconcile the alignment of various programming layers that are not developed, drafted and endorsed at the same time.", "The Inspectors conclude that strategic planning at UNODC represents a challenge given the context characterized by the unpredictability of resources mainly due to earmarking. However, they stress that strategic planning should be based on long-term vision and prioritization (recommendation 2) of actions to reach targeted outcomes. This is of primary importance for an organization like UNODC to avoid donor-driven programmes and activities. The Inspectors also recommend a thorough independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming implementation to be conducted and be presented to the governing bodies.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency of the Office.", "Recommendation 9", "The Executive Director should present an independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming and report on its implementation status, impact and lessons learned to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2013.", "While the results-based management (RBM) approach receives strong support from Member States, in the view of the Inspectors, the Office continues to face a number of challenges in that regard. The online survey showed that there is relatively low and disparate level of RBM knowledge among UNODC staff members, a fact that was confirmed during interviews with relevant managers. It was encouraging to see that professional staff members are more aware about RBM but at the same time, it should be noted that 36 per cent of them stated that the objectives and expected results of UNODC are not clearly communicated to them. The doubts expressed in the responses concerning the impact of RBM on overall performance improvement are troublesome, in particular those of senior managers (4.2 per cent of positive answers). Based on the answers to the survey, there is also an urgent need for more training on RBM.", "Table 5: Views of UNODC employees concerning the impact of RBM on the Office performances (in percentage)", "In your view, has the implementation of RBM improved the overall performance of UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "International Professional staff only 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "Senior managers (P-5 and above) 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.0", "Headquarters staff 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1", "Field staff 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Previous OIOS observations pointed out the difficulties in planning and results-based management at UNODC. The Inspectors consider that a stronger RBM culture at UNODC would certainly benefit the organization by contributing to donors’ better understanding of the Office’s activities and achievements, via increasing transparency and accountability. This is a way to reinforce the confidence of donors, therefore attracting more resources. The Inspectors reviewed several planning documents and acknowledged progress in recent years taking into consideration that some difficulties might arise in identifying relevant parameters measuring achievements in areas such as drugs or crime, which are delicate by nature.", "The Inspectors encourage UNODC managers and regional representatives to continue their efforts to increase the pertinence, relevance and quality of indicators. The Inspectors encourage UNODC senior management to further develop a planning and result-based culture to progressively create institutional knowledge and a shared RBM culture among staff.", "E. Challenges related to field presence", "Since its creation, UNODC has significantly developed its field presence and countries coverage that corresponds to the expansion of its portfolio of technical cooperation activities. As shown in figure 6 below, the Office’s field network encompasses four categories of entities, namely (a) Regional Offices (headed by a Field Representative); (b) Country Offices (headed by a Field Representative or a Country Manager); (c) Programme Offices (headed by a Chief or Programme Coordinator, as appropriate), and (d) advisers. Annex III contains a map of UNODC field deployment.", "The Inspectors noted the UNODC efforts to further formalize the structure and the nomenclature of its field network. In 2010, the Excom endorsed the guidance note defining the respective roles, duties and responsibilities of each entity and their interactions with other entities within and outside UNODC. During the review, it was however obvious that this document was not sufficiently made known in the Office, even within the field representatives’ community. There is thus a need to disseminate this concept note to ensure that field offices comply with their provisions and directives.", "Figure 6: Evolution of UNODC field presence (2005-2009)", "[]", "Source: Data consolidated on the basis of UNODC Annual Reports and information provided by UNODC. Country", "coverage may change during a given year.", "The operating environments of UNODC field offices vary tremendously from one country office to another, so do the scope and the nature of activities carried out. The Inspectors wish to highlight that the field presence is perceived by survey respondents as beneficial for the Office and its delivery capacity. Almost 60 per cent consider that field presence is successful and contributes to improve UNODC capacity to deliver. Only 5.2 per cent expressed negative opinion.", "However, during the review, there was a consensus that UNODC presence in the field remains limited in terms of resources and expertise available. As a matter of fact, field deployment is almost entirely sustained by extrabudgetary sources, so is the Division of Operations. This creates tensions and uncertainty and might have an influence on programme priorities as well as on mandates implementation. Among field entities there are self-sustained offices (dealing with a large portfolio of projects) or subsidized offices (dealing with a smaller project base).", "At this point in time, building on the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors believe that the Office should redefine the strategic approach of its field presence and reconfirm its deployment principles, in particular the strategy to strengthen its regional presence and/or its country deployment.", "There are a number of management challenges at field level. The efficiency and effectiveness of the field presence is strongly related to the leadership and management capacities of the Field Representatives. Often, an office functions with one or two international staff complemented by local staff. The Inspectors noted that the level of UNODC representatives varies from P-4 to D-1, according to the size of the operations for which they are responsible. The job descriptions of these positions are dated from 1999 and there is certainly a need to update them taking into account the evolution of the Office and its field operations. In that context, the Inspectors noted that efforts are underway to develop generic job descriptions for the heads of field offices and of regional offices. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to continue to enrol its Field Representatives to leadership and management training modules that could contribute to enhance managerial capacity of UNODC field office.", "Due to its limited capacity, UNODC relies on UNDP for support services in areas such as selection and administration of field personnel, financial and administrative management of field offices, administrative support to projects, etc. The Inspectors heard a number of remarks regarding the delays and the quality of services provided to UNODC field offices. It was also recognized that the local situation was a major element of variability in terms of quality of services. The Inspectors also consider that UNODC itself has a central role to play in smooth functioning of these arrangements.", "Most of field deployed employees are hired as service contractors by UNDP under UNDP contractual status and according to UNDP policies. They are contributing to implement the Office’s mandates while they are not considered as UNODC staff. The fact that various contractual status coexist might entail consequences in terms of management. It creates differences among employees and also imposes cumbersome processes and procedures on managers that are facing two sets of rules and regulations, which at times can be contradictory. There are also differences in staff status, entitlements, performance appraisal system and administration of justice processes. Ultimately, the situation might impair the quality of delivery by impacting on staff motivation as well as on staff retention.", "A 1997 Memorandum of Understanding defines the working arrangements and services provided under the Universal Price List, which is often competitive. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the MOU provisions with regards the assessment of services and the mechanisms for conflict resolutions are too general. UNODC should consult with UNDP to amend the MOU with precise performance indicators to ensure a shared framework for assessing performances and services. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to keep in mind alternative solutions. UNODC uses services offered by UNOPS in project management, procurement, human resources and financial management for which a comparative advantage exists. Options to establish collaborations with the United Nations Department of Field Support or to retain some administrative actions at central level and act remotely, when possible could be explored as well. Explorations are also under way with United Nations Offices in co-locations (for example in Nairobi or Bangkok). More generally, while for programmatic aspects, field officers have most of the time a counterpart at Headquarters, the administrative supporting structure and mechanisms have not been adjusted to face the increased decentralized presence. It is time for UNODC to put in place a specific structure dealing with field operations support.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 10", "The Executive Director should consult at the earliest opportunity with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme in order to review and update the existing Memorandum of Understanding with a view to include provisions for the assessment of services.", "Monitoring of field activities is a requirement but is, to some extent, impeded by a lack of internal capacity. Recent audits show that in addition to existing check and balance mechanisms, there is a need to increase administrative and financial oversight from Headquarters on field offices. The Inspectors are pleased that UNODC has developed a new monitoring system for performance and efficiency of its field operations as presented during the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar. By doing so, UNODC endeavours to set the conditions (a) to demonstrate more corporate accountability via transparency and documented records in order to assist UNODC corporate oversight, decision making and organizational learning; (b) to measure programme performance throughout its implementation; and (c) to promote organizational learning. Strong corporate commitment to support this system, with full cooperation of all concerned entities (field offices but also other UNODC entities such as FRMS, ITS, Tasks Teams, IEU, SPU, CPS, Quality Control and Oversight Unit) appears as the prerequisite for success.", "V. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT", "Human resources management remains under the United Nations framework. The UNOV/UNODC Human Resources Management Section (HRMS) has therefore a limited scope for action in a number of areas. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC targets are defined and assessed in many areas through the United Nations objectives as expressed in the Human Resources Action Planning Cycle (HRAP). For the purpose of this review, the Inspectors wished to analyse figures in a larger perspective by including positions funded by means other than regular budget.", "Due to the dual nature of activities of the Office (normative and technical cooperation), the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that some of the United Nations rules might not be fully adapted to the Office’s needs, in particular with regards its increased field dimension. In some aspects, the Office now presents the profile of a specialized agency (focused expertise, field presence, need for rapid responsiveness, etc.).", "The funding modalities create constant tensions about job security, which is a concern of most UNODC employees. The survey confirms that the impact on corporate performance is not negligible and seems higher within the Professional category. The Inspectors noted the efforts of UNODC in that matter as in the case of the cost saving exercise in 2009 during which very few jobs were lost. But it must be noted that respondents were not receptive to this action and pointed out the fact that UNODC has no mechanism to face and alleviate job uncertainty, as it is often the case in a similar context.", "Table 6: Views of various categories of UNODC employees regarding impact of job uncertainty (in percentage)", "In your opinion, to what extent does job uncertainty at UNODC affect overall performance?", "Considerably Not so Somewhat Insignificantly Not at all much", "All employees 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "International 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6 professional staff only", "Headquarters 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3 staff", "Field staff 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "A. Human resources flagged as problematic", "The Inspectors are aware that human-resource issues tend to generate debates, discussions and frustration among staff of any international organizations. Nevertheless, the examples provided during interviews sessions and the extremely critical comments expressed via the survey are indicative of the views of UNODC staff regarding aspects such as transparency of procedures and selection processes, compliance with rules and consistency in their application, impression of favouritism and doubts regarding equity towards candidates, gender biases, etc. The Inspectors are convinced that it is of primary importance to address these perceptions by applying and demonstrating the highest degree of compliance, transparency and communication in these matters at all stages in order to avoid ground for frustration and rumours.", "In addition, numerous criticisms regarding the poor quality of services provided by the Human Resources Management Section were made describing HRMS as not sufficiently client-oriented. The Inspectors recommend that HRMS take measures to collect clients’ feedback on a more regular basis in order to identify its clients’ perception and adjust accordingly if possible within its capacity and resources.", "Figure 7: Human-resources issues mentioned by UNODC employees", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Mobility is determined by the United Nations policy which is currently being re-evaluated. In that area, UNODC participates in the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange (VINE) to promote mobility of staff. The Inspectors believe that, despite the absence of a required mobility scheme, more rotation between headquarters and field staff members could benefit the Office by developing better corporate and institutional knowledge based on increased sharing of experiences. At the moment, Professionals who are the primary target of the mobility scheme, consider that UNODC does not sufficiently encourage such rotation. The Inspectors consider the absence of such system as a missed opportunity in UNODC’s context.", "With regard to human resources matters as well as for other critical issues of staff interest, the Inspectors recall that, since 2009, the Regional Branch of the United Nations Ombudsman in Vienna constitutes an opportunity for staff to raise issues of concerns and explore ways of informal problem solving.", "B. UNODC workforce", "Tables 7 and 8 provide a snapshot of the UNODC workforce composition. The Inspectors wish to stress the difficulties encountered in having a clear picture of UNODC staffing due to shared resources with UNOV. As a consequence, data presented were extracted from the IMIS database and do not include staff members working in the Division of Management.", "Table 7: UNODC workforce by locations for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "RB XB RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "All employees 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "Table 8: UNODC workforce by categories for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 Percentage Growth", "RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "International 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1 Professional Staff", "General Service 41 55 43 55 4.9 0.0", "Individual Contractors 12 7 3 40 -75.0 471.4", "Consultants 12 16 33 79 175.0 393.8", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 78 - 15 - -80.8 Experts/Volunteers),", "Interns - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "International 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3 Professional Staff", "General Service 1 1 1 0.0 -100.0", "External contractors - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "Consultants - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "National officers - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 14 - 9 - -35.7 Experts: Intern, Volunteer, etc.)", "UNDP hired staff* - 26 - 148 469.2", "Total by source of 137 696 161 2449 17.5 251.9 funding", "Total employees 833 2610 + 213.3", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "There is a general increase of the workforce coincident with a reduction of the proportion of positions funded by regular budget resources. The ratio RB/XB illustrates the risk for business continuity, organizational effectiveness, retention of expertise and institutional knowledge at UNODC. In 2005, RB positions represented 16.5 per cent of the workforce (83.5 per cent of XB-funded posts) but dropped to 6.1 per cent in 2009. The Inspectors also noted that two categories of the workforce (interns and consultants) are characterized by a sharp increase. In parallel, the Junior Professional Officers (JPO) category has significantly reduced.", "Internship programmes at United Nations entities are seen as a positive experience for all parties involved: organizations, supervisors and interns. The Inspectors question the considerable and increasing recourse to interns at Headquarters which might indicate a lack of the necessary resources to meet requirements of the Office. In that context, it is challenging, to say the least, to comply with policy requirements of creating a working environment conducive to interns’ substantive learning and professional development accompanied by a proper supervision.", "Contractors and consultants have been increasing as well due to the expansion of the portfolio. For instance, the number of consultants in the field has greatly multiplied. The Inspectors are concerned in particular since, as noted by the Board of Auditors in a number of reports, the management of consultancy contracts at local level might be challenging with regards aspects such as selection, monitoring and evaluation.", "C. Gender balance and workforce diversity", "Table 9 demonstrates the sharp difference in the proportion of females to males according to the hierarchical level. The gender distribution within the entire Professional category has slightly improved and the female share reached 42.4 per cent in 2009. Improvement also occurred concerning senior level positions (P-5 and above), even though these posts are still largely held by males (more than three quarters). At field level, the gender distribution of field representatives is more unfavourable (17.6 per cent female), while for consultants it is estimated at 38 per cent female. This situation generated comments during the interviews and complaints via the survey that UNODC was “a male-dominated organization”.", "Table 9: Gender distribution in UNODC at Professional level and above for the years 2005 and 2009", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "All Professional staff", "Female 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "Male 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "Senior Professional staff (P5 and above)", "Female 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "Male 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The same positive trend regarding gender balance is noticeable for recruitment and promotion exercises in the professional category. But again, the promotion at senior level remains male dominated. The forecasts for retirement at senior level in the next three years create an opportunity for action to increase women representation as 8 out of the 10 senior positions concerned are currently occupied by male staff members. The Inspectors urge the Executive Director to seize this opportunity to better balance the gender representation within senior managers.", "Table 10: Gender distribution of recruitment and promotion at Professional level and above for the", "period 2005-2009", "Recruitment (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 10 47.6%", "Male 11 52.4%", "Not enough recruitment exercises were conducted involving senior professional staff (P5 and above) to draw any conclusion", "Promotion (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 31 64.6%", "Male 17 35.4%", "Senior Professional staff (P-5 and above)", "Female 5 33.3%", "Male 10 66.7%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance gender representation at senior level within the Office.", "Recommendation 11", "The Executive Director should undertake further measures to improve the gender balance at senior level, including for Field Representatives.", "The issue of the diversity of UNODC workforce also requires some attention. Annex II shows that geographic origin of Professional staff is not sufficiently balanced. While 68 nationalities were represented among UNODC Professional workforce in 2009, almost one third of these originate from three countries of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) of States. This situation should be addressed by a medium-term proactive recruitment strategy. After reviewing data on recruitment and promotion exercises, the Inspectors would like to see more serious and consistent efforts made to broaden the diversity of recruitment towards candidates from developing countries, including at senior level.", "The geographical balance of consultants is also worrisome. In 2009, four countries (namely, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Canada) contributed 51 per cent of the consultants’ pool. This concentration means a loss of diversity of expertise and experiences and a loss of participation and contributions from other regions. Even though the directors for DTA and DO advocated for enlarging the diversity of consultants’ nationalities, the situation has not improved much.", "Given the specificity of the mandates, UNODC workforce has to be highly specialized in various areas such as trafficking, corruption, etc. HRMS should take measures to strengthen its capacity for proactively seeking such specialized expertise; in particular in developing countries. UNODC intends to use the features of the new United Nations recruitment tool Inspira to support such outreach efforts.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance geographical balance of the professional workforce of the Office.", "Recommendation 12", "The Executive Director should establish a clear plan of action to broaden the diversity of the Professional workforce, as well as of the pool of consultants, in particular by considering more candidates from developing countries.", "D. Insufficient training resources, uneven training opportunities", "Given the necessity of maintaining substantive expertise in legal and varied technical areas, training and retraining of staff is strategic for UNODC. As shown in figure 7 above, training is one of the biggest interests of staff that responded to the survey.", "While the Inspectors noted that the number of staff trained doubled in the last five years, the following issues retained the Inspectors’ attention:", "(a) Training funds are provided on the basis of the workforce as funded by regular budget resources, not taking into account staff members financed via other funding types. As a consequence, resources for training are notably insufficient. UNODC has proactively introduced creative solutions to widen as much as possible enrolment, but with limited impact.", "(b) Access to training is not only limited but also uneven among categories of staff. Field-based staff members are not sufficiently exposed to training opportunities, despite the existence of online modules. At the local level, contractual status is also an obstacle. In the opinion of the Inspectors, this situation entails a major corporate risk as staff responsible for key operational procedures or provision of services is likely not to receive sufficient and regular coaching. Expectations of holding decentralized training events were limited by financial restrictions. As a consequence, field staff often goes through a “learning by doing” process.", "(c) As mentioned, UNODC deals with very specific skills and competencies, therefore the adequacy of training, in particular upgrading of substantive and technical skills to enhance professional effectiveness of UNODC officers is of primary importance. In that regard, the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that only 27 per cent of the survey respondents in the Professional category were satisfied with the adequacy of training provided to them. The Inspectors also consider that it could be beneficial to develop basic training modules on all UNODC mandates in order to increase corporate understanding and knowledge.", "VI. OVERSIGHT", "A. Oversight framework", "The oversight framework is presented in figure 1 of this report, together with the governance arrangements. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC is subject to internal oversight from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) which is responsible for audit, evaluation, inspection and investigation functions. OIOS follows a risk-based approach to select its audit or inspection/evaluation assignments and produced a number of reports in each of these specific areas.", "A 1999 Memorandum of Understanding governs the audit arrangements (resources funding, planning, etc.). The Inspectors share the recommendation of the Board of Auditors to consider the update and revision of this agreement. In their opinion, these arrangements do not take sufficiently into consideration the expansion of the field presence and the development of UNODC portfolio in the last decade. Initial steps have been undertaken in that regard.", "With regard to evaluation, in addition to the recent inspection of UNODC monitoring and evaluation systems, the Inspectors were informed that OIOS expects to conduct a comprehensive programme evaluation of the Office in the next two years. Within existing resources UNODC is likely not to be subjected to another such evaluation for over a decade, which is not in line with the eight-year cycle envisioned by OIOS as adequate and reasonable in the United Nations context.", "The Joint Inspection Unit provides independent external oversight to the Office, which is one of its participating organizations. The Inspectors commend the compliance and timeliness of UNODC feedback to the annual request for follow-up information on recommendations included in JIU reports and notes. The Inspectors welcome the fact that the WG on Governance and Finance requested that “relevant JIU reports and the summary of relevant OIOS reports should also be submitted to the Commissions”.[14] The Inspectors consider that it could contribute to enhance oversight, keeping in mind that consideration of JIU reports and resulting actions by General Assembly are in principle applicable to the Office.", "Concerning JIU reports and notes issued during the period 2004-2009, UNODC accepted 40 per cent of recommendations addressed to it. The implementation phase of accepted recommendations is very satisfactory, with more than 90 per cent marked as either implemented or in progress. The rather low acceptance rate can be explained by the fact that a number of recommendations included in system-wide JIU reports is addressing matters related to policies and guidelines as developed and implemented at the level of the United Nations and its Secretariat and for which the Office has little latitude to take action.", "The Board of Auditors audits the consolidated financial statements and reviews the operations of the Office for each biennium. The Board issued an unqualified audit opinion for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 but pointed out a series of issues that require attention by UNODC. The Inspectors urge UNODC to take appropriate measures to implement the recommendations made by the Board in previous reports that are not currently fully implemented.", "The Inspectors also noted that UNODC did not currently have a system of monitoring the implementation of accepted oversight recommendations, either internal or external. They believe such a system should be urgently developed.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the Office.", "Recommendation 13", "The Executive Director should undertake measures to create, by the end of 2011, an internal system to monitor the implementation of recommendations made by relevant oversight bodies.", "B. Towards a strengthened corporate evaluation capacity", "At the time of the review, and despite significant attention given by Member States and by UNODC in recent years to the Independent Evaluation Unit (IEU), the evaluation function at UNODC was not considered as giving sufficient assurance to Member States and donors on the assessment of UNODC performance. In the view of the Inspectors, this is a priority area of consideration as it is of primary importance for UNODC to be able to measure and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of its programme delivery and related programmes outcomes. In addition, the IEU has a role to play in many important areas such as accountability, learning mechanisms and enhanced project/programme designing within the Office.", "The issue of independence of the evaluation function arising from previous structural and reporting arrangements were addressed by placing the IEU under the Executive Director in the Office’s structure. The Inspectors wish to stress the need to further promote a corporate evaluation culture, as a shared responsibility: (a) Member States have to grant sufficient resources and exercise their oversight responsibility in particular with regards how the findings of evaluations are used by management. The fact that Member State representatives have explicitly requested that evaluation reports should be circulated to the governing bodies directly and at the same time to UNODC senior management is welcomed by the Inspectors as a sign of commitment; (b) UNODC senior managers should create the conditions for a strong corporate evaluation capacity and create the mechanisms to ensure that evaluation findings and lessons learned are fed-back into the future project and programme cycles; (c) the evaluation unit itself has to contribute to its own credibility and demonstrate its usefulness by producing high quality evaluation reports in compliance with professionals norms and standards, and (d) UNODC staff at all levels (senior managers, mid-level or project managers, substantive officers) have to adopt an open and supporting attitude towards evaluations conducted.", "VII. OTHER ISSUES", "A. The International Narcotics Control Board", "The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the independent and quasi-judicial monitoring body for the implementation of the three United Nations international drug control conventions: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971); and the United Nations Conventions against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). Established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, it had predecessors under the former drug-control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations.", "INCB plays a pivotal role in the international fight against illegal drugs. It is assisted by a secretariat in the exercise of its treaty-body functions. The INCB secretariat is an administrative entity of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, but is responsible solely to the Board on matter of substance. To ensure its independence, INCB secretariat is funded through United Nations regular budget resources.", "The Inspectors believe that better understanding and cooperation between UNODC and INCB secretariat would ensure the smooth functioning of INCB. The need to improve these relationships was indeed expressed by both sides, pointing out some difficulties in terms of budget resources and management, recruitment of staff, procurement and administrative support.", "The reporting line of the INCB secretary (D-1) within the UNODC organizational structure has caused some concerns as it reports to the Head of the Division for Treaty Affairs rather than directly to the Executive Director. The Inspectors consulted Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/48, endorsed by General Assembly resolution 46/104, on the administrative arrangements between INCB secretariat and the International Drug Control Programme, the predecessor of UNODC. The resolution says: “The Secretary of the Board shall be appointed or assigned by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Board”. The secretary shall be responsible to the Board in all substantial matters and to the Executive Director in other matters. Based on the resolution, the Inspectors hold that to ensure the independence of INCB and its secretariat, the secretary should report directly to the Executive Director.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the INCB secretariat.", "Recommendation 14", "The Executive Director should modify at the earliest opportunity the existing reporting lines of the INCB secretary, and place this position directly under his responsibility in the organizational structure.", "B. UNOV/UNODC arrangements", "The current organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime were established by ST/SGB/2004/5 and ST/SGB/2004/6, respectively. The main characteristic is that UNOV and UNODC, as separate entities, are sharing one Division for Management that provides services to both entities, as well as to other United Nations entities at Vienna. Core functions of the division are split between both offices.", "While the arrangements are satisfactory in practice at the working level and are not questioned by the Inspectors as such, it should be noted that in 2010 the Board of Auditors raised the point of shared administrative services such as financial management and noted difficulties to precise breakdown of staff and related costs between UNOV and UNODC.[15] As an example, it was pointed out that management costs of UNODC can therefore not be easily identified and estimated. In the course of the review, the Inspectors encountered difficulties in collecting data focusing only on UNODC staffing, for example.", "Figure 8 below provides a summary of the views of respondents with regard several aspects of services provided by the Division of Management in support of UNODC activities.", "Figure 8: Assessment by UNODC employees of the services provided by the Division of Management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "C. Information and communication technology services", "The UNOV/UNODC Information and Technology Section (ITS) has solid reputation and a high profile within the United Nations in terms of advanced ICT capacities, as recognized by several user-satisfaction surveys. During the review some comments, however, were registered that ITS could concentrate more on providing timely and good support services to UNODC various units.", "In addition to support services, ITS also develops software applications for external clients, mainly Governments, in areas covered by UNODC programmes such as money-laundering and financial crime, and for which few alternatives are available on the commercial market. These substantive services are viewed as technical cooperation activities provided on a costs recovery basis and are governed by service level agreements. UNODC pointed out that “the ability of Member States to effectively carry out their mandates in areas such as drug control, statistical reporting and monitoring, criminal justice reform and countering money laundering and terrorist financing is significantly enhanced by the employment of sophisticated IT solutions and communications infrastructures”. While they do not question the added value for Member States, the Inspectors wish to stress that these activities should be conducted in full coordination with other UNODC entities. For example, the Inspectors stress that UNODC field representatives should be aware of and associated with all technical cooperation activities were conducted by ITS in support of Governments of countries falling into their regional scope.", "VIII. SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS", "UNODC employees contributed to the Inspectors’ review through an online survey made available to both Headquarters and field-deployed staff in May and June 2010. The link was distributed through the UNODC information management system and responses were collected and processed confidentially by the Inspectors. The participation rate, in particular at Vienna, is illustrative and statistically representative of the views of some categories of staff. The findings based on aggregated and filtered data by various categories of staff and locations have been included in the narrative of the report.", "Table 11: Participation in the JIU survey 2010, by location", "Locations Recipients Respondents Participation rate", "Vienna Headquarters 464 269 58 %", "Field locations* 1350 368 27.3 %", "Total 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* Includes all staff located outside of headquarters.", "** Includes incomplete surveys.", "In analysing the responses, the Inspectors noted the following points of interest: (a) international Professionals are often the more critical in their assessment; (b) senior managers (above P-5 level) are surprisingly critical in areas falling under their responsibility by stating that transparency is lacking in the application of rules and regulations and in management decisions; they also do not consider that there is enough encouragement for open discussion, and (c) there are some strong differences of perception between headquarters staff and field employees.", "The Inspectors collected 584 comments and suggestions through the open questions. They amounted to 1,526 different points tackling a vast number of management and administration issues within the Office. Through content analysis, the Inspectors categorized these remarks in several broad headings, as represented in figure 9 below. In addition, the opinions expressed by staff were also incorporated in the narrative when they were related to a specific issue.", "The Inspectors suggest that a staff survey be conducted on a regular basis within the Office: on one hand, UNODC staff showed that it is keen to contribute to such initiative and on the other hand, senior management could benefit from this feedback expressed by all components of UNODC workforce.", "Figure 9: Areas mentioned by UNODC respondents", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Main aspects covered\n HR Management Training, Career Development, Contractual Status, Job Security, diversity of the workforce, Recruitment, Mobility, Institutional Knowledge, Working Conditions.", "Executive Transparency, Senior management, Performance Management Management, Strategic Planning and RBM, Management Practices, communication.", "Organizational Internal Coordination and Cooperation, Internal Structure Communication, Decentralization and Restructuring.", "Administrative Feed back on the quality of FRMS, HRMS, Procurement Services Services, and Relations with UNDP. In particular with regard to field support from HQ.", "Financial Framework Financial Management, Financial Resources and Funding.", "Legal Framework Governance arrangements, mandates of the Office, relevance of rules and regulations.", "Oversight Audit of field offices, evaluation, monitoring of Field Offices.", "Other issues Security, transportation, Project Management and comments of general nature.", "ANNEXES", "Annex I: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime organizational chart, as of April 2010 (source UNODC)", "[]", "Annex II: Geographical diversity at professional level and above (as of December 2009)", "Nationality Number In per Nationality Number In per of staff cent of staff cent\n Italy 29 10.5% 23.6% Belarus 1 0.4%", "Germany 19 6.9% Bosnia and 1 0.4% Herzegovina", "United States of 17 6.2% Botswana 1 0.4% America", "Canada 14 5.1% Cote d’Ivoire 1 0.4%", "France 13 4.7% Czech Republic 1 0.4%", "United Kingdom 13 4.7% Ecuador 1 0.4%", "Austria 11 4.0% Georgia 1 0.4%", "Spain 9 3.3% Ghana 1 0.4%", "India 8 2.9% Honduras 1 0.4%", "Denmark 7 2.5% Indonesia 1 0.4%", "Japan 7 2.5% Iran 1 0.4%", "Brazil 6 2.2% Ireland 1 0.4%", "Australia 5 1.8% Israel 1 0.4%", "Belgium 5 1.8% Kyrgyzstan 1 0.4%", "South Africa 5 1.8% Libyan Arab 1 0.4% Jamahiriya", "Egypt 4 1.4% Mali 1 0.4%", "Greece 4 1.4% Malta 1 0.4%", "New Zealand 4 1.4% Mexico 1 0.4%", "Norway 4 1.4% Mongolia 1 0.4%", "Sweden 4 1.4% Morocco 1 0.4%", "Uzbekistan 4 1.4% Myanmar 1 0.4%", "Argentina 3 1.1% Namibia 1 0.4%", "Cameroon 3 1.1% Paraguay 1 0.4%", "Finland 3 1.1% Peru 1 0.4%", "Kazakhstan 3 1.1% Poland 1 0.4%", "Kenya 3 1.1% Portugal 1 0.4%", "Netherlands 3 1.1% Qatar 1 0.4%", "Turkey 3 1.1% Republic of 1 0.4% Moldova", "Azerbaijan 2 0.7% Romania 1 0.4%", "Bolivia 2 0.7% Russian 1 0.4% Federation", "Bulgaria 2 0.7% Senegal 1 0.4%", "China 2 0.7% Seychelles 1 0.4%", "Iran 2 0.7% Slovakia 1 0.4%", "Jamaica 2 0.7% Switzerland 1 0.4%", "Latvia 2 0.7% Thailand 1 0.4%", "Lebanon 2 0.7% Turkmenistan 1 0.4%", "Mauritius 2 0.7% Uganda 1 0.4%", "Pakistan 2 0.7% Uruguay 1 0.4%", "Algeria 1 0.4% Venezuela 1 0.4%", "Bangladesh 1 0.4% Zimbabwe 1 0.4%", "Barbados 1 0.4% Grand Total 276 100%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "Annex III: UNODC field presence in 2010 (source UNODC Annual Report 2010)", "[]", "Regional offices (10) Country offices (9) Liaison offices (2)\n Brazil and the Southern Cone Afghanistan New York", "Central Asia Plurinational State of Brussels Bolivia", "Eastern Africa Colombia", "Middle East and North Africa Islamic Republic of Iran", "Mexico, Central America and the Lao People’s Caribbean Democratic Republic", "Peru, Plurinational State of Myanmar Bolivia and Ecuador", "South Asia Nigeria", "Southern Africa Pakistan", "West and Central Africa Viet Nam", "Centre for East Asia and the Pacific", "Programme offices (32)", "Regional Programme Office in Panama, Regional Programme Office for South Eastern Europe, Sub-Regional Programme Office in the United Arab Emirates (for the Gulf States), Sub-Regional Programme Office in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Albania, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Republic of Moldova, Nepal, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan.", "Annex IV", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ E: Recommendation for action by executive head", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other. * Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] See A/51/950, paragraphs 143-145, ST/SGB/Organization, Section: UNDCP (1993), ST/SGB/1998/17 and ST/SBG/2004/6.", "[2] See OIOS Report AE2007/361/0", "[3] Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision 51/1 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice decision 17/2.", "[4] See CND resolution 52/13, CCPCJ resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, report of the Secretary-General on “Mandating and delivering: analysis and recommendations to facilitate the review of mandates”.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2008/13 and E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, op 85.", "[8] See E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] See UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1 June 2002.", "[12] Strategy for the period 2008-2011 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, E/CN.7/2007/14- E/CN.15/2007/5, approved by Economic and Social Council resolutions 2007/12 and 2007/19.", "[13] As of December 2010, Thematic Programmes include: (a) Action against Corruption and Economic Crime, (b) Crime Prevention and Criminal justice reform, (c) Addressing Health and Human Development Vulnerabilities in the Context of Drugs and Crime, (d) Scientific and Forensic services, (e) Terrorism Prevention, (f) Research and Trend Analysis and (g) Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking (including THB, Smuggling, Money Laundering, Firearms).", "[14] See E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] See A/63/5/Add.9, Financial report and audited financial statements." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "* A/66/150.", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime” (JIU/REP/2010/10).", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AGAINST DROGA AND DELITO (UNODC)", "Prepared by", "Yishan Zhang", "Pope Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "SUMMARY", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "Objectives This “Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)” is part of a series of reviews by participating organizations conducted by the Joint Inspection Unit in recent years. Its objective is to identify areas that can be improved in governance, management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management and monitoring. Key observations and conclusions The Office is mandated to assist StatesMembers in their fight against drugs, crime and terrorism, which is within the priority areas of the United Nations. The international community is increasingly acknowledging the importance of the mandates of the Office, and the increased number of stakeholders believes UNODC is fulfilling them. The Office was established in 1997, merging various United Nations entities. However, the original governing bodies, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice remained unchanged, as well as the respective trust funds. As a result, both governance and financial frameworks are characterized by fragmentation, which affect the effectiveness and efficiency of the Office. Conscious of the challenges, Member States initiated a governance review process in 2008, creating an open-ended intergovernmental working group to improve the governance and financial situation of the Office. The Inspectors present in this report three options for improving governance arrangements and a specific recommendation for the establishment of an integrated and more “adhesive” mechanism to govern and guide the activities of the Office. The financial management of the Office is complex and is carried out by two separate trust funds. The Inspectors provide greater efficiency and rationalization of financial management and are of the view that opportunities for the two trust funds should be explored. Substantive and technical cooperation activities have been expanded to cover new and diversified areas, as the Office has been incorporated into the United Nations system peace, security and development programme, in particular through partnerships with other international organizations, as well as efforts to attract increased financial support. This trend towards expansion has somewhat diluted strategic vision and depriorization functions within the Office. The Inspectors recommend that the Office undertake an in-depth review of its mandates, as well as a process of prioritizing those mandates and related activities. The Office faces a difficult situation: the increasing number of mandates and the expansion of related activities are not accompanied by an increase in the financial and human resources required. While earmarked earmarked contributions are increasing, earmarked funding funds to ensure the core functions of the Office are insufficient. The Inspectors make a number of recommendations, including one requesting the General Assembly to ensure that the core functions of the Office are funded from regular budget resources to ensure that UNODC is able to carry out subsidiaries in a coherent and sustainable manner. The rapid expansion of its field presence and its technical assistance activities over the past decade has a major impact on UNODC &apos; s current management in many areas: the coordination and support of headquarters to field offices, the laying down of administrative rules and procedures, etc. The report also highlights areas such as executive management (vision, management and communication practices) and human resources management (transparency, impartiality, policy coherence, training). The Inspectors also considered the case of the International Narcotics Control Board (JIFE), an independent judicial body, and its secretariat, and recommended a change in the administrative structure and lines of the JIFE. Recommendations The Inspectors made 14 recommendations of which 12 are addressed to the Executive Director, one to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and one to the General Assembly. Recommendation 1 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should jointly hold the continuation of their sessions. Such joint follow-up of the sessions would serve as a governing body, responsible for overseeing the budgetary and reproductive activities of the Office. Recommendation 3 The General Assembly should ensure that the core functions of the Office are funded from budget resources from the biennium 2012-2013 to enable UNODC to fulfil its mandates in a coherent and sustainable manner.", "CONTENTS", "Page", "SUMMARY. 3", "SIGLAS AND 7 ABREVIATURS.", "Paragraphs", "I. INTRODUCTION. 1-14 8", "A. Scope, objectives and methodology 1-7 8", "B. A Office with diversified mandates and 8-14 9 demanding", "II. GOVERNANCE 15-38 10", "A. Complexity of provisions on 15-21 10 governance", "B. Options for improving governance 22-31 12", "C. Consolidated mandate review and prioritization process 32-38 14", "III. FINANCIAL MARK 39-59 17", "A. Funding for functions 43-48 19 institutional ones continues to pose a challenge", "B. Simplification of financial management 49-50 20", "C. Efforts to reduce 51-56 21 rigorous allocation of earmarked funds", "D. Fund-raising strategy for 57-59 23 further broadening the donor base", "IV. EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT 60-94 24", "A. Management questioning by 63-64 25 staff", "B. Institutional restructuring for 2010 65-68 25", "C. Lack of coordination reduces efficiency 69-73 26", "D. Strategic planning and management based on 74-83 28 results", "E. Challenges related to the presence on 84-94 31 land", "V. MANAGEMENT OF 95-112 34 HUMAN RESOURCES", "A. Human resources considered 98-101 35 problematic", "B. The work force of UNODC 102-105 36", "C. Gender balance and force diversity 106-110 38 work", "D. Insufficiency of resources for 111-112 40 training, inequality of training opportunities", "VI. SUPERVISION 113-121 41", "A. Monitoring framework 113-119 41", "B. Towards strengthened evaluation capacity 120-121 42 institutional", "VII. OTHER MATTERS 122-130", "A. International Narcotics Control Board of 122-125 43", "B. Arrangements between UNOV and UNODC 126-128 44", "C. Information technology services and 129-130 45 communications", "VIII. ASPECTS 131-134 46 DETAILS", "Annexes", "I. Organizational chart of the 48 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "II. 49 geographical diversity at the Professional and higher levels (as at December 2009)", "III. UNODC field presence", "IV. Overview of the 51 actions to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "AND ABREVIATURS", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "CPC Committee for Programme and Coordination", "CPID Centre for International Crime Prevention", "DAP Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "JIU Joint Inspection Unit", "DEI Independent Evaluation Unit", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "DPE Strategic Planning Unit", "FFE Special purpose funds", "FFG General purpose funds", "GAP Programme support costs", "RBM Results-based management", "JIFE International Narcotics Control Board", "OFDPD Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention", "UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna", "Office of Internal Oversight Services", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "SCA Co-financing and Partnerships Section", "SGRF Financial Resources Management Service", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "I. Introduction", "A. Scope, objectives and methodology", "1. As part of its 2010 programme of work, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a management and administration review at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is part of the United Nations Secretariat. The present report is part of a series of management reviews and management of participating organizations undertaken in recent years.", "2. The objectives of the report are to identify areas for improvement, such as governance, executive management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management, monitoring, etc., and to identify best practices and share them with other organizations of the United Nations system. The financial crisis in 2008-2009 had a marked negative impact on the Office, as its business model was mainly based on extrabudgetary contributions. Owing to the crisis, severe savings measures were required in 2009 and an internal restructuring in 2010. At that critical time, Member States undertook an ambitious recovery process, establishing a working group on governance and finance.", "3. In accordance with the internal JIU standards and guidelines as well as their internal working procedures, the methodology followed in the preparation of the present report includes an in-depth analysis of internal documentation as well as interviews with UNODC officials and staff representatives. In addition, the Inspectors met with ambassadors and heads of delegation, including the Chairs and members of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the Working Group on Governance and Finance, as well as representatives of regional groups, major donors and beneficiary countries. The Inspectors also attended the 2010 workshop for field representatives to discuss with UNODC field representatives. The JIU review was welcomed as timely by both Member States and UNODC staff and managers.", "4. The Inspectors requested the views of UNODC staff at headquarters and field offices through an online staff survey. The responses to that survey provided useful information on various aspects addressed in this report. In addition to presenting global figures, the Inspectors conducted a comprehensive analysis of over 1,500 different observations, comments and suggestions presented in response to the open questions of the survey.", "5. In accordance with the JIU statute, the present report has been finalized following consultations among the Inspectors in order to test their conclusions and recommendations against the collective trial of the Unit. UNODC provided factual and substantive comments on the draft report that were taken into account to finalize it.", "6. In order to facilitate the use of the report and the implementation of its recommendations, as well as the follow-up thereto, annex IV contains a table specifying the recommendations that require a decision of the governing bodies of UNODC and which can be implemented by the Executive Director.", "7. The Inspectors would like to express their appreciation to those who assisted them in preparing the present report and, in particular, to those who participated in the interviews and so generously shared their knowledge and experience with them. In order to avoid any duplication, the review was conducted in coordination with the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which conducted an audit of UNODC governance in 2010.", "B. An Office with diversified and demanding mandates", "8. The Office was established in 1997 through the merger of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention (IDCP). From the point of view of management, the transnational nature of drugs, crime and terrorism and the interrelationships between them led, through successive administrative reforms, to the creation of a single entity that addressed all those issues[1]. At the outset, the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (OFDPD) was appointed to become UNODC in 2002. UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their fight against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. UNODC mandates are of paramount importance and fall within the priority areas of the United Nations, as determined by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/247.", "9. The Office combines policy services for the effective implementation of international legal instruments, research and analysis capacities, and technical assistance and capacity-building activities in the field. This is reflected in the designation of the three UNODC divisions (Treaties, Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Operations), complemented by the Management Division, shared with the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV).", "10. Since its inception, the mandates entrusted to the Office have proliferated, particularly in the past decade, in the area of crime prevention. However, these tasks have not been accompanied by a parallel increase in adequate regular budget resources. In turn, the internal structure and procedures have not adapted to the new challenges. This situation poses an important risk that the Office cannot fully implement the mandated tasks.", "11. The Office has expanded its field presence to a wide range of technical assistance activities. The headquarters-based entity that advises on policies and is the custodian of international conventions and conventions currently coexists with a field network similar to a specialized agency that provides expertise in technical assistance and cooperation. A key aspect of the UNODC evaluation is the determination of whether the structure and procedures are sufficiently adapted to meet the needs of this development. For example, standards and procedures for human resources management or procurement management do not seem appropriate in all situations to ensure effectiveness and are considered by many, and especially by those working on the ground, as not conducive to institutional effectiveness.", "12. The previous Executive Director (2002-2010) focused on the integration of the Office &apos; s activities into the United Nations peace, security and development programme through an interrelated and interdisciplinary approach, as well as on the development of partnerships with other international organizations. During the preparation of the present report, the Secretary-General of the United Nations appointed a new Executive Director to assume his post in September 2010.", "13. In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of UNODC and its achievements, reflected in the increase in extrabudgetary contributions, although most of these contributions are earmarked. Most of the interviewees generally highlighted the fact that the Office complies with its tasks despite the difficult circumstances it is undergoing. However, the present report notes the remaining fragmentation in many areas: fragmentation of the governance framework that affects policy guidance and monitoring, fragmentation of funding sources that affect the sustainability and predictability of resources and fragmentation of management affecting efficiency and effectiveness.", "14. In preparing the present review, the Inspectors had before them a series of reports prepared by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in recent years containing critical evaluations of UNODC and some of its field offices. The Inspectors noted that the efforts made by UNODC had resulted in some management improvements compared to the Office &apos; s critical situation in the early 2000s.", "II. GERNANZA", "A. Full governance arrangements", "15. The Office is characterized by the existence of two fully separate principal governing bodies, namely, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The fragmentation and complexity of the Office &apos; s governance framework is illustrated in figure 1 below. In 2007, OIOS, in its risk assessment of UNODC, concluded that the areas of strategic management and governance were the most at risk.[2] The Inspectors agreed with the view that governance arrangements presented a challenge that was affecting the Office &apos; s efficient functioning with regard to the fulfilment of its mandates.", "16. Policy guidance and mandates stem from resolutions or decisions of multiple United Nations bodies. In addition to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its two functional commissions, international conventions and conventions relating to the areas of work of the Office, such as the three international drug control treaties, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols, the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the universal legal instruments against terrorism in all their forms and manifestations, are legally binding. Other United Nations activities such as crime prevention congresses, the Millennium Declaration and the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy identify an increase in the complexity of mandates. Figure 1 also highlights the lack of connection between mandates and funding.", "Figure 1: UNODC governance framework", "[]", "17. The reasons for the fragmentation of governance are historic: in the 1990s, the entities responsible for the implementation of two different programmes on drugs and crime merged into an Office, while at the same time the two governing bodies (the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice) and their twin trust funds remained in their original and unchanged status. Therefore, the integrated substantive approach to drug and crime issues was not reflected in the governance structure, and the normative and regulatory functions predominated in each Commission within their respective substantive areas.", "18. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice have different composition, different programmes and different priority issues that require their attention. They currently operate in parallel, individually and separately. Repetitive measures should be taken in various forums. For example, similar UNODC presentations and documents should be submitted to both Commissions. The interval (one year) between the main sessions of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice affects the effectiveness of the governing bodies, since it seems more difficult to follow up and provide timely responses. In addition, given the current duration of the sessions, insufficient time is envisaged to address management and administrative aspects during the operational activities segment. In recent times, the Commissions themselves have expressed some reservations about the effectiveness of UNODC governance arrangements, in particular with regard to monitoring the activities of the Office.", "19. The Inspectors noted some disappointment and frustration among UNODC managers because of the absence of timely and effective guidance from the Commissions and their member States to the Office. In turn, member States shared their concerns with the Inspectors regarding the absence of consultation and transparency at various levels of UNODC, and major donor countries as well as beneficiary countries expressed criticism in areas such as project development and implementation (initiatives), resource allocation, structure and composition of the staffing table, and data and figures used in reports or publications.", "20. In 2008, Member States undertook an ambitious governance review process through the establishment of an open-ended intergovernmental working group on improving the governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[3] (hereinafter referred to as the &quot; Governance and Financial Situation Working Group &quot; ). The Inspectors welcomed this initiative that offers the possibility of starting a dialogue not only between the community of Member States, donors and beneficiary countries, but also with UNODC senior management. As a result, Member States and UNODC were able to better understand each other &apos; s limitations, concerns and expectations. The Inspectors believe that such a forum, used appropriately, should serve to build confidence in the future.", "21. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice institutionalized the Working Group on Governance and Financial Situation for a two-year period, on the understanding that its dynamics and concrete results should be assessed in 2011. From that perspective, it would be necessary to review and agree on a clear assessment framework, since the resolution contained no clarification on the issue. The Working Group on Governance and the Financial Situation should submit to both Commissions recommendations on administrative, programmatic and financial matters within the areas of their respective mandates.", "B. Options for improving governance", "22. During their discussions with Member States and senior management of the Office, the Inspectors were impressed by the common interest in a more integrated and coherent governance mechanism to ensure a more effective in-depth study of the activities of the Office. Some respondents suggested budgetary and programmatic mechanisms similar to those of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) and the Committee for Programme and Coordination (CPC), while others proposed the establishment of an executive board or an executive programme and a budget committee. The objective is to create an effective mechanism to ensure that UNODC senior management and Member States reach a sufficient level of dialogue and understanding in order to prioritize and monitor the work of the Office and its activities, and to link with the necessary and appropriate resources to achieve its objectives.", "23. The Inspectors were urged to make concrete recommendations to improve the future governance arrangements of the Office. In the opinion of the Inspectors, the options at stake can be summarized as follows:", "Option 1: Institutional reform: merger of the two Economic and Social Council Commissions", "24. The concept of merger of the two Commissions dates from the time the Office was established by combining separate drug and crime programmes. This option represents an important change in the basic structure of the Economic and Social Council, particularly with regard to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, which has existed since the establishment of the United Nations. The main benefit would be the harmonization of the management framework with the administrative structure and the creation of conditions for Member States to act in an integrated manner with regard to policy guidance, financial responsibility and programmatic decisions. At the same time, duplication of work and difficulties caused by the current dual governance framework would be reduced.", "25. While many are of the view that it is the basic option for solving problems, the Inspectors are aware that institutional reform depends on the political will of Member States and on a protracted process. The abolition of the Commission on Human Rights, another of the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council, and its replacement by the Human Rights Council provides an illustrative example. It has been considering and negotiating issues such as mandates, composition and other related provisions for years.", "26. In the Inspectors &apos; view, the option of a commission dealing with both drug issues and crime issues should be studied in the long term, but could not immediately resolve current governance difficulties.", "Option 2: Institutional Addendum: Establishment of an Executive Body", "27. The option for the establishment of an additional body, such as an executive board or a programme and budget committee entrusted with the task of specifically monitoring the strategic management, budget and activities of the Office provides for a more permanent governance and oversight mechanism. Other United Nations entities have similar mechanisms, such as the UNDP Executive Board, the WFP Executive Board or the UNHCR Executive Committee.", "28. However, UNODC is the only United Nations entity with two parallel governing bodies that have led to a delicate governance situation. In the view of the Inspectors, if such a board or committee were established, their relationship with the two Commissions and their two lines of authority should be clearly stipulated. The Inspectors wish to alert the fact that an important disadvantage of this option is that it could add a new stratum to the current governance, of itself quite complex. The investment required for such a mechanism should not be underestimated, especially at a time when the Office is experiencing financial difficulties.", "Option 3: Institutional improvement: combination of resumed sessions", "29. Continued sessions of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice provide an opportunity for Member States to discuss financial and organizational issues related to UNODC. These sessions are currently held consecutively, separately and independently, in practice during the same week in the second half of the year. Your program and documentation are similar.", "30. This option advocates a combined meeting of the resumed sessions of the two Commissions, with their adjusted or reformed roles and functions in order to act as a strengthened budgetary and programmatic mechanism. This option would not only provide opportunities for savings and rationalization of organizational and service delivery aspects, but would also provide to some extent a framework for a more integrated approach to substantive issues.", "31. In the opinion of the Inspectors, the third option seems to be the most useful hypothesis at this time. They trust that it could provide a framework for a more integrated, effective and coherent governance structure if Member States commit themselves sufficiently to that end. The Inspectors suggest combining the current continuations of the sessions during an initial period of three years, in order to test the effectiveness of the new arrangements and their impact on the governance of the Office. After that period, Member States would be in a position to decide whether or not that settlement was satisfactory.", "The following recommendation seeks to improve the effectiveness of the Office &apos; s governance arrangements.", "Recommendation 1", "The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should jointly hold the continuation of its sessions, which would constitute an integrated governing body to provide policy guidance to the Office, and would have the task of supervising budgetary and programme activities.", "C. Consolidated mandate review and prioritization process", "32. As noted by the Secretary-General in carrying out the mandate review exercise in 2006[5], United Nations activities in the areas of drug control, prevention of transnational crime and counter-terrorism have increased considerably, with direct implications for the Office, which plays a key role in these areas. At that time, the Secretary-General had identified 364 different mandates (reporting obligations, preparation of studies, organization of conferences, policy or technical assistance), for which UNODC was the implementing entity. In addition, the Office also serves as the secretariat for several international conventions such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which have entered into force over the past decade.", "33. One of the findings that the Inspectors wish to highlight is the number of positive responses submitted by staff regarding the diversity of mandates of UNODC. It is noteworthy that 66 per cent of respondents believe that the diversity of UNODC mandates has had a positive impact on their work and activities. However, respondents also believe that the integration of these mandates is far from concrete, with only 25.2 per cent and 20.3 per cent of positive expressions regarding the integration of programme and project development and activities, respectively.", "Tables 1 and 2: Views of various categories of UNODC staff on the diversity of mandates (percentages)", "Has the diversity of UNODC mandates impacted on its work and activities (drugs, crime, etc.)? Yeah, yeah, he doesn't know positive negative.", "All staff 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "International staff 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3", "Categories P-5 and above 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "Headquarters staff 56.8 11,1 20.1 12,0", "Staff on 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "In your view, are drug and crime issues sufficiently integrated in the development of UNODC programmes and projects?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "International staff 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8 Professional staff only", "Categories P-5 and above 31.3 29.2 8.3", "Headquarters staff 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "Officials on 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "In your view, are UNODC activities sufficiently integrated with regard to drug, crime and terrorism mandates?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "International staff 11,2 39.1 40.8 8.9 Professional staff only", "Categories P-5 and above 25,0 31,3 35,4 8,3", "Headquarters staff 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "Staff on 22.6 39.8 23.6 14.6", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "34. In reviewing the type and sources of funding described in chapter III, it is shown that predictable income for the administrative and programme support functions of UNODC is limited and that there are no secured funds for the implementation of the operational and technical activities approved by the Commissions. Therefore, there is a risk in the implementation of mandates.", "35. The Inspectors considered the notes prepared in 2008 by UNODC for the fifty-first session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the seventeenth session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, respectively, containing information on “the status of implementation and resource requirements in the case of resolutions and decisions adopted by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commissions themselves, which had requested that the Office take action in the period 2003-2007”. While UNODC presents a high rate of compliance with its reporting obligations, the status of implementation of operational or technical assistance mandates faces real difficulties. In the area of crime prevention and criminal justice, partially executed mandates account for 33 per cent of operational and technical assistance mandates, in most cases allegedly due to lack of resources. Twenty-one per cent of the measures requested by the Office were recorded as ongoing activities. In the field of drugs, operational and technical mandates were fulfilled by 22 per cent, while those partially executed represented 37 per cent, for the same budgetary reason. 37% of the cases were in progress. In both drug and crime-related issues, the percentage of unexecuted mandates was estimated at less than 10 per cent.", "36. Given the fragmentation of governance, it is a challenge to achieve a consolidated vision of mandates and missions entrusted to the Office. The Inspectors believe that it is time to fully review those mandates and missions in order to provide Member States with a consolidated picture of all governance bodies. This would provide better information to Member States which would enable them to provide more effective and informed guidance. The 2008 notes constitute a valuable basis that should be completed, updated and expanded to cover all policy guidance bodies.", "37. On that basis, Member States would be in a position to re-evaluate existing mandates, as well as their relevance and availability of resources. Member States could identify their prioritization plan and further develop an integrated approach to addressing substantive issues relating to drugs, crime and terrorism. In turn, the Executive Director would be in a position to make adjustments to the Office to develop its work on the basis of a reconfirmed framework and to allocate resources accordingly, taking into account existing constraints. The Inspectors are of the view that this process would contribute to improving the coherence of the work of the Office. Ideally, it should be complemented by a functional review of all UNODC units to align their work with the defined priorities.", "38. As with other United Nations entities, the Inspectors believe that Member States should be informed of the financial implications of resolutions adopted by the Commissions, as well as on the capacities of UNODC to meet the relevant operational requirements prior to the adoption of those resolutions. In the financial context in which UNODC operates, it is of paramount importance that the new missions and tasks entrusted to the Office are systematically accompanied by clear statements on the programme budget implications discussed by the Commissions.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the Office in the implementation and implementation of its mandates.", "Recommendation 2", "The Executive Director should conduct a consolidated review of all mandates entrusted to the Office, including necessary and allocated resources, as well as the status of implementation. On that basis, the Executive Director should submit, as soon as possible, a document on prioritizing the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.", "III. FINANCIAL MARK", "39. The Office has a fragmented structure of funding mechanisms with resources from multiple sections of the United Nations regular programme budget (Sections 16 and 22 as well as Sections 1 and 28F for the United Nations Office at Vienna) and the two trust funds, namely, the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund, monitored by the respective Commissions. Each Fund is divided into general-purpose contributions, special-purpose contributions and programme support resources. The fragmentation is implicit in the Financial Regulations, which states that the biennial budget should be distinguished between the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund, and that the accounting of the Funds will also be carried separately.", "Box 1. Definitions", "Definitions of article II of the financial rules of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008)", "General-purpose funds (FFG) will mean “the general-purpose voluntary contributions to UNODC funds to finance executive direction and management, programmes and the biennial programme support component”;", "Special-purpose funds (FFFE) will mean “the specific-purpose voluntary contributions to UNODC aimed at financing technical cooperation activities and other activities”;", "Programme support costs (APGs) will mean “indirect costs recovered in support of activities funded from voluntary contributions.”", "40. The delicate financial situation of the Office has been a focus for years and has been widely commented. Figures 2 and 3 below highlight the evolution of UNODC resources and illustrate the fragmentation of the Office &apos; s budget framework as well as the distribution of resources among its trust funds (although the Fund of the drug control programme still represents more than two thirds of the overall budget, the importance of the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund has increased considerably).", "41. Member States and UNODC staff agreed during interviews that one of the main factors that most affected the efficiency and effectiveness of UNODC was its financial situation. This opinion was confirmed in the survey. In recent times, the lack of resources has resulted in reductions in, for example, travel, consultancies, training, operating expenses and contractual services.", "42. However, since 2004-2006, there has been a marked increase in the overall funding of UNODC (which reached $466,099 million in 2008-2009) with a percentage growth of almost 120 per cent. However, this favourable development conceals problematic aspects that could affect the functioning of the Office and its implementation capacity: this increase is mainly due to a higher number of earmarked contributions related to a dramatic increase in projects and activities of all types of UNODC, together with a decrease in overall-purpose contributions.", "Figure 2: Developments in the UNODC budget (based on expenditure), 2004-2005-2009, in millions of United States dollars", "[]", "Note: Consolidated data from the reports of the Board of Auditors (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figure 3: Distribution of UNODC budget (expenditure based) by sources of funding, 2004-2005-2009, in millions of United States dollars", "[]", "Note: Consolidated data based on the reports of the Board of Auditors (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9). Until 2006-2007, programme support costs were classified as general-purpose funds.", "A. Funding for institutional functions remains a challenge", "43. In UNODC, core functions should be funded primarily from regular budget resources and general-purpose funds. With the increased mandates and development of its field network, UNODC roles and functions have expanded considerably. However, expansion has not been accompanied by the corresponding increase in basic human and financial resources. Notwithstanding the fact that United Nations assessed contributions (regular budget) (RB) (PO) have increased since 2004-2005 in nominal terms (as at 27 per cent), the Inspectors noted that the regular budget share in the overall budget of UNODC in fact has decreased from 14.3 per cent in the biennium 2004-2005 to 8.3 per cent in the biennium 2008-2009.", "44. At the same time, the aggregate resources of the regular budget and general-purpose funds accounted for 36.1 per cent of the financial capacity in the biennium 2004-2005, but decreased to only 19.1 per cent four years later (including programme support costs). The general-purpose fund resources of each Fund are essential to finance institutional management functions and support services, but are being significantly reduced. The share of general-purpose funds and special-purpose funds has been deteriorating for several years and there is no sign of improvement, and this is a matter of concern for the sustainability of the Office.", "45. The Inspectors noted that some key business functions of the Office (such as the Director of the Operations Division, Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service, Chief of the Information Technology Service, Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit, UNODC Spokesperson, some of the evaluation officers, substantive officers of various subdivisions, etc.) are not funded from assessed contributions.", "46. In fact, the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly also “ expressed concern at the overall financial situation of UNODC and requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 to ensure that the Office had adequate resources to carry out its mandate”[7].", "47. The Inspectors agree with the consensus view expressed by the Member States of the permanent missions based in Vienna and UNODC senior managers that an increase in core resources is necessary to ensure core institutional functions. This could be achieved either by receiving a larger allocation in the United Nations regular budget or through a stronger commitment to the provision of more substantial and sustained contributions of general-purpose funds, or a combination of both actions. Previous statements encouraging Member States to commit a portion of their contributions to general-purpose funds in order to ensure a sustainable balance between these and contributions to special-purpose funds have not had sufficient effect.", "48. The Inspectors therefore believe that the request for an increase in regular budget resources, submitted by the Office for the biennium 2012-2013, especially on the basis of General Assembly resolution 64/243 (para. 83), should continue to be considered in order to ensure more sustained and predictable resources that would ensure the stability of the UNODC structure. However, a precondition for this is the clear identification of core business functions by UNODC in the context of an agreed and long-term strategic vision that has sufficient support and is based on the review of the mandate recommended in chapter II above (recommendation 2).", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 3", "The General Assembly should ensure that the core functions of the Office are funded from regular budget resources from the biennium 2012-2013 to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a coherent and sustainable manner.", "B. Simplification of financial management", "49. The funding structure implies a cumbersome process of preparation and presentation of the biennial budget, as the approval of the budget by the governing bodies has not been consolidated. The comments made by the Executive Director in 2008 on this issue do not require comments: “ UNODC continues to prepare and submit two budgets: one on the regular budget, submitted to United Nations Headquarters (for inclusion in the United Nations programme budget), and one on its voluntary funds, the consolidated budget, submitted to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The two budget documents contain the same information, although with a different approach, and are presented to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on two separate occasions and to Member States on three different occasions. UNODC also prepares two sets of accounts according to two different timetables, and these accounts are audited separately.”[8]", "50. UNODC should work with two separate trust funds, which did not contribute to enhancing effectiveness. The issue of the merger of the two existing trust funds has been discussed at previous occasions in the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice without any concrete conclusions. Convinced that the merger of funds could rationalize the financial management and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office, but also aware that such a merger represents a sufficient level of trust on the part of donors, the Inspectors wish to raise the issue once again and call for a feasibility study to assess the potential benefits and difficulties associated with that adjustment of the financial structure. To address the concerns of Member States, it should be possible to manage the allocations of drug and crime programmes within the same fund, with full transparency and more effectively.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the financial management of the Office.", "Recommendation 4", "The Executive Director should undertake a study on the feasibility, benefits and disadvantages of merging the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and report thereon to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2012.", "C. Efforts to reduce the rigorous allocation of earmarked funds", "51. The allocation of earmarked funds is a difficult and delicate issue, which sometimes has political connotations and is decided primarily on the basis of donor policies. In general, the practice of earmarking has an impact on planning, prioritization of activities and allocation of resources, especially when combined with declining core resources. It also entails the risk of changing priorities at the implementation stage, as donor resources are often strictly earmarked for specific projects, as is often the case in UNODC, with consequent constraints on the flexibility of resource utilization and prioritization. In the biennium 2008-2009, special-purpose fund contributions amounted to 80.9 per cent of UNODC funding. To some extent, the strict allocation of earmarked funds is also a result of the fact that UNODC mandates are broad in nature and donors wish to direct their financial support to well-defined areas of work.", "52. The Inspectors are concerned that while Member States are willing to invest in UNODC activities through earmarked contributions, whether for the performance of mandates or for the implementation of national projects, they are reluctant to invest in the core structure of UNODC through the provision of general-purpose funds. In fact, a representative of UNODC, speaking at the fifty-first session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, indicated that “UNODC could soon find itself in a position to reject extrabudgetary contributions linked to specific projects for lack of sufficient general-purpose funds to cover operational costs.”[9] There is no institutional mechanism in UNODC that links special-purpose contributions to general-purpose contributions. In the view of the Inspectors, unless such a mechanism is developed and implemented, there is a permanent risk of financial tensions.", "53. To some extent, the financial situation of the Office requires it to adapt to the trend of earmarking by developing projects capable of attracting funding in a “popular” area and, therefore, obtaining resources for the Office. Continuous pressure on money-seeking results in a trend towards expanding activities through the inclusion of a wide range of substantive areas that are not directly related to their core mandates. UNODC staff do not always understand this expansion, as indicated by the multiple comments expressed in the survey. The thematic and regional programmatic initiatives described in chapter IV are an attempt to introduce more flexibility in earmarking practices and increase predictability through multi-year pledges.", "54. During the interviews, some Member States attributed the large amount of funds earmarked for specific purposes to the absence of sufficient transparency, not only in the allocation of resources but also at various levels within the Office, as well as to what, in their view, was insufficient oversight. The Inspectors learned with concern that some donors make their contributions to UNODC in the form of earmarked funds while they do not proceed in the same way by making contributions to other organizations, demonstrating that there is a margin of improvement.", "55. Joint efforts by both donors and UNODC are needed to reduce the strict allocation of contributions. The Office should continue to improve the transparency of its processes, continue to improve its reporting and information-sharing capacities, and to use more user-friendly documents in its communications with Member States. The latter should, through the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, appeal to donors to refrain from earmarking and to continue to apply, where appropriate, the practice of multi-year pledges.", "56. UNODC should take further concrete steps to build donor confidence by demonstrating responsibility at all levels of the Office, both in programme implementation and in senior management practices. As a first step, the Executive Committee (see chapter IV) confirmed the need for a specific mechanism to monitor the financial situation of UNODC on a more regular basis. This resulted in regular briefings by the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Section with the Division Directors. In the Inspectors &apos; view, this practice could be expanded through the establishment of an institutional mechanism, such as a resource allocation committee to review the financial situation and to monitor the strategic prioritization of resource allocation and to prioritize fund-raising campaigns. The existence of such a committee could also contribute to increased donor transparency and confidence in order to seek to reduce earmarked contributions.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness and transparency of the Organization.", "Recommendation 5", "The Executive Director should establish an institutional mechanism to monitor the financial situation of the Office and identify the overall allocation of resources, especially with a view to enhancing transparency, to seek to reduce earmarked contributions.", "D. Fund-raising strategy to further expand the donor base", "57. UNODC ranks its donors in five major groups, as shown in table 3. For more than two thirds of its extrabudgetary contributions, UNODC is based on a donor category, and this share increases by adding other categories such as multi-donor trust funds or international financial institutions, which are also based primarily on the same group of countries. It should be noted that this unit has been significantly reduced since 2005; it has been greatly encouraged by bilateral contributions to nationally executed projects whose responsibility is delegated to UNODC. The Inspectors noted with satisfaction that the proportion of the new and national donor category has more than doubled over the past five years. Despite a strong reduction in 2008 and 2009, it represents a proportion of over 25 per cent of UNODC extrabudgetary income.", "Table 3: proportion of the respective extrabudgetary contributions of UNODC donors (2005-2009) (percentage)", "Donor category 2005 2006 2007 2008 UNODC", "Principal donors 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "New and 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6 national donors", "United Nations agencies 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4", "Trust funds of 0 0 2.1.2.3 multiple donors", "Financial institutions 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1 international and intergovernmental organizations", "Private sector 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "Source: UNODC annual reports, 2006-2010", "58. The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund was recently reformed, increasing quotas for emerging markets and developing countries. The World Bank has already taken similar measures. These changes represent a recognition that developing countries are playing an increasingly important role in the global economy. In the Inspectors &apos; view, UNODC should continue its efforts to further broaden its donor base to include more developing countries, particularly those with emerging markets, and to increase private sector participation.", "59. The current fund-raising management instruction[10] lacks a clear statement on the UNODC strategic approach to resource mobilization. It focuses on general policy and procedures. The Inspectors recommend that the document be updated, especially to include more strategic aspects.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 6", "The Executive Director should develop a fund-raising strategy to further expand the Office &apos; s donor base.", "IV. EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT", "60. In UNODC, the main management mechanisms are: (a) the Executive Committee; (b) the Management Review Committee; (c) the meeting of senior UNODC staff; and (d) divisional meetings[11].", "61. The purpose of the Executive Committee is to become the main forum for decision-making at the highest level. It is a common body of UNOV and UNODC consisting of all directors of both entities and other senior officials. It may not give due attention to specific issues of UNODC and therefore may have a limited effect on the Office as a senior management committee. The Inspectors reviewed the records of meetings held by the Executive Committee in recent years as well as the monitoring tables of its decisions and noted that the meetings offered rather an opportunity to exchange information. In the Inspectors &apos; view, there is room for strengthening the Executive Committee and for greater focus on substantive and strategic management (vision) of particular interest to UNODC. Its senior management should assess the possibility of this being achieved either in the current format of the Executive Committee under UNOV and UNODC, or through a specific UNODC mechanism.", "62. The Management Review Committee was replaced by the Senior Management Team in April 2010. Its mandate is limited and focuses on performance management issues and career development plans. Discussions on individual performance appraisal (e-PAS) are generally limited to review compliance and average classification. The Inspectors encourage senior managers to continue to examine ways of transforming individual performance appraisal into a more effective tool for staff management in the context of an organization characterized by labour insecurity. The former Executive Director had also expressed concern that some administrators did not adequately use the e-PAS tool.", "A. Staff management", "63. With regard to executive management, improvements were important compared to the situation that existed 10 years ago. However, the Inspectors received a significant number of observations that revealed staff dissatisfaction with the overall management of the Office and with senior management in particular, indicating that staff morals are low in the Office. The lack of transparency in decision-making, the absence of sufficient communication and the lack of encouragement for open discussions, the lack of follow-up to decisions, mismanagement, etc., are often cited as examples of concerns, as shown in figure 4 below.", "64. The Inspectors are convinced that urgent attention should be paid to overall management in order to create a more appropriate atmosphere and conditions to ensure effectiveness. In that spirit, UNODC senior management should ensure the regular use of institutionalized mechanisms for dialogue and communication with staff and provide a real forum for the exchange of views in order to enhance the identification of staff members with decisions that directly affect their working conditions and environment.", "Figure 4: Concern areas for UNODC officials related to executive management", "[]", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "B. Institutional restructuring for 2010", "65. UNODC undertook an institutional restructuring in April 2010, which was motivated not only by financial difficulties that required some rationalization of the structure but also by previous monitoring recommendations that identified duplication, overlap and gaps in substantive or administrative functions as well as a lack of coordination and the existence of internal competence. The readjustment process was guided by the guiding principle of consolidating the thematic expertise to enhance the substantive integration of the themes through a redistribution of sections and units of two divisions, namely, the Division of Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs.", "66. At the time of the Inspectors &apos; review, structural changes were too recent to draw conclusions on their positive or negative aspects. However, some comments were made to the Inspectors, primarily regretting that the process had been partial, covering only two of the four divisions of UNODC, and that it could therefore be regarded as an untapped opportunity to further align the structure with the mandates of the Office.", "67. The Inspectors also received comments from officials expressing concerns about a pattern of ongoing restructuring in UNODC. The reasons for institutional restructuring are not always evident to staff, and are not clearly communicated. Some interviewees strongly questioned the foundations of administrative changes, emphasizing their impression that it was a personal program that was above the institution, in some cases.", "68. Following the review of the mandate and prioritization process (recommendation 2), the Inspectors would also advise the Executive Director to conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, and to align them with the Office &apos; s reconfirmed and prioritized action framework, including by reorienting human and financial resources if necessary.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 7 The Executive Director should conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units in order to adjust them as part of a reconfirmed and prioritized action framework of the Office proposed in recommendation 2.", "C. Lack of coordination reduces effectiveness", "69. Previous monitoring reports noted the lack of coordination and even some competition among UNODC entities. These problems are the result of the merger of entities of different origins and two different cultures in the same Office. They are also the result of the financial context in which the activities of each unit are very subject to mobilized voluntary contributions.", "70. The results of the UNODC divisions, departments and units coordination and cooperation survey, on the one hand, and between headquarters and field offices, are shown in table 4. Indeed, interviewees at various hierarchical levels repeatedly pointed to coordination issues as problematic. The table also shows that the views expressed vary considerably according to the category of respondents. The Inspectors noted that the views of international Professional staff were more critical. It is interesting to note that the assessment by headquarters staff is systematically more critical compared to the feedback received from the field. In addition, UNODC staff criticize how responsibilities and work processes are documented, which could have an impact on the internal effectiveness of the Office.", "71. As an example, the Inspectors heard repeated comments on the lack of coordination of fund-raising activities and even on competition between units and offices tempting to mobilize funds for their own projects, thereby ensuring their existence. This also seems to contribute to distracting staff from the substantive aspects of their work.", "72. The Inspectors recommend that UNODC review its existing coordination mechanisms as well as the effectiveness of these mechanisms in order to determine whether there is duplication or overlap in the processes or deviations and overlaps in practices.", "Table 4: Views of various categories of UNODC staff on coordination issues (percentage)", "In your view, is there sufficient coordination and cooperation between UNODC divisions, departments and units?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "International staff 9,4 34.4 54.4 1.7 Professional only", "Headquarters staff 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "Staff on 23.6 42.9 28.9 5.5", "In your view, is the level of coordination and cooperation between headquarters and field offices appropriate?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 20.4 40.1 310.0 8.5", "International staff 7,8 35,0 53.9 3.3 Professional staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 420.0 34.2 11.5", "Staff on 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "In your view, are the respective responsibilities and work processes of divisions or departments documented clearly and accurately?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "International staff 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6 Professional only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 440.0 35.8 7.8", "Officials on 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "73. The Inspectors noted that the annual workshop for field representatives, an internal coordination mechanism involving both UNODC regional representatives and country representatives and officials from various headquarters sections, was an appropriate practice. In addition to substantive discussions, the Seminar addresses a wide range of managerial and administrative issues that are discussed collectively. It provides an opportunity for field managers to interact directly with headquarters administrators, both in collective sessions and in bilateral meetings. The Inspectors believe that it is a useful forum for enhancing mutual understanding of the respective capacities, limitations, procedures, functions, achievements etc., which could mitigate a sense of disconnection with headquarters.", "The following recommendation is intended to improve overall coordination in the Office and, therefore, its effectiveness.", "Recommendation 8 The Executive Director should undertake a review and appraisal of the coordination mechanisms and procedures of the Office and take appropriate measures to improve them by the end of2012.", "D. Strategic planning and results-based management", "74. Strategic planning has had great momentum in UNODC with the adoption of the medium-term strategy for the period 2008-2011 of the Office, which complements the relevant programme of the United Nations strategic framework[12].", "75. Determining whether the UNODC medium-term strategy was adequately addressing strategic issues and would be used as a strategic management tool with a view to developing a common vision for UNODC generated very diverse comments from those interviewed. The Inspectors received repeated comments on the absence of a long-term vision for the Office and its missions, or at least the absence of a clear communication of that vision to all units and staff. This situation is also the result of the trend in recent years, when UNODC established its presence in many different areas to attract financial support.", "76. As illustrated in figure 5 below, UNODC has undertaken regional and thematic planning initiatives in recent years. With the support of Member States, the current thematic programming[13] and regional is an attempt to reconcile numerous fragmented and sporadic projects in a more strategic and consolidated package of programmes. The Inspectors were able to perceive in their interviews and in their review of the programmatic documents a great internal commitment and a proactive attitude to adjust the process and take advantage of the lessons learned from already developed programmes. Some regional and thematic programmes are currently under development.", "77. The multiple levels and time frames used by UNODC in its strategic planning processes are shown in figure 5 below, which also shows that there is no full alignment of all planning documents, as they are conceived and developed gradually.", "Figure 5: Strategic planning in UNODC", "[]", "78. It is expected that many benefits will be derived from the thematic and programmatic approach, namely: (a) enhanced dialogue with Member States, thereby increasing their involvement through the involvement of regional actors in the development phase, as well as through the participation of them in the steering committees in the implementation phase; (b) the potential for resource mobilization and increased donor-level funding, rather than at the programme level;", "79. However, some other issues have been identified that are problematic, namely: (a) UNODC should better manage the phase-out of existing projects and the transition to programming; (b) UNODC should manage the coexistence in its national programme portfolio and projects developed taking into account local situations; (c) UNODC needs to adjust existing management and reporting tools to fully meet the requirements for administrative support and financial pledges of programmes that are more comprehensive (such as monitoring)", "80. The Inspectors concluded that strategic planning in UNODC represents a challenge, given the context characterized by the unpredictability of resources due primarily to earmarked funding allocation. However, they emphasize that strategic planning should be based on long-term prioritization and vision (recommendation 2) of activities in order to achieve the established objectives. This is of paramount importance for an entity such as UNODC not to be compelled to implement donor-driven programmes and activities. The Inspectors also recommend a fully independent evaluation of the implementation of thematic and regional programming, the results of which would be presented to the governing bodies.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the efficiency of the Office.", "Recommendation 9 The Executive Director should present an independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming and report on the status of implementation, impact and lessons learned to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2013.", "81. While the results-based management approach receives strong support from Member States, the Office, in the view of the Inspectors, continues to face a number of challenges in this regard. The online survey indicated that the level of knowledge of results-based management was relatively low and available among UNODC staff, which was confirmed during interviews with relevant managers. It was encouraging to note that the Professional staff were better aware of results-based management, but at the same time it should be noted that 36 per cent of them stated that UNODC &apos; s objectives and expected results were not clearly communicated to them. The doubts expressed in the responses regarding the impact of results-based management on improving overall performance are worrisome, particularly those of senior managers (4.2 per cent of positive responses). Based on the responses to the survey, there is also an urgent need for further training in results-based management.", "Table 5: Views of UNODC staff on the impact of results-based management on the implementation of activities of the Office (percentage)", "As you can see, results-based management has the overall implementation of UNODC activities improved?", "Yes Medianly.", "All staff 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "International staff 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "Senior managers 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.8 (P-5 and above)", "Headquarters staff 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1.1", "Staff on 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "82. The previous OIOS observations noted the challenges of results-based planning and management in UNODC. The Inspectors believe that a more powerful culture of results-based management in UNODC would undoubtedly benefit the Office, as it would contribute to a better understanding by donors of the activities and achievements of UNODC through increased transparency and accountability. This would strengthen donor confidence and thus attract more resources. The Inspectors reviewed a number of planning documents and recognized progress in recent years, bearing in mind that some difficulties might arise in identifying relevant parameters for measuring achievements in areas such as drugs or crime, which are sensitive by nature.", "83. The Inspectors encourage UNODC regional managers and representatives to continue their efforts to increase the relevance, relevance and quality of indicators. The Inspectors encourage UNODC senior managers to continue to develop a results-based and planning culture in order to progressively build an institutional knowledge base and a shared culture of results-based management among staff.", "E. Challenges related to field presence", "84. Since its inception, UNODC has significantly developed its field presence and the coverage of countries that relate to the expansion of its portfolio of technical cooperation activities. As shown in figure 6 below, the field network of the Office covers four categories of entities, namely: (a) regional offices (managed by a field representative); (b) country offices (managed by a field representative or a national administrator); (c) programme offices (managed by a programme manager or coordinator, as appropriate), and (d) advisers. A field map of UNODC is contained in annex III.", "85. The Inspectors noted the efforts of UNODC to further formalize the structure and nomenclature of its field network. In 2010, the Executive Committee endorsed the guidance note defining the respective roles, functions and responsibilities of each entity and their interactions with other entities within and outside UNODC. However, during the review it was obvious that this document had not been sufficiently made available in the Office, including among the community of representatives on the ground. It is therefore necessary to disseminate this concept note to ensure that field offices comply with their provisions and guidelines.", "Figure 6: Developments in UNODC field presence (2005-2009)", "[]", "Source: Consolidated data based on UNODC annual reports and information provided", "for this one. Country coverage can change for a given year.", "86. The operating environments of UNODC field offices vary considerably between country offices and the scope and nature of the activities. The Inspectors would like to emphasize that the respondents believe that the field presence is beneficial to the Office and its implementation capacity. Nearly 60 per cent of them believe that the field presence provides positive results and contributes to improving the implementation capacity of UNODC. Only 5.2 per cent of respondents expressed a negative opinion.", "87. However, during the review, there was a consensus that UNODC field presence remained limited in terms of available resources and expertise. In fact, field deployment is based almost entirely on extrabudgetary sources, and the same is true for the Operations Division. This creates tensions and uncertainty, and could influence programme priorities as well as the implementation of mandates. Among the extra-sea entities there are autonomous offices (which deal with a large portfolio of projects) and subsidiary offices (which have a smaller project base).", "88. At the present time, on the basis of prioritization (recommendation 2), the Inspectors are of the view that the Office should redefine the strategic approach of its field presence and reconfirm its principles on deployment, in particular the strategy for strengthening its regional presence or deployment in countries.", "89. There are a number of management challenges at the field level. The efficiency and effectiveness of the field presence is closely related to the leadership and management capacity of field representatives. Often, an office works with one or two international staff complemented by local staff. The Inspectors noted that the categories of UNODC representatives vary between P-4 and D-1, depending on the extent of the operations they are responsible for. The job descriptions for these posts date back to 1999 and there is certainly a need to update them taking into account the evolution of the Office and its field operations. In that context, the Inspectors noted that efforts are under way to develop generic job descriptions for the heads of field offices and regional offices. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to continue to enroll its field representatives in leadership and management training modules that can contribute to improving management capacity in UNODC field offices.", "90. Owing to its limited capacity, UNODC is based on UNDP for the provision of support services in areas such as the selection and administration of field staff, financial and administrative management of field offices, administrative support for projects, etc. The Inspectors heard a number of comments regarding the delays and quality of services provided to UNODC field offices. It was also recognized that the local situation was an important element of variability in terms of the quality of those services. The Inspectors also considered that UNODC itself should play a central role in the smooth functioning of those arrangements.", "91. Most field staff have UNDP service contracts, consistent with UNDP contractual conditions and policies. They contribute to the implementation of the mandates of the Office, but are not considered as UNODC staff. The fact that various contractual situations coexist could have management implications. It creates differences between staff and also imposes cumbersome procedures and processes on managers, who face two sets of rules and regulations that can sometimes be contradictory. There are also differences in the status, rights and performance appraisal system of staff and the administration of justice processes. Ultimately, the situation could harm the quality of performance by impacting on staff motivation and retention.", "92. A 1997 Memorandum of Understanding defines working arrangements and services provided under the universal price list, which is often competitive. In the Inspectors &apos; view, the provisions set out in the Memorandum of Understanding regarding the assessment of services and conflict resolution mechanisms are too general. UNODC should consult with UNDP with a view to amending the Memorandum of Understanding by introducing accurate performance indicators to ensure a joint framework for assessing performance and services. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to take into account alternative solutions. UNODC uses the services offered by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) in project management, procurement, human resources and financial management with a competitive advantage. Options should also be explored for collaboration with the United Nations Department of Field Support or for retaining some administrative activities at the central level and acting remotely, where possible. The possibility of sharing locations with United Nations offices (e.g. in Nairobi or Bangkok) is also being explored.", "93. More generally, while for programmatic aspects, field staff have almost always a counterpart at headquarters, the structure and administrative support mechanisms have not been adjusted to address the growing decentralized presence. It is time for UNODC to establish a specific structure for field support.", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 10 The Executive Director should consult with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme as soon as possible to review and update the existing Memorandum of Understanding with a view to including provisions for the evaluation of services.", "94. Monitoring of field activities is a requirement but, to some extent, lack of internal capacity prevents compliance. Recent audits indicate that in addition to existing control and balance mechanisms, there is a need to increase administrative and financial oversight of field offices by headquarters. The Inspectors are pleased to note that UNODC has developed a new system of monitoring the performance and efficiency of its field operations, which has been presented to the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar. Through this system, UNODC seeks to establish conditions for (a) to demonstrate more institutional responsibility through transparency and documented backgrounds, in order to assist in institutional oversight, decision-making and institutional learning in the Office; (b) measure programme results throughout its implementation; and (c) promote institutional learning. A strong institutional commitment to support this system, with full cooperation from all stakeholders (offices but also UNODC entities such as the Financial Resources Management Service, the Information Technology Service, task forces, the Independent Evaluation Unit, the Strategic Planning Unit, the Co-financing and Partnerships Section, and the Quality Control and Monitoring Unit), is a prerequisite for its success.", "V. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT", "95. Human resources management is carried out within the United Nations framework. The Human Resources Management Section of UNOV and UNODC therefore has a limited scope of action in a number of areas. In integrating the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC &apos; s objectives are defined and evaluated in many areas, taking into account the objectives of the United Nations as expressed in the cycle of human resources action plans. For the purposes of this review, the Inspectors wanted to analyse the figures from a broader perspective, including posts funded from sources other than the regular budget.", "96. Owing to the dual nature of the Office &apos; s activities (policy and technical cooperation), the Inspectors note that some United Nations standards may not be fully adapted to the needs of the Office, in particular with regard to increasing its presence on the ground. In some respects, the Office currently presents the profile of a specialized agency (specific technical expertise, field presence, need for rapid response capacity, etc.).", "97. Funding patterns create constant tensions with regard to employment security, which is a concern of most UNODC staff. The survey confirms that the impact on institutional results is not insignificant and appears to be greater among Professional staff. The Inspectors noted UNODC &apos; s efforts in this area, as in the case of expenditure reduction measures taken in 2009, when very few jobs were lost. It should be noted, however, that respondents were not receptive to such measures and noted that UNODC has no mechanism to address and mitigate labour insecurity, as is often the case in a similar context.", "Table 6: Views of various categories of UNODC officials regarding the impact of labour insecurity (percentage)", "As you can see, to what extent is overall implementation affected by labour insecurity in UNODC?", "Significantly Not Much Medianally In Form For insignificant nothing", "All 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "International Professional Officers 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6", "Staff of 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3 headquarters", "Staff 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5 in the field", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "A. Human resources considered problematic", "98. The Inspectors are aware that human resources issues tend to generate discussions, discussions and frustration among staff of international organizations. However, the examples provided during the interview sessions and the highly critical comments expressed in the responses to the survey are indicative of the views of UNODC staff on such aspects as transparency of selection procedures and processes, compliance with standards and consistency of their implementation, advocacy and doubts about the fair treatment of candidates, gender bias, etc. The Inspectors are convinced that it is of paramount importance to respond to these perceptions by applying and demonstrating the highest degree of compliance, transparency and communication on these issues at all stages in order to avoid reasons for frustration and rumors.", "99. In addition, numerous criticisms were made regarding the poor quality of services provided by the Human Resources Management Section, describing it as not sufficiently customer-oriented. The Inspectors recommend that the Human Resources Management Section take steps to more periodically collect customer comments in order to identify their perceptions and to make appropriate adjustments if possible within their capacity and resources.", "Figure 7: Human resources issues mentioned by UNODC officials", "[]", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "100. Mobility is governed by United Nations policy, which is currently being revised. In this area, UNODC participates in the voluntary networking initiative to promote staff mobility. The Inspectors are of the view that despite the absence of a required mobility plan, increased rotation between headquarters staff and those performing their field functions could benefit the Office, as institutional knowledge would be better developed on the basis of greater exchange of experience. For the time being, Professional staff, which are the main objective of the mobility plan, consider that UNODC does not sufficiently encourage such rotation. The Inspectors believe that the absence of such a system constitutes a missed opportunity in the context of UNODC.", "101. With regard to human resources issues, as well as other critical staff issues, the Inspectors recall that, since 2009, the United Nations Regional Ombudsman Branch in Vienna provides an opportunity for staff to raise issues of their interest and to explore ways of informally resolving problems.", "B. UNODC workforce", "102. A snapshot of the composition of the UNODC workforce is presented in tables 7 and 8. The Inspectors wish to highlight the difficulties they faced in obtaining a clear picture of the UNODC staffing table because of the resources it shares with UNOV. As a result, the data presented were extracted from the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) database and did not include staff in the Administration Division.", "Table 7: UNODC Working Force based on its location for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed according to the type of funding (regular budget (PO) or extrabudgetary (XP))", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "PO XP", "Staff of 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2 headquarters", "Staff on 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "All 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8 staff", "Source: Consolidated data based on figures provided by UNODC", "Table 8: UNODC work force by category for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed according to the type of funding (RB (PO) or extrabudgetary (XP))", "2005 2009 Percentage increase", "PO XP", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "International Professional Officers 70 73 80 95 14,3 30.1", "General Service staff", "Individual contractors 12 7 3 40 -75,0 471,4", "Consultants 12 16 33 79 175.0 393,8", "Other: (officials - 78 - 15 - -80.8 assistants/experts/voluntary),", "Passengers - 75 - 225 - 200,0", "Staff on 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "International Professional Officers 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3", "General Service staff", "External contractors - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "Consultants - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "National Officers - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "Others: (officials - 14 - 9 - -35.7 assistants/experts: interns, volunteers, etc.)", "Staff recruited by - 26 - 148 469.2 UNDP*", "Total by source of 137 696 161 2449 17,5 251,9 funding", "Total staff 833 2610 + 213,3", "Source: Consolidated data based on figures provided by UNODC", "103. There is a general increase in the workforce that coincides with a reduction in the proportion of posts funded from regular budget resources. The relationship between regular budget and extrabudgetary funds illustrates the risk for business continuity, institutional effectiveness, retention of expertise and institutional knowledge in UNODC. In 2005, regular budget posts accounted for 16.5 per cent of the workforce (with 83.5 per cent of extrabudgetary posts), but declined to 6.1 per cent in 2009. The Inspectors also noted that two categories of the workforce (passors and consultants) are characterized by a marked increase. At the same time, the category of auxiliary officers fell considerably.", "104. Internship programmes in United Nations entities are considered a positive experience for all stakeholders: organizations, supervisors and interns. The Inspectors question the considerable and growing use of interns at headquarters, which could indicate a lack of resources to meet the needs of the Office. In this context it is, at least, difficult to meet the normative requirements of creating a working environment conducive to substantive learning and professional development of interns, together with adequate supervision.", "105. The number of contractors and consultants has also increased owing to the expansion of the portfolio. For example, the number of field consultants has increased. The Inspectors are particularly concerned that, as noted by the Board of Auditors in a series of reports, the management of consultancy contracts at the local level could be problematic in terms of areas such as selection, monitoring and evaluation.", "C. Gender balance and diversity of the workforce", "106. Table 9 shows the great difference in the proportion of women and men according to the hierarchical level. Gender distribution across the Professional category has improved slightly and the proportion of women reached 42.4 per cent in 2009. Improvements were also made with regard to high-level posts (P-5 and above), although these posts are still mostly occupied by men (over three quarters). At the field level, the gender distribution of field representatives is more unfavourable (17.6 per cent of women), while for consultants, the proportion of women is estimated at 38 per cent. This situation generated comments during interviews and complaints submitted through the survey that UNODC was “a male-dominated organization”.", "Table 9: Gender distribution in the Professional category and above in the years 2005 and 2009", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "All Professional", "Women 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "Men 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "High-level Professional Officers (P-5 and above)", "Women 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "Men 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC", "107. The same positive trend in gender balance is observed in the case of recruitment and promotion processes in the Professional category. But also at this time, the higher-level rises remain mostly for men. Retirement forecasts in high-level posts over the next three years provide an opportunity to take measures to increase the representation of women, as eight of the ten senior posts affected are currently occupied by male staff. The Inspectors urge the Executive Director to take this opportunity to better balance gender representation among managers.", "Table 10: Gender distribution of recruitment and promotions in the Professional and higher categories for the period from 2005 to 2009", "Total 2005 to Total (%) from 2005 to 2009", "All Professional", "Women 10 47.6%", "Men 11 52.4 per cent", "Sufficient recruitment of senior Professional staff (P-5 and above) was not undertaken to allow for conclusions", "Total 2005 to Total (%) from 2005 to 2009", "All Professional", "Women 31 64.6%", "Men 17 35.4%", "Senior Professional Officers (P-5 and above)", "Women 5 33.3 per cent", "Men 10 66.7%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC", "The following recommendation is aimed at improving gender representation at the senior level in the Office.", "Recommendation 11 The Executive Director should take further steps to improve gender balance at the higher level, including for those in the field.", "108. The issue of the diversity of the UNODC workforce also requires some attention. Annex II shows that the geographical origin of Professional staff is not sufficiently balanced. While 68 nationalities were represented among UNODC Professional Officers in 2009, almost one third of them originated from three countries of the Western European and other States Group. This situation should be addressed through a proactive medium-term recruitment strategy. After reviewing recruitment and promotion data, the Inspectors would like more serious and coherent efforts to expand the diversity of recruitment in order to take into account candidates from developing countries, including at the senior level.", "109. The geographical balance between consultants is also worrying. In 2009, 51 per cent of consultants came from four countries (i.e. the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Canada). This concentration represents a loss of diversity of expertise and experience and a lack of participation and contributions from other regions. While the Directors of the Division for Treaty Affairs and the Division of Operations advocated broadening the diversity of nationalities of consultants, the situation has not improved much.", "110. Given the specificity of mandates, UNODC &apos; s workforce must have a major specialization in various areas such as drug trafficking, corruption, etc. The Human Resources Management Section should take steps to strengthen its capacity to actively pursue the services of such specialized experts, particularly in developing countries. UNODC intends to use the means available to Inspira, the new United Nations recruitment tool, to support these advocacy efforts.", "The following recommendation seeks to improve the geographical balance of the Professional staff of the Office.", "Recommendation 12 The Executive Director should establish a clear plan of action to further the diversity of the workforce in the Professional category, as well as among consultants, in particular considering the possibility of recruiting more candidates from developing countries.", "D. Insufficient training resources, inequity of training opportunities", "111. Given the need to maintain substantive expertise in the legal field and in various technical areas, staff training and recycling are strategic for UNODC. As shown in figure 7 above, training is one of the greatest interests of staff responding to the survey.", "112. While the Inspectors noted that the number of trained staff has doubled over the past five years, the following issues have retained the attention of the Inspectors:", "(a) Training funds are provided on the basis of the regular budget-funded workforce, without taking into account staff funded from other types of resources. Therefore, the resources for training are notoriously insufficient. UNODC has proactively introduced creative solutions to expand registration as much as possible, but its impact has been limited.", "(b) Access to training is not only limited but also unequal among staff categories. Field staff are not sufficiently exposed to training opportunities, despite the existence of online modules. At the local level, the contractual situation is also an obstacle. In the Inspectors &apos; view, this situation poses an important institutional risk, as it is likely that service providers or key operational procedures will not receive sufficient and regular training. Expectations of organizing decentralized training activities are limited by financial constraints. As a result, field staff are often subjected to a process of “practice learning”.", "(c) As mentioned, UNODC &apos; s work relates to very specific skills and competencies, and therefore the adequacy of training, in particular the development of substantive and technical skills to improve the professional effectiveness of its staff, is of paramount importance. In this regard, the Inspectors note that only 27 per cent of the Professional surveys were satisfied with the suitability of the training provided to them. The Inspectors also believe that the development of core training modules on all UNODC mandates could benefit in order to enhance understanding and institutional knowledge.", "VI. SUPERVISION", "A. Monitoring framework", "113. The monitoring framework is presented in figure 1 of this report, together with governance provisions. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC is subject to internal oversight of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which performs audit, evaluation, inspection and investigation functions. OIOS follows a risk-based approach to selecting its audit or inspection and evaluation tasks, and has developed a series of reports in each of these specific areas.", "114. A 1999 Memorandum of Understanding governs authorship arrangements (resource financing, planning, etc.). The Inspectors share the recommendation of the Board of Auditors to review the updating and revision of this agreement. In their view, these arrangements do not sufficiently take into account the expansion of the field presence and the development of the UNODC portfolio over the past decade. Initial steps have been taken in this regard.", "115. With regard to evaluation, in addition to the recent inspection of UNODC monitoring and evaluation systems, the Inspectors were informed that OIOS plans to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the Office &apos; s programmes over the next two years. Within existing resources, UNODC is not likely to undergo another such assessment until more than a decade has elapsed, which does not conform to the eight-year cycle that OIOS considered appropriate and reasonable in the United Nations context.", "116. The Joint Inspection Unit provides independent external oversight to the Office, which is one of its participating organizations. The Inspectors commend the compliance and timeliness of UNODC feedback to the annual request for follow-up information on recommendations contained in JIU reports and notes. The Inspectors welcome the fact that the Working Group on Governance and Finance has requested that the Commissions also be provided with the relevant reports of the Joint Inspection Unit and the summary of the relevant OIOS reports. The Inspectors believe that this could contribute to improved oversight, bearing in mind that the review of JIU reports and the actions taken accordingly by the General Assembly are in principle applicable to the Office.", "117. With regard to JIU reports and notes issued during the period 2004-2009, UNODC accepted 40 per cent of the recommendations made to it. The implementation phase of the accepted recommendations is very satisfactory, as more than 90 per cent of them have been identified as implemented or under implementation. The rather low acceptance rate can be explained by the fact that a number of recommendations included in the JIU system-wide reports address issues related to developed and implemented policies and guidelines at the United Nations and its Secretariat level and with respect to which the Office has little freedom to take action.", "118. The Board of Auditors audits the consolidated financial statements and reviews the operations of the Office for each biennium. The Board issued an unqualified audit opinion for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, but brought a number of issues to the attention of UNODC. The Inspectors urge UNODC to take appropriate measures to implement the recommendations made by the Board in previous reports that have not yet been fully implemented.", "119. The Inspectors also noted that UNODC currently does not have a monitoring system for the implementation of accepted oversight recommendations, whether internal or external. The Inspectors are of the view that such a system should be urgently developed.", "The following recommendation is intended to improve the accountability and performance of the Office.", "Recommendation 13 The Executive Director should take measures to create, paraffin them in 2011, an internal monitoring system for the implementation of the recommendations made by the monitoring bodies.", "B. Towards strengthened institutional evaluation capacity", "120. At the time of the present review, and despite the considerable attention paid in recent years by Member States and UNODC to the Independent Evaluation Unit, the evaluation function in UNODC was not considered to provide adequate assurance to Member States and donors regarding the evaluation of UNODC performance. In the view of the Inspectors, this is a priority area of review, as it is of paramount importance for UNODC to be able to measure and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of its programmes and related results. In addition, the Independent Evaluation Unit should play a role in many important areas, such as accountability, learning mechanisms and improvement in the development of the Office &apos; s programmes and projects.", "121. The question of the independence of the evaluation function arising from previous structural and reporting arrangements was resolved by placing the Independent Evaluation Unit under the Executive Director &apos; s aegis in the Office &apos; s organizational chart. The Inspectors wish to highlight the need to continue to promote a culture of institutional evaluation, within which framework and as a shared responsibility: (a) Member States must grant sufficient resources and exercise their oversight responsibility, in particular with regard to the way in which management applies the findings of the evaluations. The fact that representatives of Member States have explicitly requested that evaluation reports be distributed directly to the governing bodies and at the same time to the senior management of UNODC is welcomed by the Inspectors as a sign of commitment; (b) UNODC management should create the conditions for the existence of a robust institutional evaluation capacity and establish the necessary mechanisms to ensure that evaluation findings and lessons learned are implemented in future cycles;", "VII. OTHER MATTERS", "A. International Narcotics Control Board", "122. The International Narcotics Control Board (ICB) is the independent and quasi-judicial body to monitor the implementation of the three United Nations international drug control treaties, namely, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Established in 1968 under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, it has predecessors under the previous drug control treaties, which date from the time of the League of Nations.", "123. JIFE plays a key role in the international fight against illicit drugs. It has, in the exercise of its functions as a treaty body, with the assistance of a secretariat. The JIFE secretariat is an administrative entity of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, but responds only to the Board on substantive issues. To ensure its independence, the IIFE secretariat is funded from resources from the United Nations regular budget.", "124. The Inspectors are of the view that better understanding and cooperation between UNODC and the JIFE secretariat would ensure the smooth functioning of JIFE. By the way, both sides expressed the need to improve these relationships, noting some difficulties in budgetary resources and management, staff recruitment, procurement and administrative support.", "125. The hierarchical line of the JIFE secretariat (D-1) within the UNODC organizational chart has been of some concern, as it reports to the Chief of the Division for Treaty Affairs rather than directly to the Executive Director. The Inspectors consulted Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/48, endorsed by General Assembly resolution 46/104, on administrative arrangements relating to the secretariat of IIFE and the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, the predecessor of UNODC. The resolution states that: “The Secretary of the Board shall be appointed or seconded to it by the Secretary-General, after consultation with the Board.” The Registrar shall respond to the Board on all matters of substance and to the Executive Director on other matters. On the basis of the resolution, the Inspectors submit that in order to ensure the independence of JIFE and its secretariat, the Registrar should report directly to the Executive Director.", "The following recommendation is intended to improve the accountability and performance of the JIFE secretariat.", "Recommendation 14 The Executive Director should change as soon as possible the reporting line for the Secretary of the JIFE, and place this post under his direct responsibility in the organigram.", "B. Arrangements between UNOV and UNODC", "126. The current organizational chart of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime was established in documents ST/SGB/2004/5 and ST/SGB/2004/6, respectively. Its main feature is that UNOV and UNODC, as separate entities, share a Management Division that serves both entities, as well as other United Nations entities in Vienna. The core functions of the Division are divided between the two Offices.", "127. While the arrangements are satisfactory in practice at the working level and the Inspectors do not question them as such, it should be noted that in 2010 the Board of Auditors raised the issue of shared administrative services, such as financial management services, and noted difficulties in realizing an accurate breakdown of staff and related costs between UNOV and UNODC.[15] By way of example, it was noted that UNODC management costs cannot therefore be easily identified or estimated. In the course of the review, the Inspectors encountered difficulties in gathering data focused solely on the staffing of UNODC, for example.", "128. A summary of the views of respondents on various aspects of services provided by the Management Division in support of UNODC activities is presented in figure 8 below.", "Figure 8: Evaluation by UNODC staff of the services provided by the Management Division", "[]", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "C. Information and communications technology services", "129. The UNOV/UNODC Information Technology Section has a strong reputation and a high profile in the United Nations system in terms of its advanced information and communications technology capabilities, as recognized in several user satisfaction surveys. However, some comments were made during the review that the Section could focus more on providing good and timely support services to various UNODC units.", "130. In addition to support services, the Information Technology Section also develops computer applications for external clients, mainly Governments, in areas covered by UNODC programmes such as money-laundering and financial crimes, and for which there are few alternatives available in the commercial market. These substantive services are considered as technical cooperation activities undertaken on the basis of cost recovery and are governed by service-level agreements. UNODC noted that “the capacity of Member States to effectively fulfil their mandates in areas such as drug control, statistical reporting and statistical monitoring, criminal justice reform and countering money-laundering and the financing of terrorism is considerably enhanced by the use of sophisticated information technology and communications infrastructure solutions”. While not questioning the added value for Member States, the Inspectors wish to emphasize that these activities should be carried out in full coordination with other UNODC entities. For example, the Inspectors stress that UNODC field representatives should be aware of and participate in all technical cooperation activities undertaken by the Information Technology Section in support of the Governments of countries within their region.", "VIII. STATUS OF ASSESSMENT", "131. UNODC staff made their contribution to the review of the Inspectors through an online survey that was sent to both headquarters and field staff in May and June 2010. The link was distributed through the UNODC information management system and the Inspectors compiled and processed the responses confidentially. The participation rate, particularly in Vienna, is illustrative and statistically representative of the views of some categories of staff. The findings based on aggregated and filtered data from various categories of staff and different locations have been included in the report text.", "Table 11: Participation in the 2010 JIU survey by location", "Location Recipients Respondents", "Vienna Headquarters 464 269 58 %", "Locations on 1350 368 27.3 % land*", "Total 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* Includes all staff outside headquarters ** Includes incomplete surveys", "132. In analysing the responses, the Inspectors noted the following points of interest: (a) International Professional Officers are often the most critical in their evaluation; (b) they are surprised by the criticisms of managers (over P-5) in areas under their responsibility when they claim that there is a lack of transparency in the implementation of rules and regulations and management decisions; they do not consider that an open debate is sufficiently encouraged; and (c) there are some marked differences between headquarters impressions.", "133. The Inspectors collected 584 comments and suggestions contained in the responses to open questions and translated into 1,526 different points that addressed a large number of administrative and management issues related to the work of the Office. Through content analysis, the Inspectors grouped these observations into several broad categories, which are represented in figure 9 below. In addition, the views expressed by staff members were also incorporated into the text of the report when dealing with a specific issue.", "134. The Inspectors suggest that a staff survey be conducted regularly in the Office: on the one hand, UNODC staff demonstrated that they were willing to contribute to that initiative and on the other, managers could benefit from this feedback provided in the responses expressed by all UNODC workforce components.", "Figure 9: Sphere mentioned by UNODC respondents", "Source: JIU 2010 Survey", "Main areas covered Training management, promotion of human resource prospects career, contractual status, employment security, diversity of the workforce, recruitment, mobility, institutional knowledge, working conditions.", "Executive management Transparency, senior management, performance management, strategic planning and results-based management, management practices, communication.", "Organizational chart Internal coordination and cooperation, internal communication, decentralization and restructuring.", "Feedback on the quality of the Financial Resources Management Administrative Service, Human Resources Management Service, procurement services, and relations with UNDP. In particular with regard to field support provided by headquarters.", "Financial framework Financial management, financial resources and funding.", "Legal framework Governance provisions, Office mandates, relevance of rules and regulations.", "Supervision Audit of field offices, evaluation, monitoring of field offices.", "Other issues Security, transport, project management and general comments.", "Annexes", "Annex I: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime organizational chart, April 2010 (source: UNODC)", "[]", "Annex II: Geographical diversity at the Professional and higher levels (as at December 2009)", "Nationality Number of Percentage Nationality Number of Officials Italy 29 10.5% 23.6% Belarus 1 0.4%", "Germany 19 6.9% Bosnia and 1 0.4% Herzegovina", "United States of 17 6.2% Botswana 1 0.4%", "Canada 14 5.1% Cote d’Ivoire 1 0.4%", "France 13 4.7% Ecuador 1 0.4%", "United Kingdom 13.7 Slovakia 1 0.4 per cent", "Austria 11 4.0 per cent Russian Federation", "Spain 9.3% Georgia 1 0.4%", "India 8.9% Ghana 1 0.4%", "Denmark 7.5% Honduras 1 0.4%", "Japan 7 2.5% Indonesia 1 0.4%", "Brazil 6.2 per cent Iran (Republic 1 0.4 per cent Islamic)", "Australia 5 1.8% Ireland 1 0.4%", "Belgium 5 1.8% Israel 1 0.4%", "South Africa 5 1.8% Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1 0.4%", "Egypt 4 1.4% Kyrgyzstan 1 0.4%", "Greece 4.4% Mali 1 0.4%", "Norway 4 1.4% Malta 1 0.4%", "New Zealand 4.4% Morocco 1.4%", "Sweden 4 1.4% Mexico 1 0.4%", "Uzbekistan 4 1.4% Mongolia 1 0.4%", "Argentina 3.1% Myanmar 1 0.4%", "Cameroon 3.1% Namibia 1 0.4%", "Finland 3.1% Paraguay 1 0.4%", "Kazakhstan 3 1.1% Peru 1 0.4%", "Kenya 3 1.1% Poland 1 0.4%", "Netherlands 3.1% Portugal 1 0.4%", "Turkey 3.1% Qatar 1 0.4%", "Azerbaijan 2 0.7% Czech Republic 1 0.4%", "Bolivia (State 2 0.7% Republic of 1 0.4% Plurinational of) Moldova", "Bulgaria 2 0.7% Romania 1 0.4%", "China 2 0.7% Senegal 1 0.4%", "Iran (Republic 2 0.7 per cent Seychelles 1 0.4 per cent Islamic)", "Jamaica 2 0.7% Switzerland 1 0.4%", "Latvia 2 0.7% Thailand 1 0.4%", "Lebanon 2 0.7% Turkmenistan 1 0.4%", "Mauritius 2 0.7% Uganda 1 0.4%", "Pakistan 2 0.7% Uruguay 1 0.4%", "Algeria 1.4% Venezuela 1.4% (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Bangladesh 1 0.4% Zimbabwe 1 0.4%", "Barbados 1 0.4% Overall total 276 100%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "[]Annex III: UNODC field presence in 2010 (source: UNODC Annual Report, 2010)", "Regional offices (10) Country offices (9) link (2) Brazil and Southern Cone Afghanistan New York", "Central Asia Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "East Africa", "Middle East and North Africa Iran (Islamic Republic of)", "Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Lao People’s Democratic Republic", "Peru, Bolivia (Plurinational Myanmar State of) and Ecuador", "South Asia", "South Africa", "West and Central Africa Viet Nam", "East Asia and Pacific Centre", "Programme offices (32)", "Regional Programme Office of Panama, Regional Programme Office for South-Eastern Europe, Subregional Programme Office of the United Arab Emirates (for the Gulf States), Subregional Programme Office of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Albania, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cambodia, China, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Qatar, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Moldova, Sudan, Serbia, Romania, Russian Federation,", "Annex IV", "Overview of actions to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "Key: L: Recommendation for a decision by the legislative body. E: Recommendation for action by the Executive Director.", "The recommendation does not imply that the organization takes any action. Expected impacts: a: increased accountability; b: dissemination of best practices; c: enhanced coordination and cooperation; d: increased controls and compliance; e: greater effectiveness; f: major fund economies; g: greater efficiency; or: another. * Covers all entities listed in document ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNHCR, UN-Habitat, UNRWA, UNEP, UNCTAD and UNODC.", "[1] See A/51/950, paras. 143-145, ST/SGB/Organization, Section: UNDCP (1993), ST/SGB/1998/17 and ST/SGB/2004/6.", "[2] See OIOS report AE2007/361/0.", "[3] Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision 51/1 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice decision 17/2.", "[4] See Commission on Narcotic Drugs resolution 52/13, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, “Report of the Secretary-General on mandates and their implementation: analysis and recommendations to facilitate the review of mandates”.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2008/13 and E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, para. 85.", "[8] See E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] See UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1, June 2002.", "[12] Strategy for the period 2008-2011 of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5), adopted by the Economic and Social Council in its resolutions 2007/12 and 2007/19.", "[13] As of December 2010, the thematic programmes included: (a) anti-corruption measures and economic crimes, (b) crime prevention and criminal justice reform, (c) ways of addressing vulnerabilities in the areas of health and human development in the context of drugs and crime, (d) scientific and forensic services, (e) prevention of terrorism, (f) research and analysis of trends, and (g) organized crime and illicit trafficking in persons.", "[14] See E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] See A/63/5/Add.9, Financial report and audited financial statements." ]

[ "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones", "Tema 112 a) del programa", "Elecciones para llenar vacantes en órganos", "subsidiarios y otras elecciones", "Elección de siete miembros del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación", "Nota del Secretario General", "Adición", "1. Mediante su decisión 2009/201 D, de 27 de julio de 2009, el Consejo Económico y Social aplazó la presentación de la candidatura de un miembro de los Estados de Europa Occidental y Otros Estados para ser elegido por la Asamblea General por un período de tres años que comenzaría el 1 de enero de 2010.", "2. En su décima sesión plenaria, celebrada el 27 de abril de 2011, el Consejo Económico y Social propuso a Francia como candidato para ser elegido por la Asamblea General para ocupar la vacante existente en el Comité por un período que comenzaría el día de la elección y concluiría el 31 de diciembre de 2012 (véase la decisión 2011/201 B del Consejo).", "3. En la misma sesión, el Consejo también aplazó la selección de tres miembros de los Estados de Europa Occidental y Otros Estados por períodos que comenzarían el día de la elección por la Asamblea General y concluirían el 31 de diciembre de 2011, y la de un miembro de los Estados de Asia por un período que comenzaría el día de la elección por la Asamblea General y concluiría el 31 de diciembre de 2013." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 112 (a)", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of seven members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. By its decision 2009/201 D of 27 July 2009, the Economic and Social Council postponed the nomination of one member from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2010.", "2. At its 10th plenary meeting, on 27 April 2011, the Economic and Social Council nominated France for election by the General Assembly to fill the outstanding vacancy on the Committee for a term beginning on the date of election and expiring on 31 December 2012 (see Council decision 2011/201 B).", "3. At the same meeting, the Council further postponed the nomination of three members from Western European and other States for terms beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2011 and one member from Asian States for a term beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2013." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 112 (a)", "Elections to fill vacancies in organs", "and other elections", "Election of seven members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. By its decision 2009/201 D of 27 July 2009, the Economic and Social Council postponed the nomination of one member from Western European and Other States to be elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2010.", "2. At its 10th plenary meeting, on 27 April 2011, the Economic and Social Council proposed France as a candidate for election by the General Assembly to fill the existing vacancy on the Committee for a term beginning on the day of election and expiring on 31 December 2012 (see Council decision 2011/201 B).", "3. At the same meeting, the Council also postponed the selection of three members from Western European and Other States for periods beginning on the day of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2011, and that of one member from Asian States for a term beginning on the day of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2013." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Solicitud de inclusión de un tema suplementario en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Otorgamiento de la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General a la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia", "Carta de fecha 10 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por los Representantes Permanentes de Camboya, Filipinas, el Japón, Nepal, la República de Corea y Viet Nam ante las Naciones Unidas", "Los abajo firmantes tenemos el honor de solicitar, de conformidad con el artículo 14 del reglamento de la Asamblea General, que se incluya en el programa provisional del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General un tema suplementario titulado “Otorgamiento de la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General a la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia”.", "La Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia se constituyó en Manila en septiembre de 2000 con el objetivo de crear lazos de cooperación política y establecer redes mutuamente beneficiosas entre los principales partidos políticos de Asia, tanto los que están en el poder como en la oposición. En sus primeros diez años de existencia, la influencia y el número de miembros de la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia han aumentado de manera constante. En mayo de 2011, más de 340 partidos políticos de 52 Estados y 1 territorio de Asia cumplían los requisitos de elegibilidad para ser miembros de la Conferencia. Tras haber establecido vínculos fraternales con la Conferencia Permanente de Partidos Políticos de América Latina y el Caribe en 2008, la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia ha hecho un esfuerzo también por establecer contactos con los partidos políticos de otros continentes, en particular de África.", "Hasta la fecha, la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia ha celebrado seis asambleas generales —en Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seúl (2006), Astana (2009) y Phnom Penh (2010)— en las que los principales líderes políticos del continente estudiaron el modo de asegurar la convivencia en un contexto más pacífico, democrático y próspero para Asia. Su Comité Permanente, integrado por los representantes de 18 grandes partidos políticos de 18 Estados, se ha reunido al menos dos veces al año desde 2004. A partir de 2008, la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia ha organizado también conferencias extraordinarias sobre cuestiones de especial importancia para el continente, como la minimización de la corrupción política (Seúl, 2008), el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los Estados (Katmandú, 2009), el alivio de la pobreza generalizada (Kunming, 2010) y la respuesta a los desastres naturales (Kuala Lumpur, 2011).", "Desde su constitución, la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia ha brindado apoyo incondicional a las Naciones Unidas y sus actividades. En el primer párrafo del preámbulo de la Carta de la organización, aprobada en septiembre de 2006, se declara el inequívoco compromiso de la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia con los principios y objetivos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Los representantes de los partidos políticos que participaron en la 6ª asamblea general, celebrada en Phnom Penh en diciembre de 2010, adoptaron por unanimidad una declaración en apoyo de la solicitud de la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. La Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia está coordinando también sus actividades con las iniciativas conjuntas de los gobiernos de otros Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas encaminadas a lograr ese objetivo.", "Consideramos que en el futuro la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia puede desempeñar un papel importante en la promoción de la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y los partidos políticos de Asia, América Latina y África, los tres continentes con nuevas democracias, encargándose de reunir y presentar en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas las opiniones de los pueblos en toda su diversidad, con arreglo a lo tratado en las deliberaciones y los debates políticos a todos los niveles, tanto en el ámbito local como en el nacional y continental, de promover el conocimiento, la aprobación y el apoyo de los pueblos respecto de los acuerdos internacionales alcanzados en las Naciones Unidas, y de fomentar el consenso internacional en relación con las medidas de las Naciones Unidas para hacer frente a los principales retos mundiales. Asimismo, la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia puede proporcionar apoyo a los partidos políticos de las nuevas democracias y aumentar su capacidad para que puedan desempeñar a nivel local y nacional las funciones legislativas y de supervisión que les incumben en cuestiones que requieren cooperación internacional en el seno de las Naciones Unidas.", "En relación con este tema, se adjuntan a la presente un memorando explicativo (anexo I) y un proyecto de resolución (anexo II).", "Tenemos el honor de solicitarle que tenga a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y sus anexos como documento de la Asamblea General.", "(Firmado) Kosal SeaRepresentante Permanente del Reino de Camboyaante las Naciones Unidas\n\t(Firmado) Tsuneo NishidaRepresentante Permanente del Japón ante lasNaciones Unidas\n\t(Firmado) Gyan Chandra AcharyaRepresentante Permanente de la RepúblicaDemocrática Federal de Nepal ante las NacionesUnidas\n\t(Firmado) Libran N. CabactulanRepresentante Permanente de la República deFilipinasante las Naciones Unidas\n\t(Firmado) Kim SookRepresentante Permanente de la República deCoreaante las Naciones Unidas\n\t(Firmado) Le Hoai TrungRepresentante Permanente de la RepúblicaSocialistade Viet Nam ante las Naciones Unidas", "Anexo I", "Memorando explicativo", "Antecedentes históricos", "La Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia (ICAPP por sus siglas en inglés) fue creada en septiembre de 2000 en Manila por los dirigentes de 46 partidos políticos de Asia con el objetivo de crear lazos de cooperación política y establecer redes mutuamente beneficiosas entre los principales partidos políticos de Asia, tanto los que están en el poder como en la oposición. En sus primeros diez años de existencia, la influencia y el número de miembros de la ICAPP han aumentado de manera constante. A finales de mayo de 2011, más de 340 partidos políticos de 52 Estados y 1 territorio de Asia cumplían los requisitos de elegibilidad para ser miembros de la Conferencia.", "Hasta la fecha, la ICAPP ha celebrado con éxito seis asambleas generales —en Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seúl (2006), Astana (2009) y Phnom Penh (2010)— en las que los líderes políticos de la región intercambiaron opiniones y mantuvieron contactos entre sí con el fin de reforzar la unidad entre los Estados de Asia e impulsar al continente hacia la estabilidad y la prosperidad.", "El Comité Permanente de la ICAPP, integrado por los representantes de 18 grandes partidos políticos de 18 Estados, se ha reunido al menos dos veces al año desde 2004. A partir de mayo de 2008, la ICAPP ha organizado también conferencias extraordinarias sobre cuestiones de especial importancia para el continente, como la minimización de la corrupción política, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los Estados, el alivio de la pobreza generalizada y la respuesta eficaz a los desastres naturales.", "Objetivos", "En el artículo 1 de la Carta de la ICAPP, aprobada en su 4ª asamblea general celebrada en septiembre de 2006, se establece que los objetivos de la ICAPP serán los siguientes:", "a) Promover los intercambios y la cooperación entre los partidos políticos de Asia de diferentes ideologías;", "b) Mejorar el conocimiento y la confianza mutuos entre los pueblos y los países de la región;", "c) Promover la cooperación regional por conducto de los partidos políticos, aprovechando la función única que estos desempeñan;", "d) Crear un entorno propicio para la paz sostenida y la prosperidad compartida en la región.", "Estructura de la organización", "Composición", "En el artículo 2 de la Carta de la ICAPP se establece que la organización “estará abierta a todos los partidos políticos de Asia que tengan miembros elegidos democráticamente en los parlamentos de sus países respectivos, que habrán de ser Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas”. En la 5ª reunión del Comité Permanente celebrada en junio de 2006, se acordó extender la invitación también a los partidos políticos de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina a fin de que las actividades de la ICAPP fueran más inclusivas y representativas de la diversidad existente en la región. Por otro lado, en la 8ª reunión del Comité Permanente celebrada en noviembre de 2008, se acordó que para poder participar en las futuras actividades de la ICAPP los partidos políticos de Asia deberían cumplir los dos criterios siguientes: 1) haber obtenido más de 1% de los escaños en sus respectivos parlamentos; 2) haber recibido más del 1% de los votos populares en las elecciones parlamentarias más recientes, de conformidad con los datos certificados y reconocidos por las comisiones electorales nacionales correspondientes.", "Con arreglo a esos criterios, a finales de mayo de 2011 había 341 partidos políticos de 52 Estados y 1 territorio de Asia que eran elegibles para participar en las actividades de la ICAPP.", "Asamblea general", "De conformidad con el artículo 4 de la Carta de la ICAPP, se celebrará una asamblea general cada dos años y su organización se asignará de manera rotatoria entre sus miembros, a menos que el Comité Permanente decida lo contrario. En principio, la asamblea general se celebrará en la última parte del año, tendrá una duración de tres días laborables y constará de una sesión inaugural, una sesión plenaria, reuniones de comités temáticos, seminarios prácticos especiales sobre temas específicos aprobados por el Comité Permanente y una sesión de clausura.", "Comité Permanente", "De conformidad con los artículos 9 y 10 de la Carta de la ICAPP, se estableció un Comité Permanente integrado por los representantes de 18 miembros procedentes de un igual número de países. El mandato de los miembros del Comité Permanente es por un período de dos años a contar desde el final de una asamblea general hasta el final de la asamblea general siguiente. El Comité Permanente toma decisiones y establece los procedimientos sobre cuestiones relativas a la organización de las reuniones de la ICAPP, incluidas las asambleas generales y las conferencias extraordinarias, así como otras cuestiones relativas al resto de actividades y programas de la ICAPP.", "En la actualidad, el Comité Permanente está integrado por representantes de 18 grandes partidos políticos de 18 Estados, que a su vez representan las diferentes subregiones de Asia, a saber, Asia central, Asia nororiental, Asia meridional, Asia sudoccidental, Asia occidental, y Oceanía, y desde 2004 ha celebrado más de dos reuniones cada año.", "Secretaría", "La secretaría permanente de la ICAPP se estableció por una decisión unánime del Comité Permanente adoptada en su 10ª reunión, celebrada en Seúl en marzo de 2009, y refrendada en la 5ª asamblea general, celebrada en septiembre de 2009.", "De conformidad con el artículo 12 de la Carta de la ICAPP, la secretaría se encarga de ejercer, entre otras, las siguientes funciones: 1) mantener y actualizar la lista de partidos políticos y el sitio web oficial; 2) proporcionar la información y asistencia necesarias a los miembros de la ICAPP; y 3) establecer contactos y promover la cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales o regionales.", "Financiación", "En el artículo 8 de la Carta de la ICAPP se establece que los partidos políticos anfitriones de la asamblea general se encargarán de sufragar los gastos primarios de la celebración de la asamblea general. Dichos gastos primarios incluyen los arreglos logísticos, como los locales de conferencias, el transporte dentro del país y otras necesidades por el estilo. Los gastos primarios no incluyen el transporte internacional hasta y desde el país donde se celebre la asamblea general. A los efectos de organizar una asamblea general, los partidos políticos anfitriones pueden solicitar contribuciones voluntarias de los miembros de la ICAPP y otras organizaciones.", "Las actividades de la ICAPP, como las asambleas generales, las reuniones del Comité Permanente y las conferencias extraordinarias, son financiadas en principio por los partidos políticos anfitriones de esas actividades, los cuales sufragan por lo general los gastos de organización y los gastos básicos de alojamiento a nivel local para un número limitado de representantes de los partidos políticos participantes en dichos actos.", "En la 10ª reunión del Comité Permanente, celebrada en marzo de 2009, se acordó que el presupuesto y el personal necesarios para realizar las funciones de secretaría de la ICAPP serían proporcionados inicialmente por el país anfitrión de la misma. También se acordó que el Comité Permanente seguiría examinando las cuestiones relativas al presupuesto y el personal de la secretaría. Desde 2010, la Korea Foundation de Seúl ha aportado fondos para sufragar parte de las actividades de la secretaría. Otros gastos administrativos, como los gastos de mantenimiento de oficinas y de personal, se sufragan con donativos privados.", "Actividades", "Asambleas generales", "Hasta la fecha, la ICAPP ha celebrado seis asambleas generales: la 1ª en Manila en septiembre de 2000, con la participación de representantes de 46 partidos políticos de 26 países; la 2ª en Bangkok en noviembre de 2002, con la participación de representantes de 77 partidos de 35 países; la 3ª en Beijing en septiembre de 2004, con la participación de representantes de 81 partidos de 35 países; la 4ª en Seúl en septiembre de 2006, con la participación de representantes de 92 partidos de 36 países; la 5ª en Astana en septiembre de 2009, con la participación de representantes de 63 partidos de 33 países; y la 6ª en Phnom Penh en diciembre de 2010, con la participación de representantes de 90 partidos de 36 países.", "En esas asambleas, los principales líderes políticos del continente se dedicaron a estudiar el modo de asegurar la convivencia en un contexto más pacífico, democrático y próspero para Asia.", "Conferencias extraordinarias", "Los miembros de la ICAPP han organizado también conferencias y seminarios de carácter extraordinario sobre algunos de los retos más importantes a que se enfrenta la región, como la lucha contra la corrupción política, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los Estados, el alivio de la pobreza y la respuesta a los desastres naturales. La ICAPP está preparando otra conferencia extraordinaria sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con el alivio de la pobreza, que se celebrará en China en septiembre de 2011.", "Relaciones con otras organizaciones", "En los últimos tiempos, la ICAPP ha procurado establecer contactos con otras regiones del mundo. La primera reunión conjunta con la Conferencia Permanente de Partidos Políticos de América Latina y el Caribe (COPPPAL) se celebró con éxito en Buenos Aires en julio de 2009. Tras el establecimiento de lazos fraternales y de cooperación con la COPPPAL, la ICAPP ha desplegado esfuerzos, en coordinación con la COPPPAL, para establecer contactos con los partidos políticos de África con miras a organizar la primera reunión trilateral de partidos políticos de Asia, África y América Latina en un futuro próximo.", "A ese respecto, la ICAPP desempeñará un papel fundamental y constante no solo en el ineludible proceso hacia la construcción de una comunidad asiática sino también en la aspiración global hacia un mundo más pacífico y próspero.", "Características de la ICAPP", "Aunque la ICAPP no es una organización no gubernamental propiamente dicha, los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas deberían tener en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones en relación con su estatuto jurídico:", "a) La ICAPP tiene un carácter único en cuanto que está abierta a todos los partidos políticos con independencia de su orientación política;", "b) Los partidos políticos que participan en las actividades de la ICAPP son responsables del gobierno de sus respectivos países y de obtener los mejores resultados posibles con sus políticas, o bien son posibles candidatos a ocupar el poder en el futuro, en función de los resultados de las elecciones;", "c) La ICAPP ha compartido con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas los resultados de sus debates políticos a todos los niveles, tanto en el ámbito local como en el nacional y continental, como la Declaración de Kunming sobre el alivio de la pobreza, aprobada en la conferencia extraordinaria de la ICAPP celebrada en Kunming en julio de 2010, presentada a tiempo para la Cumbre de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio que se celebró dos meses después;", "d) Además, en los últimos años la ICAPP ha mantenido una estrecha cooperación con los partidos políticos de otras regiones, como América Latina y África, con miras a crear un foro mundial de partidos políticos, y en el caso de América Latina la ICAPP y la Conferencia Permanente de Partidos Políticos de América Latina y el Caribe han celebrado reuniones anuales conjuntas para coordinar sus actividades de promoción de los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas.", "Razones por las que la ICAPP solicita la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General", "Desde su constitución, la ICAPP ha brindado apoyo incondicional a las Naciones Unidas y sus actividades. En el primer párrafo del preámbulo de la Carta de la organización, aprobada en septiembre de 2006, se declara el inequívoco compromiso de la ICAPP con los principios y objetivos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Los representantes de los partidos políticos que participaron en la 6ª asamblea general de la ICAPP, celebrada en Phnom Penh en diciembre de 2010, adoptaron por unanimidad una declaración en apoyo de la solicitud de la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas.", "A ese respecto, la ICAPP desempeñará un papel fundamental y constante no solo en el ineludible proceso hacia la construcción de una comunidad asiática sino también en la aspiración global hacia un mundo más pacífico y próspero.", "La ICAPP puede desempeñar también un papel importante en el fomento de la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y los partidos políticos no solo de Asia sino también de América Latina y África, los tres continentes con democracias nuevas, encargándose de:", "a) Reunir y presentar al sistema de las Naciones Unidas las opiniones de nuestros pueblos en toda su diversidad, con arreglo a lo expresado en las deliberaciones y los debates políticos a todos los niveles, tanto en el ámbito local como en el nacional y continental;", "b) Promover el conocimiento, la aprobación y el apoyo de los pueblos respecto de los acuerdos internacionales alcanzados en las Naciones Unidas y por medio de los programas de las Naciones Unidas;", "c) Fomentar el consenso internacional en relación con las medidas de las Naciones Unidas para hacer frente a los principales retos mundiales;", "d) Proporcionar apoyo a los partidos políticos de las nuevas democracias y aumentar su capacidad para que puedan desempeñar a nivel local y nacional las funciones legislativas y de supervisión que les incumben en cuestiones que requieren cooperación internacional en el seno de las Naciones Unidas.", "Asimismo, cabe señalar que el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas ha enviado mensajes por vídeo con motivo de las principales actividades de la ICAPP, incluidas las sesiones inaugurales de las asambleas generales 5ª y 6ª, celebradas en Astana y Phnom Penh, y de la conferencia extraordinaria de la ICAPP sobre el alivio de la pobreza, celebrada en Kunming, y que sus contribuciones y orientación han sido de gran valor para las deliberaciones sobre los principales temas de esas conferencias.", "En el sitio web www.theicapp.org se puede consultar información más detallada sobre la ICAPP, incluida la dirección postal de su secretaría y los nombres de los cargos directivos y los miembros de su Comité Permanente.", "Anexo II", "Proyecto de resolución", "Otorgamiento de la condición de observadora en la Asamblea General a la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia", "La Asamblea General,", "Deseando promover la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia,", "1. Decide invitar a la Conferencia Internacional de Partidos Políticos de Asia a participar en los períodos de sesiones y en la labor de la Asamblea General en calidad de observadora;", "2. Solicita al Secretario General que tome las medidas necesarias para dar cumplimiento a la presente resolución." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "We, the undersigned, have the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly”.", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties was launched in Manila, in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As of May 2011, membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean, in 2008, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in other continents, including in particular Africa.", "So far the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has held six general assemblies — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009) and Phnom Penh (2010). These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia. Its Standing Committee — made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States — has met at least twice a year since 2004. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also organized special conferences on key continental issues since 2008 — such as those of minimizing political corruption (Seoul, 2008), strengthening State capacity (Kathmandu, 2009), easing mass poverty (Kunming, 2010) and dealing with natural disasters (Kuala Lumpur, 2011).", "From its inception, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the organization’s Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration endorsing the bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties is also coordinating with the joint initiatives of Governments of other States Members of the United Nations towards the same objective.", "We believe that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties of Asia, and those of Latin America and Africa in the future, the three continents of the emerging democracies, by aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of the peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental, promoting people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations, and building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges. In addition, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can provide support for political parties in the emerging democracies and increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "Attached are an explanatory memorandum (annex I) and a draft resolution regarding the item (annex II).", "We have the honour to request that the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Kosal Sea", "Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the United Nations", "(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida", "Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "(Signed) Gyan Chandra Acharya", "Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal to the United Nations", "(Signed) Libran N. Cabactulan", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations", "(Signed) Kim Sook", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations", "(Signed) Le Hoai Trung", "Permanent Representative of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "to the United Nations", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) was launched by the leaders of 46 political parties of Asia in Manila in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, ICAPP has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As at the end of May 2011, its membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia.", "So far, six general assemblies of ICAPP have been successfully held, in Manila in 2000, Bangkok in 2002, Beijing in 2004, Seoul in 2006, Astana in 2009 and Phnom Penh in 2010, and they have brought together political leaders in the region to exchange opinions and communicate with each other, and helped to strengthen unity among Asian States and propel Asia along the road towards stability and prosperity.", "The ICAPP Standing Committee, made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States, has met at least twice a year since 2004. ICAPP has also been annually organizing special conferences on key continental issues since May 2008 — such as those on minimizing political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviating mass poverty and effectively handling natural disasters.", "Purpose", "Article 1 of the ICAPP Charter, adopted at the fourth general assembly in September 2006, stipulates the objectives of ICAPP as follows:", "(a) To promote exchanges and cooperation between political parties with various ideologies in Asia;", "(b) To enhance mutual understanding and trust among the peoples and countries in the region;", "(c) To promote regional cooperation through the unique role and channel of political parties;", "(d) To create an environment for sustained peace and shared prosperity in the region.", "Organizational structure", "Membership", "Article 2 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that ICAPP “shall be open to all political parties in Asia with democratically elected members in the parliaments of their respective countries, which are Member States of the United Nations”. At the 5th meeting of the Standing Committee in June 2006, it was agreed to extend invitations to political parties in the Palestinian National Authority in an effort to render ICAPP activities more inclusive and representative of the diversities existing in the region. At the 8th meeting of the Standing Committee in November 2008, it was further agreed to apply two criteria to the political parties in Asia to be eligible for invitation to the future ICAPP activities: (1) political parties which have more than 1 per cent of elected seats in their parliaments; (2) political parties which have won more than 1 per cent of popular votes in their latest parliamentary elections, as certified and recognized by their national election commissions.", "According to these criteria, there are 341 political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia that are eligible to participate in ICAPP activities as at the end of May 2011.", "General assembly", "According to article 4 of the ICAPP Charter, a general assembly is held once every two years on a rotational basis among the members, unless otherwise decided by the Standing Committee. In principle, it is held for three working days during the latter half of the year, and is composed of an opening session, plenary session and thematic committee meetings, special workshops on specific topics as approved by the Standing Committee and a closing session.", "Standing Committee", "According to articles 9 and 10 of the ICAPP Charter, a Standing Committee, composed of the representatives of 18 members from an equal number of countries, was established. The members of the Standing Committee serve for two years from the end of a general assembly until the end of the following general assembly. The Standing Committee makes decisions and lays out the procedures on issues regarding the organization of the ICAPP meetings, including the general assemblies and special conferences, as well as other issues regarding other ICAPP activities and programmes.", "Currently, the Standing Committee is composed of the representatives of the 18 leading political parties from 18 States representing different subregions of Asia, namely, Central Asia, North-East Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia, West Asia and Oceania, and has been meeting more than twice a year since 2004.", "Secretariat", "The permanent secretariat of ICAPP was established in Seoul by a decision unanimously taken at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, and as endorsed at the fifth general assembly in September 2009.", "In accordance with article 12 of the ICAPP Charter, the secretariat executes such functions, among others, as (1) maintaining and updating the list of political parties and the official website; (2) providing necessary information and assistance to the ICAPP members; and (3) establishing contacts and promoting cooperation with other international or regional organizations.", "Financing", "Article 8 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that the political parties hosting the general assembly shall bear the primary expenses of the general assemblies. The primary expenses include logistical arrangements, that is, conference facilities, domestic transportation and the like. The primary expenses shall not include, inter alia, international transportation to and from the location of the general assembly. For the purposes of holding the general assembly, the political parties hosting the general assemblies may seek voluntary contributions from members of ICAPP and other organizations.", "The ICAPP activities, namely the general assemblies, Standing Committee meetings and special conferences, are funded in principle by the political parties that host such events, which usually cover the costs of organizing conferences and minimum local accommodation for a limited number of representatives of political parties participating in the events.", "At the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, it was agreed that the budget and personnel to implement the functions of the ICAPP secretariat shall be initially provided by the host country. It was further agreed that the Standing Committee will continue to discuss issues relating to the budget and personnel of the secretariat. Since 2010, the Korea Foundation in Seoul has provided funds to support a part of the secretariat activities. Other administrative budgets, including office maintenance and personnel costs, are covered by private donations.", "Activities", "General assemblies", "So far, six ICAPP general assemblies have been held. The first was held in Manila in September 2000 with representatives of 46 political parties from 26 countries, the second in Bangkok in November 2002 with 77 parties from 35 countries, the third in Beijing in September 2004 with 81 parties from 35 countries, the fourth in Seoul in September 2006 with 92 parties from 36 countries, the fifth in Astana in September 2009 with 63 parties from 33 countries, and the sixth in Phnom Penh in December 2010 with 90 parties from 36 countries.", "These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia.", "Special conferences", "Special conferences and workshops have also been convened for the ICAPP members on key challenges that the region is facing, such as prevention of political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviation of poverty and dealing with natural disasters. ICAPP is preparing to host another special conference on the issues relating to poverty alleviation in China in September 2011.", "Relations with other organizations", "Recently, ICAPP has been trying to reach out to other regions in the world. The first joint session with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean was successfully held in Buenos Aires in July 2009. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, ICAPP has been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in Africa, in coordination with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, with a view to organizing the first trilateral meeting of political parties in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the near future.", "In this regard, ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "Character of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "Although ICAPP is not an intergovernmental organization per se, the following points with regard to its legal status should be taken into consideration by the States Members of the United Nations:", "(a) ICAPP is unique in nature in that it is open to all political parties regardless of their political orientation;", "(b) The political parties participating in ICAPP activities are either responsible for forming the Governments in their respective countries and making most of their policies, or eligible to form future Governments depending on the results of elections;", "(c) ICAPP has also been channelling to the United Nations system the results of its political debates at all levels, local, national and continental, like submitting the Kunming Declaration on Poverty Alleviation, which was adopted at the special ICAPP conference in Kunming in July 2010, in time for the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held two months later;", "(d) In addition, in recent years, ICAPP has been in close cooperation with political parties in other regions, namely, Latin America and Africa, with a view to forming a global forum of political parties and, in the case of Latin America, ICAPP and the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean have been holding annual joint sessions to coordinate their activities to promote United Nations objectives.", "Reasons for seeking observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "From its inception, ICAPP has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the ICAPP Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of ICAPP to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration that endorsed the ICAPP bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations.", "ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "ICAPP can also play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties not only of Asia but also of Latin America and Africa — the three continents of the emerging democracies — in the following areas:", "(a) Aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of our peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental;", "(b) Promoting ordinary people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations and through United Nations programmes;", "(c) Building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges;", "(d) Providing support for political parties in the emerging democracies — to increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "In addition, the Secretary-General of the United Nations has been sending video messages to all major programmes of ICAPP, including the opening sessions of the fifth and sixth general assemblies, held in Astana and Phnom Penh, and the ICAPP special conference on poverty alleviation held in Kunming, and has provided valuable contributions and guidance to deliberations on the main themes of the conferences.", "More detailed information on ICAPP, including the address of the secretariat, the officers and the members of the Standing Committees, can be found on its website, at www.theicapp.org.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the International Conference of Asian Political Parties,", "1. Decides to invite the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The undersigned have the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, to include in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly”.", "The Asian International Conference of Political Parties was established in Manila in September 2000 with the aim of creating political cooperation and establishing mutually beneficial networks among the major political parties in Asia, both those in power and opposition. In its first ten years of existence, the influence and number of members of the Asian International Conference of Political Parties have increased steadily. In May 2011, more than 340 political parties from 52 States and 1 Asian territory met the eligibility requirements for membership of the Conference. Having established fraternal links with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties in 2008, the Asian International Conference of Political Parties has also made an effort to establish contacts with political parties on other continents, particularly in Africa.", "To date, the Asia International Conference of Political Parties has held six general assemblies — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009) and Phnom Penh (2010) — in which the main political leaders of the continent studied ways of ensuring coexistence in a more peaceful, democratic and prosperous context for Asia. Its Standing Committee, composed of representatives of 18 major political parties from 18 States, has met at least twice a year since 2004. Since 2008, the Asia International Conference of Political Parties has also organized extraordinary conferences on issues of particular importance to the continent, such as the minimization of political corruption (Seoul, 2008), the strengthening of the capacity of States (Katmandu, 2009), the alleviation of widespread poverty (Kunming, 2010) and the response to natural disasters (Kuala Lumpur, 2011).", "Since its establishment, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has provided unconditional support to the United Nations and its activities. The first preambular paragraph of the Charter of the Organization, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. The representatives of political parties participating in the 6th general assembly, held in Phnom Penh in December 2010, unanimously adopted a statement in support of the request for observer status in the United Nations General Assembly. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties is also coordinating its activities with the joint efforts of the Governments of other United Nations Member States to achieve this goal.", "We believe that in the future the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can play an important role in promoting cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties of Asia, Latin America and Africa, the three continents with new democracies, taking care to gather and present in the United Nations system the views of peoples in all their diversity, in accordance with the treaty in the deliberations and political debates at all levels, both at the local level and at the national level, The International Conference of Asian Political Parties can also provide support to political parties in the new democracies and enhance their capacity to enable them to carry out their legislative and supervisory functions at the local and national levels on issues requiring international cooperation within the United Nations.", "Under this item, an explanatory memorandum (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached to the present report.", "We have the honour to request you to have the present letter and its annexes circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Kosal SeaPermanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia of the United Nations (Signed) Tsuneo Nishida Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations (Signed) Gyan Chandra Acharya Permanent Representative of the Republic of Nepal to the United Nations (Signed) Libran N. Cabactulan", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) was established in September 2000 in Manila by the leaders of 46 Asian political parties with the aim of creating links of political cooperation and establishing mutually beneficial networks among the major Asian political parties, both those in power and opposition. In its first ten years of existence, the influence and number of ICAPP members have increased steadily. By the end of May 2011, more than 340 political parties from 52 States and 1 Asian territory met the eligibility requirements for membership of the Conference.", "To date, ICAPP has successfully held six general assemblies — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009) and Phnom Penh (2010) — in which the political leaders of the region exchanged views and maintained contacts with each other in order to strengthen unity among Asian States and drive the continent towards stability and prosperity.", "The ICAPP Standing Committee, composed of representatives of 18 major political parties from 18 States, has met at least twice a year since 2004. Since May 2008, ICAPP has also organized extraordinary conferences on issues of particular importance to the continent, such as the minimization of political corruption, the strengthening of the capacity of States, the alleviation of widespread poverty and the effective response to natural disasters.", "Objectives", "Article 1 of the ICAPP Charter, adopted at its 4th general assembly held in September 2006, provides that the objectives of ICAPP shall be as follows:", "(a) Promote exchanges and cooperation among Asian political parties with different ideologies;", "(b) Improve mutual knowledge and confidence among peoples and countries of the region;", "(c) Promote regional cooperation through political parties, taking advantage of their unique role;", "(d) Create an enabling environment for sustained peace and shared prosperity in the region.", "Organizational structure", "Membership", "Article 2 of the ICAPP Charter states that the organization “will be open to all Asian political parties that have democratically elected members in the parliaments of their respective countries, to be Member States of the United Nations.” At the fifth meeting of the Standing Committee held in June 2006, it was agreed to extend the invitation also to the political parties of the Palestinian National Authority so that the activities of the ICAPP would be more inclusive and representative of the diversity in the region. On the other hand, at the 8th meeting of the Standing Committee held in November 2008, it was agreed that in order to participate in the future activities of ICAPP, Asian political parties should meet the following two criteria: (1) having obtained more than 1% of seats in their respective parliaments; (2) having received more than 1% of the popular votes in the most recent parliamentary elections, in accordance with the data certified and recognized by the relevant national electoral commissions.", "According to these criteria, at the end of May 2011, there were 341 political parties from 52 States and 1 Asian territory that were eligible to participate in the activities of ICAPP.", "General Assembly", "In accordance with article 4 of the ICAPP Charter, a general assembly shall be held every two years and its organization shall be assigned rotatingly among its members unless the Standing Committee decides otherwise. In principle, the general assembly will be held in the last part of the year, for a duration of three working days and will consist of an opening session, a plenary meeting, thematic committees meetings, special workshops on specific topics adopted by the Standing Committee and a closing session.", "Standing Committee", "In accordance with articles 9 and 10 of the ICAPP Charter, a Standing Committee was established consisting of representatives of 18 members from an equal number of countries. The term of office of the members of the Standing Committee is for a period of two years from the end of a general assembly to the end of the next general assembly. The Standing Committee takes decisions and sets out procedures on issues related to the organization of ICAPP meetings, including general assemblies and extraordinary conferences, as well as other issues relating to the rest of ICAPP activities and programmes.", "At present, the Standing Committee is composed of representatives of 18 major political parties from 18 States, which in turn represent the different subregions of Asia, namely, Central Asia, North-East Asia, South Asia, South-West Asia, Western Asia, and Oceania, and since 2004 has held more than two meetings each year.", "Secretariat", "The ICAPP permanent secretariat was established by a unanimous decision of the Standing Committee adopted at its 10th meeting, held in Seoul in March 2009, and endorsed at the 5th General Assembly, held in September 2009.", "In accordance with Article 12 of the ICAPP Charter, the secretariat is responsible for exercising, inter alia, the following functions: (1) maintaining and updating the list of political parties and the official website; (2) providing the necessary information and assistance to ICAPP members; and (3) establishing contacts and promoting cooperation with other international or regional organizations.", "Financing", "Article 8 of the ICAPP Charter states that the host political parties of the general assembly shall bear the primary costs of the holding of the general assembly. These primary costs include logistical arrangements, such as conference facilities, in-country transportation and other requirements. Primary costs do not include international transport to and from the country where the general assembly is held. For the purpose of organizing a general assembly, host political parties may request voluntary contributions from ICAPP members and other organizations.", "The activities of ICAPP, such as general assemblies, meetings of the Standing Committee and extraordinary conferences, are funded in principle by the host political parties of these activities, which generally cover organizational costs and basic accommodation costs at the local level for a limited number of representatives of political parties participating in such acts.", "At the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, it was agreed that the budget and staff required to perform the secretariat functions of ICAPP would initially be provided by the host country. It was also agreed that the Standing Committee would continue to consider budgetary and secretariat staff issues. Since 2010, the Korea Foundation of Seoul has provided funds to cover part of the secretariat &apos; s activities. Other administrative costs, such as office and staff maintenance, are covered by private donations.", "Activities", "General Assembly", "To date, ICAPP has held six general assemblies: 1st in Manila in September 2000, with the participation of representatives of 46 political parties from 26 countries; 2nd in Bangkok in November 2002, with the participation of representatives of 77 parties from 35 countries; 3rd in Beijing in September 2004, with the participation of representatives of 81 parties from 35 countries; 4th in Seoul in September 2006, with the participation of representatives of 92 parties from 36 countries;", "In these assemblies, the main political leaders of the continent devoted themselves to exploring ways of ensuring coexistence in a more peaceful, democratic and prosperous context for Asia.", "Extraordinary conferences", "ICAPP members have also organized extraordinary conferences and seminars on some of the most important challenges facing the region, such as the fight against political corruption, the strengthening of States &apos; capacity, poverty alleviation and response to natural disasters. ICAPP is preparing another special conference on poverty alleviation issues, to be held in China in September 2011.", "Relations with other organizations", "In recent times, ICAPP has sought to establish contacts with other regions of the world. The first joint meeting with the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties (COPPPAL) was successfully held in Buenos Aires in July 2009. Following the establishment of fraternal ties and cooperation with COPPPAL, ICAPP has made efforts, in coordination with COPPPAL, to establish contacts with African political parties with a view to organizing the first trilateral meeting of political parties in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the near future.", "In this regard, ICAPP will play a fundamental and constant role not only in the inescapable process of building an Asian community but also in the global aspiration for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "Characteristics of ICAPP", "Although ICAPP is not a non-governmental organization itself, United Nations Member States should take into account the following considerations in relation to their legal status:", "(a) ICAPP is unique in that it is open to all political parties regardless of their political orientation;", "(b) The political parties involved in the activities of ICAPP are responsible for the government of their respective countries and for achieving the best possible results with their policies, or are potential candidates for future power, depending on the results of the elections;", "(c) ICAPP has shared with the United Nations system the results of its political discussions at all levels, both at the local level and at the national and continental levels, as well as the Kunming Declaration on Poverty Alleviation, adopted at the ICAPP extraordinary conference held in Kunming in July 2010, submitted in time for the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Summit, which was held two months later;", "(d) In addition, in recent years ICAPP has maintained close cooperation with political parties in other regions, such as Latin America and Africa, with a view to creating a global forum for political parties, and in the case of Latin America ICAPP and the Permanent Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Political Parties have held joint annual meetings to coordinate their efforts to promote the goals of the United Nations.", "Reasons for ICAPP requesting observer status in the General Assembly", "Since its establishment, ICAPP has provided unconditional support to the United Nations and its activities. The first preambular paragraph of the Charter of the Organization, adopted in September 2006, states the unequivocal commitment of ICAPP to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. The representatives of the political parties participating in the 6th general assembly of ICAPP, held in Phnom Penh in December 2010, unanimously adopted a statement in support of the request for observer status in the United Nations General Assembly.", "In this regard, ICAPP will play a fundamental and constant role not only in the inescapable process of building an Asian community but also in the global aspiration for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "ICAPP can also play an important role in fostering cooperation between the United Nations and political parties not only in Asia but also in Latin America and Africa, the three continents with new democracies, taking care of:", "(a) To bring together and present to the United Nations system the views of our peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political deliberations and discussions at all levels, both at the local and national and continental levels;", "(b) Promote the knowledge, approval and support of peoples in respect of international agreements reached at the United Nations and through United Nations programmes;", "(c) Promoting international consensus on United Nations action to address major global challenges;", "(d) Provide support to political parties in new democracies and increase their capacity to enable them to carry out legislative and oversight functions at the local and national levels on issues requiring international cooperation within the United Nations.", "It should also be noted that the Secretary-General of the United Nations has sent video messages on the main activities of ICAPP, including the inaugural meetings of the 5th and 6th General Assembly, held in Astana and Phnom Penh, and the ICAPP extraordinary conference on poverty alleviation, held in Kunming, and that their contributions and guidance have been of great value to the deliberations on the main topics of those conferences.", "More detailed information on ICAPP, including the postal address of its secretariat and the names of managers and members of its Standing Committee, is available on the www.theicapp.org website.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the International Conference of Asian Political Parties,", "1. Decides to invite the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to participate in the sessions and work of the General Assembly as an observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary measures to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones Sexagésimo séptimo año Tema 123 a) del programaprovisional* \nFortalecimiento del sistema de lasNaciones Unidas", "La capacidad civil después de los conflictos", "Informe del Secretario General", "* A/66/150.", "Resumen \nLos países que salen de un conflicto normalmente hacen frente a unaamplia diversidad de necesidades urgentes para establecer y sostenerla paz, pero con frecuencia padecen de una escasez crítica decapacidad para satisfacer necesidades prioritarias de manera rápida yefectiva. La comunidad internacional ha reconocido este desafío, ymuchos agentes bilaterales y multilaterales han tomado medidas paramejorar el apoyo que se presta a los países afectados por conflictos.Estas actividades individuales, sin embargo, no han sido suficientespara establecer un mecanismo fiable y efectivo para prestar a lospaíses la asistencia que solicitan. Las Naciones Unidas debenesforzarse para contratar y desplegar a expertos civiles y apoyar alos agentes nacionales en la ampliación y profundización de susaptitudes. En marzo de 2010, establecí un Grupo Consultivo Superior,presidido por el ex Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones deMantenimiento de la Paz, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, para que realizara unexamen independiente de la capacidad civil después de los conflictos,con miras a presentar propuestas concretas y prácticas para reforzarel apoyo civil a la paz y el desarrollo sostenibles.\nEl informe del Grupo Consultivo Superior (A/65/747-S/2011/85) sepresentó a los Estados Miembros en febrero de 2011. Es un informe degran alcance en el que se hacen diversas recomendaciones pertinentesa los Estados Miembros, las organizaciones regionales y de lasociedad civil y las Naciones Unidas. Al reconocer el ámbito delinforme, establecí un Grupo Directivo, presidido por Susana Malcorra,Secretaria General Adjunta de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre elTerreno, para que dirigiera un seguimiento coordinado del informe.\nEl presente informe es la primera respuesta de las Naciones Unidas alexamen independiente de la capacidad civil después de los conflictos.Su punto de partida es el sistema actual de las Naciones Unidas y losprocedimientos y prácticas comprendidos en mi autoridad comoSecretario General, para reforzar el apoyo que presta la Organizacióna los países que salen de conflictos. Una condición esencial paraobtener la participación efectiva de los Estados Miembros, lasorganizaciones regionales, los asociados de la sociedad civil y,sobre todo, los países que solicitan nuestra asistencia, es ponerprimero nuestra casa en orden. Ahora bien, esto por sí solo no essuficiente para mejorar el apoyo civil internacional. Todos tenemosla obligación de examinar nuestras respectivas actividadesindividuales, así como nuestras asociaciones, en apoyo de lascomunidades y los pueblos que han soportado violencia y privaciones.En etapas subsiguientes, centraré mi atención en las funciones quepueden cumplir otras entidades y en las asociaciones que debemosestablecer para reforzar colectivamente la calidad y la eficienciadel apoyo civil después de los conflictos.En el presente informe se identifican un conjunto de medidasprioritarias concretas y calendarios para las actividades de lasNaciones Unidas durante los próximos 12 meses; están encaminadas amejorar su respuesta civil y a establecer asociaciones con terceros.Estas medidas incluyen: a) Elaborar directrices para utilizar mejor y desarrollar lacapacidad nacional, así como orientación para asegurar que lasprácticas de adquisición no excluyan a los proveedores locales; b) Impartir una dirección estratégica más fuerte a los nuevosprocesos de planificación; c) Realizar un examen de la forma en que está estructurada ydesplegada la experiencia en materia de género; d) Consultar a los Estados Miembros y las organizaciones regionalesacerca de la creación de asociaciones más sólidas, a fin de asegurarel mejor uso posible de sus capacidades; e) Establecer una plataforma en línea para difundir las necesidadesciviles y las capacidades disponibles y conectar mejor a losgobiernos, las Naciones Unidas y los proveedores de capacidadesexternas; f) Estudiar modalidades para ampliar el ámbito para el despliegue delpersonal proporcionado por los Gobiernos u otras entidades; g) Detallar las esferas en que hay deficiencias de capacidad críticasy asegurar que los centros de coordinación designados por lasNaciones Unidas colaboren con los asociados externos parasubsanarlas; h) Aplicar un modelo de emergencia institucional en la Secretaría delas Naciones Unidas para facilitar una respuesta efectiva asituaciones en que se requiera un despliegue rápido; \ni) Asegurar que los líderes de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terrenoejerzan la flexibilidad operacional y financiera que se les haconfiado para cumplir sus mandatos;j) Aplicar el principio de las ventajas comparativas en elcumplimiento de los mandatos; \nk) Aplicar estos enfoques sobre el terreno, por ejemplo, movilizandola experiencia nacional y regional y examinando el ámbito de lasactividades de adquisición en el mercado local en Sudán del Sur.\nPor sobre todo, el presente informe deja en claro que una pazsostenible es una paz nacional. Las soluciones o las competenciasimpuestas desde afuera no pueden suplantar a la implicación nacionalni a la capacidad de las comunidades nacionales, sus líderes y susinstituciones. Ese punto de partida debe ser nuestro objetivo final.", "I. Introducción", "1. Las actividades nacionales para establecer y consolidar la paz después de un conflicto deben ser apoyadas por capacidades civiles efectivas en el momento oportuno. Como destaqué en mi informe sobre consolidación de la paz inmediatamente después de un conflicto (A/63/881-S/2009/304), debemos aprovechar la oportunidad que suele brindar el período inmediatamente posterior al conflicto para crear condiciones de seguridad básicas, proporcionar los dividendos de la paz, crear confianza en el proceso político y fortalecer la capacidad nacional básica para tomar la iniciativa en las actividades de consolidación de la paz y sentar las bases para un desarrollo sostenible.", "2. Para hacer frente a este desafío, la comunidad internacional, especialmente las Naciones Unidas, debe proporcionar, con más rapidez y eficacia, las capacidades civiles especializadas que se necesitan, es decir, las capacidades y la experiencia necesarias para apoyar a los agentes nacionales que procuran restablecer el estado de derecho, revitalizar la economía, reiniciar la prestación de los servicios básicos a la población y desarrollar las capacidades necesarias para conferir sostenibilidad a estos avances. El riesgo de regresión en los primeros años de paz es elevado. La inestabilidad y los conflictos rebasan las fronteras y desestabilizan a los países vecinos. Hay fuertes vínculos entre la seguridad, la paz y el desarrollo; los países afectados por conflictos son los que están más atrasados en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Para lograr la paz y el desarrollo sostenibles, debemos invertir desde muy temprano en las capacidades civiles necesarias.", "3. En respuesta a estos imperativos, inicié un examen para analizar la forma de ampliar y hacer más completa la lista de expertos civiles para satisfacer las necesidades inmediatas de fomento de la capacidad de los países que salen de un conflicto. En marzo de 2010, nombré a un Grupo Consultivo Superior, presidido por el ex Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, para que llevara a cabo un examen independiente. El Grupo celebró consultas con entidades de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en la Sede y sobre el terreno, los Estados Miembros, la Comisión de Consolidación de la Paz, organizaciones regionales, la sociedad civil y los círculos académicos. El 22 de febrero de 2011, presenté su informe (A/65/747-S/2011/85) al Presidente de la Asamblea General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad. Posteriormente, nombré un Grupo Directivo, cuyos miembros representaban a entidades de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, para que considerara la forma de poner en práctica las recomendaciones del Grupo Consultivo Superior.", "4. El informe del Grupo Consultivo Superior se basa en ciertos principios claves: es esencial contar con capacidades civiles fuertes para construir una paz duradera; es preciso cultivar las capacidades nacionales latentes en los países afectados por conflictos; el apoyo internacional debe responder a la demanda, y no debe estar impulsado por la oferta; y las Naciones Unidas deben ser más receptivas, flexibles y eficaces en función del costo cuando prestan ese apoyo. Considero alentador el amplio apoyo expresado por los Estados Miembros a esos principios, al hincapié que se hace en el informe en un enfoque impulsado por la demanda y a su concentración sobre el terreno, y a muchas de sus recomendaciones.", "5. Comparto la conclusión del Grupo Consultivo Superior de que para hacer frente a esos desafíos debemos establecer asociaciones más sólidas con asociados externos; ampliar el suministro de capacidades especializadas para identificar y desplegar mejor las capacidades disponibles, especialmente en los países del Sur y entre las mujeres; desarrollar formas más eficaces de trabajo conjunto en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y desarrollar una cultura de gestión y prácticas institucionales que permitan a mis directivos superiores responder rápida y efectivamente a las cambiantes realidades sobre el terreno. La importancia que otorga el Grupo Consultivo Superior al logro de estas metas, junto con un mejor uso de los sistemas ya existentes, está en consonancia con el enfoque que he trazado para desarrollar unas Naciones Unidas más responsables, transparentes, eficientes y efectivas.", "6. En mi segundo mandato me propongo priorizar medidas que conferirán a las Naciones Unidas mayor eficacia y eficiencia, incluso mediante mi programa de gestión del cambio. Un aspecto clave será la aplicación del presente informe sobre la capacidad civil. Muchas iniciativas vigentes de las Naciones Unidas (como mi programa para la acción en materia de consolidación de la paz inmediatamente después de un conflicto, la estrategia global de apoyo a las actividades sobre el terreno, el marco estratégico sobre las mujeres, la paz y la seguridad, nuestras actividades de fomento de la coherencia en todo el sistema y mi próximo informe sobre diplomacia preventiva) pueden mejorar el despliegue de capacidades civiles, aún cuando ese no sea su objetivo principal. Lo mismo sucede con las iniciativas formuladas con asociados, como el Informe sobre el Desarrollo Mundial 2011 del Banco Mundial, la Alianza entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Europea sobre recursos naturales, conflictos y consolidación de la paz y el Diálogo Internacional sobre la consolidación de la paz y del Estado.", "7. En el presente informe me refiero a cómo deben responder las Naciones Unidas al informe del Grupo Consultivo Superior: qué medidas deben tomar las propias Naciones Unidas para mejorar la calidad, la rapidez y la eficacia del apoyo civil a los países afectados por conflictos, y qué se debe hacer en colaboración con terceros. Establezco una hoja de ruta para la acción con tres ejes principales: desarrollo de una mayor capacidad y una mayor implicación nacionales en nuestra respuesta después de los conflictos; establecimiento de asociaciones externas y aplicación de los ajustes necesarios dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para obtener las capacidades civiles requeridas; y ejercicio de la agilidad de organización necesaria para responder con habilidad a situaciones impredecibles después de conflictos.", "8. Nuestra respuesta debe estar comprendida en diferentes categorías. En primer lugar, están las prioridades que requieren una atención temprana: esas iniciativas están comprendidas en mi propia autoridad o en la de los jefes ejecutivos de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que ofrecen el mayor potencial para obtener resultados sobre el terreno. En el presente informe indico cómo me propongo aplicar esas iniciativas a corto plazo. En segundo lugar están las ideas que requieren un estudio más minucioso antes de ponerlas en práctica. Algunas están comprendidas en el ámbito del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, y otras deben ser consideradas por los Estados Miembros y otros interesados; me propongo dirigirme nuevamente a los Estados Miembros, en una fecha posterior, con más detalles sobre estas ideas. Por último, están las cuestiones que ya se están tratando como parte de otros procesos de reforma dentro de las Naciones Unidas. La mayoría de esas cuestiones deben seguir tratándose en el marco de esos procesos, destacando al mismo tiempo su pertinencia para las capacidades civiles.", "9. Gran parte de mi programa se aplicará a todas las diversas respuestas de las Naciones Unidas después de un conflicto. Cuando persistan las necesidades humanitarias al comenzar la programación de la recuperación y el desarrollo, las acciones humanitarias seguirán orientándose por los principios de humanidad, imparcialidad, neutralidad e independencia.", "II. Capacidad nacional", "10. Las comunidades que salen de un conflicto suelen hacer frente a una escasez crítica de capacidades para asegurar una paz sostenible. Como destaqué en mis informes sobre consolidación de la paz inmediatamente después de un conflicto y sobre la participación de las mujeres en la consolidación de la paz (A/65/354-S/2010/466), y como pusieron de relieve el Consejo de Seguridad y la Comisión de Consolidación de la Paz, la identificación, el desarrollo y el uso de capacidades nacionales debe constituir una prioridad después de un conflicto. Esto ayudará a desarrollar la implicación nacional que es esencial para lograr la paz y el desarrollo sostenibles.", "11. Esta no es una actividad técnica. El apoyo a las instituciones nacionales después de un conflicto es una empresa política de alto riesgo. Va más allá del ámbito gubernamental y afecta a la sociedad civil y el sector privado; va más allá de las instituciones nacionales e incluye a los niveles subnacionales, locales y comunitarios. Desde el primer día se producen tensiones entre los imperativos de comenzar a crear la capacidad nacional y proporcionar los dividendos primarios de la paz, como el suministro de servicios básicos.", "12. Ahora bien, el desarrollo de la capacidad es un proceso que debe comenzar en los primeros días de la participación internacional, y este es un desafío que deben enfrentar las Naciones Unidas y todos los participantes internacionales. Debe incluir evaluaciones de la capacidad, fomento de la capacidad, incluso mediante programas de mentores y capacitación selectiva, utilización de la capacidad, y sostenibilidad de la capacidad. Si bien hay numerosos ejemplos del desarrollo y uso por las Naciones Unidas de la capacidad nacional, se necesita un enfoque más sistemático. Dentro de las Naciones Unidas, he pedido al Grupo de trabajo interinstitucional, presidido por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), que elabore, a más tardar para 2012, principios básicos y directrices para utilizar mejor y desarrollar la capacidad nacional en contextos posteriores a conflictos, así como planes para desarrollar instrumentos concretos para los equipos sobre el terreno, a fin de que puedan realizar evaluaciones de la capacidad, diseñar estrategias y supervisar los resultados. Esos instrumentos deben incluir estrategias para sectores específicos escogidos, incluidos los jóvenes y las mujeres.", "13. Otro aspecto importante que se debe considerar es la necesidad de evitar cualquier efecto negativo sobre el desarrollo de la capacidad nacional, por ejemplo, el éxodo intelectual de capacidad local a organizaciones internacionales y bilaterales. A fin de fomentar la coherencia entre las actividades internacionales, las Naciones Unidas trabajarán con el Banco Mundial y mantendrán un diálogo con Estados Miembros interesados. Solo se podrá alcanzar el éxito si todos los principales agentes internacionales trabajan juntos para desarrollar la capacidad nacional.", "14. En las estrategias para desarrollar capacidades, es igualmente importante prestar más atención al nivel subnacional, donde los resultados suelen ser más visibles e importantes para las personas y pueden catalizar las actividades de desarrollo de la capacidad en el plano nacional. Esto es esencial en épocas de transición, cuando la incapacidad de un Estado para realizar funciones básicas puede socavar su legitimidad y credibilidad y poner en peligro la consolidación de la paz.", "15. Si bien el objetivo principal debe ser maximizar el empleo de capacidades nacionales desde el comienzo, en algunos casos se necesitará capacidad internacional para proporcionar la experiencia técnica necesaria. En otros casos, la capacidad internacional puede necesitarse para garantizar la imparcialidad, la neutralidad o la seguridad, o cuando un conflicto prolongado haya debilitado los sistemas de rendición de cuentas y transparencia hasta tal punto que se necesiten medidas sustitutivas temporales para restablecer la confianza. Esas medidas deben ser un elemento de una estrategia más amplia, estableciendo puntos de referencia para su duración y una estrategia de salida realista y claramente definida[1]. Esas estrategias deben tener en cuenta la necesidad de un equilibrio apropiado y un orden secuencial en el uso de la asistencia internacional y las capacidades nacionales (aun cuando estas últimas sean débiles) a fin de promover el objetivo de reforzar la legitimidad nacional, la implicancia nacional y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo. El apoyo internacional directo y el desarrollo de capacidades deben tener lugar al mismo tiempo, a fin de prevenir una dependencia prolongada de los recursos internacionales.", "16. Una de las formas en que las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y las misiones políticas especiales de las Naciones Unidas pueden contribuir a la creación de capacidades, es formando a personal nacional. Por ejemplo, un proyecto de fomento de la capacidad lanzado en 2010 por la Misión Integrada de las Naciones Unidas en Timor-Leste está impartiendo capacitación a más de 900 funcionarios nacionales, utilizando, siempre que es posible, a proveedores de capacitación locales y regionales. Esas actividades deben orientarse por las necesidades nacionales[2] y estar incorporadas en la planificación temprana de la misión. El empleo de funcionarios nacionales del cuadro orgánico aumenta las oportunidades de que el personal nacional contribuya a la labor de las misiones sobre el terreno y mejore sus capacidades en funciones críticas de establecimiento de la paz y del Estado[3]. El Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, el PNUD y otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas colaboran para movilizar la experiencia nacional en Sudán del Sur, incluso de la diáspora cuando corresponde, por ejemplo, mediante ferias de empleo en países vecinos y un programa nacional de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas. Esas iniciativas son igualmente importantes en países en los que no hay misiones, donde las actividades para crear capacidades nacionales de gestión de conflictos[4] constituyen una parte importante de la consolidación de una paz sostenible. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que apoyen esas iniciativas financiando el regreso y la reintegración de nacionales y programas para fomentar el desarrollo de personal nacional.", "17. El desarrollo de la capacidad debe incluirse en la planificación desde el comienzo. Las innovaciones más recientes, como las evaluaciones de las necesidades en situaciones posteriores a un conflicto, las evaluaciones estratégicas, el marco estratégico integrado y las directrices revisadas para los Marcos de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo han ayudado mucho a mejorar la planificación integrada de las Naciones Unidas, pero todavía queda mucho por hacer. La planificación temprana debe incluir un fuerte componente sobre el terreno, en virtud del cual el personal de las Naciones Unidas que ya se encuentra en el país trabaje con interesados nacionales para evaluar las prioridades y capacidades nacionales existentes[5], incluso en la diáspora. Esto ayudará a garantizar que la planificación esté impulsada por las prioridades y necesidades nacionales y no por la disponibilidad de personal internacional u otros recursos, y que se examinen las oportunidades para utilizar y desarrollar la capacidad nacional latente. Los planes deben ser suficientemente flexibles para poder adaptarlos a las circunstancias cambiantes y a una mayor implicación nacional. El Grupo directivo de integración ha decidido que revisará, a más tardar en 2012, las directrices para el proceso integrado de planificación de misiones. Esto incluirá un examen de la importancia de la participación de entidades nacionales en las etapas de evaluación, planificación y aplicación. Se proporcionarán directrices estratégicas claras sobre la forma de asegurar que las perspectivas y capacidades nacionales se tengan en cuenta desde el comienzo de cada proceso de planificación.", "18. Las estrategias de desarrollo de la capacidad deben prestar especial atención a las necesidades y capacidades de las mujeres. Como destaqué en mi informe sobre la participación de la mujer en la consolidación de la paz, la transición después de un conflicto es un momento crítico para reevaluar las funciones y capacidades de los géneros y tomar medidas para lograr la igualdad entre ellos. Se está trabajando para integrar los principios de igualdad entre los géneros en la planificación de las Naciones Unidas después de conflictos. Los Marcos de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo se someten periódicamente a exámenes de género retrospectivos, y se han desarrollado directrices para incorporar las cuestiones de género en la evaluación de las necesidades en situaciones posteriores a un conflicto.", "19. Ahora bien, aunque las directrices pueden ser instrumentos importantes, no parecen ser efectivas para garantizar que se tengan en cuenta las necesidades de las mujeres, o que se incluya a las mujeres en la planificación y ejecución de programas después de un conflicto. Los factores que verdaderamente ejercen influencia son un liderazgo decidido y convencido, la participación temprana de expertos en cuestiones de género (particularmente en las aptitudes específicas de sectores) y marcos eficaces de rendición de cuentas. La Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) realizará a mediados de 2012 un examen rápido y eficaz en función del costo de la forma en que está estructurada la experiencia en materia de género y su despliegue en situaciones posteriores a conflictos, con recomendaciones para aumentar su eficacia. Además, pido a mis directivos superiores que aseguren que los marcos de planificación de las Naciones Unidas integren objetivos e indicadores del marco estratégico a nivel de todo el sistema sobre la base de la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad para apoyar mejor la participación de las mujeres en la consolidación de la paz.", "20. Desde 2009, las Naciones Unidas han venido trabajando con Estados Miembros para alentar a más mujeres a que se incorporen a sus servicios nacionales de policía y para desplegar más mujeres en el plano internacional, como parte de una actividad mundial para aumentar la participación de las mujeres en los componentes de policía de las Naciones Unidas al 20%, a más tardar en 2014.", "21. El apoyo a las funciones básicas de gobierno es fundamental para reforzar la implicación nacional. Las prioridades que destacó el Grupo Consultivo Superior fueron la gestión de las políticas y la priorización, la coordinación de la asistencia y la gestión de las finanzas públicas. En el Informe sobre el Desarrollo Mundial 2011 se destacó la importancia de contar con instituciones eficaces para garantizar la seguridad de los ciudadanos, la justicia y el empleo. Los resultados preliminares de la experiencia adquirida en el examen de la administración pública en contextos posteriores a conflictos añadió la gestión del personal de la administración pública y las capacidades de los gobiernos locales. La gestión de la administración pública debe incluir medidas para atraer y retener a funcionarios, incluso mediante una diversidad de incentivos.", "22. Ahora bien, el fortalecimiento de las funciones básicas de gobierno requiere algo más que capacidades técnicas. La administración pública y la gobernanza adquieren legitimidad no solo en función de la forma en que el Estado funciona técnicamente, sino también a través de su interacción con la sociedad: la forma en que se adoptan las decisiones, la forma en que se asignan los bienes y recursos públicos y la forma en que la población puede participar en el Estado. La creación de confianza entre el Estado y la población mediante la participación en la adopción de decisiones y la distribución de los dividendos de la paz es esencial para evitar la reanudación de los conflictos. La participación internacional temprana debe centrar su atención en el fortalecimiento de las capacidades para crear relaciones entre el Estado y la sociedad. Es esencial contar con financiación suficiente de los Estados Miembros para facilitar una respuesta eficaz y previsible de las Naciones Unidas en estas esferas.", "23. En su informe, el Grupo Consultivo Superior recomienda que, cuando sea apropiado, el personal internacional en entornos posteriores a conflictos esté físicamente situado en los locales de las instituciones nacionales. Hemos tenido experiencia en esta esfera en muchos entornos posteriores a conflictos y hemos examinado las opciones para situar al personal civil con personal gubernamental en la nueva misión en Sudán del Sur[6]. Al evaluar si esta colocación en locales compartidos es apropiada y en qué casos, se debe considerar la capacidad de absorción de las instituciones nacionales y la necesidad de resguardar la imparcialidad de la asistencia internacional[7], la eficacia de la supervisión de los derechos humanos y la presentación de informes al respecto, la seguridad del personal y la responsabilidad del personal internacional en los programas de mentores y de transferencia de conocimientos o el suministro de experiencia técnica. El Grupo de trabajo interinstitucional sobre desarrollo de la capacidad debe incluir en sus directrices asesoramiento sobre locales compartidos, aprovechando la experiencia pasada[8].", "24. Las actividades de adquisición de las Naciones Unidas pueden ofrecer oportunidades para ampliar el impacto económico positivo de la presencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno. La adquisición en el plano local ya es bastante substancial en algunos países que han salido de un conflicto, como la República Democrática del Congo y Liberia. En esos países se organizan seminarios para empresarios a fin de informar a los mercados locales de los requisitos de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas. Pido a las misiones sobre el terreno que hagan todo lo posible por incluir a proveedores locales en las licitaciones de las Naciones Unidas. A partir de 2012, pediré periódicamente a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz que proporcionen información sobre su contribución y su impacto en las economías locales.", "25. En cuanto a los organismos, fondos y programas, el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) tiene un programa de adquisiciones que procura estimular al sector agrícola adquiriendo lo que necesita de pequeños agricultores[9]; el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) adquiere una gran parte de los suministros en el mercado local; y el PNUD adquiere bienes y servicios locales mediante un proceso de licitación racionalizado. Las adquisiciones en el plano local que tengan en cuenta el entorno de conflicto durante la fase humanitaria pueden ayudar a establecer asociaciones que pueden ser útiles durante la recuperación posterior al conflicto.", "26. Dentro del marco reglamentario existente para las adquisiciones, se puede lograr mucho más sin comprometer la transparencia, la competencia internacional y las normas de calidad. El Departamento de Gestión publicará orientación para que las prácticas de adquisición no excluyan a los proveedores locales, a fin de que, en la medida de lo posible, las licitaciones se puedan desglosar para hacerlas más accesibles a los proveedores locales, incluidas las microempresas, y para facilitar el examen de los criterios financieros para los vendedores elegibles, a fin de permitir que compitan las empresas pequeñas. Estamos considerando el ámbito para la adquisición en el plano local en Sudán del Sur. Una posibilidad es que las organizaciones no gubernamentales ayuden a las empresas pequeñas a presentar ofertas para contratos de servicios de mantenimiento y apoyo[10], o ayuden a establecer empresas pequeñas, cuando no las haya.", "27. He pedido al Departamento de Gestión que en 2012 examine los procedimientos y procesos de adquisición vigentes de las Naciones Unidas, a fin de analizar la situación imperante en determinados países, con el objeto de identificar obstáculos que impidan un mayor monto de adquisiciones en el plano local y determinar si esta situación se puede abordar con los procedimientos existentes, evaluar las innovaciones recientes y recomendar las modificaciones que corresponda[11]. Sumo mi apoyo a la introducción de innovaciones similares en los organismos, fondos y programas.", "III. Capacidades civiles internacionales", "28. Las recomendaciones del Grupo Consultivo Superior relativas a la movilización más eficaz de las capacidades civiles internacionales se pueden expresar como tres círculos concéntricos: mejor aprovechamiento de la capacidad externa mediante asociaciones con entidades ajenas a las Naciones Unidas; mayor capacidad e interoperabilidad en todo el ámbito de las Naciones Unidas; y cambios en la Secretaría. Las asociaciones externas ofrecen un ámbito particular para los enfoques innovadores que pueden proporcionar una mayor receptividad sobre el terreno.", "A. Aprovechamiento de la capacidad externa: asociaciones con entidades ajenas a las Naciones Unidas", "29. El gran número de intervenciones de las Naciones Unidas en países afectados por conflictos, y la amplitud y complejidad de sus mandatos, requiere capacidades civiles especializadas cada vez mayores. Éstas incluyen funciones de “nicho” (por ejemplo, asociaciones público-privadas o tareas especializadas relacionadas con el estado de derecho, como experiencia en investigaciones), así como experiencia que pueda ser exclusiva de un país o región, como la justicia tradicional o la experiencia en la lucha contra la piratería. Para poder encontrar esta experiencia y subsanar las deficiencias actuales, las Naciones Unidas deben estudiar una mayor variedad de fuentes de capacidades, particularmente entre agentes del hemisferio Sur, y crear asociaciones efectivas con posibles proveedores.", "30. La creación de esas asociaciones será una cuestión prioritaria en mi segundo mandato. En esta actividad, me he de guiar por ciertos principios. En primer lugar, la accesibilidad y la inclusión: las nuevas oportunidades de asociación deben ser visibles y accesibles a todos los posibles asociados, de todas las regiones. Esto debe incluir a países con experiencias recientes de cambio o transición, que ofrecen un conjunto cada vez mayor de experiencia pertinente que se puede aprovechar[12]. Este enfoque nos permitirá también identificar y acceder a más capacidades entre las mujeres.", "31. Segundo, para satisfacer las necesidades de los países afectados por conflictos, debemos contar con una fuerza de trabajo de composición más amplia, en la que el personal de las Naciones Unidas se complemente con capacidades adicionales desplegables sobre una base flexible y previa petición de gobiernos, organizaciones internacionales y regionales y entidades no gubernamentales. Este enfoque, que ya aplican organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y algunos sectores de la Secretaría, debe poner la composición de nuestra fuerza de trabajo más en consonancia con las necesidades operacionales. Ofrecerá también a los Estados Miembros mayores oportunidades para proporcionar capacidades civiles en asociación con las Naciones Unidas. Celebraremos consultas con los Estados Miembros para asegurar el mejor aprovechamiento posible de las capacidades de países y regiones diferentes. Aliento a los Estados Miembros y a las organizaciones regionales a que participen activamente en esas consultas.", "32. Dentro de este amplio marco normativo, estamos comenzando a trabajar en los instrumentos y modalidades que se necesitarán para apoyar un despliegue más efectivo utilizando asociados externos. Como primera medida, me propongo probar instrumentos para vincular la demanda y la oferta, que se puedan desarrollar progresivamente en base a la experiencia. Ha comenzado la labor de elaboración de un “mercado virtual” de capacidad civil, una plataforma en línea en la que se puedan difundir las necesidades y capacidades, ayudando a gobiernos y al sistema de las Naciones Unidas a encontrar posibles proveedores de las capacidades que se necesitan y a conectar mejor a las misiones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno con proveedores de capacidades externas. La plataforma ofrecerá información sobre modalidades de asociación normalizadas, de modo que las Naciones Unidas puedan acceder rápidamente a las capacidades de los asociados, sin tener que volver a inventar el proceso cada vez. Comenzará también a publicar las listas existentes, tanto las del sistema de las Naciones Unidas como las administradas por proveedores externos, y a mejorar su eficiencia haciendo que los administradores de las listas puedan comunicarse entre sí, y comprendan mejor los tipos de experiencia y aptitudes que más se necesitan en la actualidad.", "33. El objetivo de establecer mejores vínculos con asociados externos es una empresa compleja e importante que no se podrá realizar solamente con una plataforma. Para asegurar los progresos hacia el logro de este objetivo prioritario, estamos estableciendo un pequeño equipo, inicialmente con los recursos existentes, para identificar los principales problemas que hay que abordar en la aplicación. El equipo elaborará las modalidades de asociación necesarias, creará arreglos jurídicos normalizados para que las asociaciones a largo plazo sean fructíferas y promuevan una mayor cooperación triangular y Sur-Sur, celebrando diálogos con Estados Miembros sobre las cambiantes demandas y fuentes de capacidad que se describen más adelante.", "34. Es esencial contar con modalidades que permitan a los asociados trabajar juntos con más facilidad, que estén disponibles a todos los posibles asociados y que funcionen dentro de un marco normativo claro, a fin de ampliar el ámbito para el despliegue del personal que proporcionen los gobiernos y otras entidades, ya sea a título individual o en grupos. Las Naciones Unidas ya cuentan con modalidades eficientes y de larga data (como cartas de asignación y memorandos de entendimiento) que rigen el despliegue de personal militar y de policía y el suministro de apoyo logístico especializado de Estados Miembros a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, así como memorandos de entendimiento para el suministro de personal de reserva para fines humanitarios[13]. El Departamento de Gestión se ocupará de estudiar la forma de aplicar esas modalidades al despliegue de personal civil, incluso en situaciones en que se necesiten grupos de personal especializado para iniciativas específicas, o cuando se requiera experiencia regional y se pueda aprovechar la experiencia adquirida por los organismos, fondos y programas en cuanto a esos despliegues de personal con asociados ajenos a las Naciones Unidas, incluso con respecto a cuestiones de control de calidad y rendición de cuentas.", "35. Además, puede que haya formas, aparte de las modalidades existentes, de ampliar el ámbito del despliegue del personal proporcionado por gobiernos u otras entidades. Una vez que hayamos aclarado lo que se puede hacer utilizando plenamente las facultades de la Secretaría, presentaré nuevamente a la Asamblea General, en 2012, propuestas para actualizar las políticas pertinentes.", "36. Aliento a los Estados Miembros y a los centros de capacitación y de listas establecidos a que inviertan más en el desarrollo de capacidades en el hemisferio Sur. Muchas de las listas existentes incluyen a miembros del Norte y del Sur. Si bien algunas asociaciones relativas a la capacidad civil pueden contar con apoyo de presupuestos de misiones o de organismos, se deben estudiar otras formas de financiación, incluidos los fondos fiduciarios. Una mejor comunicación entre los proveedores del Sur y las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno puede ayudar a identificar nuevas oportunidades de cooperación Sur-Sur, incluso en esferas en que los propios gobiernos de países meridionales ya hayan hecho frente a desafíos similares y los hayan resuelto[14]. La asociación con centros de excelencia u organizaciones de la sociedad civil, especialmente en el Sur, ofrece un punto de partida para aprovechar esas capacidades[15].", "37. Aliento también a los Estados Miembros a que estudien las oportunidades de cooperación triangular como, por ejemplo, la iniciativa de la Autoridad Intergubernamental para el Desarrollo (IGAD) de mejoramiento de la capacidad en Sudán del Sur, apoyada por el PNUD y Noruega, en virtud de la cual el Gobierno de Sudán del Sur colocará a 200 funcionarios públicos de Estados miembros de la IGAD en funciones claves en Sudán del Sur durante dos años. Este proyecto es también un ejemplo de cooperación Sur-Sur, ya que los países que envíen a sus funcionarios públicos a Sudán del Sur continuarán pagando sus emolumentos.", "38. Aliento a mis directivos superiores sobre el terreno a que aprovechen más a los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas, el 80% de los cuales proviene del hemisferio Sur, en el fomento de la capacidad nacional, especialmente a nivel comunitario y de las administraciones públicas locales, y los incluyan en la planificación temprana de las misiones, particularmente en operaciones integradas en que los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas trabajan con el PNUD y otros asociados de las Naciones Unidas en la creación de instituciones nacionales, como sucede, por ejemplo, en Sudán del Sur. La Secretaría trabajará con los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas para aplicar las recomendaciones de la reciente evaluación de la asociación entre el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas, por ejemplo, haciendo más hincapié en el fomento de la capacidad de los funcionarios nacionales y el empleo de voluntarios nacionales de las Naciones Unidas, y en un despliegue más estratégico de esos voluntarios durante períodos de paz y desarrollo y la transición a los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países y las misiones políticas. En 2012, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos y los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas realizarán un examen de seguimiento para determinar por qué no se utiliza plenamente a los voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas en las misiones políticas, y proponer la forma de mejorar su participación.", "B. Capacidad e interoperatividad a nivel de todo el sistema", "39. Muchas entidades de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas trabajan para proporcionar la gama de capacidades civiles que se necesitan en entornos complejos posteriores a conflictos. Los asociados nacionales, cuyos recursos normalmente están muy agotados, deben contar con unas Naciones Unidas estratégica y operacionalmente coherentes, a pesar del carácter, las estructuras de gobernanza, los mandatos y las fuentes de financiación separados de sus diferentes entidades.", "40. Como lo señaló el Grupo Consultivo Superior, los sistemas de contratación y nombramiento varían mucho dentro de las Naciones Unidas. Una entidad de las Naciones Unidas no puede desplegar fácilmente a personal de otra parte del sistema. Además, la mayoría de los organismos, fondos y programas mantienen sus propias listas de especialistas civiles que se pueden desplegar en una crisis. Sin embargo, estas listas están estructuradas de manera diferente y no siempre es posible la interoperatividad. Dado que las operaciones sobre el terreno exigen una amplia diversidad de experiencias, muchas de las cuales se pueden encontrar en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, las listas de todo el sistema debieran ser recursos compartidos.", "41. La plataforma en línea de capacidades civiles que se describió más arriba, será un primer paso hacia una mayor colaboración a nivel de todo el sistema. El establecimiento de una interoperatividad real, sin embargo, será una actividad más compleja. El Departamento de Gestión dirige un grupo interinstitucional encargado de definir las medidas requeridas, incluido un inventario de las listas existentes y la capacitación conexa, las normas mínimas para los participantes en las listas, la identificación de lagunas y el análisis de opciones (incluido el desarrollo de una lista conjunta o compartida, y las modalidades para compartir los costos y la administración para facilitar un despliegue rápido). El grupo, que trabaja junto con la Red de Recursos Humanos, presentará un informe sobre opciones a más tardar en 2012.", "42. El Departamento de Gestión está tratando de extender a los organismos, fondos y programas el sistema de intercambio de personal (la iniciativa voluntaria de intercambio en redes) que actualmente funciona en la Secretaría. Estoy decidido a eliminar los obstáculos que impiden que el personal de una entidad de las Naciones Unidas sea desplegado o contratado por otra; la movilidad seguirá siendo una prioridad en mi segundo mandato.", "C. En la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas", "43. Las misiones y operaciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno se planifican y se dotan de personal, y gran parte de la capacidad civil se recluta y despliega, con funcionarios de la Secretaría. La tendencia a tratar de encontrar todas las capacidades necesarias entre el personal de la Secretaría, o a través de una contratación directa por parte de la Secretaría, significa que con frecuencia no podemos proporcionar las capacidades civiles necesarias con rapidez suficiente.", "44. Al mismo tiempo, el fortalecimiento de nuestras asociaciones externas y el acceso a más recursos dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, no es un sustituto para mejorar la forma en que contratamos y administramos al personal de la Secretaría. Para mejorar esta situación, es fundamental que no utilicemos un proceso único para cubrir diferentes necesidades de gestión de recursos humanos a los fines de la contratación, el ascenso y la asignación.", "45. El Grupo Consultivo Superior propone varias medidas útiles para mejorar la capacidad de las Naciones Unidas para dotar de personal a sus misiones. Si bien algunas de esas propuestas requieren un mayor examen, varias de ellas, incluidas la movilidad, el bienestar del personal y la gestión de la actuación profesional, ya son objeto de examen por la Asamblea General o se examinan en el marco de otros procesos de reforma. Creo que estas propuestas se pueden abordar con más eficacia en el marco de las iniciativas existentes. Algunas de ellas, como el bienestar del personal y la movilidad, tienen consecuencias para todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "46. Tengo el propósito de aprovechar las recomendaciones para elaborar un modelo de “emergencia institucional” separado[16] (que exigirá definir los elementos de un modelo de este tipo, incluso quién puede declarar una emergencia; desarrollar un sistema de desplazamientos laterales del personal en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y desarrollar un mecanismo de contratación acelerada) y establecer una lista de personal de la Secretaría que puede ser desplegado rápidamente y que ha recibido capacitación normalizada, incluso en cuestiones de gestión, derechos humanos y género.", "47. El Grupo Consultivo Superior recomienda la elaboración de planes de actividades claros y transparentes para el inicio de misiones y para las transiciones. Esta recomendación es objeto de examen por diversas iniciativas, como las relativas a la elaboración y ampliación de la estrategia global de apoyo a las actividades sobre el terreno, el examen en marcha del proceso de planificación de las misiones integradas y la labor preparatoria de mi próximo informe sobre financiación y apoyo para misiones políticas especiales.", "IV. Experiencia y rendición de cuentas", "A. Dirección y rendición de cuentas", "48. El informe del Grupo Consultivo Superior incluye recomendaciones para reforzar la capacidad y la rendición de cuenta del personal directivo de las Naciones Unidas. Tengo el propósito de aprovechar las iniciativas existentes para seleccionar personal directivo sobre la base de su competencia, estudiar la forma de realizar un examen más riguroso del historial de los posibles directivos superiores, incluso respecto de la incorporación de las cuestiones de género, y utilizar métodos de evaluación innovadores y apropiados. Estudiaré también otras iniciativas encaminadas a mejorar la integridad de los procesos de nombramiento de directivos superiores, como un aumento del número de puestos de categoría superior que se anuncian. Continuaré pidiendo que se incluya a mujeres en todas las fases del proceso de contratación y alentaré la realización de entrevistas para puestos de categoría superior.", "49. En cuanto a la mejora de la capacidad del personal directivo para administrar la respuesta de las Naciones Unidas a los conflictos, estudiaremos formas de mejorar la capacitación para el personal directivo utilizando los recursos existentes. Esto incluye una mayor focalización en cuestiones administrativas y de apoyo en la capacitación de directivos superiores, incluidas sesiones con sus jefes de administración durante las reuniones de iniciación; el suministro de asesoramiento en línea a los directivos superiores, incorporando la experiencia adquirida mediante la aplicación de las recomendaciones de las auditorías y del sistema de justicia; la inclusión de programas de desarrollo del personal en los calendarios de conferencias para maximizar las oportunidades de aprendizaje en grupo; y medidas para asegurar que los directivos superiores dediquen cinco días al año a la capacitación[17]. El Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos continuarán elaborando una metodología para que las misiones organicen ejercicios basados en situaciones reales, que hagan hincapié en la adopción de decisiones y la gestión de crisis.", "50. Comparto decididamente la opinión del Grupo Consultivo Superior, de que los directivos superiores deben ser responsables de los resultados ante las poblaciones y los agentes nacionales, así como ante las Naciones Unidas. Los resultados previstos se deben definir sobre la base de objetivos acordados. La rendición de cuentas debe ir más allá de los resultados y abarcar también la prestación de servicios y la colaboración con otras partes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Además, los directivos superiores de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas deben compartir en cierto grado la rendición de cuentas respecto de los resultados.", "51. El fortalecimiento de la supervisión y la rendición de cuentas en relación con los resultados, sin embargo, debe considerarse en el contexto de las complejas situaciones posteriores a los conflictos. El logro de resultados en esas situaciones requerirá con frecuencia la asunción de un cierto riesgo calculado. Los directivos superiores deben ser autorizados, y no restringidos, a asumir riesgos moderados.", "52. He pedido al Departamento de Gestión que trabaje con ONU-Mujeres para examinar y mejorar los sistemas existentes en cuanto a la rendición de cuentas por la igualdad entre los géneros inmediatamente después de conflictos, incluida la rendición de cuentas por la aplicación de mi plan de acción de siete puntos sobre la participación de la mujer en la consolidación de la paz. Los sistemas incluirán auditorías periódicas de los progresos en relación con los criterios acordados, como los indicadores de la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad y las evaluaciones del desempeño del personal superior. Me propongo dirigirme a la Asamblea General en 2012 con una nueva propuesta sobre la rendición de cuentas por la igualdad entre los géneros en contextos posteriores a conflictos.", "B. Rendición de cuentas y responsabilidad", "53. Estoy de acuerdo con el Grupo Consultivo Superior en que hay lagunas críticas en el suministro de capacidades civiles globales, y en que debemos crear mecanismos que ayuden a colmar esas lagunas, aumentar la rendición de cuentas y reforzar el liderazgo sustantivo. El Grupo Consultivo Superior recomendó que se estableciera un sistema de grupos y subgrupos para ámbitos de actividad esenciales de consolidación de la paz. Apoyo el objetivo subyacente del Grupo de proporcionar asistencia internacional más eficaz, responsable y previsible después de un conflicto. Las lagunas en la capacidad representan no sólo deficiencias estructurales de la asistencia internacional sino también necesidades urgentes de países con contextos diferentes, tanto en el ámbito de una misión como en otros entornos. Nuestro objetivo debe ser asegurar que las actividades en esferas esenciales tengan acceso a suficientes capacidades desplegables, que cuenten con financiación adecuada y que no haya duplicación. Esto es necesario para asegurar que los países afectados por un conflicto reciban el apoyo que necesitan, pero también para que el suministro de ese apoyo sea más eficiente.", "54. El examen de lo que debe hacer el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para reforzar las capacidades básicas no puede separarse de la cuestión de las capacidades internacionales más amplias. Se requiere un diálogo sostenido con los Estados Miembros y las instituciones financieras internacionales sobre las cambiantes demandas y fuentes de capacidad. Como punto de partida, he pedido al Presidente del Grupo Directivo que consulte a los Estados Miembros y otros proveedores de capacidad civil para establecer detalladamente la demanda y las fuentes de capacidad en las esferas prioritarias identificadas por el Grupo Consultivo Superior[18], centrando la atención en las necesidades operacionales más urgentes (como la reforma de los sectores de seguridad, policía y justicia penal) y aprovechando el inventario de capacidades realizado por el Grupo Consultivo Superior. Es preciso trabajar más en estas amplias esferas para singularizar las lagunas de capacidades críticas, algunas de las cuales incluyen funciones sumamente especializadas. Las necesidades y las lecciones emergentes de las situaciones inmediatas de los países, como en el Sudán del Sur, ayudarán a demostrar cuáles son las lagunas y cuál es la mejor forma de colmarlas. El diálogo con Estados Miembros y otros agentes claves ayudará también a identificar la capacidad civil y trazar los compromisos a largo plazo necesarios para subsanar las deficiencias. Servirá de base para nuestros esfuerzos por aclarar la responsabilidad y la rendición de cuentas respecto de las esferas básicas de la consolidación de la paz y le dará un nuevo impulso.", "55. Estoy decidido a establecer en las Naciones Unidas un enfoque más práctico y flexible a este desafío, sobre la base de los siguientes elementos:", "a) Se necesita en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas un centro de coordinación para cada esfera específica, encargado de determinar con qué capacidades se cuenta y cuáles faltan;", "b) La función de los centros de coordinación será diferente entre las esferas de actividad, a la luz de las capacidades y el contexto;", "c) Además de comprender las capacidades mundiales y específicas de países, el centro de coordinación de una esfera particular deberá identificar los conocimientos existentes, ayudar a cubrir las brechas en los conocimientos y compartir las mejores prácticas y la experiencia adquirida. El centro de coordinación será responsable de asegurar que la información sobre los compromisos pertinentes, junto con el suministro de asistencia técnica para la incorporación de las cuestiones de género y la participación de las mujeres, se suministre a los asociados de los países, en coordinación con ONU-Mujeres;", "d) Los centros de coordinación pueden ser un punto de entrada al sistema de las Naciones Unidas para los directores sobre el terreno que buscan capacidades, así como para Estados Miembros, proveedores de servicios y otros asociados, facilitando de esta forma en cada esfera la existencia de redes oficiales y oficiosas y el intercambio de información;", "e) Las disposiciones relativas a la responsabilidad y la rendición de cuentas en el suministro de capacidades en cada esfera básica de experiencia debe adecuarse a la esfera particular y debe estar impulsada por las necesidades en esa esfera. Si bien es necesario contar con capacidades previsibles y desplegables en las esferas esenciales, las disposiciones serán diferentes para los distintos países dentro de la misma esfera esencial, en función de las ventajas comparativas;", "f) Los arreglos que se introduzcan en situaciones específicas de países deben resultar claros para todos. Deben considerarse en las primeras etapas de la planificación, teniendo en cuenta las disposiciones globales y las capacidades en la Sede y sobre el terreno, y aprovechando la experiencia adquirida, incluso en términos de eficiencia, rendición de cuentas y resultados. Deben ser revisados cuando cambien las circunstancias. Esa claridad permitirá también a los donantes dirigir su apoyo, con el asesoramiento de los directivos de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno, hacia la entidad de aplicación apropiada, evitando las superposiciones y ayudando a cubrir las brechas al dirigir las inversiones a esferas que no cuentan con financiación suficiente.", "56. He pedido al Presidente del Grupo Directivo, cuyos miembros representan a entidades de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, que adopte este enfoque con carácter prioritario para la labor del Grupo durante los próximos meses, comenzando con un examen de las esferas que el Grupo Directivo Superior consideró con deficiencias de capacidad críticas y aprovechando los centros de coordinación propuestos por este último:", "a) En el ámbito de la seguridad básica: desarme y desmovilización, y reforma y gobernanza de la policía y del sector de la seguridad;", "b) En el ámbito de la justicia: instituciones penitenciarias, justicia penal y reforma judicial y legislativa;", "c) En el ámbito de los procesos políticos inclusivos: desarrollo de los partidos políticos e información pública;", "d) En el ámbito de las funciones gubernamentales esenciales: coordinación de la ayuda, poder legislativo y gestión de las finanzas públicas;", "e) En el ámbito de la revitalización económica: generación de empleo, ordenación de los recursos naturales y desarrollo del sector privado.", "57. El Grupo Directivo debe evaluar todas las lagunas críticas más allá de las identificadas por el Grupo Consultivo Superior. Me propongo evaluar los progresos al cabo de un año y presentar un informe al respecto a los Estados Miembros.", "V. Agilidad operacional y financiera", "58. En las situaciones inestables posteriores a conflictos, es esencial iniciar sin demora las actividades de fomento de la capacidad, a fin de evitar el riesgo de que se reanude el conflicto y para proporcionar los dividendos de la paz que son críticos. Se comprende cada vez más que la agilidad operacional y financiera para adaptarse a las circunstancias cambiantes, son esenciales para prestar un apoyo internacional efectivo. El Grupo Consultivo Superior señala, correctamente, las tres esferas en que considera que las Naciones Unidas podrían mejorar su actuación: la capacidad de las misiones para redesplegar recursos cuando cambian las necesidades; el empleo de la entidad mejor equipada para cumplir las tareas encomendadas, sobre la base del principio de las ventajas comparativas; y las actividades para facilitar la corriente de recursos y su aportación oportuna.", "59. La agilidad es un elemento esencial en la respuesta internacional a las necesidades de los países que salen de un conflicto, y en particular para que las Naciones Unidas puedan apoyar la capacidad del Estado para lograr progresos en las primeras etapas, respecto de cuestiones claves como la seguridad, la justicia y los servicios básicos. Mis Representantes Especiales tienen la responsabilidad, y la oportunidad, de facilitar estos avances más allá de los recursos que administran como jefes de misión, ayudando a garantizar la congruencia, la complementariedad y la secuencia del apoyo internacional para la consolidación de la paz y del Estado.", "60. La agilidad operacional y financiera es particularmente importante con respecto al diseño y el presupuesto en el inicio de la misión e inmediatamente después. El diseño básico de la misión y su presupuesto inicial se preparan, como lo señala el Grupo Consultivo Superior, en circunstancias cambiantes en que los conocimientos sobre las necesidades y las capacidades locales son limitados. Por consiguiente, el plan inicial de la misión debe considerarse de carácter provisional. En reconocimiento de la incertidumbre que prevalece en esta etapa temprana, propuse para el año inicial de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz un modelo de financiación normalizado, que fue aprobado por la Asamblea General[19]. Me propongo perfeccionar el modelo para tener en cuenta explícitamente los cambios que mis Representantes Especiales introduzcan en la mezcla de capacidades civiles, a fin de sacar ventaja de la emergente capacidad nacional o tener acceso a experiencia que no siempre se encuentra con facilidad dentro de las Naciones Unidas.", "61. La necesidad de adaptarse a las necesidades y circunstancias cambiantes continúa durante toda la vida de una misión. Los presupuestos prorrateados para las misiones sobre el terreno se planifican de 10 a 11 meses antes del comienzo del ejercicio económico y contienen información detallada sobre todos los insumos previstos en los siguientes 10 a 24 meses. En realidad, las necesidades cambian, especialmente al comienzo del período posterior al conflicto. Mis Representantes Especiales deben tener la capacidad de introducir los cambios que corresponda, incluso para utilizar los recursos relacionados con puestos vacantes, de ser necesario, para hacer frente a realidades emergentes. Los gobiernos y las organizaciones internacionales utilizan diversas prácticas para hacer frente a estas contingencias, como una mayor delegación de autoridad a la presencia sobre el terreno vinculada a la gestión del riesgo y la rendición de cuentas. Si bien las Naciones Unidas ya han tomado medidas similares, puede que haya mucho que aprender de la evaluación de la aplicabilidad de esos enfoques a las misiones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno.", "62. Las actuales disposiciones sobre financiación prevén un cierto ámbito limitado para la adaptación a las circunstancias cambiantes. Por ejemplo, el ciclo presupuestario de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz es anual, en lugar de bienal, y en la estructura de las consignaciones se refleja el hecho de que la Asamblea General entiende que es necesario permitir la reasignación de los recursos. Además, de conformidad con las medidas establecidas en el informe “Renovación de las Naciones Unidas: un programa de reformas” (A/51/950), relativo a la delegación de la máxima autoridad al personal directivo, en 2002 se tomaron medidas dentro de la Secretaría para aumentar la autoridad de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz en la gestión de los recursos dentro de tres importantes categorías de gastos: efectivos militares y de policía, personal civil y gastos operacionales.", "63. Tengo el propósito de estudiar cómo seguir mejorando la forma en que trabajamos dentro del marco reglamentario en vigor, asegurando al mismo tiempo la necesaria transparencia y rendición de cuentas en relación con las decisiones adoptadas sobre el terreno. Con el objeto de asegurar que los directivos superiores tengan pleno conocimiento del ámbito y los procedimientos de los ajustes durante la ejecución de un presupuesto aprobado, velaremos por que la capacitación de los directivos superiores trate esta cuestión y por que los jefes de misiones sobre el terreno, los directores de programas y los directores de apoyo a las misiones reciban la misma información.", "64. Me propongo también estudiar la posibilidad de introducir mejoras en la presentación de la información en los proyectos de presupuestos para operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, a fin de proporcionar un panorama más integrado y transparente de los recursos relacionados con la capacidad civil, que constituirán una de las tres principales categorías de gastos. Por consiguiente, los recursos para capacidad civil se presentarán en forma más clara a la Asamblea General y serán más fáciles de desplegar, o redesplegar, según lo requiera la misión.", "65. El Grupo Consultivo Superior señaló también que el diseño y los presupuestos de las misiones no necesariamente prevén la ejecución por las entidades que tienen una ventaja comparativa para realizar una función determinada. Daré directivas apropiadas a los jefes de las misiones sobre el terreno y a los planificadores, para que apliquen el principio de la ventaja comparativa al recomendar la forma de cumplir un mandato. El empleo de otros agentes de las Naciones Unidas, por ejemplo, para cumplir las funciones encomendadas y presupuestadas para las que están bien equipados, puede ofrecer ventajas comparativas, entre ellas, la posibilidad de cooperar con una entidad que tiene una presencia frecuente en el país o la zona antes de desplegar una misión, y que probablemente continuará esa presencia después que termine la misión. La planificación cooperativa conjunta, como el desarrollo de un marco estratégico integrado, debería ayudar a determinar las ventajas comparativas de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas en la esfera de que se trate. Daré prioridad al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas de planificar, cooperar y trabajar en colaboración respecto de situaciones críticas posteriores a conflictos.", "66. Las recomendaciones del Grupo Consultivo Superior tratan también de las lagunas en la disponibilidad oportuna de financiación que demoran la iniciación de tareas críticas de consolidación de la paz. Al señalar las diferencias en las corrientes de financiación que apoyan la ejecución del mandato y la falta percibida de flexibilidad en cuanto a su utilización, el Grupo Consultivo Superior hace varias recomendaciones que están relacionadas entre sí: cuando las capacidades civiles dentro de la misión tengan una ventaja comparativa para ejecutar una tarea encomendada, las misiones sobre el terreno deben tener la posibilidad de proporcionar, con cargo a los presupuestos prorrateados, los fondos necesarios para los programas; las contribuciones voluntarias en apoyo de las capacidades civiles dentro de las misiones se debe facilitar reduciendo los gastos generales imputados por los fondos fiduciarios de las misiones; y los organismos, fondos y programas que todavía no lo hubieran hecho debieran considerar medidas para mejorar su capacidad de respuesta rápida en materia de financiación.", "67. La idea de que las misiones de las Naciones Unidas lleven a cabo actividades programáticas con los fondos prorrateados no es nueva; un ejemplo es el programa conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre reducción de la violencia comunitaria apoyado por la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití, el PNUD y otras entidades[20]. En algunos casos, en razón de su presencia y sus capacidades, la misión puede y debe iniciar una actividad relativa a una tarea encargada para la que no dispone de fondos voluntarios o estos todavía no se han movilizado. Esas medidas deben evaluarse a la luz de las ventajas comparativas en ese contexto, y la ejecución debe estar a cargo de otros agentes, respetando siempre las competencias y los mandatos fundamentales de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas. Como siempre, el mandato es el punto de partida para la inclusión de un recurso en un proyecto de presupuesto y su subsiguiente consideración por la Asamblea General.", "68. En relación con la forma de alentar las contribuciones voluntarias a la consolidación de la paz inmediatamente después de un conflicto, como complemento de la labor realizada por las misiones utilizando presupuestos prorrateados, el Grupo Consultivo Superior recomienda que los gastos generales imputados por la Secretaría se ajusten al 7% aplicado a los fondos fiduciarios de donantes múltiples. La conveniencia de esta idea se entiende fácilmente desde el punto de vista de la reducción de la competencia entre entidades, basada exclusivamente en las tasas de gastos generales aplicadas. No obstante, esta es una cuestión compleja que requiere un examen desde la perspectiva de la Organización en su conjunto, en el contexto de las políticas y los arreglos de las Naciones Unidas sobre la recuperación de los gastos. Una premisa central de una política de larga data es que los recursos básicos no deben utilizarse para subvencionar las actividades imputadas a recursos complementarios.", "69. En 2010 se inició un examen interno de las prácticas existentes, que datan de 1980. Este examen tiene por objeto contribuir a actualizar la perspectiva de la financiación extrapresupuestaria en la estructura financiera de las Naciones Unidas. Servirá para aclarar cuáles son los gastos que se deben recuperar y los medios para hacerlo, y para considerar la forma en que la aplicación de una política de recuperación de gastos puede tener en cuenta las asociaciones y contribuciones en apoyo de las tareas encomendadas, además de las contribuciones destinadas a prestar servicios para otros. Se examinará también el ámbito para alinear las prácticas de las Naciones Unidas a las de otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas. Se prevé que este examen se terminará en el primer trimestre de 2012. Tengo el propósito de mantener a la Asamblea General informada de los progresos en esta esfera.", "70. El Grupo Consultivo Superior recomendó también que se mejorara el acceso de los organismos, fondos y programas a una financiación de respuesta rápida, aprovechando las innovaciones introducidas en el Programa Mundial de Alimentos y el PNUD. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que estudien esos mecanismos y aceleren la aportación de financiación a los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas para las etapas de recuperación, transición y desarrollo, a fin de reducir las deficiencias financieras, especialmente en los entornos críticos posteriores a conflictos.", "VI. Conclusiones y observaciones", "71. Se reconoce en general que la comunidad internacional, y las Naciones Unidas en particular, pueden y deben mejorar su suministro de capacidades civiles en forma rápida y efectiva a países afectados por conflictos. Esos mismos Estados solicitan un cambio. En el contexto del Diálogo internacional sobre la consolidación de la paz y del Estado, el g7+[21] ha propuesto un nuevo enfoque al suministro de asistencia internacional a Estados frágiles, que genere resultados en consonancia con los objetivos de la consolidación de la paz y del Estado, que sea más transparente, flexible y efectivo, y que refuerce (más que duplique) las capacidades e instituciones nacionales y locales[22].", "72. El Grupo Consultivo Superior hizo valiosas sugerencias sobre la forma de alcanzar ese objetivo. Su informe abarca una amplia gama de cuestiones vinculadas entre sí, que tienen influencia en la forma en que encontramos y desplegamos capacidades civiles. También he escuchado atentamente las opiniones de los Estados Miembros en la Asamblea General, la Comisión de Consolidación de la Paz y el Consejo de Seguridad. Acojo con beneplácito la participación de los Estados Miembros, y su apoyo a la idea de que las actividades hagan hincapié en las necesidades y prioridades nacionales, y a que se dé una respuesta impulsada por la demanda a las recomendaciones que figuran en el informe.", "73. Esos desafíos no afectan sólo a las Naciones Unidas, pero dado que las Naciones Unidas dirigen o coordinan gran parte de la asistencia internacional en países afectados por conflictos, tenemos una responsabilidad particular de pasar a la acción. En el presente informe establezco algunas primeras prioridades para la acción. A fin de llevarlas adelante, he pedido al Presidente del Grupo Directivo que se asegure de la plena participación de las fuerzas de tarea específicas de países, los jefes de misiones y los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países. Su participación ayudará a identificar oportunidades para ensayar ideas y enfoques, particularmente en países con nuevas misiones o con misiones existentes con nuevos mandatos (como es el caso en Cote d’Ivoire y Sudán del Sur), así como en entornos diferentes a las misiones después de un conflicto o una crisis.", "74. Considero que debo dar prioridad a los avances en las esferas comprendidas en mi propia autoridad o en la de los jefes ejecutivos de las Naciones Unidas. Ahora bien, esta es una empresa colectiva, en la que deben participar los Estados Miembros, las instituciones financieras internacionales y el grupo más amplio de interesados en la consolidación de la paz: la sociedad civil, el mundo académico y el sector privado. Por consiguiente, el enfoque hace hincapié en la elaboración de propuestas en colaboración con otros. Agradezco el apoyo de la Comisión de Consolidación de la Paz. Aprovecharé su continuada participación y la del grupo consultivo de Estados Miembros, particularmente en el propuesto diálogo con los Estados Miembros para analizar la oferta y la demanda de capacidades determinadas. La experiencia de los líderes que han tenido que hacer frente a los desafíos de la capacidad civil en la Sede y sobre el terreno es muy valiosa, y continuaré también aprovechando la experiencia del Grupo Consultivo Superior. Por último, las actividades dentro de las Naciones Unidas deben tener en cuenta otras iniciativas, en particular a través del Dialogo Internacional sobre la consolidación de la paz y del Estado, el g7+ y la puesta en práctica del Informe sobre el Desarrollo Mundial.", "75. El presente informe centra la atención en lo que pueden hacer las Naciones Unidas en este momento, pero va más allá de la ampliación de las asociaciones y considera nuevas actividades para el futuro. Tengo el propósito de volver a informar a los Estados Miembros en 2012 sobre los progresos y sobre otras iniciativas que puedan resultar necesarias, incluso cualquiera que pudiera requerir una decisión de la Asamblea General. Mientras tanto, seguiré aprovechando el apoyo y la cooperación de todos nuestros asociados en la labor para realizar nuestros objetivos comunes.", "[1] El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) está formulando estrategias de desarrollo de la capacidad como base para sus programas en Sudán del Sur, haciendo hincapié en los resultados y en las estrategias de salida.", "[2] La capacitación de personal nacional es una prioridad que comparten el Gobierno de Timor-Leste y la Misión Integrada de las Naciones Unidas. Los cursos y las instalaciones de capacitación de la misión están a disposición de los ministerios del Gobierno y otras instituciones nacionales, en la medida en que lo permitan los recursos.", "[3] Como en el caso de la nueva misión en Sudán del Sur.", "[4] Como la infraestructura de paz de Ghana apoyada por el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.", "[5] Véase A/63/881-S/2009/304, párr. 46.", "[6] Véase la resolución 1996 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, párr. 22.", "[7] Esto es particularmente importante para los organismos humanitarios que basan sus respuestas en los principios de imparcialidad, neutralidad e independencia, que, en algunos casos, pueden hacer que los locales compartidos no sean apropiados.", "[8] Por ejemplo, las actividades del UNICEF para transferir conocimientos y aptitudes en el sector de la salud al Afganistán y el apoyo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) a la gestión de la asistencia en Nepal y a la comisión electoral en Liberia.", "[9] En el marco de la iniciativa Compras para el progreso, el Programa Mundial de Alimentos ha adquirido maíz en Sudán del Sur para proveer alimentos a los refugiados congoleños y del África Central en Sudán del Sur.", "[10] Como lo ha hecho, por ejemplo, Peace Dividend Trust en Timor-Leste y Afganistán.", "[11] También debe tenerse en cuenta el impacto político de las adquisiciones locales. Si las mayores adquisiciones locales tienden a concentrar la riqueza en unos pocos poderosos, se pueden incrementar, sin quererlo, la desigualdad y las tensiones en una sociedad que sale de un conflicto.", "[12] Por ejemplo, la experiencia de Indonesia en la mediación; la experiencia de países latinoamericanos en materia de violencia urbana y criminal; la experiencia de Bangladesh en la promoción del empoderamiento de la mujer en esferas como el microcrédito y la salud comunitaria; y la experiencia electoral y de mediación de Sudáfrica en Burundi.", "[13] Como la lista de expertos a la que puede recurrir la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos en relación con sus servicios de actividades relativas a las minas.", "[14] Como los proyectos de revitalización económica del Brasil en Angola o la asociación entre Sudáfrica y Alemania en apoyo de la capacitación judicial y jurídica en Sudán del Sur.", "[15] Por ejemplo, la organización no gubernamental brasileña Igarapé está elaborando una lista de expertos civiles para operaciones de paz, con el apoyo de los Gobiernos del Brasil, el Canadá y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte.", "[16] Que permita aprovechar la experiencia de los modelos de repuesta a crisis humanitarias, incluidos los establecidos por la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, el PNUD, el UNICEF y el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas.", "[17] Un ejemplo de las actividades en curso para mejorar la capacitación de los directivos superiores es el programa de capacitación para misiones específicas, de 5 a 8 días de duración, que está desarrollando el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz para los jefes de los componentes militares.", "[18] Seguridad básica, justicia, procesos políticos inclusivos, funciones gubernamentales básicas y revitalización económica.", "[19] Véase la resolución 65/289 de la Asamblea General.", "[20] Otras esferas de mandatos que tienen fondos programáticos especiales son el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración, la información pública, las actividades relativas a las minas y los proyectos de efecto rápido.", "[21] El g7+ es un grupo abierto de países que están en una situación de conflicto, o que salen de ella, establecido en 2008, y que está compuesto de Afganistán, Burundi, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Haití, Islas Salomón, Liberia, Nepal, la República Centroafricana, la República Democrática del Congo, Sierra Leona, Sudán del Sur y Timor-Leste.", "[22] Véase la hoja de ruta de Monrovia acordada en el Segundo Diálogo Internacional sobre la consolidación de la paz y del Estado, 15 y 16 de junio de 2011, que se puede consultar en http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "* A/66/150.", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-seventh year Item 123 (a) of the provisionalagenda* \nStrengthening of the United Nationssystem", "Civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary Countries emerging from conflict typically confront a wide range ofurgent demands to build and sustain peace, yet they often face acritical shortage of capacity to meet priority needs quickly andeffectively. The international community has recognized thischallenge, and many bilateral and multilateral actors have takensteps to improve support to conflict-affected countries. Theseindividual efforts, however, have fallen short of a establishing areliable and effective mechanism to provide countries with theassistance that they seek. The United Nations still struggles torecruit and deploy civilian expertise and to support national actorsin expanding and deepening their skills. In March 2010, I appointed aSenior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General forPeacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to undertake anindependent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflictwith a view to providing concrete and practical proposals tostrengthen civilian support for sustainable peace and development. \nThe report of the Senior Advisory Group (A/65/747-S/2011/85) waspresented to Member States in February 2011. It is a wide-rangingreport that makes a number of recommendations relevant to MemberStates, to regional and civil society organizations and to the UnitedNations. Recognizing the scope of the report, I established aSteering Committee, chaired by Susana Malcorra,Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, to lead a coordinatedfollow-up to the report.\nThe present report is the first response of the United Nations to theindependent review on civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict.Its starting point is the current United Nations system and theprocedures and practices that fall within my purview asSecretary-General to strengthen the support provided by theOrganization\nto countries emerging from conflict. Putting our own house in orderis a prerequisite for effective engagement with Member States,regional organizations, civil society partners and, above all, thecountries seeking our assistance. This alone, however, is not enoughto improve international civilian support. We all have an obligationto review our respective individual efforts, as well as ourpartnerships, in support of communities and people who have enduredviolence and deprivation. In subsequent phases I shall focus on therole that others must play and the partnerships that we must put inplace to enable us to collectively strengthen the quality andefficiency of civilian support after conflict.The present report identifies a set of concrete priority actions andtimelines for the United Nations over the course of the next 12months aimed at improving its civilian response and becoming a betterpartner for others. These include: (a) Developing guidelines for better use and development of nationalcapacity, as well as guidance to ensure that procurement practices donot exclude local suppliers; (b) Giving stronger strategic direction to new planning processes; (c) Undertaking a review of how gender expertise is structured anddeployed; (d) Consulting Member States and regional organizations on developingstronger partnerships, to ensure we make the best possible use oftheir capabilities; (e) Establishing an online platform to broadcast civilian needs andavailable capacities and better connect Governments, the UnitedNations and external capacity providers; (f) Exploring modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnelprovided by Governments or other entities; (g) Detailing critical capacity gap areas and ensuring thatdesignated United Nations focal points engage with external partnersto address them; (h) Pursuing a corporate emergency model in the United NationsSecretariat to enable an effective response to situations where rapiddeployment is required; (i) Ensuring that United Nations leaders in the field exercise theoperational and financial agility entrusted to them to fulfil theirmandates; (j) Applying the principle of comparative advantage in dischargingmandates; (k) Piloting these approaches in the field, for example mobilizingnational and regional expertise and examining the scope for localprocurement in South Sudan. \nAbove all, the present report makes clear that a sustainable peace isa national peace. Externally imposed solutions or skills cannotreplace ownership by, and capacity of, national communities, theirleaders and their institutions. That starting point must be our endgoal.", "I. Introduction", "1. National efforts to build and consolidate peace after conflict need to be supported by timely, effective civilian capacities. As I emphasized in my report on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict (A/63/881-S/2009/304), we must seize the window of opportunity often offered in the post-conflict period to provide basic security, deliver peace dividends, build confidence in political processes, strengthen national capacity to lead peacebuilding and lay the foundations for sustainable development.", "2. To meet this challenge, the international community, especially the United Nations, needs to deliver the requisite specialized civilian capacities more quickly and effectively, i.e. the skills and expertise needed to support national actors as they seek to re-establish the rule of law, revitalize the economy, restore basic services to the population and develop the capacities to make these gains sustainable. The risk of relapse in the early years of peace is high. Instability and conflict spill over borders and destabilize neighbouring countries. There are strong linkages between security, peace and development; countries affected by conflict are the furthest away from achieving the Millennium Development Goals. For sustainable peace and development, we need to invest in the right civilian capacities early on.", "3. It was in response to these imperatives that I initiated a review to analyse how to broaden and deepen the pool of civilian expertise to support the immediate capacity-development needs of countries emerging from conflict. In March 2010, I appointed a Senior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to carry out an independent review. The Group consulted entities across the United Nations system, at Headquarters and in the field, Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, regional organizations, civil society and academia. I submitted its report (A/65/747-S/2011/85) to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council on 22 February 2011. I subsequently appointed a Steering Committee, with members representing entities from across the United Nations system, to consider how the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group should be taken forward.", "4. The report of the Senior Advisory Group is founded on certain key principles: that stronger civilian capacities are vital to building lasting peace; that latent national capacities in conflict-affected countries must be nurtured; that international support must respond to demand, not be driven by supply; and that the United Nations needs to be more responsive, flexible and cost-effective in providing that support. I have been encouraged by the widespread support Member States have expressed for these principles, for the emphasis in the report on a demand-driven approach and field focus and for many of its recommendations.", "5. I share the assessment of the Senior Advisory Group that to meet these challenges we need to build stronger partnerships with external partners; broaden the supply of specialized capacities by better identifying and deploying those available, especially in the global South and among women; develop more effective ways of working together across the United Nations system; and develop a management culture and business practices that enable my senior leaders to respond swiftly and effectively to changing realities in the field. The emphasis placed by the Senior Advisory Group on achieving these goals while making better use of systems already in place, is in line with the approach I have charted to build a more accountable, transparent, efficient and effective United Nations.", "6. In my second term I intend to prioritize measures that will make the United Nations more effective and efficient, including through my change management programme. A key feature will be the implementation of the present report on civilian capacity. Many existing United Nations initiatives (such as my agenda for action on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict, the global field support strategy, the strategic framework on women, peace and security, our system-wide coherence efforts and my forthcoming report on preventive diplomacy) have the potential to improve the deployment of civilian capacities, even if that is not their primary objective. So do initiatives developed with partners, such as the World Bank World Development Report 2011, the United Nations-European Commission partnership on natural resources, conflict and peacebuilding, and the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding.", "7. In the present report I set out how the United Nations should respond to the report of the Senior Advisory Group: what action the United Nations itself should take to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of civilian support to conflict-affected countries and what it should do in partnership with others. I set out a road map for action along three major axes: developing greater national capacity and ownership in our post-conflict response; building the external partnerships and making the necessary adjustments within the United Nations system to source the civilian capacities required; and exercising the organizational agility necessary to respond nimbly to unpredictable post-conflict situations.", "8. I envisage our response falling into different categories. First are the priorities for early implementation: those initiatives falling within my own authority or that of the executive heads of United Nations entities which offer the greatest potential for impact on the ground. I set out in the present report how I intend to pursue these in the short term. Next are ideas that require more careful reflection before being taken forward. Some of these fall within the purview of the United Nations system, others are for Member States or other stakeholders to consider; I intend to revert to Member States on these ideas in more detail at a later date. Last are issues which are already being addressed in other reform processes within the United Nations. Most of these should continue to be dealt within those processes, while highlighting their relevance to civilian capacities.", "9. Much of my agenda will be applicable across the various responses of the United Nations in the aftermath of conflict. Where humanitarian needs persist in parallel with the beginning of recovery and development programming, humanitarian action will continue to be guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.", "II. National capacity", "10. As communities emerge from conflict they often face a critical shortage of capacities to secure sustainable peace. As I stressed in my reports on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict and on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466) and as the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission have emphasized, identifying, developing and using national capacities must be a priority in the aftermath of conflict. This will help to develop the national ownership that is essential to achieving sustainable peace and development.", "11. This is not a technical exercise. Supporting post-conflict national institutions is a high-risk, political undertaking. It extends beyond Governments into civil society and the private sector and beyond national institutions to subnational, local and community levels. There are tensions between the imperatives of starting to build national capacity from day one and delivering early peace dividends like basic services.", "12. Nevertheless, capacity-development is a process that must begin from the earliest days of international involvement, a challenge to be addressed by the United Nations and all international actors. It must include capacity assessment, capacity-building, including through targeted training and mentoring, capacity utilization, and capacity sustainability. While there are many examples of the United Nations developing and using national capacity, a more systematic approach is needed. Within the United Nations, I have asked the inter-agency working group on capacity-development, chaired by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to develop, by 2012, core principles and guidelines for better using and developing national capacity in post-conflict contexts, as well as plans for developing concrete tools to equip field teams to conduct capacity assessments, design strategies and monitor results. These tools should include strategies to target specific constituencies, including women and young people.", "13. One important aspect to be considered is the need to avoid any negative impact on national capacity-development, for example the brain drain of local capacity to international and bilateral organizations. In order to foster coherence among international efforts, the United Nations will work with the World Bank and maintain a dialogue with interested Member States. We can only succeed if all major international actors work together to develop national capacity.", "14. Equally important in strategies for capacity-development is to pay more attention to the subnational level, where results are often more visible and important to people and can catalyse capacity-development efforts at the national level. This is vital in transitions, where the inability of a State to deliver on core functions can undermine its legitimacy and credibility and put peace consolidation at risk.", "15. While we must aim to maximize the use of national capacity from the outset, in some cases international capacity is needed to provide the requisite technical expertise. In other cases, international capacity may be necessary to ensure impartiality, neutrality or security, or where a protracted conflict has weakened systems of accountability and transparency to the point where temporary substitution measures are needed to restore confidence. Such measures should be one element of a broader strategy, with benchmarks set for their duration and a realistic exit strategy clearly defined.[1] Such strategies must take into account the need for proper balance and sequencing of the use of international assistance and national (even if still weak) capacities in order to further the goal of strengthening national legitimacy, ownership and long-term sustainability. Direct international support and capacity-development must take place in parallel to prevent long-term dependency on international resources.", "16. One of the ways in which United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions can contribute to building capacity is by training national staff. For example, a capacity-building project launched in 2010 by the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste is training over 900 national staff, using local and regional training providers where possible. Such efforts should be guided by national requirements[2] and built into early mission planning. The use of National Professional Officers increases the opportunities for national staff to contribute to the work of field missions and to build their capacities in critical peacebuilding and State-building functions.[3] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support, UNDP and other United Nations entities are collaborating to mobilize national expertise for South Sudan, including from the diaspora where appropriate, for example through job fairs in neighbouring countries and a national United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme. Such initiatives are equally important in non-mission countries, where efforts to build national capacities to manage conflict[4] are an important part of sustainable peacebuilding. I urge Member States to support these initiatives by funding return and reintegration for nationals and programmes that foster national staff development.", "17. Capacity-development needs to be built into planning from the start. Recent innovations such as the post-conflict needs assessment, the strategic assessment, the integrated strategic framework and the revised guidelines for United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks have done much to improve integrated United Nations planning. But we still have further to go. Early planning must include a strong field perspective, with United Nations staff already in country working with national stakeholders to assess national priorities and existing national capacity,[5] including in the diaspora. This will help to ensure that planning is driven by national priorities and needs and not by the availability of international staff or other resources, and that it explores the opportunities to use and develop latent national capacity. Plans need to be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances and an increasing degree of national ownership. The Integration Steering Group has decided that the integrated mission planning process guidelines will be revised by 2012. This will include reflecting the importance of engaging national actors in the assessment, planning, and implementation phases. Clear strategic guidance will be provided on how to ensure that national perspectives and capacities are taken into account from the outset of each planning process.", "18. Strategies for capacity-development should pay special attention to the needs and capacities of women. As my report on women’s participation in peacebuilding emphasized, post-conflict transition is a critical moment for reassessing gender roles and capacities and taking steps towards gender equality. Work is under way to integrate gender equality principles into United Nations post-conflict planning. United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks periodically undergo retrospective gender reviews and gender mainstreaming guidance has been developed for post-conflict needs assessments.", "19. However, while guidelines can be important tools, they do not appear to be effective in ensuring that women’s needs are addressed, or that women are included in post-conflict planning and programme implementation. The factors that do make a difference are committed and convinced leadership, the early engagement of gender experts (particularly with sector-specific skills) and effective accountability frameworks. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) will undertake by mid-2012 a rapid and cost-effective review of the way gender expertise is structured and deployed in post-conflict situations, with recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. In addition, I call on my senior leaders to ensure that United Nations planning frameworks integrate targets and indicators from the system-wide strategic framework based on Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) to better support the participation of women in peacebuilding.", "20. Since 2009, the United Nations has been working with Member States to encourage more women to join their national police services and to nominate more women for international deployment as part of the global effort to increase the share of women in United Nations police components to 20 per cent by 2014.", "21. Support for core government functions is vital for reinforcing national ownership. The priorities that the Senior Advisory Group singled out were policy management and prioritization, aid coordination and public financial management. The World Development Report 2011 pointed to the importance of effective institutions for citizen security, justice and jobs. The preliminary results of the lessons-learned review of public administration in post-conflict contexts add civil service personnel management and local government capacities. Civil service management should include measures to attract and retain personnel, including through a variety of incentives.", "22. Strengthening core government functions requires more than stronger technical capacities, however. Public administration and governance are legitimized not only by the way in which the State delivers technically, but also through its interaction with society: the way decisions are made, how public goods and resources are allocated and how populations can engage with the State. Building confidence between States and populations through participation in decision-making and delivery of peace dividends is crucial to avoid the recurrence of conflict. Early international engagement must focus on strengthening capacities for building State-society relations. Sufficient funding from Member States is essential to enable an effective and predictable United Nations response in these areas.", "23. In its report, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that, where appropriate, international personnel in post-conflict settings should be physically co-located within national institutions. We have experience of this in many post-conflict settings and we are examining the options for co-location of civilian staff with Government personnel in the new mission in South Sudan.[6] In assessing whether co-location is appropriate and when, the degree of absorption capacity of national institutions should be considered, as should the need to safeguard the impartiality of international assistance,[7] effective human rights monitoring and reporting, the security of staff and whether international staff are responsible for mentoring and knowledge transfer or for providing technical expertise. The inter-agency working group on capacity-development should include in its guidelines advice on co‑location, building on past experience.[8]", "24. United Nations procurement may involve opportunities to expand the positive economic impact of United Nations field presences. Local procurement is already substantial in some post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. Business seminars are conducted in those countries to inform local markets of the procurement requirements of the United Nations. I request field missions to make every effort to include local suppliers in procurement solicitations issued by the United Nations. Beginning in 2012, I will request peacekeeping operations periodically to provide information on their local economic impact and their contribution to local economies.", "25. As for the agencies, funds and programmes, the World Food Programme (WFP) has a procurement programme that seeks to stimulate the agricultural sector by purchasing from small farmers;[9] the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) procures an increasingly large proportion of supplies on the local market; and UNDP purchases local goods and services through streamlined bidding processes. Conflict-sensitive local procurement in the humanitarian phase can help establish partnerships that can be leveraged during post-conflict recovery.", "26. Much more can be accomplished within the existing regulatory framework for procurement without compromising transparency, international competition and quality standards. The Department of Management will issue guidance so that procurement practices do not exclude local suppliers, so that as far as possible requisitions can be unbundled to make them more accessible to local providers, including microenterprises, and so that financial criteria for eligible vendors can be reviewed to enable small companies to compete. We are examining the scope for local procurement in South Sudan. One possibility is for non-governmental organizations to support small companies to bid for contracts for maintenance and support services,[10] or help to establish small companies, where they do not exist.", "27. I have asked the Department of Management to review existing United Nations procurement processes and procedures in 2012, to analyse selected country situations to identify obstacles to greater local procurement and whether these can be addressed within existing procedures, to assess recent innovations and to recommend revisions accordingly.[11] I support similar innovations in the agencies, funds and programmes.", "III. International civilian capacities", "28. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group for more effective mobilization of international civilian capacities can be seen as three concentric circles: better leveraging of external capacity through partnerships with non-United Nations entities; enhanced capacity and interoperability across the United Nations; and change within the Secretariat. The area of external partnerships offers particular scope for innovative approaches that can deliver greater responsiveness on the ground.", "A. Leveraging external capacity: partnerships with non-United Nations entities", "29. The large number of United Nations interventions in conflict-affected countries and the breadth and complexity of their mandates, require more and increasingly specialized civilian capacities. These include “niche” functions (for example, public-private partnerships or specialized rule of law tasks like investigative expertise), as well as expertise that may be unique to a country or region, such as traditional justice or anti-piracy expertise. To find this expertise and fill current gaps, the United Nations needs to explore a greater variety of sources of capacity, particularly among actors from the global South, and to build effective partnerships with potential providers.", "30. Building these partnerships will be a priority for my second term. In so doing I will be guided by certain principles. First, accessibility and inclusiveness: new partnership opportunities must be visible and accessible to all potential partners, from all regions. This should include countries with recent experience of change or transition, which offer a growing pool of relevant experience to draw upon.[12] This approach should also enable us to identify and access more capacities among women.", "31. Second, to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries, we need a more broadly composed workforce in which core United Nations staff are supplemented by additional capacities deployed on a flexible, on-demand basis from Governments, international and regional organizations and non-governmental entities. This approach, already applied by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and by some parts of the Secretariat, should align the composition of our workforce more closely with operational requirements. It will also offer Member States increased opportunities to provide civilian capacities in partnership with the United Nations. We will consult Member States to ensure that we make the best use possible of the capabilities of different countries and regions. I encourage Member States and regional organizations to participate actively in these consultations.", "32. Within this broad policy framework, we are beginning work on the instruments and modalities that will be needed to support more effective deployment through external partners. As a first step, I intend to pilot tools to link demand and supply, which can be developed progressively in the light of experience. Work has begun on developing a “virtual marketplace” of civilian capacity, an online platform where needs and capacities can be broadcast, helping Governments and the United Nations system to find potential suppliers of the capacities they need and to better connect the United Nations in the field to external capacity providers. The platform will offer information about standardized partnership modalities, so that the United Nations can rapidly access the capacities of partners without reinventing the process every time. It will also begin to publicize existing rosters — both those within the United Nations system and those managed by external providers — and enhance their efficiency by enabling roster managers to communicate with each other, as well as to understand better what experience and skills are currently most in demand.", "33. The goal of better connecting with external partners is a complex and important undertaking which will not be fulfilled through a platform alone. To ensure that we make early progress towards this priority goal, we are setting up a small team, initially from within existing resources, to identify the main challenges to be addressed in implementation. The team will develop the necessary partnership modalities, create standardized legal arrangements to make long-term partnerships more fruitful and foster greater South-South and triangular cooperation, engaging closely in dialogue with Member States on the evolving demands and sources of capacity described below.", "34. Modalities to enable partners to work together easily, freely available to all potential partners and operating within a clear policy framework, are essential to broadening the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities, whether as individuals or as groups. The United Nations already has long-standing, efficient modalities (such as letters of assist and memorandums of understanding) that govern the deployment of military and police personnel and the provision of specialist logistics support from Member States to peacekeeping operations, as well as memorandums of understanding for the provision of standby personnel for humanitarian purposes.[13] The Department of Management will take the lead in developing ways to extend these to civilian deployment, including in situations where groups of specialized personnel are needed for specific initiatives, or where regional expertise is required and building on lessons learned in the agencies, funds and programmes in arranging such deployments with non-United Nations partners, including with regard to quality control and accountability issues.", "35. In addition, there may be ways beyond the existing modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities. Once we have clarified what is possible when the Secretariat makes full use of its existing authority, I may revert to the General Assembly in 2012 with proposals to update the relevant policies.", "36. I encourage Member States and established rosters and training centres to invest more in developing capacity in the global South. Many existing rosters already include members from North and South. While some civilian capacity partnerships may be supported from mission or agency budgets, other financing options, including trust funds, should be explored. Better communication between southern providers and the United Nations in the field can help identify new opportunities for South-South cooperation, including in areas where southern Governments may themselves have already faced and addressed similar challenges.[14] Partnering with centres of excellence or civil society organizations, especially those in the South, offers an entry point for tapping such capacities.[15]", "37. I also encourage Member States to explore opportunities for triangular cooperation, such as for example the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) initiative for capacity enhancement in South Sudan, supported by UNDP and Norway, under which the Government of South Sudan will place 200 civil servants from IGAD member States in key functions in South Sudan for two years. This project is also an example of South-South cooperation, as the countries sending their civil servants to South Sudan will continue to pay their salaries.", "38. I encourage my senior leaders in the field to make greater use of United Nations Volunteers — 80 per cent of whom originate from the global South — in national capacity-building, especially at the local public administration and community levels, and to include them in early mission planning, particularly in integrated operations where UNV is working with UNDP and other United Nations partners in national institution-building as, for instance, in South Sudan. The Secretariat will work with UNV to implement the recommendations of the recent Department of Field Support-UNV partnership evaluation by, for example, placing greater emphasis on capacity-building for national staff and the use of national United Nations volunteers and more strategic deployment of those volunteers during periods of peace and development and the transition to United Nations country teams and political missions. In 2012, the Department of Field Support, the Department of Political Affairs and UNV will conduct a follow-on review to investigate why United Nations volunteers have been underutilized in political missions and to propose how to improve this engagement.", "B. System-wide capacity and interoperability", "39. Many United Nations entities across the system are involved in providing the range of civilian capacities required in complex post-conflict environments. National partners, whose resources are usually severely depleted, need to find the United Nations strategically and operationally coherent, notwithstanding the separate character, governance structures, mandate and source of financing of its different entities.", "40. As the Senior Advisory Group observed, recruitment and appointment systems vary greatly across the United Nations. A United Nations entity cannot easily deploy personnel from another part of the system. In addition, most agencies, funds and programmes maintain their own rosters of specialized civilian experts to be deployed in a crisis. However, they are set up differently and are not easily interoperable. Since field operations demand a wide variety of expertise, much of which will be found throughout the wider United Nations system, the rosters throughout the system should be shared resources.", "41. The civilian capacities online platform described above will be a first step towards greater system-wide collaboration. Establishing real interoperability, however, will be a more complex exercise. The Department of Management is leading an inter-agency group to define what measures would be required, including an inventory of existing rosters and related training, minimum standards for roster participants, gap identification and analysis of options (including the development of a joint or shared roster, cost sharing and administrative modalities for rapid release). Working with the Human Resources Network, the group will report on options by 2012.", "42. Work is separately under way in the Department of Management to expand to the agencies, funds and programmes the staff exchange system (the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange) that currently operates in the Secretariat. I am committed to removing obstacles that hinder staff from one United Nations entity being deployed or recruited by another; mobility will remain a priority in my second term.", "C. Within the United Nations Secretariat", "43. United Nations missions and field operations are planned and staffed, and much civilian capacity is recruited and deployed, from among Secretariat staff. The tendency to try to find all the necessary capacities among Secretariat staff or through direct recruitment to the Secretariat means that we often fail to deliver the right civilian capacities quickly enough.", "44. At the same time, strengthening our external partnerships and accessing more resources from across the United Nations system is not a substitute for improving the way we recruit and manage staffing in the Secretariat. Fundamental to improving this is the need to move away from using a single process to fulfil different human resources management needs for recruitment, promotion and assignment.", "45. The Senior Advisory Group makes several useful proposals for measures to improve the ability of the United Nations to staff its missions. While some of these require further consideration, several of them, including mobility, staff welfare and performance management, are already being considered by the General Assembly or pursued in other reform processes. I believe that these are most effectively addressed under those existing initiatives. Some, such as staff welfare and mobility, have implications for the wider United Nations system.", "46. I intend to pursue the recommendations for a corporate emergency model separately[16] (which will require defining the terms of such a model, including who may declare an emergency; developing a system for lateral moves of staff across the United Nations system; and developing a fast-track recruitment mechanism) and establishing a roster of rapidly deployable Secretariat staff who have undergone standardized training, including in management, human rights and gender issues.", "47. The Senior Advisory Group recommends that clear and transparent processes be developed to manage mission start-ups and transitions. This is being addressed by initiatives such as the elaboration and extension of the global field support strategy, the ongoing review of the integrated missions planning process and preparatory work for my forthcoming report on funding, backstopping and support to special political missions.", "IV. Expertise and accountability", "A. Leadership and accountability", "48. The report of the Senior Advisory Group includes recommendations to strengthen the capacity and accountability of senior United Nations leaders. I intend to build on existing initiatives to select leaders based on competence, to examine ways to conduct a more rigorous review of the track record of potential leaders, including on gender mainstreaming, and to use innovative and appropriate methods of assessment. I will also explore other initiatives aimed at ensuring the integrity of senior appointment processes, such as increasing the number of senior posts advertised. I will continue to require that women are included in all phases of the recruitment process and will encourage the conduct of interviews for senior-level positions.", "49. In terms of improving the capacity of senior leaders to manage the United Nations response to conflict, we will explore ways in which training for leaders can be improved within existing resources. These include an increased focus on administrative and support issues in training for senior leaders, including sessions with their head of administration during induction; providing online advice to leaders, incorporating lessons learned from audit recommendations and the justice system; including staff development programmes in conference schedules to maximize opportunities for group learning; and ensuring leaders devote five days per year to training.[17] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs will continue to develop a methodology for missions to deliver scenario-based exercises targeting decision-making and crisis management.", "50. I strongly share the view of the Senior Advisory Group that senior leaders should be held accountable for results to national actors and populations, as well as to the United Nations. Expected results should be defined on the basis of agreed goals. Accountability should extend beyond results to service provision and working with other parts of the United Nations system. Moreover, there should be a degree of shared accountability for the delivery of results between senior staff from across the United Nations system.", "51. Strengthened oversight and accountability for results must, however, be seen in the context of complex post-conflict situations. Achieving results in such situations will often require taking a calculated degree of risk. Senior leaders should be empowered, not constrained, from taking measured risks.", "52. I have asked the Department of Management to work with UN-Women to review and enhance the systems in place to uphold accountability for gender equality in the immediate aftermath of conflict, including accountability for the implementation of my seven-point action plan on women’s participation in peacebuilding. Systems will include regular audits of progress against agreed criteria, such as the indicators in Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and senior staff performance assessments. I will return to the General Assembly in 2012 with a further proposal for accountability for gender equality in post-conflict contexts.", "B. Accountability and responsibility", "53. I agree with the Senior Advisory Group that there are critical gaps in the provision of global civilian capacities and that we need to create mechanisms that can help fill these gaps, enhance accountability and reinforce substantive leadership. The Senior Advisory Group recommended establishing a cluster system and designated leads for core areas of peacebuilding activity. I support the underlying objective of the Group to deliver more effective, accountable and predictable international assistance in the aftermath of conflict. Capacity gaps represent not only structural deficits in international assistance but also urgent needs for countries with different contexts, in both mission and non-mission settings. Our aim must be to ensure that core areas are covered with access to sufficient deployable capacities, adequately funded and that there is no duplication. This is necessary to ensure that conflict-affected countries receive the support they need, but also to make the provision of support more efficient.", "54. The consideration of what the United Nations system needs to do to strengthen core capacities cannot be separated from the issue of broader international capacities. A sustained dialogue is needed with Member States and the international financial institutions on the evolving demands for and sources of capacity. As a starting point, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to consult Member States and other providers of civilian capacity to detail the demand for and sources of capacity in the priority areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group,[18] focusing on the most urgent operational needs (such as security, police and criminal justice sector reform) and building on the capacity mapping done by the Senior Advisory Group. Within these broad areas, more work is needed to pinpoint the critical capacity gaps, some of which are highly specialized functions. The needs and emerging lessons from immediate country situations, such as South Sudan, should help to illustrate what the gaps are and how they might best be filled. Dialogue with Member States and other key actors will also help to map civilian capacity and track long-term commitment to filling the gaps. It will inform and energize our efforts at clarifying responsibility and accountability for core peacebuilding areas.", "55. Within the United Nations, I am committed to establishing a more practical, flexible approach to this challenge, based on the following elements:", "(a) Within the United Nations system, a focal point is needed at Headquarters for each specific area, responsible for knowing where capacities and gaps exist;", "(b) The role of the focal point will differ across areas, in the light of capacities and context;", "(c) In addition to understanding global and country-specific capacities, the focal point for a particular area should identify existing knowledge products, help fill knowledge gaps and share best practices and lessons learned. The focal point will be responsible for ensuring that information on relevant commitments, along with the provision of technical assistance for gender mainstreaming and women’s participation, is provided to country partners, in coordination with UN-Women;", "(d) Focal points can provide an entry point into the United Nations system for field leaders seeking capacity, as well for Member States, service providers and other partners, thus helping formal and informal networks and exchange of information to flourish in each area;", "(e) Arrangements for responsibility and accountability to provide capacity in each core area of expertise need to be tailored to the particular area and driven by needs in the field. While there is a need for predictable and deployable capacities in core areas, arrangements will differ from country to country within the same core area depending on comparative advantage;", "(f) Arrangements in specific country situations need to be clear to all. They should be addressed in early planning, taking into account global arrangements and capacities at Headquarters and in the field, and drawing on lessons learned, including in terms of efficiency, accountability and results. They should be reviewed as circumstances evolve. Such clarity will also enable donors to direct their support, on the advice of United Nations leaders in the field, to the appropriate implementing entity, avoiding overlap and helping to fill gaps by directing investment to underfunded areas.", "56. I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee, whose members represent entities from across the United Nations system, to make such an approach a priority for the work of the Committee over the coming months, beginning with a review of the areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group as having critical capacity gaps and drawing on the focal points proposed by the Group:", "(a) In the area of basic safety and security: disarmament and demobilization, police and security sector reform and governance;", "(b) In the area of justice: corrections, criminal justice and judicial and legal reform;", "(c) In the area of inclusive political processes: political party development and public information;", "(d) In the area of core government functionality: aid policy and coordination, legislative branch and public financial management;", "(e) In the area of economic revitalization: employment generation, natural resource management and private sector development.", "57. The Steering Committee should assess any critical gaps beyond those already identified by the Senior Advisory Group. I intend to assess progress after one year and report back to Member States.", "V. Financial and operational agility", "58. In volatile post-conflict situations, time is of the essence in efforts to build capacity, to avoid the risk of relapse and to deliver critical peace dividends. The need for operational and financial agility to adapt to changing circumstances is increasingly understood as essential for effective international support. The Senior Advisory Group rightly draws attention to three areas in which it considers the United Nations can make further improvements: the capacity of missions to redeploy resources as needs change; using the entity best equipped to implement mandated tasks, based on the principle of comparative advantage; and facilitating the flow and timeliness of resources.", "59. Nimbleness is essential in the international response to the needs of post-conflict countries, and in particular to the ability of the United Nations to support the capacity of the State to deliver early progress in key areas such as security, justice and basic services. My Special Representatives have a responsibility and opportunity to facilitate this beyond the resources they manage as heads of mission, in helping to ensure the congruity, complementarity and sequencing of international support for State-building and peacebuilding.", "60. Operational and financial agility is particularly important with respect to mission design and budget at start-up and immediately thereafter. The basic mission design and initial budget is prepared, as the Senior Advisory Group points out, in fluid circumstances when knowledge of local requirements and capacities is limited. In keeping with this, the initial mission plan should be understood as preliminary. It was to acknowledge the uncertainty that prevails in this early phase that I proposed for the initial year of peacekeeping operations a standardized funding model, which the General Assembly has approved.[19] I intend to refine the model further to provide explicitly for subsequent changes by my Special Representatives in the mix of civilian capacity, so as to take advantage of nascent national capacity or to access expertise not readily sourced from within the United Nations.", "61. The need to adapt to changing needs and circumstances continues throughout the life of a mission. Assessed budgets for field missions are planned 10 to 11 months before the start of the financial year and set out detailed information on all the envisaged inputs 10 to 24 months into the future. In reality, requirements change, especially in the early period after conflict. My Special Representatives need the ability to make some changes accordingly, including the ability to use the resources associated with vacant posts and positions, if necessary, to meet emerging priorities. A variety of practices are used by Governments and international organizations in addressing such contingencies, such as enhanced delegation to the field linked to risk management and accountability. While the United Nations has already taken similar measures, there may be more to be learned from assessing the applicability of those approaches to United Nations field missions.", "62. Current funding arrangements provide some limited scope to adapt to changing circumstances. For example, the budget cycle for peacekeeping operations is annual, rather than biennial, and the appropriation structure reflects the understanding by the General Assembly of the need to enable the shifting of resources. Further, in line with the actions set out in “Renewing the United Nations: a Programme for Reform” (A/51/950) concerning the delegation of maximum authority to line managers, administrative measures were taken within the Secretariat in 2002 to enhance the authority of peacekeeping operations in the management of resources within the three major categories of expenditure: military and police, civilian personnel and operational costs.", "63. I intend to explore ways of further improving how we work within the current regulatory framework, while ensuring the necessary transparency and accountability for decisions made in the field. In order to ensure that senior managers are fully cognizant of the scope and procedures for adjustments during the implementation of an approved budget, we will ensure that training for senior leaders addresses this issue and that heads of field missions, programme managers and directors of mission support receive the same information.", "64. I also intend to explore the possibility of making improvements in the presentation of information in proposed budgets for peacekeeping operations, so as to provide a more integrated and transparent display of the resources related to civilian capacity, which will be one of the three main categories of expenditure. Resources for civilian capacity would thereby be more clearly seen by the General Assembly and more readily deployed, or redeployed, as required by the mission.", "65. The Senior Advisory Group also noted that mission design and budgets do not necessarily provide for implementation by those entities with a comparative advantage to perform the function. I shall issue appropriate guidance to heads of field missions and planners to apply the principle of comparative advantage in recommending how to go about discharging a mandate. The use of other United Nations actors, for example, to discharge mandated and budgeted functions for which they are well equipped, can offer practical advantages, including engagement with an entity often present in the country or area before a mission deploys and likely to be present after the mission leaves. Cooperative or joint planning, such as the development of an integrated strategic framework, should help to determine the comparative advantages of United Nations actors in the field. My priority will be to strengthen the ability of United Nations entities to plan, cooperate and work together in critical post-conflict situations.", "66. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group also address the gaps in the timely availability of funding that delay the start of critical peacebuilding tasks. Pointing to the differences in funding streams that support implementation of the mandate and the perceived lack of flexibility in their use, the Senior Advisory Group makes a number of interrelated recommendations: that field missions be able to provide the necessary programmatic funds from assessed budgets when civilian capacities within missions have the comparative advantage to implement a mandated task; that voluntary contributions to support civilian capacities within missions be facilitated by reducing the overhead charged by mission trust funds; and that the agencies, funds and programmes that have not already done so consider measures to improve their rapid-response financing capacity.", "67. Proposals for United Nations missions to carry out programmatic activities with assessed funding are not new; the joint United Nations community violence reduction programme supported by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, UNDP and others is one example.[20] In some cases, due to its presence and capacities, the mission can and should initiate an activity for a mandated function for which the voluntary funds are not available or have not yet been mobilized. Such measures should be assessed in the light of comparative advantage in that context and the work carried out by other actors, while respecting the fundamental competencies and mandates of United Nations entities. As always, the point of departure for the inclusion of a resource requirement in a proposed budget and its subsequent consideration by the General Assembly is the mandate.", "68. With respect to encouraging voluntary contributions to peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict to complement work done by missions through assessed budgets, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that overheads charged by the Secretariat be aligned with the 7 per cent applied to multi-donor trust funds. The appeal of this idea can be readily understood from the standpoint of reducing competition among entities based purely on overhead rates. This is nonetheless a complex issue which needs to be examined from the standpoint of the Organization as a whole, in the context of cost recovery policies and arrangements for the United Nations. A central premise of long-standing policy is that core resources should not subsidize the activities of non-core resources.", "69. An internal review of existing practices, which date from 1980, commenced in late 2010. This review is intended to contribute to an updated perspective of extrabudgetary funding in the financial architecture of the United Nations. It will clarify what costs are to be recovered and the means for doing so, and consider how the application of a cost-recovery policy can take account of partnerships and contributions in support of mandated tasks, in addition to contributions aimed at providing services for others. It will also examine the scope for aligning United Nations practices with those of other United Nations entities. This review is expected to be completed by the first quarter of 2012. I intend to keep the General Assembly informed of progress in this area.", "70. The Senior Advisory Group also recommended that access for the agencies, funds and programmes to rapid-response financing should be improved, drawing on innovations at WFP and UNDP. I urge Member States to examine such mechanisms and to accelerate the availability of financing for recovery, transition and development for United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, so as to reduce financing gaps, especially in critical post-conflict settings.", "VI. Conclusions and observations", "71. It is widely agreed that the international community and the United Nations in particular, can and must do better at providing rapid, effective civilian capacities to conflict-affected countries. Those States themselves are calling for change. In the context of the International Dialogue for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ grouping[21] has proposed “a new deal to deliver international assistance to fragile States which generates results that are aligned with peacebuilding and statebuilding objectives, is more transparent, flexible and effective, and strengthens (rather than duplicates) national and local capacities and institutions”.[22]", "72. The Senior Advisory Group made valuable suggestions for how to do this. Their report covers a wide range of interconnected issues, all of which have a bearing on how we find and deploy civilian capacities. I have also listened closely to the views of Member States in the General Assembly, the Peacebuilding Commission and the Security Council. I welcome the engagement of Member States and their support for a focus on national needs and priorities and for a demand-driven response to the recommendations in the report.", "73. These challenges apply to more than just the United Nations, but since the United Nations leads or coordinates much international assistance in conflict-affected countries, we have a particular responsibility to take action. In the present report, I set out some early priorities for action. In taking them forward, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to ensure that country-specific task forces, mission leadership and United Nations country teams are fully engaged. Their involvement will help to identify opportunities for testing ideas and approaches, particularly in countries with new missions or existing missions with new mandates (such as in Côte d’Ivoire or South Sudan), as well as in non-mission settings in the aftermath of conflict or crisis.", "74. I consider it a priority to make progress in the areas within my own authority or that of the United Nations executive heads. However, this is a collective enterprise, which must involve Member States, the international financial institutions and the wider group of peacebuilding stakeholders — civil society, academia and the private sector. The approach therefore emphasizes the development of proposals in partnership with others. I am grateful for the supportive engagement of the Peacebuilding Commission. I shall rely on its continued involvement and that of the consultative group of Member States, particularly in the proposed dialogue with Member States to analyse the supply and demand for particular capacities. The expertise of those leaders who have grappled with civilian capacity challenges at Headquarters and in the field is of great value, and I shall continue to draw upon the experience of the Senior Advisory Group. Finally, efforts within the United Nations must take account of other initiatives, in particular through the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ and the operationalization of the World Development Report.", "75. The present report focuses on what the United Nations can do now, but also looks beyond to broader partnerships and ahead to future steps. I intend to report back to Member States in 2012 on progress and on further initiatives that may be needed, including any which may require decisions by the General Assembly. Meanwhile, I shall depend upon the support and cooperation of all our partners in working towards our common objectives.", "[1] The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is developing capacity-development strategies to inform their programmes in South Sudan, with an emphasis on outcomes and exit strategies.", "[2] Training for national staff is a joint priority of the Government of Timor-Leste and the United Nations Integrated Mission. Mission training courses and facilities are open to staff in government ministries and other national institutions, as far as resources allow.", "[3] As in the case of the new mission in South Sudan.", "[4] Such as the Ghana peace infrastructure supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[5] See A/63/881-S/2009/304, para. 46.", "[6] See Security Council resolution 1996 (2011), para. 22.", "[7] This is particularly important for the humanitarian agencies that base their response on the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence, which in some cases may make co-location inappropriate.", "[8] For instance, UNICEF efforts to transfer knowledge and skills in the health sector in Afghanistan and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) support to aid management in Nepal and to the electoral commission in Liberia.", "[9] Through the Purchase for Progress initiative, the World Food Programme has purchased maize in South Sudan to supply food for displaced Congolese and Central African refugees in South Sudan.", "[10] As, for example, the Peace Dividend Trust has done in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan.", "[11] The political impact of buying locally must also be considered. If greater local procurement tends to concentrate wealth among the powerful few, it may inadvertently increase inequality and tensions in a post-conflict society.", "[12] For example, Indonesian expertise on mediation; the experience of Latin American countries in dealing with urban and criminal violence; Bangladeshi experience in promoting the empowerment of women in areas such as microcredit and community health; and South African electoral and mediation expertise in Burundi.", "[13] Such as the pool of experts the United Nations Office for Project Services can call on for its mine action services.", "[14] Such as Brazilian economic revitalization projects in Angola, or South Africa’s partnership with Germany to support legal and judicial training in South Sudan.", "[15] For example, the Brazilian non-governmental organization Igarapé is developing a roster of civilian experts to deploy to peace operations, with the support of the Governments of Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "[16] Drawing on the experience of the humanitarian crisis response models, including those established by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNDP, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund.", "[17] An example of current efforts to improve training for senior leaders is the 5-8 day mission-specific training programme being developed by the Department for Peacekeeping Operations for heads of military components.", "[18] Basic safety and security, justice, inclusive political processes, core government functionality and economic revitalization.", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 65/289.", "[20] Other mandated areas that have dedicated programmatic funds are disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, public information, mine action and quick-impact projects.", "[21] The g7+ is an open group of countries experiencing or emerging from conflict established in 2008 and comprising Afghanistan, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.", "[22] See the Monrovia road map agreed at the second International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, 15-16 June 2011, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session Sixty-seventh year Item 123 (a) of the proposed programme* Strengthening of the United Nations system", "Civilian capacity after conflict", "Report of the Secretary-General", "* A/66/150.", "Abstract Countries emerging from conflict typically face a diversity of urgent needs to establish and sustain peace, but often suffer from a critical shortage of capacity to meet priority needs quickly and effectively. The international community has recognized this challenge, and many bilateral and multilateral actors have taken steps to improve support for conflict-affected countries. These individual activities, however, have not been sufficient to establish a reliable and effective mechanism to provide the countries with the assistance they request. The United Nations must strive to recruit and deploy civilian experts and support national actors in the expansion and deepening of their abilities. In March 2010, I established a Senior Advisory Group, chaired by the former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to conduct an independent review of post-conflict civilian capacity, with a view to presenting concrete and practical proposals to strengthen civil support for sustainable peace and development. The report of the Senior Advisory Group (A/65/747-S/2011/85) was presented to Member States in February 2011. It is a far-reaching report that makes a number of relevant recommendations to Member States, regional organizations and civil society and the United Nations. In acknowledging the scope of the report, I established a Steering Group, chaired by Susana Malcorra, Under-Secretary-General for Support to Terreno Activities, to conduct a coordinated follow-up to the report. The present report is the first United Nations response to the independent review of post-conflict civilian capacity. Its starting point is the current United Nations system and the procedures and practices within my authority as the Secretary-General, to strengthen the Organization &apos; s support for post-conflict countries. An essential condition for achieving the effective participation of Member States, regional organizations, civil society partners and, above all, countries requesting our assistance is to put our house in order. However, this alone is not sufficient to improve international civil support. We all have the obligation to examine our respective individual activities, as well as our associations, in support of the communities and peoples who have endured violence and deprivation. In subsequent stages, I will focus my attention on the roles that other entities and the partnerships that we must establish to collectively strengthen the quality and efficiency of civilian support after conflict. The present report identifies a set of specific priority measures and timetables for the activities of the United Nations for the next 12 months; they are aimed at amplifying their civil response and establishing partnerships with third parties. These measures include: (a) Developing guidelines for better use and development of national capacity, as well as guidance to ensure that procurement practices do not exclude local suppliers; (b) Providing stronger strategic direction to new planning processes; (c) Conducting a review of how gender expertise is structured and deployed; Detail areas where critical capacity gaps exist and ensure that United Nations-designated focal points collaborate with external partners to supplement them; (h) Apply an institutional emergency model in the United Nations Secretariat to facilitate an effective response to assumptions requiring rapid deployment; (i) Ensure that United Nations leaders on the ground exercise their operational and financial mandates; Apply the principle of comparative advantages in the implementation of mandates; (k) Apply these approaches on the ground, for example by mobilizing national and regional experience and reviewing the scope of procurement activities in the local market in South Sudan. Above all, the present report makes it clear that a peaceful peace is a national peace. Solutions or competencies from outside cannot supplant national and national ownership of the capacity of national communities, their leaders and substitutions. That starting point must be our ultimate goal.", "I. Introduction", "1. National efforts to establish and consolidate post-conflict peace must be supported by effective civilian capacities at the appropriate time. As I highlighted in my report on peace-building immediately after a conflict (A/63/881-S/2009/304), we must take advantage of the opportunity that is often provided by the immediate post-conflict period to create basic security conditions, provide peace dividends, build confidence in the political process and strengthen the basic national capacity to take the lead in peacebuilding efforts and lay the foundation for sustainable development.", "2. To address this challenge, the international community, especially the United Nations, should provide, more quickly and effectively, the specialized civilian capacities needed, i.e., the capacities and experience necessary to support national actors seeking to restore the rule of law, revitalize the economy, re-start the provision of basic services to the population and develop the capacities necessary to sustain these progress. The risk of regression in the early years of peace is high. Instability and conflict go beyond borders and destabilize neighbouring countries. There are strong links between security, peace and development; conflict-affected countries are the ones that are most backward in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. To achieve sustainable peace and development, we must invest very early in the necessary civilian capacities.", "3. In response to these imperatives, I initiated a review to analyse how to further expand and complete the roster of civilian experts to meet the immediate capacity-building needs of post-conflict countries. In March 2010, I appointed a Senior Advisory Group, chaired by the former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to conduct an independent review. The Group held consultations with United Nations system-wide entities at Headquarters and in the field, Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, regional organizations, civil society and academia. On 22 February 2011, I submitted my report (A/65/747-S/2011/85) to the President of the General Assembly and to the President of the Security Council. I subsequently appointed a Steering Group, whose members represented entities throughout the United Nations system, to consider how to implement the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group.", "4. The report of the Senior Advisory Group is based on certain key principles: strong civilian capacities are essential to build lasting peace; latent national capacities need to be cultivated in conflict-affected countries; international support must respond to demand, and should not be supply-driven; and the United Nations must be more cost-effective, responsive and cost-effective when providing such support. I am encouraged by the broad support expressed by Member States to those principles, the emphasis placed in the report on a demand-driven approach and its concentration on the ground, and many of its recommendations.", "5. I share the High Advisory Group &apos; s conclusion that in order to address these challenges, we must build stronger partnerships with external partners; expand the provision of specialized capacities to better identify and deploy available capacities, especially in countries of the South and among women; develop more effective forms of joint work across the United Nations system; and develop a culture of management and institutional practices that will enable my senior managers to respond quickly and effectively to changing realities on the ground. The importance that the Senior Advisory Group attaches to achieving these goals, together with better use of existing systems, is in line with the approach I have drawn to develop a more accountable, transparent, efficient and effective United Nations.", "6. In my second mandate, I intend to prioritize measures that will give the United Nations greater effectiveness and efficiency, including through my change management programme. A key aspect will be the implementation of the present report on civilian capacity. Many existing United Nations initiatives (such as my post-conflict peace-building action programme, the global field support strategy, the strategic framework on women, peace and security, our system-wide coherence efforts and my next preventive diplomacy report) can enhance the deployment of civilian capacities, even if that is not their main objective. The same is true of initiatives with partners, such as the World Bank &apos; s 2011 World Development Report, the United Nations-European Union Partnership on Natural Resources, Conflict and Peacebuilding and the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and State Consolidation.", "7. In the present report, I refer to how the United Nations should respond to the report of the Senior Advisory Group: what steps the United Nations itself should take to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of civilian support to conflict-affected countries, and what should be done in collaboration with third parties. I establish a road map for action with three main axes: development of greater national capacity and greater involvement in our post-conflict response; establishment of external partnerships and implementation of necessary adjustments within the United Nations system to obtain the required civilian capacities; and exercise of the organizational agility necessary to respond skillfully to unpredictable post-conflict situations.", "8. Our answer must be understood in different categories. First, there are priorities that require early attention: these initiatives are within my own authority or that of the executive heads of United Nations entities that offer the greatest potential for results on the ground. In the present report, I intend to implement these initiatives in the short term. Secondly there are the ideas that require a more thorough study before putting them into practice. Some are within the United Nations system, and others should be considered by Member States and other stakeholders; I intend to address Member States again at a later date with more details on these ideas. Finally, there are issues that are already being addressed as part of other reform processes within the United Nations. Most of these issues should continue to be dealt with within these processes, while stressing their relevance to civilian capacities.", "9. Much of my programme will apply to all the various United Nations responses after a conflict. Where humanitarian needs persist at the start of recovery and development programming, humanitarian actions will continue to be guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.", "II. National capacity", "10. Communities emerging from conflict often face a critical shortage of capacities to ensure sustainable peace. As I highlighted in my reports on peacebuilding immediately after conflict and on women &apos; s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466), and as highlighted by the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission, the identification, development and use of national capacities should be a priority after a conflict. This will help to develop the national ownership that is essential to achieving sustainable peace and development.", "11. This is not a technical activity. Support for national post-conflict institutions is a high-risk political enterprise. It goes beyond the governmental sphere and affects civil society and the private sector; it goes beyond national institutions and includes subnational, local and community levels. Since the first day tensions arise between the imperatives of beginning to build national capacity and providing primary peace dividends, such as the provision of basic services.", "12. However, capacity-building is a process that must begin in the early days of international participation, and this is a challenge facing the United Nations and all international participants. It should include capacity-building, capacity-building, including through mentoring and targeted training, capacity-building, and capacity sustainability. While there are many examples of the development and use by the United Nations of national capacity, a more systematic approach is needed. Within the United Nations, I have requested the Inter-Agency Working Group, chaired by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to develop, by 2012, basic principles and guidelines for better use and development of national capacities in post-conflict contexts, as well as plans to develop specific tools for field teams, so that they can undertake capacity assessments, design strategies and monitor results. These instruments should include targeted sector strategies, including youth and women.", "13. Another important aspect to be considered is the need to avoid any negative impact on national capacity development, for example, the intellectual exodus of local capacity to international and bilateral organizations. In order to promote coherence among international activities, the United Nations will work with the World Bank and maintain a dialogue with interested Member States. Success can only be achieved if all major international actors work together to build national capacity.", "14. In capacity-building strategies, more attention is equally important at the subnational level, where results are often more visible and important to people and can catalyse capacity-building activities at the national level. This is essential in times of transition, when the inability of a State to perform basic functions can undermine its legitimacy and credibility and jeopardize peacebuilding.", "15. While the main objective should be to maximize the use of national capacities from the outset, in some cases international capacity will be required to provide the necessary technical experience. In other cases, international capacity may be required to ensure impartiality, neutrality or security, or when a protracted conflict has weakened accountability and transparency systems to the extent that temporary substitute measures are required to restore confidence. Such measures should be an element of a broader strategy, establishing benchmarks for their duration and a realistic and clearly defined exit strategy[1]. Such strategies should take into account the need for an appropriate balance and a sequential order in the use of international assistance and national capacities (even if they are weak) to promote the goal of strengthening national legitimacy, national ownership and long-term sustainability. Direct international support and capacity-building should take place at the same time in order to prevent a prolonged dependence on international resources.", "16. One way in which United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions can contribute to capacity-building is to train national staff. For example, a capacity-building project launched by the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste in 2010 is training more than 900 national staff, using, where possible, local and regional training providers. These activities should be guided by national needs[2] and incorporated in early planning of the mission. The use of national Professional staff increases opportunities for national staff to contribute to the work of field missions and improve their capacities in critical peacebuilding and State functions.[3] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support, UNDP and other United Nations entities work together to mobilize national experience in South Sudan, including the diaspora, where appropriate, for example, through job fairs in neighbouring countries and a national United Nations Volunteers programme. These initiatives are equally important in countries where there are no missions, where activities to build national conflict management capacities[4] constitute an important part of the consolidation of sustainable peace. I urge Member States to support these initiatives by financing the return and reintegration of nationals and programmes to promote the development of national staff.", "17. Capacity development should be included in planning from the outset. Recent innovations, such as post-conflict needs assessments, strategic assessments, the integrated strategic framework and revised guidelines for United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks, have greatly helped to improve integrated United Nations planning, but much remains to be done. Early planning should include a strong field component, whereby United Nations personnel already in the country work with national stakeholders to assess existing national priorities and capacities[5], including in the diaspora. This will help ensure that planning is driven by national priorities and needs rather than by the availability of international staff or other resources, and that opportunities for the use and development of latent national capacity are reviewed. Plans should be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances and to greater national ownership. The Integration Steering Group has decided that it will review, by 2012, the guidelines for the integrated mission planning process. This will include a review of the importance of the involvement of national entities in the evaluation, planning and implementation phases. Clear strategic guidelines will be provided on how to ensure that national perspectives and capacities are taken into account from the beginning of each planning process.", "18. Capacity-building strategies should pay special attention to the needs and capacities of women. As I highlighted in my report on women &apos; s participation in peacebuilding, post-conflict transition is a critical time for re-evaluating gender roles and capacities and taking action to achieve gender equality. Efforts are under way to integrate gender equality principles into post-conflict United Nations planning. The United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks are subject to retrospective gender reviews on a regular basis, and guidelines have been developed for gender mainstreaming in post-conflict needs assessment.", "19. However, although the guidelines may be important tools, they do not appear to be effective in ensuring that the needs of women are taken into account, or that women are included in post-conflict programme planning and implementation. The factors that truly influence are determined and convinced leadership, early participation of gender experts (especially in sector-specific skills) and effective accountability frameworks. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) will conduct a rapid and cost-effective review of how gender experience is structured and deployed in post-conflict situations, with recommendations to enhance its effectiveness. In addition, I call on my senior managers to ensure that United Nations planning frameworks integrate system-wide strategic framework goals and indicators based on Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) to better support women &apos; s participation in peacebuilding.", "20. Since 2009, the United Nations has been working with Member States to encourage more women to join their national police services and to deploy more women internationally, as part of a global effort to increase women &apos; s participation in United Nations police components to 20 per cent by 2014.", "21. Support for the core functions of government is critical to strengthening national ownership. The priorities highlighted by the Senior Advisory Group were policy management and prioritization, aid coordination and public finance management. The 2011 World Development Report highlighted the importance of effective institutions to ensure the safety of citizens, justice and employment. The preliminary results of the experience gained in the review of public administration in post-conflict contexts added management of public administration staff and local government capacities. Public administration management should include measures to attract and retain staff, including through a variety of incentives.", "22. However, strengthening the basic functions of government requires more than technical capabilities. Public administration and governance acquire legitimacy not only on the basis of the way in which the State operates technically, but also through its interaction with society: the way in which decisions are made, the way in which public goods and resources are allocated and the way in which the population can participate in the State. The creation of trust between the State and the population through participation in decision-making and the distribution of peace dividends is essential to avoid the resumption of conflicts. Early international participation should focus on strengthening capacities to build relations between the State and society. It is essential to have sufficient funding from Member States to facilitate an effective and predictable United Nations response in these areas.", "23. In its report, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that, where appropriate, international staff in post-conflict settings be physically located at the premises of national institutions. We have had experience in this area in many post-conflict environments and have reviewed options for placing civilian staff with government personnel on the new mission in South Sudan[6]. In assessing whether this placement in shared premises is appropriate and where, the absorptive capacity of national institutions should be considered and the need to safeguard the impartiality of international assistance[7], the effectiveness of human rights monitoring and reporting, the safety of staff and the responsibility of international staff in mentoring and knowledge transfer programmes or the provision of technical expertise. The Inter-Agency Working Group on Capacity-building should include in its guidance on shared premises, taking advantage of past experience[8].", "24. United Nations procurement activities can provide opportunities to enhance the positive economic impact of the United Nations field presence. Local procurement is already quite substantial in some post-conflict countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. In these countries, seminars are organized for entrepreneurs to inform local markets of the requirements of United Nations procurement. I request field missions to make every effort to include local vendors in United Nations tenders. Since 2012, I will periodically request peacekeeping operations to provide information on their contribution and impact on local economies.", "25. With regard to agencies, funds and programmes, the World Food Programme (WFP) has a procurement programme that seeks to stimulate the agricultural sector by acquiring what it needs from smallholder farmers[9]; the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) acquires a large proportion of local market supplies; and UNDP acquires local goods and services through a streamlined bidding process. Local procurement taking into account the conflict environment during the humanitarian phase can help establish partnerships that can be useful during post-conflict recovery.", "26. Within the existing regulatory framework for procurement, much more can be achieved without compromising transparency, international competition and quality standards. The Department of Management will provide guidance to ensure that procurement practices do not exclude local vendors, so that, to the extent possible, tenders can be broken down to make them more accessible to local suppliers, including microenterprises, and to facilitate the review of financial criteria for eligible vendors, in order to enable small businesses to compete. We are considering the scope for local procurement in South Sudan. One possibility is for non-governmental organizations to assist small businesses in presenting offers for maintenance and support services contracts[10], or to help establish small businesses, where there is no such deal.", "27. I have requested the Department of Management to review existing United Nations procurement procedures and processes in 2012 in order to analyse the situation in selected countries, with a view to identifying obstacles that prevent a higher level of procurement at the local level and to determine whether this situation can be addressed with existing procedures, assessing recent innovations and recommending appropriate changes.[11] I add my support for the introduction of similar innovations in agencies, funds and programmes.", "III. International civilian capacities", "28. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group on the most effective mobilization of international civilian capacities can be expressed as three concentric circles: better use of external capacity through partnerships with non-United Nations entities; enhanced capacity and interoperability across the United Nations; and changes in the Secretariat. External partnerships offer a particular scope for innovative approaches that can provide greater receptivity on the ground.", "A. Building on external capacity: partnerships with non-United Nations entities", "29. The large number of United Nations interventions in conflict-affected countries, and the scope and complexity of their mandates, require increasing specialized civilian capacities. These include &quot; niche &quot; functions (e.g., public-private partnerships or specialized rule of law-related tasks, as an investigative experience), as well as experience that may be exclusive to a country or region, such as traditional justice or experience in combating piracy. In order to find this experience and address current gaps, the United Nations should study a wider range of sources of capacities, particularly among actors in the Southern Hemisphere, and build effective partnerships with potential suppliers.", "30. The establishment of such partnerships will be a priority issue in my second mandate. In this activity, I must be guided by certain principles. First, accessibility and inclusion: new partnership opportunities must be visible and accessible to all potential partners in all regions. This should include countries with recent experiences of change or transition, which offer an increasing array of relevant experience that can be leveraged[12]. This approach will also allow us to identify and access more capacities among women.", "31. Secondly, in order to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries, we must have a broader workforce, in which United Nations staff complements with additional capacities that can be deployed on a flexible basis and upon the request of Governments, international and regional organizations and non-governmental entities. This approach, which already applies United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and some sectors of the Secretariat, should put the composition of our workforce more in line with operational requirements. It will also provide Member States with greater opportunities to provide civilian capacities in partnership with the United Nations. We will consult with Member States to ensure the best possible use of capacities in different countries and regions. I encourage Member States and regional organizations to participate actively in those consultations.", "32. Within this broad policy framework, we are beginning to work on the tools and modalities that will be needed to support more effective deployment using external partners. As a first step, I intend to test instruments to link demand and supply, which can be developed progressively based on experience. Work has begun on the development of a “virtual market” of civilian capacity, an online platform where needs and capacities can be disseminated, helping Governments and the United Nations system to find potential suppliers of the required capacities and to better connect United Nations field missions with external capacities providers. The platform will provide information on standardized partnerships, so that the United Nations can quickly access partner capacities, without having to re-invent the process every time. It will also begin to publish existing rosters, both those of the United Nations system and those managed by external vendors, and improve their efficiency by enabling roster managers to communicate among themselves, and to better understand the types of experience and skills that are most needed today.", "33. The goal of establishing better links with external partners is a complex and important enterprise that cannot be done only with a platform. To ensure progress towards achieving this priority objective, we are establishing a small team, initially with existing resources, to identify the main challenges to be addressed in implementation. The team will develop the necessary partnerships, create standardized legal arrangements for long-term partnerships to be fruitful and promote further triangular and South-South cooperation, holding dialogues with Member States on the changing demands and sources of capacity described below.", "34. It is essential to have modalities to enable partners to work together more easily, to be available to all potential partners and to operate within a clear policy framework, in order to expand the scope for the deployment of staff provided by Governments and other entities, either individually or in groups. The United Nations already has efficient and long-standing modalities (such as letters of assist and memorandums of understanding) that govern the deployment of military and police personnel and the provision of specialized logistical support from Member States to peacekeeping operations, as well as memorandums of understanding for the provision of humanitarian reserve personnel[13]. The Department of Management will focus on how to apply these modalities to the deployment of civilian personnel, including in situations where specialized staff groups are required for specific initiatives, or where regional experience is required and the experience gained by agencies, funds and programmes on such deployments of staff with non-United Nations partners, including on quality control and accountability issues.", "35. In addition, there may be ways, apart from the existing modalities, of broadening the scope of deployment of staff provided by Governments or other entities. Once we have clarified what can be done using fully the powers of the Secretariat, I will again submit proposals to the General Assembly in 2012 to update the relevant policies.", "36. I encourage Member States and training centres and established rosters to invest more in capacity-building in the southern hemisphere. Many of the existing lists include North and South members. While some civil capacity partnerships may be supported by mission or agency budgets, other forms of funding, including trust funds, should be explored. Better communication between South-South and United Nations providers on the ground can help identify new opportunities for South-South cooperation, including in areas where the southern Governments themselves have already faced similar challenges and resolved them.[14] The partnership with centres of excellence or civil society organizations, especially in the South, provides a starting point for harnessing these capacities.[15]", "37. I also encourage Member States to consider triangular cooperation opportunities such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) capacity-building initiative in South Sudan, supported by UNDP and Norway, whereby the Government of South Sudan will place 200 public officials from IGAD member States in key roles in South Sudan for two years. This project is also an example of South-South cooperation, as countries that send their public officials to South Sudan will continue to pay their emoluments.", "38. I encourage my senior managers in the field to make greater use of United Nations Volunteers, 80 per cent of which come from the Southern Hemisphere, in building national capacity, especially at the community level and local public administrations, and to include them in early planning of missions, particularly in integrated operations where United Nations Volunteers work with UNDP and other United Nations partners in building national institutions, as is the case with South Sudan. The Secretariat will work with United Nations Volunteers to implement the recommendations of the recent evaluation of the partnership between the Department of Field Support and United Nations Volunteers, for example, with greater emphasis on capacity-building of national staff and the use of national United Nations Volunteers, and on a more strategic deployment of such volunteers during peace and development periods and the transition to United Nations country teams and political missions. In 2012, the Department of Field Support, the Department of Political Affairs and United Nations Volunteers will conduct a follow-up review to determine why United Nations Volunteers are not fully utilized in political missions, and propose ways to enhance their participation.", "B. System-wide capacity and interoperability", "39. Many United Nations system-wide entities work to provide the range of civilian capacities required in complex post-conflict environments. National partners, whose resources are normally very exhausted, should have a strategic and operationally coherent United Nations, despite the nature, governance structures, mandates and separate funding sources from their different entities.", "40. As noted by the Senior Advisory Group, recruitment and appointment systems vary greatly within the United Nations. A United Nations entity cannot easily deploy staff from another part of the system. In addition, most agencies, funds and programmes maintain their own lists of civilian specialists that can be deployed in a crisis. However, these lists are structured differently and interoperability is not always possible. Since field operations require a wide range of experiences, many of which can be found throughout the United Nations system, system-wide lists should be shared resources.", "41. The online civil capacity platform described above will be a first step towards greater system-wide collaboration. The establishment of a real interoperability, however, will be a more complex activity. The Department of Management leads an inter-agency group to define the required actions, including an inventory of existing lists and related training, minimum standards for list participants, identification of gaps and analysis of options (including the development of a joint or shared list, and modalities for sharing costs and management to facilitate rapid deployment). The group, which works with the Human Resources Network, will submit a report on options by 2012.", "42. The Department of Management is working to extend to agencies, funds and programmes the staff exchange system (the voluntary networking initiative) currently operating in the Secretariat. I am determined to remove obstacles that prevent staff from being deployed or recruited by another United Nations entity; mobility will remain a priority in my second mandate.", "C. In the United Nations Secretariat", "43. United Nations field missions and operations are planned and staffed, and much of the civilian capacity is recruited and deployed with Secretariat staff. The tendency to seek to identify all necessary capacities among Secretariat staff, or through direct recruitment by the Secretariat, means that we often cannot provide the necessary civilian capacities quickly enough.", "44. At the same time, strengthening our external partnerships and access to more resources within the United Nations system is not a substitute for improving the way we engage and manage Secretariat staff. To improve this situation, it is essential that we do not use a unique process to meet different human resources management needs for recruitment, promotion and allocation purposes.", "45. The Senior Advisory Group proposes a number of useful measures to enhance the capacity of the United Nations to provide personnel to its missions. While some of these proposals require further consideration, several of them, including mobility, staff well-being and performance management, are either under consideration by the General Assembly or discussed in other reform processes. I believe that these proposals can be addressed more effectively within existing initiatives. Some of them, such as staff welfare and mobility, have implications for the entire United Nations system.", "46. I intend to take advantage of the recommendations to develop a separate “institutional emergency” model[16] (which will require defining the elements of such a model, including who can declare an emergency; developing a system of lateral staff displacement in the United Nations system; and developing an accelerated recruitment mechanism) and establishing a roster of Secretariat staff that can be deployed quickly and has received standardized training, including in management, rights.", "47. The Senior Advisory Group recommends the development of clear and transparent business plans for the start of missions and for transitions. This recommendation is reviewed by various initiatives, such as those on the development and expansion of the global field support strategy, the ongoing review of the integrated mission planning process and the preparatory work for my next funding and support report for special political missions.", "IV. Experience and accountability", "A. Management and accountability", "48. The report of the Senior Advisory Group includes recommendations for strengthening the capacity and accountability of United Nations managers. I intend to take advantage of existing initiatives to select managers on the basis of their competencies, consider how to conduct a more rigorous review of the history of potential senior managers, including on gender mainstreaming, and use innovative and appropriate evaluation methods. I will also study other initiatives aimed at improving the integrity of senior management appointment processes, such as an increase in the number of senior posts advertised. I will continue to call for the inclusion of women at all stages of the recruitment process and encourage interviews for senior posts.", "49. With regard to improving the capacity of managers to manage the United Nations response to conflict, we will explore ways of improving training for managers using existing resources. This includes increased focus on administrative and support issues in the training of senior managers, including meetings with their heads of administration during initiation meetings; provision of online advice to senior managers, incorporating lessons learned through the implementation of audit recommendations and the justice system; inclusion of staff development programmes in conference schedules to maximize group learning opportunities; and measures to ensure that senior managers are trained in the year. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs will continue to develop a methodology for mission organizing exercises based on real situations, which emphasize decision-making and crisis management.", "50. I strongly share the view of the Senior Advisory Group that senior managers should be accountable to national populations and actors, as well as to the United Nations. The expected results should be defined on the basis of agreed objectives. Accountability should go beyond results and also cover service delivery and collaboration with other parts of the United Nations system. In addition, senior managers throughout the United Nations system should share accountability for results to some extent.", "51. Strengthening monitoring and accountability for results, however, should be considered in the context of complex post-conflict situations. Achieving results in such situations will often require a certain calculated risk. Senior managers must be authorized, and not restricted, to take moderate risks.", "52. I have requested the Department of Management to work with UN-Women to review and improve existing systems for accountability for gender equality immediately after conflict, including accountability for the implementation of my seven-point action plan on women &apos; s participation in peacebuilding. The systems will include regular audits of progress on agreed criteria, such as the indicators of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and senior staff performance assessments. I intend to address the General Assembly in 2012 with a new proposal on accountability for gender equality in post-conflict contexts.", "B. Accountability and accountability", "53. I agree with the Senior Advisory Group that there are critical gaps in the provision of global civilian capacities, and that we must create mechanisms to help bridge those gaps, increase accountability and strengthen substantive leadership. The Senior Advisory Group recommended the establishment of a cluster and sub-group system for critical peacebuilding activities. I support the underlying objective of the Group to provide more effective, accountable and predictable international assistance after a conflict. Capacity gaps represent not only structural weaknesses in international assistance but also urgent needs in countries with different contexts, both within the scope of a mission and in other settings. Our objective should be to ensure that activities in critical areas have access to sufficient detachable capacities, with adequate funding and that there is no duplication. This is necessary to ensure that conflict-affected countries receive the support they need, but also to make the provision of such support more efficient.", "54. Consideration of what the United Nations system should do to strengthen core capacities cannot be separated from the issue of broader international capacities. There is a need for sustained dialogue with Member States and international financial institutions on changing demands and sources of capacity. As a starting point, I have requested the Chairman of the Steering Group to consult with Member States and other civilian capacity providers to establish in detail the demand and the sources of capacity in the priority areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group[18], focusing on the most urgent operational needs (such as security sector reform, police and criminal justice) and taking advantage of the capacity inventory conducted by the Senior Advisory Group. More work needs to be done in these broad areas to identify gaps in critical capacities, some of which include highly specialized functions. The emerging needs and lessons of immediate country situations, such as in South Sudan, will help to demonstrate what gaps are and how best to fill them. Dialogue with Member States and other key actors will also help identify civilian capacity and draw long-term commitments to address gaps. It will serve as a basis for our efforts to clarify responsibility and accountability for the core areas of peacebuilding and give it a new impetus.", "55. I am determined to establish in the United Nations a more practical and flexible approach to this challenge, based on the following elements:", "(a) A focal point for each specific area is required at United Nations Headquarters to identify with what capacities are available and what are missing;", "(b) The role of focal points will be different from areas of activity, in the light of capacities and context;", "(c) In addition to understanding global and country-specific capacities, the focal point for a particular area should identify existing knowledge, assist in bridging knowledge gaps and share best practices and lessons learned. The focal point will be responsible for ensuring that information on relevant commitments, together with the provision of technical assistance for gender mainstreaming and women &apos; s participation, is provided to country partners, in coordination with UN-Women;", "(d) Coordination centres can be an entry point to the United Nations system for field managers seeking capacities, as well as for Member States, service providers and other partners, thereby facilitating the existence of formal and informal networks and information-sharing in each area;", "(e) Accountability and accountability in the provision of capacities in each core area of experience must be tailored to the particular area and must be driven by needs in this area. While there is a need for predictable and deployable capacities in the critical areas, the provisions will be different for individual countries within the same critical area, depending on comparative advantages;", "f) Arrangements in specific country situations should be clear to all. They should be considered at the early stages of planning, taking into account global arrangements and capacities at Headquarters and in the field, and taking advantage of lessons learned, including in terms of efficiency, accountability and results. They must be reviewed when circumstances change. Such clarity will also enable donors to direct their support, with the advice of United Nations managers in the field, to the appropriate implementation entity, avoiding overlap and helping to bridge the gap by directing investments to areas that are not adequately funded.", "56. I have requested the Chairman of the Steering Group, whose members represent entities throughout the United Nations system, to adopt this approach as a priority for the work of the Group in the coming months, beginning with a review of the areas that the Senior Steering Group considered critical capacity gaps and taking advantage of the focal points proposed by the Panel:", "(a) In the area of basic security: disarmament and demobilization, police and security sector reform and governance;", "(b) In the area of justice: penal institutions, criminal justice and judicial and legislative reform;", "(c) In the area of inclusive political processes: political party development and public information;", "(d) In the area of essential government functions: aid coordination, legislative and public finance management;", "(e) In the area of economic revitalization: employment generation, natural resource management and private sector development.", "57. The Steering Group should assess all critical gaps beyond those identified by the Senior Advisory Group. I intend to assess the progress of one year and report thereon to Member States.", "V. Operational and financial implications", "58. In post-conflict volatile situations, it is essential to initiate capacity-building activities without delay in order to avoid the risk of relapse into conflict and to provide critical peace dividends. It is increasingly understood that operational and financial agility to adapt to changing circumstances are essential to provide effective international support. The Senior Advisory Group correctly points out the three areas in which it believes that the United Nations could improve its performance: the capacity of missions to redeployment resources when needs change; the use of the best-equipped entity to fulfil mandated tasks, based on the principle of comparative advantages; and activities to facilitate the flow of resources and their timely input.", "59. Agility is an essential element in the international response to the needs of post-conflict countries, and in particular to enable the United Nations to support the capacity of the State to achieve progress in the early stages, on key issues such as security, justice and basic services. My Special Representatives have the responsibility, and the opportunity, to facilitate these advances beyond the resources they manage as heads of mission, helping to ensure the consistency, complementarity and sequence of international support for the consolidation of peace and the State.", "60. Operational and financial agility is particularly important with respect to design and budget at the start of the mission and immediately thereafter. The mission &apos; s basic design and initial budget are prepared, as indicated by the Senior Advisory Group, in changing circumstances where knowledge on local needs and capacities is limited. The initial plan of the mission should therefore be considered provisional. In recognition of the uncertainty prevailing at this early stage, I proposed a standardized funding model for the initial year of peacekeeping operations, which was approved by the General Assembly.[19] I intend to refine the model to explicitly take into account the changes that my Special Representatives introduce in the mix of civilian capacities, in order to take advantage of the emerging national capacity or have access to experience that is not always easily within the United Nations.", "61. The need to adapt to changing needs and circumstances continues throughout the life of a mission. The assessed budgets for field missions are planned from 10 to 11 months prior to the start of the financial period and contain detailed information on all inputs planned for the next 10 to 24 months. In fact, needs change, especially at the beginning of the post-conflict period. My Special Representatives must have the capacity to make appropriate changes, including to use resources related to vacant posts, if necessary, to address emerging realities. Governments and international organizations use various practices to address these contingencies, such as increased delegation of authority to field presence related to risk management and accountability. While the United Nations has already taken similar measures, there may be much to learn from the assessment of the applicability of such approaches to United Nations field missions.", "62. Current funding arrangements provide for a limited scope for adaptation to changing circumstances. For example, the budget cycle of peacekeeping operations is annual rather than biennial, and the structure of appropriations reflects the view that the General Assembly understands that it is necessary to allow the reallocation of resources. In addition, in accordance with the measures set out in the report &quot; Renewal of the United Nations: a reform programme &quot; (A/51/950), on the delegation of the highest authority to managers, action was taken within the Secretariat in 2002 to increase the authority of peacekeeping operations in resource management within three major categories of expenditure: military and police, civilian personnel and operational costs.", "63. I intend to study how to further improve the way we work within the existing regulatory framework while ensuring the necessary transparency and accountability in relation to decisions taken on the ground. In order to ensure that senior managers are fully aware of the scope and procedures of adjustments during the implementation of an approved budget, we will ensure that training for senior managers addresses this issue and that heads of field missions, programme managers and mission support managers receive the same information.", "64. I also intend to explore the possibility of improving the reporting of information in the proposed peacekeeping budgets in order to provide a more integrated and transparent overview of civilian capacity resources, which will constitute one of the three main categories of expenditure. Accordingly, civilian capacity resources will be presented more clearly to the General Assembly and will be easier to deploy, or redeploy, as required by the mission.", "65. The Senior Advisory Group also noted that the design and budgets of missions do not necessarily provide for implementation by entities with a comparative advantage to perform a particular role. I shall give appropriate directives to heads of field missions and planners to implement the principle of comparative advantage by recommending how to fulfil a mandate. The use of other United Nations actors, for example, to fulfil the mandated and budgeted functions for which they are well-equipped, can offer comparative advantages, including the possibility of cooperating with an entity with a frequent presence in the country or area before deploying a mission, and will likely continue that presence after the end of the mission. Joint cooperative planning, such as the development of an integrated strategic framework, should help identify the comparative advantages of United Nations entities in the field concerned. I will give priority to strengthening the capacity of United Nations entities to plan, cooperate and work in collaboration with respect to post-conflict critical situations.", "66. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group also address gaps in the timely availability of funding that delay the initiation of critical peacebuilding tasks. Noting the differences in funding flows that support the implementation of the mandate and the perceived lack of flexibility in the use of the mandate, the Senior Advisory Group makes a number of recommendations that are interrelated: where civilian capacities within the mission have a comparative advantage to carry out a mandated task, field missions should have the possibility of providing, from assessed budgets, the funds required for the programmes; voluntary contributions in support of missions should still be considered", "67. The idea of United Nations missions carrying out programmatic activities with assessed funds is not new; one example is the joint United Nations programme on community violence reduction supported by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, UNDP and other entities[20]. In some cases, owing to its presence and capabilities, the mission may and should initiate an activity on a task for which voluntary funds are not available or have not yet been mobilized. Such measures should be assessed in the light of comparative advantages in that context, and implementation should be carried out by other actors, always respecting the core competencies and mandates of United Nations entities. As always, the mandate is the starting point for the inclusion of a resource in a proposed budget and its subsequent consideration by the General Assembly.", "68. With regard to how to encourage voluntary contributions to peacebuilding immediately after a conflict, as a complement to the work of missions using assessed budgets, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that the overall expenditures charged by the Secretariat be adjusted to 7 per cent for multi-donor trust funds. The desirability of this idea is easily understood from the point of view of the reduction of competition between entities, based exclusively on the general expenditure rates applied. However, this is a complex issue that requires a review from the perspective of the Organization as a whole, in the context of United Nations policies and arrangements on cost recovery. A central premise of a long-standing policy is that core resources should not be used to subsidize activities attributable to non-core resources.", "69. An internal review of existing practices, dating from 1980, was initiated in 2010. This review is intended to contribute to updating the perspective of extrabudgetary funding in the financial structure of the United Nations. It will serve to clarify the costs to be recovered and the means to do so, and to consider how implementing a cost recovery policy can take into account partnerships and contributions in support of mandated tasks, in addition to contributions to service for others. The scope for aligning United Nations practices with those of other United Nations entities will also be discussed. This review is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2012. I intend to keep the General Assembly informed of progress in this area.", "70. The Senior Advisory Group also recommended that the access of agencies, funds and programmes to rapid-response funding be improved, taking advantage of the innovations introduced in the World Food Programme and UNDP. I urge Member States to study these mechanisms and accelerate funding for United Nations agencies, funds and programmes for recovery, transition and development phases, in order to reduce financial deficiencies, especially in post-conflict critical environments.", "VI. Conclusions and observations", "71. It is generally recognized that the international community, and the United Nations in particular, can and should improve their delivery of civilian capacities in a rapid and effective manner to conflict-affected countries. Those same States requested a change. In the context of the International Dialogue on Peace-Building and the State, g7+[21] has proposed a new approach to providing international assistance to fragile States, which generates results in line with the objectives of peacebuilding and the State, which is more transparent, flexible and effective, and which reinforces (more than doubled) national and local capacities and institutions[22].", "72. The Senior Advisory Group made valuable suggestions on how to achieve that objective. His report covers a wide range of interrelated issues, which have an influence on how we find and deploy civilian capacities. I have also listened carefully to the views of Member States in the General Assembly, the Peacebuilding Commission and the Security Council. I welcome the participation of Member States, and their support for the idea that activities emphasize national needs and priorities, and for a demand-driven response to the recommendations contained in the report.", "73. Those challenges do not affect the United Nations alone, but since the United Nations leads or coordinates much of international assistance in conflict-affected countries, we have a particular responsibility to move to action. In the present report, I set some first priorities for action. In order to move forward, I have requested the Chairman of the Steering Group to ensure the full participation of country-specific task forces, heads of missions and United Nations country teams. Their participation will help identify opportunities for testing ideas and approaches, particularly in countries with new missions or with existing missions with new mandates (as is the case in Cote d’Ivoire and South Sudan), as well as in environments other than post-conflict or crisis missions.", "74. I believe that I should give priority to progress in areas covered by my own authority or by the executive heads of the United Nations. However, this is a collective enterprise, in which Member States, international financial institutions and the wider group of stakeholders in peacebuilding should participate: civil society, academia and the private sector. The approach therefore emphasizes the development of proposals in collaboration with others. I appreciate the support of the Peacebuilding Commission. I will take advantage of its continued participation and that of the consultative group of Member States, particularly in the proposed dialogue with Member States to analyse the supply and demand for specific capacities. The experience of leaders who have faced civil capacity challenges at Headquarters and in the field is very valuable, and I will also continue to build on the experience of the Senior Advisory Group. Finally, activities within the United Nations should take into account other initiatives, in particular through the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and State, g7+ and the implementation of the World Development Report.", "75. The present report focuses on what the United Nations can do at this time, but goes beyond the expansion of partnerships and considers new activities for the future. I intend to revisit Member States in 2012 on progress and other initiatives that may be necessary, including any that might require a decision of the General Assembly. In the meantime, I will continue to leverage the support and cooperation of all our partners in the work to realize our common goals.", "[1] The United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) is developing capacity-building strategies as a basis for its programmes in South Sudan, emphasizing results and exit strategies.", "[2] National staff training is a priority shared by the Government of Timor-Leste and the United Nations Integrated Mission. Mission training courses and facilities are available to government ministries and other national institutions to the extent resources permit.", "[3] As in the case of the new mission in South Sudan.", "[4] As the Ghana peace infrastructure supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[5] See A/63/881-S/2009/304, para. 46.", "[6] See Security Council resolution 1996 (2011), para. 22.", "[7] This is particularly important for humanitarian agencies that base their responses on the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence, which, in some cases, may make shared premises not appropriate.", "[8] For example, the activities of UNICEF to transfer knowledge and skills in the health sector to Afghanistan and the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to aid management in Nepal and the electoral commission in Liberia.", "[9] Under the Purchases for Progress initiative, the World Food Programme has acquired corn in South Sudan to provide food to Congolese and Central African refugees in South Sudan.", "[10] As you have, for example, Peace Dividend Trust in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan.", "[11] The political impact of local procurement should also be taken into account. If the greatest local acquisitions tend to concentrate wealth on a few powerful, inequality and tensions in a society emerging from conflict can be increased without want.", "[12] For example, Indonesia &apos; s experience in mediation; the experience of Latin American countries in urban and criminal violence; Bangladesh &apos; s experience in promoting women &apos; s empowerment in areas such as microcredit and community health; and South Africa &apos; s electoral and mediation experience in Burundi.", "[13] As the roster of experts available to the United Nations Office for Project Services on its mine action services.", "[14] Like Brazil &apos; s economic revitalization projects in Angola or the South Africa-Germany partnership in support of judicial and legal training in South Sudan.", "[15] For example, the Brazilian non-governmental organization Igarapé is developing a list of civilian experts for peace operations, with the support of the Governments of Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "[16] To build on the experience of humanitarian crisis response models, including those established by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNDP, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund.", "[17] An example of ongoing efforts to improve the training of senior managers is the training programme for specific missions, from 5 to 8 days, which is being developed by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for the heads of military components.", "[18] Basic security, justice, inclusive political processes, basic government functions and economic revitalization.", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 65/289.", "[20] Other areas of mandates with special programme funds include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, public information, mine action and quick-impact projects.", "[21] The g7+ is an open group of countries that are in or out of conflict, established in 2008, consisting of Afghanistan, Burundi, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, the Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.", "[22] See the road map of Monrovia agreed at the Second International Dialogue on Peace and State Consolidation, 15-16 June 2011, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "¹ Hay tres vacantes para Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados, para miembros cuyos mandatos comenzarían en la fecha de la elección y terminarían el 31 de diciembre de 2011, y una vacante para Estados de Asia, para un miembro cuyo mandato comenzaría en la fecha de la elección y terminaría el 31 de diciembre de 2013.", "Tema 114 a) del programa provisional*", "Elecciones para llenar vacantes en órganos subsidiarios y otras elecciones", "Elección de veinte miembros del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación", "Nota del Secretario General", "1. De acuerdo con la resolución 2008 (LX) del Consejo Económico y Social y la decisión 42/450 de la Asamblea General, los miembros del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación son propuestos por el Consejo y elegidos por la Asamblea.", "2. La composición del Comité en 2011 es la siguiente (el mandato expira el 31 de diciembre del año indicado)¹: Antigua y Barbuda (2013), Argelia (2013), Argentina (2011), Armenia (2011), Belarús (2011), Benin (2013), Brasil (2011), China (2013), Comoras (2012 ), Cuba (2011), Eritrea (2013), España (2011), Federación de Rusia (2012), Francia (2012), Guinea (2011), Haití (2012), India (2011), Irán (República Islámica del) (2011), Israel (2012), Italia (2011), Kazajstán (2011), Namibia (2012), Nigeria (2011), Pakistán (2011), República Centroafricana (2011), República de Corea (2013), Sudáfrica (2011), Ucrania (2011), Uruguay (2011) Venezuela (República Bolivariana de) (2012).", "3. La Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, deberá elegir 20 miembros, a propuesta del Consejo Económico y Social, para cubrir vacantes en el Comité que se producirán el 31 de diciembre de 2011 al concluir los mandatos de los siguientes miembros: Argentina, Armenia, Belarús, Brasil, Cuba, España, Guinea, India, Irán (República Islámica del), Italia, Kazajstán, Nigeria, Pakistán, República Centroafricana, Sudáfrica, Ucrania y Uruguay.", "4. De acuerdo con la decisión 42/450 de la Asamblea General, las vacantes se cubrirán de la siguiente manera:", "a) Cuatro miembros de los Estados de África;", "b) Cuatro miembros de los Estados de Asia;", "c) Tres miembros de los Estados de Europa Oriental;", "d) Cuatro miembros de los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe;", "e) Cinco miembros de los Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados.", "5. En su decisión 2011/201 B, el Consejo Económico y Social presentó las candidaturas de los 12 Estados Miembros siguientes para que la Asamblea General los eligiera en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, para un mandato de tres años que comenzaría el 1 de enero de 2012: Argentina, Belarús, Brasil, Bulgaria, Camerún, Cuba, Irán (República Islámica del), Malasia, Pakistán, República de Moldova, Uruguay y Zimbabwe.", "6. La distribución geográfica de los Estados Miembros propuestos es la siguiente:", "a) Estados de África (cuatro vacantes): Camerún y Zimbabwe[1];", "b) Estados de Asia (cuatro vacantes): Irán (República Islámica del), Malasia y Pakistán²;", "c) Estados de Europa Oriental (tres vacantes): Belarús, Bulgaria y República de Moldova;", "d) América Latina y el Caribe (cuatro vacantes): Argentina, Brasil, Cuba y Uruguay;", "e) Europa Occidental y otros Estados (cinco vacantes)².", "[1] El Consejo aplazó la presentación de la candidatura de dos miembros de los Estados de África, un miembro de los Estados de Asia y cinco miembros de Europa Occidental y otros Estados para su elección por la Asamblea General para un mandato de tres años que comenzaría el 1 de enero de 2012 (decisión 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly decision 42/450, the members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination are nominated by the Council and elected by the Assembly.", "2. The membership of the Committee in 2011 is as follows (the term of office expires on 31 December in the year indicated):[1] Algeria (2013); Antigua and Barbuda (2013); Argentina (2011); Armenia (2011); Belarus (2011); Benin (2013); Brazil (2011); Central African Republic (2011); China (2013); Comoros (2012); Cuba (2011); Eritrea (2013); France (2012); Guinea (2011); Haiti (2012); India (2011); Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2011); Israel (2012); Italy (2011); Kazakhstan (2011); Namibia (2012); Nigeria (2011); Pakistan (2011); Republic of Korea (2013); Russian Federation (2012); South Africa (2011); Spain (2011); Ukraine (2011); Uruguay (2011); and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2012).", "3. The General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, will be called upon to elect 20 members, on the nomination of the Economic and Social Council, to fill the vacancies in the Committee that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of office of the following members: Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, Central African Republic, Cuba, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine and Uruguay.", "4. In accordance with General Assembly decision 42/450, the vacancies are to be filled as follows:", "(a) Four members from African States;", "(b) Four members from Asian States;", "(c) Three members from Eastern European States;", "(d) Four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;", "(e) Five members from Western European and other States.", "5. By its decision 2011/201 B, the Economic and Social Council nominated the following 12 Member States for election by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012: Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cuba, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of Moldova, Uruguay and Zimbabwe.", "6. The geographical distribution of the nominated Member States is as follows:", "(a) African States (four vacancies): Cameroon and Zimbabwe;[2]", "(b) Asian States (four vacancies): Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia and Pakistan;²", "(c) Eastern European States (three vacancies): Belarus, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova;", "(d) Latin American and Caribbean States (four vacancies): Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay;", "(e) Western European and other States (five vacancies).²", "[1] * A/66/150.", "There are three vacancies for Western European and other States, for members whose terms of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2011, and one vacancy for Asian States, for a member whose term of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2013.", "[2] The Council postponed the nomination of two members from African States, one member from Asian States and five members from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 (decision 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "1 There are three vacancies for Western European and other States, for members whose mandates would begin on the date of election and terminate on 31 December 2011, and one vacancy for Asian States, for a member whose term would begin on the date of election and expiate on 31 December 2013.", "Item 114 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly decision 42/450, the members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination are nominated by the Council and elected by the Assembly.", "2. The composition of the Committee in 2011 is as follows (the terms of reference expire on 31 December of the year indicated)1: Antigua and Barbuda (2013), Argentina (2011), Armenia (2011), Belarus (2011), Benin (2013), Brazil (2011), China (2013), Comoros (2012 ), Cuba (2011), Eritrea (2013), Spain (2011), France (2012), Guinea (2011), Haiti (2012), India (2011), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2011), Israel (2012), Italy (2011), Kazakhstan (2011), Namibia (2012)", "3. The General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, shall elect 20 members, on the proposal of the Economic and Social Council, to fill vacancies in the Committee to be held on 31 December 2011 at the conclusion of the terms of office of the following members: Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, Cuba, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Ukraine and Uruguay.", "4. In accordance with General Assembly decision 42/450, vacancies will be filled as follows:", "(a) Four members from African States;", "(b) Four members from Asian States;", "(c) Three members from Eastern European States;", "(d) Four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;", "(e) Five members from Western European and other States.", "5. In its decision 2011/201 B, the Economic and Social Council submitted the nominations of the following 12 Member States for election by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012: Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cuba, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of Moldova, Uruguay and Zimbabwe.", "6. The geographical distribution of the proposed Member States is as follows:", "(a) African States (four vacancies): Cameroon and Zimbabwe[1];", "(b) Asian States (four vacancies): Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia and Pakistan;2", "(c) Eastern European States (three vacancies): Belarus, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova;", "(d) Latin America and the Caribbean (four vacancies): Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay;", "(e) Western Europe and other States (five vacancies).2", "[1] The Council postponed the nomination of two members from African States, one member from Asian States and five members from Western Europe and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 (decision 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 16 de septiembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/360)]", "66/1. Credenciales de los representantes en el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo examinado el informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes[1] y la recomendación que en él figura,", "Aprueba el informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes.", "2ª sesión plenaria 16 de septiembre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/360." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/360)]", "66/1. Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Credentials Committee[1] and the recommendation contained therein,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "2nd plenary meeting 16 September 2011", "[1]  A/66/360." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/360)]", "66/1. Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Credentials Committee[1] and the recommendation contained therein,", "Adopts the report of the Credentials Committee.", "2nd plenary meeting 16 September 2011", "[1] A/66/360." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 19 de septiembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. Declaración política de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles", "La Asamblea General", "Aprueba la Declaración política de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles, que figura en el anexo de la presente resolución.", "3ª sesión plenaria 19 de septiembre de 2011", "Anexo", "Declaración política de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles", "Nosotros, los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno y los representantes de Estados y Gobiernos reunidos en las Naciones Unidas los días 19 y 20 de septiembre de 2011 para examinar la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles en todo el mundo, centrándonos particularmente en los problemas de desarrollo y de otra índole que plantean y en sus repercusiones sociales y económicas, especialmente para los países en desarrollo,", "1. Reconocemos que la carga y la amenaza que representan las enfermedades no transmisibles a nivel mundial se cuentan entre los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo en el siglo XXI, socavan el desarrollo social y económico en todo el mundo y ponen en peligro la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente;", "2. Reconocemos que las enfermedades no transmisibles son una amenaza para la economía de muchos Estados Miembros y pueden aumentar las desigualdades entre países y poblaciones;", "3. Reconocemos que recae en los gobiernos la función y la responsabilidad primordiales de responder al reto que plantean las enfermedades no transmisibles, y que la participación y el compromiso de todos los sectores de la sociedad son esenciales a fin de generar respuestas eficaces para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "4. Reconocemos también el importante papel que desempeñan la comunidad internacional y la cooperación internacional cuando se trata de prestar asistencia a los Estados Miembros, en particular a los países en desarrollo, y complementar los esfuerzos nacionales para generar una respuesta eficaz a las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "5. Reafirmamos el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental;", "6. Reconocemos la urgente necesidad de adoptar medidas de mayor alcance en los planos mundial, regional y nacional para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles con el fin de contribuir al pleno ejercicio del derecho de toda persona al más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental;", "7. Recordamos los mandatos pertinentes de la Asamblea General, en particular las resoluciones 64/265, de 13 de mayo de 2010, y 65/238, de 24 de diciembre de 2010;", "8. Observamos con aprecio el Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco[1], reafirmamos todas las resoluciones y decisiones aprobadas por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en relación con la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles y subrayamos la importancia de que los Estados Miembros sigan haciendo frente a los factores de riesgo comunes de las enfermedades no transmisibles llevando a la práctica el Plan de Acción 2008‑2013 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para aplicar la Estrategia mundial para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles[2], así como la Estrategia Mundial sobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud[3] y la Estrategia mundial para reducir el uso nocivo del alcohol[4];", "9. Recordamos la declaración ministerial aprobada en la serie de sesiones de alto nivel del Consejo Económico y Social celebrada en 2009[5], en que se pidieron medidas urgentes destinadas a aplicar la Estrategia mundial para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles y el Plan de Acción correspondiente;", "10. Tomamos nota con aprecio de todas las iniciativas regionales emprendidas para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles, incluidas la Declaración de los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de la Comunidad del Caribe que lleva por título “Uniting to stop the epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases” (Unidos para detener la epidemia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles), aprobada en septiembre de 2007, la Declaración de Libreville sobre Salud y Medio Ambiente en África, aprobada en agosto de 2008, la declaración de los Jefes de Gobierno del Commonwealth sobre medidas para luchar contra las enfermedades no transmisibles, aprobada en noviembre de 2009, la declaración de compromiso de la quinta Cumbre de las Américas, aprobada en junio de 2009, la Declaración de Parma sobre Medio Ambiente y Salud, aprobada por los Estados miembros de la región europea de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en marzo de 2010, la Declaración de Dubai sobre la diabetes y las enfermedades no transmisibles crónicas en la región del Oriente Medio y África Septentrional, aprobada en diciembre de 2010, la Carta Europea contra la Obesidad, aprobada en noviembre de 2006, el Llamado de acción concertada de Aruba sobre Obesidad, de junio de 2011, y el Comunicado de Honiara sobre los desafíos de las enfermedades no transmisibles en la región del Pacífico, aprobado en julio de 2011;", "11. Tomamos nota con aprecio también de los resultados de las consultas regionales multisectoriales, incluida la aprobación de declaraciones ministeriales, que celebró la Organización Mundial de la Salud en colaboración con los Estados Miembros y con el apoyo y la participación activa de las comisiones regionales y otros organismos y entidades pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, y que sirvieron para hacer aportaciones a los preparativos de la reunión de alto nivel de conformidad con la resolución 65/238;", "12. Acogemos con beneplácito la celebración de la primera Conferencia Ministerial Mundial sobre Modos de Vida Sanos y Lucha contra las Enfermedades No Transmisibles, que organizaron la Federación de Rusia y la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se celebró los días 28 y 29 de abril de 2011 en Moscú, y la aprobación de la Declaración de Moscú[6], y recordamos la resolución 64.11 de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud[7];", "13. Reconocemos el papel rector de la Organización Mundial de la Salud como principal organismo especializado en el sector de la salud, así como las funciones que le competen en cuanto a la política sanitaria de conformidad con su mandato, y reafirmamos la función de liderazgo y coordinación que desempeña en la promoción y el seguimiento de la acción mundial contra las enfermedades no transmisibles en relación con la labor de otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas, bancos de desarrollo y otras organizaciones regionales e internacionales competentes en la lucha contra las enfermedades no transmisibles de manera coordinada;", "Un desafío de proporciones epidémicas y sus repercusiones socioeconómicas y para el desarrollo", "14. Observamos con profunda preocupación que, según estimó la Organización Mundial de la Salud, de los 57 millones de muertes registradas en el mundo en 2008, 36 millones se debieron a enfermedades no transmisibles, principalmente enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, enfermedades respiratorias crónicas y diabetes, que esta cifra incluye cerca de 9 millones de personas fallecidas antes de los 60 años y que casi el 80% de esas muertes ocurrieron en países en desarrollo;", "15. Observamos con profunda preocupación también que las enfermedades no transmisibles figuran entre las principales causas de morbilidad prevenible y discapacidad conexa;", "16. Reconocemos que las enfermedades transmisibles, las afecciones maternas y perinatales y las deficiencias nutricionales son actualmente las causas más comunes de muerte en África, y observamos con preocupación la creciente carga doble de morbilidad, en particular en África, causada por el rápido aumento de la incidencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles, que, según se prevé, para 2030 se habrán convertido en las causas más comunes de muerte;", "17. Observamos que existen diversas enfermedades y afecciones no transmisibles cuyos factores de riesgo, así como las medidas preventivas y de detección, el tratamiento y el cuidado necesarios, guardan relación con las cuatro enfermedades no transmisibles más importantes;", "18. Reconocemos que los trastornos mentales y neurológicos, incluida la enfermedad de Alzheimer, son una causa importante de morbilidad y contribuyen a la carga mundial que representan las enfermedades no transmisibles, y que es necesario proporcionar un acceso equitativo a los programas e intervenciones eficaces de salud en ese ámbito;", "19. Reconocemos que las enfermedades renales, bucodentales y oculares constituyen una carga importante para el sector de la salud de muchos países, y que estas enfermedades comparten factores de riesgo y pueden beneficiarse de las respuestas comunes a las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "20. Reconocemos que las enfermedades no transmisibles más destacadas están relacionadas con factores de riesgo comunes, a saber, el consumo de tabaco, el uso nocivo del alcohol, una dieta malsana y la inactividad física;", "21. Reconocemos que las condiciones en que viven las personas y su estilo de vida influyen en su salud y calidad de vida, y que la pobreza, la distribución desigual de la riqueza, la falta de educación, la rápida urbanización y el envejecimiento de la población, así como los determinantes económicos, sociales, de género, políticos, de comportamiento y ambientales, son factores que contribuyen a la creciente incidencia y prevalencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "22. Observamos con grave preocupación el círculo vicioso en el que las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo aumentan la pobreza, al tiempo que la pobreza contribuye a aumentar las tasas de las enfermedades no transmisibles, lo cual amenaza la salud pública y el desarrollo económico y social;", "23. Observamos con preocupación que el alcance de las enfermedades no transmisibles está aumentando rápidamente y afecta a personas de todas las edades, sexo, raza e ingresos, que los pobres y los que viven en situación de vulnerabilidad, en particular en los países en desarrollo, soportan una carga desproporcionada, y que estas enfermedades pueden afectar a las mujeres y los hombres de manera diferente;", "24. Observamos con preocupación el aumento de la obesidad en diferentes regiones, en particular entre los niños y jóvenes, y observamos que la obesidad, una dieta malsana y la inactividad física están muy relacionadas con las cuatro principales enfermedades no transmisibles y se asocian a mayores costos sanitarios y una menor productividad;", "25. Expresamos profunda preocupación porque las mujeres soportan una parte desproporcionada de la carga que representa la prestación de cuidados y porque, en algunas poblaciones, las mujeres tienden a ser menos activas físicamente que los hombres, son más propensas a la obesidad y empiezan a fumar a un ritmo alarmante;", "26. Observamos con preocupación también que no es posible desvincular la salud maternoinfantil de las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo, específicamente porque la malnutrición prenatal y el bajo peso al nacer predisponen a la obesidad, la presión arterial alta, las enfermedades cardíacas y la diabetes en el futuro, y que algunas afecciones del embarazo, como la obesidad materna y la diabetes gestacional, se asocian a riesgos similares para la madre y los hijos;", "27. Observamos con preocupación los posibles vínculos entre las enfermedades no transmisibles y algunas enfermedades transmisibles como el VIH/SIDA y pedimos que las respuestas al VIH/SIDA se integren con las respuestas a las enfermedades no transmisibles, según proceda, y, en este sentido, que se preste atención a las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA, especialmente en los países con una gran prevalencia de VIH/SIDA, de acuerdo con las prioridades nacionales;", "28. Reconocemos que la exposición al humo de las cocinas y estufas ineficientes utilizadas para guisar o calentar en interiores contribuye a las enfermedades pulmonares y respiratorias y puede agravarlas, y que esa exposición afecta desproporcionadamente a las mujeres y los niños de las poblaciones pobres cuyos hogares pueden depender de esos combustibles;", "29. Reconocemos también que existen desigualdades significativas en la carga que representan las enfermedades no transmisibles y en el acceso a la prevención y al control de esas enfermedades, tanto entre los países como dentro de los países y las comunidades;", "30. Reconocemos la importancia fundamental de que se fortalezcan los sistemas de salud, en particular la infraestructura de los servicios de salud, los recursos humanos para los servicios de salud y los sistemas de protección social y sanitaria, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, con el fin de responder de manera eficaz y equitativa a las necesidades de atención de la salud de las personas aquejadas de enfermedades no transmisibles;", "31. Observamos con grave preocupación que las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo hacen aumentar la carga que soportan las personas, familias y comunidades, incluido el empobrecimiento debido a tratamientos largos y a los costos de la atención, y también conducen a una pérdida de productividad que pone en peligro los ingresos de los hogares y merma la productividad de las personas, de sus familias y de las economías de los Estados Miembros, lo que convierte las enfermedades no transmisibles en un factor que contribuye a la pobreza y al hambre y puede tener consecuencias directas para el logro de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;", "32. Expresamos profunda preocupación por los efectos negativos que tienen la crisis financiera y económica, los precios inestables de la energía y los alimentos y las inquietudes actuales relacionadas con la seguridad alimentaria, así como por los crecientes desafíos que plantean el cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad, y por sus efectos en la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, y ponemos de relieve, a este respecto, la necesidad de adoptar con diligencia medidas firmes, coordinadas y multisectoriales para combatir esos efectos, sobre la base de la labor que ya se está realizando;", "Responder al desafío: una labor de todo el gobierno y toda la sociedad", "33. Reconocemos que el aumento de la prevalencia, morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades no transmisibles en todo el mundo puede prevenirse y controlarse en gran medida con una acción colectiva y multisectorial de todos los Estados Miembros y otras partes interesadas a nivel local, nacional, regional y mundial, y con la asignación de un mayor grado de prioridad a las enfermedades no transmisibles en la cooperación para el desarrollo, intensificando tal cooperación a este respecto;", "34. Reconocemos que la prevención debe ser la piedra angular de la respuesta mundial a las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "35. Reconocemos también la importancia fundamental de que se reduzca el grado de exposición de las personas y poblaciones a los factores de riesgo comunes modificables de las enfermedades no transmisibles, a saber, el consumo de tabaco, una dieta malsana, la inactividad física y el uso nocivo del alcohol, así como sus determinantes, fortaleciendo al mismo tiempo la capacidad de las personas y las poblaciones para adoptar decisiones más saludables y modos de vida que propicien la buena salud;", "36. Reconocemos que la prevención y el control eficaces de las enfermedades no transmisibles requieren liderazgo y enfoques multisectoriales de la sanidad a nivel de gobierno, es decir, incluir la salud, según proceda, en todas las políticas y enfoques que abarquen todo el gobierno en sectores como los de la salud, la educación, la energía, la agricultura, los deportes, el transporte, las comunicaciones, el urbanismo, el medio ambiente, el trabajo, el empleo, la industria y el comercio, las finanzas y el desarrollo social y económico;", "37. Reconocemos la contribución de todas las partes interesadas, incluidas las personas, familias y comunidades, las organizaciones intergubernamentales y las instituciones religiosas, la sociedad civil, las entidades académicas, los medios de comunicación, las asociaciones de voluntarios y, según el caso, el sector privado y la industria, y el importante papel que desempeñan en el apoyo a los esfuerzos nacionales para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles, y reconocemos la necesidad de seguir apoyando el fortalecimiento de la coordinación entre estas partes interesadas con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de dichos esfuerzos;", "38. Reconocemos el conflicto fundamental de intereses entre la industria del tabaco y la salud pública;", "39. Reconocemos que la incidencia y las repercusiones de las enfermedades no transmisibles pueden prevenirse o reducirse en gran medida con un enfoque que incorpore intervenciones multisectoriales con base empírica, asequibles, eficaces en función del costo y que beneficien a toda la población;", "40. Reconocemos que los recursos destinados a la lucha contra los desafíos que plantean las enfermedades no transmisibles a nivel nacional, regional e internacional no se corresponden con la magnitud del problema;", "41. Reconocemos la importancia de que se fortalezca la capacidad local, provincial, nacional y regional para afrontar y combatir eficazmente las enfermedades no transmisibles, en particular en los países en desarrollo, y que ello puede requerir un aumento sostenido de los recursos humanos, financieros y técnicos;", "42. Reconocemos la necesidad de que se proponga un enfoque multisectorial de la sanidad en todos los niveles de gobierno, a fin de responder a los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles y los factores determinantes básicos de la salud de forma integral y decisiva;", "Las enfermedades no transmisibles pueden prevenirse y sus efectos pueden reducirse considerablemente, salvando así millones de vidas y evitando sufrimientos indecibles. Por lo tanto, nos comprometemos a:", "Reducir los factores de riesgo y crear entornos que promuevan la salud", "43. Promover la ejecución de intervenciones multisectoriales eficaces en función del costo que beneficien a toda la población para reducir los efectos de los factores de riesgo comunes de las enfermedades no transmisibles, a saber, el consumo de tabaco, la dieta malsana, la inactividad física y el uso nocivo del alcohol, mediante la aplicación de acuerdos y estrategias internacionales pertinentes y de medidas educativas, legislativas, reglamentarias y fiscales, sin perjuicio del derecho de las naciones soberanas a determinar y establecer sus políticas fiscales y de otra índole, según proceda, implicando a todos los sectores pertinentes, a la sociedad civil y a las comunidades que corresponda y adoptando las siguientes medidas:", "a) Alentar la elaboración de políticas públicas multisectoriales que creen entornos equitativos de promoción de la salud que empoderen a las personas, las familias y las comunidades para que adopten decisiones saludables y lleven vidas saludables;", "b) Formular, reforzar y aplicar, según proceda, políticas y planes de acción públicos multisectoriales que promuevan la educación y los conocimientos sobre la salud por medios como las estrategias y programas de información y educación con base empírica dentro y fuera de las escuelas y campañas de concienciación pública, como factores importantes para promover la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, reconociendo que en muchos países apenas se ha comenzado a hacer hincapié en los conocimientos sobre la salud;", "c) Acelerar la aplicación por los Estados partes del Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco, reconociendo la serie completa de medidas, incluidas las encaminadas a reducir el consumo y la disponibilidad, y alentar a los países que aún no lo hayan hecho a que consideren la posibilidad de adherirse al Convenio, reconociendo que reducir sustancialmente el consumo de tabaco es una contribución importante a la reducción de las enfermedades no transmisibles y puede aportar considerables beneficios a las personas y a los países en materia de salud y que las medidas relativas a precios e impuestos son un medio eficaz e importante de reducir el consumo de tabaco;", "d) Promover la aplicación de la Estrategia Mundial sobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud, entre otros medios, según proceda, introduciendo políticas y medidas encaminadas a promover dietas sanas y a aumentar la actividad física de toda la población que abarquen todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana, por ejemplo, dando prioridad a clases de educación física periódicas e intensas en las escuelas, la planificación y reestructuración urbanas para el transporte activo, el ofrecimiento de incentivos para que se ejecuten programas sobre estilos de vida sanos en el lugar de trabajo y el aumento de los entornos seguros en los parques y espacios de recreo públicos para alentar la actividad física;", "e) Promover la aplicación de la Estrategia mundial para reducir el uso nocivo del alcohol, reconociendo al mismo tiempo la necesidad de formular planes de acción nacionales apropiados, en consulta con los interesados pertinentes, para elaborar políticas y programas específicos, teniendo en cuenta toda la serie de opciones señaladas en la Estrategia mundial, así como concienciar sobre los problemas que causa el uso nocivo del alcohol, particularmente entre los jóvenes, y exhortar a la Organización Mundial de la Salud a que intensifique los esfuerzos por ayudar a los Estados Miembros a ese respecto;", "f) Promover la aplicación del Conjunto de recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre la promoción de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas dirigida a los niños[8], incluidos los alimentos con alto contenido de grasas saturadas, ácidos transgrasos, azúcares libres o sal, reconociendo que los estudios han demostrado que la publicidad de alimentos dirigida a los niños tiene un gran alcance, que una parte importante de la promoción se centra en alimentos de alto contenido de grasas, azúcar o sal y que la publicidad televisiva influye en las preferencias alimentarias de los niños, lo que piden que se les compre y sus modalidades de consumo, y teniendo en cuenta al mismo tiempo la legislación y las políticas nacionales vigentes, según proceda;", "g) Promover la formulación e iniciar la aplicación, según proceda, de intervenciones eficaces en función del costo para reducir la sal, el azúcar y las grasas saturadas y eliminar las grasas trans de producción industrial que contienen los alimentos, por medios como desalentando la producción y promoción de alimentos que fomenten una dieta malsana, teniendo en cuenta al mismo tiempo la legislación y las políticas vigentes;", "h) Alentar la adopción de políticas favorables a la producción y fabricación de alimentos que promuevan una dieta sana y a la facilitación del acceso a ellos y ofrecer mayores oportunidades de utilizar alimentos y productos agrícolas locales saludables, contribuyendo así a los esfuerzos por afrontar los problemas y aprovechar las oportunidades asociados a la globalización y alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria;", "i) Promover, proteger y apoyar la lactancia materna, en particular la lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros seis meses de vida, según proceda, pues reduce la susceptibilidad a las infecciones y el riesgo de desnutrición, promueve el crecimiento y el desarrollo del lactante y del niño pequeño y ayuda a reducir el riesgo de padecer más adelante afecciones como la obesidad y las enfermedades no transmisibles, y, a ese respecto, reforzar la aplicación del Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sucedáneos de la Leche Materna[9] y las resoluciones posteriores pertinentes de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud;", "j) Promover un mayor acceso a la vacunación eficaz en función del costo para prevenir las infecciones relacionadas con el cáncer, como parte de los programas nacionales de inmunización;", "k) Promover un mayor acceso a programas eficaces en función del costo para la detección del cáncer, según lo determinen las situaciones nacionales;", "l) Ampliar, cuando proceda, la escala de un conjunto de intervenciones que hayan resultado eficaces, como los enfoques de promoción de la salud y de prevención primaria, e impulsar medidas de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles mediante una respuesta mutisectorial significativa, encarando los factores de riesgo y los determinantes de la salud;", "44. Con miras a reforzar su contribución a la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, exhortar al sector privado, cuando proceda, a:", "a) Adoptar medidas para aplicar el conjunto de recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud encaminadas a reducir los efectos de la promoción de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas malsanos dirigida a los niños, teniendo en cuenta al mismo tiempo la legislación y las políticas nacionales vigentes;", "b) Considerar la posibilidad de producir y promover un mayor número de productos alimentarios que formen parte de una dieta sana, incluso reformulando los productos para ofrecer opciones más saludables que sean asequibles y accesibles y se ajusten a las normas pertinentes en cuanto a la información nutricional y al etiquetado, incluida la información sobre el contenido de azúcares, sal y grasas, y, cuando proceda, grasas trans;", "c) Promover y crear un entorno que propicie conductas saludables entre los trabajadores, lo que incluye establecer lugares de trabajo libres de tabaco y entornos laborales seguros y saludables mediante la adopción de medidas de salud y de seguridad ocupacionales, y, cuando proceda, buenas prácticas institucionales, programas de promoción de la salud en el lugar de trabajo y planes de seguro médico;", "d) Procurar reducir la utilización de sal en la industria alimentaria para disminuir el consumo de sodio;", "e) Contribuir a los esfuerzos por hacer más accesibles y asequibles los medicamentos y la tecnología de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "Reforzar las políticas y los sistemas de salud nacionales", "45. Promover, establecer o apoyar y reforzar para 2013, según proceda, las políticas y planes nacionales multisectoriales de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, teniendo en cuenta, según proceda, el Plan de Acción 2008‑2013 para aplicar la Estrategia mundial de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles y los objetivos que en él figuran y tomar medidas para aplicar esas políticas y planes:", "a) Reforzar las políticas y programas relativos a las enfermedades no transmisibles e integrarlos, según proceda, en los procesos de planificación sanitaria y la agenda de desarrollo nacional de cada Estado Miembro;", "b) Proceder, según corresponda, al fortalecimiento amplio de sistemas de salud que favorezcan la atención primaria de la salud y proporcionen respuestas eficaces, sostenibles y coordinadas y servicios esenciales con base empírica, eficaces en función del costo, equitativos e integrados para encarar los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles y para prevenir esas enfermedades y tratar y atender a quienes las padecen, reconociendo la importancia de promover el empoderamiento y la rehabilitación de las personas aquejadas de enfermedades no transmisibles y los cuidados paliativos para esas personas, así como un enfoque de atención durante toda la vida, habida cuenta de que esas enfermedades suelen ser crónicas;", "c) Con arreglo a las prioridades nacionales y teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias internas, aumentar las asignaciones presupuestarias destinadas a encarar los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles y a realizar actividades de vigilancia, prevención, detección precoz y tratamiento de esas enfermedades, así como dispensar la atención y el apoyo conexos, incluidos los cuidados paliativos, y dar prioridad a esas asignaciones;", "d) Estudiar la facilitación de recursos suficientes de forma previsible y sostenida por cauces internos, bilaterales, regionales y multilaterales, incluidos los mecanismos financieros tradicionales y los mecanismos voluntarios innovadores;", "e) Adoptar y promover enfoques basados en el género para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles fundados en datos desglosados por sexo y por edad a fin de encarar las diferencias críticas entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto al riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad a causa de esas enfermedades;", "f) Promover la participación de múltiples sectores e interesados para invertir, detener y reducir las tendencias crecientes a la obesidad de las poblaciones de niños, jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente;", "g) Reconocer que, cuando existen disparidades entre los pueblos indígenas y las poblaciones no indígenas en cuanto a la incidencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo comunes, esas disparidades suelen estar vinculadas a factores históricos, económicos y sociales, y alentar la participación de los pueblos y las comunidades indígenas en la formulación, aplicación y evaluación de políticas, planes y programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, según proceda, promoviendo al mismo tiempo el desarrollo y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad a diversos niveles y reconociendo el patrimonio cultural y los conocimientos tradicionales de los pueblos indígenas y respetando, preservando y promoviendo, según proceda, su medicina tradicional, incluida la conservación de sus plantas, animales y minerales medicinales vitales;", "h) Reconocer en mayor medida el potencial y la contribución de los conocimientos tradicionales y locales, y, a ese respecto, respetar y preservar, de conformidad con la capacidad, las prioridades, la legislación pertinente y las circunstancias nacionales, los conocimientos y la utilización segura y eficaz de la medicina, los tratamientos y las prácticas tradicionales, basándose, según proceda, en las circunstancias imperantes en cada país;", "i) Realizar todos los esfuerzos necesarios para fortalecer las respuestas amplias, sostenibles, eficaces en función del costo e impulsadas por cada país en todos los sectores para prevenir las enfermedades no transmisibles, con la participación plena y activa de las personas que viven con esas enfermedades, la sociedad civil y el sector privado, según proceda;", "j) Promover la producción, capacitación y retención de los trabajadores de la salud a fin de facilitar el despliegue apropiado de una fuerza de trabajo calificada en el ámbito de la salud dentro de los países y las regiones, de conformidad con el Código de prácticas mundial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre contratación internacional de personal de salud[10];", "k) Reforzar, según proceda, los sistemas de información para planificar y gestionar la salud, entre otros medios, reuniendo, desglosando, analizando, interpretando y difundiendo datos y elaborando registros y encuestas nacionales de población, según proceda, para facilitar intervenciones apropiadas y oportunas en favor de toda la población;", "l) Con arreglo a las prioridades nacionales, dar mayor prioridad a la vigilancia, la detección precoz, los exámenes, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles y a las actividades de prevención y control, así como al mejoramiento del acceso a medicamentos y tecnologías seguras, asequibles, eficaces y de calidad para diagnosticar y tratar esas enfermedades; proporcionar un acceso sostenible a medicamentos y tecnologías, entre otros medios, elaborando y utilizando directrices con base empírica para el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles y adquiriendo y distribuyendo de manera eficiente los medicamentos en los países; y reforzar las opciones de financiación viables y promover la utilización de medicamentos asequibles, incluidos los genéricos, así como un acceso mejorado a los servicios de prevención, curación, paliación y rehabilitación, particularmente a nivel comunitario;", "m) Con arreglo a las prioridades que establezca cada país, asegurar la ampliación de las intervenciones con base empírica, eficaces y económicas que tengan potencial para tratar a las personas aquejadas de enfermedades no transmisibles, proteger a quienes corran gran riesgo de contraerlas y reducir el riesgo de todos los sectores de la población;", "n) Reconocer la importancia de la cobertura universal de los sistemas de salud nacionales, especialmente mediante mecanismos de atención primaria de la salud y de protección social, para proporcionar acceso a los servicios de salud a toda la población, en particular a los sectores más pobres;", "o) Promover la inclusión de las actividades de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles en los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva y de salud maternoinfantil, especialmente al nivel de la atención primaria de la salud, así como en otros programas, según proceda, y también integrar las intervenciones correspondientes en los programas de prevención de las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "p) Promover el acceso a la prevención, el tratamiento y la atención amplios y eficaces en función del costo a efectos de la gestión integrada de las enfermedades no transmisibles, por medios como un mayor acceso a medicamentos, diagnósticos y demás tecnologías que sean asequibles, seguros, eficaces y de calidad, incluso utilizando ampliamente las flexibilidades previstas sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio (ADPIC);", "q) Mejorar los servicios de diagnóstico, entre otros medios, ampliando el acceso a los laboratorios y servicios de imaginología y aumentando su capacidad con una mano de obra calificada suficiente para prestar esos servicios, y colaborar con el sector privado para hacer más asequibles y accesibles el equipo y las tecnologías de diagnóstico y mejorar su mantenimiento;", "r) Alentar el establecimiento de alianzas y redes que reúnan a los agentes nacionales, regionales y mundiales, incluidos los institutos académicos y de investigación, para elaborar nuevos medicamentos, vacunas, diagnósticos y tecnologías, aprendiendo de las experiencias adquiridas en el ámbito del VIH/SIDA, entre otros, con arreglo a las prioridades y estrategias nacionales;", "s) Reforzar la infraestructura de atención de la salud, incluidos los aspectos relacionados con la adquisición, el almacenamiento y la distribución de medicamentos, en particular las redes de transporte y almacenamiento, para facilitar una prestación eficaz de los servicios;", "Cooperación internacional, incluidas las alianzas de colaboración", "46. Fortalecer la cooperación internacional en apoyo de los planes nacionales, regionales y mundiales de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles por medios como el intercambio de información sobre mejores prácticas en las esferas de la promoción de la salud, la legislación, la reglamentación y el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud, la formación de personal de salud, el establecimiento de infraestructuras de atención de la salud y diagnósticos apropiados, la promoción del desarrollo y la difusión de las transferencias apropiadas, asequibles y sostenibles de tecnología con arreglo a condiciones mutuamente convenidas, y la producción de medicamentos y vacunas asequibles, seguras, eficaces y de calidad, reconociendo al mismo tiempo el papel rector de la Organización Mundial de la Salud a este respecto, en su calidad de principal organismo especializado en materia de salud;", "47. Reconocer la contribución de la ayuda destinada al sector de la salud, reconociendo al mismo tiempo que aún queda mucho por hacer. Pedimos que se cumplan todos los compromisos en materia de ayuda oficial para el desarrollo, entre ellos el compromiso de muchos países desarrollados de alcanzar, para 2015, la meta de destinar el 0,7% de su producto nacional bruto a la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, así como los compromisos contenidos en el Programa de Acción en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011‑2020[11], e instamos enérgicamente a los países desarrollados que aún no lo hayan hecho a que desplieguen nuevos esfuerzos concretos para cumplir sus compromisos;", "48 Destacar la importancia de la cooperación Norte-Sur, Sur-Sur y triangular en la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles para promover, en los planos nacional, regional e internacional, un entorno propicio que facilite estilos y opciones de vida sanos, teniendo presente que la cooperación Sur-Sur no sustituye la cooperación Norte-Sur, sino que la complementa;", "49. Promover todos los medios posibles para localizar y movilizar recursos financieros suficientes, previsibles y sostenidos, así como los recursos humanos y técnicos necesarios, y considerar la posibilidad de apoyar enfoques voluntarios, eficaces en función del costo e innovadores para financiar a largo plazo las actividades de prevención y control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, teniendo en cuenta los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;", "50. Reconocer la contribución de la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales a la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, y, a este respecto, alentar a que se sigan incluyendo esas enfermedades en los programas e iniciativas de cooperación para el desarrollo;", "51. Hacer un llamamiento a la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en su calidad de principal organismo especializado de las Naciones Unidas en materia de salud, y a todos los demás organismos, fondos y programas competentes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, a las instituciones financieras internacionales, a los bancos de desarrollo y las demás organizaciones internacionales importantes para que trabajen juntos de manera coordinada en apoyo de las actividades de los países para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles y mitigar sus efectos;", "52. Instar a las organizaciones internacionales competentes a que continúen proporcionando asistencia técnica a los países en desarrollo, en particular a los países menos adelantados, y creando capacidad en ellos, en las esferas de la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles y en la promoción del acceso universal a los medicamentos, entre otros medios, aprovechando plenamente las flexibilidades y las disposiciones previstas sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio;", "53. Mejorar la calidad de la ayuda fortaleciendo la implicación nacional, la coherencia, la armonización, la previsibilidad, la rendición mutua de cuentas, la transparencia y la orientación hacia el logro de resultados;", "54. Obtener la participación de agentes no relacionados con la salud y otros interesados importantes, cuando proceda, entre ellos el sector privado y la sociedad civil, en alianzas de colaboración que promuevan la salud y reduzcan los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles, por medios como creando capacidad en las comunidades para promover dietas y estilos de vida sanos;", "55. Promover las alianzas de colaboración entre los gobiernos y la sociedad civil, utilizando como base la contribución de las organizaciones no gubernamentales relacionadas con la salud y las organizaciones de pacientes a fin de apoyar, según proceda, los servicios para prevenir, controlar y tratar las enfermedades no transmisibles y prestar cuidados, incluso de tipo paliativo;", "56. Promover el desarrollo de la capacidad de las organizaciones no gubernamentales relacionadas con las enfermedades no transmisibles en los niveles nacional y regional a fin de que hagan realidad todo su potencial como asociados en la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "Investigación y desarrollo", "57. Promover activamente las inversiones nacionales e internacionales y fortalecer la capacidad nacional para llevar a cabo, de manera sostenible y eficaz en función del costo, actividades de investigación y desarrollo de calidad sobre todos los aspectos relacionados con la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de seguir incentivando la innovación;", "58. Promover la utilización de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones para mejorar la ejecución de los programas, obtener mejores resultados en materia de salud, promover la salud, mejorar los sistemas de información y de vigilancia, y difundir, según proceda, información sobre intervenciones sostenibles, de calidad, asequibles y eficaces en función del costo, así como sobre mejores prácticas y sobre las enseñanzas obtenidas en la esfera de las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "59. Apoyar y facilitar las investigaciones sobre las enfermedades no transmisibles, así como la traducción de los resultados de esas investigaciones, a fin de aumentar la base de conocimientos de las actividades emprendidas en los planos nacional, regional y mundial;", "Seguimiento y evaluación", "60. Fortalecer, según proceda, los sistemas de vigilancia y seguimiento en los países, por medios como encuestas integradas en los sistemas nacionales de información sobre la salud existentes, e incluir en ellos el seguimiento de la exposición a los factores de riesgo, los resultados obtenidos, los determinantes sociales y económicos de la salud y las respuestas de los sistemas de salud, reconociendo que esos sistemas tienen una importancia fundamental para hacer frente debidamente a las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "61. Exhortar a la Organización Mundial de la Salud a que, por conducto de sus estructuras existentes, con la plena participación de los Estados Miembros, informada de la situación de estos, en colaboración con los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y demás organizaciones regionales e internacionales competentes, según proceda, y aprovechando la labor en marcha, elabore, antes del fin de 2012, un marco mundial amplio de seguimiento, que comprenda un conjunto de indicadores y sea aplicable a diversas situaciones regionales y nacionales, incluso empleando enfoques multisectoriales, para realizar el seguimiento de las tendencias y evaluar los progresos que se logren en la aplicación de las estrategias y los planes nacionales relacionados con las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "62. Exhortar a la Organización Mundial de la Salud a que, en colaboración con los Estados Miembros por conducto de los órganos rectores de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en colaboración con los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y demás organizaciones regionales e internacionales competentes, según proceda, aprovechando la labor ya en marcha, prepare recomendaciones para establecer, antes del fin de 2012, un conjunto de metas mundiales de aplicación voluntaria para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles;", "63. Considerar la posibilidad de establecer metas e indicadores nacionales basados en la situación de cada país, con arreglo a la orientación que proporcione la Organización Mundial de la Salud, a fin de centrar la atención en las actividades destinadas a reducir los efectos de las enfermedades no transmisibles y de evaluar los progresos que se logren para prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles, sus factores de riesgo y sus elementos determinantes;", "Medidas complementarias", "64. Solicitar al Secretario General que, en estrecha colaboración con la Directora General de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en consulta con los Estados Miembros, los fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y demás organizaciones internacionales competentes, presente antes del fin de 2012 a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, para que sean examinadas por los Estados Miembros, opciones que permitan fortalecer y facilitar medidas multisectoriales destinadas a prevenir y controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles por conducto de una alianza de colaboración efectiva;", "65. Solicitar al Secretario General que, en colaboración con los Estados Miembros, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los fondos, programas y organismos especializados competentes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, presente a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones, un informe sobre los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento de los compromisos contraídos en la presente Declaración política, en particular sobre los avances de las medidas multisectoriales, y los efectos en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, como base para llevar a cabo, en 2014, un examen y una evaluación generales de los progresos realizados en la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles.", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, núm. 41032.", "[2]  Se puede consultar en http://www.who.int/publications/en.", "[3]  Organización Mundial de la Salud, 57ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 17 a 22 de mayo de 2004, Resoluciones y Decisiones, Anexos (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolución 57.17, anexo.", "[4]  Organización Mundial de la Salud, 63ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 17 a 21 de mayo de 2010, Resoluciones y Decisiones, Anexos (WHA63/2010/REC/1), anexo 3.", "[5]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), cap. III, párr. 56.", "[6]  Véase A/65/859.", "[7]  Véase Organización Mundial de la Salud, 64ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 16 a 24 de mayo de 2011, Resoluciones y Decisiones, Anexos (WHA64/2011/REC/1).", "[8]  Organización Mundial de la Salud, 63ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 17 a 21 de mayo de 2010, Resoluciones y Decisiones, Anexos (WHA63/2010/REC/1), anexo 4.", "[9]  Se puede consultar en www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10]  Véase Organización Mundial de la Salud, 63ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 17 a 21 de mayo de 2010, Resoluciones y Decisiones, Anexos (WHA63/2010/REC/1), anexo 5.", "[11]  Véase Informe de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados,", "Estambul (Turquía), 9 a 13 de mayo de 2011 (A/CONF.219/7), cap. II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases annexed to the present resolution.", "3rd plenary meeting 19 September 2011", "Annex", "Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, assembled at the United Nations on 19 and 20 September 2011, to address the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases worldwide, with a particular focus on developmental and other challenges and social and economic impacts, particularly for developing countries,", "1. Acknowledge that the global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constitutes one of the major challenges for development in the twenty-first century, which undermines social and economic development throughout the world and threatens the achievement of internationally agreed development goals;", "2. Recognize that non-communicable diseases are a threat to the economies of many Member States and may lead to increasing inequalities between countries and populations;", "3. Recognize the primary role and responsibility of Governments in responding to the challenge of non-communicable diseases and the essential need for the efforts and engagement of all sectors of society to generate effective responses for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "4. Recognize also the important role of the international community and international cooperation in assisting Member States, particularly developing countries, in complementing national efforts to generate an effective response to non-communicable diseases;", "5. Reaffirm the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "6. Recognize the urgent need for greater measures at the global, regional and national levels to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in order to contribute to the full realization of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "7. Recall the relevant mandates of the General Assembly, in particular resolutions 64/265 of 13 May 2010 and 65/238 of 24 December 2010;", "8. Note with appreciation the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,[1] reaffirm all relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly on the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, and underline the importance for Member States to continue addressing common risk factors for non-communicable diseases through the implementation of the World Health Organization 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases[2] as well as the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health[3] and the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol;[4]", "9. Recall the ministerial declaration adopted at the 2009 high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council,[5] in which a call was made for urgent action to implement the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non‑communicable Diseases and its related Action Plan;", "10. Take note with appreciation of all the regional initiatives undertaken on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including the Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Caribbean Community entitled “Uniting to stop the epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases”, adopted in September 2007, the Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa, adopted in August 2008, the statement of the Commonwealth Heads of Government on action to combat non-communicable diseases, adopted in November 2009, the declaration of commitment of the Fifth Summit of the Americas, adopted in June 2009, the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health, adopted by the member States in the European region of the World Health Organization in March 2010, the Dubai Declaration on Diabetes and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in the Middle East and Northern Africa Region, adopted in December 2010, the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, adopted in November 2006, the Aruba Call for Action on Obesity of June 2011, and the Honiara Communiqué on addressing non-communicable disease challenges in the Pacific region, adopted in July 2011;", "11. Take note with appreciation also of the outcomes of the regional multisectoral consultations, including the adoption of ministerial declarations, which were held by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Member States, with the support and active participation of regional commissions and other relevant United Nations agencies and entities, and served to provide inputs to the preparations for the high‑level meeting in accordance with resolution 65/238;", "12. Welcome the convening of the first Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Non-communicable Disease Control, which was organized by the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization and held in Moscow on 28 and 29 April 2011, and the adoption of the Moscow Declaration,[6] and recall resolution 64.11 of the World Health Assembly;[7]", "13. Recognize the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health, including its roles and functions with regard to health policy in accordance with its mandate, and reaffirm its leadership and coordination role in promoting and monitoring global action against non-communicable diseases in relation to the work of other relevant United Nations agencies, development banks and other regional and international organizations in addressing non‑communicable diseases in a coordinated manner;", "A challenge of epidemic proportions and its socio-economic and developmental impacts", "14. Note with profound concern that, according to the World Health Organization, in 2008, an estimated 36 million of the 57 million global deaths were due to non-communicable diseases, principally cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, including about 9 million deaths before the age of 60, and that nearly 80 per cent of those deaths occurred in developing countries;", "15. Note also with profound concern that non-communicable diseases are among the leading causes of preventable morbidity and of related disability;", "16. Recognize further that communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies are currently the most common causes of death in Africa, and note with concern the growing double burden of disease, including in Africa, caused by the rapidly rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, which are projected to become the most common causes of death by 2030;", "17. Note further that there is a range of other non-communicable diseases and conditions, for which the risk factors and the need for preventive measures, screening, treatment and care are linked with the four most prominent non‑communicable diseases;", "18. Recognize that mental and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, are an important cause of morbidity and contribute to the global non‑communicable disease burden, for which there is a need to provide equitable access to effective programmes and health-care interventions;", "19. Recognize that renal, oral and eye diseases pose a major health burden for many countries and that these diseases share common risk factors and can benefit from common responses to non-communicable diseases;", "20. Recognize that the most prominent non-communicable diseases are linked to common risk factors, namely tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity;", "21. Recognize that the conditions in which people live and their lifestyles influence their health and quality of life and that poverty, uneven distribution of wealth, lack of education, rapid urbanization, population ageing and the economic social, gender, political, behavioural and environmental determinants of health are among the contributing factors to the rising incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases;", "22. Note with grave concern the vicious cycle whereby non-communicable diseases and their risk factors worsen poverty, while poverty contributes to rising rates of non-communicable diseases, posing a threat to public health and economic and social development;", "23. Note with concern that the rapidly growing magnitude of non-communicable diseases affects people of all ages, gender, race and income levels, and further that poor populations and those living in vulnerable situations, in particular in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden and that non-communicable diseases can affect women and men differently;", "24. Note with concern the rising levels of obesity in different regions, particularly among children and youth, and note that obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity have strong linkages with the four main non-communicable diseases and are associated with higher health costs and reduced productivity;", "25. Express deep concern that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden of caregiving and that, in some populations, women tend to be less physically active than men, are more likely to be obese and are taking up smoking at alarming rates;", "26. Note also with concern that maternal and child health is inextricably linked with non-communicable diseases and their risk factors, specifically as prenatal malnutrition and low birth weight create a predisposition to obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes later in life, and that pregnancy conditions, such as maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, are associated with similar risks in both the mother and her offspring;", "27. Note with concern the possible linkages between non-communicable diseases and some communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, call for the integration, as appropriate, of responses to HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases, and in this regard call for attention to be given to people living with HIV/AIDS, especially in countries with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, in accordance with national priorities;", "28. Recognize that smoke exposure from the use of inefficient cooking stoves for indoor cooking or heating contributes to and may exacerbate lung and respiratory conditions, with a disproportionate effect on women and children in poor populations whose households may be dependant on such fuels;", "29. Acknowledge also the existence of significant inequalities in the burden of non‑communicable diseases and in access to non-communicable disease prevention and control, both between countries, and within countries and communities;", "30. Recognize the critical importance of strengthening health systems, including health-care infrastructure, human resources for health, and health and social protection systems, particularly in developing countries, in order to respond effectively and equitably to the health-care needs of people with non-communicable diseases;", "31. Note with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors lead to increased burdens on individuals, families and communities, including impoverishment from long-term treatment and care costs, and to a loss of productivity that threatens household income and leads to productivity loss for individuals and their families and to the economies of Member States, making non‑communicable diseases a contributing factor to poverty and hunger, which may have a direct impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "32. Express deep concern at the ongoing negative impacts of the financial and economic crisis, volatile energy and food prices and ongoing concerns over food security, as well as the increasing challenges posed by climate change and the loss of biodiversity, and their effect on the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases, and emphasize in this regard the need for prompt and robust, coordinated and multisectoral efforts to address those impacts, while building on efforts already under way;", "Responding to the challenge: a whole-of-government and a whole-of-society effort", "33. Recognize that the rising prevalence, morbidity and mortality of non‑communicable diseases worldwide can be largely prevented and controlled through collective and multisectoral action by all Member States and other relevant stakeholders at the local, national, regional and global levels, and by raising the priority accorded to non-communicable diseases in development cooperation by enhancing such cooperation in this regard;", "34. Recognize that prevention must be the cornerstone of the global response to non-communicable diseases;", "35. Recognize also the critical importance of reducing the level of exposure of individuals and populations to the common modifiable risk factors for non‑communicable diseases, namely, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol, and their determinants, while at the same time strengthening the capacity of individuals and populations to make healthier choices and follow lifestyle patterns that foster good health;", "36. Recognize that effective non-communicable disease prevention and control require leadership and multisectoral approaches for health at the government level, including, as appropriate, health in all policies and whole-of-government approaches across such sectors as health, education, energy, agriculture, sports, transport, communication, urban planning, environment, labour, employment, industry and trade, finance, and social and economic development;", "37. Acknowledge the contribution of and important role played by all relevant stakeholders, including individuals, families and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and, where and as appropriate, the private sector and industry, in support of national efforts for non-communicable disease prevention and control, and recognize the need to further support the strengthening of coordination among these stakeholders in order to improve the effectiveness of these efforts;", "38. Recognize the fundamental conflict of interest between the tobacco industry and public health;", "39. Recognize that the incidence and impacts of non-communicable diseases can be largely prevented or reduced with an approach that incorporates evidence-based, affordable, cost-effective, population-wide and multisectoral interventions;", "40. Acknowledge that resources devoted to combating the challenges posed by non-communicable diseases at the national, regional and international levels are not commensurate with the magnitude of the problem;", "41. Recognize the importance of strengthening local, provincial, national and regional capacities to address and effectively combat non-communicable diseases, particularly in developing countries, and that this may entail increased and sustained human, financial and technical resources;", "42. Acknowledge the need to put forward a multisectoral approach for health at all government levels, to address non-communicable disease risk factors and underlying determinants of health comprehensively and decisively;", "Non-communicable diseases can be prevented and their impacts significantly reduced, with millions of lives saved and untold suffering avoided. We therefore commit to:", "Reduce risk factors and create health-promoting environments", "43. Advance the implementation of multisectoral, cost-effective, population-wide interventions in order to reduce the impact of the common non-communicable disease risk factors, namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, through the implementation of relevant international agreements and strategies, and education, legislative, regulatory and fiscal measures, without prejudice to the right of sovereign nations to determine and establish their taxation policies and other policies, where appropriate, by involving all relevant sectors, civil society and communities, as appropriate, and by taking the following actions:", "(a) Encourage the development of multisectoral public policies that create equitable health-promoting environments that empower individuals, families and communities to make healthy choices and lead healthy lives;", "(b) Develop, strengthen and implement, as appropriate, multisectoral public policies and action plans to promote health education and health literacy, including through evidence-based education and information strategies and programmes in and out of schools and through public awareness campaigns, as important factors in furthering the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, recognizing that a strong focus on health literacy is at an early stage in many countries;", "(c) Accelerate implementation by States parties of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, recognizing the full range of measures, including measures to reduce consumption and availability, and encourage countries that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Convention, recognizing that substantially reducing tobacco consumption is an important contribution to reducing non-communicable diseases and can have considerable health benefits for individuals and countries and that price and tax measures are an effective and important means of reducing tobacco consumption;", "(d) Advance the implementation of the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, including, where appropriate, through the introduction of policies and actions aimed at promoting healthy diets and increasing physical activity in the entire population, including in all aspects of daily living, such as giving priority to regular and intense physical education classes in schools, urban planning and re-engineering for active transport, the provision of incentives for work-site healthy-lifestyle programmes, and increased availability of safe environments in public parks and recreational spaces to encourage physical activity;", "(e) Promote the implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, while recognizing the need to develop appropriate domestic action plans, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, for developing specific policies and programmes, including taking into account the full range of options as identified in the Global Strategy, as well as raise awareness of the problems caused by the harmful use of alcohol, particularly among young people, and call upon the World Health Organization to intensify efforts to assist Member States in this regard;", "(f) Promote the implementation of the World Health Organization Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children,[8] including foods that are high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars or salt, recognizing that research shows that food advertising geared to children is extensive, that a significant amount of the marketing is for foods with a high content of fat, sugar or salt and that television advertising influences children’s food preferences, purchase requests and consumption patterns, while taking into account existing legislation and national policies, as appropriate;", "(g) Promote the development and initiate the implementation, as appropriate, of cost-effective interventions to reduce salt, sugar and saturated fats and eliminate industrially produced trans-fats in foods, including through discouraging the production and marketing of foods that contribute to unhealthy diet, while taking into account existing legislation and policies;", "(h) Encourage policies that support the production and manufacture of, and facilitate access to, foods that contribute to healthy diet, and provide greater opportunities for utilization of healthy local agricultural products and foods, thus contributing to efforts to cope with the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities posed by globalization and to achieve food security;", "(i) Promote, protect and support breastfeeding, including exclusive breastfeeding for about six months from birth, as appropriate, as breastfeeding reduces susceptibility to infections and the risk of undernutrition, promotes the growth and development of infants and young children and helps to reduce the risk of developing conditions such as obesity and non-communicable diseases later in life, and in this regard strengthen the implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes[9] and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions;", "(j) Promote increased access to cost-effective vaccinations to prevent infections associated with cancers, as part of national immunization schedules;", "(k) Promote increased access to cost-effective cancer screening programmes, as determined by national situations;", "(l) Scale up, where appropriate, a package of proven, effective interventions, such as health promotion and primary prevention approaches, and galvanize actions for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through a meaningful multisectoral response, addressing risk factors and determinants of health;", "44. With a view to strengthening its contribution to non-communicable disease prevention and control, call upon the private sector, where appropriate, to:", "(a) Take measures to implement the World Health Organization set of recommendations to reduce the impact of the marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, while taking into account existing national legislation and policies;", "(b) Consider producing and promoting more food products consistent with a healthy diet, including by reformulating products to provide healthier options that are affordable and accessible and that follow relevant nutrition facts and labelling standards, including information on sugars, salt and fats and, where appropriate, trans-fat content;", "(c) Promote and create an enabling environment for healthy behaviours among workers, including by establishing tobacco-free workplaces and safe and healthy working environments through occupational safety and health measures, including, where appropriate, through good corporate practices, workplace wellness programmes and health insurance plans;", "(d) Work towards reducing the use of salt in the food industry in order to lower sodium consumption;", "(e) Contribute to efforts to improve access to and affordability of medicines and technologies in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Strengthen national policies and health systems", "45. Promote, establish or support and strengthen, by 2013, as appropriate, multisectoral national policies and plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account, as appropriate, the 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and the objectives contained therein, and take steps to implement such policies and plans:", "(a) Strengthen and integrate, as appropriate, non-communicable disease policies and programmes into health-planning processes and the national development agenda of each Member State;", "(b) Pursue, as appropriate, comprehensive strengthening of health systems that support primary health care and deliver effective, sustainable and coordinated responses and evidence-based, cost-effective, equitable and integrated essential services for addressing non-communicable disease risk factors and for the prevention, treatment and care of non-communicable diseases, acknowledging the importance of promoting patient empowerment, rehabilitation and palliative care for persons with non-communicable diseases and of a life course approach, given the often chronic nature of non-communicable diseases;", "(c) According to national priorities, and taking into account domestic circumstances, increase and prioritize budgetary allocations for addressing non‑communicable disease risk factors and for surveillance, prevention, early detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases and the related care and support, including palliative care;", "(d) Explore the provision of adequate, predictable and sustained resources, through domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral channels, including traditional and voluntary innovative financing mechanisms;", "(e) Pursue and promote gender-based approaches for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases founded on data disaggregated by sex and age in an effort to address the critical differences in the risks of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases for women and men;", "(f) Promote multisectoral and multi-stakeholder engagement in order to reverse, stop and decrease the rising trends of obesity in child, youth and adult populations, respectively;", "(g) Recognize where health disparities exist between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous populations in the incidence of non-communicable diseases and their common risk factors, and that these disparities are often linked to historical, economic and social factors, and encourage the involvement of indigenous peoples and communities in the development, implementation and evaluation of non‑communicable disease prevention and control policies, plans and programmes, where appropriate, while promoting the development and strengthening of capacities at various levels and recognizing the cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and respecting, preserving and promoting, as appropriate, their traditional medicine, including conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals;", "(h) Recognize further the potential and contribution of traditional and local knowledge, and in this regard respect and preserve, in accordance with national capacities, priorities, relevant legislation and circumstances, the knowledge and safe and effective use of traditional medicine, treatments and practices, appropriately based on the circumstances in each country;", "(i) Pursue all necessary efforts to strengthen nationally driven, sustainable, cost-effective and comprehensive responses in all sectors for the prevention of non‑communicable diseases, with the full and active participation of people living with these diseases, civil society and the private sector, where appropriate;", "(j) Promote the production, training and retention of health workers with a view to facilitating adequate deployment of a skilled health workforce within countries and regions, in accordance with the World Health Organization Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel;[10]", "(k) Strengthen, as appropriate, information systems for health planning and management, including through the collection, disaggregation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data and the development of population-based national registries and surveys, where appropriate, to facilitate appropriate and timely interventions for the entire population;", "(l) According to national priorities, give greater priority to surveillance, early detection, screening, diagnosis and treatment of non-communicable diseases and prevention and control, and to improving accessibility to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines and technologies to diagnose and to treat them; provide sustainable access to medicines and technologies, including through the development and use of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of non‑communicable diseases, and efficient procurement and distribution of medicines in countries; and strengthen viable financing options and promote the use of affordable medicines, including generics, as well as improved access to preventive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services, particularly at the community level;", "(m) According to country-led prioritization, ensure the scaling-up of effective, evidence-based and cost-effective interventions that demonstrate the potential to treat individuals with non-communicable diseases, protect those at high risk of developing them and reduce risk across populations;", "(n) Recognize the importance of universal coverage in national health systems, especially through primary health care and social protection mechanisms, to provide access to health services for all, in particular for the poorest segments of the population;", "(o) Promote the inclusion of non-communicable disease prevention and control within sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health programmes, especially at the primary health-care level, as well as other programmes, as appropriate, and also integrate interventions in these areas into non‑communicable disease prevention programmes;", "(p) Promote access to comprehensive and cost-effective prevention, treatment and care for the integrated management of non-communicable diseases, including, inter alia, increased access to affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and diagnostics and other technologies, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) flexibilities;", "(q) Improve diagnostic services, including by increasing the capacity of and access to laboratory and imaging services with adequate and skilled manpower to deliver such services, and collaborate with the private sector to improve affordability, accessibility and maintenance of diagnostic equipment and technologies;", "(r) Encourage alliances and networks that bring together national, regional and global actors, including academic and research institutes, for the development of new medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and technologies, learning from experiences in the field of HIV/AIDS, among others, according to national priorities and strategies;", "(s) Strengthen health-care infrastructure, including for procurement, storage and distribution of medicine, in particular transportation and storage networks to facilitate efficient service delivery;", "International cooperation, including collaborative partnerships", "46. Strengthen international cooperation in support of national, regional and global plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, inter alia, through the exchange of best practices in the areas of health promotion, legislation, regulation and health systems strengthening, training of health personnel, development of appropriate health-care infrastructure and diagnostics, and by promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate, affordable and sustainable transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms and the production of affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and vaccines, while recognizing the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health in that regard;", "47. Acknowledge the contribution of aid targeted at the health sector, while recognizing that much more needs to be done. We call for the fulfilment of all official development assistance-related commitments, including the commitments by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance by 2015, as well as the commitments contained in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020,[11] and strongly urge those developed countries that have not yet done so to make additional concrete efforts to fulfil their commitments;", "48. Stress the importance of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, to promote at the national, regional and international levels an enabling environment to facilitate healthy lifestyles and choices, bearing in mind that South-South cooperation is not a substitute for, but rather a complement to, North-South cooperation;", "49. Promote all possible means to identify and mobilize adequate, predictable and sustained financial resources and the necessary human and technical resources, and to consider support for voluntary, cost-effective, innovative approaches for a long- term financing of non-communicable disease prevention and control, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals;", "50. Acknowledge the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and in this regard encourage the continued inclusion of non-communicable diseases in development cooperation agendas and initiatives;", "51. Call upon the World Health Organization, as the lead United Nations specialized agency for health, and all other relevant United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes, the international financial institutions, development banks and other key international organizations to work together in a coordinated manner to support national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and mitigate their impacts;", "52. Urge relevant international organizations to continue to provide technical assistance and capacity-building to developing countries, especially to the least developed countries, in the areas of non-communicable disease prevention and control and promotion of access to medicines for all, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities and provisions;", "53. Enhance the quality of aid by strengthening national ownership, alignment, harmonization, predictability, mutual accountability and transparency, and results orientation;", "54. Engage non-health actors and key stakeholders, where appropriate, including the private sector and civil society, in collaborative partnerships to promote health and to reduce non-communicable disease risk factors, including through building community capacity in promoting healthy diets and lifestyles;", "55. Foster partnerships between government and civil society, building on the contribution of health-related non-governmental organizations and patients’ organizations, to support, as appropriate, the provision of services for the prevention and control, treatment and care, including palliative care, of non-communicable diseases;", "56. Promote the capacity-building of non-communicable-disease-related non-governmental organizations at the national and regional levels, in order to realize their full potential as partners in the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases;", "Research and development", "57. Promote actively national and international investments and strengthen national capacity for quality research and development, for all aspects related to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, in a sustainable and cost‑effective manner, while noting the importance of continuing to incentivize innovation;", "58. Promote the use of information and communications technology to improve programme implementation, health outcomes, health promotion, and reporting and surveillance systems and to disseminate, as appropriate, information on affordable, cost-effective, sustainable and quality interventions, best practices and lessons learned in the field of non-communicable diseases;", "59. Support and facilitate non-communicable-disease-related research, and its translation, to enhance the knowledge base for ongoing national, regional and global action;", "Monitoring and evaluation", "60. Strengthen, as appropriate, country-level surveillance and monitoring systems, including surveys that are integrated into existing national health information systems and include monitoring exposure to risk factors, outcomes, social and economic determinants of health, and health system responses, recognizing that such systems are critical in appropriately addressing non-communicable diseases;", "61. Call upon the World Health Organization, with the full participation of Member States, informed by their national situations, through its existing structures, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on continuing efforts to develop, before the end of 2012, a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including a set of indicators, capable of application across regional and country settings, including through multisectoral approaches, to monitor trends and to assess progress made in the implementation of national strategies and plans on non-communicable diseases;", "62. Call upon the World Health Organization, in collaboration with Member States through the governing bodies of the World Health Organization, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on the work already under way, to prepare recommendations for a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, before the end of 2012;", "63. Consider the development of national targets and indicators based on national situations, building on guidance provided by the World Health Organization, to focus on efforts to address the impacts of non-communicable diseases and to assess the progress made in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors and determinants;", "Follow-up", "64. Request the Secretary-General, in close collaboration with the Director-General of the World Health Organization, and in consultation with Member States, United Nations funds and programmes and other relevant international organizations, to submit by the end of 2012 to the General Assembly, at its sixty-seventh session, for consideration by Member States, options for strengthening and facilitating multisectoral action for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through effective partnership;", "65. Request the Secretary-General, in collaboration with Member States, the World Health Organization and relevant funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system to present to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in this Political Declaration, including on the progress of multisectoral action, and the impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in preparation for a comprehensive review and assessment in 2014 of the progress achieved in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032.", "[2]  Available at http://www.who.int/publications/en/.", "[3]  World Health Organization, Fifty-seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–22 May 2004, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolution 57.17, annex.", "[4]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 3.", "[5]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), chap. III, para. 56.", "[6]  See A/65/859.", "[7]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16–24 May 2011, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA64/2011/REC/1).", "[8]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 4.", "[9]  Available at www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 5.", "[11]  See Report of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, Turkey, 9‑13 May 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. 11.II.A.1), chap. II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, annexed to the present resolution.", "3rd plenary meeting 19 September 2011", "Annex", "Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments meeting at the United Nations on 19 and 20 September 2011 to review the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases around the world, with a particular focus on the development and other challenges they pose and their social and economic implications, especially for developing countries,", "1. Recognize that the burden and threat posed by non-communicable diseases at the global level are among the major obstacles to development in the twenty-first century, undermine social and economic development worldwide and jeopardize the achievement of internationally agreed development goals;", "2. We recognize that non-communicable diseases are a threat to the economy of many Member States and can increase inequalities between countries and populations;", "3. We recognize the primary role and responsibility of Governments to respond to the challenge posed by non-communicable diseases, and that the participation and commitment of all sectors of society are essential in order to generate effective responses to prevent and control non-communicable diseases;", "4. We also recognize the important role played by the international community and international cooperation in assisting Member States, in particular developing countries, and complementing national efforts to generate an effective response to non-communicable diseases;", "5. We reaffirm the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "6. We recognize the urgent need to take further measures at the global, regional and national levels to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in order to contribute to the full realization of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "7. We recall the relevant mandates of the General Assembly, in particular resolutions 64/265 of 13 May 2010 and 65/238 of 24 December 2010;", "8. We note with appreciation the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control[1], reaffirm all the resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly regarding the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and stress the importance of Member States continuing to address the common risk factors of non-communicable diseases by implementing the World Health Organization &apos; s Plan of Action 2008-2013", "9. We recall the ministerial declaration adopted at the 2009 high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council, which called for urgent measures to implement the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and the Plan of Action;", "10. The United Nations Declaration on Non-communicable Diseases, adopted by the United Nations, adopted in September 2007, adopted by the General Assembly of the United States of America,", "11. We also take note with appreciation of the outcomes of the multisectoral regional consultations, including the adoption of ministerial declarations, held by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Member States and with the support and active participation of the regional commissions and other relevant United Nations agencies and entities, and which provided input to the preparations for the high-level meeting in accordance with resolution 65/238;", "12. We welcome the holding of the first World Ministerial Conference on Healthy Life and Non-communicable Diseases, organized by the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization, held on 28 and 29 April 2011 in Moscow, and the adoption of the Moscow Declaration[6], and recall World Health Assembly resolution 64.11[7];", "13. We recognize the leading role of the World Health Organization as the leading specialized agency in the health sector, as well as its responsibilities for health policy in accordance with its mandate, and reaffirm the leadership and coordination role it plays in promoting and monitoring global action against non-communicable diseases in relation to the work of other United Nations agencies, development banks and other relevant regional and international organizations in combating non-communicable diseases;", "A challenge of epidemic proportions and their socio-economic impact and development", "14. We note with deep concern that, according to the World Health Organization, of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2008, 36 million were due to non-communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, which includes about 9 million people who died before the age of 60 and that nearly 80 per cent of those deaths occurred in developing countries;", "15. We also note with deep concern that non-communicable diseases are among the main causes of preventable morbidity and related disability;", "16. We recognize that communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies are currently the most common causes of death in Africa, and we note with concern the growing double burden of morbidity, particularly in Africa, caused by the rapid increase in the incidence of non-communicable diseases, which is expected to have become the most common causes of death by 2030;", "17. We note that there are various non-communicable diseases and conditions whose risk factors, as well as the necessary preventive and detection measures, treatment and care, relate to the four most important non-communicable diseases;", "18. We recognize that mental and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer &apos; s disease, are an important cause of morbidity and contribute to the global burden of non-communicable diseases, and that there is a need for equitable access to effective health programmes and interventions in this area;", "19. We recognize that kidney, bucodental and eye disease is an important burden on the health sector in many countries, and that these diseases share risk factors and can benefit from common responses to non-communicable diseases;", "20. We recognize that the most outstanding non-communicable diseases are related to common risk factors, namely, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, a malicious diet and physical inactivity;", "21. We recognize that the conditions in which people live and their lifestyle influence their health and quality of life, and that poverty, unequal distribution of wealth, lack of education, rapid urbanization and population ageing, as well as the economic, social, gender, political, behavioural and environmental determinants, are factors contributing to the growing incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases;", "22. We note with grave concern the vicious circle in which non-communicable diseases and their risk factors increase poverty, while poverty contributes to increased rates of non-communicable diseases, which threatens public health and economic and social development;", "23. We note with concern that the extent of non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing and affects people of all ages, sex, race and income, that the poor and those living in vulnerable situations, particularly in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden, and that these diseases can affect women and men differently;", "24. We note with concern the increase in obesity in different regions, in particular among children and young people, and we note that obesity, a malicious diet and physical inactivity are very related to the four main non-communicable diseases and are associated with higher health costs and lower productivity;", "25. We express deep concern that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden of care and that, in some populations, women tend to be less physically active than men, are more prone to obesity and begin to smoke at an alarming rate;", "26. We also note with concern that it is not possible to delink maternal and child health from non-communicable diseases and their risk factors, specifically because prenatal and low-birth malnutrition predispose to obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes in the future, and that some pregnancy conditions, such as maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, are associated with similar risks for mothers and children;", "27. We note with concern the possible links between non-communicable diseases and some communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and call for HIV/AIDS responses to be integrated with responses to non-communicable diseases, as appropriate, and, in this regard, for people living with HIV/AIDS, especially in countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence, in accordance with national priorities;", "28. We recognize that exposure to smoke in kitchens and inefficient stoves used to cook or heat indoors contributes to lung and respiratory diseases and can aggravate them, and that this exposure disproportionately affects women and children in poor populations whose homes can depend on these fuels;", "29. We also recognize that there are significant inequalities in the burden of non-communicable diseases and in access to and control of such diseases, both among countries and within countries and communities;", "30. We recognize the fundamental importance of strengthening health systems, in particular health services infrastructure, human resources for health services and social and health protection systems, especially in developing countries, in order to respond effectively and equitably to the health-care needs of people suffering from non-communicable diseases;", "31. We note with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors increase the burden on individuals, families and communities, including impoverishment due to long treatments and the costs of care, and also lead to a loss of productivity that threatens household income and reduces the productivity of individuals, their families and the economies of Member States, which contributes the achievement of non-communicable diseases to an agreed poverty", "32. We express deep concern at the negative impact of the financial and economic crisis, volatile energy and food prices and current concerns related to food security, as well as the growing challenges posed by climate change and biodiversity loss, and their impact on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and emphasize, in this regard, the need to take firm, coordinated and multisectoral action on the basis of the work already undertaken", "Responding to the challenge: a work of the whole government and society", "33. We recognize that the increase in the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of non-communicable diseases worldwide can be largely prevented and controlled by collective and multisectoral action by all Member States and other stakeholders at the local, national, regional and global levels, and with the allocation of greater priority to non-communicable diseases in development cooperation, intensifying such cooperation in this regard;", "34. We recognize that prevention must be the cornerstone of the global response to non-communicable diseases;", "35. We also recognize the fundamental importance of reducing the level of exposure of individuals and populations to the common risk factors that can be modified from non-communicable diseases, namely, tobacco use, a malicious diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, as well as their determinants, while strengthening the capacity of individuals and populations to adopt healthier decisions and lifestyles that promote good health;", "36. We recognize that effective prevention and control of non-communicable diseases require leadership and multisectoral approaches to health at the government level, i.e., including health, as appropriate, in all government-wide policies and approaches in areas such as health, education, energy, agriculture, sports, transport, communications, urbanism, environment, work, employment, industry and economic development;", "37. We recognize the contribution of all stakeholders, including individuals, families and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academic entities, the media, voluntary associations and, as appropriate, the private sector and industry, and the important role they play in supporting national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases, and recognize the need to continue to support the strengthening of coordination among these stakeholders with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of such efforts;", "38. We recognize the fundamental conflict of interest between the tobacco industry and public health;", "39. We recognize that the incidence and impact of non-communicable diseases can be largely prevented or reduced by an approach that incorporates evidence-based, affordable, cost-effective, multisectoral interventions that benefit the entire population;", "40. We recognize that resources to address the challenges posed by non-communicable diseases at the national, regional and international levels do not correspond to the magnitude of the problem;", "41. We recognize the importance of strengthening local, provincial, national and regional capacities to effectively address and combat non-communicable diseases, in particular in developing countries, and that this may require sustained human, financial and technical resources;", "42. We recognize the need for a multisectoral approach to health at all levels of government to respond to the risk factors of non-communicable diseases and the basic determinants of health in a comprehensive and decisive manner;", "Non-communicable diseases can be prevented and their effects can be reduced considerably, thus saving millions of lives and avoiding indecent suffering. Therefore, we commit ourselves to:", "Reduce risk factors and create environments that promote health", "43. Promoting the implementation of cost-effective multisectoral interventions for the entire population to reduce the impact of common risk factors on non-communicable diseases, namely, tobacco use, malicious diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, through the implementation of relevant international agreements and strategies and educational, legislative, regulatory and fiscal measures, without prejudice to the law of sovereign tax and other sectors,", "(a) Encourage the development of multisectoral public policies that create equitable health promotion environments that empower people, families and communities to make healthy decisions and lead healthy lives;", "(b) Formulate, strengthen and implement, as appropriate, multisectoral public policies and action plans that promote health education and knowledge through means such as evidence-based information and education strategies and programmes within and outside schools and public awareness-raising campaigns, as important factors in promoting the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, recognizing that in many countries there has been little emphasis on health knowledge;", "(c) Accelerating the implementation by States parties of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, recognizing the full range of measures, including measures aimed at reducing consumption and availability, and encouraging countries that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Convention, recognizing that substantially reducing tobacco use is an important contribution to reducing relative non-communicable diseases and can provide significant benefits to people and countries that", "(d) To promote the implementation of the Global Strategy on Food, Physical Activity and Health, including, as appropriate, by introducing policies and measures to promote healthy diets and to increase the physical activity of the entire population covering all aspects of daily life, for example, by prioritizing regular and intensive physical education classes in schools, urban planning and restructuring for active transport, the provision of incentives for healthy living and recreation", "(e) Promoting the implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, while recognizing the need to develop appropriate national action plans, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to develop specific policies and programmes, taking into account the full range of options identified in the Global Strategy, as well as to raise awareness of the problems of harmful use of alcohol, particularly among young people, and calling upon the World Health Organization to intensify efforts to assist Member States in this regard;", "f) Promote the implementation of the World Health Organization &apos; s Set of Recommendations on the Promotion of Non-Alcoholic Foods and Beverages for Children[8], including foods with high saturated fats, trans fatty acids, free sugars or salt, recognizing that studies have shown that food advertising for children has a great scope, that an important part of the promotion is focused on high-fat foods, sugar or salt", "(g) Promote the formulation and initiation of cost-effective interventions to reduce salt, sugar and saturated fats and eliminate trans fats from industrial production containing food, as appropriate, by deterring the production and promotion of foods that feed a malicious diet while taking into account existing legislation and policies;", "(h) Encourage the adoption of policies favourable to the production and manufacture of foods that promote a healthy diet and the facilitation of access to them and provide greater opportunities for the use of healthy local food and agricultural products, thereby contributing to efforts to address the problems and take advantage of opportunities associated with globalization and to achieve food security;", "(i) Promote, protect and support breastfeeding, in particular exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life, as appropriate, as it reduces susceptibility to infections and the risk of malnutrition, promotes the growth and development of infants and young children and helps to reduce the risk of further diseases such as obesity and non-communicable diseases, and, in this regard, strengthen the implementation of the International Code of Marketing", "(j) Promote greater access to cost-effective vaccination to prevent cancer-related infections as part of national immunization programmes;", "(k) To promote greater access to cost-effective programmes for cancer screening, as identified by national situations;", "(l) Expand, where appropriate, the scale of a set of interventions that have proved effective, such as health promotion and primary prevention approaches, and promote non-communicable disease prevention and control measures through a significant multisectoral response, addressing risk factors and health determinants;", "44. To strengthen its contribution to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, call upon the private sector, where appropriate, to:", "(a) Take measures to implement the set of recommendations of the World Health Organization aimed at reducing the impact of the promotion of Malian non-alcoholic food and beverages for children, while taking into account existing national legislation and policies;", "(b) Consider producing and promoting a greater number of food products that are part of a healthy diet, including by reformulating products to offer healthier choices that are affordable and accessible, and conform to the relevant rules for nutrition and labelling, including information on the content of sugars, salt and fats, and, where appropriate, trans fats;", "(c) Promote and create an environment that promotes healthy behaviour among workers, including establishing tobacco-free workplaces and safe and healthy working environments through occupational health and safety measures, and, where appropriate, good institutional practices, workplace health promotion programmes and health insurance plans;", "(d) To seek to reduce the use of salt in the food industry to reduce sodium consumption;", "(e) To contribute to efforts to make medicines and technology for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases more accessible and affordable;", "Strengthen national health policies and systems", "45. Promote, establish or support and strengthen for 2013, as appropriate, multisectoral national policies and plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account, as appropriate, the 2008-2013 Plan of Action for the implementation of the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and the objectives contained therein and taking action to implement those policies and plans:", "(a) Strengthen policies and programmes relating to non-communicable diseases and integrate them, as appropriate, into the health planning processes and the national development agenda of each Member State;", "(b) Proceed, as appropriate, to the comprehensive strengthening of health systems that promote primary health care and provide effective, sustainable and coordinated responses and essential evidence-based services, cost-effective, equitable and integrated to address risk factors for non-communicable diseases and to prevent and treat and address those suffering, recognizing the importance of promoting the empowerment and rehabilitation of non-communicable diseases", "(c) In accordance with national priorities and taking into account internal circumstances, increase budgetary allocations to address non-communicable disease risk factors and undertake monitoring, prevention, early detection and treatment of such diseases, as well as provide related care and support, including palliative care, and prioritize such allocations;", "(d) To study the provision of adequate resources in a predictable and sustained manner by internal, bilateral, regional and multilateral channels, including traditional financial mechanisms and innovative voluntary mechanisms;", "(e) Adopt and promote gender-based approaches to prevent and control non-communicable diseases based on sex- and age-disaggregated data to address critical differences between men and women in the risk of morbidity and mortality from such diseases;", "f) Promote multi-sectoral and stakeholders to invest, halt and reduce growing trends to the obesity of the populations of children, youth and adults, respectively;", "(g) Recognizing that, where there are disparities between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous populations in the incidence of non-communicable diseases and their common risk factors, these disparities are often linked to historical, economic and social factors, and encouraging the participation of indigenous peoples and communities in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies, plans and programmes for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, while at the same time promoting the development and strengthening of indigenous plants", "(h) To further recognize the potential and contribution of traditional and local knowledge and, in this regard, to respect and preserve, in accordance with capacity, priorities, relevant legislation and national circumstances, knowledge and safe and effective use of traditional medicine, treatments and practices, based, as appropriate, on the circumstances prevailing in each country;", "(i) To make every effort to strengthen comprehensive, sustainable, cost-effective and country-driven responses in all sectors to prevent non-communicable diseases, with the full and active participation of people living with such diseases, civil society and the private sector, as appropriate;", "(j) Promote the production, training and retention of health workers in order to facilitate the proper deployment of a qualified workforce in the field of health within countries and regions, in accordance with the World Health Organization Global Practice Code on International Recruitment of Health Personnel[10];", "(k) Strengthen, as appropriate, information systems to plan and manage health, including by collecting, disaggregating, analysing, interpreting and disseminating data and developing national population registers and surveys, as appropriate, to facilitate appropriate and timely interventions for the entire population;", "(l) Under national priorities, to give greater priority to monitoring, early detection, testing, diagnosis and treatment of non-communicable diseases and prevention and control activities, as well as to improving access to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines and technologies to diagnose and treat such diseases; to provide sustainable access to medicines and technologies, including by developing and using evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of non-communicable diseases", "(m) Under the country &apos; s priorities, ensuring the expansion of evidence-based, effective and cost-effective interventions that have potential to treat people with non-communicable diseases, protecting those at high risk of contracting them and reducing the risk of all sectors of the population;", "(n) Recognizing the importance of universal coverage of national health systems, especially through primary health care and social protection mechanisms, in providing access to health services to the entire population, in particular to the poorest sectors;", "(o) Promote the inclusion of non-communicable disease prevention and control activities in sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health programmes, especially at the level of primary health care, as well as in other programmes, as appropriate, and also integrate relevant interventions into non-communicable disease prevention programmes;", "(p) Promote access to comprehensive and cost-effective prevention, treatment and care for the integrated management of non-communicable diseases, including through increased access to affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines, diagnoses and other technologies, including through extensive use of the expected flexibilities on trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS);", "(q) Improve diagnostic services, including by expanding access to laboratories and imaging services and increasing their capacity with a skilled workforce sufficient to provide such services, and working with the private sector to make diagnostic equipment and technologies more affordable and accessible and to improve their maintenance;", "(r) Encouraging partnerships and networks that bring together national, regional and global actors, including academic and research institutes, to develop new medicines, vaccines, diagnoses and technologies, learning from lessons learned in the field of HIV/AIDS, including national priorities and strategies;", "(s) Strengthen health-care infrastructure, including aspects related to the acquisition, storage and distribution of medicines, in particular transport and storage networks, to facilitate effective delivery of services;", "International cooperation, including partnerships", "46. Strengthen international cooperation in support of national, regional and global plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through the exchange of information on best practices in the areas of health promotion, legislation, regulation and strengthening of health systems, training of health personnel, the establishment of health-care infrastructures and appropriate diagnostics, the promotion of the development and dissemination of appropriate, affordable and sustainable vaccines", "47. Recognizing the contribution of aid to the health sector, while recognizing that much remains to be done. We call for the implementation of all ODA commitments, including the commitment of many developed countries to achieve, by 2015, the target of 0.7 per cent of their gross national product for official development assistance, as well as the commitments contained in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020[11], and strongly urge developed countries that have not yet done so to make further concrete efforts to implement their specific efforts;", "48 Stress the importance of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases to promote, at the national, regional and international levels, an enabling environment that facilitates healthy lifestyles and lifestyles, bearing in mind that South-South cooperation does not replace North-South cooperation, but complements it;", "49. Promote all possible means to locate and mobilize adequate, predictable and sustained financial resources, as well as the necessary human and technical resources, and consider supporting voluntary, cost-effective and innovative approaches to long-term financing of non-communicable disease prevention and control activities, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals;", "50. Recognize the contribution of international cooperation and assistance to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and in this regard encourage the continued inclusion of such diseases in development cooperation programmes and initiatives;", "51. Call upon the World Health Organization, in its capacity as the principal specialized agency of the United Nations in the field of health, and all other relevant agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system, international financial institutions, development banks and other major international organizations to work together in a coordinated manner in support of country activities to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and mitigate their effects;", "52. To urge relevant international organizations to continue to provide technical assistance to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, and to build capacity therein, in the areas of prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and in promoting universal access to medicines, including by taking full advantage of the flexibilities and provisions on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights;", "53. Improve the quality of aid by strengthening national ownership, coherence, harmonization, predictability, mutual accountability, transparency and guidance towards results;", "54. To engage non-health actors and other major stakeholders, where appropriate, including the private sector and civil society, in partnerships that promote health and reduce risk factors for non-communicable diseases, through capacity-building in communities to promote healthy diets and lifestyles;", "55. Promote partnerships between Governments and civil society, using as a basis the contribution of health-related non-governmental organizations and patient organizations to support, as appropriate, services to prevent, control and treat non-communicable diseases and to provide care, including palliative ones;", "56. Promote the development of the capacity of non-communicable diseases non-governmental organizations at the national and regional levels to realize their full potential as partners in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Research and development", "57. Actively promote national and international investment and strengthen national capacity to carry out, in a sustainable and cost-effective manner, research and quality development activities on all aspects related to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account the importance of further encouraging innovation;", "58. Promote the use of information and communications technology to improve programme delivery, achieve better health outcomes, promote health, improve information and monitoring systems, and disseminate, as appropriate, information on sustainable, quality, affordable and cost-effective interventions, as well as on best practices and lessons learned in the field of non-communicable diseases;", "59. Support and facilitate research on non-communicable diseases, as well as the translation of the results of such research, in order to increase the knowledge base of activities undertaken at the national, regional and global levels;", "Monitoring and evaluation", "60. Strengthen monitoring and monitoring systems at the country level, as appropriate, by means of such surveys integrated into existing national health information systems, including monitoring of exposure to risk factors, results achieved, social and economic determinants of health and responses to health systems, recognizing that these systems are of critical importance in addressing non-communicable diseases properly;", "61. Call upon the World Health Organization, through its existing structures, with the full participation of Member States, informed of their status, in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, and drawing on ongoing work, to develop, by the end of 2012, a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including a set of indicators and applicable to various regional and national situations, including through the use,", "62. Call upon the World Health Organization, in collaboration with Member States through the governing bodies of the World Health Organization and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, to develop recommendations to establish, by the end of 2012, a set of global voluntary targets for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "63. Consider establishing national targets and indicators based on the situation of each country, in accordance with the guidance provided by the World Health Organization, to focus on activities aimed at reducing the impact of non-communicable diseases and to assess progress in preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases, risk factors and determinants;", "Follow-up action", "64. Request the Secretary-General, in close collaboration with the Director-General of the World Health Organization and in consultation with Member States, the United Nations funds and programmes and other relevant international organizations, to submit before the end of 2012 to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, for consideration by Member States, options to strengthen and facilitate multisectoral measures aimed at preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases through an effective partnership;", "65. To request the Secretary-General, in collaboration with Member States, the World Health Organization and the relevant funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system, to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a progress report on the implementation of the commitments made in the present Political Declaration, in particular on the progress of the multisectoral measures, and the impact on the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals,", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032.", "[2] Available at http://www.who.int/publications/en.", "[3] World Health Organization, 57th World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-22 May 2004, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolution 57.17, annex.", "[4] World Health Organization, 63rd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 3.", "[5] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), chap. III, para. 56.", "[6] See A/65/859.", "[7] See World Health Organization, 64th World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16-24 May 2011, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA64/2011/REC/1).", "[8] World Health Organization, 63rd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 4.", "[9] Available at www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10] See World Health Organization, 63rd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 5.", "[11] See Report of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries,", "Istanbul, Turkey, 9-13 May 2011 (A/CONF.219/7), chap. II." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 22 de septiembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. Unidos contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia", "La Asamblea General", "Aprueba la siguiente declaración política de la reunión de alto nivel que celebró con motivo del décimo aniversario de la aprobación de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban[1]:", "Unidos contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia", "Nosotros, los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno y los representantes de Estados y Gobiernos reunidos en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York el 22 de septiembre de 2011 con motivo de la reunión de alto nivel de la Asamblea General para celebrar el décimo aniversario de la aprobación de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban¹,", "1. Reafirmamos que la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban, aprobados en 2001¹, y el documento final de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban, aprobado en 2009[2], constituyen el marco integral de las Naciones Unidas y una base sólida para combatir el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia;", "2. Recordamos que el objetivo de esta celebración es movilizar la voluntad política a nivel nacional, regional e internacional y reafirmar nuestro compromiso político de aplicar plena y efectivamente la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban y el documento final de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban, y sus procesos de seguimiento, a todos esos niveles;", "3. Acogemos con beneplácito los avances logrados en muchas partes del mundo en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia desde 2001;", "4. Reconocemos que, pese a los esfuerzos realizados de forma concertada por la comunidad internacional en los últimos diez años, que se apoyan en la labor de los decenios anteriores, el flagelo del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, incluidas sus nuevas formas y manifestaciones, aún persiste en todas las partes del mundo y que, hasta el día de hoy, innumerables seres humanos siguen siendo víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia;", "5. Reafirmamos que el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia constituyen una negación de los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos[3], y que la igualdad y la no discriminación son principios fundamentales del derecho internacional;", "6. Recordamos, a ese respecto, la importancia de la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial[4] y del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, así como de la ratificación universal y la aplicación efectiva de la Convención;", "7. Resolvemos promover nuestro objetivo común de asegurar el disfrute efectivo de todos los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales por todas las personas, en especial las víctimas del racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, en todas las sociedades;", "8. Acogemos con beneplácito la iniciativa de erigir un monumento permanente en honor de las víctimas de la esclavitud y de la trata transatlántica de esclavos;", "9. Reiteramos que la responsabilidad primordial de combatir eficazmente el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia recae en los Estados;", "10. Acogemos con beneplácito la adopción de medidas legislativas y el establecimiento de mecanismos nacionales especializados para combatir el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia;", "11. Exhortamos al sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a las organizaciones internacionales y regionales e invitamos a todos los interesados, incluidos los parlamentos, la sociedad civil y el sector privado, a que se comprometan plenamente e intensifiquen sus esfuerzos en la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, y acogemos con beneplácito la labor que sigue realizando la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos con miras a incorporar la aplicación de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban en las actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "12. Proclamamos de consuno nuestra firme determinación de hacer que la lucha contra el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia, así como la protección de las víctimas de esos fenómenos, tenga una alta prioridad para nuestros países.", "14ª sesión plenaria 22 de septiembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/CONF.189/12 y Corr.1, cap. I.", "[2]  Véase A/CONF.211/8, cap. I.", "[3]  Resolución 217 A (III).", "[4]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 660, núm. 9464." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the following political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action:[1]", "United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2011, on the occasion of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action,¹", "1. Reaffirm that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in 2001,¹ and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, adopted in 2009,[2] provide a comprehensive United Nations framework and solid foundation for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "2. Recall that the aim of this commemoration is to mobilize political will at the national, regional and international levels, and reaffirm our political commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, and their follow-up processes, at all these levels;", "3. Welcome the progress made in many parts of the world in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance since 2001;", "4. Acknowledge that, in spite of concerted efforts by the international community in the past ten years, building on efforts of the past decades, the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including their new forms and manifestations, still persists in all parts of the world and that countless human beings continue to the present day to be victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "5. Reaffirm that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance constitute a negation of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3] and that equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international law;", "6. Recall, in that regard, the importance of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[4] and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, as well as of universal ratification and effective implementation of the Convention;", "7. Resolve to pursue our common goal of ensuring the effective enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, especially for victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all societies;", "8. Welcome the initiative to erect a permanent memorial to honour the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "9. Reiterate that the primary responsibility for effectively combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance lies with States;", "10. Welcome the adoption of legislative measures and the establishment of specialized national mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "11. Call upon the United Nations system and international and regional organizations and invite all stakeholders, including parliaments, civil society and the private sector, to fully commit themselves and to intensify their efforts in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and welcome the continued engagement of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in incorporating the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action into the United Nations system;", "12. Proclaim together our strong determination to make the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and the protection of the victims thereof, a high priority for our countries.", "14th plenary meeting 22 September 2011", "[1]  See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[2]  See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[3]  Resolution 217 A (III).", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the following political declaration of the high-level meeting held on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action[1]:", "against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments meeting at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2011 on the occasion of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to mark the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action,1", "1. We reaffirm that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in 20011 and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, adopted in 2009[2], constitute the comprehensive framework of the United Nations and a sound basis for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "2. We recall that the objective of this celebration is to mobilize political will at the national, regional and international levels and reaffirm our political commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference and its follow-up processes at all levels;", "3. We welcome the progress made in many parts of the world in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance since 2001;", "4. We recognize that, despite concerted efforts by the international community over the past 10 years, which support the work of the previous decades, the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including its new forms and manifestations, still persists in all parts of the world and that, to date, countless human beings continue to be victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance;", "5. We reaffirm that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance constitute a denial of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3], and that equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international law;", "6. In this regard, we recall the importance of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[4] and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, as well as the universal ratification and effective implementation of the Convention;", "7. We resolve to promote our common goal of ensuring the effective enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons, especially the victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in all societies;", "8. We welcome the initiative to erect a permanent memorial in honour of the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "9. We reiterate that the primary responsibility for effectively combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance rests with States;", "10. We welcome the adoption of legislative measures and the establishment of specialized national mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "11. We call upon the United Nations system and international and regional organizations and invite all stakeholders, including parliaments, civil society and the private sector, to commit themselves fully and to intensify their efforts to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and welcome the continuing efforts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to mainstream the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action;", "12. We call together for our firm determination to make the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, as well as the protection of victims of such phenomena, a high priority for our countries.", "14th plenary meeting 22 September 2011", "[1] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[2] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[3] Resolution 217 A (III).", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 11 de octubre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Quinta Comisión (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Escala de cuotas para el prorrateo de los gastos de las Naciones Unidas: solicitudes presentadas con arreglo al Artículo 19 de la Carta", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo examinado el capítulo V del informe presentado por la Comisión de Cuotas sobre su 71° período de sesiones[1],", "Reafirmando la obligación de los Estados Miembros de sufragar los gastos de la Organización en la proporción que determine la Asamblea General, de conformidad con el Artículo 17 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "1. Reafirma la función que le corresponde de conformidad con las disposiciones del Artículo 19 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, así como la función asesora de la Comisión de Cuotas de conformidad con el artículo 160 del reglamento de la Asamblea General;", "2. Reafirma también su resolución 54/237 C, de 23 de diciembre de 1999;", "3. Solicita al Secretario General que siga señalando a la atención de los Estados Miembros el plazo indicado en la resolución 54/237 C, incluso mediante la publicación en el Diario de las Naciones Unidas de un anuncio sobre la cuestión con anticipación suficiente y mediante comunicación directa;", "4. Insta a todos los Estados Miembros que soliciten la exención prevista en el Artículo 19 de la Carta a que presenten la mayor cantidad de información posible en apoyo de sus solicitudes y a que consideren la posibilidad de presentar esa información antes del plazo indicado en la resolución 54/237 C para permitir la reunión de cualquier información detallada adicional que pueda ser necesaria;", "5. Conviene en que el hecho de que las Comoras, Guinea‑Bissau, Liberia, la República Centroafricana, Santo Tomé y Príncipe y Somalia no hayan pagado íntegramente la cantidad mínima necesaria para evitar la aplicación del Artículo 19 de la Carta se debió a circunstancias ajenas a su voluntad;", "6. Decide que se permita a las Comoras, Guinea‑Bissau, Liberia, la República Centroafricana, Santo Tomé y Príncipe y Somalia votar en la Asamblea General hasta que concluya su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones.", "32ª sesión plenaria 11 de octubre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations: requests under Article 19 of the Charter", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered chapter V of the report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session,[1]", "Reaffirming the obligation of Member States under Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations to bear the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Assembly,", "1. Reaffirms its role in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations and the advisory role of the Committee on Contributions in accordance with rule 160 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "2. Also reaffirms its resolution 54/237 C of 23 December 1999;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to bring to the attention of Member States the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C, including through an early announcement in the Journal of the United Nations and through direct communication;", "4. Urges all Member States requesting exemption under Article 19 of the Charter to submit as much information as possible in support of their requests and to consider submitting such information in advance of the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C so as to enable the collation of any additional detailed information that may be necessary;", "5. Agrees that the failure of the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia to pay the full minimum amount necessary to avoid the application of Article 19 of the Charter was due to conditions beyond their control;", "6. Decides that the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia shall be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its sixty-sixth session.", "32nd plenary meeting 11 October 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations: requests under Article 19 of the Charter", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered chapter V of the report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session,[1]", "Reaffirming the obligation of Member States to bear the expenses of the Organization as determined by the General Assembly in accordance with Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Reaffirms its role in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the advisory role of the Committee on Contributions in accordance with rule 160 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "2. Reaffirms also its resolution 54/237 C of 23 December 1999;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to draw the attention of Member States to the deadline set out in resolution 54/237 C, including through the publication in the Journal of the United Nations of an announcement on the matter in a timely manner and through direct communication;", "4. Urges all Member States requesting the exemption provided for in Article 19 of the Charter to submit as much information as possible in support of their requests and to consider submitting such information before the deadline set out in resolution 54/237 C to allow the collection of any additional detailed information as may be necessary;", "5. Agrees that the failure of the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, the Central African Republic, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia to pay the minimum amount necessary to avoid the application of Article 19 of the Charter was due to circumstances beyond their will;", "6. Decides that the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, the Central African Republic, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia shall be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its sixty-sixth session.", "32nd plenary meeting 11 October 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 17 de octubre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.3 y Add.1)]", "66/5. Construcción de un mundo pacífico y mejor mediante el deporte y el ideal olímpico", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 64/4, de 19 de octubre de 2009, en la que decidió incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones el subtema titulado “Construcción de un mundo pacífico y mejor mediante el deporte y el ideal olímpico”, y recordando también su decisión anterior de examinar ese subtema cada dos años, antes de cada celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano y de Invierno,", "Recordando también su resolución 48/11, de 25 de octubre de 1993, en la que, entre otras cosas, se reavivó la antigua tradición griega de la ekecheiria o tregua olímpica, de acuerdo con la cual durante los Juegos Olímpicos se produciría una tregua que propiciaría un entorno pacífico y garantizaría el desplazamiento de los atletas y otras personas pertinentes y su participación en los Juegos en condiciones de seguridad, y, de ese modo, se movilizaría a la juventud del mundo para la causa de la paz,", "Recordando además que, históricamente, el concepto central de la ekecheiria era la cesación de las hostilidades en ese período, que se extendía desde el séptimo día anterior a la inauguración de cada Olimpiada hasta el séptimo día posterior a su clausura, y que, según el legendario oráculo de Delfos, debía remplazar el ciclo de conflicto por una competición deportiva amistosa cada cuatro años,", "Reafirmando el valor del deporte en la promoción de la educación, la salud, el desarrollo y la paz,", "Recordando que en la Declaración del Milenio[1] se incluye un llamamiento a observar la tregua olímpica ahora y en el futuro, y a respaldar al Comité Olímpico Internacional en su labor de promover la paz y el entendimiento humano mediante el deporte y el ideal olímpico,", "Reconociendo la valiosa contribución que el llamamiento para que se observe una tregua olímpica formulado por el Comité Olímpico Internacional podría aportar a la promoción de los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Observando que los Juegos de la XXX Olimpiada se celebrarán del 27 de julio al 12 de agosto de 2012 y que los XIV Juegos Paralímpicos se celebrarán del 29 de agosto al 9 de septiembre de 2012, en Londres,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el otorgamiento de la condición de observador al Comité Olímpico Internacional en la Asamblea General en virtud de la aprobación de su resolución 64/3, el 19 de octubre de 2009, y la participación del Comité en los períodos de sesiones y la labor de la Asamblea General,", "Reconociendo las actividades conjuntas que realizan el Comité Olímpico Internacional, el Comité Paralímpico Internacional, la Oficina del Asesor Especial del Secretario General sobre el deporte para el desarrollo y la paz, y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en ámbitos como el desarrollo humano, la mitigación de la pobreza, la asistencia humanitaria, la promoción de la salud, la prevención del VIH y el SIDA, la educación de los niños y los jóvenes, la igualdad entre los géneros, la consolidación de la paz y el desarrollo sostenible,", "Observando el éxito de los primeros Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud, celebrados en Singapur del 14 al 26 de agosto de 2010, y acogiendo con beneplácito los primeros Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de la Juventud, que se celebrarán en Innsbruck (Austria) del 13 al 22 de enero de 2012, y los segundos Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud, que se celebrarán en Nanjing (China) del 16 al 28 de agosto de 2014,", "Recordando los artículos relativos al esparcimiento, las actividades recreativas, el deporte y el juego de las convenciones y los convenios internacionales pertinentes, incluido el artículo 30 de la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad[2], que reconoce el derecho de esas personas a participar en condiciones de igualdad con las demás en la vida cultural, las actividades recreativas, el esparcimiento y el deporte, observando que los Juegos Olímpicos celebrados en Londres en 1948 inspiraron la celebración de la primera competición deportiva de pacientes con lesiones de la médula espinal en Stoke Mandeville, cerca de Londres, anunciando el nacimiento de un nuevo movimiento deportivo mundial de atletas con discapacidad, y observando el establecimiento de los Juegos Paralímpicos y los planes encaminados a celebrar en 2012 unos Juegos para todos que sean integrados e inclusivos,", "Recordando también que los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Londres en 2012 tienen como temas principales celebrar unos Juegos verdaderamente sostenibles que reporten beneficios sociales, económicos, ambientales y deportivos a largo plazo, ayuden a promover comunidades más estables, inclusivas y pacíficas, así como la regeneración urbana, hagan frente al cambio climático, mejoren las relaciones y la cooperación internacionales y cambien las actitudes con respecto a la discapacidad, e inspirar a los jóvenes de todo el mundo para que enriquezcan sus vidas mediante el deporte, por ejemplo, con la creación de Inspiración internacional, el programa de legado internacional de Londres 2012,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el compromiso de varios Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas de elaborar programas nacionales e internacionales que promuevan la paz y la solución de los conflictos, así como los valores olímpicos y paralímpicos, mediante el deporte y mediante la cultura, la educación, el desarrollo sostenible y una participación pública más amplia,", "Reconociendo las oportunidades humanitarias que ofrecen la tregua olímpica y otras iniciativas apoyadas por las Naciones Unidas para lograr la cesación de los conflictos, como el Día Internacional de la Paz, establecido en su resolución 36/67, de 30 de noviembre de 1981,", "Observando con satisfacción que la bandera de las Naciones Unidas ondea en el Parque Olímpico,", "1. Insta a los Estados Miembros a que observen la tregua olímpica, de manera individual y colectiva, en el marco de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, durante todo el período comprendido entre la apertura de la XXX Olimpiada y la clausura de los XIV Juegos Paralímpicos;", "2. Acoge con beneplácito la labor del Comité Olímpico Internacional y el Comité Paralímpico Internacional para movilizar a las organizaciones deportivas internacionales y los comités olímpicos y paralímpicos nacionales de los Estados Miembros a fin de que adopten medidas concretas en los planos local, nacional, regional e internacional con miras a promover y fortalecer una cultura de paz basada en el espíritu de la tregua olímpica, e invita a esas organizaciones y comités nacionales a compartir información y mejores prácticas, según corresponda;", "3. Acoge con beneplácito también el liderazgo de los atletas olímpicos y paralímpicos en la promoción de la paz y el entendimiento humano mediante el deporte y el ideal olímpico;", "4. Exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que cooperen con el Comité Olímpico Internacional y el Comité Paralímpico Internacional en sus esfuerzos por utilizar el deporte como instrumento para promover la paz, el diálogo y la reconciliación en zonas de conflicto durante el período en que se celebren los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos y posteriormente;", "5. Acoge con beneplácito la cooperación entre los Estados Miembros, las Naciones Unidas y sus organismos especializados, fondos y programas, y el Comité Olímpico Internacional y, según proceda, el Comité Paralímpico Internacional para hacer una contribución importante y sostenible, mediante el deporte, al conocimiento y logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y alienta a los movimientos olímpico y paralímpico a que colaboren estrechamente con las organizaciones deportivas nacionales e internacionales en el uso del deporte para contribuir a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;", "6. Solicita al Secretario General y al Presidente de la Asamblea General que promuevan la observancia de la tregua olímpica entre los Estados Miembros y el apoyo a las iniciativas de desarrollo humano mediante el deporte, y que cooperen con el Comité Olímpico Internacional, el Comité Paralímpico Internacional y la comunidad deportiva en general en la consecución de esos objetivos;", "7. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el subtema titulado “Construcción de un mundo pacífico y mejor mediante el deporte y el ideal olímpico”, y examinar ese subtema antes de los XXII Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno y los XI Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno, que se celebrarán en Sochi (Federación de Rusia) en 2014.", "34ª sesión plenaria 17 de octubre de 2011", "[1]  Véase la resolución 55/2.", "[2]   Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, núm. 44910." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.3 and Add.1)]", "66/5. Building a peaceful and better world through sport", "and the Olympic ideal", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/4 of 19 October 2009, in which it decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑sixth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal”, and recalling also its prior decision to consider the sub‑item every two years, in advance of each Summer and Winter Olympic Games,", "Recalling also its resolution 48/11 of 25 October 1993, which, inter alia, revived the ancient Greek tradition of ekecheiria (“Olympic Truce”) calling for a truce during the Olympic Games that would encourage a peaceful environment and ensure the safe passage and participation of athletes and relevant persons at the Games, thereby mobilizing the youth of the world to the cause of peace,", "Recalling further that the core concept of ekecheiria, historically, was the cessation of hostilities from seven days before until seven days after the Olympic Games, which, according to the legendary oracle of Delphi, was to replace the cycle of conflict with a friendly athletic competition every four years,", "Reaffirming the value of sport in promoting education, health, development and peace,", "Recalling the inclusion in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[1] of an appeal for the observance of the Olympic Truce now and in the future and for support for the International Olympic Committee in its efforts to promote peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal,", "Acknowledging the valuable contribution that the appeal launched by the International Olympic Committee for an Olympic Truce could make towards advancing the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Noting that the Games of the XXX Olympiad will take place from 27 July to 12 August 2012, and that the XIV Paralympic Games will take place from 29 August to 9 September 2012, in London,", "Welcoming the granting of observer status to the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly pursuant to the adoption of resolution 64/3 on 19 October 2009 and the participation of the Committee in the sessions and work of the Assembly,", "Acknowledging the joint endeavours of the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary‑General on Sport for Development and Peace, and the United Nations system in such fields as human development, poverty alleviation, humanitarian assistance, health promotion, HIV and AIDS prevention, child and youth education, gender equality, peacebuilding and sustainable development,", "Noting the successful conclusion of the first Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, and welcoming the first Youth Winter Olympic Games, to be held in Innsbruck, Austria, from 13 to 22 January 2012, and the second Youth Olympic Games, to be held in Nanjing, China, from 16 to 28 August 2014,", "Recalling the articles on leisure, recreation, sport and play of relevant international conventions, including article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[2] recognizing the right of persons with disabilities to take part on an equal basis with others in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport, and noting that the 1948 Olympic Games, held in London, inspired the staging of the first organized sporting event for patients with spinal cord injuries, in Stoke Mandeville, near London, heralding the birth of a new global sporting movement for athletes with disabilities; the establishment of the Paralympic Games; and plans to stage integrated and inclusive Games for Everyone in 2012,", "Recalling also that the main themes of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in London in 2012 are to host genuinely sustainable Games that deliver long‑term social, economic, environmental and sporting benefits, helping to promote more stable, inclusive and peaceful communities and urban regeneration, addressing climate change, enhancing international relations and cooperation, and changing attitudes towards disability; and to inspire young people around the world to enrich their lives through sport, for example through the introduction of International Inspiration, the London 2012 international legacy programme,", "Welcoming the commitment made by various States Members of the United Nations to developing national and international programmes which promote peace and conflict resolution and the Olympic and Paralympic values through sport and through culture, education, sustainable development and wider public engagement,", "Recognizing the humanitarian opportunities presented by the Olympic Truce and by other initiatives supported by the United Nations to achieve the cessation of conflict, such as the International Day of Peace, established by General Assembly resolution 36/67 of 30 November 1981,", "Noting with satisfaction the flying of the United Nations flag at the Olympic Park,", "1. Urges Member States to observe, within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations, the Olympic Truce, individually and collectively, throughout the period beginning with the start of the Games of the XXX Olympiad and ending with the close of the XIV Paralympic Games;", "2. Welcomes the work of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee to mobilize international sports organizations and the National Olympic Committees and National Paralympic Committees of Member States to undertake concrete actions at the local, national, regional and international levels to promote and strengthen a culture of peace based on the spirit of the Olympic Truce, and invites those organizations and national committees to share information and best practices, as appropriate;", "3. Also welcomes the leadership of Olympic and Paralympic athletes in promoting peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to use sport as a tool to promote peace, dialogue and reconciliation in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games;", "5. Welcomes the cooperation among Member States, the United Nations and the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and the International Olympic Committee and, where appropriate, the International Paralympic Committee, to work towards a meaningful and sustainable contribution through sport to raising awareness of and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and encourages the Olympic and Paralympic movements to work closely with national and international sports organizations on the use of sport to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals;", "6. Requests the Secretary‑General and the President of the General Assembly to promote the observance of the Olympic Truce among Member States and support for human development initiatives through sport and to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee and the sporting community in general in the realization of those objectives;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑eighth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal” and to consider the sub‑item before the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games, to be held in Sochi, Russian Federation, in 2014.", "34th plenary meeting 17 October 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.3 and Add.1)]", "66/5. Building a peaceful and better world through sport and Olympic ideal", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/4 of 19 October 2009, in which it decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session the sub-item entitled &quot; Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal &quot; , and recalling also its previous decision to consider that sub-item every two years before each of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games,", "Recalling also its resolution 48/11 of 25 October 1993, in which, inter alia, the ancient Greek tradition of ekecheiria or Olympic Truce was revived, according to which during the Olympic Games a truce would be produced that would foster a peaceful environment and ensure the displacement of athletes and other relevant persons and their participation in the Games in security conditions, and thus mobilize the world &apos; s cause for peace,", "Recalling further that, historically, the central concept of ekecheiria was the cessation of hostilities in that period, which extended from the seventh day prior to the inauguration of each Olympiad until the seventh day after its closure, and that, according to the legendary Delfos oracle, it should replace the cycle of conflict with a friendly sporting competition every four years,", "Reaffirming the value of sport in promoting education, health, development and peace,", "Recalling that the Millennium Declaration[1] includes an appeal to observe the Olympic Truce now and in the future, and to support the International Olympic Committee in its efforts to promote peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal,", "Recognizing the valuable contribution that the call for an Olympic Truce formulated by the International Olympic Committee could make to the promotion of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Noting that the XXX Olympiad Games will be held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 and that the XIV Paralympic Games will be held from 29 August to 9 September 2012, in London,", "Welcoming the granting of observer status to the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly pursuant to its resolution 64/3, on 19 October 2009, and the participation of the Committee in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly,", "Recognizing the joint activities of the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Sport for Development and Peace, and the United Nations system in areas such as human development, poverty alleviation, humanitarian assistance, health promotion, HIV and AIDS prevention, education of children and youth, gender equality, peacebuilding and sustainable development,", "Noting the success of the first Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, and welcoming the first Youth Winter Olympics, to be held in Innsbruck, Austria, from 13 to 22 January 2012, and the second Youth Olympic Games, to be held in Nanjing, China, from 16 to 28 August 2014,", "Recalling articles relating to recreation, recreational activities, sport and play of relevant international conventions, including article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[2], which recognizes the right of such persons to participate in conditions of equality with others in cultural life, recreational activities, recreation and sport, noting that the Olympic Games held in London in 1948 inspired the holding of the first sport marrow competition", "Recalling also that the London Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012 have as their main themes the holding of truly sustainable Games that provide long-term social, economic, environmental and sport benefits, help to promote more stable, inclusive and peaceful communities, as well as urban regeneration, address climate change, improve international relations and cooperation and change attitudes towards disability, and inspire young people around the world to be a legacy of international sport,", "Welcoming the commitment of several States Members of the United Nations to develop national and international programmes that promote peace and conflict resolution, as well as Olympic and Paralympic values, through sport and through culture, education, sustainable development and wider public participation,", "Recognizing the humanitarian opportunities offered by the Olympic Truce and other United Nations-supported initiatives for the cessation of conflict, such as the International Day of Peace, established in its resolution 36/67 of 30 November 1981,", "Noting with satisfaction that the United Nations flag waves in the Olympic Park,", "1. Urges Member States to observe the Olympic Truce, individually and collectively, within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations, throughout the period between the opening of the XXX Olympiad and the closing of the XIV Paralympic Games;", "2. Welcomes the work of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee to mobilize international sports organizations and national Olympic and Paralympic Committees of Member States to take concrete action at the local, national, regional and international levels with a view to promoting and strengthening a culture of peace based on the spirit of Olympic Truce, and invites those national organizations and committees to share information and best practices, as appropriate;", "3. Also welcomes the leadership of Olympic and Paralympic athletes in promoting peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to use sport as an instrument for promoting peace, dialogue and reconciliation in conflict zones during the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games and thereafter;", "5. Welcomes cooperation between Member States, the United Nations and its specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and the International Olympic Committee and, as appropriate, the International Paralympic Committee to make an important and sustainable contribution, through sport, knowledge and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and encourages the Olympic and Paralympic movements to work closely with national and international sport organizations in the use of sport to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly to promote the observance of the Olympic Truce among Member States and support for human development initiatives through sport, and to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee and the sports community in general in achieving those objectives;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the sub-item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal”, and to consider that sub-item before the XXII Winter Olympic Games and the XI Winter Paralympic Games, to be held in Sochi, Russian Federation, in 2014.", "34th plenary meeting 17 October 2011", "[1] See resolution 55/2.", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 25 de octubre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necesidad de poner fin al bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos de América contra Cuba", "La Asamblea General,", "Decidida a fomentar el respeto estricto de los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Reafirmando, entre otros principios, la igualdad soberana de los Estados, la no intervención y no injerencia en sus asuntos internos y la libertad de comercio y navegación internacionales, consagrados, además, en numerosos instrumentos jurídicos internacionales,", "Recordando las declaraciones formuladas por los jefes de Estado y de gobierno en las cumbres iberoamericanas relativas a la necesidad de eliminar la aplicación unilateral de medidas de carácter económico y comercial contra otro Estado que afecten al libre desarrollo del comercio internacional,", "Preocupada porque continúan la promulgación y aplicación por parte de Estados Miembros de leyes y disposiciones reglamentarias como la promulgada el 12 de marzo de 1996, conocida como “Ley Helms-Burton”, cuyos efectos extraterritoriales afectan a la soberanía de otros Estados, a los intereses legítimos de entidades o personas bajo su jurisdicción y a la libertad de comercio y navegación,", "Tomando nota de las declaraciones y resoluciones de distintos foros intergubernamentales, órganos y gobiernos que expresan el rechazo de la comunidad internacional y de la opinión pública a la promulgación y aplicación de medidas del tipo indicado,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 47/19, de 24 de noviembre de 1992, 48/16, de 3 de noviembre de 1993, 49/9, de 26 de octubre de 1994, 50/10, de 2 de noviembre de 1995, 51/17, de 12 de noviembre de 1996, 52/10, de 5 de noviembre de 1997, 53/4, de 14 de octubre de 1998, 54/21, de 9 de noviembre de 1999, 55/20, de 9 de noviembre de 2000, 56/9, de 27 de noviembre de 2001, 57/11, de 12 de noviembre de 2002, 58/7, de 4 de noviembre de 2003, 59/11, de 28 de octubre de 2004, 60/12, de 8 de noviembre de 2005, 61/11, de 8 noviembre de 2006, 62/3, de 30 de octubre de 2007, 63/7, de 29 de octubre de 2008, 64/6, de 28 de octubre de 2009, y 65/6, de 26 de octubre de 2010,", "Preocupada porque, después de la aprobación de sus resoluciones 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 y 65/6, continúan promulgándose y aplicándose nuevas medidas de ese tipo dirigidas a reforzar y ampliar el bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero contra Cuba, y preocupada también por los efectos negativos de esas medidas sobre la población cubana y los nacionales de Cuba residentes en otros países,", "1. Toma nota del informe del Secretario General sobre el cumplimiento de la resolución 65/6[1];", "2. Reitera su exhortación a todos los Estados a que se abstengan de promulgar y aplicar leyes y medidas del tipo indicado en el preámbulo de la presente resolución, en cumplimiento de sus obligaciones de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el derecho internacional, que, entre otras cosas, reafirman la libertad de comercio y navegación;", "3. Insta una vez más a los Estados en los que existen y continúan aplicándose leyes y medidas de ese tipo a que, en el plazo más breve posible y de acuerdo con su ordenamiento jurídico, tomen las medidas necesarias para derogarlas o dejarlas sin efecto;", "4. Solicita al Secretario General que, en consulta con los órganos y organismos pertinentes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, prepare un informe sobre el cumplimiento de la presente resolución a la luz de los propósitos y principios de la Carta y del derecho internacional y se lo presente en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "5. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Necesidad de poner fin al bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos de América contra Cuba”.", "41ª sesión plenaria 25 de octubre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/114." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to encourage strict compliance with the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming, among other principles, the sovereign equality of States, non‑intervention and non-interference in their internal affairs and freedom of international trade and navigation, which are also enshrined in many international legal instruments,", "Recalling the statements of the Heads of State or Government at the Ibero‑American Summits concerning the need to eliminate the unilateral application of economic and trade measures by one State against another that affect the free flow of international trade,", "Concerned about the continued promulgation and application by Member States of laws and regulations, such as that promulgated on 12 March 1996 known as “the Helms-Burton Act”, the extraterritorial effects of which affect the sovereignty of other States, the legitimate interests of entities or persons under their jurisdiction and the freedom of trade and navigation,", "Taking note of declarations and resolutions of different intergovernmental forums, bodies and Governments that express the rejection by the international community and public opinion of the promulgation and application of measures of the kind referred to above,", "Recalling its resolutions 47/19 of 24 November 1992, 48/16 of 3 November 1993, 49/9 of 26 October 1994, 50/10 of 2 November 1995, 51/17 of 12 November 1996, 52/10 of 5 November 1997, 53/4 of 14 October 1998, 54/21 of 9 November 1999, 55/20 of 9 November 2000, 56/9 of 27 November 2001, 57/11 of 12 November 2002, 58/7 of 4 November 2003, 59/11 of 28 October 2004, 60/12 of 8 November 2005, 61/11 of 8 November 2006, 62/3 of 30 October 2007, 63/7 of 29 October 2008, 64/6 of 28 October 2009 and 65/6 of 26 October 2010,", "Concerned that, since the adoption of its resolutions 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 and 65/6, further measures of that nature aimed at strengthening and extending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba continue to be promulgated and applied, and concerned also about the adverse effects of such measures on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/6;[1]", "2. Reiterates its call upon all States to refrain from promulgating and applying laws and measures of the kind referred to in the preamble to the present resolution, in conformity with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which, inter alia, reaffirm the freedom of trade and navigation;", "3. Once again urges States that have and continue to apply such laws and measures to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the appropriate organs and agencies of the United Nations system, to prepare a report on the implementation of the present resolution in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and international law and to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”.", "41st plenary meeting 25 October 2011", "[1]  A/66/114." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to promote strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming, inter alia, the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention and non-interference in their internal affairs and the freedom of international trade and navigation, further enshrined in numerous international legal instruments,", "Recalling the statements made by the heads of State and Government at the Ibero-American summits on the need to eliminate the unilateral application of economic and trade measures against another State affecting the free development of international trade,", "Concerned that the promulgation and application by Member States of laws and regulations such as that promulgated on 12 March 1996, known as “Lay Helms-Burton”, whose extraterritorial effects affect the sovereignty of other States, the legitimate interests of entities or persons under their jurisdiction and the freedom of trade and navigation,", "Taking note of the statements and resolutions of various intergovernmental forums, bodies and Governments expressing the rejection of the international community and of the public to the promulgation and implementation of such measures,", "Recalling its resolutions 47/19 of 24 November 1992, 48/16 of 3 November 1993, 49/9 of 26 October 1994, 50/10 of 2 November 1995, 51/17 of 12 November 1996, 52/10 of 5 November 1997, 53/4 of 14 October 1998, 54/21 of 9 November 1999, 55/20 of 9 November 2000, 56/9 of 27 November 2001, 57/11 of 12 November 2002,", "Concerned that, following the adoption of its resolutions 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 and 65/6, further measures of this kind continue to be enacted and implemented to strengthen and expand the economic, commercial and financial embargo on Cuba, and also concerned about the negative effects of the Cuban", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/6[1];", "2. Reiterates its call upon all States to refrain from enacting and implementing such laws and measures as set out in the preamble to the present resolution, in compliance with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which, inter alia, reaffirm freedom of trade and navigation;", "3. Once again urges States in which such laws and measures exist and continue to be applied to take, within the shortest possible time and in accordance with their legal system, the necessary measures to repeal or terminate them;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the relevant organs and agencies of the United Nations system, to prepare a report on the implementation of the present resolution in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and international law and to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”.", "41st plenary meeting 25 October 2011", "[1] A/66/114." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.6 y Add.1)]", "66/7. Informe del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo recibido el informe del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica para 2010[1],", "Tomando nota de la declaración del Director General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica[2] en la que proporcionó información adicional sobre los aspectos más destacados de las actividades que llevó a cabo el Organismo en 2011,", "Reconociendo la importancia de la labor del Organismo,", "Reconociendo también la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y el Organismo y el Acuerdo sobre las relaciones entre las Naciones Unidas y el Organismo, aprobado por la Conferencia General del Organismo el 23 de octubre de 1957 y por la Asamblea General en el anexo de su resolución 1145 (XII), de 14 de noviembre de 1957,", "1. Toma nota con aprecio del informe del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica¹;", "2. Toma nota de las resoluciones GC(55)/RES/9, relativa a las medidas para fortalecer la cooperación internacional en materia de seguridad nuclear, radiológica, del transporte y de los desechos; GC(55)/RES/10, relativa a la seguridad física nuclear; GC(55)/RES/11, relativa al fortalecimiento de las actividades de cooperación técnica del Organismo; GC(55)/RES/12, relativa al fortalecimiento de las actividades del Organismo relacionadas con la ciencia, la tecnología y las aplicaciones nucleares, que comprende las resoluciones GC(55)/RES/12 A , relativa a las aplicaciones nucleares no eléctricas, y GC(55)/RES/12 B, relativa a las aplicaciones nucleoeléctricas; GC(55)/RES/13, relativa a la aplicación del acuerdo de salvaguardias en relación con el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares entre el Organismo y la República Popular Democrática de Corea; GC(55)/RES/14, relativa a la aplicación de las salvaguardias del Organismo en el Oriente Medio; y GC(55)/RES/15, relativa a cuestiones de personal, que comprende las resoluciones GC(55)/RES/15 A, relativa al personal de la secretaría del Organismo, y GC(55)/RES/15 B, relativa a las mujeres en la secretaría del Organismo; y las decisiones GC(55)/DEC/10, relativa a la enmienda del artículo XIV.A del Estatuto del Organismo; GC(55)/DEC/11, relativa al fortalecimiento de la eficacia y aumento de la eficiencia del sistema de salvaguardias y a la aplicación del Modelo de protocolo adicional; y GC(55)/DEC/12, relativa a la enmienda del artículo VI del Estatuto, aprobadas por la Conferencia General del Organismo en su 55ª reunión ordinaria, que se celebró del 19 al 23 de septiembre de 2011[3];", "3. Reafirma su enérgico apoyo a la indispensable función que desempeña el Organismo en la labor de alentar el desarrollo y la aplicación práctica de la energía atómica con fines pacíficos y prestar asistencia en esas esferas, en la transferencia de tecnología a los países en desarrollo y en la seguridad, verificación y protección en el ámbito nuclear;", "4. Hace un llamamiento a los Estados Miembros para que sigan apoyando las actividades del Organismo;", "5. Solicita al Secretario General que transmita al Director General del Organismo las actas de las deliberaciones celebradas en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones relativas a las actividades del Organismo.", "48ª sesión plenaria 2 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Informe Anual para 2010 [GC(55)/2]; transmitido a los miembros de la Asamblea General mediante una nota del Secretario General (A/66/95).", "[2]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Sesiones Plenarias, 46ª sesión (A/66/PV.46), y corrección.", "[3]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Resoluciones y otras decisiones de la Conferencia General, 55ª reunión ordinaria, 19 a 23 de septiembre de 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)]." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.6 and Add.1)]", "66/7. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency", "The General Assembly,", "Having received the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency for 2010,[1]", "Taking note of the statement by the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency,[2] in which he provided additional information on the main developments in the activities of the Agency during 2011,", "Recognizing the importance of the work of the Agency,", "Recognizing also the cooperation between the United Nations and the Agency and the Agreement governing the relationship between the United Nations and the Agency as approved by the General Conference of the Agency on 23 October 1957 and by the General Assembly in the annex to its resolution 1145 (XII) of 14 November 1957,", "1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency;¹", "2. Takes note of resolutions GC(55)/RES/9 on measures to strengthen international cooperation in nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety; GC(55)/RES/10 on nuclear security; GC(55)/RES/11 on the strengthening of the Agency’s technical cooperation activities; GC(55)/RES/12 on strengthening the Agency’s activities related to nuclear science, technology and applications, comprising GC(55)/RES/12 A on non-power nuclear applications and GC(55)/RES/12 B on nuclear power applications; GC(55)/RES/13 on the implementation of the Agreement between the Agency and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; GC(55)/RES/14 on the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East; and GC(55)/RES/15 on personnel matters, comprising GC(55)/RES/15 A on the staffing of the Agency’s Secretariat and GC(55)/RES/15 B on women in the Secretariat; and decisions GC(55)/DEC/10 on the amendment to article XIV.A of the Statute of the Agency; GC(55)/DEC/11 on strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system and application of the Model Additional Protocol; and GC(55)/DEC/12 on the amendment to article VI of the Statute, adopted by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, held from 19 to 23 September 2011;[3]", "3. Reaffirms its strong support for the indispensable role of the Agency in encouraging and assisting the development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses, in technology transfer to developing countries and in nuclear safety, verification and security;", "4. Appeals to Member States to continue to support the activities of the Agency;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Director General of the Agency the records of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly relating to the activities of the Agency.", "48th plenary meeting 2 November 2011", "[1]  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Annual Report for 2010 (GC(55)/2); transmitted to the members of the General Assembly by a note by the Secretary-General (A/66/95).", "[2]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, 46th meeting (A/66/PV.46), and corrigendum.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.6 and Add.1)]", "66/7. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency", "The General Assembly,", "Having received the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency for 2010[1],", "Taking note of the statement by the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency[2] in which he provided additional information on the highlights of the Agency &apos; s activities in 2011,", "Recognizing the importance of the work of the Agency,", "Recognizing also the cooperation between the United Nations and the Agency and the Agreement on Relations between the United Nations and the Agency, adopted by the General Conference of the Agency on 23 October 1957 and by the General Assembly in the annex to its resolution 1145 (XII) of 14 November 1957,", "1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency;1", "2. GC(55)/RES/9, on measures to strengthen international cooperation in nuclear safety, radiological, transport and wastes; GC(55)/RES/10, on the enhancement of Agency &apos; s activities", "3. Reaffirms its strong support for the indispensable role of the Agency in encouraging the development and practical implementation of atomic energy for peaceful purposes and in assisting in these areas, in the transfer of technology to developing countries and in nuclear security, verification and protection;", "4. Calls upon Member States to continue to support the activities of the Agency;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Director-General of the Agency the records of the proceedings held at its sixty-sixth session concerning the activities of the Agency.", "48th plenary meeting 2 November 2011", "[1] International Atomic Energy Agency, Annual Report for 2010 [GC(55)/2]; transmitted to the members of the General Assembly through a note by the Secretary-General (A/66/95).", "[2] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, 46th meeting (A/66/PV.46), and corrigendum.", "[3] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and other decisions of the General Conference, fifty-fifth ordinary meeting, 19-23 September 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)]." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 11 de noviembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Quinta Comisión (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Planificación de los programas", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 37/234, de 21 de diciembre de 1982, 38/227 A, de 20 de diciembre de 1983, 41/213, de 19 de diciembre de 1986, 55/234, de 23 de diciembre de 2000, 56/253, de 24 de diciembre de 2001, 57/282, de 20 de diciembre de 2002, 58/268 y 58/269, de 23 de diciembre de 2003, 59/275, de 23 de diciembre de 2004, 60/257, de 8 de mayo de 2006, 61/235, de 22 de diciembre de 2006, 62/224, de 22 de diciembre de 2007, y 65/244, de 24 de diciembre de 2010,", "Recordando también el mandato del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación, que figura en el anexo de la resolución 2008 (LX) del Consejo Económico y Social, de 14 de mayo de 1976,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación sobre la labor realizada en su 51° período de sesiones[1],", "1. Reafirma la función del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación como principal órgano subsidiario de la Asamblea General y del Consejo Económico y Social en materia de planificación, programación y coordinación;", "2. Pone de relieve nuevamente la función que incumbe al Plenario y a las Comisiones Principales de la Asamblea General en el examen de las recomendaciones del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación que se relacionen con su labor y en la adopción de medidas al respecto, de conformidad con el párrafo 4.10 del Reglamento y Reglamentación Detallada para la planificación de los programas, los aspectos de programas del presupuesto, la supervisión de la ejecución y los métodos de evaluación[2];", "3. Destaca que, como se desprende de los mandatos legislativos, incumbe a los Estados Miembros determinar las prioridades de las Naciones Unidas;", "4. Destaca también la necesidad de que los Estados Miembros participen plenamente en el proceso de preparación del presupuesto, desde sus primeras etapas y durante todo el proceso;", "5. Recuerda el párrafo 131 del informe del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación¹, y reafirma lo dispuesto en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General 62/236, de 22 de diciembre de 2007, 63/260, de 24 de diciembre de 2008, 64/243, de 24 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/244, de 24 de diciembre de 2010, relativas al nombramiento del Secretario General Adjunto y Asesor Especial para África, y a este respecto reitera su solicitud al Secretario General de que cumpla esos mandatos;", "6. Hace suyas las conclusiones y recomendaciones del Comité del Programa y de la Coordinación sobre evaluación[3], sobre el informe sinóptico anual de la Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación correspondiente al período 2010/11[4], y sobre el apoyo del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África[5].", "58ª sesión plenaria 11 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2]  ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 16 (A/66/16), cap. II, secc. B.", "[4]  Ibid., cap. III, secc. A.", "[5]  Ibid., secc. B." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Programme planning", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 37/234 of 21 December 1982, 38/227 A of 20 December 1983, 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 55/234 of 23 December 2000, 56/253 of 24 December 2001, 57/282 of 20 December 2002, 58/268 and 58/269 of 23 December 2003, 59/275 of 23 December 2004, 60/257 of 8 May 2006, 61/235 of 22 December 2006, 62/224 of 22 December 2007 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010,", "Recalling also the terms of reference of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, as outlined in the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) of 14 May 1976,", "Having considered the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fifty-first session,[1]", "1. Reaffirms the role of the Committee for Programme and Coordination as the main subsidiary organ of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council for planning, programming and coordination;", "2. Re-emphasizes the role of the plenary and the Main Committees of the General Assembly in reviewing and taking action on the appropriate recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination relevant to their work, in accordance with regulation 4.10 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation;[2]", "3. Stresses that setting the priorities of the United Nations is the prerogative of the Member States, as reflected in legislative mandates;", "4. Also stresses the need for Member States to participate fully in the budget preparation process, from its early stages and throughout the process;", "5. Recalls paragraph 131 of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination,¹ and reaffirms the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 62/236 of 22 December 2007, 63/260 of 24 December 2008, 64/243 of 24 December 2009 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010 concerning the appointment of the Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, and in this regard reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to abide by those mandates;", "6. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on evaluation,[3] on the annual overview report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination for 2010/11[4] and on United Nations system support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development.[5]", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2]  ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16), chap. II, sect. B.", "[4]  Ibid., chap. III, sect. A.", "[5]  Ibid., sect. B." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Programme planning", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 37/234 of 21 December 1982, 38/227 A of 20 December 1983, 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 55/234 of 23 December 2000, 56/253 of 24 December 2001, 57/282 of 20 December 2002, 58/268 and 58/269 of 23 December 2003, 59/275 of 23 December 2004, 60/257 of 8 May 2006, 61/235 of 22 December 2010,", "Recalling also the mandate of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, annexed to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) of 14 May 1976,", "Having considered the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fifty-first session,[1]", "1. Reaffirms the role of the Committee for Programme and Coordination as the main subsidiary body of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in planning, programming and coordination;", "2. Re-emphasizes the role of the Plenary and the Main Committees of the General Assembly in the consideration of the recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination that relate to and action on the work of the Committee, in accordance with regulation 4.10 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation[2];", "3. Stresses that, as reflected in legislative mandates, it is incumbent on Member States to identify the priorities of the United Nations;", "4. Also stresses the need for Member States to participate fully in the budget preparation process, from its early stages and throughout the process;", "5. Recalls paragraph 131 of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination,1 and reaffirms the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 62/236 of 22 December 2007, 63/260 of 24 December 2008, 64/243 of 24 December 2009 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010 on the appointment of the Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser for Africa, and in this regard reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to fulfil those mandates;", "6. It endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on evaluation[3], on the annual overview report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination for the period 2010/11[4], and on the support of the United Nations system for the New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development[5].", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2] ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16), chap. II, sect. B.", "[4] Ibid., cap. III, sect. A.", "[5] Ibid., sect. B." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 11 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.7 y Add.1)]", "66/9. Asistencia humanitaria de emergencia para la rehabilitación y reconstrucción de Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando todas las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General sobre la asistencia humanitaria de emergencia, y reafirmando los principios de humanidad, neutralidad, imparcialidad e independencia en la prestación de asistencia humanitaria,", "Profundamente consternada por las pérdidas de vidas humanas que han enlutado a numerosas familias centroamericanas y el gran número de damnificados causados por la depresión tropical 12‑E en el Océano Pacífico y las intensas lluvias en Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá entre el 10 y el 19 de octubre de 2011,", "Consciente de las enormes pérdidas materiales en cultivos, viviendas, infraestructura básica, áreas de turismo y otras zonas, que, entre otros, amenazan severamente la seguridad alimentaria de la población centroamericana, en particular de las familias más pobres, así como sus consecuencias negativas en la actividad económica y comercial del istmo,", "Consciente también de que, por sus características geográficas, los países de Centroamérica son particularmente vulnerables a los efectos adversos de los fenómenos meteorológicos asociados al cambio climático y otros factores que en los últimos años han generado nuevos escenarios de riesgo, incrementando la pobreza de la población más vulnerable y socavando los esfuerzos que se realizan para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y un desarrollo más sostenible en beneficio de la población centroamericana,", "Reconociendo los esfuerzos de los gobiernos centroamericanos por reducir las pérdidas humanas y brindar asistencia rápida a la población afectada,", "Considerando la Declaración de Comalapa, emanada de la Cumbre Extraordinaria de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de los Países del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, realizada en San Salvador el 25 de octubre de 2011,", "Considerando también el enorme esfuerzo que se requiere para reconstruir las zonas afectadas y mitigar la grave situación causada por este desastre natural, cuya precipitación de nueve días continuos es de las más voluminosas en la historia de Centroamérica, duplicando incluso la registrada por el huracán Mitch en 1998, y que dicho esfuerzo requerirá de un apoyo amplio, coordinado y sostenido de la comunidad internacional,", "1. Expresa su solidaridad y apoyo a los Gobiernos y pueblos de Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá;", "2. Agradece a los miembros de la comunidad internacional que hasta el momento han brindado su oportuno apoyo a las labores de rescate y asistencia a la población afectada, especialmente a la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios de la Secretaría y al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, y encomia la labor llevada a cabo por el Coordinador del Socorro de Emergencia  para reforzar la coordinación de la asistencia humanitaria;", "3. Reconoce el esfuerzo que han hecho los países de Centroamérica con el fin de fortalecer su capacidad de preparación para los desastres y el progreso logrado al respecto, pone de relieve la importancia de que se invierta en la reducción del riesgo de desastres y alienta a la comunidad internacional a que siga cooperando con los gobiernos afectados con tal fin;", "4. Hace un llamamiento a todos los Estados Miembros y a todos los órganos y organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, así como a las instituciones internacionales financieras y de desarrollo, a que sigan brindando su colaboración a Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá en las labores de socorro, rehabilitación y asistencia humanitaria y en la reconstrucción regional;", "5. Pide a las organizaciones y los órganos pertinentes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a otras organizaciones multilaterales que apoyen y faciliten asistencia para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades nacionales y regionales de preparación, prevención y mitigación en casos de desastre y gestión de riesgos en los países mencionados según se necesite y de su institución especializada del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, el Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de Desastres Naturales en América Central;", "6. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución y el progreso realizado en cuanto a los esfuerzos de alivio, rehabilitación y reconstrucción de los países afectados.", "58ª sesión plenaria 11 de noviembre de 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.7 and Add.1)]", "66/9. Emergency humanitarian assistance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all relevant resolutions of the General Assembly on emergency humanitarian assistance, and reaffirming the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence for the provision of humanitarian assistance,", "Deeply disturbed by the loss of life that brought grief to so many families in Central America and by just how many people were affected by the Pacific tropical depression E-12 and the intense rainfall in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama from 10 to 19 October 2011,", "Aware of the extensive material damage to crops, housing, basic infrastructure and tourist and other areas, which, inter alia, poses a severe threat to the food security of the people of Central America, particularly the poorest families, and of the adverse effects on economic activity and trade in the isthmus,", "Also aware that the geography of Central American countries makes them especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of meteorological phenomena associated with climate change and other factors which, in recent years, have given rise to new risk scenarios, plunging the most vulnerable populations deeper into poverty and undermining efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and promote more sustainable development for the people of Central America,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Central American Governments to minimize loss of life and provide speedy assistance to the stricken population,", "Considering the Declaration of Comalapa adopted at the special summit of Heads of State and Government of the countries members of the Central American Integration System, held in San Salvador on 25 October 2011,", "Also considering the enormous effort needed to rebuild the stricken areas and to address the serious situation left in the wake of a natural disaster which, over nine days, produced some of the heaviest rains ever seen in Central America, with twice the amount of rain recorded during hurricane Mitch in 1998, and that this effort will require the broad, coordinated and sustained support of the international community,", "1. Expresses its solidarity with and support for the Governments and peoples of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama;", "2. Expresses its appreciation to the members of the international community that have already provided timely assistance for rescue and aid efforts targeted at the stricken population, in particular, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme, and commends the efforts of the Emergency Relief Coordinator to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance;", "3. Acknowledges the efforts and progress made by Central American countries in strengthening their disaster-preparedness capacity, emphasizes the importance of investing in disaster risk reduction, and encourages the international community to continue to cooperate with the affected Governments towards this end;", "4. Appeals to all Member States and all organs and agencies of the United Nations system, as well as the international financial and development institutions, to continue to cooperate with Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama in their relief, rehabilitation and humanitarian assistance efforts and in rebuilding the region;", "5. Requests the relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and other multilateral organizations to support and assist national and regional capacity-building in the areas of natural disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation and risk management in the above-mentioned countries according to needs and in the specialized institution of the Central American Integration System, the Coordination Centre for Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution and progress made in relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in the stricken countries.", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.7 and Add.1)]", "66/9. Emergency humanitarian assistance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all relevant General Assembly resolutions on emergency humanitarian assistance, and reaffirming the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance,", "Deeply dismayed by the loss of human lives that have mourned numerous Central American families and the large number of victims caused by the 12-E tropical depression in the Pacific Ocean and the intense rains in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama between 10 and 19 October 2011,", "Aware of the enormous material losses in crops, housing, basic infrastructure, tourism and other areas, which, among others, severely threaten the food security of the Central American population, in particular the poorest families, as well as their negative consequences on the economic and commercial activity of the isthmus,", "Recognizing also that, because of their geographical characteristics, the countries of Central America are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of weather events associated with climate change and other factors that have generated new risk scenarios in recent years, increasing the poverty of the most vulnerable population and undermining efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and more sustainable development for the benefit of the Central American population,", "Recognizing the efforts of Central American Governments to reduce human losses and provide prompt assistance to the affected population,", "Considering the Comalapa Declaration, emanated from the Extraordinary Summit of Heads of State and Government of the Countries of the Central American Integration System, held in San Salvador on 25 October 2011,", "Considering also the enormous effort required to rebuild the affected areas and mitigate the serious situation caused by this natural disaster, whose nine-day rainfall is the most voluminous in the history of Central America, doubling even that recorded by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, and that this effort will require comprehensive, coordinated and sustained support from the international community,", "1. Expresses its solidarity and support to the Governments and peoples of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama;", "2. He thanked the members of the international community that had so far provided their timely support for the rescue and assistance efforts of the affected population, especially the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme, and commended the efforts of the Emergency Relief Coordinator to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance;", "3. Recognizes the efforts of the countries of Central America to strengthen their capacity for disaster preparedness and progress in this regard, emphasizes the importance of investing in disaster risk reduction and encourages the international community to continue to cooperate with affected Governments to that end;", "4. Calls upon all Member States and all organs and bodies of the United Nations system, as well as international financial and development institutions, to continue to provide their collaboration to Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama in relief, rehabilitation and humanitarian assistance and in regional reconstruction;", "5. Requests relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and other multilateral organizations to support and facilitate assistance in strengthening national and regional capacities for disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation and risk management in the countries mentioned as needed and their specialized institution of the Central American Integration System, the Coordination Centre for Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution and on the progress made in efforts to alleviate, rehabilitate and rebuild the affected countries.", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 18 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 y add.1)]", "66/10. Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando todas sus resoluciones relativas a medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional y las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad relativas a las amenazas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales causadas por actos terroristas,", "Reafirmando sus resoluciones 60/288, de 8 de septiembre de 2006, 62/272, de 5 de septiembre de 2008, 64/235, de 24 de diciembre de 2009, y 64/297, de 8 de septiembre de 2010, relativas a la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo,", "Observando con aprecio el acuerdo de contribución para poner en marcha el Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo, firmado por las Naciones Unidas y el Reino de la Arabia Saudita el 19 de septiembre de 2011,", "1. Acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento del Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas;", "2. Acoge con beneplácito también la decisión del Reino de la Arabia Saudita de financiar durante tres años el Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo establecido en el marco de la Oficina del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, que se financiará mediante contribuciones voluntarias;", "3. Observa que el Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo actuará bajo la dirección del Secretario General y contribuirá a promover la aplicación de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo por conducto del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo;", "4. Alienta a todos los Estados Miembros a que colaboren con el Centro de las Naciones Unidas contra el Terrorismo contribuyendo a la ejecución de sus actividades para apoyar la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo;", "5. Decide examinar la aplicación de la presente resolución en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones, en el marco actual de presentación y examen de informes del cuarto examen bienal de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo.", "60ª sesión plenaria 18 de noviembre de 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 and Add.1)]", "66/10. United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all General Assembly resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism and Security Council resolutions on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,", "Reaffirming its resolutions 60/288 of 8 September 2006, 62/272 of 5 September 2008, 64/235 of 24 December 2009 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 concerning the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,", "Noting with appreciation the contribution agreement to launch the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre signed by the United Nations and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2011,", "1. Welcomes the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre at United Nations Headquarters;", "2. Also welcomes the decision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to fund for three years the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre established within the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, to be funded through voluntary contributions;", "3. Notes that the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre will operate under the direction of the Secretary-General and will contribute to promoting the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;", "4. Encourages all Member States to collaborate with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre in contributing to the implementation of its activities in support of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;", "5. Decides to review the implementation of the present resolution at its sixty-eighth session within the existing reporting and review framework of the fourth biennial review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 and add.1)]", "66/10. United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all its resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism and Security Council resolutions on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,", "Reaffirming its resolutions 60/288 of 8 September 2006, 62/272 of 5 September 2008, 64/235 of 24 December 2009 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 on the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,", "Noting with appreciation the contribution agreement to launch the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre, signed by the United Nations and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2011,", "1. Welcomes the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre at United Nations Headquarters;", "2. Also welcomes the decision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to finance for three years the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre established within the framework of the Office of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, to be funded through voluntary contributions;", "3. Notes that the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre will act under the leadership of the Secretary-General and will contribute to promoting the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;", "4. Encourages all Member States to cooperate with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre by contributing to the implementation of its activities to support the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;", "5. Decides to review the implementation of the present resolution at its sixty-eighth session, within the current framework of the submission and review of reports of the fourth biennial review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011" ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 18 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.9 y Add.1)]", "66/11. Restablecimiento del derecho de Libia a formar parte del Consejo de Derechos Humanos", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 60/251, de 15 de marzo de 2006,", "Recordando también su resolución 65/265, de 1 de marzo de 2011, en que decidió suspender el derecho de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia a formar parte del Consejo de Derechos Humanos,", "Recordando además su resolución 66/1 A, de 16 de septiembre de 2011, en que aceptó las credenciales de los representantes en el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, incluidas las de la delegación de Libia,", "Tomando nota de la resolución 18/9 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, de 29 de septiembre de 2011[1],", "Acogiendo con beneplácito los compromisos asumidos por Libia de cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, promover y proteger los derechos humanos, la democracia y el estado de derecho, y cooperar con los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos pertinentes, así como con la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y la Comisión de Investigación Internacional establecida por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su resolución S‑15/1, de 25 de febrero de 2011[2],", "Decide restablecer el derecho de Libia a formar parte del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "60ª sesión plenaria 18 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 53A (A/66/53/Add.1), cap. I.", "[2]  Ibid, Suplemento núm. 53 (A/66/53), cap. I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.9 and Add.1)]", "66/11. Restoration of the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,", "Recalling also its resolution 65/265 of 1 March 2011, in which it decided to suspend the rights of membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council,", "Recalling further its resolution 66/1 A of 16 September 2011, in which it accepted the credentials of the representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, including the credentials of the delegation of Libya,", "Taking note of Human Rights Council resolution 18/9 of 29 September 2011,[1]", "Welcoming the commitments made by Libya to uphold its obligations under international human rights law, to promote and protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law, and to cooperate with relevant international human rights mechanisms, as well as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution S‑15/1 of 25 February 2011,[2]", "Decides to restore the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A and corrigendum (A/66/53/Add.1 and Corr.1), chap. I.", "[2]  Ibid., Supplement No. 53 (A/66/53), chap. I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.9 and Add.1)]", "66/11. Restoration of Libya &apos; s right to membership in the Human Rights Council", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,", "Recalling also its resolution 65/265 of 1 March 2011, in which it decided to suspend the right of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to form part of the Human Rights Council,", "Recalling further its resolution 66/1 A of 16 September 2011, in which it accepted the credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, including those of the Libyan delegation,", "Taking note of Human Rights Council resolution 18/9 of 29 September 2011[1],", "Welcoming Libya &apos; s commitments to fulfil its obligations under international human rights standards, to promote and protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law, and to cooperate with relevant international human rights mechanisms, as well as with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution S-15/1 of 25 February 2011[2],", "Decides to restore Libya &apos; s right to membership in the Human Rights Council.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A (A/66/53/Add.1), chap. I.", "[2] Ibid, Supplement No. 53 (A/66/53), chap. I." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 18 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.8 y Add.1)]", "66/12. Atentados terroristas contra personas internacionalmente protegidas", "La Asamblea General,", "Guiada por los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y reafirmando la función que le encomienda la Carta, que incluye las cuestiones relativas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Recordando la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo, que figura en su resolución 60/288, de 8 de septiembre de 2006, así como sus resoluciones 62/272, de 5 de septiembre de 2008, y 64/297, de 8 de septiembre de 2010, en que reafirmó la Estrategia,", "Recordando también la Convención sobre la prevención y el castigo de delitos contra personas internacionalmente protegidas, inclusive los agentes diplomáticos[1],", "Renovando su compromiso inquebrantable de intensificar la cooperación internacional para prevenir y combatir el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones,", "Convencida de que el respeto de los principios y las normas del derecho internacional que rigen las relaciones diplomáticas y consulares constituye un requisito básico para la marcha normal de las relaciones entre Estados y para la realización de los propósitos y principios de la Carta,", "Preocupada porque no se respeta la inviolabilidad de las misiones y los representantes diplomáticos y consulares,", "Observando la nota verbal de fecha 7 de abril de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente de la Arabia Saudita ante las Naciones Unidas en relación con actos hostiles cometidos contra misiones diplomáticas en la República Islámica del Irán[2], y recordando las obligaciones que incumben a los Estados en relación con la protección y la seguridad de las misiones diplomáticas, los consulados y el personal de estos en su territorio,", "Poniendo de relieve el deber que tienen los Estados de adoptar oportunamente todas las medidas necesarias con arreglo al derecho internacional, incluidas las de carácter preventivo, así como de llevar a los infractores ante la justicia,", "Observando la carta de fecha 14 de octubre de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de la Arabia Saudita ante las Naciones Unidas en relación con una trama desarticulada para asesinar al Embajador de la Arabia Saudita ante los Estados Unidos de América[3], y observando también las declaraciones del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo de 12 de octubre de 2011 y del Consejo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes de 13 de octubre de 2011[4],", "Observando también la carta de fecha 11 de octubre de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Representante Permanente de los Estados Unidos de América ante las Naciones Unidas en que se da noticia de una trama iraní[5],", "Observando además la carta de fecha 11 de octubre de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General, el Presidente de la Asamblea General y el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de la República Islámica del Irán ante las Naciones Unidas[6],", "Alarmada por los actos de violencia nuevos y recurrentes perpetrados contra representantes diplomáticos y consulares, que ponen en peligro o se cobran vidas de inocentes y perturban considerablemente el trabajo normal de esos representantes y funcionarios,", "Profundamente preocupada por la trama para asesinar al Embajador de la Arabia Saudita ante los Estados Unidos de América,", "1. Reitera su condena firme e inequívoca del terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones, sean cuales fueren los autores, el momento y el propósito, puesto que constituye una de las amenazas más graves para la paz y la seguridad internacionales;", "2. Condena enérgicamente los actos de violencia contra las misiones y los representantes diplomáticos y consulares, así como contra las misiones y los representantes de organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales y los funcionarios de esas organizaciones, y pone de relieve que esos actos no admiten justificación alguna;", "3. Deplora la trama para asesinar al Embajador de la Arabia Saudita ante los Estados Unidos de América;", "4. Alienta a todos los Estados a que adopten medidas adicionales para prevenir, en su territorio, que se planifiquen, financien, patrocinen, organicen o cometan actos terroristas similares y a que denieguen el cobijo a quienes planifiquen, financien, apoyen o cometan tales actos terroristas;", "5. Exhorta a la República Islámica del Irán a que cumpla todas las obligaciones que le incumben en virtud del derecho internacional, incluida la Convención sobre la prevención y el castigo de delitos contra personas internacionalmente protegidas, inclusive los agentes diplomáticos¹, en particular sus obligaciones de proporcionar asistencia en materia de aplicación de la ley, y coopere con los Estados que traten de hacer comparecer ante la justicia a todos quienes hayan participado en la planificación, el patrocinio, la organización y el intento de ejecución de la trama para asesinar al Embajador de la Arabia Saudita ante los Estados Unidos de América.", "61ª sesión plenaria 18 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, núm. 15410.", "[2]  A/65/946.", "[3]  A/66/553.", "[4]  S/2011/640, anexo.", "[5]  Véase A/66/517‑S/2011/649.", "[6]  A/66/513‑S/2011/633." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.8 and Add.1)]", "66/12. Terrorist attacks on internationally protected persons", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming its role under the Charter, including on questions related to international peace and security,", "Recalling the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in General Assembly resolution 60/288 of 8 September 2006, as well as Assembly resolutions 62/272 of 5 September 2008 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 which reaffirmed the Strategy,", "Recalling also the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,[1]", "Renewing its unwavering commitment to strengthening international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations,", "Convinced that respect for the principles and rules of international law governing diplomatic and consular relations is a basic prerequisite for the normal conduct of relations among States and for the fulfilment of the purposes and principles of the Charter,", "Concerned at the failure to respect the inviolability of diplomatic and consular missions and representatives,", "Noting the note verbale dated 7 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding hostile actions committed against diplomatic missions in the Islamic Republic of Iran,[2] and recalling the obligations of States regarding the protection, security and safety of diplomatic missions, consulates and personnel on their territories,", "Emphasizing the duty of States to take all appropriate measures required by international law in a timely manner, including measures of a preventive nature, and to bring offenders to justice,", "Noting the letter dated 14 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding a disrupted plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,[3] and noting also the statement of the Gulf Cooperation Council of 12 October 2011 and of the Council of the League of Arab States of 13 October 2011,[4]", "Noting also the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General reporting an Iranian plot,[5]", "Noting further the letter dated 11 October 2011, from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council,[6]", "Alarmed by the new and recurring acts of violence against diplomatic and consular representatives, which endanger or take innocent lives and seriously impede the normal work of such representatives and officials,", "Deeply concerned by the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,", "1. Reiterates its strong and unequivocal condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security;", "2. Strongly condemns acts of violence against diplomatic and consular missions and representatives, as well as against missions and representatives of international intergovernmental organizations and officials of such organizations, and emphasizes that such acts can never be justified;", "3. Deplores the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America;", "4. Encourages all States to take additional steps to prevent, on their territories, the planning, financing, sponsorship or organization or commission of similar terrorist acts and to deny safe haven to those who plan, finance, support or commit such terrorist acts;", "5. Calls upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to comply with all of its obligations under international law, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,¹ particularly with respect to its obligations to provide law enforcement assistance, and to cooperate with States seeking to bring to justice all those who participated in the planning, sponsoring, organization and attempted execution of the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America.", "61st plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, No. 15410.", "[2]  A/65/946.", "[3]  A/66/553.", "[4]  S/2011/640, annex.", "[5]  See A/66/517‑S/2011/649.", "[6]  A/66/513‑S/2011/633." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.8 and Add.1)]", "66/12. Terrorist attacks against internationally protected persons", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and reaffirming the role entrusted to it by the Charter, including questions relating to international peace and security,", "Recalling the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in its resolution 60/288 of 8 September 2006, as well as its resolutions 62/272 of 5 September 2008 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010, in which it reaffirmed the Strategy,", "Recalling also the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents[1],", "Renewing its unwavering commitment to intensify international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations,", "Convinced that respect for the principles and norms of international law governing diplomatic and consular relations is a basic requirement for the normal progress of relations between States and for the realization of the purposes and principles of the Charter,", "Concerned that the inviolability of diplomatic and consular missions and representatives is not respected,", "Noting the note verbale dated 7 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General in connection with hostile acts committed against diplomatic missions in the Islamic Republic of Iran,[2] and recalling the obligations of States with regard to the protection and security of diplomatic missions, consulates and their personnel in their territory,", "Emphasizing the duty of States to take all necessary measures in due course under international law, including preventive measures, as well as to bring offenders to justice,", "Noting the letter dated 14 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General concerning an unarmed plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,[3] and also noting the statements of the Gulf Cooperation Council of 12 October 2011 and the Council of the League of Arab States of 13 October 2011[4],", "Noting also the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, informing an Iranian plot,[5]", "Noting further the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council[6],", "Alarmed by new and recurring acts of violence against diplomatic and consular representatives, which endanger or claim innocent lives and significantly disrupt the normal work of those representatives and officials,", "Deeply concerned about the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,", "1. It reiterates its firm and unequivocal condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, regardless of the authors, timing and purpose, since it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security;", "2. Strongly condemns acts of violence against diplomatic and consular missions and representatives, as well as against missions and representatives of international intergovernmental organizations and officials of such organizations, and emphasizes that such acts do not allow any justification;", "3. Deplores the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America;", "4. Encourages all States to take additional measures to prevent, in their territory, planning, financing, sponsoring, organizing or committing similar terrorist acts and to deny shelter to those planning, financing, supporting or committing such terrorist acts;", "5. It calls upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to fulfil all its obligations under international law, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,1 in particular its obligations to provide assistance in law enforcement, and to cooperate with States seeking to bring to justice all those who have participated in the planning, sponsorship, organization and attempt to assassinate the United States.", "61st plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, No. 15410.", "[2] A/65/946.", "[3] A/66/553.", "[4] S/2011/640, annex.", "[5] See A/66/517‐S/2011/649.", "[6] A/66/513-S/2011/633." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 21 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.10 y Add.1)]", "66/13. La situación en el Afganistán", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 65/8, de 4 de noviembre de 2010, y todas sus resoluciones anteriores pertinentes,", "Recordando también todas las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad y todas las declaraciones de la Presidencia del Consejo sobre la situación en el Afganistán, en particular las resoluciones 1974 (2011), de 22 de marzo de 2011, y 2011 (2011), de 12 de octubre de 2011,", "Reiterando su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la independencia, la integridad territorial y la unidad nacional del Afganistán y respetando su patrimonio multicultural, multiétnico e histórico,", "Reconociendo una vez más que los desafíos que se plantean en el Afganistán están interconectados, reafirmando que los avances sostenibles en materia de seguridad, gobernanza, derechos humanos, estado de derecho y desarrollo, así como en la cuestión intersectorial de la lucha contra los estupefacientes, se refuerzan mutuamente, y acogiendo con beneplácito que el Gobierno del Afganistán y la comunidad internacional sigan encarando esos desafíos de modo coherente,", "Recordando el compromiso a largo plazo de la comunidad internacional con el Afganistán, incluidos los compromisos mutuos asumidos en las Conferencias de Londres y Kabul, celebradas los días 28 de enero y 20 de julio de 2010, respectivamente, aguardando con interés el examen amplio que va a realizar próximamente el Secretario General, en consulta con el Gobierno del Afganistán y las partes internacionales interesadas pertinentes, de las actividades establecidas en el mandato de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán y el apoyo que prestan las Naciones Unidas en el país, con el fin de fortalecer la implicación y el liderazgo nacionales en consonancia con el proceso de Kabul, y teniendo en cuenta el carácter evolutivo de la presencia de la comunidad internacional,", "Aguardando con interés la Conferencia Internacional sobre el Afganistán titulada “El Afganistán y la comunidad internacional: de la transición al decenio de la transformación”, que se va a celebrar en Bonn (Alemania) el 5 de diciembre de 2011 bajo la presidencia del Gobierno del Afganistán, donde se seguirán definiendo los aspectos civiles de la transición, el compromiso a largo plazo de la comunidad internacional en el Afganistán en el contexto de la región y el apoyo al proceso político,", "Apoyando el aumento de los esfuerzos regionales para que se sigan aplicando las declaraciones anteriores de relaciones de buena vecindad, acogiendo con beneplácito la Conferencia sobre la Seguridad y la Cooperación en el Corazón de Asia celebrada en Estambul (Turquía) el 2 de noviembre de 2011, en que el Afganistán y sus asociados regionales, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, afirmaron su compromiso de promover la seguridad y la cooperación regionales aplicando medidas de fomento de la confianza, y aguardando con interés la primera reunión de seguimiento de la Conferencia de Estambul para el Afganistán, que se ha previsto celebrar, a nivel ministerial, en Kabul en junio de 2012,", "Observando las iniciativas regionales, como las que se están llevando a cabo en el marco de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai, la Organización del Tratado de Seguridad Colectiva, la Unión Europea, la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa, la Asociación de Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional, la Organización de Cooperación Económica y otras iniciativas pertinentes encaminadas a aumentar la cooperación económica regional con el Afganistán, como la Conferencia de Cooperación Económica Regional sobre el Afganistán y el Programa de Cooperación Económica Regional para el Asia Central, y observando también la reunión ministerial sobre la mejora de la conectividad del comercio a lo largo de las rutas comerciales históricas, celebrada en Nueva York el 22 de septiembre de 2011,", "Subrayando la significación del acuerdo alcanzado en la cumbre de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte, celebrada en Lisboa los días 19 y 20 de noviembre de 2010 entre el Gobierno del Afganistán y los países que contribuyen a la Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad, de transferir gradualmente al Gobierno del Afganistán la responsabilidad principal respecto de la seguridad en todo el país para el fin de 2014, acogiendo con beneplácito la transición que se está realizando y aguardando con interés que se extienda de forma escalonada al resto del país, subrayando la función que sigue desempeñando la Fuerza de Asistencia en apoyo del Gobierno del Afganistán y en la promoción de una transición responsable y la importancia de que mejore la capacidad operacional de las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán, destacando el compromiso a largo plazo, después de 2014, asumido por la comunidad internacional de prestar apoyo para que prosiga el desarrollo, incluido el adiestramiento y la profesionalización, de las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán y su capacidad para hacer frente a las amenazas que persistan para la seguridad del país, con miras a establecer una paz, una seguridad y una estabilidad duraderas, y observando que estas cuestiones se tratarán en la cumbre de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte que se celebrará en Chicago (Estados Unidos de América) en 2012,", "Reiterando la necesidad urgente de hacer frente a los desafíos que se plantean en el Afganistán, en particular las actividades delictivas y terroristas violentas que siguen llevando a cabo los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos y delincuentes violentos y extremistas, incluidos los que intervienen en el comercio de estupefacientes, el desarrollo de las instituciones afganas de gobierno, incluso en el nivel subnacional, el fortalecimiento del estado de derecho y los procesos democráticos, la lucha contra la corrupción, la aceleración de la reforma del sector de la justicia, el fomento de la reconciliación nacional, sin perjuicio del cumplimiento de las medidas aprobadas por el Consejo de Seguridad en sus resoluciones 1267 (1999), de 15 de octubre de 1999, y 1988 (2011) y 1989 (2011), de 17 de junio de 2011, y demás resoluciones pertinentes, un proceso de justicia de transición dirigido por los propios afganos, el regreso seguro y voluntario de los refugiados y desplazados internos afganos en forma ordenada y digna, la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y el impulso del desarrollo económico y social,", "Profundamente preocupada por el elevado nivel de violencia que sigue existiendo en el Afganistán, condenando en los términos más enérgicos todos los ataques violentos y reconociendo, a ese respecto, las alarmantes amenazas que siguen representando los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos violentos y extremistas, así como las dificultades que entraña hacer frente a esas amenazas,", "Expresando suma preocupación por el elevado número de víctimas civiles, recordando que los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos violentos y extremistas son responsables de la gran mayoría de las víctimas civiles que se han producido en el Afganistán, y pidiendo que se cumpla el derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y que se adopten todas las medidas adecuadas para asegurar la protección de los civiles,", "Reconociendo que la Fuerza de Asistencia, autorizada por el Consejo de Seguridad, y otras fuerzas internacionales han seguido progresando en la protección de la población civil y la reducción al mínimo de las víctimas civiles, y exhortándolas a que sigan realizando una labor reforzada a este respecto, especialmente a que examinen de forma continua las tácticas y los procedimientos y efectúen exámenes e investigaciones a posteriori, en cooperación con el Gobierno del Afganistán, cuando se hayan producido víctimas civiles y cuando ese Gobierno considere que tales investigaciones conjuntas sean adecuadas,", "Haciendo notar la importancia de que el Gobierno nacional sea inclusivo y representativo de la diversidad étnica del país y asegure la participación plena y en pie de igualdad de la mujer,", "1. Pone de relieve el papel central e imparcial de las Naciones Unidas en la promoción de la paz y la estabilidad en el Afganistán, expresa su reconocimiento por todas las gestiones del Secretario General y su Representante Especial a este respecto, y su firme apoyo a dichas gestiones, expresa su reconocimiento también por la labor de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán de conformidad con la resolución 1974 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, destaca la función rectora de la Misión de Asistencia en la labor encaminada a seguir aumentando la coherencia y la coordinación de las actividades civiles internacionales en el Afganistán, guiada por el principio del refuerzo de la implicación y el liderazgo afganos, y, a este respecto, aguarda con interés los resultados del próximo examen amplio de las actividades establecidas en el mandato de la Misión de Asistencia y el apoyo que prestan las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán, que se realizará atendiendo a lo dispuesto por el Consejo en la resolución 1974 (2011);", "2. Acoge con beneplácito los informes del Secretario General[1] y las recomendaciones que en ellos figuran;", "3. Se compromete a seguir apoyando al Gobierno y al pueblo del Afganistán en tanto reconstruyen un Estado estable, seguro, económicamente autosuficiente y libre de terrorismo y de estupefacientes, y fortalecen los cimientos de la democracia constitucional, como miembro responsable de la comunidad internacional;", "4. Aprecia el compromiso renovado del Gobierno del Afganistán con el pueblo afgano y el compromiso renovado con el Afganistán que expresó la comunidad internacional en los comunicados de las Conferencias de Londres[2] y Kabul[3], reitera, a este respecto, su aprecio por la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo del Afganistán, subraya la necesidad de que se sigan elaborando y aplicando los programas nacionales prioritarios, incluidos los planes de determinación de costos, y aguarda con interés que se presenten los programas nacionales prioritarios restantes;", "5. Acoge con beneplácito la labor que sigue realizando el Gobierno del Afganistán para cumplir los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y reconoce la importante labor que se está realizando en ese sentido por medio del mecanismo de coordinación interministerial y su función en el establecimiento de prioridades y la ejecución de la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo y los programas nacionales prioritarios;", "6. Alienta a todos los asociados a que presten un apoyo constructivo al proceso de Kabul, sobre la base de asociaciones internacionales amplias y profundas, con miras a que siga aumentando la responsabilidad y la implicación afganas en la seguridad, la gobernanza y el desarrollo, y a lograr un Afganistán seguro, próspero y democrático, centrándose en el fortalecimiento de los controles constitucionales que garantizan los derechos y obligaciones de los ciudadanos, y en la ejecución de una reforma estructural que permita a un gobierno eficaz y que rinda cuentas obtener progresos concretos para su pueblo;", "7. Apoya que el Gobierno del Afganistán siga asumiendo la responsabilidad, en un grado cada vez mayor, respecto de las actividades de reconstrucción y desarrollo, y pone de relieve la necesidad vital de lograr que asuma la responsabilidad en todos los ámbitos de la gobernanza y mejore la capacidad institucional, incluso en el nivel subnacional, para que la ayuda se utilice con mayor eficacia;", "Seguridad y transición", "8. Reitera una vez más su seria preocupación por la situación imperante en el Afganistán en materia de seguridad, destaca la necesidad de seguir haciendo frente a la amenaza que suponen para la seguridad y la estabilidad del Afganistán las actividades violentas y terroristas que siguen llevando a cabo los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos y delincuentes violentos y extremistas, incluidos los que intervienen en el comercio de estupefacientes, y, a este respecto, reitera su llamamiento para que se apliquen plenamente las medidas y los procedimientos introducidos en las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, en particular las resoluciones 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011) y 1989 (2011);", "9. Condena en los términos más enérgicos todos los actos de violencia e intimidación y todos los ataques, en particular los ataques con artefactos explosivos improvisados, los atentados suicidas, los asesinatos, incluidos los de personalidades públicas, los secuestros, los ataques indiscriminados contra la población civil y los atentados contra los trabajadores humanitarios y las fuerzas afganas e internacionales, así como su efecto deletéreo en las actividades de estabilización, reconstrucción y desarrollo del Afganistán, y condena también la utilización de civiles como escudos humanos por los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos violentos y extremistas;", "10. Destaca la necesidad de que el Gobierno del Afganistán y la comunidad internacional sigan colaborando estrechamente para hacer frente a esos actos, que amenazan la paz y la estabilidad del país y el proceso democrático, los logros del proceso de reconstrucción y desarrollo del Afganistán y la continuación de su ejecución, así como las medidas de asistencia humanitaria, y exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que nieguen a esos grupos toda forma de refugio o de apoyo financiero, material y político;", "11. Expresa profundo pesar por la pérdida de vidas humanas y los daños físicos causados, como consecuencia de tales actos, a civiles afganos y de otras nacionalidades, incluido el personal de organismos afganos e internacionales, todos los demás trabajadores de asistencia humanitaria y el cuerpo diplomático, y la Misión de Asistencia, así como al personal de las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán, la Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad y la coalición de la Operación Libertad Duradera, y rinde homenaje a todos quienes han perdido la vida;", "12. Destaca la importancia de que se establezcan unas condiciones de seguridad suficientes, exhorta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con la asistencia de la comunidad internacional, siga haciendo frente a las amenazas para la seguridad y la estabilidad del Afganistán y encomia las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán y sus asociados internacionales por la labor que realizan a este respecto;", "13. Observa que la responsabilidad de garantizar la seguridad y el orden público en todo el país recae en el Gobierno del Afganistán, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, y subraya la importancia de que se siga extendiendo la autoridad del Gobierno central a todas las provincias del Afganistán, incluso de que se fortalezca la presencia de las fuerzas de seguridad afganas, en consonancia con el objetivo de la transición;", "14. Expresa su apoyo al objetivo del Gobierno del Afganistán, que hizo suyo la Junta Mixta de Coordinación y Supervisión, de asegurar que las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán tengan la dotación y la capacidad operacional necesarias para asumir la responsabilidad principal en materia de seguridad, que antes recaía en la Fuerza de Asistencia, en todas las provincias para el fin de 2014, y exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que preste el apoyo necesario para aumentar la seguridad y a que siga prestando apoyo para adiestrar y equipar a las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán y contribuir a su financiación con el fin de que se hagan cargo de la labor de garantizar la seguridad en su país;", "15. Acoge con beneplácito que en julio de 2011 se iniciara el proceso de transferencia de la responsabilidad principal en materia de seguridad acordado por el Gobierno del Afganistán y los países que participan en la Fuerza de Asistencia, encomia el progreso continuado que se ha realizado a este respecto, aguarda con interés las nuevas etapas de la transición, acoge con beneplácito también el compromiso de los asociados internacionales del Afganistán de prestar apoyo al Gobierno en la creación de las condiciones necesarias para hacer posible la transición y de seguir prestando apoyo al proceso de transición con miras a llegar al punto en que las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales del Afganistán sean plenamente capaces de atender las necesidades del país en materia de seguridad, incluido el orden público, la aplicación de la ley y la seguridad de las fronteras del Afganistán, así como de preservar los derechos constitucionales de los ciudadanos afganos, y exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan prestando apoyo al proceso de transición con la ayuda financiera y técnica que siga haciendo falta;", "16. Acoge con beneplácito también, a este respecto, la presencia de la Fuerza de Asistencia y la coalición de la Operación Libertad Duradera, expresa su aprecio por el apoyo que han prestado al Ejército Nacional del Afganistán, así como por la asistencia que han proporcionado a la Policía Nacional del Afganistán los asociados internacionales, en particular la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte, por conducto de su misión de adiestramiento en el Afganistán, y por la contribución de la Fuerza de Gendarmería Europea a esa misión, reconoce que se mantiene el despliegue de la Misión de Policía de la Unión Europea en el Afganistán, así como otros programas de adiestramiento bilaterales, y, habida cuenta del proceso de transición, alienta a que, cuando corresponda, aumente la coordinación;", "17. Acoge con beneplácito además el compromiso asumido por el Gobierno del Afganistán, con miras a asegurar la estabilidad y crear las condiciones necesarias para el estado de derecho efectivo, de seguir aplicando la Estrategia sobre la Policía Nacional del Afganistán y el Plan sobre la Policía Nacional que la sustenta, encaminados a crear una fuerza de policía fuerte y profesional, centrándose en las reformas institucionales y administrativas en marcha en el Ministerio del Interior, incluida la aplicación del plan de acción contra la corrupción, y la capacitación de dirigentes, así como a mejorar progresivamente la calidad y aumentar el número de efectivos de la Policía Nacional del Afganistán, con el necesario apoyo financiero y técnico continuado de la comunidad internacional;", "18. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan aportando personal, equipo y otros recursos a la Fuerza de Asistencia y a que presten un apoyo suficiente para sustentar la evolución de los equipos provinciales de reconstrucción, en estrecha coordinación con el Gobierno del Afganistán y la Misión de Asistencia;", "19. Hace notar que, en el contexto del enfoque amplio y el proceso de transición en marcha, siguen siendo importantes las sinergias en los objetivos de la Misión de Asistencia y de la Fuerza de Asistencia, y pone de relieve, en particular, que sigue siendo necesario mantener, fortalecer y examinar las relaciones civiles y militares entre los agentes internacionales, según proceda, en todos los niveles, a fin de asegurar la complementariedad de las actuaciones con arreglo a los distintos mandatos y las ventajas comparativas de los agentes dedicados a tareas humanitarias, de desarrollo, de aplicación de la ley y militares presentes en el Afganistán;", "20. Insta a las autoridades afganas a que, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, adopten todas las medidas posibles para garantizar la seguridad y la libertad de circulación de todo el personal de las Naciones Unidas, de desarrollo y de asistencia humanitaria, así como su acceso pleno, seguro y sin trabas a toda la población afectada, y para proteger los bienes de las Naciones Unidas y de las organizaciones de desarrollo o humanitarias, y observa el esfuerzo realizado para regular las actividades de los contratistas de seguridad privados que trabajan en el Afganistán;", "21. Insta también a las autoridades afganas a que hagan todo lo posible por enjuiciar a los autores de atentados, de conformidad con su resolución 60/123, de 15 de diciembre de 2005, relativa a la seguridad del personal de asistencia humanitaria y la protección del personal de las Naciones Unidas;", "22. Destaca la importancia de promover la plena ejecución, bajo responsabilidad afgana, del programa de disolución de los grupos armados ilegales en todo el país y asegurar al mismo tiempo la coordinación y coherencia con las demás actividades pertinentes, incluida la reforma del sector de la seguridad, el desarrollo comunitario, la lucha contra los estupefacientes, el desarrollo a nivel de distrito y las iniciativas dirigidas por los propios afganos para garantizar que las entidades y los particulares no participen ilegalmente en el proceso político, en particular en las elecciones futuras, de conformidad con las leyes y reglamentos promulgados en el Afganistán;", "23. Expresa su aprecio por el progreso que ha logrado el Gobierno del Afganistán en el programa de disolución de los grupos armados ilegales y su integración en el Programa de Paz y Reintegración del Afganistán, acoge con beneplácito que el Gobierno mantenga el compromiso de trabajar activamente en los planos nacional, provincial y local para cumplir este objetivo, destaca la importancia de todas las iniciativas encaminadas a crear suficientes oportunidades legales de generación de ingresos y pide que prosiga el apoyo internacional a esas iniciativas;", "24. Sigue profundamente preocupada por el persistente problema de las minas terrestres antipersonal y restos explosivos de guerra, que constituyen un grave peligro para la población y un importante obstáculo para la reanudación de las actividades económicas y para las iniciativas de recuperación y reconstrucción;", "25. Acoge con beneplácito los progresos logrados por el Programa de desactivación de minas en el Afganistán, apoya al Gobierno del Afganistán en su esfuerzo por cumplir las responsabilidades que le corresponden con arreglo a la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción[4], cooperar plenamente con el Programa de desactivación de minas coordinado por las Naciones Unidas y eliminar todas las existencias, conocidas o nuevas, de minas terrestres antipersonal, y reconoce la necesidad de que la comunidad internacional siga prestando asistencia en este ámbito;", "26. Observa que el Afganistán ha ratificado la Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo[5];", "Paz, reconciliación y reintegración", "27. Acoge con beneplácito que el Consejo de Seguridad haya aprobado las resoluciones 1988 (2011) y 1989 (2011), que suceden a las resoluciones 1267 (1999) y 1904 (2009), de 17 de diciembre de 2009, acoge con beneplácito también que se haya creado el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1988 (2011) y las medidas que figuran en la resolución 1988 (2011) en relación con las personas, grupos, empresas y entidades asociadas con los talibanes que constituyan una amenaza para la paz, la estabilidad y la seguridad del Afganistán, pide que se apliquen plenamente esas medidas y se sigan estrictamente los procedimientos establecidos en las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo, en particular las resoluciones 1267 (1999) y 1988 (2011), y pide que se celebren consultas, según corresponda, con el Gobierno del Afganistán, como se establece en la resolución 1988 (2011);", "28. Expresa su apoyo al proceso amplio de paz y reconciliación dirigido por el Gobierno del Afganistán, que recomendó la Jirga Consultiva Nacional de la Paz en junio de 2010, y encomia el esfuerzo renovado del Gobierno del Afganistán, incluido el del Consejo Superior de la Paz, y el Programa de Paz y Reintegración del Afganistán que se está ejecutando con el fin de promover un diálogo inclusivo entre todos los grupos del Afganistán, incluidos los elementos que se opongan al Gobierno pero que estén dispuestos a renunciar a la violencia, denunciar el terrorismo, romper los vínculos con Al‑Qaida y otras organizaciones terroristas y respetar la Constitución del Afganistán, y expresa su apoyo a las exhortaciones dirigidas a los interesados para que participen en el diálogo con el objetivo de cumplir esas condiciones y reconciliarse y reintegrarse, sin perjuicio de que se apliquen las medidas y se sigan los procedimientos establecidos por el Consejo de Seguridad en sus resoluciones 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011) y todas las demás resoluciones pertinentes a este respecto;", "29. Condena enérgicamente el asesinato del Sr. Burhanuddin Rabbani, Presidente del Consejo Superior de la Paz, pone de relieve la importancia de que todos los Estados que tengan información pertinente presten a las autoridades del Afganistán la asistencia que necesiten y proporcionen toda la información pertinente que posean en relación con este atentado terrorista, destaca la necesidad de que en estos momentos se mantenga la calma y exista solidaridad en el Afganistán y de que todas las partes reduzcan las tensiones, y expresa su firme compromiso de apoyar al Gobierno del Afganistán en la labor encaminada a llevar adelante el proceso de paz y reconciliación, en consonancia con el comunicado de Kabul y en el marco de la Constitución del Afganistán, y la aplicación de los procedimientos establecidos por el Consejo de Seguridad en sus resoluciones 1267 (1999) y 1988 (2011), así como las demás resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo;", "30. Exhorta a todos los Estados y organizaciones internacionales pertinentes a que sigan participando en el proceso de paz dirigido por los propios afganos y reconoce las consecuencias que tienen los atentados terroristas para el pueblo del Afganistán y el riesgo que representan para las perspectivas futuras de un arreglo de paz;", "31. Subraya que la labor de reconciliación debe disfrutar del apoyo de todos los afganos, incluida la sociedad civil, las minorías y los grupos de mujeres;", "32. Exhorta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que asegure que el Programa de Paz y Reintegración del Afganistán se aplique de manera inclusiva, de conformidad con la Constitución del Afganistán y las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales del país, al tiempo que se respetan los derechos humanos de todos los afganos y se lucha contra la impunidad;", "33. Acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento del Fondo Fiduciario para la Paz y la Reintegración, recuerda los compromisos asumidos en las Conferencias de Londres y Kabul y destaca la importancia de que la comunidad internacional siga haciendo aportaciones al Fondo Fiduciario;", "34. Reconoce el progreso que se está realizando en la reconciliación con el Gobierno del Afganistán de los talibanes que han rechazado la ideología terrorista de Al‑Qaida y sus seguidores, respetan la Constitución y apoyan una solución pacífica del persistente conflicto del Afganistán, exhorta a los talibanes a que acepten la propuesta del Presidente Hamid Karzai de que renuncien a la violencia, rompan los vínculos con los grupos terroristas, respeten la Constitución y se sumen al proceso de paz y reconciliación, y reconoce también que, independientemente de cómo evolucione la situación del Afganistán y cuánto se avance en la reconciliación, la seguridad sigue siendo un reto importante en el país y en la región;", "35. Reconoce también que ha aumentado el número de personas que se han reintegrado y se han sumado al Programa de Paz y Reintegración del Afganistán, acoge con beneplácito los resultados de la conferencia de examen de ese Programa que se celebró en mayo de 2011 y la labor realizada recientemente para asegurar su ejecución, y alienta a que se siga trabajando para resolver las dificultades operacionales restantes, incluso mediante un mecanismo apropiado de examen de antecedentes y asegurando que esa tarea esté vinculada con la labor más amplia de resolver el conflicto y los agravios a nivel local, y alienta también a la comunidad internacional a que apoye esta labor dirigida por el Afganistán;", "Gobernanza, estado de derecho y derechos humanos", "36. Pone de relieve que la buena gobernanza, el estado de derecho y los derechos humanos constituyen los cimientos de la consecución de un Afganistán estable y próspero, y hace notar la importancia de que aumente la capacidad del Gobierno del Afganistán para promover y proteger los derechos humanos, el estado de derecho y la gobernanza de modo responsable y efectivo;", "A. Democracia", "37. Reconoce la importancia de que se celebren elecciones libres, limpias, transparentes, creíbles, seguras e inclusivas en cuanto paso crucial a fin de consolidar la democracia para todos los afganos, destaca la responsabilidad que incumbe a las autoridades afganas a este respecto, destaca también la necesidad de preparar las elecciones de manera oportuna y ordenada, exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que siga prestando asistencia financiera y técnica, destaca la función rectora de la Misión de Asistencia en la coordinación de esos esfuerzos y exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que preste apoyo al Gobierno del Afganistán y a las instituciones afganas competentes;", "38. Acoge con beneplácito que se haya resuelto el estancamiento institucional tras la decisión de dejar a la Comisión Electoral Independiente la autoridad final en las cuestiones electorales, reitera el compromiso expresado por el Gobierno del Afganistán en el comunicado de Kabul de realizar una reforma electoral a largo plazo, sobre la base de las enseñanzas obtenidas en las elecciones anteriores, incluidas las elecciones parlamentarias de 2010, y reafirma que el futuro pacífico del Afganistán depende de que existan unas instituciones democráticas reforzadas y transparentes, se respete la separación de poderes, se fortalezcan los controles constitucionales, se garanticen los derechos de los ciudadanos y se hagan cumplir sus obligaciones;", "B. Justicia", "39. Acoge con beneplácito también las medidas adoptadas por el Gobierno del Afganistán respecto de la reforma del sector de la justicia, así como el compromiso de mejorar el acceso a la administración de justicia en todo el Afganistán contraído por el Gobierno afgano en la Conferencia de Kabul, destaca la necesidad de que se avance con mayor rapidez hacia el establecimiento de un sistema de justicia imparcial, transparente y efectivo, en particular aplicando de manera oportuna el Programa Nacional de Justicia, la Estrategia Nacional de Justicia y el programa nacional prioritario sobre ley y justicia para todos, de pronta ejecución, proporcionando seguridad y garantizando el estado de derecho en todo el país, e insta a la comunidad internacional a que siga prestando apoyo a los esfuerzos del Gobierno en estos ámbitos de manera coordinada;", "40. Reconoce el progreso realizado por el Gobierno del Afganistán y la comunidad internacional en la asignación de recursos suficientes a la reconstrucción y reforma del sector penitenciario, a fin de que aumente el respeto del estado de derecho y de los derechos humanos en ese sector, al tiempo que se reducen los riesgos para la salud física y mental de los reclusos;", "41. Alienta a que el Gobierno del Afganistán siga trabajando, con el apoyo de la Misión de Asistencia, la comunidad internacional y otros asociados, incluida la Comisión Independiente de Derechos Humanos del Afganistán, para proteger los derechos humanos de los reclusos en todas las cárceles y centros de detención del Afganistán y prevenir las vulneraciones de esos derechos, de conformidad con la Constitución, la legislación y las obligaciones internacionales del Afganistán, y asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho en ese país, acoge con beneplácito la cooperación del Gobierno del Afganistán, así como la labor de la comunidad internacional para apoyarlo a este respecto, toma nota de las recomendaciones que figuran en el informe de la Misión de Asistencia de 10 de octubre de 2011[6] y reitera la importancia de que se sigan los procedimientos jurídicos apropiados a fin de asegurar la justicia;", "42. Pone de relieve la importancia de que se asegure el acceso de las organizaciones competentes a todas las cárceles del Afganistán y pide que se respete plenamente el derecho internacional pertinente, incluido el derecho humanitario y las normas de derechos humanos, cuando proceda, incluso en relación con los menores, si fuesen detenidos;", "C. Administración pública", "43. Insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que continúe reformando eficazmente el sector de la administración pública a fin de hacer efectivo el estado de derecho y asegurar la buena gobernanza y la rendición de cuentas, de conformidad con el proceso de Kabul, tanto en el plano nacional como en el subnacional, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos del Gobierno y los compromisos contraídos en la Conferencia de Kabul a este respecto, destaca la importancia de que los procedimientos de nombramiento y ascenso de los altos funcionarios sean transparentes y sigue alentando al Gobierno a que utilice los servicios del Grupo de Nombramientos de Altos Funcionarios;", "44. Alienta a la comunidad internacional, incluidos todos los países donantes, así como las instituciones y organizaciones internacionales, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, a que ayuden al Gobierno del Afganistán a hacer que la creación de capacidad y el desarrollo de los recursos humanos sean prioridades intersectoriales y a que armonicen sus esfuerzos, de manera coordinada, con los del Gobierno, incluida la labor de la Comisión Independiente de Reforma Administrativa y Función Pública, a fin de crear capacidad administrativa en los planos nacional y subnacional;", "45. Reitera la importancia de que la creación de instituciones complemente y contribuya al desarrollo de una economía caracterizada por políticas macroeconómicas apropiadas, el desarrollo de un sector financiero que preste servicios, entre otros, a las microempresas, las pequeñas y medianas empresas y las familias, normas comerciales transparentes y la obligación de rendir cuentas, y pone de relieve el nexo existente entre la generación de crecimiento económico, incluso por medio de proyectos de infraestructura, y la creación de oportunidades de empleo en el Afganistán;", "46. Recuerda que el Afganistán ratificó la Convención de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Corrupción[7], reitera su aprecio por los compromisos en materia de lucha contra la corrupción contraídos por el Gobierno del Afganistán en las Conferencias de Londres y Kabul, pide que dicho Gobierno siga adoptando medidas para cumplir esos compromisos con miras a establecer una administración más eficaz, responsable y transparente en los niveles de gobierno nacional, provincial y local, acoge con beneplácito que prosiga el apoyo internacional con tal fin y observa con profunda preocupación los efectos de la corrupción en lo que respecta a la seguridad, la buena gobernanza, la lucha contra el sector de los estupefacientes y el desarrollo económico;", "47. Acoge con beneplácito los principios para una asociación efectiva enunciados en el comunicado de la Conferencia de Kabul, pide, en este contexto, que se cumplan plenamente los compromisos asumidos en la Conferencia de Londres y reafirmados en la Conferencia de Kabul de canalizar cada vez más recursos internacionales a través del presupuesto del Gobierno del Afganistán, de ajustarlos a ese presupuesto y de que respondan más a las prioridades afganas, alienta a todos los asociados a que colaboren con el Gobierno a fin de aplicar la guía operacional en que se establecen los criterios para la financiación efectiva del desarrollo fuera del presupuesto, mejorar los procedimientos de adquisición y de diligencia debida en los trámites de los contratos internacionales y promover la supervisión parlamentaria de los gastos y programas de desarrollo, y recuerda que para progresar en este ámbito hace falta realizar las reformas necesarias de los sistemas públicos de gestión financiera, reducir la corrupción, mejorar la ejecución del presupuesto y aumentar la recaudación de ingresos;", "48. Subraya la importancia del acuerdo concertado recientemente por el Gobierno del Afganistán con el Fondo Monetario Internacional en relación con un arreglo trienal, que reafirma el compromiso con la cooperación eficaz basada en reformas económicas efectivas y transparentes;", "49. Acoge con beneplácito la Política de Gobernanza Subnacional, recalca la importancia que tiene, para reducir el espacio político de los insurgentes, que las instituciones y los agentes subnacionales sean más visibles, responsables y capaces, pone de relieve la importancia de que el proceso de Kabul vaya acompañado de la ejecución de programas nacionales a nivel subnacional, alienta a que se fortalezca la capacidad de las instituciones locales de manera gradual y sostenible desde el punto de vista fiscal y se las empodere, y pide que se asignen más recursos a las autoridades provinciales de forma predecible y regular, incluido el vital apoyo continuado de la Misión de Asistencia y la comunidad internacional;", "50. Insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con la asistencia de la comunidad internacional, se ocupe de la cuestión de las reclamaciones referentes a la propiedad de la tierra mediante un programa amplio de formalización de títulos que incluya el registro oficial de todas las propiedades y el aumento de la seguridad de los derechos de propiedad, y acoge con beneplácito las medidas ya adoptadas por el Gobierno a este respecto;", "D. Derechos Humanos", "51. Recuerda que la Constitución del Afganistán garantiza el respeto a los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos los afganos, lo cual constituye un importante logro político, pide que se respeten íntegramente los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos, sin discriminación de ninguna índole, y destaca la necesidad de que se apliquen cabalmente las disposiciones de la Constitución del Afganistán relativas a los derechos humanos, de conformidad con las obligaciones derivadas del derecho internacional aplicable, incluidas las que garantizan a las mujeres y los niños el pleno disfrute de sus derechos humanos;", "52. Reconoce la labor que realiza el Gobierno del Afganistán para promover el respeto de los derechos humanos y lo alienta a proseguirla, expresa su preocupación por las consecuencias nocivas de las actividades violentas y terroristas de los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos y delincuentes violentos y extremistas para el disfrute de los derechos humanos y la capacidad del Gobierno del Afganistán de asegurar los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos los afganos, observa con preocupación las noticias de que prosiguen las infracciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, incluidas las prácticas violentas o discriminatorias y las infracciones contra las personas pertenecientes a minorías étnicas y religiosas, así como contra las mujeres y los niños, en particular las niñas, destaca la necesidad de promover la tolerancia y la libertad de religión, garantizadas por la Constitución del Afganistán, pone de relieve la necesidad de investigar las denuncias de infracciones actuales y pasadas y destaca la importancia de facilitar la concesión de reparaciones eficientes y efectivas a las víctimas y de enjuiciar a los autores de conformidad con la legislación interna y el derecho internacional;", "53. Encomia al Gobierno del Afganistán por su participación activa en el proceso del examen periódico universal, pide que la sociedad civil afgana siga participando activamente en ese proceso y alienta a que las recomendaciones formuladas en el informe pertinente se cumplan de forma oportuna;", "54. Destaca la necesidad de asegurar el respeto del derecho a la libertad de expresión y el derecho a la libertad de pensamiento, conciencia o creencias, consagrados en la Constitución del Afganistán, pide, a este respecto, que se aplique plenamente la Ley de medios de difusión para las masas, al tiempo que observa con preocupación que prosiguen los actos de intimidación y violencia contra periodistas afganos y los obstáculos a la independencia de los medios de difusión, condena los secuestros e incluso asesinatos de periodistas cometidos por grupos terroristas, extremistas o delictivos e insta a que las autoridades afganas investiguen el hostigamiento y los ataques cometidos contra periodistas y se haga comparecer a sus autores ante la justicia;", "55. Reitera la importante función que desempeña la Comisión Independiente de Derechos Humanos del Afganistán en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales, destaca la necesidad de garantizar su rango constitucional y de que cumpla su mandato, centrándose en las comunidades de todo el Afganistán, para que la población esté mejor informada y aumente la rendición de cuentas del Gobierno, acoge con beneplácito la decisión del Gobierno del Afganistán de asumir plena responsabilidad respecto de la financiación básica de la Comisión, insta a la Comisión a que coopere estrechamente con la sociedad civil afgana y exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que siga prestando apoyo a este respecto;", "56. Recuerda las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1674 (2006), de 28 de abril de 2006, 1738 (2006), de 23 de diciembre de 2006, y 1894 (2009), de 11 de noviembre de 2009, relativas a la protección de los civiles en los conflictos armados, así como el informe de mitad de año sobre la cuestión presentado en julio de 2011 por la Misión de Asistencia³, expresa seria preocupación por el elevado número de víctimas civiles, incluidas mujeres y niños, y sus efectos en las comunidades locales, observa que los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos violentos y extremistas siguen siendo responsables de la gran mayoría de las víctimas civiles, reitera su llamamiento para que se adopten todas las medidas viables con el fin de asegurar la protección de los civiles y pide que se adopten medidas adicionales a este respecto y que se cumplan plenamente el derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos;", "57. Recuerda también las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1325 (2000), de 31 de octubre de 2000, 1820 (2008), de 19 de junio de 2008, 1888 (2009), de 30 de septiembre de 2009, 1889 (2009), de 5 de octubre de 2009, y 1960 (2010), de 16 de diciembre de 2010, relativas a la mujer y la paz y la seguridad, y reitera la importancia de que se cumplan las obligaciones internacionales en materia de promoción de los derechos de la mujer consagrados en la Constitución del Afganistán;", "58. Encomia los esfuerzos del Gobierno del Afganistán por incorporar la perspectiva de género en sus actividades, incluidos los programas nacionales prioritarios, y proteger y promover la igualdad de derechos entre mujeres y hombres, garantizada, entre otros medios, por la ratificación de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer[8] y por la Constitución del Afganistán y la ejecución del Plan de Acción Nacional para la Mujer, reitera la importancia permanente de que la mujer participe en forma plena y en pie de igualdad en todas las esferas de la vida en el Afganistán, así como de la igualdad ante la ley y de la igualdad de acceso al asesoramiento jurídico sin discriminación de ningún tipo, y destaca la necesidad de que siga progresando en las cuestiones de género, de conformidad con las obligaciones que le incumben en virtud del derecho internacional;", "59. Condena enérgicamente los incidentes de discriminación y violencia contra mujeres y niñas, en particular los dirigidos contra mujeres activistas o que tengan prominencia en la vida pública, independientemente del lugar del Afganistán en que ocurran, incluidos los asesinatos, las mutilaciones y los “asesinatos por motivos de honor” que se producen en determinadas zonas del país;", "60. Reitera su aprecio por el Fondo Especial para la Eliminación de la Violencia contra la Mujer de la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), así como por su Fondo para las Respuestas Urgentes, que sigue sirviendo para hacer frente a la violencia dirigida contra las mujeres y los defensores de los derechos de las mujeres en el Afganistán, y destaca la necesidad de que la comunidad internacional continúe haciendo aportaciones financieras a esos fondos;", "61. Acoge con beneplácito los logros y esfuerzos del Gobierno del Afganistán para luchar contra la discriminación, insta a ese Gobierno a que fomente activamente la participación de todos los elementos de la sociedad afgana, en particular de las mujeres, en la preparación y ejecución de los programas de socorro, rehabilitación, recuperación y reconstrucción, así como en los programas nacionales prioritarios, y a que haga un seguimiento preciso del progreso hacia la plena integración de la mujer en la vida política, económica y social, destaca la necesidad de que siga haciendo progresos en materia de igualdad entre los géneros, de conformidad con las obligaciones derivadas del derecho internacional, y de empoderamiento de la mujer en la política y la administración pública afganas, incluso en puestos directivos y a nivel subnacional, destaca también la necesidad de facilitar su acceso al empleo y asegurar su alfabetización y formación profesional y exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que siga prestando apoyo a este respecto;", "62. Destaca la necesidad de asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de los niños del Afganistán y recuerda que es preciso que todos los Estados partes apliquen íntegramente la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño[9] y sus dos Protocolos Facultativos[10], así como las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1612 (2005), de 26 de julio de 2005, 1882 (2009), de 4 de agosto de 2009, y 1998 (2011), de 12 de julio de 2011, relativas a los niños y los conflictos armados;", "63. Expresa su preocupación, a este respecto, porque los grupos armados ilegales y los grupos terroristas están reclutando y utilizando a niños en el Afganistán, destaca la importancia de que se ponga fin a la utilización de niños, que contraviene el derecho internacional, expresa aprecio por el progreso que ha logrado el Gobierno del Afganistán y su firme compromiso a este respecto, incluida su enérgica condena de toda explotación infantil, como indica que estableciera el Comité Directivo Interministerial de Protección de los Derechos del Niño, que nombrara a un coordinador de la protección de la infancia y que en enero de 2011 firmara un plan de acción, incluidos sus anexos, sobre los niños asociados con las fuerzas de seguridad nacionales en el Afganistán, y pide que las disposiciones del plan de acción se apliquen plenamente, en estrecha cooperación con la Misión de Asistencia;", "64. Reconoce las necesidades especiales de las niñas, condena enérgicamente los atentados terroristas, así como las amenazas de atentado, contra centros de enseñanza, especialmente contra los femeninos, hospitales y personas protegidas en relación con ellos en el Afganistán, que contravienen el derecho internacional aplicable, y expresa profunda preocupación por el elevado número de escuelas que se han cerrado como consecuencia de atentados terroristas o de amenazas de atentado;", "65. Acoge con beneplácito que el Gobierno del Afganistán haya aprobado el Plan de Acción nacional para combatir la trata de niños, acoge con beneplácito también las iniciativas tendentes a promulgar leyes sobre la trata de personas, inspiradas en el Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional[11], y destaca la importancia de que el Afganistán considere la posibilidad de hacerse parte en el Protocolo;", "Desarrollo económico y social", "66. Hace un llamamiento urgente a todos los Estados, al sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a las organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales, incluidas las instituciones financieras internacionales y regionales, para que, en estrecha coordinación con el Gobierno del Afganistán y de conformidad con las prioridades afganas y la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo, sigan prestando a ese país toda la asistencia humanitaria, para la recuperación, la reconstrucción y el desarrollo, financiera, educacional, técnica y material que sea posible y necesaria, y, a este respecto, recuerda la función rectora de la Misión de Asistencia en el esfuerzo por seguir aumentando la coherencia y la coordinación de las actividades internacionales;", "67. Destaca la necesidad de que exista un compromiso internacional firme y sostenido de prestar asistencia humanitaria y apoyar los programas de recuperación, rehabilitación, reconstrucción y desarrollo bajo la responsabilidad del Gobierno del Afganistán, al tiempo que expresa su aprecio al sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a todos los Estados y organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales cuyo personal internacional y local sigue respondiendo positivamente a las necesidades humanitarias, de transición y de desarrollo del Afganistán a pesar de los problemas de seguridad y las dificultades de acceso en algunas zonas;", "68. Expresa su aprecio por la labor de asistencia humanitaria y para el desarrollo que realiza la comunidad internacional con miras a la reconstrucción y el desarrollo del Afganistán, reconoce la necesidad de que las condiciones de vida del pueblo afgano sigan mejorando y pone de relieve que es preciso reforzar y apoyar el desarrollo de la capacidad del Gobierno del Afganistán para prestar servicios sociales básicos, en particular servicios de educación y salud pública, y promover el desarrollo;", "69. Insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que intensifique la labor de reforma de los sectores que prestan servicios clave, como los de suministro de energía y agua potable, en cuanto condición previa para avanzar en el desarrollo social y económico, lo encomia por el esfuerzo que ha realizado hasta la fecha para lograr la sostenibilidad fiscal, es consciente de los retos por superar e insta a que se mantenga el empeño en generar ingresos;", "70. Expresa su aprecio por la labor de los equipos provinciales de reconstrucción, que trabajan en el contexto provincial para apoyar el cumplimiento de las prioridades nacionales en materia de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de las instituciones locales;", "71. Alienta a la comunidad internacional y al sector empresarial a que apoyen la economía del Afganistán, como medida en pro de la estabilidad a largo plazo, y estudien las posibilidades de aumentar el comercio y las inversiones, así como las adquisiciones a nivel local, y alienta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que siga promoviendo un entorno económico favorable a las inversiones del sector privado, tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional;", "72. Alienta con urgencia a todos los Estados, así como a las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, a que amplíen la cooperación agrícola con el Afganistán, dentro del Marco de Desarrollo Agrícola Nacional y de manera acorde con la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo, con miras a contribuir a erradicar la pobreza y asegurar el desarrollo social y económico, incluso en las comunidades rurales;", "73. Reitera la necesidad de proporcionar a los niños afganos, especialmente a las niñas, instalaciones educacionales y sanitarias en todas las zonas del país, acoge con beneplácito los progresos realizados en el sector de la educación pública, recuerda el Plan Estratégico Nacional de Educación en cuanto base prometedora para alcanzar nuevos logros, alienta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con la asistencia de la comunidad internacional, amplíe tales instalaciones, imparta formación al personal profesional y promueva el pleno acceso en condiciones de igualdad para todos los miembros de la sociedad afgana, incluso en las regiones remotas, y reitera nuevamente la necesidad de proporcionar formación profesional a los adolescentes;", "74. Encomia la labor de socorro llevada a cabo por el Gobierno del Afganistán y los donantes, pero sigue expresando preocupación por la situación humanitaria general, destaca que sigue haciendo falta asistencia alimentaria y pide que se siga prestando apoyo internacional a fin de cumplir prontamente, antes del próximo invierno, los objetivos relativos a la financiación del Plan de Acción Humanitaria para el Afganistán;", "75. Reconoce que el subdesarrollo y la falta de capacidad aumentan la vulnerabilidad del Afganistán a los desastres naturales y a las condiciones climáticas extremas y, a este respecto, insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, intensifique sus esfuerzos por fortalecer la reducción del riesgo de desastre a nivel nacional y subnacional, así como por modernizar el sector agrícola y aumentar su producción, con lo cual se reducirá la vulnerabilidad del país a condiciones externas adversas como la sequía, las inundaciones y otros desastres naturales;", "76. Expresa su agradecimiento a los gobiernos que siguen acogiendo a refugiados afganos, en particular al Pakistán y la República Islámica del Irán, reconociendo la pesada carga que han soportado hasta ahora a este respecto, y pide que la comunidad internacional mantenga su generoso apoyo con miras a facilitar su regreso, rehabilitación y reintegración voluntarios, seguros, dignos y sostenibles;", "77. Reitera a los países de acogida y a la comunidad internacional las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional de los refugiados en cuanto a la protección de estos, el principio del regreso voluntario y el derecho a solicitar asilo, así como su obligación de asegurar el acceso pleno, seguro y sin trabas de los organismos de socorro humanitario para que proporcionen protección y asistencia a los refugiados, y exhorta a los países a que sigan aceptando un número apropiado de refugiados afganos para su reasentamiento, como manifestación de su responsabilidad compartida y su solidaridad;", "78. Acoge con beneplácito que sigan regresando refugiados y desplazados internos afganos, de manera voluntaria, segura, digna y sostenible, al tiempo que observa con preocupación que en algunas partes del Afganistán las condiciones aún no son propicias para que esas personas regresen de forma segura y sostenible a determinados lugares de origen;", "79. Insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, actuando con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, continúe intensificando sus esfuerzos por crear las condiciones propicias para el regreso sostenible fortaleciendo más su capacidad de absorción con miras a la plena rehabilitación y reintegración de los refugiados y desplazados internos afganos que todavía quedan;", "80. Hace notar, a este respecto, la constructiva labor que siguen realizando los países de la región, así como los acuerdos tripartitos suscritos por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, el Gobierno del Afganistán y los gobiernos de los países que acogen a refugiados del Afganistán, en particular el Pakistán y la República Islámica del Irán;", "Cooperación regional", "81. Destaca que impulsar la cooperación regional constructiva es crucial para la promoción de la paz, la seguridad, la estabilidad y el desarrollo económico y social del Afganistán, alienta a que se sigan mejorando las relaciones y la interacción entre el Afganistán y sus vecinos y pide que se siga trabajando a este respecto, incluidas las organizaciones regionales;", "82. Encomia el esfuerzo que siguen haciendo los signatarios de la Declaración de Kabul sobre las relaciones de buena vecindad, de 22 de diciembre de 2002[12], para cumplir los compromisos que asumieron en virtud de la Declaración, exhorta a todos los demás Estados a que respeten y apoyen la aplicación de esas disposiciones, y acoge con beneplácito que en el comunicado de la Conferencia de Kabul se reafirmaran los principios enunciados en la Declaración;", "83. Acoge con beneplácito y alienta que el Gobierno del Afganistán y sus asociados vecinos sigan esforzándose en promover la confianza y la cooperación mutuas y espera que, cuando corresponda, se intensifique la cooperación entre el Afganistán, todos sus asociados vecinos y regionales y las organizaciones regionales contra los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos extremistas y delictivos, así como para la promoción de la paz y la prosperidad en el Afganistán, en la región y más allá de esta;", "84. Acoge con beneplácito, a este respecto, que el Gobierno del Afganistán, sus asociados vecinos y regionales y las organizaciones internacionales hayan redoblado los esfuerzos para promover la confianza y la cooperación mutuas, así como las iniciativas de cooperación establecidas recientemente por los países interesados y las organizaciones regionales, incluidas las cumbres trilaterales del Afganistán, el Pakistán y Turquía; del Afganistán, la República Islámica del Irán y el Pakistán; del Pakistán, el Afganistán y los Estados Unidos de América; y del Afganistán, el Pakistán y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos; y las cumbres cuadrilaterales del Afganistán, el Pakistán, Tayikistán y la Federación de Rusia, así como las de la Comisión Tripartita integrada por el Afganistán, el Pakistán y la Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad, y la Unión Europea, la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa, la Asociación de Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional y la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai;", "85. Acoge con beneplácito también la Conferencia sobre la Seguridad y la Cooperación en el Corazón de Asia y alienta al Afganistán y a sus asociados regionales a que se esfuercen activamente en aplicar medidas de fomento de la confianza en el marco establecido en el Proceso de Estambul sobre Seguridad y Cooperación Regionales para un Afganistán Seguro y Estable, aprobado el 2 de noviembre de 2011[13];", "86. Expresa su aprecio por todos los esfuerzos por aumentar la cooperación económica regional con el fin de promover la cooperación económica entre el Afganistán, sus vecinos de la región, los asociados internacionales y las instituciones financieras, reconoce la importante función de, entre otras, la Conferencia de Cooperación Económica Regional sobre el Afganistán, la Organización de Cooperación Económica, el Programa de Cooperación Económica Regional para el Asia Central, la Asociación de Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional, así como la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai, la Unión Europea y la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa, en la promoción del desarrollo del Afganistán y aguarda con interés la quinta Conferencia de Cooperación Económica Regional sobre el Afganistán, que se celebrará en Tayikistán los días 26 y 27 de marzo de 2012;", "87. Acoge con beneplácito la labor encaminada a fortalecer el proceso de cooperación económica regional e insta a que prosiga esa labor, incluidas las medidas para facilitar el comercio y el tránsito regionales, por medios como la concertación de acuerdos regionales y bilaterales de comercio de tránsito, la ampliación de la cooperación consular en materia de visados y la facilitación de los viajes de negocios, así como para ampliar el comercio, aumentar las inversiones extranjeras y desarrollar la infraestructura, incluidas sus conexiones, el suministro de energía, el transporte y la gestión integrada de las fronteras, con miras a promover el crecimiento económico sostenible y la creación de empleo en el Afganistán, teniendo en cuenta la función histórica del país como enlace terrestre en Asia;", "88. Alienta a los países del Grupo de los Ocho a que sigan estimulando y apoyando la cooperación entre el Afganistán y sus vecinos a través de la consulta y el acuerdo mutuos, incluso en proyectos de desarrollo en ámbitos como la conexión de la infraestructura, la gestión de las fronteras y el desarrollo económico, y, a este respecto, aguarda con interés la creación del organismo ferroviario afgano anunciado en la conferencia sobre ferrocarriles regionales que se celebró en París los días 4 y 5 de julio de 2011;", "Lucha contra los estupefacientes", "89. Acoge con beneplácito la labor que realiza el Gobierno del Afganistán en la lucha contra la producción de drogas en el país, toma nota del informe de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, publicado en diciembre de 2011[14], reitera su profunda preocupación porque ha aumentado el cultivo y la producción de estupefacientes ilícitos en el Afganistán, principalmente en las zonas donde los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos y delincuentes violentos y extremistas son particularmente activos, así como el persistente tráfico de drogas, y, sobre la base del principio de la responsabilidad común y compartida, destaca la necesidad de que el Gobierno del Afganistán adopte medidas conjuntas reforzadas, más coordinadas y resueltas, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional y los agentes regionales, así como la Fuerza de Asistencia, en el marco de las funciones asignadas, para luchar contra esta amenaza;", "90. Destaca la importancia de que, al hacer frente al problema de las drogas en el Afganistán, se aplique un enfoque amplio y equilibrado, que, para ser efectivo, debe estar integrado en el contexto general de la labor que se realiza en los ámbitos de la seguridad, la gobernanza, el estado de derecho y los derechos humanos, y el desarrollo económico y social;", "91. Destaca también, a este respecto, que el establecimiento de programas de fomento de los medios de vida alternativos tiene una importancia clave para el éxito de la lucha contra los estupefacientes en el Afganistán y que las estrategias sostenibles requieren cooperación internacional, insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con la asistencia de la comunidad internacional, promueva el desarrollo de medios de vida sostenibles en el sector regulado de la producción, así como en otros sectores, y mejore el acceso al crédito y la financiación, en condiciones razonables y sostenibles, en las zonas rurales, con lo cual mejorarán considerablemente las condiciones de vida, salud y seguridad de las personas, particularmente en las zonas rurales;", "92. Observa con gran preocupación el fuerte nexo que existe entre el comercio de drogas y las actividades terroristas de los talibanes, Al‑Qaida y otros grupos violentos y extremistas y grupos delictivos, que representan una grave amenaza para la seguridad, el estado de derecho y el desarrollo del Afganistán, y, a este respecto, destaca la importancia de que se apliquen íntegramente todas las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, incluidas las resoluciones 1735 (2006), de 22 de diciembre de 2006, y 1822 (2008), de 30 de junio de 2008;", "93. Exhorta, a este respecto, a todos los Estados Miembros a que sigan intensificando su labor para reducir la demanda de drogas en sus países respectivos y a nivel mundial con el fin de contribuir a la sostenibilidad de la eliminación de los cultivos ilícitos en el Afganistán;", "94. Destaca la necesidad de prevenir el tráfico y la desviación de precursores químicos usados en la fabricación ilícita de drogas en el Afganistán y pide que, a este respecto, se aplique plenamente la resolución 1817 (2008) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 11 de junio de 2008;", "95. Apoya la lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de drogas desde el Afganistán y de sus precursores hacia el país, los países vecinos y los países situados a lo largo de las rutas de tráfico, incluso mediante el aumento de la cooperación entre ellos con el fin de reforzar los controles contra los estupefacientes y vigilar el comercio internacional de precursores químicos, y subraya la importancia de que se preste asistencia técnica y apoyo a los Estados de tránsito más afectados para reforzar su capacidad a este respecto;", "96. Insta al Gobierno del Afganistán a que, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, procure incorporar la lucha contra los estupefacientes en todos los programas nacionales, asegure que esa lucha sea una parte fundamental del enfoque amplio e intensifique la lucha contra el cultivo de la adormidera y el tráfico de drogas, de conformidad con el plan equilibrado de ocho pilares incluido en la Estrategia Nacional de Fiscalización de Drogas del Afganistán actualizada;", "97. Encomia los esfuerzos realizados por el Gobierno del Afganistán a este respecto, así como para actualizar y llevar a efecto la Estrategia Nacional de Fiscalización de Drogas, incluido el plan de aplicación por prioridades y los parámetros de referencia, insta al Gobierno y a la comunidad internacional a que actúen con energía, en particular para poner fin a la elaboración y el comercio de drogas, mediante la aplicación de las medidas concretas establecidas en la Estrategia y por conducto de iniciativas como la relativa al buen desempeño, creada para incentivar a los gobernadores a que reduzcan el cultivo en sus provincias, y alienta a las autoridades afganas a que trabajen en el plano provincial para elaborar planes de ejecución de la lucha contra los estupefacientes;", "98. Exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que siga ayudando al Gobierno del Afganistán a aplicar su Estrategia Nacional de Fiscalización de Drogas, cuyo objetivo es eliminar el cultivo, la producción, el consumo y el tráfico de drogas ilícitas por medios como un mayor apoyo a los organismos nacionales de aplicación de la ley y de justicia penal, el desarrollo agrícola y rural con miras a la creación de medios de vida alternativos para los agricultores, la reducción de la demanda, la eliminación de los cultivos ilícitos, la concienciación de la población, y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de las instituciones de lucha contra la droga y los centros de atención y tratamiento de los drogadictos, y reitera su llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para que en la mayor medida posible canalice los fondos destinados a luchar contra los estupefacientes a través de ese Gobierno;", "99. Recuerda la necesidad de fortalecer la cooperación internacional y regional con el Afganistán en sus esfuerzos sostenidos por hacer frente a la producción y el tráfico de drogas, reconoce la amenaza que suponen la producción, el comercio y el tráfico de drogas ilícitas para la paz internacional y la estabilidad en la región y fuera de ella, reconoce también el progreso realizado en las iniciativas pertinentes enmarcadas en la iniciativa del Pacto de París de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, destaca la importancia de que se siga avanzando en la ejecución de esas iniciativas y acoge con beneplácito la reunión ministerial de la iniciativa del Pacto de París, que se celebrará próximamente en Viena como continuación del proceso de París-Moscú, así como la intención del Gobierno del Afganistán de fortalecer la cooperación internacional y regional a este respecto;", "100. Rinde homenaje a todos quienes han perdido la vida inocentemente en la lucha contra los traficantes de drogas, en particular a los miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad del Afganistán y los países vecinos;", "101. Acoge con beneplácito las iniciativas encaminadas a mejorar la cooperación entre el Afganistán y sus vecinos en la gestión de las fronteras a los efectos de asegurar medidas amplias de control de las drogas, incluida la dimensión financiera, pone de relieve la importancia de que prosiga esa cooperación, especialmente mediante acuerdos bilaterales y los puestos en marcha por la Organización del Tratado de Seguridad Colectiva, la Conferencia sobre la Interacción y las Medidas de Fomento de la Confianza en Asia, la Organización de Cooperación Económica, la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai y el Cuarteto de Asia Central contra las drogas, entre otros, y acoge con beneplácito la intención del Gobierno del Afganistán de fortalecer la cooperación internacional y regional con los asociados pertinentes en el ámbito del control de las fronteras;", "102. Destaca la importancia de que los agentes internacionales y regionales pertinentes, incluidas las Naciones Unidas y la Fuerza de Asistencia, dentro de los límites de los mandatos que se les han asignado, sigan prestando un apoyo cooperativo eficaz a los esfuerzos sostenidos dirigidos por el Afganistán para hacer frente a la amenaza que representan la producción ilícita y el tráfico de drogas, acoge con beneplácito, a este respecto, el programa regional sobre el Afganistán y los países vecinos de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito y alienta a cada uno de esos países a que sigan participando en él;", "103. Reconoce las actividades regionales llevadas a cabo por el Afganistán, la República Islámica del Irán y el Pakistán en el marco de su iniciativa triangular de lucha contra los estupefacientes y acoge con beneplácito las próximas reuniones ministeriales que se celebrarán consecutivamente en Kabul y Teherán;", "Coordinación", "104. Expresa su aprecio por la labor que lleva a cabo la Misión de Asistencia en cumplimiento del mandato que le encomendó el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1974 (2011) y destaca que el papel central e imparcial de coordinación que desempeñan las Naciones Unidas sigue siendo importante para promover una actuación internacional más coherente;", "105. Acoge con beneplácito la presencia de la Misión de Asistencia en las provincias, lo cual permite a las Naciones Unidas desempeñar su función esencial de coordinación y apoyo, como solicitó el Gobierno del Afganistán, si las condiciones de seguridad lo permiten;", "106. Destaca la necesidad de asegurar que la Misión de Asistencia disponga de recursos suficientes y esté debidamente protegida por las autoridades afganas, con apoyo internacional, según corresponda, para cumplir su mandato;", "107. Reconoce el papel fundamental desempeñado por la Junta Mixta de Coordinación y Supervisión, destaca que la función de la Junta es apoyar al Afganistán supervisando y apoyando el proceso de Kabul y coordinando la asistencia internacional y los programas de reconstrucción, entre otros medios, y acoge con beneplácito los nuevos esfuerzos tendentes a dar una orientación adecuada y promover una mayor coherencia en la actuación internacional;", "108. Expresa su aprecio porque la comunidad internacional mantiene su compromiso de prestar apoyo a la estabilidad y al desarrollo del Afganistán, pone de relieve la importancia de que se mantenga a largo plazo y recuerda que se ha prometido apoyo internacional adicional;", "109. Solicita al Secretario General que la informe cada tres meses sobre la evolución de la situación en el Afganistán, así como sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "110. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “La situación en el Afganistán”.", "62ª sesión plenaria 21 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  A/65/612‑S/2010/630, A/65/783‑S/2011/120, A/65/873‑S/2011/381 y A/66/369‑S/2011/590.", "[2]  Véase S/2010/65, anexo II.", "[3]  Se puede consultar en www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, núm. 35597.", "[5]  A/C.1/63/5, apéndice, parte II.", "[6]  Se puede consultar en www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, núm. 42146.", "[8]  Ibid., vol. 1249, núm. 20378.", "[9]  Ibid., vol. 1577, núm. 27531.", "[10]  Ibid., vols. 2171 y 2173, núm. 27531.", "[11]  Ibid., vol. 2237, núm. 39574.", "[12]  S/2002/1416, anexo.", "[13]  Véase A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14]  Se puede consultar en www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.10 and Add.1)]", "66/13. The situation in Afghanistan", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/8 of 4 November 2010 and all its previous relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also all relevant Security Council resolutions and statements by the President of the Council on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular resolutions 1974 (2011) of 22 March 2011 and 2011 (2011) of 12 October 2011,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan, and respecting its multicultural, multi‑ethnic and historical heritage,", "Recognizing once again the interconnected nature of the challenges in Afghanistan, reaffirming that sustainable progress on security, governance, human rights, the rule of law and development, as well as on the cross-cutting theme of counter-narcotics, is mutually reinforcing, and welcoming the continuing efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to address these challenges in a coherent manner,", "Recalling the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan, including the mutual commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, held on 28 January and 20 July 2010, respectively, looking forward to the upcoming comprehensive review by the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Government of Afghanistan and relevant international stakeholders, of the mandated activities of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, with the aim of strengthening national ownership and leadership consistent with the Kabul process, and taking into account the evolving nature of the presence of the international community,", "Looking forward to the International Afghanistan Conference on Afghanistan and the International Community: From Transition to the Transformation Decade, to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2011, chaired by the Government of Afghanistan, at which civil aspects of transition, the long-term commitment of the international community in Afghanistan within the region and the support of the political process will be further defined,", "Supporting increased regional efforts towards the continued implementation of previous declarations of good-neighbourly relations, welcoming the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 November 2011, at which Afghanistan and its regional partners, with the support of the international community, affirmed their commitment to promoting regional security and cooperation through confidence-building measures, and looking forward to the first follow-up to the Istanbul Conference for Afghanistan, scheduled to convene at the ministerial level in Kabul in June 2012,", "Noting regional initiatives, such as those being implemented within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Economic Cooperation Organization and other relevant initiatives aimed at increased regional economic cooperation with Afghanistan, such as the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, and noting also the ministerial meeting to enhance trade connectivity along historical trade routes, held in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Underlining the significance of the agreement reached between the Government of Afghanistan and countries contributing to the International Security Assistance Force, at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit, held in Lisbon on 19 and 20 November 2010, to gradually transfer lead security responsibility in Afghanistan to the Government of Afghanistan country-wide by the end of 2014, welcoming the ongoing implementation of the transition, looking forward to its phased extension to the rest of the country, underlining the continuing role of the Assistance Force in support of the Government of Afghanistan and in promoting a responsible transition and the importance of the enhancement of the operational capabilities of the Afghan National Security Forces, stressing the long-term commitment, beyond 2014, of the international community to support the further development, including training, and professionalization of the Afghan National Security Forces and their capacity to counter continued threats to Afghanistan’s security, with a view to establishing lasting peace, security and stability, and noting that these issues will be discussed at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit in Chicago, United States of America, in 2012,", "Reiterating the urgent need to tackle the challenges in Afghanistan, in particular the ongoing violent criminal and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and the development of Government of Afghanistan institutions, including at the subnational level, the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the fight against corruption, the acceleration of justice sector reform, the promotion of national reconciliation, without prejudice to the fulfilment of the measures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999 and 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) of 17 June 2011 and other relevant resolutions, an Afghan-led transitional justice process, the safe and voluntary return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons in an orderly and dignified manner, the promotion and protection of human rights and the advancement of economic and social development,", "Deeply concerned about the continued high level of violence in Afghanistan, condemning in the strongest terms all violent attacks, and recognizing in that regard the continuously alarming threats posed by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, as well as the challenges related to the efforts to address such threats,", "Expressing its serious concern about the high number of civilian casualties, recalling that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups are responsible for the significant majority of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and calling for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law and for all appropriate measures to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians,", "Recognizing further progress made by the Assistance Force, authorized by the Security Council, and other international forces in ensuring the protection of the civilian population and in minimizing civilian casualties, and calling upon them to continue to make enhanced efforts in this regard, notably through the continuous review of tactics and procedures and the conduct of after-action reviews and investigations in cooperation with the Government of Afghanistan in cases where civilian casualties have occurred and when the Government finds these joint investigations appropriate,", "Noting the importance of the national Government being inclusive and representative of the ethnic diversity of the country and ensuring also the full and equal participation of women,", "1. Emphasizes the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, expresses its appreciation and strong support for all efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Representative in this regard, expresses its appreciation also for the work of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in accordance with Security Council resolution 1974 (2011), stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international civilian efforts, guided by the principle of reinforcing Afghan ownership and leadership, and in this regard looks forward to the results of the upcoming comprehensive review of the mandated activities of the Assistance Mission and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, as mandated by the Council in resolution 1974 (2011);", "2. Welcomes the reports of the Secretary-General[1] and the recommendations contained therein;", "3. Pledges its continued support to the Government and people of Afghanistan, as they rebuild a stable, secure, economically self-sufficient State, free of terrorism and narcotics, and strengthen the foundations of a constitutional democracy, as a responsible member of the international community;", "4. Appreciates the renewed commitment by the Government of Afghanistan to the Afghan people and the renewed commitment by the international community to Afghanistan expressed in the communiqués of the London[2] and Kabul[3] Conferences, reiterates in this regard its appreciation for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy, underlines the need for continued development and implementation, including costing plans, of the national priority programmes, and looks forward to the presentation of the remaining national priority programmes;", "5. Welcomes further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledges, to that effect, the important work being done through the interministerial coordination mechanism and its role in prioritizing and implementing the National Development Strategy and the national priority programmes;", "6. Encourages all partners to support constructively the Kabul process, building upon a deep and broad international partnership towards further increased Afghan responsibility and ownership in security, governance and development, aiming at a secure, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan, focusing on strengthening the constitutional checks and balances that guarantee citizen rights and obligations, and implementing structural reform to enable an accountable and effective Government to deliver concrete progress to its people;", "7. Supports the continuing and growing ownership of reconstruction and development efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, and emphasizes the crucial need to achieve ownership and accountability in all fields of governance and to improve institutional capabilities, including at the subnational level, in order to use aid more effectively;", "Security and transition", "8. Reiterates once again its serious concern about the security situation in Afghanistan, stresses the need to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan caused by the ongoing violent and terrorist activity by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and reiterates in this regard its call for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in relevant Security Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011);", "9. Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of violence and intimidation and attacks, including improvised explosive device attacks, suicide attacks, assassinations, including of public figures, abductions, the indiscriminate targeting of civilians, attacks against humanitarian workers and the targeting of Afghan and international forces, and their deleterious effect on the stabilization, reconstruction and development efforts in Afghanistan, and condemns further the use, by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, of civilians as human shields;", "10. Stresses the need for the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to continue to work closely together in countering these acts, which are threatening peace and stability in Afghanistan and the democratic process, the achievements and continued implementation of the Afghanistan reconstruction and development process as well as humanitarian aid measures, and calls upon all Member States to deny those groups any form of sanctuary or financial, material and political support;", "11. Expresses deep regret at the resulting loss of life and physical harm inflicted upon Afghan civilians and civilians of other nationalities, including the personnel of Afghan and international agencies and all other humanitarian workers and the diplomatic corps, the Assistance Mission, as well as upon the personnel of the Afghan National Security Forces, the International Security Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, and pays homage to all those who have lost their lives;", "12. Stresses the importance of the provision of sufficient security, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan, and commends the Afghan National Security Forces and their international partners for their efforts in this regard;", "13. Notes that the responsibility for providing security and law and order throughout the country resides with the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, and underlines the importance of further extending central government authority, including the strengthening of the presence of Afghan security forces, to all provinces of Afghanistan, consistent with the goal of transition;", "14. Expresses its support for the objective of the Government of Afghanistan, as endorsed by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, to ensure that the Afghan National Security Forces have the necessary strength and operational capability to take over the lead security responsibility from the Assistance Force in all provinces by the end of 2014, and calls upon the international community to provide the support necessary to increase security, as well as to provide continued support by training, equipping and contributing to the financing of the Afghan National Security Forces to take on the task of securing their country;", "15. Welcomes the start of the transition process for lead security responsibility in July 2011, as agreed upon by the Government of Afghanistan and the countries taking part in the Assistance Force, commends the continuing progress that has been made in this regard, looks forward to the further stages in the transition, also welcomes the commitment of Afghanistan’s international partners to support the Government in creating the conditions necessary to allow for transition and to continue to support the transition process to enable it to advance to the point at which the Afghan National Security Forces are fully capable of meeting the security needs of the country, including public order, law enforcement, the security of Afghanistan’s borders and preservation of the constitutional rights of Afghan citizens, and calls upon Member States to continue to support the transition process with the necessary continued financial and technical support;", "16. Also welcomes, in this regard, the presence of the Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, expresses its appreciation for the support they have provided to the Afghan National Army, as well as for the assistance provided to the Afghan National Police by international partners, in particular by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization through its training mission in Afghanistan and by the European Gendarmerie Force contribution to that mission, acknowledges the continued deployment of the European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan as well as other bilateral training programmes, and, in light of the transition process, encourages further coordination where appropriate;", "17. Further welcomes the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan, with a view to ensuring stability and providing conditions for the effective rule of law, to continue the implementation of the Afghan National Police Strategy and the National Police Plan underpinning it, to build a strong, professional police force, with a focus on the ongoing institutional and administrative reforms of the Ministry of the Interior, including the implementation of its anti-corruption action plan, and leadership development, as well as to progressively enhance the quality and increase the strength of the Afghan National Police, with the necessary continued financial and technical support by the international community;", "18. Calls upon Member States to continue contributing personnel, equipment and other resources to the Assistance Force and to adequately support the evolution of the provincial reconstruction teams in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and the Assistance Mission;", "19. Notes, in the context of the comprehensive approach and the ongoing transition process, the continued importance of the synergies in the objectives of the Assistance Mission and the Assistance Force, and emphasizes, in particular, the continued need to maintain, strengthen and review civil-military relations among international actors, as appropriate, at all levels in order to ensure complementarity of action based on the different mandates and comparative advantages of the humanitarian, development, law enforcement and military actors present in Afghanistan;", "20. Urges the Afghan authorities, with the support of the international community, to take all possible steps to ensure the safety, security and free movement of all United Nations, development and humanitarian personnel and their full, safe and unhindered access to all affected populations, and to protect the property of the United Nations and of development or humanitarian organizations, and notes the efforts made in regulating private security contractors operating in Afghanistan;", "21. Also urges the Afghan authorities to make every effort, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 60/123 of 15 December 2005 on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel, to bring to justice the perpetrators of attacks;", "22. Stresses the importance of advancing the full implementation of the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups throughout the country, under Afghan ownership, while ensuring coordination and coherence with other relevant efforts, including security sector reform, community development, counter-narcotics, district-level development and Afghan-led initiatives to ensure that entities and individuals do not illegally participate in the political process, in particular in future elections, in accordance with adopted laws and regulations in Afghanistan;", "23. Expresses its appreciation for the progress achieved by the Government of Afghanistan in the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups and its integration into the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the continued commitment of the Government to work actively at the national, provincial and local levels to advance this commitment, stresses the importance of all efforts to create sufficient legal income-earning opportunities, and calls for continued international support for these efforts;", "24. Remains deeply concerned about the persisting problem of anti-personnel landmines and explosive remnants of war, which constitute a great danger to the population and a major obstacle to the resumption of economic activities and to recovery and reconstruction efforts;", "25. Welcomes the progress achieved through the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan, supports the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to meet its responsibilities under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,[4] to cooperate fully with the Mine Action Programme coordinated by the United Nations and to eliminate all known or new stocks of anti-personnel landmines, and acknowledges the need for continued assistance from the international community in this regard;", "26. Notes the ratification by Afghanistan of the Convention on Cluster Munitions;[5]", "Peace, reconciliation and reintegration", "27. Welcomes the adoption of Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) succeeding resolutions 1267 (1999), and 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009, welcomes also the establishment of the 1988 Committee and the measures in resolution 1988 (2011) with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with the Taliban in constituting a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan, calls for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in the relevant Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011), and calls for consultations, as appropriate, with the Government of Afghanistan as stipulated in resolution 1988 (2011);", "28. Expresses its support for the Government of Afghanistan-led comprehensive process of peace and reconciliation, as recommended by the national Consultative Peace Jirga in June 2010, commends the renewed efforts of the Afghan Government, including the efforts of the High Peace Council and the ongoing implementation of the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme with the aim of promoting an inclusive dialogue between all Afghan groups, including those elements in opposition to the Government who are prepared to renounce violence, denounce terrorism, break ties with Al‑Qaida and other terrorist organizations and abide by the Afghan Constitution, and expresses its support for calls upon those concerned to engage in dialogue with the goal of meeting these conditions and reconcile and reintegrate, without prejudice to the implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011) and all other relevant resolutions in this regard;", "29. Strongly condemns the assassination of Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, Chairman of the High Peace Council, emphasizes the importance of all States with relevant information extending to the Afghan authorities the assistance they may need and all relevant information they may possess pertaining to this terrorist attack, stresses the need for calm and solidarity in Afghanistan at this time and for all parties to reduce tensions, and expresses its firm commitment to support the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to advance the peace and reconciliation process, in line with the Kabul communiqué and within the framework of the Afghan Constitution and application of the procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011) as well as other relevant resolutions of the Council;", "30. Calls upon all relevant States and international organizations to remain engaged in the Afghan-led peace process, and recognizes the impact terrorist attacks have on the Afghan people and risk having on future prospects for a peace settlement;", "31. Underlines the fact that reconciliation efforts should enjoy the support of all Afghans, including civil society, minorities and women’s groups;", "32. Calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to ensure that the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme is implemented in an inclusive manner consistent with the Afghan Constitution and the international legal obligations of Afghanistan, while upholding the human rights of all Afghans and countering impunity;", "33. Welcomes the establishment of the Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund, recalls the respective commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, and stresses the importance of continued contributions by the international community to the Trust Fund;", "34. Recognizes the ongoing progress in the reconciliation with the Government of Afghanistan of those Taliban individuals who have rejected the terrorist ideology of Al‑Qaida and its followers, abide by the Constitution and support a peaceful resolution to the continuing conflict in Afghanistan, calls upon the Taliban to accept the offer put forward by President Hamid Karzai to renounce violence, sever ties with terrorist groups, abide by the Constitution and join the peace and reconciliation process, and recognizes also that, notwithstanding the evolution of the situation in Afghanistan and progress in reconciliation, security remains a serious challenge in Afghanistan and the region;", "35. Also recognizes the increased number of reintegrees who have joined the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the results of the review conference of the Programme held in May 2011 and recent efforts to ensure its implementation, encourages further efforts to address remaining operational challenges, including through an appropriate vetting mechanism and by ensuring this work is linked to wider efforts to address conflict and grievance resolution at the local level, and further encourages the international community to support this Afghan-led effort;", "Governance, rule of law and human rights", "36. Emphasizes that good governance, the rule of law and human rights form the foundation for the achievement of a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, and notes the importance of building the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law and governance in an accountable and effective manner;", "A. Democracy", "37. Recognizes the importance of holding free, fair, transparent, credible, secure and inclusive elections as crucial steps towards consolidating democracy for all Afghans, stresses the responsibility of the Afghan authorities in this regard, also stresses the need for the timely and orderly preparation of elections, calls upon the international community to continue to provide financial and technical assistance, stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in coordinating these efforts, and calls upon the international community to support the Government of Afghanistan and the relevant Afghan institutions;", "38. Welcomes the settlement of the institutional impasse after the decision to leave the Independent Electoral Commission with the final authority in electoral questions, reiterates the commitment of the Afghan Government in the Kabul communiqué to address long-term electoral reform, based on lessons learned in previous elections, including the 2010 parliamentary elections, and reaffirms that Afghanistan’s peaceful future lies in strengthened and transparent democratic institutions, respect for the separation of powers, reinforced constitutional checks and balances and the guarantee and enforcement of citizens’ rights and obligations;", "B. Justice", "39. Also welcomes the steps taken by the Government of Afghanistan on justice sector reform and the commitment to improving access to the delivery of justice throughout Afghanistan made by the Government of Afghanistan at the Kabul Conference, stresses the need for further accelerated progress towards the establishment of a fair, transparent and effective justice system, in particular by implementing the National Justice Programme, the National Justice Strategy and the forthcoming National Priority Programme on Law and Justice for All in a timely manner and by providing security and ensuring the rule of law throughout the country, and urges the international community to continue to support the efforts of the Government in these areas in a coordinated manner;", "40. Acknowledges the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in devoting adequate resources to the reconstruction and reform of the prison sector in order to improve respect for the rule of law and human rights therein, while reducing physical and mental health risks to inmates;", "41. Encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the Assistance Mission, the international community and other partners, including the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, in protecting and preventing abuses of the human rights of those detained in all Afghan prisons and detention facilities, consistent with the Afghan Constitution, Afghan laws and international obligations, and in ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law within Afghanistan, welcomes the cooperation of the Government of Afghanistan, as well as the efforts of the international community to provide support in this regard, takes note of the recommendations contained in the report of the Assistance Mission of 10 October 2011,[6] and reiterates the importance of following the appropriate legal procedures in order to ensure justice;", "42. Emphasizes the importance of ensuring access for relevant organizations to all prisons in Afghanistan, and calls for full respect for relevant international law, including humanitarian law and human rights law, where applicable, including with regard to minors, if detained;", "C. Public administration", "43. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to continue to effectively reform the public administration sector in order to implement the rule of law and to ensure good governance and accountability, in accordance with the Kabul process, at both the national and subnational levels, with the support of the international community, welcomes the efforts of the Government and commitments made at the Kabul Conference in this regard, stresses the importance of transparent appointment and promotion procedures for civil servants, and continues to encourage the Government to make active use of the Senior Appointments Panel;", "44. Encourages the international community, including all donor nations as well as international institutions and organizations, governmental and non‑governmental, to assist the Government of Afghanistan in making capacity-building and human resources development a cross-cutting priority and to align, in a coordinated manner, with efforts by the Government, including the work of the Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission, to build administrative capacity at the national and subnational levels;", "45. Reiterates the importance of institution-building in complementing and contributing to the development of an economy characterized by sound macroeconomic policies, the development of a financial sector that provides services, inter alia, to microenterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and households, transparent business regulations and accountability, and emphasizes the connection between generating economic growth, including through infrastructural projects, and the creation of job opportunities in Afghanistan;", "46. Recalls the ratification by Afghanistan of the United Nations Convention against Corruption,[7] reiterates its appreciation for the anti-corruption commitments made by the Government of Afghanistan at the London and Kabul Conferences, calls for further action by the Government to fulfil those commitments in order to establish a more effective, accountable and transparent administration at the national, provincial and local levels of Government, welcomes continued international support to that end, and notes with deep concern the effects of corruption with regard to security, good governance, the combating of the narcotics industry and economic development;", "47. Welcomes the principles of effective partnership set out in the communiqué of the Kabul Conference, in this context calls for the full implementation of the commitments made at the London Conference and reaffirmed at the Kabul Conference to align and channel increasing international resources through the budget of the Government of Afghanistan and in greater alignment with Afghan priorities, encourages all partners to work with the Government to implement the “Operational guide: criteria for effective off-budget development finance”, to improve procurement procedures and due diligence in international contracting procedures and to promote Afghan parliamentary oversight of expenditures and development programming, and recalls that progress in this area requires that the necessary reforms of the public financial management systems be achieved, corruption be reduced, budget execution be improved and revenue collection be increased;", "48. Underlines the importance of the recent agreement of the Government of Afghanistan with the International Monetary Fund on a three-year arrangement reaffirming the commitment to successful cooperation based on effective and transparent economic reforms;", "49. Welcomes the Subnational Governance Policy, underscores the importance of more visible, accountable and capable subnational institutions and actors in reducing the political space for insurgents, emphasizes the importance of the Kabul process being accompanied by the implementation of national programmes at the subnational level, encourages the capacity-building and empowerment of local institutions in a phased and fiscally sustainable manner, and calls for the predictable and regular allocation of more resources to provincial authorities, including continued vital support from the Assistance Mission and the international community;", "50. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to address, with the assistance of the international community, the question of claims for land property through a comprehensive land titling programme, including formal registration of all property and improved security of property rights, and welcomes the steps already taken by the Government in this regard;", "D. Human rights", "51. Recalls the constitutional guarantee of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans as a significant political achievement, calls for full respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need to fully implement the human rights provisions of the Afghan Constitution, in accordance with obligations under applicable international law, including those regarding the full enjoyment by women and children of their human rights;", "52. Acknowledges and encourages the efforts made by the Government of Afghanistan in promoting respect for human rights, and expresses its concern at the harmful consequences of violent and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals for the enjoyment of human rights and for the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to ensure human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans, notes with concern reports of continued violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law, including violent or discriminatory practices, violations committed against persons belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, as well as against women and children, in particular girls, stresses the need to promote tolerance and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Afghan Constitution, emphasizes the necessity of investigating allegations of current and past violations, and stresses the importance of facilitating the provision of efficient and effective remedies to the victims and of bringing the perpetrators to justice in accordance with national and international law;", "53. Commends the Government of Afghanistan for its active participation in the universal periodic review process, calls for continued active participation of Afghan civil society in this process, and encourages the timely implementation of the recommendations addressed in the relevant report;", "54. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of thought, conscience or belief as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution, in this regard calls for full implementation of the mass media law, while noting with concern the continuing intimidation and violence targeting Afghan journalists and challenges to the independence of the media, condemns cases of the abduction and even killing of journalists by terrorist as well as extremist and criminal groups, and urges that harassment and attacks on journalists be investigated by Afghan authorities and that those responsible be brought to justice;", "55. Reiterates the important role of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission in the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, stresses the need to guarantee its constitutional status and implement its mandate, focusing on communities across Afghanistan, so as to foster a more informed public and increase Government accountability, welcomes the decision of the Government of Afghanistan to take full responsibility for the core funding of the Commission, urges the Commission to cooperate closely with Afghan civil society, and calls upon the international community for continued support in this regard;", "56. Recalls Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) of 28 April 2006, 1738 (2006) of 23 December 2006, 1894 (2009) of 11 November 2009 and the mid‑year report of July 2011 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, prepared by the Assistance Mission,³ expresses its serious concern at the high number of civilian casualties, including women and children, and its impact on local communities, notes that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups remain responsible for the significant majority of civilian casualties, reiterates its call for all feasible steps to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians, and calls for additional appropriate steps in this regard and for full compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law;", "57. Also recalls Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) of 31 October 2000, 1820 (2008) of 19 June 2008, 1888 (2009) of 30 September 2009, 1889 (2009) of 5 October 2009 and 1960 (2010) of 16 December 2010 on women and peace and security, and reiterates the importance of upholding international obligations for the advancement of women’s rights as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution;", "58. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to mainstream gender issues, including into the national priority programmes, and to protect and promote the equal rights of women and men as guaranteed, inter alia, by virtue of its ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,[8] and by the Afghan Constitution and the implementation of the National Action Plan for Women, reiterates the continued importance of the full and equal participation of women in all spheres of Afghan life, and of equality before the law and equal access to legal counsel without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need for continued progress on gender issues in accordance with the obligations of Afghanistan under international law;", "59. Strongly condemns incidents of discrimination and violence against women and girls, in particular if directed against women activists and women prominent in public life, wherever they occur in Afghanistan, including killings, maimings and “honour killings” in certain parts of the country;", "60. Reiterates its appreciation for the Elimination of Violence against Women Special Fund of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as well as for its Urgent Response Fund, which continues to address targeted violence against women and women’s rights defenders in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for continued financial contributions by the international community to those funds;", "61. Welcomes the achievements and efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in countering discrimination, urges the Government to actively involve all elements of Afghan society, in particular women, in the development and implementation of relief, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction programmes, as well as in national priority programmes, and accurately track the progress of the full integration of women into political, economic and social life, stresses the need for continued progress on gender equality, in accordance with its obligations under international law and in the empowerment of women in Afghan politics and public administration, including in leadership positions and at the subnational level, also stresses the need to facilitate the access of women to employment and to ensure female literacy and training, and calls upon the international community to continue to provide support in this regard;", "62. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of children in Afghanistan, and recalls the need for the full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child[9] and the two Optional Protocols thereto[10] by all States parties, as well as of Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) of 26 July 2005, 1882 (2009) of 4 August 2009 and 1998 (2011) of 12 July 2011 on children and armed conflict;", "63. Expresses its concern, in this regard, about the ongoing recruitment and use of children by illegal armed and terrorist groups in Afghanistan, stresses the importance of ending the use of children contrary to international law, expresses appreciation for the progress achieved by and the firm commitment of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, including its strong condemnation of any exploitation of children, as indicated by the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Children, the appointment of a focal point on child protection and the signing by the Government of Afghanistan, in January 2011, of an action plan, including the annexes thereto, on children associated with national security forces in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of the provisions of the action plan, in close cooperation with the Assistance Mission;", "64. Recognizes the special needs of girls, strongly condemns terrorist attacks as well as threats of attacks on educational facilities, especially on those for Afghan girls, and/or hospitals and protected persons in relation to them in Afghanistan, in contravention of applicable international law, and expresses deep concern about the high number of school closures as a result of terrorist attacks or threats of attacks;", "65. Welcomes the adoption by the Government of Afghanistan of the National Plan of Action on Combating Child Trafficking, also welcomes initiatives to pass legislation on human trafficking, guided by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,[11] and stresses the importance of considering becoming a party to the Protocol;", "Social and economic development", "66. Urgently appeals to all States, the United Nations system and international and non-governmental organizations, including the international and regional financial institutions, to continue to provide, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with Afghan priorities and the National Development Strategy, all possible and necessary humanitarian, recovery, reconstruction, development, financial, educational, technical and material assistance for Afghanistan, and recalls in this regard the leading role of the Assistance Mission in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international efforts;", "67. Stresses the need for a continued strong international commitment to humanitarian assistance and for programmes, under the ownership of the Government of Afghanistan, of recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development, while expressing its appreciation to the United Nations system and to all States and international and non-governmental organizations whose international and local staff continue to respond positively to the humanitarian, transition and development needs of Afghanistan despite security concerns and difficulties of access in certain areas;", "68. Expresses its appreciation for the humanitarian and development assistance work of the international community in the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, recognizes the necessity for further improvement in the living conditions of the Afghan people, and emphasizes the need to strengthen and support the development of the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to deliver basic social services, in particular education and public health services, and to promote development;", "69. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to enhance efforts to reform key service delivery sectors, such as energy and drinking water supply, as preconditions for progress in social and economic development, commends the Government for its efforts to date to reach fiscal sustainability, notes the challenges ahead, and urges continued commitment to revenue generation;", "70. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the provincial reconstruction teams as they work within the provincial context to support national priorities to build the capacities of local institutions;", "71. Encourages the international community and the corporate sector to support the Afghan economy as a measure for long-term stability and to explore possibilities for increased trade and investments and enhanced local procurements, and further encourages the Government of Afghanistan to continue to promote an economic environment favourable for private-sector investments at both the national and subnational levels;", "72. Urgently encourages all States as well as intergovernmental and non‑governmental organizations to expand agricultural cooperation with Afghanistan, within the National Agricultural Development Framework and in line with the National Development Strategy, with a view to helping to eradicate poverty and ensure social and economic development, including in rural communities;", "73. Reiterates the necessity of providing Afghan children, especially Afghan girls, with educational and health facilities in all parts of the country, welcomes the progress achieved in the sector of public education, recalls the National Education Strategic Plan as a promising basis for further achievements, encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to expand those facilities, train professional staff and promote full and equal access to them by all members of Afghan society, including in remote areas, and reiterates further the need to provide vocational training for adolescents;", "74. Commends the relief efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and donors, but continues to express its concern at the overall humanitarian situation, stresses the continued need for food assistance, and calls for continued international support for and the early fulfilment, before the approaching winter, of the funding targets of the Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan;", "75. Recognizes that underdevelopment and lack of capacity increase the vulnerability of Afghanistan to natural disasters and to harsh climate conditions, and urges in this regard the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to increase its efforts aimed at strengthening disaster risk reduction at the national and subnational levels and at modernizing the agricultural sector and strengthening its agricultural production, thereby reducing the vulnerability of Afghanistan to adverse external conditions such as drought, flooding and other natural disasters;", "76. Expresses its appreciation to those Governments that continue to host Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, acknowledging the huge burden they have so far shouldered in this regard, and asks for continued generous support by the international community, with a view to facilitating their voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return, rehabilitation and reintegration;", "77. Reiterates to host countries and the international community the obligations under international refugee law with respect to the protection of refugees, the principle of voluntary return and the right to seek asylum and to ensure full, safe and unhindered access for humanitarian relief agencies in order to provide protection and assistance to the refugees, and calls upon countries to continue to accept an appropriate number of Afghan refugees for resettlement, as a manifestation of their shared responsibility and solidarity;", "78. Welcomes the continued return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, in a voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable manner, while noting with concern that conditions in parts of Afghanistan are not yet conducive to a safe and sustainable return to some places of origin;", "79. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, acting with the support of the international community, to continue to strengthen its efforts to create the conditions for sustainable return by continuing to strengthen its absorption capacity for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of the remaining Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons;", "80. Notes, in this regard, the continued constructive work between the countries of the region, as well as the tripartite agreements between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Government of Afghanistan and the Governments of countries hosting refugees from Afghanistan, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "Regional cooperation", "81. Stresses the crucial role of advancing constructive regional cooperation in promoting peace, security, stability and economic and social development in Afghanistan, encourages further improved relations and enhanced engagement between Afghanistan and its neighbours, and calls for further efforts in this regard, including by regional organizations;", "82. Commends the continuing efforts of the signatories of the Kabul Declaration on Good-neighbourly Relations of 22 December 2002[12] to implement their commitments under the Declaration, calls upon all other States to respect and support the implementation of those provisions, and welcomes the reaffirmation, in the Kabul Conference communiqué, of the principles set out in the Declaration;", "83. Welcomes and encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to foster trust and cooperation with each other, and looks forward, where appropriate, to increasing cooperation between Afghanistan, all its neighbouring and regional partners and regional organizations against the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other extremist and criminal groups and in promoting peace and prosperity in Afghanistan, in the region and beyond;", "84. Welcomes, in this regard, the increased efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, its neighbouring and regional partners and international organizations to foster trust and cooperation with each other, as well as recent cooperation initiatives developed by the countries concerned and regional organizations, including the trilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey; Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan; Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America; and Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates; and the quadrilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, as well as those of the Tripartite Commission, comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Assistance Force, and the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;", "85. Also welcomes the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, and encourages Afghanistan and its regional partners to actively endeavour to implement confidence-building measures within the framework set out in the Istanbul Process on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, adopted on 2 November 2011;[13]", "86. Expresses its appreciation for all efforts to increase regional economic cooperation aimed at promoting economic cooperation between Afghanistan, regional neighbours, international partners and financial institutions, recognizes, inter alia, the important role of the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, as well as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in promoting the development of Afghanistan, and looks forward to the Fifth Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, to be held in Tajikistan on 26 and 27 March 2012;", "87. Welcomes and urges further efforts to strengthen the process of regional economic cooperation, including measures to facilitate regional trade and transit, including through regional and bilateral transit trade agreements, expanded consular visa cooperation and facilitation of business travel, to expand trade, to increase foreign investments and to develop infrastructure, including infrastructural connectivity, energy supply, transport and integrated border management, with a view to promoting sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs in Afghanistan, noting the historic role of Afghanistan as a land bridge in Asia;", "88. Encourages the Group of Eight countries to continue to stimulate and support cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours through mutual consultation and agreement, including on development projects in areas such as infrastructural connectivity, border management and economic development, and in this regard looks forward to the creation of the Afghan rail authority announced at the regional rail conference in Paris on 4 and 5 July 2011;", "Counter-narcotics", "89. Welcomes the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in fighting drug production in Afghanistan, takes note of the report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, released in December 2011,[14] reiterates its deep concern about the increase in the cultivation and production of illicit narcotic drugs in Afghanistan, mainly concentrated in areas where the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals are particularly active, as well as the ongoing drug trafficking, and, based on the principle of common and shared responsibility, stresses the need for strengthened joint, more coordinated and resolute efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international and regional actors as well as the Assistance Force, within their designated responsibilities, to fight this menace;", "90. Stresses the importance of a comprehensive and balanced approach in addressing the drug problem of Afghanistan, which, to be effective, must be integrated into the wider context of efforts carried out in the areas of security, governance, the rule of law and human rights, and economic and social development;", "91. Also stresses, in this regard, that the development of alternative livelihood programmes is of key importance in the success of the counter-narcotics efforts in Afghanistan and that sustainable strategies require international cooperation, and urges the Government of Afghanistan, assisted by the international community, to promote the development of sustainable livelihoods in the formal production sector, as well as in other sectors, and to improve access to reasonable and sustainable credit and financing in rural areas, thus improving substantially the lives, health and security of the people, particularly in rural areas;", "92. Notes with great concern the strong nexus between the drug trade and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminal groups, which pose a serious threat to security, the rule of law and development in Afghanistan, and stresses the importance of the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions in this regard, including resolutions 1735 (2006) of 22 December 2006 and 1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008;", "93. Calls upon all Member States, in this regard, to further intensify their efforts to reduce the demand for drugs in their respective countries and globally in order to contribute to the sustainability of the elimination of illicit cultivation in Afghanistan;", "94. Stresses the need to prevent trafficking in and diversion of chemical precursors used in the illicit manufacturing of drugs in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1817 (2008) of 11 June 2008 in this regard;", "95. Supports the fight against the illicit trafficking in drugs from and precursors to Afghanistan and neighbouring States and countries along trafficking routes, including increased cooperation among them in strengthening anti-narcotic controls and the monitoring of the international trade in chemical precursors, and underlines the importance of technical assistance and support to the most affected transit States to support their capacities in this regard;", "96. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, to work to mainstream counter-narcotics throughout all the national programmes and to ensure that counter-narcotics is a fundamental part of the comprehensive approach, as well as to increase its efforts against opium cultivation and drug trafficking in accordance with the balanced eight-pillar plan of the updated Afghan National Drug Control Strategy;", "97. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, as well as the efforts to update and carry out the National Drug Control Strategy, including the Prioritized Implementation Plan and benchmarks, urges the Government and the international community to take decisive action, in particular to stop the processing of and trade in drugs, by pursuing the concrete steps set out in the Strategy and through initiatives such as the Good Performers Initiative established to provide incentives for governors to reduce cultivation in their provinces, and encourages the Afghan authorities to work at the provincial level on elaborating counter-narcotics implementation plans;", "98. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist the Government of Afghanistan in implementing its National Drug Control Strategy, aimed at eliminating the cultivation, production, trafficking in and consumption of illicit drugs, including through increased support for Afghan law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, agricultural and rural development for the creation of alternative livelihoods for farmers, demand reduction, the elimination of illicit crops, increased public awareness and the building of the capacity of drug control institutions and care and treatment centres for drug addicts, and reiterates its call upon the international community to channel counter-narcotics funding through the Government to the extent possible;", "99. Recalls the need to strengthen international and regional cooperation with Afghanistan in its sustained efforts to address drug production and trafficking, recognizes the threat posed by illicit drug production, trade and trafficking to international peace and stability in the region and beyond, also recognizes the progress achieved by relevant initiatives within the framework of the Paris Pact initiative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, stresses the importance of further progress in the implementation of these initiatives, and welcomes the upcoming ministerial meeting of the Paris Pact initiative to be held in Vienna, in continuation of the “Paris-Moscow” process, as well as the intent of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation in this regard;", "100. Pays homage to all those who have innocently lost their lives in the fight against drug traffickers, in particular members of the security forces of Afghanistan and its neighbours;", "101. Welcomes initiatives to enhance border management cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours in ensuring comprehensive measures for drug control, including the financial dimension, emphasizes the importance of pursuing such cooperation, especially through bilateral arrangements and those launched by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Anti-Drug Quartet and others, and welcomes the intention of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation with relevant partners in the field of border control;", "102. Stresses the importance of further, effective cooperative support by relevant international and regional actors, including the United Nations and the Assistance Force, within its designated responsibilities, to Afghan-led sustained efforts to address the threat posed by the illicit production of and trafficking in drugs, welcomes in this regard the regional programme on Afghanistan and neighbouring countries of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and encourages the respective countries to continue to participate;", "103. Acknowledges the regional activities carried out by Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan within the framework of their triangular initiative to counter narcotics, and welcomes the next ministerial meetings to be held in Kabul and Tehran, consecutively;", "Coordination", "104. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the Assistance Mission as mandated by the Security Council in its resolution 1974 (2011), and stresses the continued importance of the central and impartial coordinating role of the United Nations in promoting a more coherent international engagement;", "105. Welcomes the presence of the Assistance Mission in the provinces, which ensures that the United Nations can fulfil its essential coordinating and support role, as requested by the Government of Afghanistan, security conditions permitting;", "106. Stresses the need to ensure that the Assistance Mission is adequately resourced and protected by the Afghan authorities, with international support, as appropriate, to fulfil its mandate;", "107. Acknowledges the central role played by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, stresses that the role of the Board is to support Afghanistan by, inter alia, monitoring and supporting the Kabul process and coordinating international assistance and reconstruction programmes, and welcomes further efforts to provide appropriate guidance and promote a more coherent international engagement;", "108. Expresses its appreciation for and emphasizes the importance of the continued and long-term commitment of the international community to supporting the stability and development of Afghanistan, and recalls the additional international support as pledged;", "109. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every three months on developments in Afghanistan, as well as on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "110. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The situation in Afghanistan”.", "62nd plenary meeting 21 November 2011", "[1]  A/65/612‑S/2010/630, A/65/783‑S/2011/120, A/65/873‑S/2011/381 and A/66/369‑S/2011/590.", "[2]  See S/2010/65, annex II.", "[3]  Available from www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[5]  A/C.1/63/5, enclosure, part II.", "[6]  Available from www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, No. 42146.", "[8]  Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378.", "[9]  Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[10]  Ibid., vols. 2171 and 2173, No. 27531.", "[11]  Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[12]  S/2002/1416, annex.", "[13]  See A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14]  Available from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.10 and Add.1)]", "66/13. The situation in Afghanistan", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/8 of 4 November 2010 and all its previous relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also all relevant Security Council resolutions and all presidential statements on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular resolutions 1974 (2011) of 22 March 2011 and 2011 (2011) of 12 October 2011,", "Reiterating its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan and respecting its multicultural, multi-ethnic and historical heritage,", "Recognizing once again that the challenges in Afghanistan are interconnected, reaffirming that sustainable progress on security, governance, human rights, the rule of law and development, as well as on the cross-cutting issue of counter-narcotics, is mutually reinforcing, and welcoming the continuing coherence of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community,", "Recalling the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan, including the mutual commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, held on 28 January and 20 July 2010, respectively, looking forward to the forthcoming comprehensive review of the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Government of Afghanistan and the relevant international stakeholders, of the activities established in the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, and the support provided by the country in line with", "Looking forward to the International Conference on Afghanistan entitled “Afghanistan and the International Community: From the Transition to the Decade of Transformation”, to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2011 under the chairmanship of the Government of Afghanistan, where the civilian aspects of the transition, the long-term commitment of the international community in Afghanistan in the context of the region and support for the political process,", "Supporting the increased regional efforts to continue the implementation of the previous statements of good-neighbourly relations, welcoming the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 November 2011, in which Afghanistan and its regional partners, with the support of the international community, affirmed their commitment to promote regional security and cooperation through the implementation of confidence-building measures, and looking forward to the first ministerial meeting in Kabul,", "Noting regional initiatives, such as those under the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Economic Cooperation Organization and other relevant initiatives aimed at enhancing regional economic cooperation with Afghanistan, such as the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Regional Economic Cooperation Programme for Central Asia,", "Underlining the significance of the agreement reached at the summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, held in Lisbon on 19 and 20 November 2010 between the Government of Afghanistan and the countries contributing to the International Security Assistance Force, to gradually transfer the main responsibility for security throughout the country to the end of 2014, welcoming the transition that is taking place and looking forward to", "Reiterating the urgent need to address the challenges in Afghanistan, in particular the continuing criminal and violent terrorist activities of the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the trade in narcotic drugs, the development of Afghan institutions of government, including at the subnational level, the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the prevention of corruption,", "Deeply concerned at the continuing high level of violence in Afghanistan, condemning in the strongest terms all violent attacks and recognizing, in this regard, the alarming threats that continue to be posed by the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, as well as the difficulties involved in tackling such threats,", "Expressing grave concern at the high number of civilian casualties, recalling that the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups are responsible for the vast majority of civilian victims in Afghanistan, and calling for compliance with international humanitarian law and international human rights standards, and taking all appropriate measures to ensure the protection of civilians,", "Recognizing that the Assistance Force, authorized by the Security Council, and other international forces have continued to make progress in the protection of the civilian population and the minimization of civilian victims, and calling upon them to continue to carry out strengthened efforts in this regard, especially to continue to examine tactics and procedures and to conduct subsequent reviews and investigations, in cooperation with the Government of Afghanistan, where such investigations have occurred jointly,", "Noting the importance of the national Government being inclusive and representative of the ethnic diversity of the country and ensuring the full and equal participation of women,", "1. Emphasizes the central and impartial role of the United Nations in the promotion of peace and stability in Afghanistan, expresses its appreciation for all the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Representative in this regard, and its strong support for those efforts, expresses its appreciation also for the work of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in accordance with Security Council resolution 1974 (2011), stresses the leadership role of the Assistance Mission in the work of continued coordination", "2. Welcomes the reports of the Secretary-General[1] and the recommendations contained therein;", "3. It pledges to continue to support the Government and people of Afghanistan as they rebuild a stable, safe, economically self-sufficient and free State of terrorism and narcotics, and strengthen the foundations of constitutional democracy as a responsible member of the international community;", "4. Appreciates the renewed commitment of the Government of Afghanistan to the Afghan people and the renewed commitment to Afghanistan expressed by the international community in the communiqués of the London Conferences[2] and Kabul[3], in this regard reiterates its appreciation for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy, underlines the need for further development and implementation of national priority programmes, including cost-setting plans, and looks forward to the remaining national priority programmes;", "5. Welcomes the continuing efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and recognizes the important work being done in this regard through the inter-ministerial coordination mechanism and its role in setting priorities and implementing the National Development Strategy and priority national programmes;", "6. Encourages all partners to provide constructive support to the Kabul process, on the basis of comprehensive and deep international partnerships, with a view to further enhancing Afghan responsibility and ownership of security, governance and development, and to ensuring safe, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan, focusing on strengthening constitutional controls that guarantee citizens &apos; rights and obligations, and on the implementation of a concrete, structural reform that will enable them to be accountable;", "7. Supports the continuing responsibility of the Government of Afghanistan, to an increasing extent, for reconstruction and development activities, and emphasizes the vital need to ensure accountability in all areas of governance and enhance institutional capacity, including at the subnational level, to make aid more effective;", "Security and transition", "8. Reiterates once again its serious concern at the security situation in Afghanistan, stresses the need to continue to address the threat posed to the security and stability of Afghanistan by the continuing violent and terrorist activities of the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the trade in narcotic drugs, and, in this regard, reiterates its call for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions and procedures in 1989 (2011);", "9. Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of violence and intimidation and all attacks, including attacks on improvised explosive devices, suicide bombings, killings, including those of public personalities, abductions, indiscriminate attacks on the civilian population and attacks on humanitarian workers and Afghan and international forces, as well as their spelling effect on the stabilization, reconstruction and development of Afghanistan,", "10. Stresses the need for the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to continue to work closely to address those acts, which threaten the peace and stability of the country and the democratic process, the achievements of the reconstruction and development process in Afghanistan and the continuation of its implementation, as well as humanitarian assistance measures, and calls upon all Member States to deny such groups any form of refuge or financial, material and political support;", "11. Expresses deep regret at the loss of human life and the physical damage caused, as a result of such acts, to Afghan civilians and other nationalities, including personnel of Afghan and international agencies, all other humanitarian workers and the diplomatic corps, and the Assistance Mission, as well as personnel of the Afghan National Security Forces, the International Security Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, and pays tribute to all those who have lost their lives;", "12. Stresses the importance of establishing adequate security conditions, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to continue to address threats to the security and stability of Afghanistan and commends the national security forces of Afghanistan and its international partners for their work in this regard;", "13. Notes that the responsibility to ensure security and public order throughout the country rests with the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, and stresses the importance of the continued extension of the authority of the central Government to all provinces of Afghanistan, including the strengthening of the presence of the Afghan security forces, consistent with the objective of the transition;", "14. Expresses its support for the objective of the Government of Afghanistan, endorsed by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, to ensure that the Afghan National Security Forces have the necessary strength and operational capacity to assume the primary responsibility for security, which was previously incumbent on the Assistance Force, in all provinces by the end of 2014, and calls upon the international community to provide the necessary support to enhance security and to continue to provide support to train and equip Afghanistan with national security efforts", "15. &quot; It welcomes the commencement in July 2011 of the process of transfer of the main security responsibility agreed by the Government of Afghanistan and the countries participating in the Assistance Force, commends the continued progress that has been made in this regard, looks forward to the new phases of the transition, also welcomes the commitment of the international partners of Afghanistan to support the Government in creating the necessary conditions to preserve the transition and to continue to support the process of law", "16. It also welcomes, in this regard, the presence of the Assistance Force and the Duration Operation coalition, expresses its appreciation for the support they have provided to the Afghan National Army, as well as for the assistance provided to the Afghan National Police by international partners, in particular the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, through its training mission in Afghanistan, and by the contribution of the European Police Training Force to that mission, recognizes that", "17. Further welcomes the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan, with a view to ensuring stability and creating the necessary conditions for the effective rule of law, to continue the implementation of the Afghanistan National Police Strategy and the National Police Plan underpinning it, aimed at creating a strong and professional police force, focusing on the institutional and administrative reforms under way in the Ministry of the Interior, including the implementation of the action plan against corruption, as well as the progressive training of leaders,", "18. Calls upon Member States to continue to provide staff, equipment and other resources to the Assistance Force and to provide sufficient support to support the development of the provincial reconstruction teams, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and the Assistance Mission;", "19. Noting that, in the context of the comprehensive approach and the ongoing transition process, synergies remain important in the objectives of the Assistance Mission and the Assistance Force, and emphasizes, in particular, that it remains necessary to maintain, strengthen and review civil and military relations among international actors, as appropriate, at all levels, in order to ensure the complementarity of activities in accordance with the different mandates and comparative advantages of the law-making actors,", "20. Urges the Afghan authorities, with the support of the international community, to take all possible measures to ensure the safety and freedom of movement of all United Nations personnel, development and humanitarian assistance, as well as their full, safe and unhindered access to all affected populations, and to protect the assets of the United Nations and development and humanitarian organizations, and notes the efforts made to regulate the activities of private security contractors working in Afghanistan;", "21. It also urges the Afghan authorities to make every effort to prosecute perpetrators, in accordance with its resolution 60/123 of 15 December 2005, on the safety of humanitarian personnel and the protection of United Nations personnel;", "22. Stresses the importance of promoting the full implementation, under Afghan responsibility, of the programme of dissolution of illegal armed groups throughout the country, while ensuring coordination and coherence with other relevant activities, including security sector reform, community development, counter-narcotics, district-level development and Afghan-led initiatives to ensure that entities and individuals do not participate illegally in the political process, in particular in future elections,", "23. Expresses its appreciation for the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan in the programme of dissolution of illegal armed groups and their integration into the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the continued commitment of the Government to work actively at the national, provincial and local levels to achieve this objective, stresses the importance of all efforts to create sufficient legal opportunities for income-generating and calls for continued international support for such initiatives;", "24. It remains deeply concerned about the persistent problem of anti-personnel landmines and explosive remnants of war, which constitute a serious danger to the population and an important obstacle to the resumption of economic activities and recovery and reconstruction efforts;", "25. Welcomes the progress achieved by the Mine Action Programme in Afghanistan, supports the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to fulfil its responsibilities under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,[4] to cooperate fully with the United Nations-coordinated Mine Action Programme and to eliminate all known or new stockpiles of anti-personnel landmines, and recognizes the continued need for international assistance.", "26. Notes that Afghanistan has ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions[5];", "Peace, reconciliation and reintegration", "27. Welcomes the adoption by the Security Council of resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009, also welcomes the establishment of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) and the measures contained in resolution 1988 (2011) concerning individuals, groups, companies and entities associated with the Taliban that constitute a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan,", "28. Expresses its support for the comprehensive peace and reconciliation process led by the Government of Afghanistan, which recommended the National Peace Jirga in June 2010, and commends the renewed efforts of the Government of Afghanistan, including that of the High Peace Council (1999), and the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme that is being implemented with a view to promoting inclusive dialogue among all groups in Afghanistan, including elements that oppose the Government but that Qaida is willing to renounce the violence,", "29. Strongly condemns the murder of Mr. Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of the High Peace Council, emphasizes the importance of all States with relevant information providing the Afghan authorities with the assistance they need and providing all relevant information they possess in connection with this terrorist attack, stresses the need to maintain calm and solidarity in Afghanistan at this time and to bring all parties to the balance, and expresses its firm commitment to support the Afghan Government in the process of reconciliation", "30. Calls upon all relevant States and international organizations to continue to participate in the Afghan-led peace process and recognizes the consequences of terrorist attacks on the people of Afghanistan and the risk they pose for future prospects for a peace settlement;", "31. Stresses that reconciliation efforts should enjoy the support of all Afghans, including civil society, minorities and women &apos; s groups;", "32. Calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to ensure that the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme is implemented in an inclusive manner, in accordance with the Afghan Constitution and the international legal obligations of the country, while respecting the human rights of all Afghans and combating impunity;", "33. Welcomes the establishment of the Trust Fund for Peace and Reintegration, recalls the commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, and stresses the importance of the continued contribution of the international community to the Trust Fund;", "34. Recognizes the progress being made in reconciliation with the Government of Afghanistan of the Taliban that have rejected Al-Qaida &apos; s terrorist ideology and its followers, respect the Constitution and support a peaceful solution to the persistent conflict in Afghanistan, calls upon the Taliban to accept President Hamid Karzai &apos; s proposal to renounce violence, break ties with the terrorist groups, respect the Constitution and join the peace and reconciliation process, and also recognizes", "35. Recognizes also that the number of persons who have been reintegrated and joined the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme has increased, welcomes the results of the May 2011 review conference of Afghanistan and the recent work undertaken to ensure its implementation, and encourages further efforts to address the remaining operational difficulties, including through an appropriate background review mechanism and ensuring that this task is linked to the wider efforts to resolve the conflict,", "Governance, rule of law and human rights", "36. Emphasizes that good governance, the rule of law and human rights are the foundations for a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, and notes the importance of enhancing the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law and governance in a responsible and effective manner;", "A. Democracy", "37. Recognizes the importance of free, fair, transparent, credible, safe and inclusive elections as a crucial step towards consolidating democracy for all Afghans, stresses the responsibility of the Afghan authorities in this regard, also stresses the need to prepare the elections in a timely and orderly manner, calls upon the international community to continue to provide financial and technical assistance, stresses the leadership role of the Assistance Mission in the coordination of the international community", "38. Welcomes the resolve of the institutional stalemate following the decision to leave the Independent Electoral Commission with the final authority on electoral issues, reiterates the commitment expressed by the Government of Afghanistan in the Kabul communiqué to conduct long-term electoral reform, based on the lessons learned in the previous elections, including the 2010 parliamentary elections, and reaffirms that the peaceful future of Afghanistan depends on strengthened and transparent democratic institutions, ensures compliance with constitutional and transparent controls,", "B. Justice", "39. Also welcomes the steps taken by the Government of Afghanistan in the reform of the justice sector, as well as the commitment to improve access to justice administration throughout Afghanistan undertaken by the Afghan Government at the Kabul Conference, stresses the need for more rapid progress towards the establishment of an impartial, transparent and effective justice system, in particular through the timely implementation of the National Justice Programme, the National Justice Strategy and the National Priority Programme on Law,", "40. Recognizes the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in allocating adequate resources to the reconstruction and reform of the prison sector, in order to increase respect for the rule of law and human rights in this sector, while reducing the risks to the physical and mental health of prisoners;", "41. Encourages the continued efforts of the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the Assistance Mission, the international community and other partners, including the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, to protect the human rights of prisoners in all prisons and detention centres in Afghanistan and to prevent violations of those rights, in accordance with the Constitution, legislation and international obligations of Afghanistan, and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law in Afghanistan, as well as to welcome the cooperation of the international community", "42. Emphasizes the importance of ensuring the access of relevant organizations to all prisons in Afghanistan and calls for full respect for relevant international law, including humanitarian law and human rights law, where appropriate, including in relation to minors, if detained;", "C. Public administration", "43. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to continue to effectively reform the public administration sector in order to realize the rule of law and to ensure good governance and accountability, in accordance with the Kabul process, both at the national and subnational levels, with the support of the international community, welcomes the efforts of the Government and the commitments made at the Kabul Conference in this regard, stresses the importance of the continued use of senior officials &apos; appointment and promotion procedures", "44. Encourages the international community, including all donor countries, as well as international, governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, to assist the Government of Afghanistan in making capacity-building and human resources development cross-cutting priorities and in harmonizing its efforts, in a coordinated manner, with those of the Government, including the work of the Independent Administrative Reform and Public Function Commission, to build administrative capacity at the national and subnational levels;", "45. Reiterates the importance of complementing and contributing to the development of an economy characterized by appropriate macroeconomic policies, the development of a financial sector that provides services, inter alia, to micro-enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and families, transparent business standards and accountability, and emphasizes the link between generating economic growth, including through infrastructure projects, and creating employment opportunities in Afghanistan;", "46. Recalls that Afghanistan ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption[7], reiterates its appreciation for the anti-corruption commitments made by the Government of Afghanistan at the London and Kabul Conferences, requests that the Government continue to take measures to fulfil those commitments with a view to establishing a more effective, accountable and transparent administration at the national, provincial and local levels of government, welcomes the continuation of international support for that purpose, and notes with deep concern the security of drugs", "47. Welcomes the principles for an effective partnership set out in the Kabul Conference communiqué, calls, in this context, for the full implementation of the commitments made at the London Conference and reaffirmed at the Kabul Conference to channel more and more international resources through the budget of the Government of Afghanistan, to bring them into line with that budget and to respond more to the Afghan priorities, encourages all partners to cooperate with the Government in order to process", "48. Underlines the importance of the recently concluded agreement between the Government of Afghanistan and the International Monetary Fund on a triennial settlement, which reaffirms the commitment to effective cooperation based on effective and transparent economic reforms;", "49. &quot; Welcomes the Sub-national Governance Policy, stresses the importance, in reducing the political space of insurgents, of making sub-national institutions and actors more visible, accountable and capable, emphasizes the importance of the Kabul process being accompanied by the implementation of national programmes at the subnational level, encourages the strengthening of the capacity of local institutions in a gradual and sustainable manner from the fiscal point of view, and calls for more inclusive,", "50. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to address the issue of land ownership claims through a comprehensive programme for the formalization of titles, including the official registration of all properties and increased security of property rights, and welcomes the steps already taken by the Government in this regard;", "D. Human Rights", "51. Recalls that the Constitution of Afghanistan guarantees respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans, which constitutes an important political achievement, calls for the full respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need for the full implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of Afghanistan relating to human rights, in accordance with the obligations under applicable international law, including those that guarantee women and children the full;", "52. Recognizes the work of the Government of Afghanistan to promote respect for human rights and encourages it to continue, expresses its concern at the harmful consequences of violent and terrorist activities of the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals for the enjoyment of human rights and the ability of the Government of Afghanistan to ensure the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans, notes with concern the reports that violations of human rights are continuing", "53. Commends the Government of Afghanistan for its active participation in the universal periodic review process, requests that Afghan civil society continue to participate actively in this process and encourages the timely implementation of the recommendations contained in the relevant report;", "54. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of thought, conscience or belief enshrined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, calls, in this regard, for the full implementation of the Media Act for the masses, while noting with concern that acts of intimidation and violence against Afghan journalists continue, and the obstacles to the independence of the media, condemns the abductions and even murders of journalists committed by terrorist groups,", "55. Reiterates the important role played by the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan in the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, stresses the need to ensure its constitutional status and to fulfil its mandate, focusing on communities throughout Afghanistan, to make the population better informed and to increase the accountability of the Government, welcomes the decision of the Government of Afghanistan to assume full responsibility for the Commission &apos; s core funding, urges the Commission to cooperate closely", "56. Recalls Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) of 28 April 2006, 1738 (2006) of 23 December 2006 and 1894 (2009) of 11 November 2009 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, as well as the mid-year report on the issue presented in July 2011 by the Assistance Mission,3 expresses serious concern at the high number of civilian victims, including women and children, and their impact on the local communities of Qaeda, notes that the Taliban,", "57. Also recalls Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) of 31 October 2000, 1820 (2008) of 19 June 2008, 1888 (2009) of 30 September 2009, 1889 (2009) of 5 October 2009 and 1960 (2010) of 16 December 2010 on women and peace and security, and reiterates the importance of compliance with international obligations in the promotion of the rights of women enshrined in the Constitution of Afghanistan;", "58. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to incorporate a gender perspective into its activities, including national priority programmes, and to protect and promote equal rights between women and men, guaranteed, inter alia, by the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[8] and by the Constitution of Afghanistan and the implementation of the National Plan of Action for Women, reiterates the continuing importance of women &apos; s equal participation in the law", "59. Strongly condemns incidents of discrimination and violence against women and girls, in particular those directed against women activists or prominence in public life, regardless of the place in Afghanistan, including killings, mutilations and “honour killings” occurring in certain areas of the country;", "60. Reiterates its appreciation for the Special Fund for the Elimination of Violence against Women of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), as well as for its Urgent Response Fund, which continues to serve to address violence against women and women &apos; s rights defenders in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for the international community to continue to make financial contributions to those funds;", "61. Welcomes the achievements and efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to combat discrimination, urges the Government to actively promote the participation of all elements of Afghan society, in particular women, in the preparation and implementation of relief, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction programmes, as well as in national priority programmes, and to ensure accurate follow-up to the full integration of women in political, economic and social life,", "62. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of children in Afghanistan and recalls the need for all States parties to fully implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child[9] and its two Optional Protocols[10], as well as Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) of 26 July 2005, 1882 (2009) of 4 August 2009 and 1998 (2011) of 12 July 2011 on children and armed conflict;", "63. Expresses its concern, in this regard, that illegal armed groups and terrorist groups are recruiting and using children in Afghanistan, stresses the importance of ending the use of children, which contravenes international law, expresses appreciation for the progress achieved by the Government of Afghanistan and its strong commitment in this regard, including its strong condemnation of any child exploitation, as indicated by the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Committee for the Protection of Children,", "64. Recognizes the special needs of girls, strongly condemns terrorist attacks, as well as threats of attacks, against educational facilities, especially against women, hospitals and protected persons in Afghanistan, which contravene applicable international law, and expresses deep concern at the high number of schools that have been closed as a result of terrorist attacks or threats of attacks;", "65. Welcoming the adoption by the Government of Afghanistan of the National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Children, it also welcomes initiatives aimed at enacting laws on trafficking in persons, inspired by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[11], and underlines the importance of Afghanistan considering becoming a party to the Protocol;", "Economic and social development", "66. Urgently appeals to all States, the United Nations system and international and non-governmental organizations, including international and regional financial institutions, to continue to provide humanitarian assistance, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with Afghan priorities and the National Development Strategy, for recovery, reconstruction and development, financial, educational, technical and material assistance as possible and necessary, in this regard, to continue to enhance the coordination of international efforts;", "67. Stresses the need for a strong and sustained international commitment to provide humanitarian assistance and support recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development programmes under the responsibility of the Government of Afghanistan, while expressing its appreciation to the United Nations system and to all States and international and non-governmental organizations whose international and local staff continue to respond positively to the humanitarian, transitional and development needs of Afghanistan despite security challenges and access difficulties in some areas;", "68. Expresses its appreciation for the work of humanitarian and development assistance of the international community for the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, recognizes the need for further improvement of the living conditions of the Afghan people, and emphasizes the need to strengthen and support the development of the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to provide basic social services, including education and public health services, and to promote development;", "69. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to intensify efforts to reform key sectors, such as those of energy supply and drinking water, as a precondition for progress in social and economic development, commends it for its efforts to achieve fiscal sustainability to date, is aware of the challenges to overcome and calls for continued efforts to generate income;", "70. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the provincial reconstruction teams, working in the provincial context to support the implementation of national priorities for strengthening the capacity of local institutions;", "71. Encourages the international community and the business sector to support the economy of Afghanistan, as a measure for long-term stability, and to explore possibilities for increased trade and investment, as well as local procurement, and encourages the Government of Afghanistan to continue to promote a favourable economic environment for private sector investment, both at the national and subnational levels;", "72. Urgently encourages all States, as well as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to expand agricultural cooperation with Afghanistan, within the National Agricultural Development Framework and in a manner consistent with the National Development Strategy, with a view to contributing to poverty eradication and social and economic development, including in rural communities;", "73. Reiterates the need to provide Afghan children, especially girls, educational and health facilities in all areas of the country, welcomes the progress made in the public education sector, recalls the National Strategic Plan of Education as a promising basis for achieving further achievements, encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to expand such facilities, to train professional staff and to promote full access on an equal basis for all", "74. Commends the relief work carried out by the Government of Afghanistan and donors, but continues to express concern about the overall humanitarian situation, stresses the continuing need for food assistance and calls for continued international support in order to ensure the early implementation of the financing of the Humanitarian Action Plan for Afghanistan by next winter;", "75. Recognizes that underdevelopment and lack of capacity increase the vulnerability of Afghanistan to natural disasters and extreme weather conditions and, in this regard, urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to intensify its efforts to strengthen disaster risk reduction at the national and subnational levels, as well as to modernize the agricultural sector and increase its production, thereby reducing the vulnerability of the country to adverse external conditions such as drought and other floods;", "76. Expresses its appreciation to the Governments that continue to host Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, recognizing the heavy burden they have endured so far in this regard, and requests the international community to continue its generous support with a view to facilitating their voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return, rehabilitation and reintegration;", "77. Reiterates to the host countries and the international community their obligations under international refugee law regarding the protection of refugees, the principle of voluntary return and the right to seek asylum, as well as their obligation to ensure full, safe and unhindered access by humanitarian relief agencies to provide protection and assistance to refugees, and calls upon countries to continue to accept an appropriate number of Afghan refugees for resettlement, as a manifestation of their shared responsibility and responsibility;", "78. &quot; Welcomes the continued return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, on a voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable basis, while noting with concern that in some parts of Afghanistan conditions are not yet conducive to their safe and sustainable return to certain places of origin;", "79. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, acting with the support of the international community, to continue to intensify its efforts to create conditions conducive to sustainable return by further strengthening its absorptive capacity for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of remaining Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons;", "80. Notes, in this regard, the continuing constructive work of the countries of the region, as well as the tripartite agreements signed by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Government of Afghanistan and the Governments of countries hosting refugees from Afghanistan, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "Regional cooperation", "81. Stresses that promoting constructive regional cooperation is crucial for the promotion of peace, security, stability and economic and social development in Afghanistan, encourages further improvement in relations and interaction between Afghanistan and its neighbours, and calls for continued efforts in this regard, including regional organizations;", "82. Commends the continuing efforts of the signatories to the Kabul Declaration on Good-Neighbourly Relations of 22 December 2002[12] to fulfil their commitments under the Declaration, calls upon all other States to respect and support the implementation of those provisions, and welcomes the reaffirmation in the communiqué of the Kabul Conference of the principles set out in the Declaration;", "83. &quot; Welcomes and encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to promote mutual trust and cooperation, and hopes that, where appropriate, cooperation between Afghanistan, all its neighbouring and regional partners and regional organizations against the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other extremist and criminal groups, as well as the promotion of peace and prosperity in Afghanistan, in the region and beyond;", "84. In this regard, it welcomes the redoubling of the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan, its neighbouring and regional partners and international organizations to promote mutual trust and cooperation, as well as the cooperation initiatives recently established by the countries concerned and regional organizations, including the trilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey; of Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan; of Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America;", "85. Also welcomes the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia and encourages Afghanistan and its regional partners to actively strive to implement confidence-building measures within the framework of the Istanbul Process on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, adopted on 2 November 2011[13];", "86. Expresses its appreciation for all efforts to enhance regional economic cooperation in order to promote economic cooperation between Afghanistan, its neighbours of the region, international partners and financial institutions, recognizes the important role of, inter alia, the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Regional Economic Cooperation Programme for Central Asia, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the Shanghai Regional Economic Cooperation Organization, the European Union and the", "87. Welcomes the efforts to strengthen the process of regional economic cooperation and urges that this work continue, including measures to facilitate regional trade and transit, including through the conclusion of regional and bilateral agreements on transit trade, the expansion of consular cooperation on visas and the facilitation of business travel, as well as to expand trade, increase foreign investment and develop infrastructure, including its connections, the provision of energy, transport and sustainable growth in Asia", "88. Encourages the G-8 countries to continue to encourage and support cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours through mutual consultation and agreement, including in development projects in such areas as infrastructure connection, border management and economic development, and, in this regard, looks forward to the establishment of the Afghan railway agency announced at the regional railway conference held in Paris on 4 and 5 July 2011;", "Counter-narcotics", "89. It welcomes the work of the Government of Afghanistan in combating drug production in the country, takes note of the report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, published in December 2011[14], reiterates its deep concern that illicit drug cultivation and production in Afghanistan has increased, mainly in areas where the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals are particularly active,", "90. Stresses the importance of a comprehensive and balanced approach in addressing the drug problem in Afghanistan, which, to be effective, should be integrated into the overall context of work in the areas of security, governance, the rule of law and human rights, and economic and social development;", "91. It also emphasizes, in this regard, that the establishment of alternative livelihoods programmes is of key importance for the success of the fight against narcotic drugs in Afghanistan and that sustainable strategies require international cooperation, urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to promote the development of sustainable livelihoods in the regulated sector of production, as well as in other sectors, and to improve access to reasonable credit and finance, in conditions,", "92. Notes with great concern the strong link between drug trade and the terrorist activities of the Taliban, Al-Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminal groups, which pose a serious threat to the security, rule of law and development of Afghanistan, and in this regard stresses the importance of the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 1735 (2006) of 22 December 2006 and 1822 (2008);", "93. Calls, in this regard, upon all Member States to continue to intensify their efforts to reduce drug demand in their respective and global countries in order to contribute to the sustainability of the elimination of illicit crops in Afghanistan;", "94. Stresses the need to prevent the trafficking and diversion of chemical precursors used in the illicit manufacture of drugs in Afghanistan and calls for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1817 (2008) of 11 June 2008;", "95. Supports the fight against illicit drug trafficking from Afghanistan and its precursors to the country, neighbouring countries and countries along trafficking routes, including through increased cooperation among them to strengthen counter-narcotics controls and monitor international trade in chemical precursors, and underlines the importance of providing technical assistance and support to the most affected transit States in strengthening their capacity in this regard;", "96. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to seek to mainstream the fight against drugs into all national programmes, to ensure that the fight is a fundamental part of the comprehensive approach and to intensify the fight against opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking, in accordance with the balanced eight-pillar plan included in the updated Afghan National Drug Control Strategy;", "97. Commends the efforts made by the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, as well as to update and implement the National Drug Control Strategy, including the priority implementation plan and benchmarks, urges the Government and the international community to act energetically, in particular to put an end to the development and trade of drugs, through the implementation of the specific measures set out in the Strategy and through initiatives such as the good performance plan, created for incentivities", "98. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist the Government of Afghanistan in implementing its National Drug Control Strategy, which aims to eliminate the cultivation, production, consumption and trafficking of illicit drugs through increased support to national law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, agricultural and rural development with a view to creating alternative livelihoods for farmers, reducing demand, eliminating illicit crops and raising awareness of the extent of drug trafficking", "99. Recalls the need to strengthen international and regional cooperation with Afghanistan in its sustained efforts to cope with the production and trafficking of drugs, recognizes the threat posed by the production, trade and trafficking of illicit drugs for international peace and stability in the region and beyond, also recognizes the progress made in the relevant initiatives under the Paris Pact initiative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and further welcomes the importance of", "100. Pay tribute to all those who have lost their lives innocently in the fight against drug traffickers, in particular members of the Afghan security forces and neighbouring countries;", "101. Welcomes the efforts to improve cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours in border management for the purpose of ensuring comprehensive drug control measures, including the financial dimension, emphasizes the importance of continuing such cooperation, especially through bilateral agreements and the operationalization of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia, the Shanghai Central Drug Cooperation Organization, the International Drug Cooperation Organization", "102. &quot; Stresses the importance of continued effective cooperative support by relevant international and regional actors, including the United Nations and the Assistance Force, within their mandates, to the sustained efforts of Afghanistan to address the threat posed by illicit production and drug trafficking, welcomes, in this regard, the regional programme on Afghanistan and the neighbouring countries of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;", "103. Recognizes the regional activities carried out by Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan in the framework of its triangular counter-narcotics initiative, and welcomes the forthcoming ministerial meetings to be held in Kabul and Tehran accordingly;", "Coordination", "104. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the Assistance Mission in fulfilling the mandate entrusted to it by the Security Council in its resolution 1974 (2011), and stresses that the central and impartial coordination role played by the United Nations remains important in promoting more coherent international action;", "105. Welcomes the presence of the Assistance Mission in the provinces, which enables the United Nations to play its essential coordination and support role, as requested by the Government of Afghanistan, if the security conditions permit;", "106. Stresses the need to ensure that the Assistance Mission has adequate resources and is adequately protected by the Afghan authorities, with international support, as appropriate, to fulfil its mandate;", "107. Recognizes the key role played by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, stresses that the role of the Board is to support Afghanistan by monitoring and supporting the Kabul process and coordinating international assistance and reconstruction programmes, inter alia, and welcomes the new efforts to provide adequate guidance and promote greater coherence in international action;", "108. Expresses its appreciation that the international community remains committed to supporting Afghanistan &apos; s stability and development, emphasizes the importance of its long-term maintenance and recalls that additional international support has been pledged;", "109. Requests the Secretary-General to report every three months on developments in Afghanistan, as well as on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "110. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The situation in Afghanistan”.", "62nd plenary meeting 21 November 2011", "[1] A/65/612‐S/2010/630, A/65/783‐S/2011/120, A/65/873‐S/2011/381 and A/66/369‐S/2011/590.", "[2] See S/2010/65, annex II.", "[3] Available at www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[5] A/C.1/63/5, appendix, part II.", "[6] Available at www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, No. 42146.", "[8] Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378.", "[9] Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[10] Ibid., vols. 2171 and 2173, No. 27531.", "Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[12] S/2002/1416, annex.", "[13] See A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14] Available at www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.15 y Add.1)]", "66/14. Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 181 (II), de 29 de noviembre de 1947, 194 (III), de 11 de diciembre de 1948, 3236 (XXIX), de 22 de noviembre de 1974, 3375 (XXX) y 3376 (XXX), de 10 de noviembre de 1975, 31/20, de 24 de noviembre de 1976, y todas sus resoluciones posteriores sobre la cuestión, incluidas las aprobadas en sus períodos extraordinarios de sesiones de emergencia, así como su resolución 65/13, de 30 de noviembre de 2010,", "Recordando también su resolución 58/292, de 6 de mayo de 2004,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino[1],", "Recordando el reconocimiento mutuo entre el Gobierno del Estado de Israel y la Organización de Liberación de Palestina, representante del pueblo palestino, y los acuerdos en vigor concertados entre las dos partes, así como la necesidad de que se dé pleno cumplimiento a esos acuerdos,", "Afirmando su apoyo al proceso de paz en el Oriente Medio, sobre la base de las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, los principios de referencia de la Conferencia de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, aprobada por el Consejo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes en su 14° período de sesiones[2], y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto para una solución permanente biestatal del conflicto israelo-palestino, que el Consejo de Seguridad hizo suya en su resolución 1515 (2003), de 19 de noviembre de 2003[3],", "Recordando la opinión consultiva sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, emitida el 9 de julio de 2004 por la Corte Internacional de Justicia[4], y recordando también sus resoluciones ES‑10/15, de 20 de julio de 2004, y ES‑10/17, de 15 de diciembre de 2006,", "Tomando nota de la solicitud de admisión como Miembro de las Naciones Unidas presentada por Palestina el 23 de septiembre de 2011[5],", "Reafirmando que las Naciones Unidas tienen una responsabilidad permanente con respecto a la cuestión de Palestina hasta que se resuelva satisfactoriamente en todos sus aspectos de conformidad con la legitimidad internacional,", "1. Expresa su reconocimiento al Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino por el esfuerzo realizado para cumplir las tareas que le ha encomendado y toma nota de su informe anual¹, incluidas las conclusiones y las valiosas recomendaciones que figuran en el capítulo VII de dicho informe;", "2. Solicita al Comité que siga haciendo todo lo posible para promover la realización de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino, incluido su derecho a la libre determinación, apoyar el proceso de paz en el Oriente Medio con miras al logro de la solución biestatal basada en las fronteras anteriores a 1967 y la solución justa de todas las cuestiones relativas al estatuto definitivo y movilizar el apoyo y la asistencia internacionales al pueblo palestino, y, a este respecto, autoriza al Comité a modificar su programa de trabajo aprobado cuando lo considere adecuado y necesario a la luz de los acontecimientos e informarla al respecto en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones y en los períodos de sesiones siguientes;", "3. Solicita también al Comité que siga examinando la situación relativa a la cuestión de Palestina y que informe y formule sugerencias a la Asamblea General, al Consejo de Seguridad o al Secretario General, según proceda;", "4. Solicita además al Comité que siga ofreciendo su cooperación y apoyo a las organizaciones palestinas y otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil y que siga haciendo participar en su labor a otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil, así como a parlamentarios, con el fin de captar la solidaridad y el respaldo internacionales en favor del pueblo palestino, en particular durante el actual período crítico de inestabilidad política, dificultades humanitarias y crisis financiera, con el objetivo general de promover que el pueblo palestino haga efectivos sus derechos inalienables y de que la cuestión de Palestina, que constituye el núcleo del conflicto árabe-israelí, se resuelva de forma justa, duradera y pacífica, sobre la base de las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, los principios de referencia de la Conferencia de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe² y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto³;", "5. Solicita a la Comisión de Conciliación de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina, establecida en virtud de su resolución 194 (III), y a los demás órganos de las Naciones Unidas vinculados a la cuestión de Palestina que sigan cooperando plenamente con el Comité y que le sigan facilitando, cuando lo solicite, la información y documentación pertinentes de que dispongan;", "6. Invita a todos los gobiernos y organizaciones a que presten su cooperación al Comité en el desempeño de sus tareas;", "7. Solicita al Secretario General que haga distribuir el informe del Comité a todos los órganos competentes de las Naciones Unidas e insta a estos a que adopten las medidas necesarias, según proceda;", "8. Solicita también al Secretario General que siga proporcionando al Comité todos los medios necesarios para desempeñar sus tareas.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, anexo II, resolución 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, anexo.", "[4]  Véase A/ES‑10/273 y Corr.1; véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pág. 136.", "[5]  A/66/371‑S/2011/592, anexo I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.15 and Add.1)]", "66/14. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights", "of the Palestinian People", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, 194 (III) of 11 December 1948, 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, 3375 (XXX) and 3376 (XXX) of 10 November 1975, 31/20 of 24 November 1976 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its emergency special sessions and its resolution 65/13 of 30 November 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides and the need for full compliance with those agreements,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[5]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Expresses its appreciation to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its efforts in performing the tasks assigned to it by the General Assembly, and takes note of its annual report,¹ including the conclusions and valuable recommendations contained in chapter VII thereof;", "2. Requests the Committee to continue to exert all efforts to promote the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination, to support the Middle East peace process for the achievement of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre‑1967 borders and the just resolution of all final status issues and to mobilize international support for and assistance to the Palestinian people, and in this regard authorizes the Committee to make such adjustments in its approved programme of work as it may consider appropriate and necessary in the light of developments and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session and thereafter;", "3. Also requests the Committee to continue to keep under review the situation relating to the question of Palestine and to report and make suggestions to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General, as appropriate;", "4. Further requests the Committee to continue to extend its cooperation and support to Palestinian and other civil society organizations and to continue to involve additional civil society organizations and parliamentarians in its work in order to mobilize international solidarity and support for the Palestinian people, particularly during this critical period of political instability, humanitarian hardship and financial crisis, with the overall aim of promoting the achievement by the Palestinian people of its inalienable rights and a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative² and the Quartet road map;³", "5. Requests the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established under General Assembly resolution 194 (III), and other United Nations bodies associated with the question of Palestine to continue to cooperate fully with the Committee and to make available to it, at its request, the relevant information and documentation which they have at their disposal;", "6. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Committee in the performance of its tasks;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report of the Committee to all the competent bodies of the United Nations, and urges them to take the necessary action, as appropriate;", "8. Also requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Committee with all the necessary facilities for the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[5]  A/66/371‑S/2011/592, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.15 and Add.1)]", "66/14. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, 194 (III) of 11 December 1948, 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, 3375 (XXX) and 3376 (XXX) of 10 November 1975, 31/20 of 24 November 1976 and all subsequent resolutions thereon, including those adopted at its emergency special sessions, as well as its resolution 65/13 of 30 November 2010 of 30 November", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People[1],", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, and the existing agreements between the two parties, as well as the need for full implementation of those agreements,", "Affirming its support for the peace process in the Middle East, on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the principles of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session[2], and the Quartet road map for a two-State permanent solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, of its resolution 15 (2003),", "Recalling the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, issued on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice[4], and recalling also its resolutions ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES-10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Taking note of the application for admission as a Member of the United Nations submitted by Palestine on 23 September 2011[5],", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility with regard to the question of Palestine until it is resolved satisfactorily in all its aspects in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Expresses its appreciation to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its efforts to fulfil its mandated tasks and takes note of its annual report, including the conclusions and valuable recommendations contained in chapter VII of that report;", "2. Requests the Committee to continue to make every effort to promote the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination, to support the peace process in the Middle East with a view to achieving the two-State solution based on the pre-1967 borders and the just settlement of all final status issues and to mobilize international support and assistance to the Palestinian people, and, in this regard, authorizes the Committee to modify its sixty-seventh sessional programme of work,", "3. Also requests the Committee to continue its consideration of the situation concerning the question of Palestine and to report and make suggestions to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General, as appropriate;", "4. Further requests the Committee to continue to offer its cooperation and support to Palestinian organizations and other civil society organizations and to continue to involve other civil society organizations, as well as parliamentarians, in order to capture international solidarity and support for the Palestinian people, in particular during the current critical period of political instability, humanitarian difficulties and financial crisis, with the overall objective of promoting the realization of the Palestinian people &apos; s inalienable rights,", "5. Requests the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established pursuant to its resolution 194 (III), and other United Nations bodies associated with the question of Palestine to continue to cooperate fully with the Committee and to continue to provide, upon request, the relevant information and documentation available to it;", "6. Invites all Governments and organizations to cooperate with the Committee in carrying out its tasks;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report of the Committee to all relevant United Nations bodies and urges them to take the necessary measures, as appropriate;", "8. He also requested the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Committee with all necessary means to carry out its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3] S/2003/529, annex.", "[4] See A/ES‐10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[5] A/66/371‐S/2011/592, annex I." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.16 y Add.1)]", "66/15. División de la Secretaría de los Derechos de los Palestinos", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino[1],", "Tomando nota, en particular, de las medidas adoptadas por el Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino y la División de la Secretaría de los Derechos de los Palestinos de conformidad con sus mandatos,", "Recordando su resolución 32/40 B, de 2 de diciembre de 1977, y todas sus resoluciones posteriores pertinentes, incluida su resolución 65/14, de 30 de noviembre de 2010,", "1. Observa con aprecio las medidas adoptadas por el Secretario General en cumplimiento de su resolución 65/14;", "2. Considera que, mediante el apoyo sustantivo que presta al Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino en la ejecución de su mandato, la División de la Secretaría de los Derechos de los Palestinos sigue realizando una contribución sumamente útil y constructiva en lo que se refiere a crear conciencia en el plano internacional acerca de la cuestión de Palestina y de la urgencia de alcanzar un arreglo pacífico de esta cuestión en todos sus aspectos sobre la base del derecho internacional y las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas, así como de los esfuerzos que se están realizando a este respecto, y a generar apoyo internacional para los derechos del pueblo palestino;", "3. Solicita al Secretario General que siga proporcionando los recursos necesarios a la División y asegure que esta continúe llevando a cabo su programa de trabajo, descrito en las resoluciones anteriores pertinentes, en consulta con el Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino y con su orientación;", "4. Solicita a la División, en particular, que continúe siguiendo de cerca los acontecimientos relativos a la cuestión de Palestina, organizando reuniones y conferencias internacionales en diversas regiones con la participación de todos los sectores de la comunidad internacional, manteniendo el enlace y la cooperación con la sociedad civil y los parlamentarios, desarrollando y ampliando el sitio web sobre la cuestión de Palestina y la colección de documentos del Sistema de Información de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Cuestión de Palestina, preparando y difundiendo ampliamente publicaciones y material informativo sobre diversos aspectos de la cuestión de Palestina y desarrollando y mejorando el programa anual de formación del personal de la Autoridad Palestina como contribución a la labor de creación de capacidad palestina;", "5. Solicita también a la División que, como parte de la celebración del Día Internacional de Solidaridad con el Pueblo Palestino el 29 de noviembre, siga organizando, con la orientación del Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino, una exposición anual sobre los derechos de los palestinos o un acto cultural en cooperación con la Misión Permanente de Observación de Palestina ante las Naciones Unidas, y alienta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan dando el más amplio apoyo y difusión a la celebración del Día de Solidaridad;", "6. Solicita al Secretario General que asegure que las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas cuyos programas incluyan componentes relativos a diversos aspectos de la cuestión de Palestina y la situación en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, sigan cooperando con la División;", "7. Invita a todos los gobiernos y organizaciones a prestar su cooperación a la División en el desempeño de sus tareas.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.16 and Add.1)]", "66/15. Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the action taken by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat in accordance with their mandates,", "Recalling its resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including its resolution 65/14 of 30 November 2010,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Secretary-General in compliance with its resolution 65/14;", "2. Considers that, by providing substantive support to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in the implementation of its mandate, the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat continues to make a most useful and constructive contribution to raising international awareness of the question of Palestine and of the urgency of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine in all its aspects on the basis of international law and United Nations resolutions and the efforts being exerted in this regard, and to generating international support for the rights of the Palestinian people;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Division with the necessary resources and to ensure that it continues to carry out its programme of work as detailed in relevant earlier resolutions, in consultation with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and under its guidance;", "4. Requests the Division, in particular, to continue to monitor developments relevant to the question of Palestine, organize international meetings and conferences in various regions with the participation of all sectors of the international community, liaise and cooperate with civil society and parliamentarians, develop and expand the “Question of Palestine” website and the documents collection of the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, prepare and widely disseminate publications and information materials on various aspects of the question of Palestine and develop and enhance the annual training programme for staff of the Palestinian Authority in contribution to Palestinian capacity-building efforts;", "5. Also requests the Division, as part of the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November, to continue to organize, under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, an annual exhibit on Palestinian rights or a cultural event in cooperation with the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations, and encourages Member States to continue to give the widest support and publicity to the observance of the Day of Solidarity;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure the continued cooperation with the Division of the United Nations system entities with programme components addressing various aspects of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "7. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Division in the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.16 and Add.1)]", "66/15. Division of the Secretariat for Palestinian Rights", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People[1],", "Taking note, in particular, of the measures taken by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division of the Secretariat for Palestinian Rights in accordance with their mandates,", "Recalling its resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including its resolution 65/14 of 30 November 2010,", "1. Notes with appreciation the measures taken by the Secretary-General pursuant to its resolution 65/14;", "2. Considers that, through its substantive support to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in the Implementation of its Mandate, the Division of the Secretariat for Palestinian Rights continues to make a very useful and constructive contribution with regard to raising international awareness of the question of Palestine and the urgency of achieving a peaceful settlement of this issue in all its aspects on the basis of international law and the resolutions of the United Nations, as well as the realization of international support for this matter", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Division with the necessary resources and to ensure that the Division continues to carry out its programme of work, as described in previous relevant resolutions, in consultation with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and with its guidance;", "4. Requests the Division, in particular, to continue to follow closely the developments relating to the question of Palestine, organizing international meetings and conferences in various regions with the participation of all sectors of the international community, maintaining liaison and cooperation with civil society and parliamentarians, developing and expanding the website on the question of Palestine and the collection of documents of the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, in the preparation and dissemination of a wide range of publications and information materials", "5. Also requests the Division, as part of the celebration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November, to continue to organize, with the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, an annual statement on the rights of the Palestinians or a cultural event in cooperation with the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations, and encourages Member States to continue to give the widest support and dissemination to the celebration of the Day of Solidarity;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the entities of the United Nations system whose programmes include components relating to various aspects of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, continue to cooperate with the Division;", "7. It invites all Governments and organizations to cooperate with the Division in carrying out its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.17 y Add.1)]", "66/16. Programa especial de información sobre la cuestión de Palestina del Departamento de Información Pública de la Secretaría", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino[1],", "Tomando nota en particular de la información que figura en el capítulo VI de ese informe,", "Recordando su resolución 65/15, de 30 de noviembre de 2010,", "Convencida de que la difusión de información veraz y amplia a escala mundial y la labor de las organizaciones e instituciones de la sociedad civil siguen teniendo una importancia decisiva para aumentar la conciencia sobre los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino, incluido el derecho a la libre determinación y la independencia, y el apoyo a esos derechos y a los esfuerzos por lograr una solución justa, duradera y pacífica de la cuestión de Palestina,", "Recordando el reconocimiento mutuo entre el Gobierno del Estado de Israel y la Organización de Liberación de Palestina, representante del pueblo palestino, y los acuerdos en vigor concertados entre las dos partes,", "Afirmando su apoyo al proceso de paz en el Oriente Medio, sobre la base de las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, los principios de referencia de la Conferencia de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, aprobada por el Consejo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes en su 14° período de sesiones[2], y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto para una solución permanente biestatal del conflicto israelo-palestino, que el Consejo de Seguridad hizo suya en la resolución 1515 (2003), de 19 de noviembre de 2003[3],", "Recordando la opinión consultiva sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, emitida el 9 de julio de 2004 por la Corte Internacional de Justicia[4],", "Reafirmando que las Naciones Unidas tienen una responsabilidad permanente con respecto a la cuestión de Palestina hasta que se resuelva satisfactoriamente en todos sus aspectos de conformidad con la legitimidad internacional,", "1. Observa con aprecio las medidas adoptadas por el Departamento de Información Pública de la Secretaría en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/15;", "2. Considera que el programa especial de información sobre la cuestión de Palestina del Departamento es muy útil para que la comunidad internacional tome mayor conciencia de la cuestión de Palestina y de la situación en el Oriente Medio, contribuye de forma eficaz a crear un clima conducente al diálogo y favorable para el proceso de paz y debe recibir el apoyo necesario para llevar a cabo sus tareas;", "3. Solicita al Departamento que, en estrecha cooperación y coordinación con el Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino, y con la flexibilidad requerida por la evolución de los acontecimientos que incidan en la cuestión de Palestina, siga ejecutando su programa especial de información para 2011‑2012 y, en particular, que:", "a) Difunda información sobre todas las actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas relativas a la cuestión de Palestina y el proceso de paz, incluidos los informes sobre la labor realizada por las organizaciones competentes de las Naciones Unidas, así como sobre los esfuerzos del Secretario General y su Enviado Especial en relación con el proceso de paz;", "b) Siga produciendo, actualizando y modernizando publicaciones y material audiovisual sobre los diversos aspectos de la cuestión de Palestina en todos los ámbitos, inclusive material sobre los acontecimientos recientes a ese respecto, en especial sobre los esfuerzos por lograr un arreglo pacífico de la cuestión de Palestina;", "c) Aumente su colección de material audiovisual relativo a la cuestión de Palestina, siga produciendo y conservando ese material y actualice periódicamente la exposición pública sobre la cuestión de Palestina que se puede ver en el edificio de la Asamblea General y en las oficinas de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra y Viena;", "d) Organice y promueva misiones de determinación de los hechos para periodistas en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y en Israel;", "e) Organice seminarios o encuentros internacionales, regionales y nacionales para periodistas, especialmente orientados a sensibilizar a la opinión pública acerca de la cuestión de Palestina y el proceso de paz y a fomentar el diálogo y la comprensión entre palestinos e israelíes con el fin de promover una solución pacífica del conflicto israelo-palestino, en particular fomentando y alentando que los medios de difusión hagan contribuciones en apoyo de la paz entre las dos partes;", "f) Siga prestando asistencia al pueblo palestino en el desarrollo de los medios de difusión, en particular para fortalecer el programa anual de formación de periodistas palestinos de radio, televisión y prensa escrita;", "4. Alienta al Departamento a que formule métodos que permitan a los medios de difusión y los representantes de la sociedad civil entablar un debate abierto y positivo para estudiar la manera de estimular el diálogo entre los pueblos y promover la paz y el entendimiento mutuo en la región.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, anexo II, resolución 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, anexo.", "[4]  Véase A/ES‑10/273 y Corr.1; véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pág. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.17 and Add.1)]", "66/16. Special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the information contained in chapter VI of that report,", "Recalling its resolution 65/15 of 30 November 2010,", "Convinced that the worldwide dissemination of accurate and comprehensive information and the role of civil society organizations and institutions remain of vital importance in heightening awareness of and support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and independence, and for the efforts to achieve a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat in compliance with resolution 65/15;", "2. Considers that the special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department is very useful in raising the awareness of the international community concerning the question of Palestine and the situation in the Middle East and that the programme is contributing effectively to an atmosphere conducive to dialogue and supportive of the peace process and should receive the necessary support for the fulfilment of its tasks;", "3. Requests the Department, in full cooperation and coordination with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to continue, with the necessary flexibility as may be required by developments affecting the question of Palestine, its special information programme for 2011–2012, in particular:", "(a) To disseminate information on all the activities of the United Nations system relating to the question of Palestine and the peace process, including reports on the work carried out by the relevant United Nations organizations, as well as on the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Envoy vis-à-vis the peace process;", "(b) To continue to issue, update and modernize publications and audio-visual materials on the various aspects of the question of Palestine in all fields, including materials concerning the relevant recent developments in that regard, in particular the efforts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine;", "(c) To expand its collection of audio-visual material on the question of Palestine, to continue the production and preservation of such material and to update, on a periodic basis, the public exhibit on the question of Palestine displayed in the General Assembly building as well as at United Nations headquarters in Geneva and Vienna;", "(d) To organize and promote fact-finding news missions for journalists to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel;", "(e) To organize international, regional and national seminars or encounters for journalists aimed in particular at sensitizing public opinion to the question of Palestine and the peace process and at enhancing dialogue and understanding between Palestinians and Israelis for the promotion of a peaceful settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including by fostering and encouraging the contribution of the media in support of peace between the two sides;", "(f) To continue to provide assistance to the Palestinian people in the field of media development, in particular to strengthen the annual training programme for Palestinian broadcasters and journalists;", "4. Encourages the Department to formulate ways for the media and representatives of civil society to engage in open and positive discussions to explore means for encouraging people-to-people dialogue and promoting peace and mutual understanding in the region.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.17 and Add.1)]", "66/16. Special Information Programme on the Question of Palestine of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People[1],", "Taking note in particular of the information contained in chapter VI of that report,", "Recalling its resolution 65/15 of 30 November 2010,", "Convinced that the dissemination of truthful and comprehensive information at the global level and the work of civil society organizations and institutions continue to be of crucial importance in raising awareness of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and independence, and in supporting those rights and efforts to achieve a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, and the existing agreements between the two parties,", "Affirming its support for the peace process in the Middle East, on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, the principles of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session[2], and the Quartet road map for a two-State permanent solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was made by the Security Council of 15 (2003).", "Recalling the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, issued on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice[4],", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility with regard to the question of Palestine until it is resolved satisfactorily in all its aspects in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Notes with appreciation the measures taken by the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat pursuant to resolution 65/15;", "2. Considers that the Special Information Programme on the Question of Palestine of the Department is very useful for the international community to raise awareness of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Middle East, contributes effectively to creating a climate conducive to dialogue and favourable to the peace process and should receive the necessary support to carry out its tasks;", "3. Requests the Department, in close cooperation and coordination with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, and with the flexibility required by developments in the question of Palestine, to continue to implement its special information programme for 2011-2012 and, in particular, that:", "(a) It disseminates information on all activities of the United Nations system relating to the question of Palestine and the peace process, including reports on the work of relevant United Nations organizations, as well as on the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Envoy in the peace process;", "(b) Continue to produce, update and modernize publications and audio-visual materials on the various aspects of the question of Palestine in all areas, including material on recent developments in this regard, in particular on efforts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine;", "(c) Increase its collection of audio-visual materials on the question of Palestine, continue to produce and retain this material and regularly update public exposure on the question of Palestine, which can be seen in the General Assembly Building and United Nations offices in Geneva and Vienna;", "(d) Organize and promote fact-finding missions for journalists in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel;", "(e) Organize international, regional and national seminars or meetings for journalists, especially aimed at sensitizing the public about the question of Palestine and the peace process and fostering dialogue and understanding between Palestinians and Israelis in order to promote a peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, in particular by encouraging and encouraging the media to contribute in support of peace between the two sides;", "f) Continue to assist the Palestinian people in the development of the media, in particular to strengthen the annual programme of training of Palestinian journalists on radio, television and print media;", "4. It encourages the Department to formulate methods to enable the media and representatives of civil society to engage in an open and positive debate to explore ways of stimulating dialogue among peoples and promoting peace and mutual understanding in the region.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3] S/2003/529, annex.", "[4] See A/ES‐10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.18 y Add.1)]", "66/17. Arreglo pacífico de la cuestión de Palestina", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones pertinentes, incluidas las aprobadas en su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones de emergencia,", "Recordando también su resolución 58/292, de 6 de mayo de 2004,", "Recordando además las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, incluidas las resoluciones 242 (1967), de 22 de noviembre de 1967, 338 (1973), de 22 de octubre de 1973, 1397 (2002), de 12 de marzo de 2002, 1515 (2003), de 19 de noviembre de 2003, 1544 (2004), de 19 de mayo de 2004, y 1850 (2008), de 16 de diciembre de 2008,", "Recordando que el Consejo de Seguridad afirmó la visión de una región en que dos Estados, Israel y Palestina, vivieran uno junto a otro dentro de fronteras seguras y reconocidas,", "Observando con preocupación que han pasado más de sesenta años desde que se aprobó su resolución 181 (II), de 29 de noviembre de 1947, y cuarenta y cuatro años desde que fue ocupado el territorio palestino, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, en 1967,", "Habiendo examinado el informe que presentó el Secretario General atendiendo a la petición formulada en su resolución 65/16, de 30 de noviembre de 2010[1],", "Reafirmando que las Naciones Unidas tienen una responsabilidad permanente respecto de la cuestión de Palestina hasta que se resuelva en todos sus aspectos de conformidad con el derecho internacional y las resoluciones pertinentes,", "Recordando la opinión consultiva sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, emitida el 9 de julio de 2004 por la Corte Internacional de Justicia[2], y recordando también sus resoluciones ES‑10/15, de 20 de julio de 2004, y ES‑10/17, de 15 de diciembre de 2006,", "Convencida de que alcanzar un arreglo justo, duradero y general de la cuestión de Palestina, núcleo del conflicto árabe-israelí, es indispensable para lograr la paz y la estabilidad generales y duraderas en el Oriente Medio,", "Destacando que los principios de la igualdad de derechos y de la libre determinación de los pueblos figuran entre los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Reafirmando el principio de la inadmisibilidad de la adquisición de territorio mediante la guerra,", "Recordando su resolución 2625 (XXV), de 24 de octubre de 1970,", "Reafirmando el carácter ilegal de los asentamientos israelíes en el territorio palestino ocupado desde 1967, incluida Jerusalén Oriental,", "Destacando los efectos sumamente perjudiciales que tienen las políticas, decisiones y actividades de Israel en materia de asentamientos en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, para las iniciativas encaminadas a reanudar y hacer avanzar el proceso de paz y lograr la paz en el Oriente Medio,", "Reafirmando el carácter ilegal de las acciones israelíes encaminadas a modificar el estatuto de Jerusalén, en particular la construcción y la expansión de asentamientos, el derribo de viviendas, el desalojo de residentes palestinos, las excavaciones en lugares religiosos e históricos y sus alrededores, y todas las demás medidas unilaterales que tienen por objeto alterar el carácter, el estatuto y la composición demográfica de la ciudad y de todo el territorio,", "Reafirmando también que la construcción por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, de un muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluso en Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores, y el régimen conexo son contrarios al derecho internacional,", "Expresando profunda preocupación porque prosigue la política israelí de cierres y restricciones drásticas a la circulación de personas y bienes, incluso del personal y los suministros médicos y de asistencia humanitaria, mediante la imposición de cierres prolongados y rigurosas restricciones económicas y de circulación que en la práctica equivalen a un bloqueo, puestos de control y un régimen de permisos en todo el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, así como por el consiguiente efecto negativo en la contigüidad del territorio, en la grave situación socioeconómica y humanitaria del pueblo palestino, que es crítica en la Franja de Gaza, y en los esfuerzos encaminados a rehabilitar y desarrollar la maltrecha economía palestina, y tomando nota al mismo tiempo de la reciente evolución de la situación en lo que respecta al acceso a la Franja de Gaza,", "Recordando el reconocimiento mutuo entre el Gobierno del Estado de Israel y la Organización de Liberación de Palestina, representante del pueblo palestino[3], y la necesidad de que se dé pleno cumplimiento a los acuerdos concertados entre las dos partes,", "Recordando también que, en la resolución 1515 (2003), el Consejo de Seguridad hizo suya la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto para una solución permanente biestatal del conflicto israelo-palestino[4] y que, en la resolución 1850 (2008), exhortó a las partes a que cumplieran las obligaciones que habían contraído en virtud de la hoja de ruta y se abstuvieran de adoptar toda medida que pudiera erosionar la confianza o perjudicar el resultado de las negociaciones, y recordando además, a ese respecto, las declaraciones pertinentes del Cuarteto, incluida la formulada el 23 de septiembre de 2011[5],", "Observando que en 2005 Israel se retiró de la Franja de Gaza y partes de la Ribera Occidental septentrional y que se desmantelaron los asentamientos de esos lugares, lo cual constituye un paso hacia la aplicación de la hoja de ruta, y destacando, a este respecto, la obligación que incumbe a Israel con arreglo a la hoja de ruta de paralizar todas las actividades de asentamiento, incluido el denominado “crecimiento natural”, y desmantelar todos los asentamientos de avanzada levantados desde marzo de 2001,", "Recordando la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe aprobada por el Consejo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes en su 14° período de sesiones, que se celebró en Beirut los días 27 y 28 de marzo de 2002[6],", "Expresando apoyo a los principios acordados para las negociaciones bilaterales que las partes afirmaron en el Entendimiento Mutuo Israelo-Palestino alcanzado en la conferencia internacional que se celebró en Annapolis (Estados Unidos de América) el 27 de noviembre de 2007[7], cuyo objeto es concertar un tratado de paz que resuelva todas las cuestiones pendientes, incluidas todas las cuestiones fundamentales, sin excepción, con el fin de lograr una solución justa, duradera y pacífica del conflicto israelo-palestino y, en última instancia, del conflicto árabe-israelí en su conjunto para que reine la paz general en el Oriente Medio,", "Reiterando el apoyo a la celebración de una conferencia internacional en Moscú, según se contempla en la resolución 1850 (2008) del Consejo de Seguridad y la declaración del Cuarteto del 23 de septiembre de 2011, para promover y acelerar la reanudación del proceso de paz,", "Observando la importante contribución que ha hecho al proceso de paz el Coordinador Especial de las Naciones Unidas para el Proceso de Paz del Oriente Medio y Representante Personal del Secretario General ante la Organización de Liberación de Palestina y la Autoridad Palestina, incluso en el marco de las actividades del Cuarteto,", "Observando también los esfuerzos que sigue realizando el Representante Especial del Cuarteto para que se reanude el proceso de paz, en particular los dirigidos a fortalecer las instituciones palestinas, promover el desarrollo económico de Palestina y movilizar el apoyo de los donantes,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la reunión del Comité Especial de Enlace para la Coordinación de la Asistencia Internacional a los Palestinos, celebrada bajo la presidencia de Noruega el 18 de septiembre de 2011 en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas, en la que, basándose en los informes pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional, los países donantes reconfirmaron que las instituciones de la Autoridad Palestina han superado el umbral de un Estado que funciona en los sectores clave examinados y reafirmaron la necesidad de que los donantes continuaran prestando apoyo a la Autoridad Palestina,", "Reconociendo el esfuerzo que está realizando la Autoridad Palestina, con apoyo internacional, para reconstruir, reformar y fortalecer sus instituciones dañadas, poniendo de relieve la necesidad de preservar y seguir desarrollando las instituciones y la infraestructura palestinas, y encomiando, a ese respecto, la aplicación del plan de la Autoridad Palestina de agosto de 2009 para construir las instituciones de un Estado palestino independiente en un período de veinticuatro meses, y los significativos logrados conseguidos, como confirmaron varias instituciones internacionales, incluido el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y las Naciones Unidas, en los informes que presentaron en la reunión celebrada por el Comité Especial de Enlace el 13 de abril de 2011,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el esfuerzo y los progresos tangibles que sigue realizando la Autoridad Palestina en el sector de la seguridad, exhortando a las partes a que prosigan la cooperación, que beneficia tanto a los palestinos como a los israelíes, en particular mediante la promoción de la seguridad y el fomento de la confianza, y expresando la esperanza de que dichos progresos se extiendan a todos los grandes centros de población,", "Reiterando su preocupación por los sucesos negativos que se siguen produciendo en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, en particular por el gran número de muertos y heridos, la mayoría de ellos civiles palestinos, la construcción y expansión de los asentamientos y del muro, los actos de violencia, vandalismo y brutalidad cometidos contra civiles palestinos por colonos israelíes en la Ribera Occidental, la destrucción generalizada de bienes e infraestructura palestinos, tanto privados como públicos, el desplazamiento interno de civiles y el grave deterioro de las condiciones socioeconómicas y humanitarias del pueblo palestino,", "Expresando gran preocupación en particular por la crisis que afecta a la Franja de Gaza a raíz de la continuación de los cierres prolongados y las rigurosas restricciones económicas y de circulación impuestas por Israel, que en la práctica equivalen a un bloqueo, y de las operaciones militares llevadas a cabo en la Franja de Gaza entre diciembre de 2008 y enero de 2009, que causaron la pérdida de muchas vidas y un gran número de heridos, sobre todo entre los civiles palestinos, incluidos niños y mujeres, y ocasionaron destrucción y daños generalizados en viviendas, bienes, infraestructuras esenciales e instituciones públicas de los palestinos, incluidos hospitales y escuelas, y en instalaciones de las Naciones Unidas, y provocaron el desplazamiento interno de la población civil,", "Destacando la necesidad de que todas las partes apliquen plenamente la resolución 1860 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 8 de enero de 2009, y la resolución ES‑10/18 de la Asamblea General, de 16 de enero de 2009,", "Expresando preocupación porque prosiguen las acciones militares en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluidas las incursiones y campañas de detención, y porque las fuerzas de ocupación israelíes mantienen centenares de puestos de control y obstáculos a la circulación en los centros de población palestinos y sus alrededores, y poniendo de relieve, a este respecto, la necesidad de que las dos partes cumplan los acuerdos de Sharm el‑Sheikh,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia que tienen la seguridad, la protección y el bienestar de todos los civiles de la región entera del Oriente Medio, y condenando todos los actos de violencia y terror contra los civiles de ambas partes,", "Expresando la esperanza de que se progrese rápidamente hacia la reconciliación palestina, a fin de que se restablezcan la unidad palestina, bajo la dirección del Presidente de la Autoridad Palestina, Sr. Mahmoud Abbas, y en consonancia con los compromisos de la Organización de Liberación de Palestina, y la situación existente en la Franja de Gaza antes de junio de 2007, y pidiendo que prosigan las serias gestiones que realizan Egipto, la Liga de los Estados Árabes y otras partes interesadas con miras al logro de ese objetivo,", "Destacando la necesidad urgente de contar con una participación internacional constante y activa, incluso del Cuarteto, para ayudar a las dos partes a reanudar, hacer avanzar y acelerar las negociaciones del proceso de paz a fin de lograr un acuerdo de paz justo, duradero y general, sobre la base de las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas, la hoja de ruta y la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe,", "Observando la determinación demostrada en el período reciente por el Cuarteto de prestar apoyo a las partes a lo largo de las negociaciones, que pueden concluirse y resolver todas las cuestiones pendientes relativas al estatuto definitivo en el plazo de un año, así como en la aplicación de un acuerdo entre las dos partes que ponga fin a la ocupación iniciada en 1967 y tenga como resultado la independencia de un Estado palestino contiguo, democrático y viable, que viva en condiciones de paz y seguridad junto a Israel y sus demás vecinos,", "Tomando nota de la solicitud de admisión como Miembro de las Naciones Unidas presentada por Palestina el 23 de septiembre de 2011[8],", "Reconociendo la labor que está realizando la sociedad civil para promover una solución pacífica de la cuestión de Palestina,", "Recordando las conclusiones expuestas por la Corte Internacional de Justicia en su opinión consultiva, en particular la que se refiere a la necesidad urgente de que las Naciones Unidas en conjunto redoblen sus esfuerzos por lograr una conclusión rápida del conflicto israelo-palestino, que sigue planteando una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales, y establecer de tal forma una paz justa y duradera en la región[9],", "Afirmando una vez más el derecho de todos los Estados de la región a vivir en paz dentro de fronteras seguras y reconocidas internacionalmente,", "1. Reafirma la necesidad de lograr un arreglo pacífico de la cuestión de Palestina, núcleo del conflicto árabe-israelí, en todos sus aspectos, así como de intensificar todos los esfuerzos con tal fin, y destaca, a ese respecto, la urgencia de que se salven las perspectivas de alcanzar la solución consistente en dos Estados, Israel y Palestina, que vivan uno junto a otro en paz y seguridad dentro de fronteras reconocidas, sobre la base de las fronteras anteriores a 1967;", "2. Reafirma también su pleno apoyo al proceso de paz del Oriente Medio, basado en las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, los principios de referencia de la Conferencia de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, aprobada por el Consejo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes en su 14° período de sesiones⁶, y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto para una solución permanente biestatal del conflicto israelo-palestino⁴, y a los acuerdos en vigor entre las partes israelí y palestina, destaca la necesidad de que se establezca una paz general, justa y duradera en el Oriente Medio y acoge con beneplácito, a este respecto, los esfuerzos que realizan el Cuarteto y la Liga de los Estados Árabes;", "3. Alienta a que se siga trabajando seriamente a nivel regional e internacional para hacer el seguimiento de la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y promoverla, en particular por medio del Comité Ministerial formado en la cumbre que se celebró en Riad en marzo de 2007;", "4. Insta a las partes a que, con el apoyo del Cuarteto y de la comunidad internacional, tomen medidas inmediatas y concretas para dar cumplimento al Entendimiento Mutuo Israelo-Palestino alcanzado en la conferencia internacional que se celebró en Annapolis⁷, incluso mediante la reanudación de negociaciones bilaterales activas y serias;", "5. Alienta, a este respecto, a que se celebre una conferencia internacional en Moscú, según se contempla en la resolución 1850 (2008) del Consejo de Seguridad, para promover y acelerar la reanudación del proceso de paz;", "6. Exhorta a ambas partes a que actúen de conformidad con el derecho internacional y sus acuerdos y obligaciones anteriores, en particular la adhesión a la hoja de ruta, con independencia de que haya o no reciprocidad, a fin de crear las condiciones necesarias para la reanudación y el avance acelerado de las negociaciones a corto plazo;", "7. Exhorta a las propias partes a que, con el apoyo del Cuarteto y otras partes interesadas, hagan todos los esfuerzos necesarios para impedir que la situación continúe empeorando y dejar sin efecto todas las medidas unilaterales e ilícitas adoptadas sobre el terreno desde el 28 de septiembre de 2000;", "8. Exhorta a las partes a que demuestren serenidad y contención y se abstengan de realizar actos de provocación y de hacer declaraciones que enardezcan los ánimos, especialmente en áreas sensibles desde el punto de vista religioso y cultural;", "9. Recalca la necesidad de que las partes adopten medidas de fomento de la confianza con el fin de mejorar la situación sobre el terreno, promover la estabilidad e impulsar el proceso de paz, incluida la necesidad de que se liberen más prisioneros, después del intercambio de prisioneros de octubre de 2011;", "10. Destaca la necesidad de que se eliminen los puestos de control y otros obstáculos a la circulación de personas y bienes por todo el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y la necesidad de que se respete y preserve la unidad, contigüidad e integridad territorial de todo el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental;", "11. Destaca también la necesidad de que cesen por completo y de inmediato todos los actos de violencia, incluidos los ataques militares, la destrucción y los actos de terror;", "12. Reitera su exigencia de que se aplique plenamente la resolución 1860 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad;", "13. Reitera la necesidad de que las dos partes apliquen plenamente el Acuerdo sobre los desplazamientos y el acceso y los Principios convenidos para el cruce de Rafah, de 15 de noviembre de 2005, y específicamente la necesidad de que se abran de manera permanente todos los cruces para entrar a la Franja de Gaza y salir de ella, a fin de permitir la circulación de los suministros de asistencia humanitaria, los desplazamientos y el acceso, así como el tránsito comercial y de todos los materiales de construcción necesarios, que son esenciales para aliviar la crisis humanitaria, mejorar las condiciones de vida del pueblo palestino y promover la recuperación de la economía palestina;", "14. Destaca, a este respecto, la necesidad urgente de avanzar en la reconstrucción de la Franja de Gaza por medios como la finalización de numerosos proyectos gestionados por las Naciones Unidas que quedaron suspendidos y la ejecución acelerada de actividades de reconstrucción civil dirigidas por las Naciones Unidas;", "15. Exhorta a Israel, la Potencia ocupante, a cumplir estrictamente las obligaciones que le impone el derecho internacional, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario, y a dar término a todas las medidas contrarias al derecho internacional y las acciones unilaterales en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, que tengan por objeto alterar el carácter, el estatuto y la composición demográfica del territorio, incluso mediante la confiscación y la anexión de hecho de territorio, y de ese modo prejuzgar el resultado final de las negociaciones de paz;", "16. Reitera su exigencia de que Israel ponga fin completamente a todas las actividades de asentamiento en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y en el Golán sirio ocupado, y pide que se apliquen plenamente las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad;", "17. Destaca, a este respecto, la necesidad de que Israel cumpla de inmediato la obligación que le incumbe con arreglo a la hoja de ruta de paralizar todas las actividades de asentamiento, incluido el denominado “crecimiento natural”, y desmantelar todos los asentamientos de avanzada levantados desde marzo de 2001;", "18. Pide que cesen todas las provocaciones, en particular las llevadas a cabo por colonos israelíes, en Jerusalén Oriental, incluidos los lugares religiosos y sus alrededores;", "19. Exige, por consiguiente, que Israel, la Potencia ocupante, cumpla las obligaciones jurídicas que le impone el derecho internacional, señaladas en la opinión consultiva que emitió la Corte Internacional de Justicia el 9 de julio de 2004² y exigidas en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General ES‑10/13, de 21 de octubre de 2003, y ES‑10/15, y, entre otras cosas, detenga de inmediato la construcción del muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas a cumplir las obligaciones jurídicas señaladas en la opinión consultiva;", "20. Reafirma su compromiso, de conformidad con el derecho internacional, con la solución consistente en dos Estados, Israel y Palestina, que vivan uno junto a otro en condiciones de paz y seguridad dentro de fronteras reconocidas, sobre la base de las fronteras anteriores a 1967;", "21. Destaca la necesidad de que:", "a) Israel se retire del territorio palestino ocupado desde 1967, incluida Jerusalén Oriental;", "b) Se realicen los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino, principalmente el derecho a la libre determinación y el derecho a establecer su Estado independiente;", "22. Destaca también la necesidad de que se resuelva de manera justa el problema de los refugiados palestinos, de conformidad con su resolución 194 (III), de 11 de diciembre de 1948;", "23. Exhorta a las partes a reanudar y acelerar las negociaciones directas de paz con miras a lograr un arreglo pacífico definitivo sobre la base de las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente las del Consejo de Seguridad, los principios de referencia de la Conferencia de Madrid, la hoja de ruta y la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe;", "24. Insta a los Estados Miembros a que agilicen la prestación de asistencia económica, humanitaria y técnica al pueblo palestino y a la Autoridad Palestina durante este período crítico para ayudar a aliviar la grave situación humanitaria imperante en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, que es crítica en la Franja de Gaza, rehabilitar la economía y la infraestructura palestinas y apoyar el desarrollo y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones palestinas y la labor de construcción del Estado palestino como preparación para la independencia;", "25. Solicita al Secretario General que prosiga sus gestiones ante las partes interesadas, en consulta con el Consejo de Seguridad, para lograr un arreglo pacífico de la cuestión de Palestina y promover la paz en la región, y que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presente un informe sobre esas gestiones y sobre la evolución de la situación respecto de este asunto.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/367‑S/2011/585.", "[2]  Véase A/ES‑10/273 y Corr.1; véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pág. 136.", "[3]  Véase A/48/486‑S/26560, anexo.", "[4]  S/2003/529, anexo.", "[5]  Se puede consultar en www.unsco.org.", "[6]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, anexo II, resolución 14/221.", "[7]  Se puede consultar en http://unispal.un.org.", "[8]  A/66/371-S/2011/592, anexo I.", "[9]  Véase A/ES‑10/273 y Corr.1, opinión consultiva, párr. 161; véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pág. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.18 and Add.1)]", "66/17. Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its tenth emergency special session,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Recalling further relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 1397 (2002) of 12 March 2002, 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, 1544 (2004) of 19 May 2004 and 1850 (2008) of 16 December 2008,", "Recalling the affirmation by the Security Council of the vision of a region where two States, Israel and Palestine, live side by side within secure and recognized borders,", "Noting with concern that it has been more than sixty years since the adoption of its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 and forty-four years since the occupation of Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in 1967,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to the request made in its resolution 65/16 of 30 November 2010,[1]", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in accordance with international law and relevant resolutions,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[2] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Convinced that achieving a just, lasting and comprehensive settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is imperative for the attainment of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East,", "Stressing that the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples is among the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war,", "Recalling its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970,", "Reaffirming the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem,", "Stressing the extremely detrimental impact of Israeli settlement policies, decisions and activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on efforts to resume and advance the peace process and to achieve peace in the Middle East,", "Reaffirming the illegality of Israeli actions aimed at changing the status of Jerusalem, including settlement construction and expansion, home demolitions, evictions of Palestinian residents, excavations in and around religious and historic sites, and all other unilateral measures aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the city and of the Territory as a whole,", "Reaffirming also that the construction by Israel, the occupying Power, of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated regime are contrary to international law,", "Expressing deep concern about the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including medical and humanitarian, via the imposition of prolonged closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade, as well as of checkpoints and a permit regime throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the consequent negative impact on the contiguity of the Territory and the serious socio-economic and humanitarian situation of the Palestinian people, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, and on the efforts aimed at rehabilitating and developing the damaged Palestinian economy, while taking note of recent developments regarding the situation of access to the Gaza Strip,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people,[3] and the need for full compliance with the agreements concluded between the two sides,", "Recalling also the endorsement by the Security Council, in resolution 1515 (2003), of the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[4] and the call in Council resolution 1850 (2008) for the parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map and to refrain from any steps that could undermine confidence or prejudice the outcome of negotiations, and recalling further in this regard the relevant Quartet statements, including that of 23 September 2011,[5]", "Noting the Israeli withdrawal in 2005 from the Gaza Strip and parts of the northern West Bank and the dismantlement of the settlements therein as a step towards the implementation of the road map, and stressing in this regard the road-map obligation upon Israel to freeze settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle all settlement outposts erected since March 2001,", "Recalling the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session, held in Beirut on 27 and 28 March 2002,[6]", "Expressing support for the agreed principles for bilateral negotiations, as affirmed by the parties in the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis, United States of America, on 27 November 2007,[7] aimed at concluding a peace treaty resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, for the achievement of a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and ultimately of the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole for the realization of a comprehensive peace in the Middle East,", "Reiterating support for the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008) and the Quartet statement of 23 September 2011, for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process,", "Noting the important contribution to the peace process of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, including within the framework of the activities of the Quartet,", "Noting also the continuing efforts of the Quartet’s Special Representative towards the resumption of the peace process, in particular the efforts to strengthen Palestinian institutions, promote Palestinian economic development and mobilize donor support,", "Welcoming the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, under the chairmanship of Norway, at United Nations Headquarters on 18 September 2011, at which, based on relevant reports by the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the donor countries reconfirmed the assessment that the institutions of the Palestinian Authority are above the threshold of a functioning State in the key sectors studied and reaffirmed the necessity of continued donor support for the Palestinian Authority,", "Recognizing the efforts being undertaken by the Palestinian Authority, with international support, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions, emphasizing the need to preserve and further develop Palestinian institutions and infrastructure and commending, in this regard, the implementation of the Palestinian Authority’s August 2009 plan for constructing the institutions of an independent Palestinian State within a twenty-four-month period, and the significant achievements made, as confirmed by international institutions, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations, in their reports to the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on 13 April 2011,", "Welcoming the continued efforts and tangible progress made in the security sector by the Palestinian Authority, calling upon the parties to continue cooperation that benefits both Palestinians and Israelis, in particular by promoting security and building confidence, and expressing the hope that such progress will be extended to all major population centres,", "Reiterating its concern over the negative developments that have continued to occur in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including the large number of deaths and injuries, mostly among Palestinian civilians, the construction and expansion of settlements and the wall, acts of violence, vandalism and brutality committed against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank, the widespread destruction of public and private Palestinian property and infrastructure, the internal displacement of civilians and the serious deterioration of the socio-economic and humanitarian conditions of the Palestinian people,", "Expressing grave concern, in particular, over the crisis in the Gaza Strip as a result of the continuing prolonged Israeli closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade and the military operations in the Gaza Strip between December 2008 and January 2009, which caused extensive loss of life and injury, particularly among Palestinian civilians, including children and women, widespread damage and destruction to Palestinian homes, properties, vital infrastructure, public institutions, including hospitals and schools, and United Nations facilities, and internal displacement of civilians,", "Stressing the need for the full implementation by all parties of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 and General Assembly resolution ES‑10/18 of 16 January 2009,", "Expressing concern over continuing military actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including raids and arrest campaigns, and over the continued imposition of hundreds of checkpoints and obstacles to movement in and around Palestinian population centres by the Israeli occupying forces, and emphasizing in this regard the need for the implementation by both sides of the Sharm el‑Sheikh understandings,", "Emphasizing the importance of the safety, protection and well-being of all civilians in the whole Middle East region, and condemning all acts of violence and terror against civilians on both sides,", "Expressing the hope for speedy progress towards Palestinian reconciliation for the restoration of Palestinian unity, under the leadership of the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, and consistent with Palestine Liberation Organization commitments, and of the situation in the Gaza Strip to that which existed prior to June 2007, and calling for the continuation of the serious efforts being exerted by Egypt, the League of Arab States and other concerned parties towards the achievement of this aim,", "Stressing the urgent need for sustained and active international involvement, including by the Quartet, to support both parties in resuming, advancing and accelerating the peace process negotiations for the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement, on the basis of United Nations resolutions, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative,", "Noting the Quartet’s determination in the recent period to support the parties throughout the negotiations, which can be completed and resolve all final status issues within one year, and in the implementation of an agreement between the two sides that ends the occupation which began in 1967 and results in the independence of a democratic, contiguous and viable Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbours,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[8]", "Acknowledging the efforts being undertaken by civil society to promote a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the findings by the International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion, including on the urgent necessity for the United Nations as a whole to redouble its efforts to bring the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues to pose a threat to international peace and security, to a speedy conclusion, thereby establishing a just and lasting peace in the region,[9]", "Affirming once again the right of all States in the region to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders,", "1. Reaffirms the necessity of achieving a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, in all its aspects, and of intensifying all efforts towards that end, and stresses in this regard the urgency of salvaging the prospects for realizing the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "2. Also reaffirms its full support for the Middle East peace process, based on the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,⁶ and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,⁴ and for the existing agreements between the Israeli and Palestinian sides, stresses the necessity for the establishment of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East, and welcomes in this regard the ongoing efforts of the Quartet and of the League of Arab States;", "3. Encourages continued serious regional and international efforts to follow up and promote the Arab Peace Initiative, including by the Ministerial Committee formed at the Riyadh summit in March 2007;", "4. Urges the parties to undertake, with the support of the Quartet and the international community, immediate and concrete steps in follow-up to the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis,⁷ including through the resumption of active and serious bilateral negotiations;", "5. Encourages, in this regard, the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008), for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process;", "6. Calls upon both parties to act on the basis of international law and their previous agreements and obligations, in particular adherence to the road map, irrespective of reciprocity, in order to create the conditions necessary for the resumption and accelerated advancement of negotiations in the near term;", "7. Calls upon the parties themselves, with the support of the Quartet and other interested parties, to exert all efforts necessary to halt the deterioration of the situation and to reverse all unilateral and unlawful measures taken on the ground since 28 September 2000;", "8. Calls upon the parties to observe calm and restraint and to refrain from provocative actions and inflammatory rhetoric, especially in areas of religious and cultural sensitivity;", "9. Underscores the need for the parties to take confidence-building measures aimed at improving the situation on the ground, promoting stability and fostering the peace process, including the need for the further release of prisoners following the exchange of prisoners in October 2011;", "10. Stresses the need for the removal of checkpoints and other obstructions to the movement of persons and goods throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the need for respect and preservation of the territorial unity, contiguity and integrity of all of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "11. Also stresses the need for an immediate and complete cessation of all acts of violence, including military attacks, destruction and acts of terror;", "12. Reiterates its demand for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009);", "13. Reiterates the need for the full implementation by both parties of the Agreement on Movement and Access and of the Agreed Principles for the Rafah Crossing, of 15 November 2005, and the need, specifically, to allow for the sustained opening of all crossings into and out of the Gaza Strip for humanitarian supplies, movement and access, as well as for commercial flows and all necessary construction materials, which are essential for alleviating the humanitarian crisis, improving the living conditions of the Palestinian people and promoting the recovery of the Palestinian economy;", "14. Stresses, in this regard, the urgent necessity for the advancement of reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, including through the completion of numerous suspended projects managed by the United Nations and the accelerated implementation of United Nations-led civilian reconstruction activities;", "15. Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to comply strictly with its obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, and to cease all of its measures that are contrary to international law and unilateral actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, that are aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the Territory, including via the confiscation and de facto annexation of land, and thus at prejudging the final outcome of peace negotiations;", "16. Reiterates its demand for the complete cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and calls for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "17. Stresses, in this regard, the need for Israel forthwith to abide by its road-map obligation to freeze all settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle settlement outposts erected since March 2001;", "18. Calls for the cessation of all provocations, including by Israeli settlers, in East Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites;", "19. Demands, accordingly, that Israel, the occupying Power, comply with its legal obligations under international law, as mentioned in the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice² and as demanded in General Assembly resolutions ES‑10/13 of 21 October 2003 and ES‑10/15, and, inter alia, that it immediately cease its construction of the wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to comply with their legal obligations, as mentioned in the advisory opinion;", "20. Reaffirms its commitment, in accordance with international law, to the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "21. Stresses the need for:", "(a) The withdrawal of Israel from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem;", "(b) The realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, primarily the right to self-determination and the right to their independent State;", "22. Also stresses the need for a just resolution of the problem of Palestine refugees in conformity with its resolution 194 (III) of 11 December 1948;", "23. Calls upon the parties to resume and accelerate direct peace negotiations towards the conclusion of a final peaceful settlement on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, especially of the Security Council, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative;", "24. Urges Member States to expedite the provision of economic, humanitarian and technical assistance to the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Authority during this critical period in order to help to alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, to rehabilitate the Palestinian economy and infrastructure and to support the development and strengthening of Palestinian institutions and Palestinian State-building efforts in preparation for independence;", "25. Requests the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with the parties concerned, and in consultation with the Security Council, towards the attainment of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and the promotion of peace in the region and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on these efforts and on developments on this matter.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/367‑S/2011/585.", "[2]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[3]  See A/48/486‑S/26560, annex.", "[4]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[5]  Available from www.unsco.org.", "[6]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[7]  Available from http://unispal.un.org.", "[8]  A/66/371-S/2011/592, annex I.", "[9]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1, advisory opinion, para. 161; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.18 and Add.1)]", "66/17. Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its tenth emergency special session,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Recalling further the relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 1397 (2002) of 12 March 2002, 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, 1544 (2004) of 19 May 2004 and 1850 (2008) of 16 December 2008,", "Recalling that the Security Council affirmed the vision of a region in which two States, Israel and Palestine, lived together within secure and recognized borders,", "Noting with concern that more than sixty years have passed since the adoption of resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 and forty-four years since the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in 1967,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to the request contained in its resolution 65/16 of 30 November 2010[1],", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility for the question of Palestine until it is resolved in all its aspects in accordance with international law and relevant resolutions,", "Recalling the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, issued on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice[2], and recalling also its resolutions ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES-10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Convinced that achieving a just, lasting and comprehensive settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is indispensable for achieving comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East,", "Stressing that the principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples are among the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory through war,", "Recalling its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970,", "Reaffirming the illegal nature of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem,", "Stressing the extremely harmful effects of Israeli settlement policies, decisions and activities on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on efforts to resume and advance the peace process and achieve peace in the Middle East,", "Reaffirming the illegal nature of Israeli actions aimed at changing the status of Jerusalem, in particular the construction and expansion of settlements, the demolition of homes, the eviction of Palestinian residents, excavations in and around religious and historical sites, and all other unilateral measures aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the city and the whole territory,", "Reaffirming also that the construction by Israel, the occupying Power, of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and the related regime are contrary to international law,", "Expressing deep concern at the continuing Israeli policy of drastic closures and restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including medical and humanitarian personnel and supplies, through the imposition of prolonged and rigorous economic and movement restrictions that in practice amount to a blockade, checkpoints and a permit regime throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as well as the resulting adverse impact on the socio-economic situation of the Palestinian Territory,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people,[3] and the need for full compliance with the agreements between the two parties,", "Recalling also that, in resolution 1515 (2003), the Security Council endorsed the Quartet road map for a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[4] and that, in resolution 1850 (2008), it called upon the parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map and to refrain from taking any action that could erode confidence or prejudice the outcome of the negotiations,", "Noting that in 2005 Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and parts of the northern West Bank and that the settlements of those sites were dismantled, which constitutes a step towards the implementation of the road map, and stressing, in this regard, Israel &apos; s obligation under the road map to paralyse all settlement activities, including the so-called &quot; natural growth &quot; , and dismantle all the outposted settlements since March 2001,", "Recalling the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session, held in Beirut on 27 and 28 March 2002[6],", "Expressing support for the agreed principles for the bilateral negotiations that the parties affirmed in the Israeli-Palestinian Mutual Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis, United States of America, on 27 November 2007[7], aimed at concluding a peace treaty that resolves all outstanding issues, including all fundamental issues, without exception, with a view to achieving a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the Israeli conflict,", "Reiterating support for an international conference in Moscow, as envisaged in Security Council resolution 1850 (2008) and the Quartet &apos; s statement of 23 September 2011, to promote and accelerate the resumption of the peace process,", "Noting the important contribution made to the peace process by the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, including within the framework of the Quartet &apos; s activities,", "Noting also the continuing efforts of the Special Representative of the Quartet to resume the peace process, in particular those aimed at strengthening Palestinian institutions, promoting Palestinian economic development and mobilizing donor support,", "Welcoming the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of International Assistance to Palestinians, held under the chairmanship of Norway on 18 September 2011 at United Nations Headquarters, in which, on the basis of relevant United Nations reports, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, donor countries reconfirmed that the institutions of the Palestinian Authority have overcome the threshold of a State operating in the key sectors under review and reaffirmed the need for donor support,", "Recognizing the ongoing efforts of the Palestinian Authority, with international support, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions, emphasizing the need to preserve and further develop Palestinian institutions and infrastructure, and commending, in this regard, the implementation of the plan of the Palestinian Authority of August 2009 to build the institutions of an independent Palestinian State in a period of twenty-four months, and the significant ones achieved, as confirmed by the International Monetary Fund,", "Welcoming the continuing tangible efforts and progress of the Palestinian Authority in the security sector, calling upon the parties to continue cooperation, which benefits both Palestinians and Israelis, in particular through the promotion of security and confidence-building, and expressing the hope that such progress will be extended to all major population centres,", "Reiterating its concern at the continuing negative developments in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular the large number of deaths and injuries, most of them Palestinian civilians, the construction and expansion of settlements and the wall, acts of violence, vandalism and brutality committed against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank, the widespread destruction of Palestinian property and infrastructure, both private and public, the internal displacement of civilians and the serious socio-economic deterioration of the Palestinian people", "Expressing great concern in particular about the crisis affecting the Gaza Strip following the continuation of prolonged closures and the severe economic and movement restrictions imposed by Israel, which in practice amount to a blockade, and of the military operations carried out in the Gaza Strip between December 2008 and January 2009, which caused the loss of many lives and a large number of injuries, especially among Palestinian civilians, including children and women,", "Stressing the need for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 and General Assembly resolution ES-10/18 of 16 January 2009,", "Expressing concern that military actions continue in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including raids and detention campaigns, and that the Israeli occupying forces maintain hundreds of checkpoints and obstacles to movement in and around Palestinian population centres, and emphasizing, in this regard, the need for the two parties to comply with the Sharm el-Sheikh agreements,", "Emphasizing the importance of the security, protection and well-being of all civilians throughout the Middle East, and condemning all acts of violence and terror against civilians on both sides,", "Expressing the hope that it will progress rapidly towards Palestinian reconciliation, in order to restore Palestinian unity, under the leadership of the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mr. Mahmoud Abbas, and in line with the commitments of the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the situation in the Gaza Strip before June 2007, and calling for continued serious efforts by Egypt, the League of Arab States and other stakeholders to achieve that goal,", "Stressing the urgent need for continued and active international participation, including the Quartet, to help the two parties resume, move forward and accelerate the peace process negotiations in order to achieve a just, lasting and comprehensive peace agreement, based on United Nations resolutions, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative,", "Noting the demonstrated determination in the recent period by the Quartet to support the parties throughout the negotiations, which can conclude and resolve all outstanding issues relating to the final status within one year, as well as the implementation of an agreement between the two parties that put an end to the occupation begun in 1967 and result in the independence of a contiguous, democratic and viable Palestinian State living in peace and security with its neighbours,", "Taking note of the application for admission as a Member of the United Nations submitted by Palestine on 23 September 2011[8],", "Recognizing the ongoing efforts of civil society to promote a peaceful solution to the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the conclusions put forward by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion, in particular the urgent need for the United Nations as a whole to redouble its efforts to achieve a speedy conclusion of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues to pose a threat to international peace and security, and thus establish a just and lasting peace in the region,[9]", "Affirming once again the right of all States in the region to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders,", "1. Reaffirms the need to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, at the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, in all its aspects, as well as to intensify all efforts to that end, and stresses, in this regard, the urgency of saving the prospects for achieving the two-State solution, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, on the basis of the pre-1967 borders;", "2. It also reaffirms its full support for the Middle East peace process, based on the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, the principles of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,6 and the Quartet road map for a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,4 and the agreements in force between the", "3. Encourages continued serious regional and international efforts to follow up and promote the Arab Peace Initiative, including through the Ministerial Committee formed at the Riyadh summit in March 2007;", "4. Calls upon the parties, with the support of the Quartet and the international community, to take immediate and concrete steps to give full effect to the Israeli-Palestinian Mutual Understanding reached at the international conference held at Annapolis7, including through the resumption of active and serious bilateral negotiations;", "5. Encourages, in this regard, an international conference in Moscow, as envisaged in Security Council resolution 1850 (2008), to promote and accelerate the resumption of the peace process;", "6. Calls upon both parties to act in accordance with international law and their previous agreements and obligations, in particular accession to the road map, regardless of whether there is reciprocity, in order to create the necessary conditions for the resumption and accelerated progress of the short-term negotiations;", "7. Calls upon the parties themselves, with the support of the Quartet and other interested parties, to make every effort to prevent the situation from deteriorating and to eliminate all unilateral and illicit measures taken on the ground since 28 September 2000;", "8. Calls upon the parties to demonstrate serenity and restraint and to refrain from acts of provocation and to make statements that discourage the mood, especially in religious and culturally sensitive areas;", "9. Stresses the need for the parties to take confidence-building measures to improve the situation on the ground, promote stability and promote the peace process, including the need for more prisoners to be released after the October 2011 prisoner exchange;", "10. Stresses the need for the elimination of checkpoints and other obstacles to the movement of persons and goods throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the need for respect for and preservation of the unity, contiguity and territorial integrity of the entire Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "11. It also stresses the need for full and immediate cessation of all acts of violence, including military attacks, destruction and acts of terror;", "12. Reiterates its demand for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009);", "13. Reiterates the need for the two parties to fully implement the Agreement on Movements and Access and the Agreed Principles for the Rafah Crossing of 15 November 2005, and specifically the need for the permanent opening of all crossings to enter and exit the Gaza Strip, in order to enable the movement of humanitarian supplies, displacement and access, as well as the commercial transit and all the necessary building materials,", "14. Stresses, in this regard, the urgent need to advance the reconstruction of the Gaza Strip by means such as the completion of numerous projects managed by the United Nations that were suspended and the accelerated implementation of United Nations-led civilian reconstruction activities;", "15. Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to comply strictly with its obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, and to terminate all measures contrary to international law and unilateral actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the territory, including through confiscation and de facto annexation of territory, and thereby prejudge the final outcome of the negotiations;", "16. Reiterates its demand that Israel fully cease all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and calls for the full implementation of the relevant resolutions of the Security Council;", "17. Stresses, in this regard, the need for Israel to comply immediately with its obligation under the road map to paralyse all settlement activities, including the so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle all the advanced settlements that have been established since March 2001;", "18. Calls for the cessation of all provocations, including those carried out by Israeli settlers, in East Jerusalem, including religious sites and their environs;", "19. Demands, therefore, that Israel, the occupying Power, comply with its legal obligations under international law, as set out in the advisory opinion rendered by the International Court of Justice on 9 July 20042 and as required by General Assembly resolutions ES-10/13 of 21 October 2003 and ES-10/15, and, inter alia, immediately detain the construction of the wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and calls upon all legal obligations of the United Nations", "20. Reaffirms its commitment, in accordance with international law, to the solution of two States, Israel and Palestine, living together with one another in conditions of peace and security within recognized borders, on the basis of the pre-1967 borders;", "21. Stresses the need for:", "(a) Israel withdraw from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem;", "(b) The inalienable rights of the Palestinian people are realized, primarily the right to self-determination and the right to establish their independent State;", "22. Also stresses the need for a just resolution of the problem of Palestinian refugees, in accordance with its resolution 194 (III) of 11 December 1948;", "23. Calls upon the parties to resume and accelerate direct peace negotiations with a view to achieving a final peaceful settlement on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, especially those of the Security Council, the Madrid Conference &apos; s reference principles, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative;", "24. Urges Member States to expedite the provision of economic, humanitarian and technical assistance to the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Authority during this critical period to help alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, to rehabilitate the Palestinian economy and infrastructure and to support the development and strengthening of Palestinian institutions and the construction work of the Palestinian State in preparation for independence;", "25. He requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with the parties concerned, in consultation with the Security Council, to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and to promote peace in the region, and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on those efforts and on developments in the situation with regard to that matter.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] A/66/367‐S/2011/585.", "[2] See A/ES‐10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[3] See A/48/486-S/26560, annex.", "[4] S/2003/529, annex.", "[5] Available at www.unsco.org.", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[7] Available at http://unispal.un.org.", "[8] A/66/371-S/2011/592, annex I.", "[9] See A/ES‐10/273 and Corr.1, advisory opinion, para. 161; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.19 y Add.1)]", "66/18. Jerusalén", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 181 (II), de 29 de noviembre de 1947, en particular las disposiciones relativas a la ciudad de Jerusalén,", "Recordando también su resolución 36/120 E, de 10 de diciembre de 1981, y todas sus resoluciones posteriores pertinentes, incluida la resolución 56/31, de 3 de diciembre de 2001, en que, entre otras cosas, determinó que todas las medidas y los actos legislativos y administrativos de Israel, la Potencia ocupante, que habían alterado o pretendido alterar el carácter y el estatuto de la Ciudad Santa de Jerusalén, en particular la denominada “ley básica” sobre Jerusalén y la proclamación de Jerusalén como capital de Israel, eran nulos y sin validez y debían revocarse inmediatamente,", "Recordando además las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad pertinentes a Jerusalén, incluida la resolución 478 (1980), de 20 de agosto de 1980, en que, entre otras cosas, el Consejo decidió no reconocer la “ley básica” sobre Jerusalén,", "Recordando la opinión consultiva sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en el territorio palestino ocupado, emitida el 9 de julio de 2004 por la Corte Internacional de Justicia[1], y recordando su resolución ES‑10/15, de 20 de julio de 2004,", "Expresando su gran preocupación por toda medida que adopte cualquier órgano, gubernamental o no gubernamental, contraviniendo las resoluciones mencionadas,", "Expresando su gran preocupación también, en particular, porque Israel, la Potencia ocupante, prosigue sus actividades ilegales de asentamiento, incluido el denominado plan E‑1, la construcción del muro en Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores y las restricciones al ingreso y a la residencia en Jerusalén Oriental, y porque la ciudad está cada vez más aislada del resto del territorio palestino ocupado, todo lo cual tiene un efecto perjudicial en la vida de los palestinos y podría influir negativamente en el acuerdo sobre el estatuto definitivo de Jerusalén,", "Expresando su gran preocupación además porque Israel sigue derribando viviendas palestinas, privando a numerosas familias palestinas de sus derechos de residencia y desalojándolas y desplazándolas de los barrios de Jerusalén Oriental, así como por otros actos de provocación e incitación realizados en la ciudad, incluidos los llevados a cabo por colonos israelíes,", "Expresando su preocupación por las excavaciones emprendidas por Israel en la zona antigua de Jerusalén, incluso en lugares religiosos y sus alrededores,", "Reafirmando que la comunidad internacional, por conducto de las Naciones Unidas, tiene un interés legítimo en la cuestión de la ciudad de Jerusalén y en la protección de sus singulares dimensiones espiritual, religiosa y cultural, como se indica en las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Secretario General sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio[2],", "1. Reitera su determinación de que toda medida adoptada por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, para imponer su legislación, jurisdicción y administración en la Ciudad Santa de Jerusalén es ilegal y, en consecuencia, nula y carente de toda validez, e insta a Israel a poner fin inmediatamente a todas esas medidas ilegales y unilaterales;", "2. Destaca que una solución completa, justa y duradera de la cuestión de la ciudad de Jerusalén debe tener en cuenta las preocupaciones legítimas de las partes palestina e israelí e incluir disposiciones garantizadas internacionalmente que aseguren la libertad de religión y de conciencia de sus habitantes, así como el acceso permanente, libre y sin trabas de las personas de todas las religiones y nacionalidades a los lugares santos;", "3. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/ES‑10/273 y Corr.1; véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, pág. 136.", "[2]  A/66/338." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.19 and Add.1)]", "66/18. Jerusalem", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular its provisions regarding the City of Jerusalem,", "Recalling also its resolution 36/120 E of 10 December 1981 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 56/31 of 3 December 2001, in which it, inter alia, determined that all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which have altered or purported to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, in particular the so‑called “Basic Law” on Jerusalem and the proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, were null and void and must be rescinded forthwith,", "Recalling further the Security Council resolutions relevant to Jerusalem, including resolution 478 (1980) of 20 August 1980, in which the Council, inter alia, decided not to recognize the “Basic Law” on Jerusalem,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[1] and recalling its resolution ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004,", "Expressing its grave concern about any action taken by any body, governmental or non-governmental, in violation of the above-mentioned resolutions,", "Expressing its grave concern also, in particular, about the continuation by Israel, the occupying Power, of illegal settlement activities, including the so-called E‑1 plan, its construction of the wall in and around East Jerusalem, its restrictions on access to and residence in East Jerusalem and the further isolation of the city from the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which are having a detrimental effect on the lives of Palestinians and could prejudge a final status agreement on Jerusalem,", "Expressing its grave concern further about the continuing Israeli demolition of Palestinian homes, the revocation of residency rights and the eviction and displacement of numerous Palestinian families from East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, as well as other acts of provocation and incitement, including by Israeli settlers, in the city,", "Expressing its concern about the Israeli excavations undertaken in the Old City of Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites,", "Reaffirming that the international community, through the United Nations, has a legitimate interest in the question of the City of Jerusalem and in the protection of the unique spiritual, religious and cultural dimensions of the city, as foreseen in relevant United Nations resolutions on this matter,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[2]", "1. Reiterates its determination that any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to immediately cease all such illegal and unilateral measures;", "2. Stresses that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the question of the City of Jerusalem should take into account the legitimate concerns of both the Palestinian and Israeli sides and should include internationally guaranteed provisions to ensure the freedom of religion and of conscience of its inhabitants, as well as permanent, free and unhindered access to the holy places by the people of all religions and nationalities;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[2]  A/66/338." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.19 and Add.1)]", "66/18. Jerusalem", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular the provisions relating to the city of Jerusalem,", "Recalling also its resolution 36/120 E of 10 December 1981 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 56/31 of 3 December 2001, in which, inter alia, it determined that all the legislative and administrative measures and acts of Israel, the occupying Power, which had altered or intended to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, in particular the so-called &quot; basic law &quot; on Jerusalem and the proclamation of Jerusalem, should be withdrawn immediately,", "Recalling further Security Council resolutions relevant to Jerusalem, including resolution 478 (1980) of 20 August 1980, in which, inter alia, the Council decided not to recognize the “basic law” on Jerusalem,", "Recalling the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, issued on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice[1], and recalling its resolution ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004,", "Expressing its great concern at any action taken by any body, governmental or non-governmental, in contravention of the above-mentioned resolutions,", "Expressing its great concern also, in particular, that Israel, the occupying Power, continues its illegal settlement activities, including the so-called E-1 plan, the construction of the wall in and around East Jerusalem and the restrictions on entry and residence in East Jerusalem, and that the city is increasingly isolated from the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, all of which has a detrimental effect on the lives of the Palestinians and could negatively influence the agreement on the final status of Jerusalem,", "Expressing its great concern further that Israel continues to demolish Palestinian homes, depriving numerous Palestinian families of their right of residence and evicting them and dislocating them from the neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem, as well as other acts of provocation and incitement in the city, including those carried out by Israeli settlers,", "Expressing its concern at the excavations undertaken by Israel in the ancient area of Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites,", "Reaffirming that the international community, through the United Nations, has a legitimate interest in the question of the city of Jerusalem and in the protection of its unique spiritual, religious and cultural dimensions, as indicated in the relevant resolutions of the United Nations,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East[2],", "1. Reiterates its determination that any action taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its legislation, jurisdiction and administration in the Holy City of Jerusalem is illegal and therefore null and void, and urges Israel to immediately put an end to all such illegal and unilateral measures;", "2. Stresses that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the question of the city of Jerusalem should take into account the legitimate concerns of the Palestinian and Israeli sides and include internationally guaranteed provisions that ensure the freedom of religion and conscience of their inhabitants, as well as the permanent, free and unhindered access of persons of all religions and nationalities to holy places;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] See A/ES‐10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[2] A/66/338." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/66/L.20 y Add.1)]", "66/19. El Golán sirio", "La Asamblea General,", "Habiendo examinado el tema titulado “La situación en el Oriente Medio”,", "Tomando nota del informe del Secretario General sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio[1],", "Recordando la resolución 497 (1981) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 17 de diciembre de 1981,", "Reafirmando el principio fundamental de que la adquisición de territorio por la fuerza es inadmisible de conformidad con el derecho internacional y la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Reafirmando una vez más la aplicabilidad del Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección debida a las personas civiles en tiempo de guerra, de 12 de agosto de 1949[2], al Golán sirio ocupado,", "Profundamente preocupada por el hecho de que Israel no se haya retirado del Golán sirio, que está ocupado desde 1967, contraviniendo las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad y de la Asamblea General,", "Destacando la ilegalidad de la construcción de asentamientos y otras actividades israelíes en el Golán sirio ocupado desde 1967,", "Observando con satisfacción que el 30 de octubre de 1991 se celebró en Madrid la Conferencia de Paz sobre el Oriente Medio, sobre la base de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 242 (1967), de 22 de noviembre de 1967, 338 (1973), de 22 de octubre de 1973, y 425 (1978), de 19 de marzo de 1978, y de la fórmula de territorio por paz,", "Expresando gran preocupación por la suspensión del proceso de paz en lo que respecta a la vía de negociación con la República Árabe Siria y expresando la esperanza de que las conversaciones de paz se reanuden en breve a partir del punto que se había alcanzado,", "1. Declara que hasta el momento Israel no ha cumplido la resolución 497 (1981) del Consejo de Seguridad;", "2. Declara también que la decisión adoptada por Israel el 14 de diciembre de 1981 de imponer su legislación, jurisdicción y administración en el Golán sirio ocupado es nula y carente de toda validez, como confirmó el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 497 (1981), y exhorta a Israel a que la revoque;", "3. Reafirma su determinación de que todas las disposiciones pertinentes del Reglamento que figura como anexo de la Convención IV de La Haya de 1907[3] y del Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección debida a las personas civiles en tiempo de guerra² siguen siendo aplicables al territorio sirio ocupado por Israel desde 1967, y exhorta a las partes en esos instrumentos a que respeten y hagan respetar en toda circunstancia las obligaciones que han contraído en virtud de ellos;", "4. Determina una vez más que el mantenimiento de la ocupación del Golán sirio y su anexión de facto constituyen un obstáculo para el logro de una paz justa, general y duradera en la región;", "5. Exhorta a Israel a que reanude las conversaciones en lo que respecta a las vías de negociación con la República Árabe Siria y el Líbano y respete los compromisos contraídos y las garantías dadas durante las conversaciones anteriores;", "6. Exige una vez más que Israel se retire de todo el territorio del Golán sirio ocupado, hasta la línea del 4 de junio de 1967, en cumplimiento de las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad;", "7. Exhorta a todas las partes interesadas, a los copatrocinadores del proceso de paz y a la comunidad internacional entera a que hagan todos los esfuerzos necesarios para asegurar la reanudación del proceso de paz y su éxito mediante la aplicación de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 242 (1967) y 338 (1973);", "8. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución.", "69ª sesión plenaria 30 de noviembre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/338.", "[2]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 75, núm. 973.", "[3]  Véase Dotación Carnegie para la Paz Internacional, Las Convenciones y declaraciones de La Haya de 1899 y 1907 (Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1916)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.20 and Add.1)]", "66/19. The Syrian Golan", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[1]", "Recalling Security Council resolution 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Reaffirming the fundamental principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming once more the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949,[2] to the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Deeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions,", "Stressing the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967,", "Noting with satisfaction the convening in Madrid on 30 October 1991 of the Peace Conference on the Middle East, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and 425 (1978) of 19 March 1978 and the formula of land for peace,", "Expressing grave concern over the halt in the peace process on the Syrian track, and expressing the hope that peace talks will soon resume from the point they had reached,", "1. Declares that Israel has failed so far to comply with Security Council resolution 497 (1981);", "2. Also declares that the Israeli decision of 14 December 1981 to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and has no validity whatsoever, as confirmed by the Security Council in its resolution 497 (1981), and calls upon Israel to rescind it;", "3. Reaffirms its determination that all relevant provisions of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention IV of 1907,[3] and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,² continue to apply to the Syrian territory occupied by Israel since 1967, and calls upon the parties thereto to respect and ensure respect for their obligations under those instruments in all circumstances;", "4. Determines once more that the continued occupation of the Syrian Golan and its de facto annexation constitute a stumbling block in the way of achieving a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;", "5. Calls upon Israel to resume the talks on the Syrian and Lebanese tracks and to respect the commitments and undertakings reached during the previous talks;", "6. Demands once more that Israel withdraw from all the occupied Syrian Golan to the line of 4 June 1967 in implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "7. Calls upon all the parties concerned, the co-sponsors of the peace process and the entire international community to exert all the necessary efforts to ensure the resumption of the peace process and its success by implementing Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973);", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/338.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[3]  See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1915)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.20 and Add.1)]", "66/19. The Syrian Golan", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East[1],", "Recalling Security Council resolution 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Reaffirming the fundamental principle that the acquisition of territory by force is inadmissible under international law and the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming once again the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949,[2] to the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Deeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been occupied since 1967, in contravention of the relevant resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly,", "Stressing the illegality of the construction of Israeli settlements and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967,", "Noting with satisfaction that the Peace Conference on the Middle East was held in Madrid on 30 October 1991, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and 425 (1978) of 19 March 1978 and the formula of land for peace,", "Expressing great concern at the suspension of the peace process with regard to the way of negotiations with the Syrian Arab Republic and expressing the hope that the peace talks will be resumed shortly from the point reached,", "1. Declares that Israel has not yet complied with Security Council resolution 497 (1981);", "2. It also states that the decision taken by Israel on 14 December 1981 to impose its legislation, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void, as confirmed by the Security Council in its resolution 497 (1981), and calls upon Israel to revoke it;", "3. Reaffirms its determination that all relevant provisions of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention IV of 1907[3] and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War2 remain applicable to the Syrian territory occupied by Israel since 1967, and calls upon the parties to those instruments to respect and to respect in all circumstances their obligations under them;", "4. Once again determines that the continued occupation of the Syrian Golan and its de facto annexation constitute an obstacle to the achievement of a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;", "5. &quot; Calls upon Israel to resume discussions on the negotiations with the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon and to respect the commitments made and guarantees given during the previous talks;", "6. Demands once again that Israel withdraw from the entire territory of the occupied Syrian Golan, to the line of 4 June 1967, in compliance with the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "7. Calls upon all stakeholders, the co-sponsors of the peace process and the entire international community to make every effort to ensure the resumption of the peace process and its success through the implementation of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973);", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1] A/66/338.", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[3] See Carnegie for International Peace, The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1916)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/401)]", "66/20. Información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, incluida la transparencia de los gastos militares", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 53/72, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/43, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 56/14, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 58/28, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 60/44, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 62/13, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, y 64/22, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, relativas a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, incluida la transparencia de los gastos militares,", "Recordando también su resolución 35/142 B, de 12 de diciembre de 1980, en la que instituyó el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la normalización de los informes sobre gastos militares, sus resoluciones 48/62, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/66, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 51/38, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, y 52/32, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, en las que exhortó a todos los Estados Miembros a que participaran en dicho sistema, y su resolución 47/54 B, de 9 de diciembre de 1992, en la que hizo suyas las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares e invitó a los Estados Miembros a que facilitaran al Secretario General la información pertinente sobre su aplicación,", "Observando que, desde entonces, varios Estados Miembros de distintas regiones geográficas han presentado informes nacionales sobre los gastos militares y sobre las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares,", "Convencida de que el mejoramiento de las relaciones internacionales constituye una base sólida para promover una mayor franqueza y transparencia en todas las cuestiones militares,", "Convencida también de que la transparencia en cuestiones militares es un elemento esencial para crear un clima de confianza entre los Estados de todo el mundo y de que una mejor circulación de información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares puede contribuir a aliviar la tensión internacional y, por tanto, constituye una contribución importante a la prevención de conflictos,", "Observando el papel que desempeña el sistema para la normalización de los informes, instituido en virtud de la resolución 35/142 B, como instrumento importante para aumentar la transparencia en cuestiones militares,", "Consciente de que una participación más amplia de los Estados Miembros aumentaría el valor del sistema para la normalización de los informes,", "Observando que un examen periódico del Instrumento normalizado de presentación de informes sobre gastos militares podría facilitar su perfeccionamiento y mantener su pertinencia y funcionamiento, y recordando su resolución 62/13, en la que estableció el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales encargado de examinar el funcionamiento y perfeccionamiento del Instrumento normalizado de presentación de informes sobre gastos militares,", "Recordando, a ese respecto, el informe del Secretario General sobre los medios de aplicar las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, en particular la manera de fortalecer y ampliar la participación en el sistema para la normalización de los informes[1],", "Recordando también que en las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares se recomendó que se examinaran más a fondo ciertos temas, como el mejoramiento del sistema para la normalización de los informes,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre nuevos medios de aplicar las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, en particular la manera de fortalecer y ampliar la participación en el sistema para la normalización de los informes[2],", "Observando las gestiones realizadas por diversas organizaciones regionales para promover la transparencia de los gastos militares, incluido el intercambio anual normalizado de la información pertinente entre sus Estados miembros,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia que sigue teniendo el Instrumento normalizado en las circunstancias políticas y económicas actuales,", "Teniendo presentes las disposiciones de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en particular su Artículo 26,", "1. Hace suyos el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales encargado de examinar el funcionamiento y perfeccionamiento del Instrumento normalizado de presentación de informes sobre gastos militares², las recomendaciones que figuran en él y el nuevo título del instrumento, a saber, Informe de las Naciones Unidas sobre Gastos Militares;", "2. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que, con miras a lograr la participación más amplia posible, presenten al Secretario General, anualmente y a más tardar el 30 de abril, informes sobre sus gastos militares del ejercicio económico más reciente respecto del cual dispongan de datos, utilizando preferentemente y en la medida de lo posible uno de los formularios de presentación de informes, inclusive, según proceda, el modelo de informe para los casos en que no hay “nada que informar”, sobre la base de las recomendaciones que figuran en los párrafos 68 a 71 del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales y su anexo II o, según corresponda, cualquier otro formato elaborado en el contexto de la presentación de informes similares sobre gastos militares a otras organizaciones internacionales o regionales;", "3. Recomienda a todos los Estados Miembros que, a los efectos de informar sobre los gastos militares nacionales en el marco del Informe sobre Gastos Militares, se entienda de manera general que el término “gastos militares” se refiere a todos los recursos financieros que un Estado gasta en los usos y funciones de sus fuerzas militares y que la información sobre los gastos militares represente un desembolso efectivo a precios corrientes y en moneda nacional;", "4. Recomienda también a todos los Estados Miembros que apliquen las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a la información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, teniendo plenamente en cuenta las condiciones específicas políticas, militares y de otra índole imperantes en una región, sobre la base de las iniciativas de los Estados de la región interesada y con el consentimiento de esos Estados;", "5. Invita a los Estados Miembros que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que, voluntariamente, complementen sus informes con observaciones explicativas de los datos presentados a fin de explicar o aclarar las cifras que figuran en los formularios, por ejemplo, aportando información sobre el total de gastos militares en relación con el producto interno bruto, los principales cambios respecto de informes anteriores y cualquier otra información adicional sobre su política de defensa y sus estrategias y doctrinas militares;", "6. Invita a los Estados Miembros a que proporcionen, preferentemente con sus informes anuales, información sobre sus puntos de contacto nacionales, sobre la base de lo dispuesto en el anexo II y el párrafo 72 e) del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales;", "7. Alienta a los órganos internacionales y a las organizaciones regionales pertinentes a que promuevan la transparencia de los gastos militares y fomenten la complementariedad entre los sistemas de presentación de informes, teniendo en cuenta las características peculiares de cada región, y a que consideren la posibilidad de intercambiar información con las Naciones Unidas;", "8. Toma nota de los informes anuales del Secretario General[3];", "9. Solicita al Secretario General que, dentro de los límites de los recursos disponibles:", "a) Continúe la práctica de enviar anualmente una nota verbal a los Estados Miembros en la que se solicite la presentación de su Informe sobre Gastos Militares;", "b) Haga distribuir anualmente a los Estados Miembros una nota verbal en la que se detallen los informes sobre gastos militares que se hayan presentado y que estén disponibles en formato electrónico en el sitio web sobre gastos militares[4];", "c) Siga celebrando consultas con los órganos internacionales pertinentes, con miras a determinar los ajustes en el instrumento vigente que puedan ser necesarios para alentar una participación más amplia, y, sobre la base de los resultados de esas consultas y teniendo en cuenta las opiniones de los Estados Miembros, formule recomendaciones sobre los cambios que sean necesarios en el contenido y la estructura del sistema para la normalización de los informes;", "d) Aliente a los órganos y las organizaciones internacionales pertinentes a que promuevan la transparencia de los gastos militares y celebre consultas con esos órganos y organizaciones haciendo hincapié en el examen de las posibilidades de fomentar la complementariedad entre los sistemas internacionales y regionales de presentación de informes y de que esos órganos y las Naciones Unidas intercambien información conexa;", "e) Continúe fomentando la cooperación con las organizaciones regionales pertinentes con miras a mejorar el conocimiento del Informe sobre Gastos Militares y de su función como medida de fomento de la confianza;", "f) Aliente a los centros regionales de las Naciones Unidas para la paz y el desarme en África, Asia y el Pacífico y América Latina y el Caribe a que ayuden a los Estados Miembros de sus regiones a comprender mejor el sistema para la normalización de los informes;", "g) Promueva la celebración de simposios y seminarios de capacitación internacionales y regionales o subregionales para explicar los propósitos del sistema para la normalización de los informes e impartir las instrucciones técnicas pertinentes;", "h) Informe de las experiencias extraídas de esos simposios y seminarios de capacitación;", "i) Preste asistencia técnica, cuando se la soliciten, a los Estados Miembros que no tengan la capacidad necesaria para presentar informes, y aliente a los Estados Miembros a que presten de forma voluntaria asistencia bilateral a otros Estados Miembros;", "j) Aliente a la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría a que, con el apoyo financiero y técnico de los Estados interesados, según corresponda, siga mejorando la actual base de datos sobre gastos militares a fin de que sea más fácil de usar y más avanzada desde el punto de vista tecnológico y de aumentar su funcionalidad;", "10. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que:", "a) Informen al Secretario General sobre posibles problemas del sistema para la normalización de los informes y de las razones por las cuales no se hayan presentado los datos solicitados;", "b) Sigan comunicando al Secretario General sus opiniones y sugerencias sobre los medios de mejorar el funcionamiento futuro del sistema para la normalización de los informes y ampliar la participación en él, incluidos los cambios que sean necesarios en su contenido y estructura;", "11. Recomienda establecer un proceso de exámenes periódicos a fin de garantizar la pertinencia y el funcionamiento continuos del Informe sobre Gastos Militares, y llevar a cabo otro examen para evaluar la pertinencia y el funcionamiento del Informe dentro de cinco años;", "12. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Información objetiva sobre cuestiones militares, incluida la transparencia de los gastos militares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/54/298.", "[2]  Véase A/66/89 y Corrs.1 a 3.", "[3]  A/58/202 y Add.1 a 3, A/59/192 y Add.1, A/60/159 y Add.1 a 3, A/61/133 y Add.1 a 3, A/62/158 y Add.1 a 3, A/63/97 y Add.1 y 2, A/64/113 y Add.1. y 2, A/65/118 y Corr.1 y Add.1 y 2, y A/66/117 y Add.1.", "[4]  www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/401)]", "66/20. Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/72 of 4 December 1998, 54/43 of 1 December 1999, 56/14 of 29 November 2001, 58/28 of 8 December 2003, 60/44 of 8 December 2005, 62/13 of 5 December 2007 and 64/22 of 2 December 2009 on objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures,", "Recalling also its resolution 35/142 B of 12 December 1980, which introduced the United Nations system for the standardized reporting of military expenditures, its resolutions 48/62 of 16 December 1993, 49/66 of 15 December 1994, 51/38 of 10 December 1996 and 52/32 of 9 December 1997, calling upon all Member States to participate in it, and its resolution 47/54 B of 9 December 1992, endorsing the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters and inviting Member States to provide the Secretary-General with relevant information regarding their implementation,", "Noting that, since then, national reports on military expenditures and on the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters have been submitted by a number of Member States belonging to different geographical regions,", "Convinced that the improvement of international relations forms a sound basis for promoting further openness and transparency in all military matters,", "Convinced also that transparency in military matters is an essential element for building a climate of trust and confidence between States worldwide and that a better flow of objective information on military matters can help to relieve international tension and is therefore an important contribution to conflict prevention,", "Noting the role of the standardized reporting system, as instituted through its resolution 35/142 B, as an important instrument to enhance transparency in military matters,", "Conscious that the value of the standardized reporting system would be enhanced by a broader participation of Member States,", "Noting that a periodic review of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures could facilitate its further development and maintain its continued relevance and operation, and recalling resolution 62/13, in which the General Assembly established the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,", "Recalling, in that regard, the report of the Secretary-General on ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[1]", "Recalling also that the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters recommended certain areas for further consideration, such as the improvement of the standardized reporting system,", "Welcoming the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on further ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[2]", "Noting the efforts of several regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures, including standardized annual exchanges of relevant information among their member States,", "Emphasizing the continuing importance of the Standardized Instrument under the current political and economic circumstances,", "Mindful of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including its Article 26,", "1. Endorses the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,² the recommendations contained therein and the new title of the instrument, namely, the United Nations Report on Military Expenditures;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving the broadest possible participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 30 April annually, with reports on their military expenditures for the latest fiscal year for which data are available, using preferably and to the extent possible, one of the reporting forms, including a “nil” report if appropriate, on the basis of recommendations contained in paragraphs 68 to 71 of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and annex II thereto, or as appropriate, any other format developed in the context of similar reporting on military expenditures to other international or regional organizations;", "3. Recommends that, for the purpose of reporting by Member States of their national military expenditures in the framework of the Report on Military Expenditures, “military expenditures” be commonly understood to refer to all financial resources that a State spends on the uses and functions of its military forces and information on military expenditures represents an actual outlay in current prices and domestic currency;", "4. Also recommends the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters to all Member States for implementation, fully taking into account specific political, military and other conditions prevailing in a region, on the basis of initiatives and with the agreement of the States of the region concerned;", "5. Invites Member States in a position to do so to supplement their reports, on a voluntary basis, with explanatory remarks regarding submitted data to explain or clarify the figures provided in the reporting forms, such as the total military expenditures as a share of gross domestic product, major changes from previous reports and any additional information reflecting their defence policy, military strategies and doctrines;", "6. Invites Member States to provide, preferably with their annual report, their national points of contact, on the basis of annex II and paragraph 72 (e) of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts;", "7. Encourages relevant international bodies and regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to enhance complementarities among reporting systems, taking into account the particular characteristics of each region, and to consider the possibility of an exchange of information with the United Nations;", "8. Takes note of the annual reports of the Secretary-General;[3]", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, within available resources:", "(a) To continue the practice of sending an annual note verbale to Member States requesting the submission of their Report on Military Expenditures;", "(b) To circulate annually a note verbale to Member States detailing which reports on military expenditures were submitted and are available electronically on the website for military expenditures;[4]", "(c) To continue consultations with relevant international bodies, with a view to ascertaining requirements for adjusting the present instrument, with a view to encouraging wider participation, and to make recommendations, based on the outcome of those consultations and taking into account the views of Member States, on necessary changes to the content and structure of the standardized reporting system;", "(d) To encourage relevant international bodies and organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to consult with those bodies and organizations with emphasis on examining possibilities for enhancing complementarities among international and regional reporting systems and for exchanging related information between those bodies and the United Nations;", "(e) To continue to foster further cooperation with relevant regional organizations with a view to raising awareness of the Report on Military Expenditures and its role as a confidence-building measure;", "(f) To encourage the United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament in Africa, in Asia and the Pacific, and in Latin America and the Caribbean to assist Member States in their regions in enhancing their knowledge of the standardized reporting system;", "(g) To promote international and regional/subregional symposiums and training seminars to explain the purpose of the standardized reporting system and to give relevant technical instructions;", "(h) To report on experiences gained during such symposiums and training seminars;", "(i) To provide, upon request, technical assistance to Member States lacking the capacity to report data, and to encourage Member States to voluntarily provide bilateral assistance to other Member States;", "(j) To encourage the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the financial and technical support of interested States, as appropriate, to continue to improve the existing database on military expenditures with a view to making it more user-friendly and up-to-date technologically and to increasing its functionality;", "10. Encourages Member States:", "(a) To inform the Secretary-General about possible problems with the standardized reporting system and their reasons for not submitting the requested data;", "(b) To continue to provide the Secretary-General with their views and suggestions on ways and means to improve the future functioning of and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system, including necessary changes to its content and structure,", "11. Recommends the establishment of a process for periodic reviews, in order to ensure the continued relevance and operation of the Report on Military Expenditures and that another review of the continuing relevance and operation of the Report be conducted in five years;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/298.", "[2]  See A/66/89 and Corr.1–3.", "[3]  A/58/202 and Add.1–3, A/59/192 and Add.1, A/60/159 and Add.1–3, A/61/133 and Add.1–3, A/62/158 and Add.1–3, A/63/97 and Add.1 and 2, A/64/113 and Add.1 and 2, A/65/118 and Corr.1 and Add.1 and 2 and A/66/117 and Add.1.", "[4]  www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/401)]", "66/20. Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/72 of 4 December 1998, 54/43 of 1 December 1999, 56/14 of 29 November 2001, 58/28 of 8 December 2003, 60/44 of 8 December 2005, 62/13 of 5 December 2007 and 64/22 of 2 December 2009 on objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures,", "Recalling also its resolution 35/142 B of 12 December 1980, in which it established the United Nations system for the standardization of reports on military expenditures, its resolutions 48/62 of 16 December 1993, 49/66 of 15 December 1994, 51/38 of 10 December 1996 and 52/32 of 9 December 1997, in which it called upon all Member States to participate in that system, 4754 and B of 9 December 1997,", "Noting that, since then, a number of Member States from different geographical regions have submitted national reports on military expenditures and on guidelines and recommendations concerning objective information on military matters,", "Convinced that improving international relations is a solid basis for promoting greater openness and transparency in all military matters,", "Convinced also that transparency in military matters is an essential element in creating a climate of trust among States around the world and that better circulation of objective information on military matters can contribute to the alleviation of international tension and therefore constitutes an important contribution to conflict prevention,", "Noting the role of the system in standardizing reports, established by resolution 35/142 B, as an important tool for enhancing transparency in military matters,", "Aware that wider participation of Member States would enhance the value of the system for the standardization of reports,", "Noting that a periodic review of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting on Military Expenses could facilitate its further development and maintain its relevance and functioning, and recalling its resolution 62/13, in which it established the Group of Governmental Experts to Review the Operation and Improvement of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting on Military Expenses,", "Recalling, in this regard, the report of the Secretary-General on ways and means of implementing the guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military matters, in particular how to strengthen and expand participation in the system for the standardization of reports[1],", "Recalling also that the guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military matters recommended that certain topics, such as the improvement of the system for the standardization of reports, be further discussed,", "Welcoming the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on new ways of implementing the guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military matters, in particular how to strengthen and expand participation in the system for the standardization of reports[2],", "Noting the efforts of various regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures, including the standard annual exchange of relevant information among their member States,", "Emphasizing the continuing importance of the Standardized Instrument in current political and economic circumstances,", "Bearing in mind the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, in particular its Article 26,", "1. Endorses the report of the Group of Governmental Experts to Review the Operation and Improvement of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting on Military Expenditures,2 the recommendations contained therein and the new title of the instrument, namely, United Nations Report on Military Expenditures;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving the widest possible participation, to submit to the Secretary-General, annually and no later than 30 April, reports on their military expenditures for the most recent financial period for which they have data, preferably using and to the extent possible one of the reporting forms, including, as appropriate, the model report for cases in which there are no “nothing to report”, on the basis of the 68 other format", "3. Recommends that all Member States, for the purpose of reporting on national military expenditures under the Military Expenditure Report, generally understand that the term &quot; military expenditures &quot; refers to all financial resources that a State spends on the uses and functions of its military forces and that information on military expenditures represents an effective disbursement at current and national currency prices;", "4. Also recommends that all Member States implement the guidelines and recommendations on objective information on military matters, taking fully into account the specific political, military and other conditions prevailing in a region, on the basis of the initiatives of the States of the region concerned and with the consent of those States;", "5. Invites Member States in a position to do so to voluntarily supplement their reports with explanatory observations of the data submitted in order to explain or clarify the figures contained in the forms, for example, by providing information on the total military expenditures related to gross domestic product, major changes in previous reports and any additional information on their defence policy and military strategies and doctrines;", "6. Invites Member States to provide, preferably with their annual reports, information on their national contact points, based on annex II and paragraph 72 (e) of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts;", "7. Encourages relevant international bodies and regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to promote complementarity between reporting systems, taking into account the peculiar characteristics of each region, and to consider sharing information with the United Nations;", "8. Takes note of the annual reports of the Secretary-General[3];", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, within available resources:", "(a) Continue the practice of sending a note verbale annually to Member States requesting the submission of their Military Expenses Report;", "(b) To circulate annually to Member States a note verbale detailing the reports on military expenditures that have been submitted and which are available electronically on the military expenditure website[4];", "(c) Continue consultations with relevant international bodies, with a view to identifying adjustments to the existing instrument that may be necessary to encourage wider participation, and, on the basis of the results of those consultations and taking into account the views of Member States, make recommendations on changes that are necessary in the content and structure of the system for the standardization of reports;", "(d) Encourage relevant international bodies and organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to consult with those bodies and organizations with an emphasis on the review of possibilities for enhancing complementarity between international and regional reporting systems and the sharing of related information by those bodies and the United Nations;", "(e) Continue to enhance cooperation with relevant regional organizations with a view to improving knowledge of the Military Expenses Report and its role as a confidence-building measure;", "f) Encourage the United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean to help Member States in their regions better understand the system for the standardization of reports;", "(g) Promote the holding of international and regional or subregional training symposiums and seminars to explain the purposes of the system for the standardization of reports and to provide relevant technical instructions;", "(h) Report on lessons learned from these symposiums and training seminars;", "(i) Provide technical assistance, upon request, to Member States that do not have the capacity to report, and encourage Member States to provide voluntary bilateral assistance to other Member States;", "(j) Encourage the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the financial and technical support of the States concerned, as appropriate, to continue to improve the current military expenditure database in order to make it easier to use and more technologically advanced and to enhance its functionality;", "10. Encourages Member States to:", "(a) Report to the Secretary-General on possible problems in the system for the standardization of reports and the reasons why the requested data have not been submitted;", "(b) Continue to communicate to the Secretary-General their views and suggestions on ways and means to improve the future functioning of the system for the standardization of reports and to expand participation therein, including changes necessary in its content and structure;", "11. Recommends to establish a periodic review process to ensure the continued relevance and functioning of the Military Expenditures Report, and to undertake another review to assess the relevance and functioning of the Report within five years;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See A/54/298.", "[2] See A/66/89 and Corr.1-3.", "[3] A/58/202 and Add.1-3, A/59/192 and Add.1, A/60/159 and Add.1-3, A/61/133 and Add.1-3, A/62/158 and Add.1-3, A/63/97 and Add.1 and 2, A/64/113 and Add.1 and 2, A/65/118 and Corr.1 and Add.1 and 2, and A/66/117 and Add.1.", "[4] www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/402)]", "66/21. Prohibición del desarrollo y de la fabricación de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa y de nuevos sistemas de tales armas: informe de la Conferencia de Desarme", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones anteriores sobre la prohibición del desarrollo y de la fabricación de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa y de nuevos sistemas de tales armas,", "Recordando también sus resoluciones 51/37, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 54/44, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 57/50, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 60/46, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, y 63/36, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, relativas a la prohibición del desarrollo y de la fabricación de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa y de nuevos sistemas de tales armas,", "Recordando además el párrafo 77 del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones[1],", "Decidida a impedir la aparición de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa cuyos efectos destructivos sean comparables a los de las armas identificadas en la definición de armas de destrucción en masa aprobada por las Naciones Unidas en 1948[2],", "Observando con aprecio los debates sostenidos en la Conferencia de Desarme en relación con el tema titulado “Nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa y nuevos sistemas de tales armas; armas radiológicas”[3],", "Señalando la conveniencia de mantener la cuestión en examen, según proceda,", "1. Reafirma que deberían adoptarse medidas efectivas para prevenir la aparición de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa;", "2. Solicita a la Conferencia de Desarme que, sin perjuicio de una revisión ulterior de su agenda, mantenga la cuestión en examen, según proceda, con miras a formular recomendaciones, en caso necesario, sobre la iniciación de negociaciones concretas en relación con los tipos identificados de armas de destrucción en masa;", "3. Exhorta a todos los Estados a considerar favorablemente las recomendaciones de la Conferencia de Desarme tan pronto como esta las formule;", "4. Solicita al Secretario General que transmita a la Conferencia de Desarme todos los documentos relativos al examen de esta cuestión por la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones;", "5. Solicita a la Conferencia de Desarme que consigne, en sus informes anuales a la Asamblea General, información sobre los resultados de todo examen de la cuestión que lleve a cabo;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo noveno período de sesiones el tema titulado “Prohibición del desarrollo y de la fabricación de nuevos tipos de armas de destrucción en masa y de nuevos sistemas de tales armas: informe de la Conferencia de Desarme”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Resolución S‑10/2.", "[2]  La definición fue aprobada por la Comisión de Armamentos de Tipo Corriente (véase S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/64/27), cap. III, secc. E; ibid., sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/65/27), cap. III, secc. E; e ibid., sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/66/27), cap. III, secc. E." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/402)]", "66/21. Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling also its resolutions 51/37 of 10 December 1996, 54/44 of 1 December 1999, 57/50 of 22 November 2002, 60/46 of 8 December 2005 and 63/36 of 2 December 2008 relating to the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling further paragraph 77 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Determined to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction that have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of weapons of mass destruction identified in the definition of weapons of mass destruction adopted by the United Nations in 1948,[2]", "Noting with appreciation the discussions which have been held in the Conference on Disarmament under the item entitled “New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons; radiological weapons”,[3]", "Noting the desirability of keeping the matter under review, as appropriate,", "1. Reaffirms that effective measures should be taken to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament, without prejudice to further overview of its agenda, to keep the matter under review, as appropriate, with a view to making, when necessary, recommendations on undertaking specific negotiations on identified types of such weapons;", "3. Calls upon all States, immediately following any recommendations of the Conference on Disarmament, to give favourable consideration to those recommendations;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Conference on Disarmament all documents relating to the consideration of this item by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to report the results of any consideration of the matter in its annual reports to the General Assembly;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The definition was adopted by the Commission for Conventional Armaments (see S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E; ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/65/27), chap. III, sect. E; and ibid., Sixty‑sixth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/66/27), chap. III, sect. E." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/402)]", "66/21. Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling also its resolutions 51/37 of 10 December 1996, 54/44 of 1 December 1999, 57/50 of 22 November 2002, 60/46 of 8 December 2005 and 63/36 of 2 December 2008 on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling further paragraph 77 of the Final Document of its tenth special session,[1]", "Determined to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction whose destructive effects are comparable to those of weapons identified in the definition of weapons of mass destruction adopted by the United Nations in 1948,[2]", "Noting with appreciation the discussions held at the Conference on Disarmament under the item entitled “New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons; radiological weapons”[3],", "Noting the desirability of keeping the matter under review, as appropriate,", "1. Reaffirms that effective measures should be taken to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament, without prejudice to a further revision of its agenda, to keep the matter under review, as appropriate, with a view to making recommendations, if necessary, on the initiation of concrete negotiations on the identified types of weapons of mass destruction;", "3. Calls upon all States to consider favourably the recommendations of the Conference on Disarmament as soon as it makes them;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Conference on Disarmament all documents relating to the consideration of this matter by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to allocate, in its annual reports to the General Assembly, information on the results of any consideration of the matter to be undertaken;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Resolution S‐10/2.", "[2] The definition was adopted by the Current Type Arms Commission (see S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E; ibid., sixty-fifth session, Supplement No. 27 (A/65/27), chap. III, sect. E; e ibid., sixty-sixth session, Supplement No. 27 (A/66/27), chap. III, sect. E." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/403)]", "66/22. Aplicación de la Declaración del Océano Índico como zona de paz", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando la Declaración del Océano Índico como zona de paz, que figura en su resolución 2832 (XXVI), de 16 de diciembre de 1971, y recordando también sus resoluciones 54/47, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 56/16, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 58/29, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 60/48, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 62/14, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, y 64/23, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y demás resoluciones pertinentes,", "Recordando también el informe de la Reunión de los Estados Ribereños e Interiores del Océano Índico, celebrada en Nueva York del 2 al 13 de julio de 1979[1],", "Recordando además el párrafo 102 del Documento Final de la 13ª Conferencia de Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Kuala Lumpur los días 24 y 25 de febrero de 2003[2], en el que se señalaba, entre otras cosas, que el Presidente del Comité Especial del Océano Índico continuaría sus consultas oficiosas sobre la futura labor del Comité,", "Poniendo de relieve la necesidad de promover enfoques consensuados favorables a tales esfuerzos,", "Observando las iniciativas adoptadas por los países de la región para promover la cooperación, en particular la cooperación económica, en la zona del Océano Índico y la posible contribución de esas iniciativas a la consecución de los objetivos generales de una zona de paz,", "Convencida de que la participación de todos los miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad y de los principales usuarios marítimos del Océano Índico en la labor del Comité Especial es importante y coadyuvaría a un diálogo mutuamente beneficioso para crear condiciones de paz, seguridad y estabilidad en la región del Océano Índico,", "Considerando que hay que dedicar más tiempo y esfuerzo a entablar un debate centrado en medidas prácticas para asegurar que imperen condiciones de paz, seguridad y estabilidad en la región del Océano Índico,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Comité Especial del Océano Índico[3],", "1. Toma nota del informe del Comité Especial del Océano Índico³;", "2. Reitera su convicción de que la participación de todos los miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad y de los principales usuarios marítimos del Océano Índico en la labor del Comité Especial es importante y facilitaría considerablemente un diálogo mutuamente beneficioso para promover la paz, la seguridad y la estabilidad en la región del Océano Índico;", "3. Solicita al Presidente del Comité Especial que prosiga sus consultas oficiosas con los miembros del Comité y que, por conducto de este, la informe en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones;", "4. Solicita al Secretario General que, dentro de los límites de los recursos existentes, continúe proporcionando al Comité Especial toda la asistencia necesaria, incluida la preparación de actas resumidas;", "5. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Aplicación de la Declaración del Océano Índico como zona de paz”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, trigésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 45 (A/34/45).", "[2]  Véase A/57/759‑S/2003/332, anexo I.", "[3]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/403)]", "66/22. Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, contained in its resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, and recalling also its resolutions 54/47 of 1 December 1999, 56/16 of 29 November 2001, 58/29 of 8 December 2003, 60/48 of 8 December 2005, 62/14 of 5 December 2007 and 64/23 of 2 December 2009 and other relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also the report of the Meeting of the Littoral and Hinterland States of the Indian Ocean held in New York from 2 to 13 July 1979,[1]", "Recalling further paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur in 24 and 25 February 2003,[2] in which it was noted, inter alia, that the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean would continue his informal consultations on the future work of the Committee,", "Emphasizing the need to foster consensual approaches that are conducive to the pursuit of such endeavours,", "Noting the initiatives taken by countries of the region to promote cooperation, in particular economic cooperation, in the Indian Ocean area and the possible contribution of such initiatives to overall objectives of a zone of peace,", "Convinced that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would assist the progress of a mutually beneficial dialogue to develop conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Considering that greater efforts and more time are required to develop a focused discussion on practical measures to ensure conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean,[3]", "1. Takes note of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean;³", "2. Reiterates its conviction that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would greatly facilitate the development of a mutually beneficial dialogue to advance peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region;", "3. Requests the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee to continue his informal consultations with the members of the Committee and to report through the Committee to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to render, within existing resources, all necessary assistance to the Ad Hoc Committee, including the provision of summary records;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 45 and corrigendum (A/34/45 and Corr.1).", "[2]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No  29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/403)]", "66/22. Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, contained in its resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, and recalling also its resolutions 54/47 of 1 December 1999, 56/16 of 29 November 2001, 58/29 of 8 December 2003, 60/48 of 8 December 2005, 62/14 of 5 December 2007 and 64/23 of 2 December 2009, and other relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also the report of the Meeting of the Riberian and Interior States of the Indian Ocean, held in New York from 2 to 13 July 1979[1],", "Recalling further paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, held in Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,[2] which noted, inter alia, that the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean would continue its informal consultations on the future work of the Committee,", "Emphasizing the need to promote consensus approaches conducive to such efforts,", "Noting the initiatives taken by the countries of the region to promote cooperation, in particular economic cooperation, in the Indian Ocean area and the possible contribution of such initiatives to the achievement of the overall objectives of a zone of peace,", "Convinced that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Special Committee is important and would assist in a mutually beneficial dialogue to create conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Considering that more time and effort should be devoted to a debate focused on practical measures to ensure conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean,[3]", "1. Takes note of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean;3", "2. Reiterates its conviction that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Special Committee is important and would greatly facilitate a mutually beneficial dialogue to promote peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region;", "3. Requests the Chairman of the Special Committee to continue his informal consultations with the members of the Committee and to report through the Committee at its sixty-eighth session;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, within existing resources, to continue to provide the Special Committee with all necessary assistance, including the preparation of summary records;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 45 (A/34/45).", "[2] See A/57/759-S/2003/332, annex I.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/404)]", "66/23. Tratado sobre una zona libre de armas nucleares en África", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 51/53, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, y 56/17, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, y todas sus demás resoluciones pertinentes, así como las de la Organización de la Unidad Africana y de la Unión Africana,", "Recordando también la firma del Tratado sobre una zona libre de armas nucleares en África (Tratado de Pelindaba)[1], que tuvo lugar en El Cairo el 11 de abril de 1996,", "Recordando además la Declaración de El Cairo aprobada en esa ocasión[2], en la que se subrayaba que las zonas libres de armas nucleares, particularmente en las zonas de tirantez como el Oriente Medio, fomentan la paz y la seguridad mundiales y regionales,", "Recordando la declaración formulada el 12 de abril de 1996 por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad, en nombre de los miembros del Consejo[3], en la que se afirmaba que la firma del Tratado constituía una contribución importante de los Estados de África al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Considerando que el establecimiento de zonas libres de armas nucleares, especialmente en el Oriente Medio, fortalecería la seguridad de África y la viabilidad de la zona libre de armas nucleares de África,", "1. Recuerda con satisfacción la entrada en vigor del Tratado sobre una zona libre de armas nucleares en África (Tratado de Pelindaba)¹ el 15 de julio de 2009;", "2. Exhorta a los Estados de África que aún no lo hayan hecho a firmar y ratificar el Tratado lo antes posible;", "3. Expresa su reconocimiento a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que han firmado los Protocolos del Tratado¹ que les conciernen, y exhorta a los que no hayan ratificado aún los Protocolos que les conciernan a hacerlo lo antes posible;", "4. Exhorta a los Estados a que se refiere el Protocolo III del Tratado que todavía no lo hayan hecho a adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para asegurar la pronta aplicación del Tratado en los territorios situados dentro de los límites de la zona geográfica establecida en el Tratado que estén, de hecho o de derecho, bajo su responsabilidad internacional;", "5. Exhorta a los Estados de África que son partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[4] que aún no lo hayan hecho a concertar acuerdos de salvaguardias amplias con el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica de conformidad con lo dispuesto en dicho Tratado, con lo cual cumplirán las disposiciones del artículo 9 b) y del anexo II del Tratado de Pelindaba, y a concertar protocolos adicionales a sus acuerdos de salvaguardias sobre la base del Modelo de Protocolo aprobado por la Junta de Gobernadores del Organismo el 15 de mayo de 1997[5];", "6. Expresa su gratitud al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, al Presidente de la Comisión de la Unión Africana y al Director General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica por la diligencia con que han prestado asistencia eficaz a los signatarios del Tratado;", "7. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Tratado sobre una zona libre de armas nucleares en África”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/50/426, anexo.", "[2]  A/51/113‑S/1996/276, anexo.", "[3]  S/PRST/1996/17; véase Resoluciones y Decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad, 1996.", "[4]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[5]  Modelo de Protocolo adicional al (a los) acuerdo(s) entre los Estados y el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica para la aplicación de salvaguardias [Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, documento INFCIRC/540 (Corregido)]." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/404)]", "66/23. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/53 of 10 December 1996 and 56/17 of 29 November 2001 and all its other relevant resolutions, as well as those of the Organization of African Unity and of the African Union,", "Recalling also the signing of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)[1] in Cairo on 11 April 1996,", "Recalling further the Cairo Declaration adopted on that occasion,[2] which emphasized that nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in regions of tension, such as the Middle East, enhance global and regional peace and security,", "Recalling the statement made by the President of the Security Council on behalf of the members of the Council on 12 April 1996,[3] affirming that the signature of the Treaty constituted an important contribution by the African countries to the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Considering that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in the Middle East, would enhance the security of Africa and the viability of the African nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "1. Recalls with satisfaction the entry into force of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)¹ on 15 July 2009;", "2. Calls upon African States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Treaty as soon as possible;", "3. Expresses its appreciation to the nuclear-weapon States that have signed the Protocols to the Treaty¹ that concern them, and calls upon those that have not yet ratified the Protocols that concern them to do so as soon as possible;", "4. Calls upon the States contemplated in Protocol III to the Treaty that have not yet done so to take all necessary measures to ensure the speedy application of the Treaty to territories for which they are, de jure or de facto, internationally responsible and which lie within the limits of the geographical zone established in the Treaty;", "5. Calls upon the African States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that have not yet done so to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency pursuant to the Treaty, thereby satisfying the requirements of article 9 (b) of and annex II to the Treaty of Pelindaba, and to conclude additional protocols to their safeguards agreements on the basis of the Model Protocol approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997;[5]", "6. Expresses its gratitude to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Chair of the African Union Commission and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for the diligence with which they have rendered effective assistance to the signatories to the Treaty;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[2]  A/51/113‑S/1996/276, annex.", "[3]  S/PRST/1996/17; see Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council, 1996.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards (International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected))." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/404)]", "66/23. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/53 of 10 December 1996 and 56/17 of 29 November 2001 and all other relevant resolutions, as well as those of the Organization of African Unity and the African Union,", "Recalling also the signing of the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa (Pelindaba Treaty)[1], held in Cairo on 11 April 1996,", "Recalling further the Cairo Declaration adopted on that occasion[2], underlining that nuclear-weapon-free zones, particularly in areas such as the Middle East, foster global and regional peace and security,", "Recalling the statement made on 12 April 1996 by the President of the Security Council, on behalf of the members of the Council[3], affirming that the signature of the Treaty constituted an important contribution of African States to the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Considering that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in the Middle East, would strengthen the security of Africa and the viability of the African nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "1. Recalls with satisfaction the entry into force of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty)1 on 15 July 2009;", "2. Calls upon African States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Treaty as soon as possible;", "3. Expresses its appreciation to the nuclear-weapon States that have signed the Protocols to the Treaty1 that concern them, and calls upon those that have not yet ratified the Protocols that enclose them to do so as soon as possible;", "4. Calls upon States referred to in Protocol III to the Treaty that have not yet done so to take all necessary measures to ensure the early implementation of the Treaty in territories within the geographical area established by the Treaty that are, in fact or law, under their international responsibility;", "5. Calls upon African States that are parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that have not yet done so to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the provisions of that Treaty, thereby complying with the provisions of article 9 (b) and Annex II to the Pelindaba Treaty, and to conclude additional protocols to their safeguards agreements on the basis of the Model Protocol adopted by the Board of Governors of 15 May 1997;", "6. Expresses its gratitude to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Chairman of the African Union Commission and the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for the diligence with which they have provided effective assistance to the signatories of the Treaty;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Treaty on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See A/50/426, annex.", "[2] A/51/113-S/1996/276, annex.", "[3] S/PRST/1996/17; see Security Council resolutions and decisions, 1996.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] Model Additional Protocol to (to) Agreement(s) between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards [International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected)]." ]

[ "CD/1804 25 de octubre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "NOTA VERBAL DE FECHA 14 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2006 DIRIGIDA A LA SECRETARÍA DE LA CONFERENCIA DE DESARME POR LA MISIÓN PERMANENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA DEL SENEGAL, POR LA QUE SE TRANSMITE EL RESUMEN DEL SEMINARIO ORGANIZADO POR EL UNIDIR SOBRE LAS GARANTÍAS NEGATIVAS DE SEGURIDAD, CELEBRADO EN GINEBRA EL 8 DE AGOSTO DE 2006", "La Misión Permanente de la República del Senegal ante la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra saluda atentamente a la Secretaría de la Conferencia de Desarme y tiene el honor de solicitarle que se distribuya como documento de la Conferencia de Desarme el resumen adjunto preparado por el UNIDIR tras el seminario celebrado en Ginebra el 8 de agosto de 2006 sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad.", "La Misión Permanente de la República del Senegal aprovecha la oportunidad para reiterar a la Secretaría de la Conferencia de Desarme el testimonio de su alta consideración.", "GE.06-64908 (S) 081106 121206", "GARANTÍAS NEGATIVAS DE SEGURIDAD", "Seminario celebrado en el Palacio de las Naciones, Ginebra, el 8 de agosto de 2006", "Por iniciativa del Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme, el Embajador Ousmane Camara, Representante Permanente del Senegal, el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación sobre el Desarme (UNIDIR) celebró un seminario sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad, en el Palacio de las Naciones, el 8 de agosto de 2006.", "El seminario se celebró mientras la Conferencia de Desarme examinaba el tema 4 de la agenda -\"Acuerdos internacionales eficaces que den garantías a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares contra el uso o la amenaza del uso de esas armas\"- con objeto de contribuir a la labor de la Conferencia y aportar conocimientos especializados al debate.", "Presidió el seminario el Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Coordinador de las redes del Foro de Ginebra. El Embajador Ousmane Camara, Representante Permanente del Senegal y Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme, pronunció el discurso de apertura. La exposición del profesor Jozef Goldblat, colaborador científico principal del UNIDIR, se titulaba: \"¿Garantías negativas de seguridad o prohibición mundial del empleo de armas nucleares?\". El Sr. John King, Director del Foro Empresarial Humanitario, expuso su opinión en la presentación, \"¿Incumbe a la Conferencia de Desarme negociar un tratado sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad?\". El Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Asesor Experto Principal sobre la Zona Libre de Armas Nucleares de África, clausuró el seminario con una presentación sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad desde el punto de vista de un experto africano.", "El debate que siguió a las presentaciones se centró en varias cuestiones: las garantías negativas de seguridad como un paso hacia el desarme nuclear; el foro idóneo para proseguir el debate sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad; las formas de proseguir el debate sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad en la Conferencia de Desarme, y la posible contribución de las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad y los artículos pertinentes a la concesión de garantías negativas de seguridad en los tratados sobre las zonas libres de armas nucleares.", "Algunos participantes consideraron que las garantías negativas de seguridad eran un primer paso y una medida provisional necesaria en el proceso conducente al desarme nuclear y la eliminación total de las armas nucleares. Sin embargo, hubo discrepancias sobre la oportunidad de tratar de concluir un instrumento jurídico internacional sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad y sobre la forma de llevarlo adelante. También se deliberó en torno al tipo de foro en que deberían examinarse las garantías negativas de seguridad. Se propusieron varios foros: la Conferencia de Desarme, el Tratado sobre la no proliferación (TNP) o una conferencia especialmente dedicada al desarme nuclear. La opción entre la Conferencia de Desarme y el TNP como foro de negociación de las garantías negativas de seguridad dependía de las opiniones divergentes sobre la situación de los Estados que no son partes en el TNP, en el marco de los futuros acuerdos sobre estas garantías.", "Se siguió debatiendo sobre los posibles enfoques para las deliberaciones futuras sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad en la Conferencia de Desarme y, en particular, se planteó la posibilidad de establecer un comité especial facultado para negociar las garantías negativas de seguridad.", "Los participantes señalaron que, si bien las garantías negativas de seguridad habían formado parte del régimen de no proliferación y desarme establecido por el TNP, esas clases de garantías estaban sujetas a condiciones, su carácter era diferente y no siempre habían sido jurídicamente vinculantes. Las resoluciones 255 (1968) y 984 (1995) del Consejo de Seguridad contenían ambas garantías de seguridad. Sin embargo, algunos consideraban que esas resoluciones no representaban un instrumento jurídico y que su contenido era limitado. Por último, algunos oradores señalaron que aunque las zonas libres de armas nucleares eran una forma de mejorar las garantías negativas de seguridad a nivel regional, abarcaban por definición sólo un número limitado de países, y no todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares habían ratificado los diferentes tratados sobre las zonas libres de armas nucleares.", "Se adjuntan dos presentaciones.", "Anexo I", "¿GARANTÍAS NEGATIVAS DE SEGURIDAD O PROHIBICIÓN MUNDIAL DEL EMPLEO DE ARMAS NUCLEARES?", "Sr. Jozef Goldblat", "(Notas)", "Gracias por haberme invitado a hablar sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad, tema al que me he dedicado durante muchos años.", "En la terminología del desarme, por garantías negativas de seguridad se entiende las obligaciones de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de no emplear ni amenazar con emplear armas nucleares contra los Estados que no las poseen.", "Las garantías negativas de seguridad son un eslabón de la cadena de medidas que integran el régimen de no proliferación. Pero es el eslabón más débil del régimen, que ni siquiera se menciona en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP). La conferencia de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares, celebrada en agosto de 1968 por iniciativa del Pakistán (inmediatamente después de la firma del TNP), examinó la cuestión de las garantías negativas de seguridad sin llegar a ningún acuerdo. Veinticinco años después, justo antes de la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del TNP, de 1995, el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobó una resolución sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad. En esta resolución 984, se tomaba nota de las declaraciones pertinentes formuladas por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, una resolución no se considera jurídicamente vinculante.", "Además, que es lo más importante, las garantías que dan las Potencias nucleares están sujetas a condiciones. Los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido, Francia y Rusia dejaron claro que sus garantías quedarían sin efecto en caso de un ataque contra ellos o sus aliados, perpetrado o sostenido en asociación o alianza con un Estado poseedor de armas nucleares. En otras palabras, las cuatro Potencias se valdrían de las armas nucleares, si deciden que se cumplen las condiciones para su empleo, establecidas por ellos.", "Paradójicamente, al estipular el desarme nuclear, entendido generalmente como la eliminación de las armas nucleares, el TNP omite referirse a la renuncia a emplearlas que, lógicamente, debería preceder a la eliminación.", "También figuran garantías de no emplear las armas nucleares en los protocolos de los tratados de las zonas libres de armas nucleares. Sin embargo, están sujetas a las mismas condiciones que las garantías dadas a las Partes en el TNP de conformidad con la resolución 984. Algunas Partes en el TNP no han firmado esos protocolos. Otras los han firmado pero no ratificado. Otras han formulado incluso declaraciones de entendimiento para dejar constancia de las condiciones en que cumplirán el compromiso de no utilización de las armas nucleares.", "Las garantías negativas de seguridad fueron concebidas como un incentivo para que los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares renunciasen a la aspiración de poseer armas nucleares y se adhiriesen al TNP. Actualmente, no quedan países reacios a incorporarse al TNP, con excepción de la India, el Pakistán e Israel, a los que no ofrece ningún atractivo, además de Corea del Norte que probablemente necesite otros incentivos diferentes de las garantías negativas de seguridad para reincorporarse al TNP. Por consiguiente, se necesita un enfoque más amplio de la seguridad nuclear.", "Considerando el abrumador potencial de destrucción de las armas nucleares y las consecuencias incontrolables de su empleo, propongo que la prohibición de su empleo pase a ser una norma del derecho internacional. Las negociaciones de la Conferencia de Desarme, deberían conducir a la conclusión de un tratado multilateral que incluyera el compromiso de las Partes de nunca emplear ni amenazar con emplear un arma nuclear contra ningún otro Estado.", "Según la doctrina de las represalias bélicas, el empleo de un arma nuclear en represalia por el empleo de esas armas no se consideraría incumplimiento de la prohibición. Pero los efectos de la represalia tendrían que ser proporcionales a los del empleo inicial.", "La propuesta de un tratado por el que cada Estado se comprometa a renunciar al empleo de las armas nucleares en primer lugar podría estar abierto a la firma de todos los Estados, sean o no Partes en el TNP, neutrales o alineados militarmente. Sin embargo, el tratado debería entrar en vigor sólo una vez que todos los Estados que tienen actividades nucleares importantes y no están sujetos a las salvaguardias nucleares amplias aplicadas por el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica hayan depositado los respectivos instrumentos de ratificación. Esa categoría de Estados incluiría a China, Francia, Rusia, el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos, la India, el Pakistán e Israel, países que tienen actividades nucleares importantes y no están sujetos a salvaguardias nucleares amplias.", "El derecho a retirarse del tratado debería estar estrictamente limitado, si no completamente prohibido. No se deberían admitir las reservas.", "Sin duda, la prohibición mundial del empleo de armas nucleares reduciría el riesgo de guerra nuclear. También disminuiría la fuerza política de las amenazas explícitas o implícitas de iniciar dicha guerra. Tendría que declararse nula la doctrina de la disuasión nuclear, que consiste en amenazar con un ataque nuclear en respuesta a un ataque no nuclear.", "De ahí que, la prohibición mundial de usar armas nucleares constituiría un importante paso hacia la solución del dilema nuclear. Sólo reduciendo el número de ojivas nucleares no se disipará el sentimiento de angustia provocado por esta amenaza.", "Anexo II", "¿INCUMBE A LA CONFERENCIA DE DESARME NEGOCIAR UN TRATADO SOBRE LAS GARANTÍAS NEGATIVAS DE SEGURIDAD?", "Sr. John H. King", "(Temas de debate)", "1. Las opiniones expresadas son personales, fruto de largos años de experiencia en el seguimiento y estudio de estas cuestiones.", "2. Propongo debatir sobre lo siguiente. ¿Incumbe a la Conferencia de Desarme negociar un tratado mundial y jurídicamente vinculante sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad?", "3. Respuesta breve. No, pero no por las razones que se suelen oir. Creo que hay que tener presentes otras consideraciones.", "4. Razones:", "a) La Conferencia de Desarme ha tratado de negociar un tratado sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad sin resultados durante más de 20 años. Salvo en 1998, después de 1994 no hubo un comité especial de negociación al respecto. Esto apunta a la existencia de un problema que es preciso abordar, desde el punto de vista del procedimiento (el denominado problema de vinculación de la Conferencia de Desarme) y del fondo (la situación de las propias garantías negativas de seguridad).", "b) Hay argumentos poderosos favorables a la negociación del tratado sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad en el contexto del TNP o como parte de los tratados sobre las zonas libres de armas nucleares. Esta última opción ya ha tenido cierta aceptación, lo que indica que se trata de foros que plantean menos problemas. Incluso los Estados Unidos han ratificado los protocolos sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad del Tratado de Tlatelolco y han firmado, pero no ratificado, los protocolos correspondientes del Tratado sobre la zona desnuclearizada del Pacífico Sur y de Pelindaba.", "c) El concepto de garantías negativas de seguridad está cambiando en el clima surgido a raíz de la guerra fría, caracterizado por un nuevo entorno internacional de seguridad. A pesar de que siguen siendo válidas en el contexto del TNP, están perdiendo importancia en relación con otros conceptos y necesidades en materia de seguridad cuya prioridad aumenta. La Conferencia de Desarme se debería concentrar en esas cuestiones más prioritarias puesto que mejorarán efectivamente la situación de más países en materia de seguridad.", "d) La propia naturaleza de las garantías negativas de seguridad dificulta más la forma de encararlas en el contexto de un tratado. Estas garantías son una declaración sobre el control de armamentos más que un control de armamentos efectivo. Por otro lado, su vigilancia, y más aún su verificación, es difícil, si no imposible. Puesto que dependen de la fiabilidad del concepto más difícil de aprehender, a saber, la intuición.", "e) Hay que ser realista y preguntarse si un Estado poseedor de armas nucleares que haga frente a un ataque devastador y en gran escala, por cualquier medio, contra su territorio y sienta que peligra su existencia, seguirá respetando un compromiso jurídicamente vinculante de garantías negativas de seguridad. [Cita de Acheson] Personalmente, lo dudo.", "f) Francamente, el papel cambiante de las garantías negativas de seguridad en la nueva situación internacional de seguridad, no ha sido examinado a fondo ni siquiera por los académicos, de manera de abordar la cuestión de la necesidad de esas garantías y la forma que deberían adoptar. No haber procedido a un nuevo análisis, disuade a muchos del propósito de negociar un tratado sobre una cuestión que quizás haya cambiado radicalmente en el entorno de seguridad actual.", "g) El carácter efímero de las garantías negativas de seguridad, aunque sean jurídicamente vinculantes, produce una sensación general de desconcierto e incomodidad. Si bien ninguna medida de control de armamentos ni de desarme es eficaz o verificable en un 100%, las garantías negativas de seguridad ofrecen en el mejor de los casos un sentimiento de seguridad real mínimo, sobre todo por estar sujetas a condiciones. Por esa razón los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares siempre piden \"más\", sea cual fuere la forma que adopten las garantías negativas de seguridad. Me temo que ni siquiera un tratado de alcance mundial y jurídicamente vinculante baste para disipar las preocupaciones en materia de seguridad. De ahí que el valor de las garantías negativas de seguridad es mínimo en comparación con otras formas más concretas, de control de armamentos.", "h) En consecuencia, es imposible negociar las garantías negativas de seguridad por separado. Sólo tienen sentido si se las vincula con otras medidas más concretas de control de armamentos que, de ser verdaderamente eficaces, pueden hacer innecesarias las garantías negativas.", "5. Para sugerir una alternativa de las garantías, permítaseme ensayar algunas nuevas ideas:", "a) En el actual contexto internacional de seguridad ¿por qué la Conferencia de Desarme sigue centrándose en las garantías negativas de seguridad? En el marco de estas garantías, el problema real hoy en día es la proliferación de las armas de destrucción en masa respecto tanto de los Estados como de agentes no estatales, que indudablemente NO darán garantías negativas de seguridad. Debido a la proliferación, las garantías negativas de seguridad que un Estado da a otro Estado carecen prácticamente de sentido aunque sean jurídicamente vinculantes.", "b) He aquí una idea mejor. En lugar de las garantías negativas de seguridad, ¿por qué no considerar la posibilidad de concluir un tratado sobre garantías de no proliferación?", "c) Si bien representaría una duplicación del TNP, pero no todos los miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme son Estados Partes en el TNP. De hecho, convendría aplicar las garantías de no proliferación a algunos Estados no partes en el TNP. En cuanto al TNP, las garantías de no proliferación reafirmarían y consolidarían, las obligaciones de todos los Estados que sean Partes en el TNP, poseedores o no de armas nucleares.", "d) A diferencia de las garantías negativas de seguridad, que algunos Estados dan a otros Estados, las garantías de no proliferación serían verdaderamente no discriminatorias. Todos los Estados darían por igual garantías de no proliferación a la comunidad internacional, lo cual es importante desde el punto de vista político.", "e) Las garantías de no proliferación se pueden controlar y verificar más fácilmente que las garantías negativas de seguridad. Ya conocemos el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, y en ese contexto, los Estados con capacidad en materia de tecnología nuclear, que son aproximadamente la cuarta parte de los Estados del mundo. Las garantías de no proliferación también pueden abarcar la tecnología de las armas químicas y biológicas, y contribuirían asimismo a reforzar los tratados correspondientes.", "f) La negociación de un tratado sobre las garantías de no proliferación quizás implique asimismo un \"gran acuerdo\" sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad, que podrían incluirse de manera apropiada. Consideradas conjuntamente con las garantías de no proliferación, las garantías negativas de seguridad crean un nuevo contexto, con más sentido, y responderían mejor a las actuales necesidades de seguridad.", "6. Conclusión. Me limito a lanzar una nueva idea. Ésta como otras siempre suscitará desacuerdos. Se requiere tiempo para que ideas como ésta se asimilen y cristalicen. Pero es necesario empezar de alguna forma y no limitarse a descartar esas ideas sin más. La Conferencia de Desarme podría extraer conclusiones útiles si examinase este y otros conceptos nuevos, y los modificase de manera de aumentar las ventajas que aportan a la seguridad." ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1804 25 October 2006 \nENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISH/FRENCH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF SENEGAL ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT TRANSMITTING THE SUMMARY REPORT OF A SEMINAR ON NEGATIVE SECURITY ASSURANCES ORGANIZED BY UNIDIR AND HELD IN GENEVA ON 8 AUGUST 2006", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to request that the attached summary report prepared by UNIDIR following the seminar on negative security assurances held in Geneva on 8 August 2006 should be introduced as a document of the Conference.", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal avails itself of this opportunity to convey to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament the renewed assurances of its highest consideration.", "GE.06-64905 (E) 141106 291106", "Negative Security Assurances", "Seminar held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on 8 August 2006", "At the initiative of the President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) held a seminar on Negative Security Assurances, on 8 August 2006, at the Palais des Nations.", "This seminar took place as the Conference on Disarmament (CD) was discussing agenda item four: “Effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”, with the aim of assisting the work of the Conference and providing expert knowledge to the discussion.", "The seminar was chaired by Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Network Coordinator of the Geneva Forum. Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal and President of the Conference on Disarmament, delivered the opening remarks. Prof. Jozef Goldblat, Resident Senior Fellow at UNIDIR, spoke on “Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?”. Mr. John King, Director of the Business Humanitarian Forum, presented his views on “Should negative security assurances be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament?”. Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Chief Expert Adviser on the African Nuclear Free Zone, concluded the seminar with remarks on “Negative security assurances from an African expert’s perspective”.", "The discussion following the presentations focused on several issues: NSAs as a step towards nuclear disarmament; the forum in which to pursue NSAs; ways to pursue NSAs within the Conference on Disarmament; and the possible contribution of relevant Security Council resolutions and relevant articles in nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) treaties towards granting NSAs.", "A number of participants saw NSAs as a first step and necessary provisional measure towards nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons. However, views diverged both on whether to pursue an international legal instrument on NSAs and how this instrument should be pursued. The discussion also revolved around the type of forum in which NSAs should be discussed. Several forums were proposed: the CD, the NPT or within a specific nuclear disarmament conference. The choice between the CD and the NPT as a negotiating forum for NSAs depended on diverging views over the status of States not party to the NPT within future NSA arrangements.", "There was further discussion on the possible approaches to pursue NSAs discussions at the CD, in particular the question was raised of the establishment of an ad hoc committee on NSA with a negotiating mandate.", "Participants pointed out that while NSAs had been part of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime created by the NPT, these types of NSAs have been accompanied by conditions, have been of different nature and have not been necessarily legally binding. Security Council Resolutions 255 (1968) and 984 (1995) both contain security assurances. However, it was felt by some that these resolutions did not represent a legal instrument and that their content was limited. Finally, some interventions pointed out that while NWFZs were a way of enhancing NSAs on a regional basis, the NWFZs involved, by nature, only a limited number of countries and that not all nuclear-weapons States had ratified the different NWFZ treaties.", "Attached: 2 presentations", "Attachment I", "Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?", "Mr. jozef golDblat", "(Talking points)", "Thank you for inviting me to speak on negative security assurances, a subject I have been dealing with for many years.", "By negative security assurances (NSA) we mean, in the disarmament parlance, the obligations of nuclear-weapon States not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non‑nuclear-weapon States.", "NSA constitutes a link in the chain of measures forming the non-proliferation regime. But it is the weakest link of the regime. It is not even referred to in the Non-Proliferation Treaty.  The conference of non-nuclear-weapon States, convened at the initiative of Pakistan in August 1968 (just after the signing of the NPT), discussed the issue of NSA but failed to reach agreement. Only 25 years later just before the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution concerning the NSA. This resolution (984), took note of the relevant statements made by the nuclear-weapon States at the Conference on Disarmament. But a resolution is not considered to be legally binding.", "Moreover - and this is even more important - the assurances given by the nuclear powers are conditional. The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia made it clear that their assurances would cease to be valid in case of an attack on them or their allies, carried out or sustained in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State. In other words, the four powers feel free to resort to nuclear weapons, whenever they decide that the conditions for use, which they had formulated, have been met.", "Paradoxically, in stipulating nuclear disarmament, generally understood as the elimination of nuclear arms, the NPT passes over in silence the renunciation of use, which, logically, must precede elimination.", "Assurances of no use of nuclear weapons are also contained in the protocols to nuclear‑weapon-free-zone treaties. But they are subject to the same conditions as the assurances given to the NPT Parties under the mentioned 984 resolution. Some nuclear NPT Parties have not signed these protocols. Others have signed but not ratified them. Still others have made statements of understanding to record the conditions for complying with the non-use commitment.", "Negative security assurances were conceived as an incentive for non-nuclear-weapon States to give up nuclear weapon aspirations and join the NPT. At present, there are no hold‑outs from the NPT left. With the exception of India, Pakistan and Israel, which are unlikely to be attracted by the NPT. And North Korea, which may need other incentives than the NSA to rejoin the NPT. A broader approach to nuclear security is therefore needed.", "I propose that, considering the overwhelming destructive potential of nuclear arms and the uncontrollable consequences of their employment, the prohibition of their use become a norm of international law. Negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament should lead to a multilateral treaty containing an undertaking by the Parties never to use or threaten to use a nuclear weapon against any other State.", "According to the doctrine of belligerent reprisals, the use of a nuclear weapon in retaliation for a prior use of such a weapon would not be considered a breach of the ban. But the effects of the second use would have to be proportional to those of the first use.", "The proposed no-first-use treaty could be open for signature to all States, whether or not they are Parties to the NPT, neutral or militarily aligned. It should, however, enter into force only upon the deposit of the instruments of ratification by all those States, which conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards applied by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This category of States would include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Pakistan and Israel. Because these countries do conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards.", "The right to withdraw from the treaty would have to be strictly circumscribed, if not forbidden altogether. Reservations should not be allowed.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would certainly diminish the risk of nuclear war. It would also weaken the political force of explicit or implicit threats to initiate such a war. The doctrine of nuclear deterrence, insofar as it consists in threatening a nuclear attack in response to a non-nuclear attack, would have to be declared invalid.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would thus constitute a major step towards solving the nuclear dilemma. Mere cuts in the numbers of nuclear warheads will not dispel the feelings of anxiety generated by the threat of their use.", "Attachment II", "Should the CD negotiate a NSA Treaty?", "Mr. John H. King", "(Talking points)", "1. Views expressed are my own, based on many years of experience in following and studying these issues.", "2. Question I propose to discuss: Should the CD negotiate a global and legally-binding NSA Treaty?", "3. Short answer: NO, but not for the reasons you usually hear. I think there are other considerations to bear in mind.", "4. Reasons:", "(a) The CD has been trying to negotiate an NSA treaty for more than two decades, with no results. Except for 1998, there has been no AHC to do so after 1994. This indicates there’s a problem that needs to be addressed, both procedurally (the CD linkage problem) and substantively (the situation with NSAs themselves);", "(b) There are strong arguments for negotiating such an NSA treaty in the NPT context, or as a part of NFWZ treaties. The latter has already seen some success, indicating there are fewer problems in such forums. The United States has even ratified the NSA protocols for the Tlatelolco treaty, and has signed but not ratified such protocols for SPNWFZ and Pelindaba;", "(c) The concept of NSAs is changing in a post-cold war and new international security environment. While still valid in the NPT context, the importance of NSAs is dropping in priority as other security concepts and needs rise in importance. The CD should be focusing on those higher priority issues since they will improve security for more countries more effectively;", "(d) The nature of NSAs makes it more difficult to manage them in a treaty context. NSAs are declaratory arms control rather than substantive arms control, and they are difficult if not impossible to monitor, much less verify. They depend on the credibility of that most elusive of concepts - intentions;", "(e) One has to realistically ask if a NWS facing massive and devastating attack by any means on its homeland would continue to honour a legally-binding NSA pledge if it felt its existence was at stake. [Acheson quote] Personally, I doubt it;", "(f) The changing role of NSAs in the new international security situation - to include the need for them and the form they should take - has frankly not been deeply examined, even by academics. This lack of new analysis deters many from wanting to negotiate a treaty concerning an issue that may have changed beyond all recognition in today’s security environment;", "(g) The ephemeral nature of NSAs, even if legally binding, leaves everyone with a vague sense of unease and uncertainty. While no arms control or disarmament measure is 100 per cent effective or verifiable, NSAs provide minimal if any real sense of security to those to whom they have been given, especially since they come with conditions. That’s why the NNWS will always ask for “more”, no matter what form an NSA may take. I suspect that even a global and legally binding treaty may not be sufficient to assuage security concerns. And that’s why the value of NSAs is minimal compared to other, more substantive forms of arms control;", "(h) NSAs cannot therefore be negotiated in isolation. They only make sense in the context of a relationship to other, more concrete arms control measures. And the latter, if truly effective, can make NSAs superfluous and redundant.", "5. To suggest an alternative on assurances, let me try my hand at some new thinking:", "(a) In the modern international security situation, why is the CD still focusing on NSAs? In the NSA context, today’s problem really is WMD proliferation to States or non-State actors who definitely are NOT going to give NSAs. Proliferation makes State-to-State NSAs virtually meaningless, even if legally binding;", "(b) A better idea: Rather than NSAs, why not consider a global and legally binding treaty on NPAs? NPAs stands for Non-Proliferation Assurances;", "(c) Sure, this duplicates the NPT, but not everyone in the CD is a NPT member. In fact, NPAs could most usefully be applied to some of the non-NPT members. As for the NPT, NPAs would reacknowledge, reinforce and strengthen the obligations of all NPT members, NWS and Non-NWS alike;", "(d) Unlike NSAs, which are given by some States to other States, NPAs would truly be non-discriminatory. NPAs would be given equally by all States to the international community. This is politically important;", "(e) NPAs can be more easily monitored and verified than NSAs. We already know and have recorded in the CTBT the States that have nuclear technology capabilities, about a quarter of the world’s States. NPAs can also cover chemical and biological weapons technology, thereby strengthening those treaties as well;", "(f) The negotiation of an NPA treaty might also involve a “grand bargain” regarding NSAs, with the latter possibly being included in an appropriate way. When taken together with NPAs, NSAs could assume a new and more meaningful context, and they would then be more relevant to today’s security requirements.", "6. Conclusion: I’m just throwing one new idea out into the ether. Someone will always find a problem with it or any other new idea. Such ideas take time to filter through the system and to find their niche. But one needs to start somewhere and not just casually toss such ideas aside. The CD could usefully examine this and other new concepts, modifying them as necessary to increase their mutual security advantages." ]

[ "CD/1804 25 October 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT BY THE PERMANENT MISSION OF THE SENEGAL REPUBLIC, TRANSMITTING THE SUMMARY OF THE SEMINAR ORGANIZED BY THE UNIDIR ON NEGTIVE ARRANGEMENTS OF SECURITY,", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva presents its compliments to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to request that the attached summary prepared by UNIDIR be circulated as a document of the Conference on Disarmament following the seminar held in Geneva on 8 August 2006 on negative security assurances.", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal takes the opportunity to reiterate to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament the testimony of its high consideration.", "GE.06-64908 (E) 081106 121206", "SAFETY GARANTIES", "Seminar held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on 8 August 2006", "At the initiative of the President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) held a seminar on negative security assurances at the Palais des Nations on 8 August 2006.", "The seminar was held while the Conference on Disarmament considered agenda item 4 - \"Effective international agreements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of such weapons\" - in order to contribute to the work of the Conference and to provide expertise to the debate.", "Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Coordinator of the Geneva Forum networks, chaired the seminar. Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal and President of the Conference on Disarmament, delivered the opening statement. The presentation by Professor Jozef Goldblat, the principal scientific collaborator of UNIDIR, was entitled: \" Negative security assurances or global ban on the use of nuclear weapons?\" Mr. John King, Director of the Humanitarian Business Forum, expressed his opinion in the presentation, \"Does the Conference on Disarmament agree to negotiate a treaty on negative security assurances?\" Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Senior Expert Adviser on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, closed the seminar with a presentation on negative security assurances from the standpoint of an African expert.", "The discussion that followed the presentations focused on a number of issues: negative security assurances as a step towards nuclear disarmament; the appropriate forum to continue the debate on negative security assurances; ways of continuing the debate on negative security assurances in the Conference on Disarmament; and the possible contribution of relevant Security Council resolutions and relevant articles to the granting of negative security assurances in nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties.", "Some participants considered that negative security assurances were a necessary first step and interim measure in the process leading to nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons. However, there were discrepancies on the opportunity to try to conclude an international legal instrument on negative security assurances and on how to move forward. It also discussed the type of forum in which negative security assurances should be considered. A number of forums were proposed: the Conference on Disarmament, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or a special conference devoted to nuclear disarmament. The option between the Conference on Disarmament and the NPT as a negotiating forum for negative security assurances depended on divergent views on the situation of non-parties to the NPT, within the framework of future agreements on such assurances.", "Discussions on possible approaches to future discussions on negative security assurances in the Conference on Disarmament continued and, in particular, the possibility of establishing an ad hoc committee entitled to negotiate negative security assurances was raised.", "Participants noted that, while negative security assurances had been part of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime established by the NPT, such guarantees were subject to conditions, their character was different and not always legally binding. Security Council resolutions 255 (1968) and 984 (1995) contained both security assurances. However, some considered that those resolutions did not represent a legal instrument and that their content was limited. Finally, some speakers noted that while nuclear-weapon-free zones were a means of improving negative security assurances at the regional level, they covered by definition only a limited number of countries, and not all nuclear-weapon States had ratified the different treaties on nuclear-weapon-free zones.", "Two presentations are attached.", "Annex I", "NUCLEAR WEAPONS?", "Mr. Jozef Goldblat", "(notes)", "Thank you for inviting me to talk about the negative security assurances, which I have dedicated for many years.", "In the terminology of disarmament, negative security assurances mean the obligations of nuclear-weapon States not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States.", "Negative security assurances are a link in the chain of measures that integrate the non-proliferation regime. But it is the weakest link in the regime, which is not even mentioned in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The conference of non-nuclear-weapon States, held in August 1968 at the initiative of Pakistan (immediately after the signing of the NPT), discussed the issue of negative security assurances without reaching agreement. Twenty-five years later, just before the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on negative security assurances. This resolution 984, took note of the relevant statements made by the nuclear-weapon States in the Conference on Disarmament. However, a resolution is not considered legally binding.", "Moreover, most importantly, the assurances given by the nuclear Powers are subject to conditions. The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia made it clear that their guarantees would be void in the event of an attack on them or their allies, perpetrated or sustained in association with or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State. In other words, the four Powers would use nuclear weapons if they decided that the conditions for their use, established by them, would be met.", "Paradoxically, by stipulating nuclear disarmament, generally understood as the elimination of nuclear weapons, the NPT omitted to refer to the waiver of using them which, logically, should precede the elimination.", "There are also guarantees of non-use of nuclear weapons in the protocols to the treaties of nuclear-weapon-free zones. However, they are subject to the same conditions as the assurances given to the Parties to the NPT in accordance with resolution 984. Some NPT parties have not signed such protocols. Others have signed but not ratified them. Others have even made statements of understanding to record the conditions under which they will fulfil the commitment to non-use of nuclear weapons.", "Negative security assurances were designed as an incentive for non-nuclear-weapon States to renounce the aspiration to possess nuclear weapons and to accede to the NPT. Currently, there are no reluctant countries to join the NPT, with the exception of India, Pakistan and Israel, to which there is no appeal, in addition to North Korea that is likely to require other incentives other than negative security assurances to reinstate the NPT. A broader approach to nuclear security is therefore needed.", "Considering the overwhelming potential for the destruction of nuclear weapons and the uncontrollable consequences of their use, I propose that the prohibition of their use become a rule of international law. Negotiations of the Conference on Disarmament should lead to the conclusion of a multilateral treaty that would include the parties &apos; commitment to never use or threaten to use a nuclear weapon against any other State.", "According to the doctrine of war reprisals, the use of a nuclear weapon in reprisal for the use of such weapons would not be considered non-compliance with the prohibition. But the effects of retaliation would have to be proportional to those of initial employment.", "The proposal for a treaty by which each State commits itself to waiver of the use of nuclear weapons in the first place could be open to the signature of all States, whether or not they are parties to the NPT, either neutral or militarily aligned. However, the treaty should enter into force only once all States that have major nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards applied by the International Atomic Energy Agency have deposited the respective instruments of ratification. That category of States would include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, Pakistan and Israel, countries with major nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards.", "The right to withdraw from the treaty should be strictly limited, if not completely prohibited. Reservations should not be admitted.", "Without a doubt, the global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would reduce the risk of nuclear war. It would also diminish the political force of explicit or implied threats to initiate such a war. The doctrine of nuclear deterrence should be declared null and void, which is to threaten a nuclear attack in response to a non-nuclear attack.", "Hence, the global ban on nuclear weapons would be an important step towards the solution of the nuclear dilemma. Only by reducing the number of nuclear warheads will the feeling of distress caused by this threat be dissipated.", "Annex II", "Does it concern the Conference on Disarmament to NEGOTIATE A TREATY ON NEGOTIOUS SECURITY GARANTIES?", "Mr. John H. King", "(Discussion issues)", "1. The opinions expressed are personal, the result of long years of experience in the follow-up and study of these issues.", "2. I propose to discuss the following. Is it up to the Conference on Disarmament to negotiate a global and legally binding treaty on negative security assurances?", "3. Brief answer. No, but not for the reasons they usually hear. I think other considerations need to be taken into account.", "4. Reasons:", "(a) The Conference on Disarmament has sought to negotiate a treaty on negative security assurances without results for more than 20 years. Except in 1998, after 1994, there was no special negotiating committee. This points to the existence of a problem that needs to be addressed, from the procedural point of view (the so-called linking problem of the Conference on Disarmament) and the substance (the situation of the negative security assurances themselves).", "(b) There are powerful arguments favourable to the negotiation of the treaty on negative security assurances in the context of the NPT or as part of the treaties on nuclear-weapon-free zones. This last option has already had some acceptance, which indicates that these are forums that pose less problems. Even the United States had ratified the protocols on the negative security assurances of the Treaty of Tlatelolco and had signed, but not ratified, the relevant protocols to the Treaty on the South Pacific and Pelindaba denuclearized zone.", "(c) The concept of negative security assurances is changing in the climate arising from the cold war, characterized by a new international security environment. Even though they remain valid in the context of the NPT, they are losing importance in relation to other security concepts and needs, the priority of which increases. The Conference on Disarmament should focus on those more priority issues as they will effectively improve the security situation of more countries.", "(d) The very nature of negative security assurances makes it more difficult to address them in the context of a treaty. These guarantees are a declaration on arms control rather than effective arms control. On the other hand, their monitoring, and even more their verification, is difficult, if not impossible. Since they depend on the reliability of the most difficult concept of learning, namely, intuition.", "(e) It must be realistic and asked whether a nuclear-weapon State facing a devastating and large-scale attack, by any means, against its territory and felt that it violated its existence, would continue to respect a legally binding commitment to negative security assurances. [Cita de Acheson] Personally, I doubt it.", "f) Frankly, the changing role of negative security assurances in the new international security situation has not been thoroughly examined even by academics, so as to address the issue of the need for such assurances and the way they should take. Failure to undertake a new analysis deters many from the purpose of negotiating a treaty on an issue that may have changed radically in the current security environment.", "(g) The ephemeral nature of negative security assurances, although legally binding, produces a general sense of disconcertion and discomfort. While no arms control or disarmament measure is effective or verifiable by 100 per cent, negative security assurances at best offer a minimal real security sentiment, especially as they are subject to conditions. For that reason, non-nuclear-weapon States always call for \"more,\" whatever form the negative security assurances take. I am afraid that not even a global and legally binding treaty is sufficient to dispel security concerns. Hence, the value of negative security assurances is minimal compared to other more concrete forms of arms control.", "(h) It is therefore impossible to negotiate separate negative security assurances. They only make sense if they are linked to other more specific arms control measures that, if truly effective, can make negative guarantees unnecessary.", "5. To suggest an alternative of guarantees, let me test some new ideas:", "(a) In the current international security context, why is the Conference on Disarmament still focusing on negative security assurances? In the framework of these guarantees, the real problem today is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in respect of both States and non-State actors, which will undoubtedly NOT give negative security assurances. Because of proliferation, negative security assurances that a State gives to another State are virtually meaningless even if they are legally binding.", "(b) Here's a better idea. Instead of negative security assurances, why not consider concluding a non-proliferation treaty?", "(c) While it would represent a duplication of the NPT, not all members of the Conference on Disarmament are States parties to the NPT. Indeed, non-proliferation assurances should be applied to some non-parties to the NPT. With regard to the NPT, non-proliferation assurances would reaffirm and consolidate the obligations of all States parties to the NPT, whether nuclear-weapon or not.", "(d) Unlike negative security assurances, which some States give to other States, non-proliferation assurances would be truly non-discriminatory. All States would equally give non-proliferation guarantees to the international community, which was politically important.", "(e) Non-proliferation guarantees can be controlled and verified more easily than negative security assurances. We already know the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and in that context, the nuclear-technology-capable States, which are about a quarter of the States of the world. Non-proliferation assurances could also cover chemical and biological weapons technology, and would also help to strengthen the relevant treaties.", "f) Negotiating a non-proliferation assurance treaty may also involve a \"great deal\" on negative security assurances, which could be appropriately included. Considered in conjunction with non-proliferation assurances, negative security assurances create a new context, more meaningfully, and would better respond to current security needs.", "6. Conclusion. I just throw a new idea. This like others will always stir up disagreements. Time is required for ideas like this to be assimilated and crystallized. But it is necessary to start in some way and not just discard those ideas. The Conference on Disarmament could draw useful conclusions if it were to examine this and other new concepts and to change them in order to enhance the security benefits." ]

[ "[][]", "Distr. GENERAL", "FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/7 2 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "CONFERENCIA DE LAS PARTES EN CALIDAD DE REUNIÓN DE LAS PARTES EN EL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO", "Segundo período de sesiones", "Nairobi, 6 a 17 de noviembre de 2006", "Tema 9 del programa provisional Informe del administrador del diario internacional de las transacciones con arreglo al Protocolo de Kyoto", "Informe anual del administrador del diario internacional de las transacciones con arreglo al Protocolo de Kyoto", "Nota de la secretaría[1]", "Resumen En este segundo informe anual del administrador del diariointernacional de las transacciones (DIT) se proporciona a laConferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en elProtocolo de Kyoto (CP/RP) información relativa a los progresosrealizados en la puesta en marcha del DIT desde noviembre de 2005hasta octubre de 2006. En particular, se da información sobre los progresos realizados enel desarrollo del programa informático del DIT, el establecimientode la infraestructura DIT y la facilitación de la cooperación entrelos administradores de los sistemas de registro. \nEn su decisión 12/CMP.1, la CP/RP pidió al Órgano Subsidiario deEjecución (OSE) que, en sus próximos períodos de sesiones,examinara los informes anuales del administrador del DIT. El OSEtal vez desee tomar nota de la información que figura en elpresente informe e impartir orientación a la secretaría y a lasPartes, cuando sea necesario, en relación con el funcionamiento delos sistemas de registro.", "ÍNDICE", "Párrafos Página", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 - 4 3", "A. Mandato 1 - 2 3", "B. Objeto de la nota 3 3", "C. Medidas que podría adoptar el Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución 4 3", "II. RESUMEN DE LAS DIFICULTADES ENCONTRADAS Y DE LA LABOR REALIZADA 5 - 10 3", "III. ACTIVIDADES TÉCNICAS 11 - 26 4", "A. Actividades de desarrollo 11 - 17 4", "B. Actividades operacionales 18 - 21 6", "C. Actividades de inicialización 22 - 25 7", "D. Resumen del calendario 26 7", "IV. ACTIVIDADES DEL FORO DE ADMINISTRADORES DE SISTEMAS DE REGISTRO 27 - 41 8", "A. Facilitación del Foro 27 - 34 8", "B. Actividades de los grupos de trabajo 35 - 38 9", "C. Grupo de los encargados del desarrollo de los sistemas de registro 39", "V. DISPOSICIONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN Y RECURSOS 42 - 47 11", "I. Introducción", "A. Mandato", "1. En su decisión 13/CMP.1, la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Protocolo de Kyoto (CP/RP) pidió a la secretaría que estableciera y llevara un diario internacional de las transacciones (DIT) para verificar la validez de las transacciones realizadas por los registros creados en virtud de las decisiones 3/CMP.1 y 13/CMP.1.", "2. Mediante su decisión 12/CMP.1, la CP/RP pidió a la secretaría, como administradora del DIT, que informara anualmente a la CP/RP acerca de las disposiciones de organización, las actividades y los recursos requeridos, y que formulara las recomendaciones que fueran necesarias para mejorar el funcionamiento de los sistemas de registro. La CP/RP pidió también al Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución (OSE) que, en sus próximos períodos de sesiones, examinara los informes anuales del administrador del DIT con el fin de solicitar a la CP/RP que proporcionase orientación, cuando fuera necesario, en relación con el funcionamiento de los sistemas de registro.", "B. Objeto de la nota", "3. En este segundo informe anual del administrador del DIT se proporciona a la CP/RP información acerca de los progresos realizados en la puesta en marcha del DIT. El informe abarca el período comprendido entre el 18 de noviembre de 2005 y el 27 de octubre de 2006. En particular, en él se da información sobre los progresos realizados en el desarrollo del programa informático del DIT, el establecimiento de la infraestructura del DIT y la facilitación de la cooperación entre los administradores de los sistemas de registro (ASR) mediante las actividades del Foro de los ASR.", "C. Medidas que podría adoptar el Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución", "4. El OSE tal vez desee tomar nota de la información que figura en el presente informe e impartir orientación a la secretaría y a las Partes, cuando sea necesario, acerca del funcionamiento de los sistemas de registro.", "II. Resumen de las dificultades encontradas y de la labor realizada", "5. Durante el período del que se informa se realizó una labor considerable para poner en marcha el DIT y cooperar con los ASR. Aunque gran parte del diseño del DIT se ultimó en 2004, las aportaciones al Fondo Fiduciario para actividades suplementarias de la Convención Marco no alcanzaron el nivel requerido para que se procediera a la contratación de proveedores de servicios externos hasta 2005.", "6. En 2006 la secretaría seleccionó y contrató a dos proveedores de servicios externos, de conformidad con las normas y los procedimientos financieros de las Naciones Unidas, para poner en marcha el DIT y encargarse de su funcionamiento cotidiano durante el primer período de compromiso previsto en el Protocolo de Kyoto. La Trasys, una empresa de tecnologías de la información con sede en Bélgica, ha sido contratada para desarrollar y mantener el programa informático. La LogicaCMG ha sido contratada para encargarse de la instalación y el funcionamiento del programa informático del DIT desde dos centros de datos situados en Londres (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) y para establecer una oficina de servicio en Gales, desde donde prestará apoyo a los registros.", "7. Esos proveedores, que en adelante se denominarán el encargado del desarrollo y el encargado del funcionamiento del DIT, han progresado rápidamente en su labor durante 2006. Ya se ha terminado la primera versión del programa informático del DIT, que se ha instalado y probado en su infraestructura en el centro de datos primario. Se trata de un hito importante en la puesta en marcha del DIT, que permite confiar en la calidad y la idoneidad del programa informático. Éste se somete, actualmente, a pruebas experimentales junto con varios registros. La versión completa del programa del DIT se instalará en ambos centros de datos en diciembre de 2006, de modo que los otros sistemas de registro tengan tiempo para concluir el proceso de inicializar su conexión al DIT antes de abril 2007.", "8. Encontrándose ya muy próxima la fase operacional de los sistemas de registro previstos en el Protocolo de Kyoto, el administrador del DIT creó el Foro de los ASR en 2006 como un entorno oficioso en el que los ASR pudieran comentar y coordinar cuestiones técnicas y de gestión relacionadas con los sistemas de registro. Este Foro se ha reunido dos veces en el período que se examina. De conformidad con la decisión 12/CMP.1, su labor se ha centrado en la elaboración de procedimientos comunes para coordinar las actividades operacionales de todos los sistemas de registro. Se ha establecido una extranet para mejorar la comunicación entre los ASR en relación con sus sistemas y operaciones, y también para las reuniones y otras actividades del Foro.", "9. El administrador del DIT también ha utilizado el Foro de los ASR para intercambiar información y recibir comentarios sobre la puesta en marcha del DIT y la inicialización de las conexiones de los sistemas de registro al DIT. El Foro seguirá cumpliendo esta función mientras los sistemas de registro lleven a cabo el proceso de inicialización. El Foro de los ASR también ha ofrecido a todos los encargados del desarrollo del software de los sistemas de registro un medio de coordinar cuestiones técnicas y de programación para la puesta a punto de sus sistemas.", "10. Las actividades del administrador del DIT fueron intensas durante el período que se examina. A raíz de estos esfuerzos, la puesta en marcha del DIT se encuentra bien encaminada para permitir que los sistemas de registro se conecten al DIT y entren plenamente funcionamiento para abril de 2007, de conformidad con el calendario establecido en la decisión 12/CMP.1. Se espera que los primeros registros concluyan sus pruebas de inicialización y entren en la fase operacional para principios del primer trimestre de 2007.", "III. Actividades técnicas", "A. Actividades de desarrollo", "11. El DIT se está desarrollando para que sea plenamente compatible con las mismas normas de intercambio de datos que se aplican a todos los otros sistemas de registro previstos en el Protocolo de Kyoto. Esta normativa universal es necesaria para que todos esos sistemas de registro sean compatibles y puedan funcionar juntos de manera eficiente. La especificación del programa informático del DIT se creó de forma paralela a las normas para el intercambio de datos en 2004, y ahora se ve complementada por los requisitos operacionales del DIT elaborados en 2005.", "12. Como informó el Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Científico y Tecnológico (OSACT) en su 21º período de sesiones, la Comisión Europea ha decidido proporcionar a la secretaría, como una contribución en especie, el código de programa de los elementos del diario independiente de las transacciones comunitarias (DITC) que son comunes al DIT (véase el documento FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). Esto forma parte de un acuerdo en virtud del cual la Comisión Europea recibió en 2004 la especificación del programa informático del DIT para que le sirviera de base al desarrollar el DITC. Este acuerdo ha reducido los costos de desarrollo del DIT, atendiéndose así la solicitud formulada por el OSACT en su 19º período de sesiones de que la secretaría buscara los medios de reducir las necesidades de recursos para establecer el DIT. El acuerdo también ha ayudado a garantizar la compatibilidad técnica del DITC y el DIT.", "13. Sobre la base de la considerable labor técnica realizada anteriormente, el desarrollo del programa informático del DIT avanza con celeridad, y se puede resumir de la forma siguiente:", "a) El encargado del desarrollo del DIT ha concluido prácticamente el examen de la especificación del programa informático para garantizar su exhaustividad, coherencia e integridad. Sólo se han señalado como necesarios algunos cambios de menor importancia, aunque algunos componentes no se definieron plenamente y todavía se están elaborando, en particular los relacionados con la aplicación del administrador y las interfaces con otros sistemas de datos de la secretaría.", "b) Se han señalado algunas correcciones y aclaraciones de las normas para el intercambio de datos, que se incluirán en una versión revisada de su especificación técnica.", "c) Se ha ultimado la versión experimental del programa informático, que se ha instalado y ensayado en su entorno operacional en el centro de datos primario del DIT. Esto constituye el hito más importante, hasta la fecha, de la puesta en marcha del DIT.", "d) El programa informático experimental comprende todas las funciones para permitir que el DIT apoye y verifique las siguientes transacciones realizadas por los registros: la expedición inicial de unidades; la conversión de unidades en el marco de la aplicación conjunta; la cancelación de unidades; la retirada de unidades a los efectos de demostrar el cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos de conformidad con el artículo 3 del Protocolo de Kyoto; la transferencia externa de unidades entre registros; el arrastre de unidades al próximo período de compromiso; y la modificación de las fechas de caducidad de las unidades generadas por proyectos de forestación y reforestación del mecanismo para un desarrollo limpio (MDL). Las funciones y los controles relativos a las transacciones de sustitución se están preparando, pero todavía no están a punto.", "e) El programa informático experimental comprende varios procesos administrativos ya finalizados y permite el encaminamiento de los mensajes entre el DIT y el DITC.", "f) Se ha iniciado el desarrollo de la aplicación del administrador del DIT, mediante la cual se supervisará y controlará el DIT, y se han ultimado las funciones básicas.", "14. La versión actual del programa informático del DIT está siendo sometida a pruebas experimentales con respecto a varios registros, en particular los establecidos por el MDL, el Japón y Nueva Zelandia. Estas pruebas experimentales tienen por principal objeto verificar y mejorar el programa informático del DIT, aunque también ayudan a los encargados del desarrollo de los registros a verificar sus sistemas respecto del DIT. Por este motivo, una vez que haya superado la prueba experimental, se facilitará una versión de prueba del DIT a todos los registros.", "15. La versión completa del programa informático del DIT, teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la prueba experimental, estará lista en diciembre 2006 y se someterá, en ese momento, a una prueba detallada de aceptación por el encargado del funcionamiento y la secretaría. Esta versión incluirá todas las funciones necesarias para la inicialización de los enlaces entre el DIT y los otros sistemas de registro, permitiendo así que todos los registros y el DITC se conecten satisfactoriamente al DIT en abril de 2007 a más tardar, atendiendo a la solicitud de la CP/RP (decisión 12/CMP.1).", "16. En 2007 deberá proseguir el desarrollo del DIT para completar la funcionalidad de la aplicación del administrador y conectar otros sistemas de datos de la secretaría a medida que estén listos. Se trata del sistema de información del MDL, que se conectará en paralelo a la inicialización del registro del MDL, la base de datos de recopilación y contabilidad y el sistema de información de la aplicación conjunta.", "17. El encargado del desarrollo del DIT está a punto de iniciar la formación del personal destinado a la oficina de servicio que ha empezado a instalar el encargado del funcionamiento. Una vez plenamente establecida esta oficina, el encargado del desarrollo seguirá prestándole asistencia mediante el suministro de apoyo técnico y el mantenimiento del programa informático.", "B. Actividades operacionales", "18. La verificación de las transacciones de los registros por el DIT se producirá en tiempo real. En caso de que las transacciones se ajusten a las normas establecidas por la CP/RP, el control del DIT no deberá afectar el funcionamiento de los registros o la realización de las transacciones que lleven a cabo. En este sentido, el DIT se concibe como un sistema altamente disponible y fundamental para el desarrollo de las actividades. El centro de datos secundario tiene por objeto permitir que el DIT siga funcionando en caso de que surja un problema importante en el centro principal.", "19. La labor para establecer la infraestructura y el entorno operacional del DIT avanza en paralelo al desarrollo del programa informático. Los progresos realizados se pueden resumir de la forma siguiente:", "a) La infraestructura del DIT en el centro de datos primario ya se ha establecido, y la versión experimental del programa informático del DIT se ha instalado y probado en su contexto. Esta infraestructura comprende la configuración de todas las licencias necesarias de hardware y software para el funcionamiento fiable y seguro del DIT. Ha finalizado la construcción de la base de datos del DIT, y se ha iniciado la labor relativa al centro de datos secundario.", "b) Se están estableciendo los sistemas de vigilancia del funcionamiento del DIT. Esos sistemas sentarán la base para determinar si se logra el rendimiento esperado del sistema.", "c) La parte de la conexión en red del centro de datos primario, incluidas las funciones requeridas de autenticación y seguridad, se ha puesto a punto y está lista para asegurar el enlace a los registros y al DITC. Ya se ha instalado el enlace de red entre los centros de datos primario y secundario, y se está instalando una línea alquilada directa a la secretaría para garantizar una conexión sólida de los sistemas de la secretaría y un acceso fiable a la aplicación del administrador.", "d) La oficina de servicio del encargado del funcionamiento del DIT ha iniciado su labor, de forma limitada, en apoyo de las pruebas experimentales. Su personal sigue recibiendo formación acerca de las actividades y los aspectos técnicos del DIT y de los otros sistemas de registro. Los instrumentos del sistema para su utilización están casi listos, y se ha iniciado la labor relativa a los procedimientos para el funcionamiento de la oficina.", "20. Se instalarán otras versiones del programa informático del DIT en los centros de datos del encargado del funcionamiento. La versión completa de inicialización se instalará en diciembre de 2006, y será la versión con la que los registros y el DITC se sometan a las pruebas de inicialización. Una vez que el administrador del DIT haya aprobado esos sistemas, se activarán los enlaces de los sistemas de registro al entorno de trabajo en directo del DIT. Además, se facilitarán diversos entornos de ensayo para su uso por las instancias de prueba de los sistemas de registro.", "21. La oficina de servicio se establecerá por completo a tiempo para la inicialización de los registros y del DITC. Una vez establecida, actuará como centro de coordinación de todo el apoyo facilitado a los ASR en relación con el funcionamiento del DIT. Recibirá solicitudes de apoyo por teléfono y por correo electrónico y coordinará la resolución de los problemas que se detecten y, en su caso, determinarán la necesidad de un apoyo técnico más detallado del encargado del desarrollo del DIT o un mayor nivel de apoyo por parte de la secretaría.", "C. Actividades de inicialización", "22. Antes de ser aprobados para su uso en el entorno de trabajo en directo del DIT, cada uno de los registros y el DITC deberán cumplir los requisitos establecidos en la especificación de las normas para el intercambio de datos. El proceso de evaluar el funcionamiento de un registro o del DITC, y de activarlo en caso de que la evaluación sea positiva, se conoce como el proceso de inicialización, y ha de producirse en tres fases:", "a) El examen de la documentación: el funcionamiento del registro o del DITC se evalúa examinando su documentación técnica y operacional, según se indica en las normas para el intercambio de datos;", "b) La realización de pruebas de conectividad: la capacidad del registro o del DITC de conectarse al DIT se evalúa verificando si puede llevar a cabo actividades básicas de comunicación con el DIT de la forma especificada en las normas para el intercambio de datos;", "c) La realización de pruebas funcionales: la capacidad del registro o del DITC de llevar a cabo las funciones requeridas se evalúa verificando si puede realizar procesos administrativos, de transacción o de conciliación, incluidas las notificaciones, según lo indicado en las normas para el intercambio de datos.", "23. El administrador del DIT estará listo para recibir la documentación técnica y operacional para su examen a partir de noviembre de 2006. A fin de facilitar ese proceso, se está distribuyendo información adicional sobre los criterios de evaluación de dicha documentación a los ASR.", "24. Las pruebas funcionales y de conectividad de los registros y del DITC se llevarán a cabo utilizando la versión de inicialización del programa informático del DIT, que se instalará en el entorno de inicialización del diario internacional para finales de diciembre de 2006. Actualmente se están elaborando los casos de prueba destinados al proceso de inicialización, que se distribuirán a los encargados del desarrollo de los registros y a los ASR en noviembre de 2006. El calendario concreto conforme al cual los sistemas de registro se someterán a las pruebas de inicialización dependerá de su programación para la puesta en marcha. Se está tratando de obtener más información sobre la preparación de los registros para que la oficina de servicio del DIT pueda administrar el calendario de pruebas funcionales y de conectividad de cada sistema.", "25. Las condiciones de utilización del DIT por los sistemas de registro se están examinando con miras a aclarar cuestiones relacionadas con su conexión y funcionamiento. Está previsto tratar diversas cuestiones, como las descripciones de los servicios, las normas apropiadas que deberán utilizarse, la seguridad, la protección de datos y la confidencialidad, de una forma que asegure un trato igual a todos los sistemas de registro.", "D. Resumen del calendario", "26. En el cuadro siguiente figura el actual calendario para el desarrollo y el funcionamiento del DIT, así como para la inicialización de los registros y del DITC con el DIT.", "Resumen del calendario para la puesta en marcha de los sistemas de registro", "Fecha Descripción de la actividad", "Mediados de octubre Instalación de la versión experimental del de 2006 programa informático del DIT en su infraestructura operacional", "Noviembre de 2006 Pruebas experimentales del DIT con los registros", "Noviembre de 2006 El administrador del DIT estará listo para recibir la documentación de los registros y del DITC", "Finales de diciembre Instalación de la versión de inicialización del de 2006 programa informático del DIT en ambos centros de datos", "Enero y febrero de Inicialización del registro del MDL e inicio de 2007 las actividades del DIT en directo; inicialización adicional de los registros nacionales cuando estén listos", "Finales de febrero de Ultimación e instalación de la aplicación 2007 completa del administrador del DIT", "Marzo y abril de 2007 Pruebas de inicialización de otros registros con el DIT cuando estén listos", "Abril y mayo de 2007 Inicialización del DITC con el DIT y pruebas completas de inicialización para la totalidad de los registros pertenecientes a las Partes en la Unión Europea", "IV. Actividades del Foro de administradores de sistemas de registro", "A. Facilitación del Foro", "27. De conformidad con la decisión 12/CMP.1, el principal objetivo del administrador del DIT al convocar el Foro de los ASR es ofrecer un medio eficaz de cooperación con los ASR como aportación a la elaboración de procedimientos comunes, prácticas recomendadas y medidas de intercambio de información. Al tratar estas cuestiones, el Foro ofrecerá un amplio canal para la coordinación de las actividades técnicas y de gestión de los administradores.", "28. En 2006 se celebraron dos reuniones del Foro de los ASR. La reunión inaugural tuvo lugar los días 10 y 11 de abril de 2006, y tuvo por objeto establecer la orientación y las prioridades de la labor del Foro, así como el proceso conforme al cual debe proseguir esta labor. La segunda reunión se celebró los días 9 y 10 de octubre de 2006, y tuvo como principal objetivo intercambiar más información sobre la puesta en marcha del DIT e impartir orientación a los grupos de trabajo que deberán realizar la labor detallada relativa a la elaboración de procedimientos comunes. Ambas reuniones se celebraron en Bonn (Alemania), y contaron con la participación de expertos competentes de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención.", "29. En la labor del Foro se ha dado prioridad a la elaboración de procedimientos comunes que aplicarán todos los sistemas de registro, particularmente en relación con la conciliación de datos entre el DIT y los registros, la gestión de los cambios en las normas y los procedimientos aplicados por los sistemas de registro y la preparación de informes sobre las evaluaciones independientes de los sistemas de registro.", "30. En consonancia con la prioridad otorgada a la elaboración de procedimientos comunes, que deberán aplicar todos los ASR, se han establecido tres grupos de trabajo para preparar un proyecto de procedimientos que se someterá al examen del Foro general. Los procedimientos acordados deberán estar listos a tiempo para el funcionamiento de los sistemas de registro con el DIT. Los grupos de trabajo están integrados por entre seis y ocho personas, enviadas por sus ASR, que se espera que contribuyan como miembros individuales y que actúen en el interés común de todos los ASR. Los resultados de la labor de los grupos se comunicarán al Foro de los ASR en momentos clave a fin de recabar las opiniones de los participantes y, en su caso, para obtener la aprobación del Foro.", "31. El administrador del DIT, en esa calidad, ha convocado el Foro de los ASR con carácter oficioso y espera que éste realice su labor de forma transparente, cooperativa y con voluntad de consenso. Las reuniones del Foro de los ASR estuvieron presididas por un representante de la secretaría. Las reuniones recibieron apoyo y servicios del personal de la secretaría.", "32. La participación en el Foro de los ASR está abierta a todos los administradores de los registros nacionales y al registro del MDL del Protocolo de Kyoto y a los diarios suplementarios de transacciones (como el DITC). Los ASR envían a los participantes pertinentes según los temas concretos que deban examinarse en las reuniones. El administrador del DIT también invita a algunos participantes de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención que son Partes en el Protocolo de Kyoto. Aunque el Protocolo no requiere a esas Partes que establezcan sistemas de registro, la participación de dichos expertos tiene por objeto aumentar la transparencia del Foro de los ASR y permitir que la experiencia con los sistemas de registro previstos en el Protocolo de Kyoto se comparta con expertos que ejecutan sistemas similares a efectos de las políticas ambientales en las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.", "33. Se prevé que, una vez que haya concluido la fase intensiva de puesta en marcha de los sistemas de registro, se celebren generalmente dos reuniones anuales del Foro de los ASR. Para 2006 está programada una tercera reunión del Foro, los días 11 y 12 de diciembre, que se centrará principalmente en los procesos de inicialización de los enlaces de los registros y el DITC con el DIT. La Comisión Europea ha tenido la amabilidad de ofrecerse a acoger esta reunión del Foro de los ASR en sus instalaciones de Bruselas (Bélgica).", "34. El administrador del DIT ha establecido una extranet a fin de ofrecer un centro para el intercambio de toda la información técnica requerida por los ASR para la puesta en marcha del DIT. También ofrecerá acceso a los instrumentos de colaboración técnica y al intercambio de información técnica entre los ASR.", "B. Actividades de los grupos de trabajo", "35. Se han establecido los tres grupos de trabajo siguientes para preparar un proyecto de procedimientos comunes que será examinado por el Foro de los ASR:", "a) El grupo de trabajo sobre conciliación elaborará un procedimiento para comparar y, si es necesario, ajustar periódicamente los datos sobre los haberes de unidades de la cantidad atribuida entre el DIT, los registros y, cuando sea el caso, el DITC. La labor se centra en los aspectos de procedimiento (programación, calendario, determinación de los ajustes), sobre la base de las funciones técnicas de conciliación que se ejecutan en el DIT y otros sistemas de registro.", "b) El grupo de trabajo sobre la gestión del cambio elaborará un procedimiento para proponer, evaluar, acordar y aplicar cambios en los aspectos técnicos y operacionales de los sistemas de registro. El tema más importante de la gestión del cambio son las normas para el intercambio de datos que utilizan todos los sistemas de registro. El procedimiento se aplicará también a los cambios en algunos aspectos operacionales de los sistemas de registro.", "c) El grupo de trabajo acerca de la presentación de informes sobre las evaluaciones independientes elaborará un procedimiento y un formato para consolidar anualmente los resultados de las evaluaciones y las pruebas de cada sistema de registro. La mayoría de los resultados provendrá del proceso de evaluación y prueba de los registros antes de inicializar los enlaces con el DIT. Otros resultados surgirán durante el funcionamiento de los registros, y cuando se vuelvan a inicializar las funciones después de haber efectuado cambios sustanciales en los sistemas de registro. El informe anual sobre las evaluaciones independientes se pondrá a disposición del público y de los equipos de expertos previstos en el artículo 8 del Protocolo de Kyoto. Se prevé que los equipos de expertos se basarán en gran medida en los informes sobre las evaluaciones independientes en su examen de cada Parte en el Protocolo de Kyoto que tenga un compromiso consignado en el anexo B de dicho Protocolo (Parte del anexo B).", "36. En el Foro de los ASR se analizaron los elementos que podrían tenerse en cuenta al preparar el proyecto de procedimientos comunes. Esos elementos sirven de orientación a los grupos de trabajo en su labor.", "37. El grupo de trabajo sobre conciliación fue el primero en comenzar a trabajar y se reunió dos veces durante el período del que se informa. Ha examinado los procesos técnicos de la conciliación de datos entre el DIT y los registros, como se definen en las normas para el intercambio de datos, y ha proporcionado retroinformación sobre los borradores del procedimiento de conciliación preparados por el administrador del DIT. El grupo de trabajo se reunirá nuevamente en noviembre de 2006 y a comienzos de 2007 para proseguir su labor e informar al respecto en las siguientes reuniones del Foro de los ASR.", "38. Debido a las dificultades con que se tropezó para encontrar una fecha que conviniera a todos los miembros, el grupo de trabajo sobre la gestión del cambio tuvo que aplazar su primera reunión hasta después de la CP/RP 2. En cuanto al grupo de trabajo acerca de la presentación de informes sobre las evaluaciones independientes de los sistemas de registro, actualmente se están solicitando candidaturas y también este grupo comenzará a trabajar después de la CP/RP 2.", "C. Grupo de los encargados del desarrollo de los sistemas de registro", "39. Para mejorar la coordinación de las cuestiones técnicas y de programación del desarrollo del DIT y de otros sistemas de registro, se ha convocado, en el marco del Foro de los ASR, un grupo oficioso que reúne a todos los encargados del desarrollo de programas informáticos para los registros (muchos de los cuales comparten sus software con otros administradores de registros) y el DITC.", "40. El grupo se ha reunido dos veces hasta la fecha y se ha concentrado en intercambiar información sobre los calendarios de desarrollo y en aclarar cuestiones relativas a la forma en que se aplicarán las normas para el intercambio de datos. Las cuestiones planteadas por los participantes en relación con esas normas se han recopilado, y las respuestas por escrito de la secretaría se han distribuido a los participantes. Este proceso continúa, mediante los instrumentos informáticos de seguimiento de problemas establecidos para el grupo por la Comisión Europea.", "41. Este grupo ha sido muy útil para intercambiar la información que necesitan los encargados del desarrollo del DIT y de otros sistemas de registro. Se prevé que el grupo seguirá reuniéndose periódicamente durante toda la fase inicial de puesta en marcha e inicialización de los registros y del DITC.", "V. Disposiciones de organización y recursos", "42. Las funciones del administrador del DIT corren a cargo del Programa de Presentación de Informes, Datos y Análisis de la secretaría. Este programa se encarga también de la labor sustantiva de la secretaría relacionada con otros aspectos del comercio de los derechos de emisión y la contabilidad de las cantidades atribuidas con arreglo al Protocolo de Kyoto, así como de la labor relativa a la presentación, el análisis y el examen de la información suministrada por las Partes en el marco de la Convención y del Protocolo de Kyoto, y de las negociaciones intergubernamentales sobre las comunicaciones nacionales, los inventarios, las cantidades atribuidas, los sistemas de registro y los instrumentos de política.", "43. Las necesidades de recursos para la puesta en marcha del DIT se están cubriendo mediante las contribuciones al Fondo Fiduciario para actividades suplementarias de la Convención Marco. Esas necesidades ascienden a aproximadamente 4 millones de dólares de los EE.UU. en el bienio 2006-2007. Al final del período del que se informa, las contribuciones hechas por las Partes al Fondo Fiduciario se elevaban a aproximadamente 3,2 millones de dólares de los EE.UU., con lo cual quedaba un déficit del orden de 0,8 millones de dólares.", "44. Los recursos necesarios para el funcionamiento del DIT, incluidos el apoyo al Foro de los ASR y otras actividades relacionadas con el DIT, se cifran en alrededor de 2,5 millones de dólares de los EE.UU. en el bienio 2006-2007. El déficit actual de aproximadamente 1,7 millones de dólares, deberá enjugarse mediante las contribuciones al Fondo Fiduciario para actividades suplementarias de la Convención Marco.", "45. El total de las necesidades de recursos no cubiertas para la puesta en marcha y el funcionamiento del DIT durante 2006-2007, incluidas las otras esferas de apoyo de la secretaría a esta labor, se sitúa, por lo tanto, en unos 2,5 millones de dólares de los EE.UU.", "46. En vista de los retrasos y de la insuficiencia de la financiación aportada para el desarrollo del DIT, la Conferencia de las Partes, en su decisión 16/CP.10, pidió a la secretaría que estudiara las opciones, en el presupuesto de 2006-2007, para un suministro previsible y suficiente de los recursos necesarios para las actividades operacionales del administrador del DIT. La CP/RP, en su primer período de sesiones, estudió varias opciones en el contexto del presupuesto por programas, incluido el cobro de tasas de conexión y transacción. En su decisión 34/CMP.1, la CP/RP autorizó al Secretario Ejecutivo a recaudar contribuciones de los usuarios del DIT, como un ingreso adicional del Fondo Fiduciario para actividades suplementarias en 2006-2007.", "47. Habida cuenta de este mandato, el Secretario Ejecutivo tiene la intención de notificar a las Partes que se propongan llevar sistemas de registro en conexión con el DIT las contribuciones que deberán hacer al Fondo Fiduciario para cubrir el déficit de recursos. Está previsto que la distribución entre esas Partes se ciña a la escala indicativa de contribuciones de las Partes en el Protocolo de Kyoto para el bienio 2006‑2007, que figura en la decisión 34/CMP.1, teniendo en cuenta los debidos ajustes para incluir sólo a las Partes del anexo B.", "[1] ^(*) Este documento se presenta con retraso a fin de incluir información sobre los últimos avances realizados en este tema.", "GE.06-64922 (S) 061106 061106" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/7 \n 2 November 2006 \n Original: English \n \nCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESSERVINGASTHEMEETING OF THEPARTIES TO THEKYOTO PROTOCOL \nSecondsession \nNairobi,6–17November2006 \nItem9 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReportoftheadministratoroftheinternationaltransactionlogundertheKyotoProtocol", "Annual report of the administrator of the", "international transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Note by the secretariat [1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1–4 3", "A. Mandate 1–2 3", "B. Scope of the note 3 3", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation 4 3", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken 5–10 3", "III. Technical activities 11–26 4", "A. Development activities 11–17 4", "B. Operational activities 18–21 5", "C. Initialization activities 22–25 6", "D. Schedule summary 26 7", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum 27−41 7", "A. Forum facilitation 27–34 7", "B. Working group activities 35–38 8", "C. Registry system developers group 39–41 9", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources 42–47 9", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP), by its decision 13/CMP.1, requested the secretariat to establish and maintain the international transaction log (ITL) in order to verify the validity of transactions undertaken by registries established under decisions 3/CMP.1 and 13/CMP.1.", "2. By its decision 12/CMP.1, the COP/MOP requested the secretariat, as administrator of the ITL, to report annually to the COP/MOP on organizational arrangements, activities and resource requirements and to make any necessary recommendations to enhance the operation of registry systems. It further requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider, at its future sessions, these annual reports of the administrator of the ITL, with a view to it requesting the COP/MOP to provide guidance, as necessary, in relation to the operation of registry systems.", "B. Scope of the note", "1. This second annual report of the administrator of the ITL provides information to the COP/MOP on progress made in implementing the ITL. It covers the reporting period from 18 November 2005 to 27 October 2006. In particular, the report provides information on progress in the development of the ITL software, establishment of the ITL infrastructure and facilitation of cooperation with registry system administrators (RSAs) through the activities of the RSA Forum.", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation", "1. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in this report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, as necessary, concerning the implementation of registry systems.", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken", "1. Substantial work has been undertaken to implement the ITL and cooperate with RSAs during the 2006 reporting period. Although the bulk of the ITL design was completed in 2004, it was only in 2005 that contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in relation to this work reached the level required to allow the procurement of external service providers to proceed.", "2. Two external service providers were selected and contracted to the secretariat during 2006, in accordance with United Nations financial rules and procedures, to implement the ITL and conduct its day-to-day operation through the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Trasys, an IT company based in Belgium, has been contracted to develop and maintain the software. LogicaCMG has been contracted to deploy and operate the ITL software from two data centres located in London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and to establish a service desk in Wales from which it will provide support to registries.", "3. These providers, hereinafter referred to as the developer and operator of the ITL, have made rapid progress in their work during 2006. The first version of the ITL software has been completed and has been deployed and tested in its infrastructure at the primary data centre. This is an important milestone in the implementation of the ITL and promotes confidence in the quality and appropriateness of the software. Pilot testing of this software is now under way in conjunction with several registries. The full version of the ITL software is to be deployed at both data centres in December 2006, allowing other registry systems to complete the process of initializing their connections to the ITL by April 2007.", "4. With the operational phase of registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol rapidly approaching, the ITL administrator established the RSA Forum in 2006 as an informal setting in which technical and management issues relating to registry systems may be discussed and coordinated among RSAs. This forum has met twice during the reporting period. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, its work has focused on the preparation of common procedures to coordinate the operational activities of all registry systems. An extranet has been established to enhance the communication among RSAs in relation to their systems and operations and to meetings and other forum activities.", "5. The ITL administrator has also used the RSA Forum to share information and receive feedback on the implementation of the ITL and the initialization of registry system connections to it. The forum will continue to play this role as registry systems undertake the initialization process. The RSA Forum has further provided a means for all developers of registry system software to coordinate technical and scheduling issues for the development of their systems.", "6. The activities of the ITL administrator have been intense during the reporting period. As a result of these efforts, the implementation of the ITL is on track to allow registry systems to connect to the ITL and become fully operational by April 2007, in accordance with the timing specified in decision 12/CMP.1. It is expected that the first registries will have already completed their initialization testing and entered the operational phase by early in the first quarter of 2007.", "III. Technical activities", "A. Development activities", "1. The ITL is being developed to be fully consistent with the same data exchange standards as are being implemented in all other registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol. This universal standard is required to enable all such registry systems to operate together in a compatible and efficient manner. The specification of the ITL software was developed in parallel with the data exchange standards in 2004 and is now complemented by ITL operational requirements elaborated during 2005.", "2. As reported to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) at its twenty-first session, the European Commission has undertaken to provide the secretariat, as an in kind contribution, with the programme code for elements of the Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) which are common to the ITL (see document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). This is part of an agreement under which the specification of the ITL software was provided to the European Commission in 2004 as the basis for its development of the CITL. This agreement has reduced the development costs of the ITL, thus responding to the request of the SBSTA, at its nineteenth session, that the secretariat pursue means to reduce the resource requirements associated with the ITL development. The agreeement has also helped to ensure the technical compatibility of the CITL with the ITL.", "3. On the basis of the substantial technical work previously undertaken, the development of the ITL software is proceeding at a quick pace and may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL developer has practically concluded the review of the software specification to ensure its completeness, coherency and consistency. Only minor changes have been identified as being necessary, although some components were not fully defined and are still undergoing elaboration, in particular those relating to the administrator application and interfaces with other secretariat data systems;", "b. Some corrections and clarifications of the data exchange standards have been identified and are being included in a revised version of their technical specification;", "c. The pilot version of the ITL software is complete and has been deployed and tested within its operational environment at the primary data centre of the ITL. This marks the most significant milestone to date in the implementation of the ITL;", "d. The pilot software contains all functions to allow the ITL to support and verify the following transactions undertaken by registries: the initial issuance of units; conversion of units under joint implementation (JI); unit cancellation; unit retirement for purposes of demonstrating compliance with commitments under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol; external transfers of units between registries; the carry-over of units to the next commitment period; and the change of expiry dates for units generated by afforestation and reforestation projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM). Functions and checks for replacement transactions are under development but are not yet complete;", "e. The pilot software contains several completed administrative processes and provides for the routing of messages between the ITL and the CITL;", "f. The development of the ITL administrator application, through which the ITL will be monitored and controlled, has commenced and basic functions have been completed.", "4. The current version of the ITL software is presently undergoing pilot testing against several registries, in particular those established for the CDM, and for Japan and New Zealand. This pilot testing is intended primarily to verify and improve the ITL software, although it is also useful for registry developers in verifying their systems against the ITL. For this reason, once it has passed its pilot testing, a test version of the ITL is to be made available to all registries.", "5. The full version of the ITL software, taking into account the results of the pilot testing, is to be completed in December 2006 and will be subject at that stage to detailed acceptance testing by the operator and the secretariat. This version will include all functions necessary for the initialization of the links between other registry systems and the ITL, thus allowing all registries and the CITL to successfully connect to the ITL by April 2007, as was requested by the COP/MOP (decision 12/CMP.1).", "6. Further development of the ITL will be required during 2007 to complete the functionality of the ITL administrator application and connect other secretariat data systems as they become ready. These systems include the CDM information system, which is to be connected in parallel with the initialization of the CDM registry, and the compilation and accounting database and JI information system.", "7. The ITL developer is about to commence its training of personnel for the ITL service desk being established by the operator. Once the service desk is fully established, the developer will continue to assist it through the provision of technical support and maintenance of the software.", "B. Operational activities", "1. The verification of registry transactions by the ITL is to occur in real time. Where transactions conform to the rules established by the COP/MOP, the checking by the ITL should not affect the operation of registries or the settlement of transactions that they undertake. For this reason, the ITL is being implemented as a high-availability and business-critical system. The secondary data centre is intended to allow the ITL to continue operation if a significant problem arises on the primary site.", "2. The work to establish the infrastructure and operational environment of the ITL is proceeding in parallel with the development of the software. Progress may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL infrastructure at the primary data centre has been put in place and the pilot version of the ITL software has been deployed and tested within it. This infrastructure includes configuration of all the necessary hardware and software licences for the reliable and secure operation of the ITL. The construction of the ITL database has been completed and work on the secondary data centre has commenced;", "b. Systems for the monitoring of the ITL operation are being established. These systems will provide the basis for assessing whether the target system performance is achieved;", "c. The network end at the primary data centre, including the required authentication and security features, has been completed and is ready to link to registries and the CITL. The network link between the primary and secondary data centres is installed. A leased network line direct to the secretariat is being installed in order to ensure the robust connection of secretariat systems and reliable access to the administrator application;", "d. The service desk of the ITL operator has begun work, in limited form, in support of the pilot testing. Its personnel is undergoing further training in the business and technical features of the ITL and other registry systems. The system tools for its use are nearing completion and work has commenced on the procedures for the operation of the desk.", "3. Further versions of the ITL software will be deployed at the data centres of the operator. The full initialization version will be deployed in December 2006 and will be the version with which registries and the CITL undergo initialization testing. Once these systems are approved by the ITL administrator, the links of these registry systems to the live ITL production environment will be activated. In addition, a number of test environments will be made available for use by test instances of registry systems.", "4. The full service desk is to be established in time for the initialization of registries and the CITL. Once in place, it is to act as a focal point of all support provided to RSAs in relation to the operation of the ITL. It will receive support requests by telephone and e-mail and coordinate the resolution of problems that are identified, including their escalation, as appropriate, to more detailed technical support by the ITL developer or higher levels of support provided by the secretariat.", "C. Initialization activities", "1. Before being approved for use with the live operational environment of the ITL, each registry and the CITL must meet the requirements set in the specification of the data exchange standards. The process of assessing the operation of a registry or CITL, and activating it where the assessment is positive, is referred to as the initialization process and is to occur in three stages:", "a. Documentation review: the operation of the registry or CITL is assessed by reviewing its technical and operational documentation, as specified in the data exchange standards;", "b. Connectivity testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to connect to the ITL is assessed by verifying that it can undertake basic communication steps with the ITL in the manner specified in the data exchange standards;", "c. Functional testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to carry out required functions is assessed by verifying that it can undertake transaction, reconciliation and administrative processes, including for notifications, as specified in the data exchange standards.", "2. The ITL administrator will be ready to receive the technical and operational documentation for review from November 2006. In order to facilitate this process, further information on the criteria for assessing this documentation is being distributed to RSAs.", "3. The connectivity and functional testing of registries and the CITL will be undertaken by using the initialization version of the ITL software, which is to be deployed in the initialization environment of", "the ITL by the end of December 2006. Test cases for use during the initialization process are currently under development and will be circulated to registry developers and RSAs in November 2006. The specific timing with which registry systems undergo initialization testing will depend on their implementation schedules. Further clarification of registry readiness is being sought in order that the ITL service desk may manage the schedule for the connectivity and functional testing of each system.", "4. Terms for the use of the ITL by registry systems are currently being considered, with a view to clarifying issues relating to their connection and operation. It is anticipated that a variety of issues will be addressed, such as service descriptions, appropriate standards to be used, security, data protection and confidentiality, in a manner that provides for the equal treatment of registry systems.", "D. Schedule summary", "1. The current schedule for the development and operation of the ITL, and the initialization of registries and the CITL with the ITL, is set out in the following table.", "Schedule summary for registry system implementation", "Date Description of activity", "Mid-October 2006 Deployment of pilot version of ITL software in its operational infrastructure", "November 2006 ITL pilot testing with registries", "November 2006 ITL administrator ready to receive registry and CITL documentation", "End-December 2006 Deployment of initialization version of ITL software in both data centres", "January–February Initialization of CDM registry and commencement of 2007 live ITL operations; additional initialization of national registries as they become ready", "End-February 2007 Completion and deployment of the full ITL administrator application", "March–April 2007 Initialization testing of further registries with the ITL as they become ready", "April–May 2007 Initialization of CITL with the ITL and full end-to-end initialization testing of registries belonging to European Union Parties", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum", "A. Forum facilitation", "1. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the primary objective of the ITL administrator in convening the RSA Forum is to provide an effective medium for cooperation with RSAs as input to the development of common procedures, recommended practices and information-sharing measures. In addressing these issues, the forum is to provide a broad channel for the coordination of technical and management activities of administrators.", "2. Two meetings of the RSA Forum were held during 2006. The inaugural meeting took place on 10–11 April 2006 and was aimed at setting the direction and priorities for the work of the forum and establishing the process by which this work is to continue. The second meeting took place on 9–10 October 2006 and was primarily aimed at sharing more information on the ITL implementation and giving guidance to the working groups which are to undertake detailed work for the development of the common procedures. Both meetings took place in Bonn, Germany, and included the involvement of appropriate experts from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "3. Priority in the work of the forum has been given to the development of common procedures to be implemented by all registry systems, in particular in relation to data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, the management of change in standards and procedures implemented by registry systems, and the preparation of independent assessment reports for registry systems.", "4. In line with the priority given to the development of common procedures, which are to be implemented by all RSAs, three working groups have been established to prepare draft procedures for consideration in the wider RSA Forum. Agreed procedures are to be in place in time for the operation of registry systems with the ITL. The working groups are made up of six to eight specific individuals, made available by their RSAs, who are expected to contribute as individual members and act in the common interest of all RSAs. The results of the work of the groups is to be reported back to the RSA Forum at key points in order to obtain feedback from participants and, where appropriate, be agreed by the forum.", "5. The ITL administrator, in its role as administrator of the ITL, has convened the RSA Forum in an informal manner and hopes that the forum will conduct its work in a transparent, cooperative and consensus-building manner. The meetings of the RSA Forum were chaired by a representative of the secretariat. The meetings were supported and serviced by staff of the secretariat.", "6. Participation in the RSA Forum is open to all administrators of national registries and the CDM registry under the Kyoto Protocol and supplementary transaction logs (such as the CITL). RSAs send participants appropriate to the specific items to be addressed at meetings. The ITL administrator also invites a number of participants from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Although these Parties have no requirement under the Kyoto Protocol to implement registry systems, the participation of such experts is intended to increase the transparency of the RSA Forum and allow experience with registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol to be shared with experts implementing similar systems for environmental policy purposes in non-Annex I Parties.", "7. It is envisaged that, once the intensive implementation phase of registry systems is complete, there will generally be two RSA Forum meetings per year. A third forum meeting for 2006 is planned for 11–12 December and will focus primarily on the processes for initializing registry and CITL links with the ITL. The European Commission has kindly offered to host this meeting of the RSA Forum at its facilities in Brussels, Belgium.", "8. The ITL administrator has established an extranet in order to provide a central location for the sharing of all technical information required by RSAs for the implementation of the ITL. It will also provide access to technical collaboration tools and the exchange of technical information between RSAs.", "B. Working group activities", "1. The following three working groups have been established to prepare draft common procedures for consideration by the RSA Forum:", "a. The reconciliation working group is to develop a procedure to periodically compare and, where necessary, adjust data on assigned amount holdings between the ITL, registries and, where appropriate, the CITL. The focus is on the procedural aspects (scheduling, timing, determination of adjustments), based on technical functions for reconciliation being implemented in the ITL and other registry systems;", "b. The change management working group is to develop a procedure for proposing, evaluating, agreeing and implementing changes in the technical and operational aspects of registry systems. The major subject of change management is the data exchange standards being implemented by all registry systems. The procedure will also apply to changes in some operational aspects of registry systems;", "c. The working group on independent assessment reporting is to develop a procedure and format for consolidating assessment and test results for each registry system on an annual basis. Most of the results will come from the process of assessing and testing registries prior to the initialization of their links to the ITL. Other results will emerge during the operation of registries and through any required re-initialization of functions after substantial changes in registry systems have been made. The annual independent assessment report will be made available to the public and to review teams under Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that the review teams will rely heavily on the independent assessment reports in their review of each Party to the Kyoto Protocol with a commitment inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party).", "2. Possible elements to be addressed during the preparation of the draft common procedures were discussed by the RSA Forum. These elements provide guidance to the working groups in their work.", "3. The reconciliation working group was the first to begin its work and has met twice during the reporting period. It has reviewed the technical processes of data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, as defined in the data exchange standards, and given feedback on drafts of the reconciliation procedure prepared by the ITL administrator. The working group will meet again in November 2006 and early 2007 in order to continue its work and report back at subsequent RSA Forum meetings.", "4. Owing to difficulties in identifying a time suitable to all members, the working group on change management has had to postpone its first meeting until after COP/MOP 2. Nominations for the working group on the independent assessment reporting of registry systems are currently being sought and the group is also to begin its work after COP/MOP 2.", "C. Registry system developers group", "1. In order to provide for enhanced coordination of technical and scheduling issues for the development of the ITL and other registry systems, an informal group of developers has been convened under the RSA Forum. This group brings together all developers of software for the registries (many of which share their software with other registry administrators) and the CITL.", "2. The group has met twice so far and has focused on sharing information on development schedules and clarifying questions on the manner in which the data exchange standards are to be implemented. Questions raised by participants in relation to these data exchange standards have been compiled and written responses from the secretariat were distributed to participants. This process is continuing through issue-tracking software tools established for the group by the European Commission.", "3. The group has proved very useful in sharing information required by the developers of the ITL and other registry systems. It is envisaged that the group will continue to meet periodically through the initial implementation and initialization of registries and the CITL.", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources", "1. The functions of the ITL administrator are performed by the Reporting, Data and Analysis programme of the secretariat. This programme is also responsible for the substantive work of the secretariat relating to other aspects of emissions trading and the accounting of assigned amounts under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as that relating to the submission, analysis and review of information submitted by Parties under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and the intergovernmental negotiations on national communications, inventories, assigned amounts, registry systems and policy instruments.", "2. The resource requirements for the implementation of the ITL are being provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities. These requirements for the", "implementation of the ITL amount to approximately USD 4 million during the biennium 2006–2007 budget. As at the end of the reporting period, the contributions made by Parties to the Trust Fund totalled approximately USD 3.2 million, leaving a shortfall of approximately USD 0.8 million.", "3. Resources required for the operation of the ITL, including the support for the RSA Forum and other ITL-related activities, amount to approximately USD 2.5 million during the 2006–2007 biennium. There is currently a shortfall of approximately USD 1.7 million of this amount which needs to be provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities.", "4. The total outstanding resource requirements for the implementation and operation of the ITL during 2006–2007, including the other areas of secretariat support for this work, therefore stands at approximately USD 2.5 million.", "5. In view of the delays and insufficiency of funding for the ITL development, the COP, by its decision 16/CP.10, requested the secretariat to explore options in the 2006–2007 budget for the predictable and sufficient provision of resources for the operational activities of the ITL administrator. A number of options were considered by the COP/MOP, at its first session, in the context of the Programme Budget, including connection and transaction fees. The COP/MOP, by its decision 34/CMP.1, authorized the Executive Secretary to collect fees from users of the ITL as an additional income to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in 2006–2007.", "6. In view of this mandate, the Executive Secretary intends to notify Parties which plan to operate registry systems in connection with the ITL of respective contributions to the Trust Fund to cover the shortfall in resources. It is proposed that the distribution among these Parties follow the indicative scale of contributions from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol for the biennium 2006–2007, as contained in decision 34/CMP.1, taking into account appropriate adjustments to include only Annex B Parties.", "[1] ^(*) This document has been submitted late in order to include information on the latest progress in this work." ]

[ "[][]", "Distr. GENERAL", "FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/7 2 November 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES IN THE KYOTO PROTOCOL", "Second session", "Nairobi, 6-17 November 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda Report of the administrator of the international transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Annual report of the administrator of the international transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Note by the secretariat[1]", "Summary This second annual report of the administrator of the transaction log (ITL) provides the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP) with information on progress made in the implementation of the ITL from November 2005 to October 2006. In particular, information is provided on the progress made in the development of the ITL software, the establishment of the ITL infrastructure and the facilitation of cooperation among registry administrators. By its decision 12/CMP.1, the CMP requested the Subsidiary Body for Execution (SBI) to review the annual reports of the ITL administrator at its next sessions. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in the present report and provide guidance to the secretariat and the Parties, where necessary, regarding the operation of registration systems.", "CONTENTS", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1 - 4 3", "A. Mandate 1 - 2 3", "B. Item 3", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation 4 3", "II. SUMMARY OF THE DIFICULTIES UNDERSTANDING AND THE WORK OF THE", "III. TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 11 - 26 4", "A. Development activities 11 - 17 4", "B. Operational activities 18 - 21 6", "C. Initialization activities 22 - 25 7", "D. Summary of the calendar 26 7", "IV. ACTIVITIES OF THE FORUM OF REGISTER SYSTEM ADMINISTRERS 27 - 41 8", "A. Facilitation of the Forum 27 - 34 8", "B. Working group activities 35 - 38 9", "C. Registration System Development Group 39", "V. ORGANIZATIONAL AND RESOURCES PROVISIONS 42 - 47 11", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. By its decision 13/CMP.1, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP) requested the secretariat to establish and carry an international transaction log (ITL) to verify the validity of transactions made by the registries established pursuant to decisions 3/CMP.1 and 13/CMP.1.", "2. By its decision 12/CMP.1, the CMP requested the secretariat, as the ITL administrator, to report annually to the CMP on the organizational arrangements, activities and resources required, and to make recommendations as necessary to improve the operation of registration systems. The CMP also requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider the annual reports of the ITL administrator at its next sessions in order to request the CMP to provide guidance, where necessary, on the operation of registration systems.", "B. Object of the note", "3. This second annual report of the ITL administrator provides the CMP with information on the progress made in the implementation of the ITL. The report covers the period from 18 November 2005 to 27 October 2006. In particular, it provides information on progress in the development of the ITL software, the establishment of the ITL infrastructure and the facilitation of cooperation among registry system administrators (SRAs) through the activities of the ASR Forum.", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation", "4. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in the present report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, where necessary, on the operation of registration systems.", "II. Summary of difficulties encountered and the work undertaken", "5. During the reporting period, considerable efforts were made to implement the ITL and cooperate with the ASR. Although much of the ITL design was completed in 2004, contributions to the UNFCCC Supplementary Activities Trust Fund did not reach the level required to recruit external service providers until 2005.", "6. In 2006, the secretariat selected and contracted two external service providers, in accordance with United Nations standards and financial procedures, to implement the ITL and to operate on a daily basis during the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. La Trasys, an information technology company based in Belgium, has been hired to develop and maintain the software. The LogicCMG has been hired to manage the installation and operation of the ITL software from two data centres located in London (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and to establish a service office in Wales, from which it will support the records.", "7. These suppliers, who will henceforth be the development manager and the ITL operator, have made rapid progress in their work during 2006. The first version of the ITL software has been completed, which has been installed and tested in its infrastructure in the primary data centre. This is an important milestone in the launch of the ITL, which allows us to rely on the quality and suitability of the software. It is currently subjected to experimental tests along with several records. The full version of the ITL programme will be installed in both data centres in December 2006, so that the other registration systems will have time to complete the process of initializing their connection to the ITL by April 2007.", "8. The operational phase of the registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol was already very close, the ITL administrator created the ASR Forum in 2006 as an informal environment in which ASR could comment and coordinate technical and management issues related to registration systems. This Forum has met twice in the period under review. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, its work has focused on the development of common procedures to coordinate the operational activities of all registration systems. An extranet has been established to improve communication between RSAs regarding their systems and operations, and also for meetings and other activities of the Forum.", "9. The ITL administrator has also used the ASR Forum to exchange information and receive feedback on the launch of the ITL and the initialization of registration systems connections to the ITL. The Forum will continue to perform this function while registration systems conduct the initialization process. The ASR Forum has also provided all those responsible for the development of registration software with a means of coordinating technical and programming issues for the completion of their systems.", "10. The activities of the ITL administrator were intense during the period under review. Following these efforts, the implementation of the ITL is well aimed at enabling registration systems to be connected to the ITL and fully operational by April 2007, in accordance with the timetable set out in decision 12/CMP.1. The first records are expected to complete their initialization tests and enter the operational phase by the beginning of the first quarter of 2007.", "III. Technical activities", "A. Development activities", "11. The ITL is developing to be fully consistent with the same data-sharing standards that apply to all other registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol. This universal regulation is necessary for all such registration systems to be compatible and able to operate together efficiently. The specification of the ITL software was created in parallel with data-sharing standards in 2004, and is now complemented by the ITL operational requirements developed in 2005.", "12. As reported by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) at its twenty-first session, the European Commission has decided to provide the secretariat, as a contribution in kind, with the programme code for the elements of the independent journal of community transactions (DITC) common to the ITL (see document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). This is part of an agreement under which the European Commission received in 2004 the specification of the ITL software to serve it as a basis in developing the DITC. This agreement has reduced the development costs of the ITL, as requested by the SBSTA at its nineteenth session to seek ways to reduce the resource requirements for the establishment of the ITL. The agreement has also helped ensure the technical compatibility of the DITC and the ITL.", "13. On the basis of the considerable technical work done previously, the development of the ITL software progresses rapidly, and can be summarized as follows:", "(a) The ITL development manager has virtually completed the review of the specification of the software to ensure its completeness, coherence and integrity. Only some minor changes have been identified as necessary, although some components were not fully defined and are still being developed, in particular those related to the application of the administrator and interfaces with other data systems of the secretariat.", "(b) Some corrections and clarifications of data-sharing standards have been identified, which will be included in a revised version of their technical specification.", "(c) The pilot version of the software, which has been installed and tested in its operational environment in the primary ITL data centre, has been finalized. This constitutes the most important milestone, to date, of the launch of the ITL.", "(d) The pilot software includes all functions to enable the ITL to support and verify the following transactions carried out by the records: the initial issuance of units; the conversion of units within the framework of the joint application; the cancellation of units; the withdrawal of units for the purpose of demonstrating the fulfilment of the commitments assumed under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol; the external transfer of units between records; the dragging of units to the next commitment period; and the modification of the clean development units. Replacement transaction functions and controls are being prepared, but are not yet ready.", "(e) The pilot software includes several administrative processes already completed and allows the encamination of messages between the ITL and the ITL.", "f) The development of the implementation of the ITL administrator has begun, through which the ITL will be monitored and monitored, and the core functions have been completed.", "14. The current version of the ITL software is being piloted with respect to a number of registries, including those established by the CDM, Japan and New Zealand. These pilot tests are primarily aimed at verifying and improving the ITL software, although they also help record developers to verify their ITL systems. For this reason, once you have passed the pilot test, a test version of the ITL will be provided to all records.", "15. The full version of the ITL software, taking into account the results of the pilot test, will be ready in December 2006 and will be submitted at that time to a detailed test of acceptance by the operator and the secretariat. This version will include all the functions necessary for the initialization of the links between the ITL and the other registration systems, thus allowing all records and the ITL to be successfully connected to the ITL by April 2007, following the request of the CMP (decision 12/CMP.1).", "16. In 2007, the development of the ITL should be continued to complete the functionality of the administrator &apos; s application and to connect other secretariat data systems as they are ready. This is the CDM information system, which will be connected in parallel to the initialization of the CDM registry, the compilation and accounting database and the JI information system.", "17. The ITL development manager is about to initiate the training of staff for the service office that has begun to install the operational manager. Once this office is fully established, the development manager will continue to assist it through the provision of technical support and the maintenance of the software.", "B. Operational activities", "18. Verification of records transactions by the ITL will occur in real time. In the event that transactions are in line with the rules established by the CMP, the ITL control shall not affect the operation of the records or the conduct of transactions carried out by them. In this regard, the ITL is conceived as a highly available and fundamental system for the development of activities. The secondary data centre is intended to allow the ITL to continue to operate in the event of a major problem in the main centre.", "19. The work to establish the ITL infrastructure and operational environment is progressing in parallel with the development of the ITL programme. Progress can be summarized as follows:", "(a) The ITL infrastructure in the primary data centre has already been established, and the pilot version of the ITL software has been installed and tested in its context. This infrastructure includes the configuration of all necessary hardware and software licenses for the reliable and safe operation of the ITL. The construction of the ITL database has been completed, and work on the secondary data centre has been initiated.", "(b) The ITL operating monitoring systems are being established. These systems will lay the foundation for determining whether the expected performance of the system is achieved.", "(c) The network connection part of the primary data centre, including the required authentication and security functions, has been completed and is ready to secure the link to the records and the DITC. The network link between primary and secondary data centres has already been installed, and a direct lease line is being installed to the secretariat to ensure a sound connection of secretariat systems and reliable access to the management implementation.", "(d) The service office of the ITL operating officer has initiated its work, in a limited manner, in support of the pilot tests. Their staff continue to receive training on the activities and technical aspects of the ITL and other registration systems. The system tools for their use are almost ready, and work on the procedures for the operation of the office has been initiated.", "20. Other versions of the ITL software will be installed in the operating data centres. The full initialization version will be installed in December 2006, and will be the version with which the records and the DITC are subject to initialization tests. Once the ITL administrator has approved these systems, the links of registry systems will be activated to the ITL live working environment. In addition, a number of testing environments will be provided for use by registration systems testing bodies.", "21. The service office will be fully established in time for the initialization of the records and the DITC. Once established, it will serve as a focal point for all the support provided to ASRs in relation to the operation of the ITL. It will receive requests for telephone and e-mail support and will coordinate the resolution of the problems identified and, where appropriate, will determine the need for more detailed technical support from the ITL development manager or a higher level of support from the secretariat.", "C. Initialization activities", "22. Before being approved for use in the live work environment of the ITL, each of the records and the ITTC must meet the requirements set out in the specification of the data-sharing standards. The process of evaluating the operation of a registry or the DITC, and of activating it in the event that the evaluation is positive, is known as the initialization process, and is to occur in three phases:", "(a) The review of the documentation: the operation of the registry or the ITC is assessed by examining its technical and operational documentation, as indicated in the data-sharing standards;", "(b) Conducting connectivity tests: the ability of the registry or the DITC to connect to the ITL is assessed by verifying whether it can carry out basic communication activities with the ITL as specified in the data exchange standards;", "(c) The performance of functional tests: the ability of the registry or the DITC to perform the required functions is assessed by verifying whether it can perform administrative, transaction or conciliation processes, including notifications, as indicated in the data exchange rules.", "23. The ITL administrator will be ready to receive the technical and operational documentation for review from November 2006. In order to facilitate this process, additional information on the evaluation criteria for such documentation is being distributed to SRs.", "24. The functional and connectivity tests of the records and the DITC will be carried out using the initialization version of the ITL software, which will be installed in the initialization environment of the international newspaper by the end of December 2006. Evidence cases for the initialization process are currently being developed, which will be distributed to record developers and SRAPs in November 2006. The specific timetable according to which registration systems will be subject to initialization tests will depend on their programming for start-up. Further information on the preparation of records is being sought so that the ITL service office can manage the timetable for functional and connectivity testing of each system.", "25. The conditions of use of the ITL by registration systems are under consideration with a view to clarifying issues related to its connection and operation. It is planned to address a number of issues, such as service descriptions, appropriate rules to be used, security, data protection and confidentiality, in a manner that ensures equal treatment of all registration systems.", "D. Summary of the calendar", "26. The following table contains the current timetable for the development and operation of the ITL, as well as for the initialization of the records and the ITL with the ITL.", "Summary of timetable for launch of registration systems", "Date Activity description", "Mid-October Installation of the pilot version of 2006 ITL software in its operational infrastructure", "November 2006 Experimental evidence of the ITL with records", "November 2006 The ITL administrator will be ready to receive documentation of the records and the DITC", "End of December Installation of the initialization version of the 2006 ITL software in both data centers", "January and February Initialization of the CDM registry and commencement of 2007 live ITL activities; additional initialization of national registries when ready", "End of February Finalization and installation of the full 2007 application of the ITL administrator", "March and April 2007 Evidence of initialization of other records with the ITL when ready", "April and May 2007 Initiation of the DITC with the ITL and complete initialization tests for the entire registries belonging to the Parties to the European Union", "IV. Record System Managers Forum activities", "A. Forum facilitation", "27. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the principal objective of the ITL administrator in convening the ASR Forum is to provide an effective means of cooperation with ASRs as a contribution to the development of common procedures, best practices and information-sharing measures. In addressing these issues, the Forum will provide a comprehensive channel for the coordination of management and technical activities of managers.", "28. Two meetings of the ASR Forum were held in 2006. The inaugural meeting was held on 10 and 11 April 2006, and was aimed at establishing the guidance and priorities of the work of the Forum, as well as the process under which this work should continue. The second meeting was held on 9 and 10 October 2006, with the main objective of exchanging further information on the implementation of the ITL and providing guidance to working groups to undertake detailed work on the development of common procedures. Both meetings were held in Bonn, Germany, with the participation of relevant experts from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "29. The work of the Forum has given priority to the development of common procedures that will apply all registration systems, particularly in relation to the reconciliation of data between the ITL and registries, the management of changes in the rules and procedures applied by registry systems and the preparation of reports on independent evaluations of registry systems.", "30. In line with the priority given to the development of common procedures, to be implemented by all RSAs, three working groups have been established to prepare a draft procedures for consideration by the General Forum. The agreed procedures should be ready in time for the operation of registration systems with the ITL. The working groups are composed of between six and eight persons, sent by their SRs, who are expected to contribute as individual members and act in the common interest of all RSAs. The results of the work of the groups will be communicated to the ASR Forum at key times in order to obtain the views of the participants and, where appropriate, to obtain the approval of the Forum.", "31. The ITL administrator, in that capacity, has convened the ASR Forum on an informal basis and hopes that it will carry out its work in a transparent, cooperative and consensus-based manner. The meetings of the ASR Forum were chaired by a representative of the secretariat. The meetings received support and services from secretariat staff.", "32. Participation in the ASR Forum is open to all administrators of national registries and the Kyoto Protocol CDM registry and supplementary transaction logs (such as ITC). The SRAPs send relevant participants according to specific topics to be discussed at the meetings. The ITL administrator also invites some participants from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. While the Protocol does not require such Parties to establish registration systems, the participation of such experts is aimed at enhancing the transparency of the RSA Forum and enabling experience with the registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol to be shared with experts implementing similar systems for environmental policy purposes in non-Annex I Parties.", "33. Two annual meetings of the RSA Forum are expected to be held once the intensive start-up phase has been completed. A third meeting of the Forum is scheduled for 2006 on 11 and 12 December, which will focus mainly on the initialization of log links and the DITC with the ITL. The European Commission has been kind to offer itself to host this meeting of the ASR Forum at its facilities in Brussels, Belgium.", "34. The ITL administrator has established an extranet to provide a centre for the exchange of all the technical information required by the ASR for the implementation of the ITL. It will also provide access to technical cooperation tools and the exchange of technical information among RSAs.", "B. Activities of the working groups", "35. The following three working groups have been established to prepare a draft common procedures to be considered by the ASR Forum:", "(a) The conciliation working group will develop a procedure for comparing and, if necessary, to periodically adjust the data on the assets of units of the assigned amount between the ITL, the records and, where appropriate, the ITC. The work focuses on procedural aspects (programming, timetable, adjustments determination), based on the technical conciliation functions performed in the ITL and other registration systems.", "(b) The working group on change management will develop a procedure for proposing, evaluating, agreeing and implementing changes in the technical and operational aspects of registry systems. The most important issue of change management is the rules for data exchange that use all registration systems. The procedure will also apply to changes in some operational aspects of registry systems.", "(c) The working group on reporting on independent evaluations will develop a procedure and a format to consolidate the results of evaluations and evidence for each registry system on an annual basis. Most of the results will come from the process of evaluating and testing the records before initializing the links with the ITL. Other results will arise during the operation of the records, and when the functions are re-initiated after substantial changes in the registration systems. The annual report on independent evaluations will be made available to the public and expert teams under Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol. The expert review teams are expected to rely heavily on reports on independent evaluations in their review of each Party to the Kyoto Protocol with a commitment contained in Annex B to that Protocol (Annex B Party).", "36. The ASR Forum discussed the elements that could be taken into account in preparing the draft common procedures. These elements provide guidance to the working groups in their work.", "37. The conciliation working group was the first to begin work and met twice during the reporting period. It has reviewed the technical processes of data conciliation between the ITL and the records, as defined in the data-sharing rules, and provided feedback on the drafts of the conciliation procedure prepared by the ITL administrator. The working group will meet again in November 2006 and in early 2007 to continue its work and report on it at the following meetings of the ASR Forum.", "38. Owing to the difficulties encountered in finding a date to be agreed upon by all members, the working group on change management had to postpone its first meeting until after CMP 2. With regard to the working group on reporting on independent evaluations of registration systems, nominations are currently being requested and this group will also begin work after CMP 2.", "C. Registration Systems Development Group", "39. In order to improve the coordination of the technical and programming issues of the development of the ITL and other registration systems, an informal group has been convened within the framework of the ASR Forum that brings together all the software developers for the records (many of whom share their software with other record managers) and the ITC.", "40. The group has met twice to date and focused on exchanging information on development timetables and clarifying issues relating to how data-sharing standards will apply. The issues raised by participants in these rules have been compiled, and the secretariat &apos; s written replies have been circulated to participants. This process continues, through the computer tools for monitoring problems established by the European Commission for the group.", "41. This group has been very useful in exchanging the information needed by ITL and other registry systems. The group is expected to continue to meet regularly throughout the initial start-up and start-up phase of the records and the DITC.", "V. Organizational and resource arrangements", "42. The functions of the ITL administrator are carried out by the Reporting, Data and Analysis Programme of the secretariat. This programme is also responsible for the substantive work of the secretariat on other aspects of emissions trading and the accounting of assigned amounts under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as for work on the submission, analysis and review of information provided by Parties under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, and for intergovernmental negotiations on national communications, inventories, assigned quantities, political registration and registration systems.", "43. The resource requirements for the implementation of the ITL are being met through contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities of the Framework Convention. These requirements amount to approximately US$ 4 million in the biennium 2006-2007. At the end of the reporting period, contributions made by Parties to the Trust Fund amounted to approximately US$ 3.2 million, resulting in a deficit of $0.8 million.", "44. The resources required for the operation of the ITL, including support for the ASR Forum and other activities related to the ITL, are estimated at approximately US$ 2.5 million in the biennium 2006-2007. The current deficit of approximately $1.7 million should be adjusted through contributions to the UNFCCC Supplementary Fund.", "45. The total non-covered resource requirements for the implementation and operation of the ITL during 2006-2007, including the other areas of support of the secretariat for this work, are therefore approximately US$ 2.5 million.", "46. In view of the delays and insufficient funding provided for the development of the ITL, the Conference of the Parties, in its decision 16/CP.10, requested the secretariat to consider the options, in the 2006-2007 budget, for a predictable and adequate provision of the resources required for the operational activities of the ITL administrator. The CMP, at its first session, considered a number of options in the context of the programme budget, including the collection of connection and transaction rates. By its decision 34/CMP.1, the CMP authorized the Executive Secretary to collect contributions from ITL users as an additional income from the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in 2006-2007.", "47. In the light of this mandate, the Executive Secretary intends to notify Parties that they intend to carry registration systems in connection with the ITL of contributions to the Trust Fund to cover the resource deficit. The distribution among those Parties is expected to be linked to the indicative scale of contributions of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol for the biennium 2006 - 2007, as contained in decision 34/CMP.1, taking into account appropriate adjustments to include only Annex B Parties.", "[1] ^(*) This document is submitted late in order to include information on the latest developments in this topic.", "GE.06-64922 (E) 061106 061106" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1 6 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 6 de noviembre de 2006 Tema 6 del programa provisional Adopción de disposiciones para sufragar los gastos de la Conferencia", "GASTOS ESTIMADOS DE LA NOVENA CONFERENCIA ANUAL DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN EL PROTOCOLO II ENMENDADO DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS", "Nota de la secretaría", "1. La Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II enmendado de la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, celebrada en Ginebra el 6 de noviembre de 2006, decidió convocar el ... de noviembre de 2007 una reunión de un día de duración de la Novena Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes.", "2. El presente documento se presenta en cumplimiento de la mencionada decisión de los Estados Partes, y en él se indican los gastos estimados, de 255.200 dólares de los EE.UU., de la celebración de esa reunión. En el cuadro adjunto se hace un desglose de esos gastos.", "3. Cabe señalar que los gastos se calculan teniendo en cuenta la experiencia anterior y el volumen del trabajo previsto. Los gastos efectivos se determinarán tras la clausura de la reunión y la conclusión de los trabajos conexos, cuando se hayan consignado en las cuentas todos los gastos pertinentes. Entonces se determinarán en consecuencia los ajustes que deban introducirse en las contribuciones de los participantes a los gastos comunes.", "GE.06-64933 (S) 041106 041106 4. En lo que respecta a los arreglos financieros, se recordará que, con arreglo a la práctica seguida en anteriores conferencias multilaterales sobre desarme y en reuniones conexas, y según lo dispuesto en sus reglamentos, los gastos se distribuirán entre los Estados Partes que participen en las conferencias de conformidad con la escala de cuotas de las Naciones Unidas, prorrateada para tener en cuenta el número de Estados Partes que asistan a las reuniones. Los Estados que no sean partes pero que hayan aceptado la invitación a participar en las reuniones compartirán los gastos con arreglo a los índices que se les hayan asignado en la escala de cuotas de las Naciones Unidas.", "5. A reserva de la aprobación por los Estados Partes de los gastos estimados y de la fórmula de repartición de los gastos, se prepararán las notificaciones de contribución teniendo en cuenta el total de los gastos estimados y la fórmula aplicable de repartición. Como las actividades mencionadas más arriba no tienen consecuencias financieras para el presupuesto ordinario de la Organización, los Estados Partes deberán efectuar el pago de la parte correspondiente de los gastos estimados tan pronto como reciban las notificaciones.", "Título del período de sesiones", "Novena Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II enmendado de la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de minas, armas trampa y otros artefactos, enmendado el 3 de mayo de 1996, y anexo a la CAC", "Ginebra, ... de noviembre de 2007", "Servicios de Servicios Documentación Documentación Actas Documentación Necesidades Otras Total* conferencias de anterior al del período de resumidas posterior al de servicios necesidades reuniones período de sesiones período de de apoyo sesiones sesiones", "(Dólares EE.UU.)", "Interpretación y 12.600 12.600 servicios de reuniones", "Traducción de la 112.500 16.300 36.900 30.600 196.300 documentación", "Necesidades de 1.700 1.700 servicios de apoyo", "Otras necesidades 5.600 5.600", "Total 12.600 112.500 16.300 36.900 30.600 1.700 5.600 216.200", "* A razón de 1 dólar de los EE.UU. = 1,24 FS.", "A. Necesidades totales relacionadas con los servicios de conferencias (incluido el 13% en concepto de gastos de apoyo al programa) 216.200", "B. Necesidades no relacionadas con los servicios de conferencias", "Un puesto de la categoría P-3 durante tres meses 34.500", "Subtotal 34.500", "Gastos de apoyo al programa a razón del 13% de B 4.500", "Subtotal B 39.000", "Total general (cifra redondeada) A+B 255.200" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1", "STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED 6 November 2006", "PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON", "PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE", "OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH", "MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS", "OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of arrangements for", "meeting the costs of the Conference", "ESTIMATED COSTS OF THE NINTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Note by the Secretariat", "1. The Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed To Be Excessively Injurious or To Have Indiscriminate Effects, held in Geneva on 6 November 2006, decided to convene a one-day meeting of the Ninth Annual Conference of the States Parties on _ November 2007.", "2 This document is submitted pursuant to the above-mentioned decision of the States Parties and provides estimated costs in the amount of US$255,200 for convening that meeting. A breakdown of these costs is provided in the attached table.", "3. It should be noted that the costs are estimated on the basis of past experience and anticipated workload. The actual costs will be determined after the closure of the meeting and completion of related work, with all relevant expenditures recorded in the accounts. At that time, any adjustments in contributions by the participants sharing the costs will be determined accordingly.", "4. With regard to the financial arrangements, it will be recalled that, in accordance with the practice followed on the occasion of previous multilateral disarmament conferences and related meetings, and as reflected in their Rules of Procedure, the costs are shared among the States Parties participating in the conferences, based upon the United Nations scale of assessment pro-rated to take into account the number of States Parties participating in the meetings. States that are not States Parties but that have accepted the invitation to take part in the meetings share in the costs to the extent of their respective rates of assessment under the United Nations scale of assessments.", "5. Subject to the States Parties’ approval of the estimated costs and cost-sharing formula, assessment notices will be prepared based on the overall estimated costs and applicable cost-sharing formula. Since the above-mentioned activities shall have no financial implication for the regular budget of the Organization, States Parties should proceed with the payment of their share of the estimated costs as soon as assessment notices have been received.", "[]" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1 6 November 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006 Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE OF THE Ninth ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF STATES PARTIES TO PROTOCOL II AMENDED TO THE CONVENTION ON CONVENTION SYSTEMS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY NOCTIVE OR INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Note by the secretariat", "1. The Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, held in Geneva on 6 November 2006, decided to convene a one-day meeting of the Ninth Annual Conference of the States Parties.", "2. The present document is submitted pursuant to the above-mentioned decision of the States Parties and indicates the estimated costs of $255,200 for the holding of that meeting. A breakdown of these costs is provided in the attached table.", "3. It should be noted that expenditures are calculated taking into account previous experience and expected workload. Actual expenditures will be determined after the closure of the meeting and the completion of related work, when all relevant expenditures have been recorded in the accounts. The adjustments to be made to participants &apos; contributions to common costs will then be determined accordingly.", "GE.06-64933 (E) 041106 041106 4. With regard to financial arrangements, it will be recalled that, in accordance with the practice of previous multilateral conferences on disarmament and related meetings, and as provided for in their rules of procedure, expenditures will be distributed to States parties participating in conferences in accordance with the scale of assessments of the United Nations, assessed to take into account the number of States parties attending the meetings. States that are not parties but that have accepted the invitation to participate in the meetings shall share the costs in accordance with the rates allocated to them in the United Nations scale of assessments.", "5. Subject to the approval by States parties of the estimated costs and cost-sharing formula, notifications of contributions will be prepared taking into account the total estimated costs and the applicable delivery formula. Since the above-mentioned activities have no financial implications for the Organization &apos; s regular budget, States Parties shall make payment of the corresponding portion of the estimated costs as soon as the notifications are received.", "Title of the session", "Ninth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, amended on 3 May 1996, and annexed to ACC", "Geneva, ... November 2007", "Services Documentation Documentation Documents Documents Other requirements* pre-service conference prior to the post-servicing session", "(United States dollars)", "Interpretation and 12,600 meeting services", "Translation of 112,500 16.300 36.900 30,600 196,300 documentation", "Needs of 1,700 1,700 support services", "Other requirements 5,600", "Total 12,600 112,500 16.300 36.900 30,600 1,700 5,600 216,200", "♪ At the rate of 1 US$ = 1.24 FS.", "A. Total requirements related to conference services (including 13 per cent for programme support costs) 216,200", "B. Non-conference requirements", "One P-3 post for three months 34,500", "Subtotal 34,500", "Programme support costs at a rate of 13 per cent B 4,500", "Subtotal B 39,000", "Total (rounded) A+B 255.200" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.2 20 de abril de 2007", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 6 de noviembre de 2006", "ACTA RESUMIDA DE LA SEGUNDA SESIÓN", "celebrada en el Palacio de las Naciones, Ginebra, el lunes 6 de noviembre de 2006 a las 15.00 horas", "Presidente: Sr. HUSÁK (República Checa)", "SUMARIO", "Informe de los órganos subsidiarios que se establezcan", "Otros asuntos", "Examen y aprobación de los documentos finales", "Clausura de la Conferencia", "La presente acta podrá ser objeto de correcciones.", "Las correcciones deberán redactarse en uno de los idiomas de trabajo. Deberán presentarse en forma de memorando, incorporarse en un ejemplar del acta y enviarse, dentro del plazo de una semana a partir de la fecha del presente documento, a la Sección de Edición, oficina E.4108, Palacio de las Naciones, Ginebra.", "Las correcciones que se introduzcan en las actas de las sesiones de esta Conferencia se reunirán en un documento único que se publicará poco después de la clausura de la Conferencia.", "GE.06-64984 (S) 190407 190407", "Se declara abierta la sesión a las 15.35 horas.", "INFORMES DE LOS ÓRGANOS SUBSIDIARIOS QUE SE ESTABLEZCAN (tema 12 del programa)", "1. El PRESIDENTE observa que no se ha establecido ningún órgano subsidiario.", "OTROS ASUNTOS (tema 13 del programa)", "2. El Sr. RIVASSEAU (Francia) y el Sr. ITZCHAKI (Israel) informan a la Conferencia de que Francia e Israel presentaron al Depositario sus informes anuales con arreglo al Protocolo Enmendado los días 18 de octubre y 6 de noviembre de 2006, respectivamente.", "EXAMEN Y APROBACIÓN DE LOS DOCUMENTOS FINALES (tema 14 del programa) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; texto oficioso con enmiendas al documento CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1, distribuido en la sala de reuniones en inglés solamente)", "3. El PRESIDENTE se refiere al proyecto de informe de la Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1) y al texto oficioso en el que figuran las enmiendas pertinentes, e invita a la Conferencia a que examine el proyecto de informe párrafo por párrafo antes de aprobar el texto en su conjunto.", "Párrafos 1 a 5", "4. Quedan aprobados los párrafos 1 a 5.", "Párrafo 6", "5. El PRESIDENTE dice que deberían añadirse Israel y Venezuela a la lista de participantes que figura en el párrafo 6.", "6. Queda aprobado el párrafo 6 en su forma enmendada.", "Párrafos 7 a 17", "7. Quedan aprobados los párrafos 7 a 17.", "Párrafo 18", "8. El PRESIDENTE se refiere al Llamamiento en favor de la universalidad del Protocolo II Enmendado, que se ha distribuido como parte de las enmiendas al proyecto de informe, e invita a la Conferencia a que apruebe el Llamamiento, así como el párrafo 18.", "9. Queda aprobado el Llamamiento en favor de la universalidad del Protocolo II Enmendado.", "10. Queda aprobado el párrafo 18.", "Párrafo 19", "11. Queda aprobado el párrafo 19.", "Párrafo 20", "Candidaturas para los cargos de Presidente y Vicepresidentes de la Novena Conferencia Anual", "12. El PRESIDENTE invita a los grupos de Estados a que propongan candidaturas para los cargos de Presidente y Vicepresidentes de la Novena Conferencia Anual.", "13. El Sr. KHOKHER (Pakistán), haciendo uso de la palabra en nombre del Grupo de Estados No Alineados y otros Estados, dice que el Grupo deseaba proponer al Embajador Burayzat de Jordania para el cargo de Presidente de la Novena Conferencia Anual.", "14. El Sr. BLAŽEK (República Checa), haciendo uso de la palabra en nombre del Grupo de Estados de Europa Oriental, dice que el Grupo desea proponer al Embajador Anton Pinter de Eslovaquia como Vicepresidente de la Novena Conferencia Anual.", "15. El Sr. BRASACK (Alemania), haciendo uso de la palabra en nombre del Grupo de Estados Occidentales, dice que el Grupo anunciará el nombre de su candidato al cargo de Vicepresidente el día 9 de noviembre de 2006.", "16. El PRESIDENTE señala que, si no hay objeciones, dará por supuesto que la Conferencia desea nombrar al Embajador de Jordania como Presidente de la Novena Conferencia Anual, y al Embajador de Eslovaquia como uno de sus Vicepresidentes. El nombre del Vicepresidente que proponga el Grupo de Estados Occidentales se consignará en el informe final de la Conferencia.", "17. Así queda acordado.", "18. En ese entendimiento, queda aprobado el párrafo 20.", "Párrafos 21 y 22", "19. Quedan aprobados los párrafos 21 y 22.", "20. Queda aprobado el proyecto de informe de la Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado en su totalidad, en su forma enmendada.", "CLAUSURA DE LA CONFERENCIA", "21. Después de dar las gracias a las delegaciones, así como a la secretaría y a los servicios de conferencias por sus contribuciones, el PRESIDENTE declara clausurada la Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado.", "Se levanta la sesión a las 16.00 horas." ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.210 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2nd MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, 3 p.m.", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S)", "OTHER MATTERS", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "The meeting was called to order at 3.35 p.m.", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S) (agenda item 12)", "1. The PRESIDENT noted that no subsidiary bodies had been established.", "OTHER MATTERS (agenda item 13)", "2. Mr. RIVASSEAU (France) and Mr. ITZCHAKI (Israel) informed the Conference that France and Israel had submitted their annual reports under the Amended Protocol to the Depositary on 18 October and 6 November 2006 respectively.", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS (agenda item 14) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; non-paper containing amendments to CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1 circulated in the meeting room in English only)", "3. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1) and the non-paper containing relevant amendments, and invited the Conference to examine the draft report paragraph by paragraph prior to adopting the text as a whole.", "Paragraphs 1-5", "4. Paragraphs 1-5 were adopted.", "Paragraph 6", "5. The PRESIDENT said that Israel and Venezuela should be added to the list of participants contained in paragraph 6.", "6. Paragraph 6, as amended, was adopted.", "Paragraphs 7 to 17", "7. Paragraphs 7 to 17 were adopted.", "Paragraph 18", "8. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II, which had been circulated as part of the amendments to the draft report, and invited the Conference to adopt the Appeal, as well as paragraph 18.", "9. The Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II was adopted.", "10. Paragraph 18 was adopted.", "Paragraph 19", "11. Paragraph 19 was adopted.", "Paragraph 20", "Nomination of the President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference", "12. The PRESIDENT invited the groups of States to put forward candidates for the posts of President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "13. Mr. KHOKHER (Pakistan), speaking on behalf of the group of Non-Aligned and Other States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Burayzat of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "14. Mr. BLAŽEK (Czech Republic), speaking on behalf of the group of Eastern European States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Anton Pinter of Slovakia as Vice‑President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "15. Mr. BRASACK (Germany), speaking on behalf of the Western group, said that the group would nominate its candidate for Vice-President on 9 November 2006.", "16. The PRESIDENT said that if he heard no objections, he would take it that the Conference wished to designate the Ambassador of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference and the Ambassador of Slovakia as a Vice-President. The name of the Vice-President nominated by the Western group would be included in the final report of the Conference.", "17. It was so decided.", "18. Paragraph 20 was adopted on that understanding.", "Paragraphs 21 and 22", "19. Paragraphs 21 and 22 were adopted.", "20. The draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II as a whole, as amended, was adopted.", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "21. After thanking all the delegations as well as the secretariat and the conference services for their contributions, the PRESIDENT declared the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II closed.", "The meeting rose at 4 p.m." ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.2 20 April 2007", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE SECOND MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 3 p.m.", "Chairman: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "Report of the subsidiary bodies established", "Other matters", "Review and adoption of final documents", "Closure of the Conference", "This record is subject to correction.", "Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages. They shall be presented in a memorandum, incorporated in a copy of the record and sent within one week of the date of the present document to the Editing Section, room E.4108, Palais des Nations, Geneva.", "Any corrections to the records of the meetings of this Conference will be consolidated in a single corrigendum, to be issued shortly after the end of the Conference.", "GE.06-64984 (E) 190407", "The meeting was called to order at 3.35 p.m.", "REPORTS OF SUBSIDIARY BODIES ESTABLISHED (agenda item 12)", "1. The CHAIRMAN noted that no subsidiary body had been established.", "Other matters (agenda item 13)", "2. Mr. RIVASSEAU (France) and ITZCHAKI (Israel) inform the Conference that France and Israel submitted their annual reports to the Depositary under the Amended Protocol on 18 October and 6 November 2006, respectively.", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF FINAL DOCUMENTS (agenda item 14) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; informal text with amendments to document CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1, distributed in the meeting room in English only)", "3. The CHAIRMAN referred to the draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1) and the informal text containing the relevant amendments, and invited the Conference to consider the draft report paragraph by paragraph before the adoption of the text as a whole.", "Paragraphs 1 to 5", "4. Paragraphs 1 to 5 were adopted.", "Paragraph 6", "5. The CHAIRMAN said that Israel and Venezuela should be added to the list of participants in paragraph 6.", "6. Paragraph 6, as amended, was adopted.", "Paragraphs 7 to 17", "7. Paragraphs 7 to 17 were adopted.", "Paragraph 18", "8. The CHAIRMAN referred to the Call for the Universality of Amended Protocol II, which had been circulated as part of the amendments to the draft report, and invited the Conference to adopt the Call, as well as paragraph 18.", "9. The Call for the Universality of Amended Protocol II was adopted.", "10. Paragraph 18 was adopted.", "Paragraph 19", "11. Paragraph 19 was adopted.", "Paragraph 20", "Candidatures for President and Vice-Presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference", "12. The CHAIRMAN invited the groups of States to propose nominations for the positions of President and Vice-Presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "13. Mr. KHOKHER (Pakistan), speaking on behalf of the Group of Non-Aligned States and other States, said that the Group wished to propose to Ambassador Burayzat of Jordan to serve as Chairman of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "14. Mr. BLAŽEK (Czech Republic), speaking on behalf of the Group of Eastern European States, said that the Group wished to propose to Ambassador Anton Pinter of Slovakia as Vice-President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "15. Mr. BRAZACK (Germany), speaking on behalf of the Western Group, said that the Group would announce the name of its candidate for the post of Vice-Chair on 9 November 2006.", "16. The CHAIRMAN said that, if there were no objections, he would assume that the Conference wished to appoint the Ambassador of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference, and the Ambassador of Slovakia as one of his Vice-Presidents. The name of the Vice-President proposed by the Group of Western States will be reflected in the final report of the Conference.", "17. It was so decided.", "18. In that understanding, paragraph 20.", "Paragraphs 21 and 22", "19. Paragraphs 21 and 22 were adopted.", "20. The draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II as a whole, as amended, was adopted.", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "21. After thanking delegations, as well as the secretariat and conference services for their contributions, the CHAIRMAN declared closed the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "The meeting rose at 4 p.m." ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/CRP.1", "7 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL", "Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006", "Tema 18 del programa provisional Consideración y aprobación de los documentos finales", "PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO FINAL", "ÍNDICE", "Párrafos Página", "Parte I. INFORME DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS 1 - 43 3", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 - 14 3", "II. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN 15 - 31 7", "III. LABOR DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN 32 - 39 10", "IV. DECISIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 40 - 43 11", "Anexo: Lista de documentos", "Parte II. DECLARACIÓN FINAL 11", "Anexo:", "GE.06-64991 (S) 091106 091106", "ÍNDICE (continuación)", "Párrafos Página", "Parte III. DOCUMENTOS DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN", "[Programa de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen", "Programa de Trabajo de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen", "Informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "Informe de la Comisión Principal I", "Informe de la Comisión Principal II", "Informe del Comité de Redacción]", "Parte IV. ACTAS RESUMIDAS DE LAS SESIONES PLENARIAS", "Parte V. LISTA DE PARTICIPANTES", "Parte I", "INFORME DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN", "1. La Primera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados convino, entre otras cosas, en que \"en el futuro se deberían celebrar conferencias de examen con más frecuencia y que debería considerarse la posibilidad de celebrar una conferencia de examen cada cinco años\" (CCW/CONF.I/16, Parte I, anexo C, Declaración final, art. 8).", "2. La Segunda Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención convino, entre otras cosas, en que en el futuro se deberían celebrar conferencias de examen en forma periódica. A ese respecto, la Conferencia decidió, \"de conformidad con el apartado c) del párrafo 3 del artículo 8, convocar otra conferencia cinco años después de la entrada en vigor de las enmiendas aprobadas en la Segunda Conferencia de Examen pero, en todo caso, no más tarde del año 2006, y que las reuniones preparatorias de expertos comenzaran ya en el año 2005, de ser necesario\" (CCW/CONF.II/2, Parte II, Declaración final, art. 8).", "3. En su sexagésimo período de sesiones, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en el párrafo 8 de la parte dispositiva de su resolución 60/93, de 6 de enero de 2006, entre otras cosas recordó que los Estados Partes habían decidido convocar otra conferencia, a más tardar en 2006, pidió que la conferencia se celebrara en noviembre de 2006 en Ginebra y fuera precedida de todas las reuniones preparatorias que los Estados Partes consideraran necesarias, y pidió también que en la Reunión de los Estados Partes de los días 24 y 25 de noviembre de 2005 se tomara una decisión definitiva sobre estas cuestiones. Además, en el párrafo 9 de la parte dispositiva de dicha resolución, la Asamblea General señaló que, \"de conformidad con el artículo 8 de la Convención, en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen podrá considerarse toda propuesta de enmienda a la Convención o los Protocolos que se presente, así como toda propuesta para elaborar un protocolo adicional en relación con otras categorías de armas convencionales no incluidas en los actuales protocolos de la Convención\".", "4. De conformidad con la decisión adoptada por la Segunda Conferencia de Examen y con la recomendación comprendida en la resolución 60/93 de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, la Reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención (Ginebra, 24 y 25 de noviembre de 2005) decidió, como se indica en los párrafos 26, 27 y 29 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, \"convocar la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención del 7 al 17 de noviembre de 2006 en Ginebra conjuntamente con la Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II enmendado\". A ese respecto, la Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió encomendar la realización de los trabajos de seguimiento bajo la vigilancia del Presidente designado de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención y que se hicieran todos los preparativos necesarios para la Tercera Conferencia de Examen en el marco del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales existente. La Reunión de los Estados Partes aprobó también los gastos estimados de los tres períodos de sesiones de 2006 del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales y de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, que había de celebrarse en 2006 (CCW/MSP/2005/2, párr. 39).", "5. La Reunión de 2005 de los Estados Partes decidió por unanimidad, como se indica en el párrafo 38 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, designar al Embajador François Rivasseau de Francia Presidente de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes, que se celebraría en 2006. A ese respecto, la Reunión de los Estados Partes acordó que \"se respetara el principio de la rotación geográfica equitativa entre los diversos grupos regionales en la designación de los futuros presidentes de las Conferencias de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención\".", "6. La Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió, como se indica en el párrafo 30 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre los restos explosivos de guerra continuara su labor en 2006 con el siguiente mandato:", "\"Seguir examinando, en particular con la participación de expertos jurídicos, la aplicación de los principios existentes del derecho internacional humanitario y seguir estudiando, con un enfoque flexible y dando particular importancia a la celebración de reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos, posibles medidas preventivas para mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, con vistas a reducir al mínimo el riesgo humanitario que supondría la transformación de esas municiones en restos explosivos de guerra. El intercambio de información, la asistencia y la cooperación serían parte de este trabajo. El Grupo informará de la labor realizada a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen en 2006.\"", "7. La Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió, como se indica en el párrafo 31 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal continuara su labor en el año 2006 con el siguiente mandato:", "\"a) Seguir examinando todas las propuestas sobre las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal que se hayan formulado desde el establecimiento del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales con objeto de elaborar recomendaciones adecuadas sobre las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal para presentarlas a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen en 2006.", "b) Celebrar también reuniones de expertos militares para prestar asesoramiento sobre esas actividades.\"", "8. La Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió, como se indica en el párrafo 32 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, que \"el Presidente designado realizase consultas entre los períodos de sesiones sobre las posibles opciones para promover el cumplimiento de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, teniendo en cuenta las propuestas formuladas, y que presentase a los Estados Partes un informe aprobado por consenso\".", "9. La Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió, como se indica en el párrafo 33 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, que \"el Presidente designado realizase consultas durante el período entre períodos de sesiones sobre la posibilidad de establecer un programa de patrocinio con arreglo a la Convención y sobre las modalidades de dicho programa, y que informase de ello a los Estados Partes\".", "10. La Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió, como se indica en el párrafo 35 del documento CCW/MSP/2005/2, que \"el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, en su calidad de Depositario de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, y el Presidente designado, en nombre de los Estados Partes, hicieran valer su autoridad para lograr el objetivo de universalidad de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos\".", "11. De conformidad con la decisión adoptada en la Reunión de 2005 de los Estados Partes en la Convención, el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales celebró tres períodos de sesiones en Ginebra, en las fechas siguientes:", "• 13º período de sesiones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (6 a 10 de marzo de 2006);", "• 14º período de sesiones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (19 a 23 de junio de 2006);", "• 15º período de sesiones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006).", "12. En su 13º período de sesiones, el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales decidió, entre otras cosas, recomendar a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen para su aprobación el programa provisional de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, publicado con la signatura CCW/GGE/XIII/1, así como el proyecto de reglamento de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones y restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/GGE/XIII/3. El Grupo decidió también nombrar Secretario General provisional de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen al Sr. Peter Kolarov, Oficial de Asuntos Políticos de la Subdivisión de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme.", "13. En su 14º período de sesiones, el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales decidió, entre otras cosas, recomendar a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen el programa de trabajo provisional, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/2, así como el programa provisional de su Comisión Principal I, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/4, y el programa provisional de su Comisión Principal II, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/5. El Grupo también decidió recomendar a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen el Plan de Acción para promover la universalidad de la Convención, que figura en el documento CCW/CONF.III/6.", "14. En su 15º período de sesiones, el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales decidió, entre otras cosas, recomendar a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen el programa de trabajo provisional de la Comisión Principal I de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4, y el programa de trabajo provisional de la Comisión Principal II de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5. El Grupo decidió asimismo recomendar a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen el proyecto de documento final de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7, el proyecto de declaración con motivo de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo V sobre los restos explosivos de guerra de la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, y el proyecto de decisión sobre el establecimiento de un programa de patrocinio con arreglo a la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, publicado con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8.", "II. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN", "15. La Tercera Conferencia de Examen se celebró en Ginebra del 7 al 17 de noviembre de 2006.", "16. El 7 de noviembre de 2006, inauguró la Conferencia el Sr. Tim Caughley, Director del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme (Subdivisión de Ginebra).", "17. En su primera sesión plenaria, el 7 de noviembre de 2006, la Conferencia confirmó por aclamación el nombramiento del Embajador François Rivasseau de Francia como Presidente de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen.", "18. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia aprobó su Programa, recomendado por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "19. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia aprobó el reglamento, recomendado por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales. En relación con la aprobación del reglamento, el Presidente de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen hizo la siguiente declaración:", "\"En cuanto al artículo 34 del reglamento, se señala que, en el curso de las deliberaciones y negociaciones sobre la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, las Altas Partes Contratantes han actuado sobre la base del consenso y no se ha adoptado decisión alguna mediante votación.\"", "20. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia confirmó por unanimidad el nombramiento del Sr. Peter Kolarov, Oficial de Asuntos Políticos de la Subdivisión de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme como Secretario General de la Conferencia.", "21. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia aprobó el programa de trabajo, recomendado por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (CCW/CONF.III/2). La Conferencia también decidió distribuir los trabajos entre las dos comisiones principales como sigue:", "funcionamiento de la Convención y de los Protocolos que lleva anexos, examen de cualquier propuesta relativa a la Convención y a los Protocolos ya existentes, y preparación y estudio de los documentos finales.", "protocolos adicionales a la Convención.", "22. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia, de conformidad con su reglamento, eligió por unanimidad a diez Vicepresidentes de los siguientes Estados Partes: Alemania, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Filipinas, Japón, Marruecos, Polonia, República Checa, y Suiza.", "23. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia también eligió por unanimidad a los Presidentes y Vicepresidentes de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes, de las dos comisiones principales y del Comité de Redacción, como sigue:", "Comisión deVerificaciónde Poderes:\tPresidenteVicepresidente\tSr. Gordan Markotić (Croacia)Sr. Enrique Ochoa Martínez(México)\nComisión PrincipalI:\tPresidente\tSr. Edvardas Borisovas(Lituania)\n\tVicepresidente\tSra. Katherine Baker (EstadosUnidos)\nComisión PrincipalII:\tPresidente\tSr. Carlos Antonio da RochaParanhos (Brasil)\n\tVicepresidente\tSr. Vladimir Novokhatskiy(Federación de Rusia)\nComité deRedacción:\tPresidente\tSr. Jayant Prasad (India)\n\tVicepresidente\tSr. Itzhak Levanon (Israel)", "24. La Conferencia también nombró, a propuesta del Presidente, a representantes de los siguientes tres Estados Partes como miembros de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes: Australia, Eslovaquia y Sudáfrica.", "25. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia recibió un mensaje del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas que fue transmitido por el Sr. Tim Caughley, Director de la Subdivisión de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme. Posteriormente, el Presidente de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, Embajador François Rivasseau de Francia, presentó el Informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales para su examen por la Conferencia.", "26. Participaron en la labor de la Conferencia los siguientes Estados Partes en la Convención:  […].", "27. Participaron en la labor de la Conferencia los siguientes Estados que han ratificado o que de otro modo se han adherido a la Convención, aunque ésta todavía no haya entrado en vigor en ellos: [...].", "28. Participaron también en la labor de la Conferencia los Estados signatarios siguientes: […].", "29. Participaron en calidad de observadores los siguientes Estados que no son partes en la Convención: […].", "30. También participaron en la labor de la Conferencia los representantes de […].", "31. Asistieron a las sesiones públicas de la Conferencia los representantes de […].", "III. LABOR DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN", "32. Bajo la Presidencia del Embajador François Rivasseau de Francia, la Conferencia celebró […] sesiones plenarias. Los documentos y las actas resumidas de estas sesiones se incluyen en el Documento final.", "33. Los días 7 [y 8] de noviembre de 2006, la Conferencia sostuvo un intercambio general de opiniones. Participaron en ese intercambio de opiniones las siguientes delegaciones: […]. El representante de […] también participó en el intercambio de opiniones. Participaron también en el intercambio de opiniones varias organizaciones no gubernamentales, a saber […].", "34. El 13 de noviembre de 2006, la Conferencia celebró una sesión plenaria especial para celebrar la entrada en vigor, el 12 de noviembre de 2006, del Protocolo V sobre los restos explosivos de guerra. Participaron en ese intercambio de opiniones con ocasión de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo las siguientes delegaciones: […]. También participó en el intercambio de opiniones el representante de […].", "35. En la misma sesión especial, la Conferencia recibió un mensaje del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas que fue transmitido por el Sr. Nobuaki Tanaka, Secretario General Adjunto del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas.", "36. La Comisión Principal I celebró […] sesiones del […] de noviembre de 2006. El Presidente de la Comisión, Embajador Edvardas Borisovas de Lituania, presentó su informe a la Conferencia en su cuarta sesión plenaria el […] de noviembre de 2006.", "37. La Comisión Principal II celebró […] sesiones del […] de noviembre de 2006. El Presidente de la Comisión, Embajador Carlos da Rocha Paranhos de Brasil, presentó su informe a la Conferencia en su cuarta sesión plenaria el […] de noviembre de 2006.", "38. La Comisión de Verificación de Poderes celebró […] sesiones los días […] y […] de noviembre de 2006. El Presidente de la Comisión, Embajador Gordan Markotić de Croacia, presentó su informe a la Conferencia en su cuarta sesión plenaria el [17] de noviembre de 2006.", "39. El Comité de Redacción celebró […] sesiones el […] de noviembre de 2006. El Presidente del Comité, Embajador Jayant Prasad de la India, presentó su informe a la Conferencia en su cuarta sesión plenaria el [17] de noviembre de 2006.", "IV. DECISIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES", "40. En su […] sesión plenaria, el [17] de noviembre de 2006, la Conferencia tomó nota del informe de la Comisión Principal I, publicado con la signatura […], de la Comisión Principal II, publicado con la signatura […] y del Comité de Redacción, publicado con la signatura […]. En la misma sesión plenaria la Conferencia aprobó el informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes, que figura en […] y aprobó el proyecto de resolución que contiene.", "41. La Tercera Conferencia de Examen expresó su profunda gratitud a todos los integrantes del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales desde su establecimiento por la Segunda Conferencia de Examen por su contribución a los trabajos del Grupo.", "42. En la misma sesión plenaria la Conferencia aprobó […].", "43. En la misma sesión plenaria, la Conferencia aprobó su informe final, que figura en el documento […], con enmiendas orales, que se publicará con la signatura CCW/CONF.III/xxx.", "Parte II", "DECLARACIÓN FINAL", "[…]" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/CRP.17 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 18 of the Agenda", "Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "CONTENTS", "Part I: Report of the Third Review Conference", "Annex: List of Documents", "Part II: Final Declaration", "Annex:", "Part III: Documents of the Third Review Conference", "[- Agenda of the Third Review Conference", "[…]", "Part IV: Summary Records of Plenary Meetings", "Part V: List of Participants", "GE.06-64988", "PART I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "I. Introduction", "1. The First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects agreed, inter alia, that “future review conferences should be held more frequently, with consideration to be given to holding a review conference every five years” (CCW/CONF.I/16, Part I, Annex C, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "2. The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention agreed, inter alia, that future Review Conferences should continue to be held on a regular basis. In this connection, the Conference decided, “consistent with Article 8.3(c) of the Convention, to convene a further Conference five years following the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference, but in any case not later than 2006, with preparatory meetings starting as early as 2005, if necessary” (CCW/CONF.II/2, Part II, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "3. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in operative paragraph 8 of its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled the decision of the States Parties to convene a further conference not later than 2006; requested that the Conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by as many preparatory meetings as deemed necessary; and also requested the Meeting of the States Parties on 24 and 25 November 2005 to take a final decision on these matters. Furthermore, in operative paragraph 9 of its resolution 60/93, the General Assembly noted that, “in conformity with Article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposal for amendments to the Convention or the Protocols thereto as well as any proposal for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing protocols to the Convention”.", "4. Following the decision of the Second Review Conference and the recommendation of United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/93, the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention (Geneva, 24 and 25 November 2005) decided, as contained in paragraphs 26, 27 and 29 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, “to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.” In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to commission follow-up work under the oversight of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, and that all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference be undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Meeting of the States Parties also approved the estimated costs of the Third Review Conference and the three sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts in 2006 (CCW/MSP/2005/2, paragraph 39).", "5. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties unanimously decided, as contained in paragraph 38 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to designate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to be held in 2006. In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties agreed that “the principle of equitable geographical rotation among the regional groups shall be ensured when addressing the Presidency of future Review Conferences of the States Parties to the Convention.”", "6. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 30 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the Third Review Conference in 2006.”", "7. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 31 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "8. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 32 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "9. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 33 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on the possibility to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a sponsorship programme, and shall report to the States Parties.”", "10. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 35 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to recommend that “the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and the President-designate, on behalf of the States Parties, exercise their authority to achieve the goal of universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.”", "11. Following the decision of the 2005 Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, the Group of Governmental Experts held three sessions at Geneva, as follows:", "10 March 2006;", "23 June 2006;", "August to 6 September 2006.", "12. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Provisional Agenda of the Third Review Conference, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/1, as well as the Draft Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/3. The Group also decided to nominate Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Department for Disarmament Affairs, Geneva Branch, as Provisional Secretary-General of the Third Review Conference.", "13. The Fourteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference its Provisional Programme of Work as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/2, as well as the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee I, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/4, and the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee II, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the CCW, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/6.", "14. The Fifteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4, and Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee II of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7, the Draft Declaration on the Entry into force of CCW Protocol V on ERW, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, as well as the Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8.", "II. Organisation of the Third Review Conference", "15. The Third Review Conference was held at Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "16. On 7 November 2006, the Conference was opened by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Department for Disarmament Affairs (Geneva Branch).", "17. At its first plenary meeting, on 7 November 2006, the Conference confirmed by acclamation the nomination of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference.", "18. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its Agenda as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "19. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Rules of Procedure, as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts. In connection with the adoption of the Rules of Procedure, the President of the Third Review Conference made the following statement:", "“With regard to Rule 34 of the Rules of Procedure, it is affirmed that, in the deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, High Contracting Parties have proceeded on the basis of consensus and no decisions have been taken by vote.”", "20. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously confirmed the nomination of Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs as Secretary-General of the Conference.", "21. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Programme of Work as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/2). The Conference also decided to distribute its work between the two Main Committees as follows:", "Convention and its annexed Protocols; consideration of any proposal for the Convention and its existing Protocols; and preparation and consideration of the final documents;", "protocols to the Convention.", "22. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference, in accordance with its Rules of Procedure, unanimously elected 10 Vice-Presidents from the following States Parties: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland and Switzerland.", "23. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference also unanimously elected the Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Credentials Committee, the two Main Committees and the Drafting Committee, as follows:", "Credentials Chairperson Mr. Gordan Markotić (Croatia) Committee:", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Enrique Ochoa Martínez (Mexico)", "Main Committee I: Chairperson Mr. Edvardas Borisovas (Lithuania)", "Vice-Chairperson Ms. Katherine Baker (United States)", "Main Committee II: Chairperson Mr. Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos (Brazil)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Vladimir Novokhatskiy (Russian Federation)", "Drafting Committee: Chairperson Mr. Jayant Prasad (India)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Itzhak Levanon (Israel)", "24. The Conference also appointed, on the proposal of the President, representatives from the following three States Parties as members of the Credentials Committee: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa.", "25. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs. Subsequently, the President of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, submitted the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts for consideration by the Conference.", "26. The following States Parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference: […].", "27. The following States which have ratified or otherwise acceded to the Convention, but for which it is not yet in force, participated in the work of the Conference: [...]", "28. The following Signatory States also participated in the work of the Conference: […]", "29. The following States not parties to the Convention participated as observers: […]", "30. The representatives of the […] also participated in the work of the Conference.", "31. The representatives of the […] attended public meetings of the Conference.", "III. Work of the Third Review Conference", "32. Under the presidency of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, the Conference held […] plenary meetings. The documentation and summary records of these meetings are included in the Final Document.", "33. On 7 [and 8] November 2006, the Conference held a general exchange of views. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views. Non-governmental organisations, namely […], also participated in the exchange of views.", "34. On 13 November 2006, the Conference held a special plenary meeting to mark the entry into force, on 12 November 2006, of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views on the occasion of the entry into force of the Protocol: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views.", "35. At the same special plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by the Under Secretary-General of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka.", "36. Main Committee I held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "37. Main Committee II held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Carlos da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "38. The Credentials Committee held […] meetings on […] and […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Gordan Markotić of Croatia, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "39. The Drafting Committee held […] meetings on […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Jayant Prasad of India, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "IV. Decisions and Recommendations", "40. At its […] plenary meeting, on [17] November 2006, the Conference took note of the reports of Main Committee I, as contained in […], Main Committee II, as contained in […] and the Drafting Committee, as contained in […]. At the same plenary meeting the Conference approved the report of the Credentials Committee, as contained in […] and adopted the draft resolution contained therein.", "41. The Third Review Conference expressed deep gratitude to all office holders of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment by the Second Review Conference for their contribution to the work of the Group.", "42. At the same plenary meeting the Conference adopted […].", "43. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its final report, as contained in document […], as orally amended, which is being issued as document CCW/CONF.III/xxx.", "PART II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "[…]" ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/CRP.1", "7 November 2006", "SPANISH", "Original:", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 18 of the provisional agenda Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "CONTENTS", "Paragraphs Page", "Part I. REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF AGREEMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY NOCTIVE OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS 1 - 43 3", "I. Introduction 1 - 14 3", "II. ORGANIZATION OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE 15 - 31 7", "III. THE WORK OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE 32 - 39 10", "IV. DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 40 - 43 11", "Annex: List of documents", "Part II. FINAL STATEMENT 11", "Annex:", "GE.06-64991 (E) 091106 091106", "CONTENTS (continued)", "Paragraphs Page", "Part III. DOCUMENTS OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "[Programme of the Third Review Conference", "Programme of work of the Third Review Conference", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "Report of Main Committee I", "Report of Main Committee II", "Report of the Drafting Committee]", "Part IV. SUMMARY RECORDS OF THE PLENARY MEETINGS", "Part V. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS", "Part I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF AGREEMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY NONTIVE OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "I. Introduction", "1. The First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects agreed, inter alia, that \"review conferences should be held more frequently in the future and that a review conference should be considered every five years\" (CCW/CONF.I/16, Part I, annex C, Final Declaration, art. 8).", "2. The Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention agreed, inter alia, that review conferences should be held on a regular basis in the future. In this regard, the Conference decided, \"in accordance with article 8, paragraph 3 (c), to convene another conference five years after the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference but, in any event, not later than 2006, and that the preparatory meetings of experts would begin in 2005, if necessary\" (CCW/CONF.II/2, Part II, Final Declaration, art. 8).", "3. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in operative paragraph 8 of its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled that States parties had decided to convene another conference by 2006, requested that the conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by all preparatory meetings that States parties considered necessary, and also requested that the Meeting of States Parties take a final decision on 24 November 2005 and 25 days. In addition, in operative paragraph 9 of that resolution, the General Assembly noted that, \"in accordance with article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposed amendment to the Convention or the Protocols to be submitted, as well as any proposal to develop an additional protocol in relation to other categories of conventional weapons not included in the present protocols to the Convention.\"", "4. In accordance with the decision taken by the Second Review Conference and with the recommendation contained in United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/93, the Meeting of States Parties to the Convention (Geneva, 24 and 25 November 2005) decided, as indicated in paragraphs 26, 27 and 29 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, \"to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention in conjunction with the Annual Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006. In that regard, the Meeting of States Parties decided to entrust follow-up work under the supervision of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention and to make all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Meeting of States Parties also approved the estimated costs of the three 2006 sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts and the Third Review Conference, to be held in 2006 (CCW/MSP/2005/2, para. 39).", "5. The 2005 Meeting of States Parties unanimously decided, as indicated in paragraph 38 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to designate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as Chairman of the Third Review Conference of States Parties, to be held in 2006. In this regard, the Meeting of States Parties agreed that \"the principle of equitable geographical rotation among the various regional groups should be respected in the designation of future chairpersons of the Review Conferences of States Parties to the Convention.\"", "6. The Meeting of States Parties decided, as indicated in paragraph 30 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in 2006 with the following mandate:", "\"To continue to examine, in particular with the participation of legal experts, the implementation of the existing principles of international humanitarian law and to continue to study, with a flexible approach and giving particular importance to the holding of meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures to improve the design of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk posed by the transformation of such munitions into explosive remnants of war. The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work of the Third Review Conference in 2006.\"", "7. The Meeting of States Parties decided, as indicated in paragraph 31 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Mines Other than Anti-Personnel Mines should continue its work in 2006 with the following mandate:", "\"a) Continue to consider all proposals on mines other than anti-personnel mines that have been made since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts to develop appropriate recommendations on mines other than anti-personnel mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "(b) Also hold meetings of military experts to provide advice on such activities. \"", "8. The Meeting of States Parties decided, as indicated in paragraph 32 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, that \"the President-designate consults between sessions on possible options for promoting compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account the proposals made, and to submit to the States Parties a report adopted by consensus.\"", "9. The Meeting of States Parties decided, as indicated in paragraph 33 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, that \"the President-designate consults during the intersessional period on the possibility of establishing a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a programme, and to inform States parties of this.\"", "10. The Meeting of States Parties decided, as indicated in paragraph 35 of document CCW/MSP/2005/2, that \"the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as the Depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and the President-designate, on behalf of the States Parties, shall assert their authority to achieve the goal of universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.\"", "11. In accordance with the decision taken at the 2005 Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, the Group of Governmental Experts held three sessions in Geneva on the following dates:", "• Thirteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts (6-10 March 2006);", "• Fourteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts (19-23 June 2006);", "• Fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts (28 August-6 September 2006).", "12. At its thirteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference for adoption the provisional agenda for the Third Review Conference, issued under the symbol CCW/GGE/XIII/1, as well as the draft rules of procedure for the Third Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions and Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, CCX/GE/3 The Group also decided to appoint Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs.", "13. At its fourteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the provisional programme of work, issued as document CCW/CONF.III/2, as well as the provisional agenda of its Main Committee I, issued as document CCW/CONF.III/4, and the provisional agenda of its Main Committee II, issued as document CCW/CONF.III/5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Plan of Action to Promote the Universality of the Convention, contained in document CCW/CONF.III/6.", "14. At its fifteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the provisional programme of work of Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, issued under the symbol CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4 The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the draft outcome document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, issued under the symbol CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7, the draft declaration on the entry into force of the Protocol V", "II. ORGANIZATION OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "15. The Third Review Conference was held in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "16. On 7 November 2006, the Conference was opened by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Department for Disarmament Affairs (Geneva Branch).", "17. At its 1st plenary meeting, on 7 November 2006, the Conference confirmed by acclamation the appointment of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference.", "18. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its Programme, recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "19. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the rules of procedure, recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts. In connection with the adoption of the rules of procedure, the President of the Third Review Conference made the following statement:", "\"With regard to rule 34 of the rules of procedure, it is noted that, in the course of the deliberations and negotiations on the Convention and its annexed Protocols, the High Contracting Parties have acted on the basis of consensus and no decision has been taken by means of a vote. \"", "20. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously confirmed the appointment of Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary-General of the Conference.", "21. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the programme of work, recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/2). The Conference also decided to circulate the work between the two main committees as follows:", "the operation of the Convention and the annexed Protocols, review of any proposals relating to the Convention and the existing Protocols, and preparation and study of the final documents.", "Additional protocols to the Convention.", "22. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference, in accordance with its rules of procedure, unanimously elected ten Vice-Presidents of the following States Parties: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, the Philippines, Japan, Morocco, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland.", "23. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference also unanimously elected the Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen of the Credentials Committee, the two Main Committees and the Drafting Committee, as follows:", "Credentials Committee: ChairmanVice-Chairman, Mr. Gordan Markotić (Croatia)Mr. Enrique Ochoa Martínez (Mexico) Main CommitteeI: Chairman Mr. Edvardas Borisovas (Lithuania) Vice-Chairman Ms. Katherine Baker (United States) Main Committee II: Chairman Carlos Antonio da RochaParanhos (Brazil) Vice-Chairman Mr. Vladimir Novokhatskiy (Russian Federation) Drafting Committee: Chairman Jayant Prasad (India) Vice-President Mr. Itzhak Levanon (Israel)", "24. The Conference also appointed, on the proposal of the President, representatives of the following three States parties as members of the Credentials Committee: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa.", "25. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was transmitted by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director, Geneva Branch, Department for Disarmament Affairs. Subsequently, the President of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, introduced the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts for consideration by the Conference.", "26. The following States parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference: [...].", "27. The following States that have ratified or otherwise acceded to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference, although the Convention has not yet entered into force: [...].", "28. The following signatory States also participated in the work of the Conference: [...].", "29. The following States that are not parties to the Convention participated as observers: [...].", "30. Representatives of [...] also participated in the work of the Conference.", "31. The public meetings of the Conference were attended by representatives of [...].", "III. THE WORK OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "32. Under the chairmanship of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, the Conference held [...] plenary meetings. The documents and summary records of these meetings are included in the Outcome Document.", "33. On 7 [and 8] November 2006, the Conference held a general exchange of views. The following delegations participated in this exchange of views: [...]. The representative of [...] also participated in the exchange of views. Several non-governmental organizations also participated in the exchange of views, namely [...].", "34. On 13 November 2006, the Conference held a special plenary meeting to hold the entry into force on 12 November 2006 of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War. The following delegations participated in this exchange of views on the occasion of the entry into force of the Protocol: [...]. The representative of [...] also participated in the exchange of views.", "35. At the same special meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was transmitted by Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs.", "36. Main Committee I held [...] meetings of [...] November 2006. The Chairman of the Commission, Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania, presented his report to the Conference at its 4th plenary meeting on [...] November 2006.", "37. Main Committee II held [...] meetings of [...] November 2006. The Chairman of the Commission, Ambassador Carlos da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, presented his report to the Conference at its 4th plenary meeting on [...] November 2006.", "38. The Credentials Committee held [...] meetings on [...] and [...] of November 2006. The Chairman of the Commission, Ambassador Gordan Markotić of Croatia, presented his report to the Conference at its 4th plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "39. The Drafting Committee held [...] meetings on [...] November 2006. The Chairman of the Committee, Ambassador Jayant Prasad of India, presented his report to the Conference at its 4th plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "IV. DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS", "40. In its [...] plenary meeting, on [17] November 2006, the Conference took note of the report of Main Committee I, published in document [...], of Main Committee II, published in document [...] and of the Drafting Committee, published in document [...]. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the report of the Credentials Committee, contained in [...] and adopted the draft resolution contained therein.", "41. The Third Review Conference expressed its deep gratitude to all members of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment by the Second Review Conference for their contribution to the work of the Group.", "42. At the same plenary meeting the Conference adopted [...].", "43. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its final report, contained in document [...], with oral amendments, to be issued as document CCW/CONF.III/xx.", "Part II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "[...]" ]

[ "BWC/CONF.VI/2", "7 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL", "Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 9 del programa provisional", "Programa de trabajo", "programa de trabajo PROVISIONAL INDICATIVo", "Lunes 20 denoviembre Martes 21denoviembre\tMiércoles22 denoviembre\tJueves23denoviembre Viernes24denoviembre\t\n Mañana \nCeremoniade aperturaDebategeneral\tDebategeneral SesiónplenariaComisiónPlenaria(artículosI a IV) Sesiónplenariaoficiosa(debatetemático) ComisiónPlenaria(artículosXI a XV)\n Tarde Debategeneral\tDebategeneral ComisiónPlenaria(artículosV a VI) ComisiónPlenaria(artículosVII a X) Sesiónplenariaoficiosa(debatetemático)Sesiónplenaria \n\t(16:30:interrupciónparalasdeclaracionesdelasONG)", "Lunes 27 denoviembre\tMartes 28denoviembre\tMiércoles29 denoviembre\tJueves 30denoviembre\tViernes 1ºdediciembre\n Mañana \nSesiónplenariaoficiosa(debatetemático)\tComisiónPlenaria(artículoporartículo)\tSesiónplenariaoficiosa(debatetemático)\tSesiónplenaria:Informe dela ComisiónPlenaria\tComité deRedacción\n Tarde ComisiónPlenaria(artículoporartículo)\tSesiónplenaria:Examen delosprogresosrealizados(artículoporartículo ytemático)\tComisiónPlenaria(examen delinforme delaComisión)\tComité deRedacción(anteproyectodeDocumentoFinal)\tConsultasoficiosas \n\tComisiónPlenaria", "GE.06-65000 (S) 091106 091106", "Lunes 4 dediciembre\tMartes 5 dediciembre\tMiércoles 6dediciembre\tJueves 7 dediciembre\tViernes 8dediciembre\n Mañana Sesiónplenaria:Examen delosprogresosrealizados\tComité deRedacción(examen delinforme delComité)\tConsultasoficiosas\t(Eventualreuniónadicional)\t(Eventualreuniónadicional) \nComité deRedacción(proyecto) \n Tarde Comité deRedacción\tSesiónplenaria:Informe delComité deRedacción\tSesiónplenaria:AprobacióndelDocumentoFinal\t(Eventualreuniónadicional)\t(Eventualreuniónadicional) \n Ceremoniade clausura" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/27 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Programme of work", "PROVISIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME OF WORK", "Mon 20 Nov\tTue 21 Nov\tWed 22 Nov\tThur 23Nov\tFri 24 Nov\nAM\tOpeningformalitiesGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate\tPlenaryCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesI-IV)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesXI-XV)\nPM\tGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate(16:30:suspendfor NGOstatements)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesV-VI)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesVII-X)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)Plenary", "Mon 27 Nov\tTue 28 Nov\tWed 29 Nov\tThur 30Nov\tFri 1 Dec\nAM\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tPlenary:Report oftheCommitteeof theWhole\tDraftingCommittee\nPM\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tPlenary:Progressreview(Art. byart. andthematic)Committeeof theWhole\tCommitteeof theWhole(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tDraftingCommittee(firstdraft ofFinalDocument)\tInformalconsultations", "Mon 4 Dec Tue 5 Dec Wed 6 Dec Thur 7 Dec Fri 8 Dec \nAM\tPlenary:ProgressreviewDraftingCommittee(seconddraft)\tDraftingCommittee(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tInformalconsultations\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)PM\tDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Report oftheDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Adoptionof theFinalDocument\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired) \n Closingformalities" ]

[ "BWC/CONF.VI/2", "7 November 2006", "SPANISH", "Original:", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Programme of work", "PROVISIONAL INDICATIVo", "Monday, 20 November Tuesday, 21 November Wednesday,22 November Thursday,23November Friday,24November Morning Opening ceremonyDebategeneral Debategeneral SessionplenaryCommitmentPlenary(articlesI to IV) Sessionsful(debate) CommitteePlenary(articlesXI to XV)", "Monday 27th of November Tuesday 28th of November Wednesday29th of November 30th of November of Friday 1st of December of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day of the day.", "GE.06-65000 (E) 091106 091106", "Monday 4th of December Tuesday 5th of December Wednesday 6th of December Thursday 7th of December Friday 8th of December Morning Meeting:Examination of the Progresses of the Drafting Committee (examination of the report of the Committee)" ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/WP.6", "9 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL", "Original: RUSO", "Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006", "CRITERIO INTEGRADO PARA UNA MAYOR EFICACIA EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE CIVILES DE LAS MINAS DISTINTAS DE LAS MINAS ANTIPERSONAL", "Presentado por la Federación de Rusia", "INTRODUCCIÓN", "1. El presente documento es una contribución de la Federación de Rusia al examen del problema de las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal (MDMA).", "2. Los criterios de solución del problema de las MDMA expuestos en el presente documento se basan en la experiencia nacional de limpieza de zonas minadas, en el resultado de los estudios del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales, en el conjunto de recomendaciones formuladas por los coordinadores del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales y en las normas del derecho internacional humanitario (DIH) existentes.", "3. En la redacción del documento se ha tenido en cuenta que las minas antipersonal y las MDMA cumplen funciones distintas en combate, por lo cual la adopción de normas técnicas de detectabilidad y ciclo de vida para las MDMA que sean análogas a las de las minas antipersonal no es un requisito razonable.", "4. En el documento se toma en consideración que actualmente los artefactos explosivos improvisados plantean amenazas humanitarias significativas y que causan víctimas tanto entre los civiles como entre los combatientes. Ello exige que los Estados Partes en la Convención", "GE.06-65007 (S) 131106 131106", "sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados (en adelante, la Convención) consoliden sus esfuerzos en la lucha contra estos dispositivos.", "5. Habida cuenta de la diversidad de posibles soluciones para resolver el problema de las MDMA examinadas por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales, el presente documento se concentra en un criterio integrado para una protección más eficaz de los civiles ante las MDMA que pueda ser aceptable para todos los Estados Partes en la Convención.", "I. DISPOSICIONES GENERALES", "6. Para aumentar la eficacia de las medidas de cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la Convención, los Estados Partes recomiendan que en caso de lograrse un entendimiento, los Estados:", "i) Expresen su determinación a tomar medidas adecuadas y efectivas para facilitar asistencia humanitaria tras los conflictos y crear las condiciones necesarias para la reconstrucción y desarrollo de las regiones minadas;", "ii) Se basen en la aspiración a fomentar un equilibrio racional entre las consecuencias humanitarias del uso de MDMA y los legítimos intereses de defensa;", "iii) Confirmen que el uso de MDMA por fuerzas regulares con arreglo a las instrucciones nacionales y las normas del DIH permite reducir los riesgos que causan estas minas;", "iv) Se basen en el derecho de todo Estado a determinar independientemente la forma de desarrollo de minas y el uso de MDMA en el marco de las obligaciones dimanantes del DIH y las disposiciones del presente documento;", "v) Confirmen su disposición a cooperar en el intercambio de tecnologías y equipos de detección de MDMA basándose en sus legislaciones nacionales y en las mejores prácticas para la exclusión de civiles de las zonas minadas;", "vi) Expresen su disposición a tomar las medidas pertinentes para prevenir el uso indebido de MDMA y su transferencia ilícita.", "II. ÁMBITO DE APLICACIÓN", "7. Este conjunto de disposiciones se aplica al empleo sobre el terreno de minas distintas de las minas antipersonal.", "8. El presente documento no menoscaba el derecho internacional humanitario existente, las disposiciones de la Convención de 1980 sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados u otros instrumentos internacionales o decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas en que se prevean obligaciones más rigurosas o que sean de aplicación más amplia.", "III. DEFINICIONES", "9. En el presente documento se emplean las definiciones del Protocolo II Enmendado de 1996 y también las siguientes:", "i) Por \"mina distinta de las minas antipersonal\" se entiende toda mina concebida primordialmente para que explosione por la presencia, la proximidad o el contacto de un vehículo sobre orugas o sobre ruedas y que dañe, incapacite o destruya esos vehículos.", "ii) Por \"mina lanzada a distancia\" se entiende toda mina no colocada directamente, sino lanzada por medio de artillería, misiles o cohetes, morteros o medios similares, o arrojada desde aeronaves. Las minas lanzadas desde un sistema basado en tierra, a menos de 500 m, no se consideran \"lanzadas a distancia\".", "iii) Se entiende por \"autodestrucción\" la destrucción (explosión) automática de la munición.", "iv) Por \"autoneutralización\" se entiende el paso automático de la munición a un estado inoperativo (inerte).", "v) Por \"marcado de un campo minado\" se entiende el conjunto de medidas llevadas a cabo por personal militar o personal autorizado para impedir el acceso de militares o civiles a las zonas minadas mediante la vigilancia y protección de la zona minada por tal personal o la señalización de los confines del campo minado por distintos medios, incluso medios especiales.", "vi) Por \"cercado de un campo minado\" se entiende la delimitación del perímetro de un campo minado con medios que ofrezcan el máximo grado de advertencia posible a militares y civiles sobre la amenaza de minas o que impidan el acceso de personas al campo minado.", "vii) Por \"zona con el perímetro marcado\" se entiende una zona que, para garantizar una exclusión efectiva de los civiles, esté vigilada por personal militar u otro personal autorizado o protegida y señalado por cercas u otros medios. Durante el período de hostilidades activas no se aplicarán los requisitos de marcado.", "IV. RESTRICCIONES GENERALES DEL USO DE MDMA", "10. Se aplican al uso de MDMA las restricciones previstas en el artículo 3 del Protocolo II Enmendado de 1996 y también las siguientes:", "i) Queda prohibido el empleo indiscriminado de MDMA. La colocación de MDMA contra objetivos militares se considera uso legítimo;", "ii) Se tomarán todas las precauciones viables para proteger a las personas civiles de los efectos de las MDMA que sean posibles en la práctica habida cuenta de todas las circunstancias del caso, incluidas consideraciones humanitarias y militares;", "iii) Salvo cuando las circunstancias no lo permitan, se dará por adelantado aviso eficaz de cualquier ubicación de MDMA y sobre las zonas peligrosas para la población civil por encontrarse en ellas tales minas.", "V. MEDIDAS DE REGLAMENTACIÓN DEL SEMBRADO, DETECCIÓN, NEUTRALIZACIÓN Y LIMPIEZA DE CAMPOS MINADOS", "Operaciones del personal militar que realiza el sembrado de campos minados", "11. En la medida de lo posible, las partes en un conflicto deberán velar por que el sembrado de los campos minados esté en estricta conformidad con las instrucciones y reglamentos nacionales, y que tenga en cuenta las disposiciones del presente documento y las obligaciones dimanantes del DIH.", "12. Al sembrar campos minados, las partes en un conflicto deberán proceder a su registro, así como organizar su vigilancia o marcado. Si las circunstancias lo permiten, las partes en un conflicto tomarán todas las medidas posibles para cercar los campos minados e impedir así el acceso de civiles a las zonas minadas.", "13. La ubicación de las MDMA se registrará levantando mapas de los campos minados y manteniendo hojas de registro para cada uno de ellos.", "14. La hoja de registro de un campo minado deberá incluir una parte de texto, un esquema del campo minado y un esquema de sus referencias topográficas:", "i) La parte de texto contendrá información sobre la extensión del campo minado, el tipo de minas, su número y método de colocación, el tipo de espoleta, su ciclo de vida, la fecha y hora de colocación y toda otra información pertinente sobre el campo minado;", "ii) En el esquema del campo minado se consignarán la disposición de las minas, los límites del campo minado, la disposición de las hileras, la distancia entre ellas y entre cada mina de la hilera, y la ubicación de los corredores que se haya dejado;", "iii) En el esquema de referencias topográficas se incluirá el contorno del campo minado, uno o dos puntos de referencia, y los azimuts y distancias de los puntos de referencia hasta las esquinas del campo minado.", "15. La ubicación y la superficie estimadas de las MDMA lanzadas a distancia deberán especificarse mediante coordenadas de puntos de referencia con la máxima precisión posible y, en todos los casos en que sea viable, marcarse sobre el terreno. También deberá registrarse el número total y el tipo de las MDMA colocadas, la fecha y hora de su colocación, y los períodos que mediarán hasta su autodestrucción o autoneutralización.", "16. Se conservarán copias de los registros que permitan garantizar su seguridad.", "17. El marcado del perímetro de los campos minados se realizará con elementos del paisaje tanto naturales como artificiales o una combinación de ambos y, de ser viable, con señales de advertencia según los requisitos del Protocolo II Enmendado de 1996.", "18. Las señales para marcar el perímetro de los campos minados podrán incluir, pero no limitarse a:", "i) Cintas de señalización de minas, alambre, estacas (de hierro, madera, hormigón, plástico u otro material) y rótulos;", "ii) La pintura de elementos del paisaje;", "iii) Cualesquiera otros materiales disponibles in situ para indicar el peligro;", "iv) En determinados casos y cuando lo exijan las circunstancias, para marcar partes del perímetro de un campo minado podrá utilizarse la demarcación de la frontera estatal que cruce el territorio.", "19. Los medios de señalización deberían poder informar al personal militar y a las personas civiles de que se acercan a una zona peligrosa por haber minas en ella.", "20. En la medida de lo posible se facilitará a la población civil información sobre los medios empleados para advertir del peligro de minas.", "21. Dependiendo de la situación creada, las partes en un conflicto podrán cercar el campo minado además de marcarlo.", "22. Para cercar un campo minado se emplearán alambres de púas, medios de señalización sobre el peligro de minas u otros medios efectivos.", "Medidas relacionadas con la detección y neutralización de minas y campos minados", "23. Para la limpieza de MDMA, campos minados y zonas minadas se recomienda guiarse por las disposiciones siguientes:", "i) Los Estados procurarán equipar a las tropas y especialistas de desminado con medios técnicos de detección de minas modernos y eficaces y facilitar asistencia técnica y material a los Estados expuestos al peligro de las minas.", "ii) Para facilitar la detección de MDMA los Estados procurarán fabricar minas que incorporen características que permitan mejorar su detectabilidad (cambio del color de la carcasa, cambio de la cubierta vegetal en la zona de emplazamiento de la mina, aparición de marcas visuales y electrónicas, etc.) una vez expirado su período de utilidad militar.", "iii) Sin demora alguna y tan pronto como lo permita el cese de las hostilidades activas, se deberá limpiar, remover, destruir o mantener de conformidad con las disposiciones del presente documento todos los campos de minas y zonas minadas en que haya MDMA.", "iv) En la primera oportunidad y en la medida de lo posible, todos los campos de minas situados en el territorio controlado por la parte interesada deberán ser vigilados por personal militar u otro personal autorizado. En la medida de lo posible todos los campos de minas estarán protegidos y marcados por cercas u otros medios a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva del personal militar y la población civil de la zona minada.", "v) Tras las hostilidades participarán en la limpieza de los campos de minas bajo control del Estado que los haya sembrado especialistas militares y civiles.", "vi) Se encargará el desminado humanitario a organizaciones familiarizadas con los tipos concretos de minas que se encuentren en el campo minado y que estén equipadas con medios de detección eficaces.", "vii) Cuando el Estado que haya sembrado el campo de minas no controle la zona en que éste se encuentre, entregará los mapas y registros de los campos minados al Estado que controle esa zona, y las partes cooperarán para intercambiar recomendaciones sobre las mejores prácticas de desminado.", "viii) Todos los requisitos técnicos sobre detección de MDMA tendrán carácter de recomendación.", "VI. REDUCCIÓN DEL CICLO DE VIDA DE LAS MINAS LANZADAS A DISTANCIA", "24. Los Estados procurarán, en el grado que lo permitan sus capacidades técnicas y financieras, fabricar MDMA para ser lanzadas a distancia que incorporen mecanismos (dispositivos) que limiten la duración de su funcionamiento al período de necesidad militar.", "25. Los Estados se esforzarán por que las características técnicas de los mecanismos (dispositivos) producidos que causan la autodestrucción de las minas o su neutralización garanticen que una vez expirado el período de necesidad militar quede el menor número posible de minas activas.", "26. En caso de que un Estado determine que no puede comenzar inmediatamente a producir MDMA que incorporen mecanismos (dispositivos) de autodestrucción o autoneutralización, reducirá al mínimo, en la medida de lo posible, el uso de MDMA sin tales mecanismos.", "27. Cuando se empleen MDMA lanzadas a distancias con mecanismos (dispositivos) que reduzcan su ciclo de vida, los Estados deberán tomar medidas para garantizar la exclusión de civiles de las zonas peligrosas por causa de la autodestrucción de las minas.", "28. Todos los requisitos técnicos sobre la reducción del ciclo de vida de las MDMA lanzadas a distancia tendrán carácter de recomendación.", "VII. COOPERACIÓN Y ASISTENCIA", "29. En la esfera de la cooperación y la asistencia, los Estados se guiarán por las disposiciones del artículo 11 del Protocolo II Enmendado y por las disposiciones siguientes.", "30. Cada Estado que esté en condiciones de hacerlo, deberá promover la cooperación y la asistencia en los planos bilateral, regional e internacional para asistir a otros Estados en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones respecto de las MDMA. La cooperación y la asistencia podrán prestarse a través de organizaciones humanitarias. La cooperación y la asistencia podrán incluir lo siguiente:", "i) Asistencia técnica y financiera, incluido el intercambio de experiencia, tecnología, salvo la tecnología de armamentos, e información, para facilitar la aplicación de las medidas a fin de mejorar la fiabilidad de las MDMA. Esa asistencia podrá proporcionarse también para promover el desarrollo, si ello es viable, de equipos avanzados de detección de minas y facilitar el acceso a éstos.", "ii) Asistencia en forma de recursos humanos para la limpieza, remoción o destrucción rápida y efectiva de las MDMA.", "iii) Presentación oportuna de información gráfica y técnica sobre las MDMA a las misiones humanitarias pertinentes y a la base de datos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre medidas en relación con las minas.", "iv) Cooperación y asistencia para educar a la población civil sobre los peligros de las MDMA.", "v) Cooperación y asistencia para la atención y la rehabilitación de las víctimas de las MDMA, y su reintegración social y económica.", "vi) Para hacer frente a la amenaza de empleo de artefactos explosivos improvisados los Estados procurarán cooperar entre sí y, sobre la base de acuerdos recíprocos, intercambiar información sobre las esferas siguientes:", "1) Análisis de la táctica de las entidades no estatales;", "2) Desarrollo de técnicas y métodos de detección y neutralización de artefactos explosivos improvisados;", "3) Formulación de recomendaciones sobre el bloqueo y destrucción de los artefactos explosivos improvisados.", "vii) Cooperación y asistencia para la aplicación de las disposiciones del presente documento.", "VIII. MEDIDAS PARA LIMITAR EL EMPLEO INDEBIDO DE MDMA", "31. Los Estados tomarán medidas para limitar el empleo irresponsable de las MDMA, entre las que cabe incluir las siguientes:", "i) El establecimiento de sistemas nacionales adecuados y de la documentación pertinente;", "ii) La adopción de las medidas que sean necesarias, entre ellas, según proceda, sanciones penales para prevenir y eliminar las actividades cuyo desarrollo está restringido por el presente instrumento;", "iii) La supresión de actividades relacionadas con la producción de MDMA sin licencia;", "iv) Un aumento de la cooperación con miras a la aplicación del presente documento.", "32. Los Estados, ateniéndose a sus procedimientos nacionales, adoptarán y harán cumplir la legislación necesaria para prohibir la producción, adquisición, posesión, desarrollo, transporte, transferencia o uso de MDMA por toda entidad no estatal, así como la participación en cualquiera de las actividades mencionadas en calidad de cómplice o de proveedor de asistencia o financiación.", "33. Los Estados adoptarán y harán cumplir todas las medidas efectivas oportunas que sean posibles para establecer un control nacional que prevenga la circulación ilícita de MDMA y para ello deberán:", "i) Formular y aplicar medidas de contabilidad y protección de estas minas durante su producción, utilización, almacenamiento o transporte.", "ii) Formular y aplicar medidas de protección física.", "iii) Formular y aplicar medidas de control de fronteras y medidas de policía para descubrir, reprimir, prevenir y detener, incluso gracias a la cooperación internacional, el tráfico ilícito de MDMA y las actividades de corretaje conexas de conformidad con la legislación nacional y sin perjuicio del derecho internacional.", "iv) Establecer, mejorar, revisar y mantener el control nacional de la exportación y transferencia en tránsito de estas minas, incluidas las leyes e instrumentos normativos pertinentes para el control de la exportación, el tránsito, la transferencia transfronteriza y la reexportación. Tomar medidas de control de la prestación de medios y servicios relacionados con tal exportación y transferencia transfronteriza, como la financiación y el transporte que pudieran promover su difusión, así como establecer medidas de control del usuario final; y establecer y aplicar medidas adecuadas de responsabilidad penal y civil por la violación de tales leyes e instrumentos normativos en la esfera del control de las exportaciones.", "IX. DISEÑO DE LAS ESPOLETAS Y LOS SENSORES DE LAS MDMA", "34. Los Estados, en la medida de lo posible, en su futura producción de MDMA deberán atenerse a la práctica óptima en relación con la producción de espoletas, para diseñarlas de manera que se reduzca a un mínimo la posibilidad de que una persona active involuntaria o accidentalmente una mina.", "35. En su futura producción de espoletas, los Estados, se empeñarán, en la medida en que sea financiera y tecnológicamente posible, en aplicar una tecnología moderna, en particular, de sensores múltiples, para desarrollarlas sobre la base de factores tecnológicos de ciclo de vida y ambientales.", "X. TRANSFERENCIAS", "36. Para promover el logro de los objetivos del presente documento, cada Estado se guiará en las transferencias de MDMA por el artículo 8 del Protocolo II Enmendado, así como por las disposiciones siguientes:", "i) Comprometerse a no transferir MDMA sin un certificado de usuario final;", "ii) Comprometerse a no transferir ninguna MDMA cuyo empleo esté restringido por el presente documento salvo para su destrucción o para desarrollar nuevos medios y mejorar las técnicas de detección, neutralización o destrucción de minas.", "XI. PROTECCIÓN DE LAS MISIONES HUMANITARIAS", "37. La protección de las misiones humanitarias se realizará de conformidad con las disposiciones del Protocolo II Enmendado de 1996. En este contexto, toda misión humanitaria que actúe en una zona controlada por personal militar estará obligada a coordinar sus actos con sus oficiales superiores y a seguir estrictamente las instrucciones recibidas de éstos.", "XII. TRANSPARENCIA Y OTRAS MEDIDAS", "DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA", "38. Los Estados proporcionarán al Depositario, que la distribuirá a los otros Estados, información sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de esta serie de recomendaciones.", "i) La información deberá incluir los elementos siguientes:", "1) Un informe inicial que se facilitará a la entrada en vigor de esta serie de recomendaciones para cada Estado; y", "2) Una actualización periódica del informe.", "ii) El informe podrá comprender, entre otras cosas:", "1) La información divulgada a sus fuerzas armadas y a la población civil en relación con las disposiciones de esta serie de recomendaciones;", "2) Información sobre los programas de remoción de minas y rehabilitación;", "3) Información sobre las medidas tomadas para cumplir los requisitos técnicos de esta serie de recomendaciones y cualquier otra información conexa pertinente, salvo la información relativa a la tecnología de armamentos;", "4) Información sobre las medidas legislativas y de otra índole tomadas para la aplicación de las disposiciones de esta serie de recomendaciones;", "5) Información sobre las medidas tomadas en cuanto a la cooperación y la asistencia que se haya prestado;", "6) Información general sobre las normas y requisitos nacionales para las transferencias de MDMA e información al respecto;", "7) Cualquier otra cuestión pertinente." ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.69 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: RUSSIAN", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO EFFORTS TO ENSURE MORE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS FROM MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Submitted by the Russian Federation", "Introduction", "1. This paper is submitted as a contribution by the Russian Federation to discussion of the problem of mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM).", "2. The approaches to the MOTAPM problem contained in the paper are based on Russian experience in minefield clearance, the results of studies carried out in the GGE, the recommendations drawn up by the GGE Coordinators, and the existing rules of international humanitarian law.", "3. The paper was drafted taking into consideration the fact that anti-personnel mines (АРМ) and MOTAPM are designed for different combat tasks, so that it is not justified to apply to MOTAPM technical standards on detectability and active life similar to those for АРМ.", "4. Account is taken of the fact that nowadays improvised explosive devices, which cause victims among both civilians and combatants, present a major humanitarian risk. Accordingly, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) must consolidate their efforts to oppose the use of such devices.", "5. In view of the diversity of options for resolving the MOTAPM problems that have been discussed in the GGE, this paper focuses on an integrated approach to efforts to ensure more effective protection of civilians from MOTAPM, which might be acceptable to all CCW States parties.", "GE.06-65004 (E) 131106 131106", "I. General provisions", "6. With a view to enhancing the effectiveness of steps taken to implement the provisions of the CCW, the States parties to the Convention recommend that, where agreement is reached, States should:", "(i) Express their determination to take appropriate and effective steps to provide post‑conflict humanitarian assistance and create conditions for the reconstruction and development of previously mined areas;", "(ii) Be guided by the intention to promote a sound balance between the humanitarian consequences of the use of MOTAPM and legitimate defence interests;", "(iii) Confirm that the use of MOTAPM by regular forces in accordance with national instructions and the rules of international humanitarian law makes it possible to reduce the risks associated with the use of such mines;", "(iv) Acknowledge the right of each State to determine independently how mines will be developed and how MOTAPM will be used, in accordance with existing obligations under international humanitarian law and the provisions of this paper;", "(v) Confirm their readiness to cooperate in exchanging MOTAPM detection technologies and equipment in accordance with their domestic legislation and with best practice relating to the exclusion of civilians from mined areas;", "(vi) Express their readiness to take appropriate measures to prevent the improper use of MOTAPM and their illegal transfer.", "II. Scope of application", "7. The present set of provisions apply to the use on land or the transfer of mines other than anti-personnel mines.", "8. This paper is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for stricter obligations or have a wider scope of application.", "III. Definitions", "9. The definitions in this paper are those used in Amended Protocol II of 1996, plus the following:", "(i) “Mine other than anti-personnel mine” means a mine which is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a tracked or wheeled vehicle and which can damage, incapacitate or destroy such a tracked or wheeled vehicle;", "(ii) “Remotely delivered mine” means a mine which is not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, rocket, mortar or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. Mines delivered by a land-based system from less than 500 metres, including scatterable mines, are not considered to be “remotely delivered”;", "(iii) “Self-destruction” means the automatic destruction (explosion) of a munition;", "(iv) “Self-neutralization” means automatically rendering a munition inoperable (ineffective for combat use);", "(v) “Minefield designation” means actions which are carried out by military or authorized personnel in order to prevent access by military personnel and civilians to a mined area, and which are organized through monitoring and protection of the minefield by those persons, or by using various means, including special means, to mark the minefield boundaries;", "(vi) “Minefield fencing” involves the installation along a minefield perimeter of means which as far as possible inform military personnel and civilians of the mine hazard and prevent the entry of individuals into the minefield;", "(vii) “Perimeter-marked area” means an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected and marked by fencing or other means. During periods of active hostilities the marking requirements are not applied.", "IV. General restrictions on the use of MOTAPM", "10. The use of MOTAPM is subject to the restrictions set out in article 3 of Amended Protocol II of 1996, as well as the following restrictions:", "(i) The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM is prohibited. Placement of MOTAPM against military objects is considered to be a legitimate use;", "(ii) To protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM, all possible precautions shall be taken which are practicable taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations;", "(iii) Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of MOTAPM and of areas which are dangerous for civilians owing to mines located therein, unless circumstances do not permit.", "V. Measures to regulate minefield laying, detection, neutralization and clearance", "Measures to be taken by military personnel when laying minefields", "11. As far as possible, the parties to a conflict must ensure that minefields are laid in strict compliance with national instructions and regulations, as well as the requirements set out in this paper and existing obligations under international humanitarian law.", "12. When laying minefields, the parties to a conflict shall be obliged to record them as well as to organize their monitoring or their marking. If circumstances permit, the parties to a conflict shall take all possible measures to fence minefields in order to exclude civilians from mined areas.", "13. The location of MOTAPM shall be recorded by mapping minefields and drawing up a minefield logbook.", "14. A minefield logbook should include a text section, a diagram of the minefield and a reference diagram.", "(i) The text section shall contain information on the extent of the minefield, the types of mines, their quantity and method of emplacement, the types of fuses and their active life, the date and time of laying as well as any other information on the minefield laid;", "(ii) The minefield diagram indicates the location of the mines, the outline of the minefield, the location of rows, the distance between the rows and between the mines in a row, and the position of passages left free;", "(iii) The reference diagram indicates the outline of the minefield, one or two reference points, bearings and distances from reference points to the corners of the minefield.", "15. The approximate location and area of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be specified by means of coordinates of initial positions, corrected at the earliest opportunity and marked on the ground whenever feasible. The total number and types of MOTAPM laid, the date and time of emplacement and the deadlines by which they will self-destruct or be rendered inoperable shall also be recorded.", "16. Copies of records shall be stored in such a way as to guarantee their safety.", "17. The boundaries of a minefield shall be marked using natural or artificial landscape features or combinations thereof, and, when feasible, by installing warning signs in accordance with the requirements of Amended Protocol II of 1996.", "18. Means of marking minefield boundaries may include, but shall not be limited to:", "(i) Mine-marking tape, wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage;", "(ii) Painting of natural landscape features;", "(iii) Any other available hazard warning materials;", "(iv) In some cases, where prevailing circumstances so require, a marked State boundary in the area can be used to mark part of the minefield perimeter.", "19. The markings should inform military personnel and civilians that they are approaching an area which is dangerous because of the presence of mines.", "20. As far as possible, information on the means used to designate mine hazards shall be communicated to civilians.", "21. Depending on evolving circumstances, the parties to a conflict may fence a minefield in addition to marking it.", "22. To fence a minefield, barbed wire, mine hazard markers or other effective means shall be used.", "Measures related to mine and minefield detection and clearance", "23. The following guidelines related to clearance of MOTAPM from minefields and mined areas are recommended:", "(i) States shall endeavour to equip their troops and mine clearance specialists with state-of-the-art mine detection technologies, and to provide technical and material assistance to States which face mine hazards;", "(ii) In order to facilitate MOTAPM detection, States shall endeavour to produce mines which, once the military need for them has ceased, possess features which increase their detectability (change of colour of mine casing, change in plant cover in the mine emplacement area, display of visual and electronic markers, etc.);", "(iii) Without delay, as soon as the situation permits after the cessation of active hostilities, all minefields and mined areas containing MOTAPM shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in compliance with the provisions of this paper;", "(iv) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned must be protected by military or other authorized personnel. To the extent feasible, all minefields shall be protected and marked by fencing or with other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of military personnel and civilians from the mined area;", "(v) After hostilities, military and civilian specialists shall be engaged to clear minefields under control of the State which laid them;", "(vi) Organizations which are able to work with the specific types of mines that have been emplaced in the minefield and have effective mine detection equipment shall be engaged for humanitarian mine clearance;", "(vii) When a State which has laid a minefield does not control the mined area, the minefield maps and logbooks shall be transferred to the State in control of the area, and cooperation between the parties shall be organized for the exchange of recommendations concerning best practice as regards mine clearance;", "(viii) All technical requirements concerning MOTAPM detectability should be advisory in nature.", "VI. Shortening the life cycle of remotely delivered mines", "24. Insofar as they are technically and financially able, States shall strive to manufacture remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) limiting the period during which they are functional to the duration of military need.", "25. States shall make efforts to ensure that the technical characteristics of mine self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices) which they manufacture are such as to ensure that a minimum number of mines remain functional after they cease to be militarily necessary.", "26. If a State determines that it cannot immediately begin to manufacture mines with self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices), it shall wherever feasible minimize its use of MOTAPM not fitted with such mechanisms.", "27. When deploying remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) to limit their active life cycle, States shall take steps to ensure that civilians are prevented from entering areas rendered hazardous by the placement of self-destroying mines.", "28. All technical requirements relating to the limitation of the life cycle of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be formulated as recommendations.", "VII. Cooperation and assistance", "29. States shall be guided in their provision of cooperation and assistance by article 11 of Amended Protocol II, and by the following:", "30. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfilment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(i) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate efforts to improve the reliability of MOTAPM. Such assistance may also be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available;", "(vii) Provision of human assistance for the rapid and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPM;", "(viii) Timely provision of graphic and technical information on MOTAPM to designated humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations system;", "(ix) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations;", "(x) Cooperation and assistance with the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM;", "(xi) To counter the risk of improvised explosive devices being used, States shall strive to cooperate with one another and exchange information on the basis of mutual agreements on the following matters:", "(a) Analysis of the tactics of non-State groupings;", "(b) Development of ways and means of detecting improvised explosive devices and rendering them harmless;", "(c) Formulation of recommendations on the issues of jamming and destroying improvised explosive devices;", "(xii) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of these provisions.", "VIII. Measures to restrict the inappropriate use of MOTAPM", "31. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM, which may include:", "(i) Establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;", "(ii) Adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by these provisions;", "(iii) Suppression of activities related to the unlicensed production of MOTAPM;", "(iv) Greater cooperation for the purpose of giving effect to this set of provisions.", "32. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws to prohibit the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM by any non-State entity and complicity in, assistance with or the financing of any of the above-mentioned actions.", "33. States shall adopt and enforce all feasible, effective and appropriate measures to establish national controls with a view to preventing the illicit spread of MOTAPM, and shall to that end:", "(a) Devise and apply measures to account for and ensure the safe keeping of MOTAPM during production, deployment, storage and transport;", "(b) Devise and apply measures of physical protection;", "(c) Devise and apply border-control and law-enforcement measures with a view to detecting, suppressing, preventing and countering, through international cooperation among other means, illegal traffic and brokering in MOTAPM in accordance with national legislation and international law;", "(d) Establish, strengthen, review and support national-level controls on the export and transport in transit of such mines, including appropriate laws and regulations governing export control, transit, movement across borders and re-export; establish controls on the provision of facilities and services associated with such export and cross-border movement, financing and transport, for example, which might facilitate the spread [of MOTAPM], and introduce checks on end-users; and institute and enforce appropriate criminal and civil liability for breaches of such laws and regulations on export control.", "IX. Design of MOTAPM fuzes and sensors", "34. In the future production of MOTAPM States shall, as far as is feasible, follow best practice in the manufacture of fuzes, designing them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.", "35. In the future production of fuzes States shall, as far as is financially and technologically feasible, strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology, developing them with due regard for technological, life-cycle and environmental considerations.", "X. Transfers", "36. In furtherance of the aims of this text, all States shall be guided in matters of MOTAPM transfer by article 8 of Amended Protocol II and by the following provisions:", "(i) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM without an end-user certificate;", "(ii) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM whose use is restricted by this text except for destruction purposes or for the development of new means and improved methods of detecting and destroying mines or rendering them harmless.", "XI. Protection of humanitarian missions", "37. Humanitarian missions shall be protected in accordance with article 12 of Amended Protocol II of 1996. Any humanitarian mission operating in the vicinity and monitored by military personnel shall be required to obtain approval for its operations from the military command and shall be strictly guided by the instructions it receives from the military command.", "XII. Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "38. Each State shall provide to the Depositary, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations.", "(a) This information should include the following elements:", "(i) An initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of recommendations for each State; and", "(ii) Periodic updating of the report.", "(b) The report may include, inter alia:", "(i) Dissemination of information on the provisions of this set of recommendations to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(ii) Mine clearance and rehabilitation programmes;", "(iii) Steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of recommendations and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;", "(iv) Legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations;", "(v) Measures taken on cooperation and provision of assistance;", "(vi) General information on national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPMs, and information on these transfers; and", "(vii) Other related matters." ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/WP.6", "9 November 2006", "SPANISH", "Original: RUSSIAN", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "CRITERIO INTEGRATED FOR A MAYOR EFICATION IN THE PROTECTION OF CIVILS OF ANTIPERSONAL MINES", "Submitted by the Russian Federation", "Introduction", "1. The present document is a contribution of the Russian Federation to the review of the problem of mines other than anti-personnel mines (MDMA).", "2. The MOTAPM problem solving criteria set out in this document are based on the national experience of clearing mined areas, the outcome of the studies of the Group of Governmental Experts, the set of recommendations made by the coordinators of the Group of Governmental Experts and the existing international humanitarian law (HDI) standards.", "3. The drafting of the document has taken into account that anti-personnel mines and MOTAPM perform different functions in combat, and therefore the adoption of technical standards of detectability and life cycle for MOTAPMs similar to those of anti-personnel mines is not a reasonable requirement.", "4. The document takes into account that improvised explosive devices currently pose significant humanitarian threats and cause victims both among civilians and among combatants. This requires States parties to the Convention", "GE.06-65007 (E) 131106 131106", "on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) consolidate their efforts to combat these devices.", "5. In view of the diversity of possible solutions to address the problem of MOTAPM discussed by the Group of Governmental Experts, the present document focuses on an integrated approach to more effective protection of civilians to MOTAPM that may be acceptable to all States parties to the Convention.", "I. GENERAL PROVISIONS", "6. In order to enhance the effectiveness of measures to implement the provisions of the Convention, States parties recommend that, in the event of an understanding, States:", "(i) Express their determination to take appropriate and effective measures to facilitate humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of conflict and to create the necessary conditions for the reconstruction and development of mined regions;", "(ii) They are based on the aspiration to promote a sound balance between the humanitarian consequences of the use of MOTAPM and legitimate defence interests;", "(iii) Confirm that the use of MOTAPM by regular forces in accordance with national instructions and IHL standards reduces the risk of such mines;", "(iv) They are based on the right of every State to independently determine the form of mine development and the use of MOTAPM within the framework of the obligations arising from IHL and the provisions of this document;", "(v) Confirm their willingness to cooperate in the exchange of CDM detection technologies and equipment on the basis of their national legislation and best practices for the exclusion of civilians from mined areas;", "(vi) Express your willingness to take appropriate measures to prevent the misuse of MOTAPM and its illicit transfer.", "II. APPLICATION AMBITO", "7. This set of provisions applies to the use in the field of mines other than anti-personnel mines.", "8. The present document does not undermine existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects or Other International Instruments or Decisions of the United Nations Security Council providing for more rigorous or more comprehensive obligations.", "III. DEFINITIONS", "9. The present document uses the definitions of Amended Protocol II of 1996 and also the following:", "(i) \"It is different from anti-personnel mines\" means all mines designed primarily to explode by the presence, proximity or contact of a vehicle on caterpillars or on wheels and to damage, incapacitate or destroy such vehicles.", "(ii) \"Distance-launched\" means all mine not placed directly, but fired through artillery, missiles or rockets, mortars or similar means, or thrown from aircraft. Mines launched from a land-based system, less than 500 m, are not considered \"far off.\"", "(iii) The automatic destruction (explosion) of the ammunition is understood as \"self-destruction\".", "(iv) \"autoneutralization\" means the automatic passage of the ammo to an inoperative state (inear).", "(v) \"Demarcation of a minefield\" means the set of measures carried out by military or personnel authorized to prevent military or civilian access to mined areas by monitoring and protecting the mined area by such personnel or by signaling the confines of the minefield by different means, including special means.", "(vi) \"Close of a minefield\" means the delimitation of the perimeter of a minefield with means that offer the maximum possible degree of warning to military and civilian personnel about the threat of mines or that prevent people from accessing the minefield.", "(vii) The \"zone with the perimeter marked\" means an area that, in order to ensure an effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military personnel or other authorized or protected personnel and pointed out by fences or other means. During the active hostilities period the marking requirements will not be applied.", "IV. GENERAL RESTRICTIONS OF THE MOTAPM USE", "10. The restrictions under Article 3 of Amended Protocol II of 1996 and also the following apply to the use of MOTAPM:", "(i) Indiscriminate use of MOTAPM is prohibited. The placement of MOTAPM against military objectives is considered legitimate use;", "(ii) All feasible precautions will be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM in practice in view of all circumstances of the case, including humanitarian and military considerations;", "(iii) Except where circumstances do not permit, effective notice of any location of MOTAPM and of areas dangerous to the civilian population will be given in advance for such mines.", "V. REGULATION MEASURES OF THE SEMBRATE, DETECTION, NEUTRALIZATION AND FREEDOM OF MINATE CHANGE", "Operations of military personnel performing the sowing of minefields", "11. To the extent possible, the parties to a conflict shall ensure that the sowing of minefields is in strict conformity with national instructions and regulations, taking into account the provisions of this document and the obligations arising from IHL.", "12. By sowing minefields, parties to a conflict must register and organize their monitoring or marking. If circumstances permit, the parties to a conflict shall take all possible measures to close the minefields and thus prevent the access of civilians to mined areas.", "13. The location of MOTAPMs will be recorded by raising maps of minefields and keeping log sheets for each of them.", "14. The registration sheet of a minefield should include a part of text, a minefield schema and a scheme of its topographic references:", "(i) The text part shall contain information on the extent of the minefield, the type of mines, its number and method of placement, the type of fuse, its life cycle, the date and time of placement and any other relevant information on the minefield;", "(ii) In the minefield scheme the provision of the mines, the limits of the minefield, the disposition of the rows, the distance between them and between each mine of the row, and the location of the corridors left;", "(iii) The topographic reference scheme will include the outline of the minefield, one or two reference points, and the azimutes and distances from the reference points to the corners of the minefield.", "15. The estimated location and surface of remotely released MOTAPMs should be specified by reference point coordinates with the maximum possible accuracy and, in all cases where feasible, marked on the ground. The total number and type of MOTAPM placed, the date and time of placement, and the periods that will mediate to their self-destruction or self-neutralization, should also be recorded.", "16. Copies of records will be kept to ensure their safety.", "17. The perimeter marking of minefields will be carried out with both natural and artificial landscape elements or a combination of both and, if feasible, with warning signs according to the requirements of Amended Protocol II of 1996.", "18. Signs to mark the perimeter of mined fields may include, but not limited to:", "(i) Signaling tapes of mines, wire, stakes (iron, wood, concrete, plastic or other material) and labels;", "(ii) The painting of landscape elements;", "(iii) Any other materials available on-site to indicate danger;", "(iv) In certain cases and where the circumstances require, the demarcation of the State border crossing the territory may be used to mark parts of the perimeter of a minefield.", "19. The means of signaling should be able to inform military personnel and civilians that they are approaching a dangerous area for mines in it.", "20. To the extent possible, the civilian population will be provided with information on the means used to warn the danger of mines.", "21. Depending on the situation created, the parties to a conflict may close the minefield and mark it.", "22. To fence a minefield, barbed wires, means of signalling the danger of mines or other effective means will be used.", "Measures related to the detection and neutralization of mines and minefields", "23. For the cleaning of MOTAPM, minefields and mined areas it is recommended to be guided by the following provisions:", "(i) States will seek to equip demining troops and specialists with technical means of detecting modern and effective mines and to provide technical and material assistance to mine-risk States.", "(ii) In order to facilitate the detection of MOTAPM, States will seek to manufacture mines that incorporate characteristics that will improve their detectability (change of housing colour, change of plant cover in the mine site area, appearance of visual and electronic marks, etc.) after the expiration of their military utility period.", "(iii) Without any delay and as soon as the cessation of active hostilities permits, all minefields and mined areas in which MOTAPM exists shall be cleaned, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this document.", "(iv) At the first time and to the extent possible, all minefields located in the territory controlled by the party concerned should be monitored by military personnel or other authorized personnel. To the extent possible, all minefields will be protected and marked by fences or other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of military and civilian personnel from the mined area.", "(v) Following the hostilities, they will participate in the clearance of minefields under the control of the State that has sowed them military and civilian specialists.", "(vi) Humanitarian demining will be given to organizations familiar with the specific types of mines in the minefield and equipped with effective means of detection.", "(vii) When the State that has planted the minefield does not control the area in which it is located, it will deliver the maps and records of minefields to the State that controls that area, and the parties will cooperate to exchange recommendations on best demining practices.", "(viii) All technical requirements for MDMA detection will be recommended.", "VI. REDUCTION OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF DISTAINED MINES", "24. States shall, to the extent that their technical and financial capacities permit, manufacture MOTAPM to be remotely launched incorporating mechanisms (devices) that limit the duration of their operation to the period of military necessity.", "25. States shall endeavour to ensure that the technical characteristics of the mechanisms (devices) produced that cause the self-destruction of mines or their neutralization ensure that once the period of military necessity expires, the least number of active mines remain.", "26. In the event that a State determines that it cannot immediately begin producing MOTAPM that incorporates mechanisms (devices) of self-destruct or self-neutralization, it will minimize, to the extent possible, the use of MOTAPM without such mechanisms.", "27. When MOTAPM is used remotely with mechanisms (devices) that reduce their life cycle, States shall take measures to ensure the exclusion of civilians from hazardous areas due to self-destruction of mines.", "28. All technical requirements for reducing the distance-launched MOTAPM life cycle will be recommended.", "VII. COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE", "29. In the area of cooperation and assistance, States shall be guided by the provisions of Article 11 of Amended Protocol II and the following provisions.", "30. Each State in a position to do so shall promote cooperation and assistance at the bilateral, regional and international levels to assist other States in fulfilling their obligations to MOTAPM. Cooperation and assistance can be provided through humanitarian organizations. Cooperation and assistance may include:", "(i) Technical and financial assistance, including the exchange of experience, technology, except arms technology, and information, to facilitate the implementation of measures to improve the reliability of MOTAPM. Such assistance may also be provided to promote the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to facilitate access to mines.", "(ii) Assistance in the form of human resources for the prompt and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPMs.", "(iii) Timely submission of graphic and technical information on MOTAPM to relevant humanitarian missions and the United Nations system database on mine action.", "(iv) Cooperation and assistance in educating the civilian population on the dangers of MOTAPM.", "(v) Cooperation and assistance in the care and rehabilitation of victims of MOTAPM and their social and economic reintegration.", "(vi) To address the threat of use of improvised explosive devices, States will seek to cooperate with each other and, on the basis of reciprocal agreements, exchange information on the following areas:", "(1) Analysis of the tactics of non-State entities;", "(2) Development of techniques and methods of detection and neutralization of improvised explosive devices;", "(3) Making recommendations on blocking and destroying improvised explosive devices.", "(vii) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this document.", "VIII. MEASURES TO LIMIT INDEBED MOTAPM", "31. States shall take measures to limit the irresponsible use of MOTAPM, including:", "(i) The establishment of appropriate national systems and relevant documentation;", "(ii) The adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, as appropriate, criminal sanctions to prevent and eliminate activities whose development is restricted by this instrument;", "(iii) Removing activities related to the production of MOTAPM without licence;", "(iv) Increased cooperation with a view to the implementation of the present document.", "32. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce the legislation necessary to prohibit the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM by any non-State entity, as well as participation in any of the activities mentioned as an accomplice or supplier of assistance or funding.", "33. States shall take and enforce all appropriate effective measures to establish national control to prevent the illicit flow of MOTAPM and to do so shall:", "(i) Develop and implement accounting and mine protection measures during their production, use, storage or transport.", "(ii) Formulate and implement physical protection measures.", "(iii) Develop and implement border control measures and police measures to discover, suppress, prevent and stop, including through international cooperation, illicit trafficking in MOTAPM and related brokering activities in accordance with national legislation and without prejudice to international law.", "(iv) Establish, improve, revise and maintain national control of the export and transit transfer of these mines, including relevant laws and policy instruments for export control, transit, cross-border transfer and re-export. Take measures to control the provision of means and services related to such cross-border export and transfer, such as financing and transport that may promote their dissemination, and establish end-user control measures; and establish and implement appropriate criminal and civil liability measures for the violation of such laws and policy instruments in the area of export control.", "IX. OF SPOLETAS AND SENSORS OF MOTAPM", "34. States, to the extent possible, in their future production of MOTAPM should adhere to the best practice in relation to the production of fuses, to design them in such a way as to minimize the possibility that a person may accidentally or accidentally activate a mine.", "35. In their future production of fuses, States will endeavour, to the extent that it is financially and technologically possible, to apply modern technology, in particular, of multiple sensors, to develop them on the basis of technological factors of life and environment.", "X. TRANSFERS", "36. To promote the achievement of the objectives of this document, each State shall be guided by the transfers of MOTAPM by Article 8 of Amended Protocol II, as well as by the following provisions:", "(i) Commit not to transfer MDMA without a final user certificate;", "(ii) Commit not to transfer any MOTAPM whose use is restricted by this document except for its destruction or to develop new means and improve mine detection, neutralization or destruction techniques.", "XI. PROTECTION OF HUMANITARIAN MISSIONS", "37. The protection of humanitarian missions shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Amended Protocol II of 1996. In this context, any humanitarian mission operating in an area controlled by military personnel shall be obliged to coordinate its actions with its senior officers and strictly follow the instructions received from them.", "XII. AND OTHER MEASURES", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING", "38. States shall provide to the Depositary, which shall distribute it to other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations.", "(i) The information should include:", "(1) An initial report to be made available for the entry into force of this series of recommendations for each State; and", "(2) A regular update of the report.", "(ii) The report may include, inter alia:", "(1) Information disseminated to its armed forces and to the civilian population regarding the provisions of this set of recommendations;", "(2) Information on demining and rehabilitation programmes;", "(3) Information on measures taken to meet the technical requirements of this set of recommendations and any other relevant related information, except information on arms technology;", "(4) Information on legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations;", "(5) Information on the measures taken regarding the cooperation and assistance provided;", "(6) General information on and information on national standards and requirements for MOTAPM transfers;", "(7) Any other relevant matter." ]

[ "TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DELOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LACONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES ORESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DECIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUEPUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTENOCIVAS O DE EFECTOSINDISCRIMINADOS CCW/CONF.III/WP.810 de Noviembre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 7 a 17 de Noviembre de 2006", "PROYECTO DE ENMIENDA AL DOCUMENTO CCW/CONF.III/6 INTITULADO PLAN DE ACCIÓN PARA PROMOVER LA UNIVERSALIDAD DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS", "Presentado por la República Bolivariana de Venezuela", "1. El párrafo 9, Medida Nº 6 debe decir lo siguiente:", "Adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas para prevenir y reprimir las violaciones de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos por personas o en territorios bajo su jurisdicción o control, de acuerdo con el derecho interno de cada Estado Parte y las normas y principios del derecho internacional.", "Comentario: El objetivo es establecer un marco que regule la aplicación de las medidas contempladas en la Convención y sus Protocolos, teniendo presente el respeto irrestricto al derecho interno de cada Estado Parte y a las normas del derecho internacional.", "2. El párrafo 9, Medida Nº 7 debe decir lo siguiente:", "Alentar y apoyar la participación y la cooperación activa en esos esfuerzos de universalización por todos los asociados pertinentes, en particular las Naciones Unidas, otras instituciones internacionales y organizaciones regionales y el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR).", "Comentario: Aún cuando se entiende que la universalización de los acuerdos multilaterales es una responsabilidad básicamente de los Estados, se reconoce la necesidad de contar con la cooperación de organismos internacionales. Al incluirse las organizaciones no gubernamentales, los parlamentarios y los ciudadanos en este párrafo, se estarían colocando en un plano de igualdad a actores con diversas funciones y responsabilidades.", "3. El párrafo 10 debe decir lo siguiente:", "Para poner en práctica las medidas antes mencionadas, los Estados Partes deberán realizar todas las tareas apropiadas dentro del marco del derecho internacional, que deberán incluir, entre otras:", "Comentario: La propuesta persigue enmarcar las medidas aplicadas por las Altas Partes Contratantes, a las luz del derecho internacional." ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.810 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "draft amendment to document ccw/conf.iii/6 entitled “PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS”", "Submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "1. Paragraph 9, action No. 6 should read:", "Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the domestic law of each State party and the norms and principles of international law.", "Comment: The aim is to establish a framework to govern the application of the measures set out in the Convention and protocols, in the context of full respect for the domestic law of each State party and the norms of international law.", "2. Paragraph 9, action No. 7 should read:", "Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "GE.06‑65018 (E) 101106 101106", "Comment: Although it is understood that the universalization of multilateral agreements is essentially the responsibility of States, the need for cooperation from international agencies is recognized. Including non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and citizens in this paragraph would mean placing actors with different functions and responsibilities on an equal footing.", "3. Paragraph 10 should read:", "For achieving the above actions the States parties should undertake all appropriate measures within the framework of international law, which should include, inter alia:", "Comment: The proposal is designed to place the measures applied by the high contracting parties in the context of international law." ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS CONVENTIONS TO CONSIDER EXCESSIVELY ENVIRONMENTAL OR EFFECTS INCLUDING CCW/CONF.III/WP.810 November,2006Original: SPANISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROJECT OF AMENDMENT TO DOCUMENT CCW/CONF.III/6 INTITULED PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARMS APPEARING TO BE EXCESSIVELY NONTIVE OR EFFECTED", "Submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "1. Paragraph 9, Action #6 should read as follows:", "Take all appropriate measures to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by persons or territories under their jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the domestic law of each State party and the rules and principles of international law.", "Commentary: The objective is to establish a framework governing the implementation of the measures envisaged in the Convention and its Protocols, bearing in mind the unrestricted respect for the domestic law of each State party and the norms of international law.", "2. Paragraph 9, Action 7 should read as follows:", "Encourage and support active participation and cooperation in such universalization efforts by all relevant partners, in particular the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "Commentary: Even if it is understood that the universalization of multilateral agreements is a basically State responsibility, the need for cooperation from international agencies is recognized. By including non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and citizens in this paragraph, actors with various roles and responsibilities would be placed on an equal footing.", "3. Paragraph 10 should read as follows:", "In order to implement the above-mentioned measures, States Parties shall undertake all appropriate tasks within the framework of international law, including:", "Commentary: The proposal seeks to frame the measures applied by the High Contracting Parties in the light of international law." ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/WP.7", "10 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL", "Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006", "PROYECTO DE ENMIENDA AL DOCUMENTO CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7 TITULADO PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO FINAL DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LAS ALTAS PARTES CONTRATANTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS", "Presentado por Alemania y Suecia", "1. En la parte II, Declaración Final, insértense dos nuevos párrafos dispositivos del tenor siguiente:", "Su reafirmación del reconocimiento por las Conferencias de Examen Primera y Segunda de que es necesario lograr la prohibición completa de las armas láser cegadoras, cuyo uso y transferencia prohíbe el Protocolo IV,", "Su reconocimiento de la importancia de mantener en examen la cuestión de los efectos cegadores relacionados con el uso de sistemas láser, teniendo en cuenta los adelantos científicos y tecnológicos[1],", "2. En la parte II, Examen, Protocolo sobre armas láser cegadoras (Protocolo IV), debe decir:", "La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo. [CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo IV]", "La Conferencia destaca la importancia, a la luz de los nuevos adelantos técnicos en la esfera de la tecnología láser desde la aprobación del Protocolo IV, de adoptar todas las precauciones que sean viables en el empleo de sistemas láser militares para evitar el riesgo de ocasionar ceguera permanente a la vista no amplificada.", "[1] El tenor es el mismo que el de la Declaración Final de la Segunda Conferencia de Examen.", "GE.06-65028 (S) 101106 101106" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.710 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL OF AMENDMENT TO DOCUMENT", "CCW/CONF.III/7/ADD.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/ADD.7 ENTITLED", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "1. In Part II, Final Declaration, insert two new operative paragraphs to read:", "Their reaffirmation of the recognition by the First and the Second Review Conferences of the need for a total prohibition of blinding laser weapons, the use and transfer of which are prohibited in Protocol IV,", "Their recognition of the importance of keeping the blinding effects related to the use of laser systems under consideration, taking into account scientific and technological developments,[1]", "2. Part II, Review, Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), should read:", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "The Conference highlights the importance, in light of new technical developments in the field of laser technology since the adoption of Protocol IV, of taking all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision in the employment of military laser systems.", "[1] Same language as in the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference." ]

[ "CCW/CONF.III/WP.7", "10 November 2006", "SPANISH", "Original:", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "DRAFT ENVIRONMENT TO DOCUMENT CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7 STATE DRAFT DOCUMENT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE ALTATIONS CONTRACTING IN THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE", "Submitted by Germany and Sweden", "1. In Part II, Final Declaration, insert two new operative paragraphs of the following tenor:", "Its reaffirmation of the recognition by the First and Second Review Conferences that a complete ban on blinding laser weapons is necessary, the use and transfer of which prohibits Protocol IV,", "Its recognition of the importance of keeping under review the issue of blinding effects related to the use of laser systems, taking into account scientific and technological developments[1],", "2. Part II, Review, Protocol on blinding laser weapons (Protocol IV), should read:", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of Protocol IV]", "The Conference stresses the importance, in the light of the new technical advances in the field of laser technology since the adoption of Protocol IV, of adopting all feasible precautions in the use of military laser systems to avoid the risk of permanent blindness to the unplified view.", "[1] The tenor is the same as that of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference.", "GE.06-65028 (E) 101106 101106" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.1 27 de abril de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: FRANCÉS", "Ginebra, 6 de noviembre de 2006", "ACTA RESUMIDA DE LA PRIMERA SESIÓN", "celebrada en el Palacio de las Naciones, Ginebra, el lunes 6 de noviembre de 2006, a las 10.20 horas", "Presidente provisional: Sr. CAUGHLEY (Secretario General Adjunto de la Conferencia de Desarme y Director del Servicio de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme)", "Presidente: Sr. HUSÁK (República Checa)", "SUMARIO", "Apertura de la Conferencia", "Confirmación del nombramiento del Presidente y otros miembros de la Mesa", "La presente acta podrá ser objeto de correcciones.", "Las correcciones deberán redactarse en uno de los idiomas de trabajo. Deberán presentarse en forma de memorando, incorporarse en un ejemplar del acta y enviarse, dentro del plazo de una semana a partir de la fecha del presente documento, a la Sección de Edición de los Documentos Oficiales, oficina E.4108, Palacio de las Naciones, Ginebra.", "Las correcciones que se introduzcan en las actas se reunirán en un documento único que se publicará poco después de la clausura de la Conferencia.", "GE.06-65044 (S) 240407 270407", "Aprobación del programa", "Confirmación del reglamento", "Nombramiento del Secretario General de la Conferencia", "Adopción de disposiciones para sufragar los gastos de la Conferencia", "Mensaje del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas", "Organización de los trabajos, incluidos los de los órganos subsidiarios que establezca la Conferencia", "Intercambio general de opiniones", "Examen de la aplicación y estado del Protocolo", "Estudio de asuntos suscitados por los informes presentados por las Altas Partes Contratantes de conformidad con el párrafo 4 del artículo 13 del Protocolo II Enmendado", "Estudio de los adelantos tecnológicos aplicables a la protección de los civiles contra los efectos indiscriminados de las minas", "Se declara abierta la sesión a las 10.20 horas.", "APERTURA DE LA CONFERENCIA (tema 1 del programa provisional)", "1. El PRESIDENTE PROVISIONAL, actuando en nombre del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, que es el Depositario de la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados y sus Protocolos, declara abierta la Octava Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de minas, armas trampa y otros artefactos según fue enmendado el 3 de mayo de 1996, anexo a la Convención.", "CONFIRMACIÓN DEL NOMBRAMIENTO DEL PRESIDENTE Y OTROS MIEMBROS DE LA MESA (tema 2 del programa provisional)", "2. El PRESIDENTE PROVISIONAL indica que en la Cuarta Conferencia Anual los Estados Partes decidieron que el Presidente y los Vicepresidentes entrantes serían designados al final de la Conferencia en curso a fin de garantizar la continuidad de la labor preparatoria realizada por la Presidencia. Habida cuenta de esa decisión, en la Séptima Conferencia Anual se nombró al representante de la República Checa como Presidente designado de la Octava Conferencia Anual (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, párr. 20). Si no hay objeciones, el Presidente Provisional entenderá que la Conferencia confirma el nombramiento del representante de la República Checa, Sr. Thomás Husák, a la Presidencia.", "3. Así queda acordado.", "4. El Sr. Husák (República Checa) ocupa la Presidencia.", "5. El PRESIDENTE, recordando la decisión adoptada en la Séptima Conferencia Anual sobre el tema de la Vicepresidencia (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, párr. 20), dice que, tras las consultas con los grupos regionales y China, parece que la Conferencia está de acuerdo en que se confirme el nombramiento del Embajador de Alemania, Sr. Bernhard Brasack, del Embajador de China, Sr. Cheng Jingye, y del Embajador de Jordania, Sr. Mousa Burayzat, como Vicepresidentes. Invita a la Conferencia a confirmar el nombramiento de estos representantes como Vicepresidentes.", "6. Queda confirmado el nombramiento de los Sres. Brasack (Alemania), Cheng (China) y Burayzat (Jordania) como Vicepresidentes de la Conferencia.", "APROBACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA (tema 3 del programa provisional) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. Queda aprobado el programa provisional.", "CONFIRMACIÓN DEL REGLAMENTO (tema 4 del programa)", "8. El PRESIDENTE señala a las delegaciones el documento CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, que contiene el reglamento según fue modificado en la Cuarta Conferencia Anual, y les recuerda que en la Primera Conferencia Anual el Presidente en funciones observó, en relación con el artículo 29 del reglamento, que las Altas Partes Contratantes habían mantenido sus deliberaciones y negociaciones sobre la base del consenso y no habían tomado ninguna decisión por votación. Partirá del principio de que dicha versión del reglamento, leída conjuntamente con esa declaración, se aplica mutatis mutandis a la Octava Conferencia Anual.", "9. Así queda acordado.", "NOMBRAMIENTO DEL SECRETARIO GENERAL DE LA CONFERENCIA (tema 5 del programa)", "10. El PRESIDENTE, refiriéndose al artículo 10 del reglamento, dice que sus consultas indicaron que las delegaciones están de acuerdo en que se nombre Secretario General de la Conferencia al Sr. Peter Kolarov, especialista en cuestiones políticas del Servicio de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme. Cree entender que la Conferencia desea nombrar al Sr. Kolarov para ese cargo.", "11. Así queda acordado.", "ADOPCIÓN DE DISPOSICIONES PARA SUFRAGAR LOS GASTOS DE LA CONFERENCIA (tema 6 del programa)", "12. El PRESIDENTE observa que los gastos estimados de la Octava Conferencia Anual (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, anexo IV) se examinaron en 2005 en la Séptima Conferencia. Si no hay objeciones, el Presidente entenderá que la Conferencia desea aprobar esa estimación de gastos.", "13. Así queda acordado.", "MENSAJE DEL SECRETARIO GENERAL DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS", "14. Por invitación del Presidente, el Sr. CAUGHLEY (Secretario General Adjunto de la Conferencia de Desarme y Director del Servicio de Ginebra del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme) da lectura a un mensaje del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas.", "15. En su mensaje el Secretario General señala que las minas, armas trampas y artefactos explosivos improvisados agravan los sufrimientos de los combatientes y prolongan las terribles consecuencias de los conflictos armados al afectar indiscriminadamente a los civiles, los agentes de mantenimiento de la paz y los trabajadores de asistencia humanitaria, además de que obstaculizan el regreso y la reintegración de los refugiados y personas desplazadas e impiden la reconstrucción tras las hostilidades.", "16. Al aprobar hace diez años el Protocolo II Enmendado, los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales aportaron la prueba de que estaban resueltos a desarrollar el derecho internacional humanitario con el fin de combatir la amenaza que presentan las minas y artefactos considerados. Ahora bien, esta amenaza perdura y aún queda mucho por hacer para alcanzar el objetivo de eliminación de las minas en todas sus formas. El Secretario General invita así a los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado a estudiar los medios para proteger mejor a la población civil contra el peligro de las minas y promover la adhesión universal al Protocolo. Exhorta a los países que aún no hayan notificado su consentimiento en obligarse por el Protocolo II Enmendado, y en particular a los que son Partes en el Protocolo original, a que lo hagan cuanto antes.", "ORGANIZACIÓN DE LOS TRABAJOS, INCLUIDOS LOS DE LOS ÓRGANOS SUBSIDIARIOS QUE ESTABLEZCA LA CONFERENCIA (tema 7 del programa)", "17. El PRESIDENTE dice que, dada la brevedad de la Conferencia, no cree oportuno proponer el establecimiento de un órgano subsidiario. En cambio, invita a los participantes a que, al proceder al tradicional intercambio general de opiniones, aborden todas las cuestiones sustantivas del programa que les interesen, y reserven para el examen de los temas, 9, 10 y 11 las cuestiones relacionadas específicamente con esos temas.", "INTERCAMBIO GENERAL DE OPINIONES (tema 8 del programa)", "18. El Sr. KAHILUOTO (Finlandia), expresándose en nombre de la Unión Europea, los países adherentes (Bulgaria y Rumania), los países candidatos a la adhesión (Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia), los países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y candidatos potenciales (Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Serbia y Montenegro) -proceso del que siguen formando parte Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia-, así como de Ucrania y Moldova, dice que la Unión Europea sigue asignando alta prioridad a la aplicación integral del Protocolo II Enmendado que, al complementar la Convención de Ottawa por su alcance más amplio, puede contribuir, si las prohibiciones y restricciones que impone se aplican efectivamente, a reforzar la seguridad de las operaciones militares sobre el terreno y reducir las repercusiones de las minas, armas trampa y otros artefactos para las poblaciones civiles. Las obligaciones relativas al registro, la protección y la remoción de campos de minas, al igual que las disposiciones relativas a la cooperación internacional, revisten una importancia fundamental porque facilitan la asistencia humanitaria, la recuperación de los países después de un conflicto y las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. La Unión Europea celebra la adhesión de Túnez al Protocolo II Enmendado en 2006 y hace nuevamente un llamamiento a todos los Estados Partes en la Convención para que se adhieran al Protocolo lo antes posible, al igual que a los demás Protocolos en que aún no sean partes. Apoya sin reservas el plan de acción para la universalización de la Convención y sus Protocolos que ha de adoptarse en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de la Convención. Sin embargo, la eficacia del Protocolo II Enmendado dependerá no sólo de su universalización sino también de que los Estados Partes presenten sus informes anuales en los plazos previstos, informes que contribuyen a la transparencia y la cooperación en la aplicación del instrumento. Sería importante que los Estados que no sean partes elaboren tales informes voluntariamente.", "19. La Unión Europea desearía que las conferencias anuales de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado constituyan la ocasión de debates interactivos y más sustanciales sobre el contenido de los informes nacionales. También desearía que se estudie cómo se podrían aprovechar concretamente las conferencias anuales para reforzar las disposiciones del Protocolo y su aplicación. Con respecto a los Estados Partes que han hecho uso de la posibilidad de aplazar el cumplimiento de las disposiciones del anexo técnico relativas a la detectabilidad y la autodestrucción y autodesactivación de las minas antipersonal durante un período de nueve años tras la entrada en vigor del Protocolo, la Unión Europea los invita a que indiquen si están preparándose para aplicar las disposiciones en cuestión, ya que el período de aplazamiento de su aplicación finalizará pronto, es decir el 3 de diciembre de 2007. Anima a los Estados Partes que han ejercido ese derecho y que entre tanto han pasado a ser Partes en la Convención de Ottawa a que declaren hoy la nulidad de los efectos de ese aplazamiento.", "20. La Sra. MILLAR (Australia) expresa que su país, al ser Parte en la Convención de Ottawa junto a otros 150 Estados, aprecia particularmente la aplicación y universalización de una prohibición completa de las minas antipersonal, pero no deja de atribuir importancia al Protocolo II Enmendado a causa de las ventajas humanitarias que ofrece, en verdad mínimas aunque no desechables, y del papel que desempeña al congregar a los Estados que siguen siendo grandes utilizadores y productores de minas y no se han adherido aún a la Convención de Ottawa.", "21. Australia atribuye mucha importancia a la eliminación de las minas antipersonal en el mundo. En 2005 se comprometió a aportar a lo largo de cinco años la suma de 75 millones de dólares australianos para las actividades relativas a las minas en todo el mundo y en 2006 asignó 11 millones de dólares a la labor de desminado, educación sobre los riesgos de las minas y ayuda a las víctimas, cuyos beneficiarios son esencialmente países de Asia. Algunos organismos públicos, tras haber concebido un sistema de detectores múltiples que hoy día se utiliza en todo el mundo, siguen dedicándose a la búsqueda de nuevos métodos de desminado. Empresas australianas están elaborando medios técnicos para acelerar la remoción de las minas sembradas; el detector creado por la sociedad Minelab Electronics se emplea en la actualidad en operaciones de desminado que se desarrollan en el marco de las Naciones Unidas y de la Asociación de la OTAN para la Paz.", "22. El Sr. CHENG (China) observa que el Protocolo II Enmendado establece un equilibro acertado entre las preocupaciones humanitarias y las necesidades militares legítimas de los Estados, cuya importancia reconoce ampliamente la comunidad internacional ya que 86 Estados son Partes en el Protocolo hoy día, y destaca la indispensable función que desempeña para reducir el número de accidentes causados por minas terrestres de que son víctimas los civiles. No obstante, las minas terrestres siguen representando una grave amenaza y en algunos países constituyen un obstáculo importante para la recuperación social y económica. Por su parte, China se empeña por cumplir las obligaciones que le incumben en virtud del Protocolo. En el plano nacional ha seguido desarrollando campañas de sensibilización y educación y ha creado una emisión televisiva para difundir entre las fuerzas armadas y la población civil información sobre la aplicación del Protocolo. Las fuerzas armadas chinas han destruido más de 1.000 t de minas antipersonal obsoletas y están modificando las minas en existencia que siguen funcionando normalmente, con el fin de que se ajusten a las exigencias técnicas del Protocolo. China espera así estar en condiciones de cumplir sus obligaciones después del período de aplazamiento de la aplicación de ciertas prescripciones técnicas establecidas en el Protocolo.", "23. En el plano internacional China, que es miembro del Grupo de Apoyo a las Actividades relativas a las Minas, ha tenido una participación activa en la asistencia para el desminado. En 2005 envió un equipo de expertos a Tailandia durante varios meses, que se dedicó a la formación de 30 desminadores, y en septiembre de 2006 se impartió en China un curso de formación en desminado humanitario para 42 desminadores libaneses y jordanos. Presta apoyo asimismo a operaciones de desminado humanitario en África. Convencida de que los diversos mecanismos internacionales existentes en materia de lucha contra las minas se complementan, China ha mantenido amplias relaciones con los Estados Partes en la Convención de Ottawa y con los representantes de la Campaña Internacional para la Prohibición de las Minas Terrestres, el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra y el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja.", "24. La Sra. KANG (República de Corea) reitera la firme adhesión de su país a la letra y al espíritu del Protocolo II Enmendado. Observa que aunque el número de Estados Partes en el Protocolo aumenta constantemente, sigue siendo necesario redoblar esfuerzos para garantizar la universalización -la República de Corea deposita grandes esperanzas en el plan de acción que se aprobará a estos efectos en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de la Convención.", "25. La República de Corea ha destruido en 2006 más de 7.000 minas terrestres y tiene previsto terminar sus operaciones de desminado de aquí a 2009. El Gobierno observa estrictamente desde hace nueve años una moratoria a la exportación de estos artefactos. A nivel internacional, el Gobierno sigue respaldando proyectos de desminado humanitario mediante la aportación de contribuciones a los diversos fondos especiales de las Naciones Unidas y estudia maneras de compartir la experiencia adquirida y las técnicas elaboradas en la materia con países afectados por el problema de las minas.", "26. Si bien reconoce que el Protocolo II Enmendado se aplica en parte a las minas distintas a las minas antipersonal, la representante de la República de Corea está convencida de que se impone un instrumento más específico para luchar contra los riesgos humanitarios que presenta este tipo de mina, por lo que se alegra de la perspectiva de rápida adopción de un nuevo protocolo que trataría específicamente de esas minas.", "27. El Sr. TURCOTTE (Canadá) dice que el Protocolo II Enmendado, a pesar de la importancia que reviste en ciertos aspectos, no garantiza una protección suficiente contra los graves peligros que presentan las minas antipersonal, sobre todo desde el punto de vista humanitario. En cambio, la Convención de Ottawa, a la que se adhieren más de tres cuartos de los países del mundo, ofrece un marco de acción global para resolver estos problemas que va más allá del Protocolo al prohibir mera y sencillamente las minas antipersonal, exigir la destrucción de las existencias de minas en un plazo preciso y prever la prestación de ayuda a las víctimas para que puedan reintegrarse en sus comunidades. Los Estados Partes en la Convención de Ottawa aprobaron en la Primera Conferencia de Examen de este instrumento, en noviembre de 2004, un ambicioso plan de acción para el período 2004-2009 que les ha permitido realizar progresos significativos en la eliminación total del flagelo de las minas terrestres antipersonal, aun si queda mucho por hacer para lograr este objetivo. El Canadá insta a todos los Estados a que se adhieran a la Convención de Ottawa y, entre tanto, a que apliquen plenamente las normas que establece, ya que están en juego la vida y los medios de subsistencia de poblaciones civiles de todo el mundo.", "28. El interés principal del Protocolo II Enmendado es que se aplica a minas distintas de las minas antipersonal, razón por la cual el Canadá insta a todos los Estados a cumplir plenamente sus obligaciones referentes a la prohibición del empleo indiscriminado de minas, el desminado tras el cese de las hostilidades activas y la asistencia para el desminado, sin olvidar el requisito de que presenten con regularidad y dentro de los plazos sus informes anuales, que son un elemento clave de la observancia de las disposiciones del Protocolo. Los exhorta también a dar cumplimiento a sus obligaciones en lo que se refiere a las minas antivehículo, que son causa de sufrimientos terribles para los civiles.", "29. El Sr. STREULI (Suiza) hace observar que la eficacia del Protocolo II Enmendado y en particular de las garantías que establece en cuanto a protección de la población civil depende de la aplicación efectiva de sus disposiciones, incluida la exigencia de que los Estados Partes presenten informes anuales de conformidad con el párrafo 4 del artículo 13, y de la participación en las conferencias anuales. Suiza celebra el constante aumento del número de Estados Partes en el Protocolo e invita a todos los Estados que aún no lo hayan hecho a que se adhieran a dicho instrumento. Suiza está dispuesta a aportar por conducto bilateral o multilateral una colaboración activa para la solución de todo problema técnico relacionado con las minas que pueda impedir a ciertos Estados integrar las filas de las Partes en el Protocolo. En 2005 el Gobierno suizo dedicó 12 millones de dólares a las actividades relativas a las minas en el mundo y en 2006 asignó un monto similar en el presupuesto del Estado; esta ayuda sirve principalmente a financiar proyectos de desminado, campañas de sensibilización y proyectos de asistencia a las víctimas. Suiza también proporciona expertos y material para misiones de desminado en gran número de países.", "30. El Sr. BIELASHOV (Ucrania), tras señalar que Ucrania se ha asociado a la declaración formulada por la delegación finlandesa en nombre de la Unión Europea y de otros países, dice que su país, que es Parte no sólo en la Convención sino también en sus cinco Protocolos, está firmemente resuelto a respetar estrictamente y aplicar adecuadamente a nivel nacional estos instrumentos, en particular el Protocolo II Enmendado, que ofrece un medio importante de poner fin a las repercusiones a menudo desastrosas de los conflictos armados, tanto para los combatientes durante las hostilidades como para los civiles después.", "31. En Ucrania los desminadores señalan cada año que extraen del suelo 40.000 a 50.000 municiones sin estallar en el curso de obras de construcción y otros trabajos. El Gobierno dedica esfuerzos y recursos financieros considerables a la eliminación de este flagelo heredado de la segunda guerra mundial, pero los logros registrados con esta acción no habrían sido posibles sin el importante apoyo de sus asociados extranjeros. Ucrania está convencida de que la comunidad internacional puede sostener todavía ampliamente, sin temer la duplicación de actividades, los programas establecidos por los Estados afectados por el problema de las minas con el fin de luchar contra los efectos de estos artefactos. Gracias a la cooperación de la Comisión Europea para la destrucción de 6 millones de minas antipersonal de tipo PFM en Ucrania, el país ha podido contemplar la posibilidad de pasar a ser Parte en la Convención de Ottawa, lo que acaba de hacer.", "32. El Sr. PRASAD (India) expresa que su país sigue adhiriéndose al objetivo final de una prohibición universal de las minas terrestres antipersonal que tenga en cuenta las exigencias legítimas de los Estados en materia de seguridad. Si los países dispusieran de soluciones técnicas distintas que fuesen menos costosas y militarmente eficaces y no entrañaran la muerte, se podría avanzar en la eliminación completa de estas minas. Al establecer un buen equilibrio entre los imperativos de seguridad de los Estados y la voluntad de proteger a las poblaciones civiles contra el empleo irresponsable e indiscriminado de cualquier tipo de minas, el Protocolo II Enmendado ha contribuido en medida considerable a la concretización gradual de un mundo sin minas. La India apoya sin reservas las medidas adoptadas por los Estados Partes para conseguir la universalización del Protocolo, y en particular la elaboración del proyecto de plan de acción que se presentará a la Conferencia de Examen de la Convención dentro de unos días. La eficacia del mecanismo establecido en los artículos 13 y 14 del Protocolo para la consulta, la cooperación y el cumplimiento de las disposiciones queda demostrada por el gran número de Estados Partes que presentan con regularidad sus informes anuales nacionales.", "33. La India ha adoptado las medidas necesarias para dar cumplimiento a las disposiciones del Protocolo. Sólo las fuerzas armadas están autorizadas para utilizar minas terrestres y las emplazan únicamente para proteger las fronteras, siguiendo procedimientos operativos normalizados. Las autoridades de la India jamás han recurrido al uso de minas para mantener el orden público, ni siquiera contra grupos terroristas, los cuales en cambio sí emplean indiscriminadamente minas y dispositivos explosivos improvisados contra los civiles. La moratoria a la exportación de minas terrestres sigue aplicándose. Se desarrollan con regularidad actividades para difundir información sobre las minas antipersonal entre las fuerzas armadas y el público en general, a través de publicaciones, cursos de instrucción e iniciativas de la sociedad civil. El ejército indio sigue aportando sus competencias para la realización de programas de desminado patrocinados por las Naciones Unidas en el marco de operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, principalmente en África. La India sería partidaria de que se refuerce la cooperación en las actividades relativas a las minas en todas sus formas. La célebre prótesis de Jaipur se distribuye en algunos países de África y Asia afectados por el problema de las minas.", "34. El Sr. MINE (Japón) dice que su país, que sigue convencido de que sólo una prohibición universal de las minas antipersonal permitirá poner fin a los sufrimientos que causan estas armas, asigna gran importancia a la Convención de Ottawa y ha intentado alentar a los Estados que aún no lo han hecho a que se hagan Partes en esta Convención. Además, el Japón también está convencido de que el Protocolo II Enmendado ofrece un medio realista y lógico de atenuar los problemas humanitarios ocasionados por estos artefactos, y en este sentido los países que encontrarían difícil ser Partes en la Convención de Ottawa deberían prever la posibilidad de adherirse al Protocolo II Enmendado y participar así en las actividades de la comunidad internacional encaminadas a reducir los sufrimientos debidos a las minas. La delegación del Japón alberga la esperanza de que los países que optaron por aplazar hasta diciembre de 2007 la aplicación de las disposiciones relativas a la detectabilidad y el ciclo de vida útil de las minas antipersonal describan en la presente Conferencia los progresos que hayan hecho en relación con estas disposiciones. En cuanto al Japón, en los últimos años ha apoyado enérgicamente las actividades relativas a las minas y, en colaboración con la industria, los medios universitarios y la sociedad civil del país, se ha emprendido el estudio de nuevos detectores de minas y equipos de desminado. El Japón invita a todos los Estados Partes a reafirmar la importancia del Protocolo II Enmendado, que rige no sólo las minas terrestres antipersonal sino también las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal, así como a trabajar en pos de la aplicación constante y la universalización progresiva de este instrumento.", "35. El Sr. ANTONOV (Federación de Rusia), tras señalar que el Protocolo II Enmendado presenta la ventaja especial de conciliar los intereses de todos los Estados, ya sean favorables a una prohibición completa de las minas o deseen recurrir a esos artefactos para garantizar su seguridad, opina que convendría sacar mejor partido de las posibilidades que encierra el Protocolo. Concretamente, de lo que se trataría es de garantizar su universalidad por medio de una cooperación con los Estados que aún no se hayan adherido al Protocolo debido a una difícil situación militar y política. La Federación de Rusia ha tenido que superar ella misma dificultades de este tipo antes de poder declarar su consentimiento en obligarse por el Protocolo, en diciembre de 2004. También convendría aplicar mejor sus disposiciones. La Federación de Rusia está persuadida de que el cumplimiento responsable de las prescripciones y prohibiciones establecidas en el Protocolo ayudaría a reducir considerablemente el número de víctimas de las minas terrestres y los estragos que causan, lo que evitaría la necesidad de aprobar nuevos instrumentos para resolver el problema.", "36. En cuanto a la Federación de Rusia, desde hace varios años toma medidas prácticas para reducir la amenaza que presentan las minas. Hace más de diez años renunció a producir minas de efecto de soplo y destruyó últimamente más de 8 millones de minas antipersonal. El Ministerio de Defensa ha elaborado recomendaciones sobre el emplazamiento, la marcación y la delimitación por cerca de los sistemas de obstáculos constituidos por minas antipersonal, y las fuerzas armadas cumplen las prescripciones técnicas del Protocolo.", "37. La Federación de Rusia acaba de entregar a Tayikistán todos los registros de los campos de minas que existen a lo largo de la frontera entre este país y el Afganistán. Los medios de comunicación nacionales difunden información sobre las disposiciones del Protocolo y las medidas adoptadas por las autoridades públicas con el fin de hacerlas respetar. La Federación de Rusia está desarrollando nuevas técnicas de detección y neutralización de minas y ha elaborado nuevos medios de destrucción de las minas antipersonal cuyo empleo está restringido por el Protocolo. En el marco de la cooperación internacional ofrece sus capacidades para formar especialistas extranjeros en desminado.", "38. El Sr. KHAN (Pakistán) dice que su país asigna gran importancia al Protocolo II Enmendado a causa de su vasto ámbito de aplicación, el equilibrio que establece entre el interés humanitario y las exigencias de los Estados en materia de seguridad, la eficacia del mecanismo facultativo, no intrusivo y no discriminatorio que establece para el cumplimiento de las disposiciones y el hecho de que reúne a los principales productores de minas. El Pakistán aplica íntegramente las disposiciones del Protocolo y presenta sin falta sus informes anuales.", "39. En el Pakistán la producción de minas está reservada al sector público, mientras que su almacenamiento y su sembrado en período de hostilidades activas se confía a unidades especializadas de las fuerzas armadas. Se han adoptado todas las medidas necesarias para proteger a la población civil y al personal militar contra las minas, en particular: se informa a los miembros de las fuerzas armadas acerca de las disposiciones del Protocolo y los riesgos que presentan las minas para la población civil, la marcación de los campos de minas, su vigilancia y su delimitación mediante una cerca en tiempos de paz, se imparte educación a los civiles que viven cerca de los campos minados, incluidos los niños que asisten a las escuelas vecinas, y se brinda asistencia a las víctimas de las minas, concretamente a los refugiados afganos.", "40. Es importante que los Estados Partes en el Protocolo no escatimen esfuerzo alguno por universalizar este instrumento insistiendo en las ventajas que ofrece en materia de ayuda para el desminado y readaptación de las víctimas de las minas.", "41. La Sra. BAKER (Estados Unidos de América) expresa que su país se ha hecho Parte en el Protocolo II Enmendado porque atribuye gran importancia a la eliminación de los riesgos que presentan para los seres humanos todas las minas terrestres, incluidas las minas antivehículo, y además ha establecido un plan nacional de prohibiciones que van más allá de lo que exige el Protocolo. En efecto, en febrero de 2004 el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos decidió que después del año 2010 los Estados Unidos dejarían de emplear minas terrestres persistentes, a la vez que siguió autorizando el empleo de minas de corto ciclo de vida útil, que se destruyen y desactivan por sí solas y que no presentan ningún peligro de consideración para los no combatientes. Además, prohibió, con efecto a partir de enero de 2005, el empleo de minas no detectables, ya se trate de minas antipersonal o de minas antivehículo.", "42. En el plano internacional los Estados Unidos de América no han dejado de tener un importante papel en los esfuerzos constantes desplegados por unos 20 países donantes y la Comisión Europea para sostener las actividades relativas a las minas en el mundo. A la fecha de hoy el país ha dedicado más de 1.000 millones de dólares al desminado, la sensibilización ante los riesgos que presentan las minas, la asistencia a las víctimas de accidentes causados por minas, la investigación y el desarrollo de técnicas de detección y desminado más eficaces y la formación de desminadores extranjeros, en cerca de 50 países afectados por el problema de las minas. Tan sólo en el ejercicio fiscal 2006, la asistencia humanitaria de los Estados Unidos para las actividades relativas a las minas se cifra en más de 76,6 millones de dólares, y se han beneficiado de ella 30 países afectados por el problema de las minas en cuatro continentes. A reserva de la aprobación del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, en el ejercicio 2007 se destinará un monto parecido a esta finalidad. Su participación en las actividades relativas a las minas en el mundo ha convencido a los Estados Unidos de la necesidad de elaborar un instrumento vigoroso para reducir las repercusiones humanitarias de las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal, razón por la cual el país alienta a todos los Estados a aunar sus esfuerzos con el fin de finalizar tal instrumento en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de la Convención que se celebrará dentro de poco.", "43. El Sr. GOOSE (Human Rights Watch) observa con satisfacción que en tan sólo diez años el Protocolo II Enmendado se ha vuelto en gran medida superfluo. En efecto, en ese lapso las minas antipersonal han quedado totalmente prohibidas por la Convención de Ottawa, al igual que las minas antivehículo que actúan como minas antipersonal, mientras que la cuestión de las medidas correctivas después de los conflictos se ha reglamentado mediante la Convención de Ottawa y sobre todo el Protocolo V sobre los restos explosivos de guerra. De ese modo sólo las disposiciones del Protocolo II que se refieren a las minas antivehículo siguen siendo efectivamente útiles, aunque muchos Estados Partes hayan subrayado que estas disposiciones no tienen fuerza suficiente. El representante de Human Rights Watch lamenta que los Estados no hayan logrado un consenso sobre los medios de reforzar las disposiciones en cuestión. Además, el Protocolo II Enmendado sigue siendo pertinente sólo para los diez Estados que son Partes en él y que no se han adherido todavía a la Convención de Ottawa y aceptado las obligaciones más rigurosas y completas que ésta establece. El Sr. Goose opina que el Protocolo no debe concebirse como una etapa cómoda en la vía de la prohibición completa de las minas antipersonal en que los Estados todavía puedan producir, almacenar y emplear tales minas, cuando toda la comunidad mundial debería condenarlo.", "44. Dicho esto, el representante de Human Rights Watch observa con satisfacción que incluso Estados que no son partes en la Convención de Ottawa aceptan la norma que ésta establece y se ajustan a ella en la práctica. Incluso esos Estados han anunciado que ya no producen minas antipersonal. El comercio mundial de minas antipersonal prácticamente ha dejado de existir en el curso de diez años, mientras que sólo la Federación de Rusia y Myanmar continuaron sembrando minas en el año transcurrido. Muchos Estados que no son partes en la Convención de Ottawa han comenzado a votar a favor de la resolución que la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas dedica cada año a la Convención de Ottawa, entre ellos China, Marruecos, Sri Lanka y Finlandia, que son Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado, e incluso Azerbaiyán y Kuwait, que no son partes en ninguno de los dos instrumentos. El Sr. Goose alienta a todos los Estados Partes en el Protocolo que en la presente Conferencia anual han respaldado el objetivo de una prohibición completa de las minas antipersonal a que sin tardar hagan lo necesario para ser Partes en la Convención de Ottawa. Por último, señala con decepción que ni China ni el Pakistán han suministrado información sobre lo que han hecho para poder cumplir a partir de diciembre de 2007 las obligaciones establecidas en el Protocolo cuyo cumplimiento decidieron aplazar.", "EXAMEN DE LA APLICACIÓN Y ESTADO DEL PROTOCOLO (tema 9 del programa)", "45. El PRESIDENTE dice que hasta la fecha 86 Estados han notificado al Depositario su consentimiento en obligarse por el Protocolo, cifra que sigue siendo relativamente modesta habida cuenta de la importancia de este instrumento internacional. El Presidente invita a los Estados Partes a estudiar cómo se podría facilitar la universalización de este instrumento. Alienta particularmente a los seis Estados que al declarar su consentimiento en obligarse por el Protocolo decidieron aplazar el cumplimiento de las disposiciones relativas a la detectabilidad de las minas antipersonal y al ciclo de vida útil de las minas de este tipo que se siembran a distancia a que indiquen, si aún no lo han hecho en el intercambio general de opiniones, en qué estado se encuentran sus preparativos con miras a la aplicación de estas disposiciones, ya que el período de aplazamiento expira el 3 de diciembre de 2007.", "46. La Sra. DUMPE (Letonia), tras señalar que su país había optado por el período de aplazamiento del cumplimiento de las obligaciones relativas a la detectabilidad y la autodestrucción de las minas, dice que Letonia se hizo Parte en la Convención de Ottawa el 1º de enero de 2006, suscribiendo así obligaciones jurídicas que anulan la validez de dicho aplazamiento. El Gobierno de Letonia ha emprendido las gestiones necesarias en el plano interno con el fin de retirar oficialmente lo antes posible esta reserva al Protocolo II Enmendado. La delegación letona mantendrá informados a los Estados Partes en el Protocolo sobre este procedimiento.", "47. El Sr. GRINEVICH (Belarús) estima que en esta etapa no es útil que Belarús renuncie al aplazamiento del cumplimiento de determinadas obligaciones que contrajo en virtud del Protocolo II Enmendado, porque el país entre tanto se hizo Parte en la Convención de Ottawa. Belarús no tiene intención de reequipar sus existencias de minas antipersonal con mecanismos de autodestrucción, autodesactivación o autoneutralización, ya que de todos modos las habrá destruido de aquí al 1º de marzo de 2008 en aplicación de la Convención de Ottawa, con la ayuda de la OTAN y la Unión Europea.", "ESTUDIO DE ASUNTOS SUSCITADOS POR LOS INFORMES PRESENTADOS POR LAS ALTAS PARTES CONTRATANTES DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL PÁRRAFO 4 DEL ARTÍCULO 13 DEL PROTOCOLO II ENMENDADO (tema 10 del programa)", "48. El PRESIDENTE observa que 42 de los 86 Estados que notificaron al Depositario su consentimiento en obligarse por el Protocolo II Enmendado presentaron en 2006 el informe nacional anual previsto en el artículo 13. Hasta la fecha 14 de estos informes se publicaron como documentos oficiales de la Conferencia (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1 a 14); otros 8 se publicarán cuando la secretaría los reciba en forma electrónica. Todos los informes nacionales pueden consultarse en el sitio web de la Convención y la lista de los países que los presentaron figurará en el informe de la Conferencia.", "49. El Presidente recuerda que en la Quinta Conferencia Anual los Estados Partes decidieron simplificar la presentación de los informes nacionales anuales (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, párr. 20) y que los Estados Partes ahora pueden contentarse con indicar en una hoja en que se resuma la situación que los datos que deben proporcionar para el año en curso en uno u otro formulario no han variado con respecto al año anterior y quedar exentos de llenar el o los formularios en cuestión -en otras palabras, pueden presentar sólo el nuevo resumen, la portada y los formularios que contengan los nuevos datos.", "50. El Presidente hace recordar además que siguiendo la práctica establecida, los informes anuales deberían presentarse a más tardar ocho semanas antes de la convocación de la Conferencia anual e insiste ante los Estados Partes en que observen ese plazo. La secretaría ha elaborado un cuadro recapitulativo de los datos presentados en 2006 en los informes nacionales, que se anexará al documento final de la Octava Conferencia.", "51. El Sr. DALCERO (Brasil) indica que el Brasil presentará hoy su informe nacional, y pide a la secretaría que lo tenga en cuenta en el cuadro recapitulativo en cuestión.", "ESTUDIO DE LOS ADELANTOS TECNOLÓGICOS APLICABLES A LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CIVILES CONTRA LOS EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS DE LAS MINAS (tema 11 del programa)", "52. El PRESIDENTE observa que ninguna delegación desea hacer uso de la palabra en relación con este tema del programa.", "Se levanta la sesión a las 12.30 horas." ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.114 September 2007ENGLISHOriginal: FRENCH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 1st MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 10.20 a.m.", "Temporary President: Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs)", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES", "The meeting was called to order at 10.20 a.m.", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "1. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT, acting on behalf of the United Nations Secretary‑General, who is the depositary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and the protocols thereto, called to order the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996, which is annexed to the Convention.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS (item 2 of the provisional agenda)", "2. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT pointed out that the States parties had decided at their Fourth Annual Conference, in order to ensure continuity in the preparatory work carried out by the Chair, that the incoming President and Vice-Presidents would be designated at the end of each annual conference. Accordingly, at the Seventh Annual Conference, the representative of the Czech Republic had been nominated as President of the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20). If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to confirm the nomination of the representative of the Czech Republic, Mr. Tomáš Husák, to take the Chair.", "3. It was so decided.", "4. Mr. Husák (Czech Republic) took the Chair.", "5. The PRESIDENT, citing the decision taken at the Seventh Annual Conference concerning the posts of Vice-President, (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20), said that after consultations with the regional groups and China, it appeared that the Conference was in agreement to confirm the appointment of the Ambassador of Germany, Mr. Bernhard Brasack, the Ambassador of China, Mr. Cheng Jingye, and the Ambassador of Jordan, Mr. Mousa Burayzat, as Vice-Presidents. He invited the Conference to confirm the appointment of those representatives as Vice-Presidents.", "6. The appointment of Mr. Brasack (Germany), Mr. Cheng (China) and Mr. Burayzat (Jordan) as Vice-Presidents of the Conference was confirmed.", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (item 3 of the provisional agenda) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. The provisional agenda was adopted.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE (agenda item 4)", "8. The PRESIDENT, drawing delegations’ attention to document CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, containing the rules of procedure as amended at the Fourth Annual Conference, said that, at the First Annual Conference, the incumbent President had noted, with reference to rule 29 of the rules of procedure, that the high contracting parties had proceeded on the basis of consensus in their deliberations and negotiations and had not taken any decision by vote. He proceeded from the principle that that version of the rules of procedure, read in conjunction with that statement, applied mutatis mutandis to the Eighth Annual Conference.", "9. It was so decided.", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 5)", "10. The PRESIDENT, referring to rule 10 of the rules of procedure, said his consultations had indicated that the delegations were in agreement to appoint Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary‑General of the Conference. He took it that it was the wish of the Conference to appoint Mr. Kolarov to that office.", "11. It was so decided.", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 6)", "12. The PRESIDENT noted that the cost estimates for the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, annex IV) had been considered in 2005 at the Seventh Conference. If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to approve the cost estimates as presented.", "13. It was so decided.", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "14. At the invitation of the President, Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs) read out a message from the United Nations Secretary-General.", "15. In his message, the Secretary-General said that mines, booby-traps and improvised explosive devices aggravated the suffering of combatants and prolonged the horrendous consequences of armed conflict, indiscriminately killing civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian workers, as well as hampering the return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons and impeding post-conflict reconstruction.", "16. By adopting amended Protocol II a decade previously, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons had shown that they were committed to developing international humanitarian law so as to combat the threat posed by the mines and devices in question. Yet that threat persisted, and there was much work to do to achieve the objective of eliminating mines of all shapes and sizes. The Secretary-General therefore urged the States parties to amend Protocol II to study ways of better protecting civilians against the danger of mines and to promote universal adherence to the Protocol. He urged countries which had not yet notified their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II, and particularly those which were parties to the original Protocol, to do so as soon as possible.", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 7)", "17. The PRESIDENT said that, in view of the brevity of the Conference, he hesitated to propose the establishment of a subsidiary body. Instead, he invited the participants to address, during the traditional general exchange of views, all the substantive issues of interest to them which were listed on the agenda, keeping for consideration under items 9, 10 and 11 issues arising specifically from those items.", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS (agenda item 8)", "18. Mr. KAHILUOTO (Finland), speaking on behalf of the European Union, the acceding countries (Bulgaria and Romania), the candidate countries (Turkey, Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro) - a process of which Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia continue to be part - as well as Ukraine and Moldova, said that the European Union continued to attach high priority to the full implementation of amended Protocol II, which, while complementing the Ottawa Convention by virtue of its wider scope, could, if its prohibitions and restrictions were effectively applied, enhance the security of military ground operations and curtail the impact of mines, booby-traps and other devices on civilian populations. The obligations related to recording, protection and removal of minefields, together with the provisions for international cooperation, were essential as they facilitated humanitarian assistance, post-conflict recovery and peacekeeping operations. The European Union welcomed the accession of Tunisia to amended Protocol II in 2006 and again called on all States parties to the Convention to adhere to it as soon as possible, as well as to any other protocols to which they were not yet party. It fully supported the Plan of Action on Universalization of the Convention and its Protocols which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention. That said, the effectiveness of amended Protocol II would be measured not only by its universalization, but also by the timely submission of the States parties’ annual reports, which contributed to transparency and cooperation in the implementation of the instrument. States which were not parties should prepare such reports voluntarily.", "19. The European Union would like annual conferences of the States parties to amended Protocol II to offer an opportunity for interactive and more substantial discussion on the content of the annual reports. It would also be interested in exploring ways and means to use the annual conferences more concretely to strengthen the provisions of the Protocol and their implementation. As for the States parties which had opted to defer compliance with the provisions of the technical annex on detectability and the self-destruction and self-deactivation of anti-personnel mines for a period of nine years following the entry into force of the Protocol, the European Union invited them to indicate where they stood in the process of implementing the relevant provisions, as the deferral period would soon end, on 3 December 2007. The Union encouraged the States parties which had exercised that right and had become parties to the Ottawa Convention in the meantime to rescind their deferrals immediately.", "20. Ms. MILLAR (Australia) said that her country, which was a party to the Ottawa Convention alongside 150 other States, and which therefore placed particular emphasis on the implementation and universalization of a total ban on anti-personnel mines, nevertheless attached importance to amended Protocol II because of the humanitarian gains it offered, which were admittedly less substantial but not negligible, and the role it played in gathering together States which remained major users and producers of mines and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention.", "21. Australia remained firmly committed to the elimination of anti-personnel mines throughout the world. In 2005, it had pledged $A 75 million over five years for international mine action, and in 2006 it had allocated $11 million to mine clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance, principally for the benefit of Asian countries. Some government agencies, after developing a multi-sensor system now used around the world, continued to work on new methods of mine clearance. Australian companies had embarked on the development of technologies to speed up the rate at which mines could be removed from the ground; the detector devised by Minelab Electronics was currently used in United Nations demining operations and by the NATO Partnership for Peace.", "22. Mr. CHENG (China) noted that amended Protocol II struck a proper balance between humanitarian concerns and the legitimate military needs of States, that the international community widely acknowledged its importance, since 86 States were now parties to it, and that it played an indispensable role in reducing the number of accidents caused by landmines in which the victims were civilians. That said, landmines continued to pose a serious threat, and in some countries remained a major obstacle to social and economic reconstruction. China had striven to fulfil its obligations under the Protocol. At the national level, it had continued to carry out public awareness and education campaigns, and had produced a television programme to disseminate information concerning the implementation of the Protocol to the armed forces and the civilian population. The Chinese military had destroyed more than 1,000 tons of obsolete anti-personnel mines and had begun to modify stockpiled mines that still functioned normally, so that they met the technical requirements of the Protocol. In that way China planned to be in a position to comply with its obligations by the end of the period during which the application of certain technical requirements under the Protocol had been deferred.", "23. Internationally, China, which was a member of the Mine Action Support Group, had played an active part in demining assistance efforts. It had sent an expert team to Thailand for several months in 2005 to train 30 demining personnel, and in September 2006 had started a humanitarian demining training course in China for 42 demining personnel from Lebanon and Jordan. It also supported humanitarian demining operations in Africa. It believed that, in the field of mine action, the various existing international mechanisms were complementary, and so had maintained extensive contacts with the States parties to the Ottawa Convention, as well as the representatives of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and the International Committee of the Red Cross.", "24. Ms. KANG (Republic of Korea) reconfirmed her country’s unwavering commitment to the letter and spirit of amended Protocol II. She noted that, although the number of States parties to the Protocol was steadily increasing, efforts should nevertheless be redoubled to ensure its universalization - the Republic of Korea placed much hope in the plan of action to that end which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention.", "25. In 2006 the Republic of Korea had destroyed over 7,000 landmines and planned to complete its mine clearance activities by 2009. The Government had faithfully observed a moratorium on the export of such devices for the past nine years. Internationally, the Government continued to support humanitarian demining projects by contributing to the various United Nations trust funds, and was exploring ways to share the experience acquired and techniques developed with mine-affected countries.", "26. While recognizing that amended Protocol II applied partially to mines other than anti‑personnel mines, she believed that a more focused instrument was needed to address the humanitarian risks posed by such mines, and looked forward to the speedy adoption of a new Protocol specifically regulating them.", "27. Mr. TURCOTTE (Canada) said that amended Protocol II, though notable in certain respects, did not provide adequate protection from the grave threats posed by anti-personnel landmines, especially in humanitarian terms. In contrast, the Ottawa Convention, which gathered together more than three quarters of the world’s nations, provided a comprehensive framework for action to address those problems which went beyond the Protocol by purely and simply banning anti-personnel mines, requiring the destruction of stockpiles by a precise deadline and making provision for assistance to victims to enable them to return to their communities. At the first conference held to review the Ottawa Convention, in November 2004, the States parties had adopted an ambitious action plan for the period 2004-2009, which had enabled them to record significant progress towards the complete elimination of the scourge of anti-personnel landmines, even if much remained to be done to reach that goal. Canada urged all States to accede to the Ottawa Convention and, in the interim, to apply its norms fully, as the lives and livelihoods of civilian populations throughout the world were at stake.", "28. The principal value of amended Protocol II lay in the fact that it applied to mines other than anti-personnel mines. For that reason, Canada urged all States to comply fully with their commitments regarding the prohibition of the indiscriminate use of mines, mine clearance after the cessation of active hostilities and assistance for mine clearance, not to mention the regular and timely submission of their annual reports, which were a key element in compliance with the provisions of the Protocol. It also urged them to fulfil their obligations in relation to anti-vehicle mines, which caused appalling suffering to civilians.", "29. Mr. STREULI (Switzerland) pointed out that the effectiveness of amended Protocol II, and in particular that of the guarantees it laid down in relation to protection of the civilian population, depended on the effective application of its provisions, including the submission of annual reports by the States parties, in accordance with article 13, paragraph 4, and participation in their annual conferences. Switzerland welcomed the steady rise in the number of States parties to the Protocol and invited all States which had not yet done so to accede to it. It stood ready to cooperate actively at the bilateral or multilateral level in resolving any technical problems related to mines which might prevent certain States from becoming parties to the Protocol. In 2005 the Swiss Government had allocated $12 million for mine action worldwide, and it had earmarked a similar amount in the budget for 2006, which would be used mainly to fund demining projects, awareness campaigns and victim assistance projects. It also supplied experts and equipment for mine clearance missions in many countries.", "30. Mr. BIELASHOV (Ukraine), noting that Ukraine had associated itself with the statement made by the delegation of Finland on behalf of the European Union and other countries, said that his country, which was a party not only to the Convention but also to its five protocols, was fully committed to strict compliance with and the appropriate domestic application of those instruments, particularly amended Protocol II, which offered an important means of reducing the often disastrous consequences of armed conflict, both for combatants during hostilities and for civilians afterwards.", "31. In Ukraine, demining experts reported that between 40,000 and 50,000 items of unexploded ordnance were extracted from the ground each year during construction work and other operations. The Government allocated considerable effort and financial resources to liquidating that scourge, a heritage of the Second World War, but the successes recorded in that area would not have been possible without substantial support from its foreign partners. Ukraine believed that the international community could, without fear of duplication of activities, continue broad support for the programmes set up by mine-affected States to combat the effects of those devices. Indeed, it was thanks to cooperation from the European Commission for the destruction of 6 million PFM anti-personnel mines in Ukraine that the country had been able to consider becoming a party to the Ottawa Convention, and had done so recently.", "32. Mr. PRASAD (India) said that his country remained committed to the ultimate objective of a universal ban on anti-personnel landmines which took account of States’ legitimate security requirements. Progress could be made towards the complete elimination of such mines if low‑cost, militarily effective and non-lethal alternative technologies were available. By striking a balance between States’ security imperatives and the concern to protect civilian populations against the irresponsible and indiscriminate use of all types of mines, amended Protocol II had made a major contribution to the gradual realization of a mine-free world. India unreservedly supported the measures taken by States parties to promote the universalization of the Protocol, and in particular the drafting of the plan of action which was to be submitted to the conference to be held in a few days’ time to review the Convention. The efficacy of the consultation, cooperation and compliance mechanism laid down in articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol had been demonstrated by the large number of States parties that regularly submitted their national annual reports.", "33. India had taken the requisite steps to comply with the provisions of the Protocol. Only the armed forces were authorized to use landmines, and they laid them only to protect the borders, in accordance with standard operating procedures. The Indian authorities had never used mines for maintenance of internal order, even against terrorist groups, which did use mines and improvised explosive devices indiscriminately against civilians. The moratorium on the export of landmines continued to be applied. Efforts were regularly made to disseminate information on anti‑personnel mines to the armed forces and among the public, using publications, training courses and civil-society actions. The Indian army continued to contribute its skills to the implementation of United Nations-sponsored mine clearance programmes, in peacekeeping operations, principally in Africa. India would favour strengthened cooperation in mine action in all its forms. The famous “Jaipur foot” was distributed in certain mine-affected countries in Africa and Asia.", "34. Mr. MINE (Japan) said that his country, which remained convinced that only a universal ban on anti-personnel mines would make it possible to end the suffering caused by those weapons, placed great importance on the Ottawa Convention and had been actively working to encourage those States which had not yet done so to become parties to the Convention. That said, Japan also believed that amended Protocol II offered a realistic and logical means of alleviating the humanitarian problems caused by those devices, so that the countries which would find it difficult to become parties to the Ottawa Convention should consider acceding to amended Protocol II, which would enable them to participate in the efforts of the international community to reduce the suffering due to mines. The Japanese delegation hoped that the countries which had opted to defer the application of the detectability and active-life requirements for anti-personnel mines until December 2007 would report on their progress in the implementation of those provisions to the current Conference. Japan had energetically supported mine action in recent years and, jointly with industry, the universities and civil society in the country, had embarked on the development of new mine detection and clearance equipment. Japan called on all States parties to reaffirm the significance of amended Protocol II, which regulated not only anti-personnel landmines but also mines other than anti-personnel mines, and to make efforts towards the steady implementation and progressive universalization of that instrument.", "35. Mr. ANTONOV (Russian Federation), noting that amended Protocol II offered the unique advantage of reconciling the interests of all States, whether they were in favour of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines or had to make use of such devices to ensure their security, considered that the possibilities offered by the Protocol should be better exploited. In practical terms, efforts should be undertaken to make the Protocol universal by means of cooperation with States which had not yet acceded to it owing to a difficult military and political situation. The Russian Federation had had to overcome such difficulties itself before it was able to declare its consent to be bound by the Protocol, in December 2004. Its provisions should also be better applied. The Russian Federation was confident that the responsible implementation of the stipulations and prohibitions laid down in the Protocol would help to reduce considerably the number of victims of landmines and the damage they caused, obviating the need to adopt new instruments to address the problem.", "36. For many years the Russian Federation had been taking practical steps to reduce the mine threat. It had renounced the production of blast mines more than 10 years previously, and had recently destroyed more than 8 million anti-personnel mines. The Ministry of Defence had drawn up recommendations on the laying and marking of minefields, and the armed forces had begun to implement the technical stipulations of the Protocol.", "37. The Russian Federation had completed the handover to Tajikistan of all the records relating to minefields laid along the border between that country and Afghanistan. The Russian media disseminated information on the provisions of the Protocol and the steps taken by the authorities to ensure compliance. The Russian Federation had begun to develop new mine detection and neutralization techniques and had devised new means of destroying anti-personnel mines whose use was restricted by the Protocol. It offered to train foreign demining specialists as part of international cooperation.", "38. Mr. KHAN (Pakistan) said that his country attached a great deal of significance to amended Protocol II because of its very wide scope, the balance it struck between humanitarian concerns and States’ security requirements, the effectiveness of its voluntary, non-intrusive and non-discriminatory compliance mechanism and the fact that the main mine-producing countries were parties to it. Pakistan fully applied its provisions and submitted its annual reports without fail.", "39. In Pakistan, production of mines was restricted to the public sector, while storage of mines and emplacement during periods of active hostilities were entrusted to dedicated units of the armed forces. All necessary steps had been taken to protect civilians and military personnel against mines, in particular as regards information provided to members of the armed forces concerning the provisions of the Protocol and the risks posed by mines for the civilian population, marking of minefields, monitoring of minefields and their fencing in peacetime, education of civilians living in the vicinity of minefields, including children attending local schools, and assistance to Afghan refugees who were mine victims.", "40. The States parties to the Protocol should spare no effort to universalize the instrument by emphasizing its benefits in terms of assistance for demining and rehabilitation of mine victims.", "41. Ms. BAKER (United States of America) said that her country had become a party to amended Protocol II because it was committed to eliminating the risks posed to humans by all landmines, including anti-vehicle mines, and had in fact introduced prohibitions at the national level which went beyond the requirements of the Protocol. In February 2004 the Government of the United States had decided that, after the year 2010, the United States would no longer use persistent landmines, while continuing to authorize the use of mines with a short active life, which self-destructed and self-deactivated automatically and presented no significant risk for non-combatants. It had also prohibited the use of all non-detectable mines from 1 January 2005, whether they were anti-personnel mines or anti-vehicle mines.", "42. At the international level, the United States had played a sustained major role in the persistent efforts of a score of donor countries and the European Commission to support mine action throughout the world. To date, the country had allocated over $1 billion for demining, promotion of awareness of the risks posed by mines, assistance to mine accident survivors, research and development on the most effective mine detection and clearance techniques and training of foreign demining experts, in nearly 50 mine-affected countries. In fiscal year 2006 alone, United States humanitarian aid for mine action amounted to over $76.6 million, which went to 30 mine-affected countries on four continents. Subject to approval by the United States Congress, a comparable sum would be earmarked for the same purpose in 2007. Its participation in mine action throughout the world had convinced the United States of the need to draw up a strong instrument to reduce the humanitarian impact of mines other than anti-personnel mines, and so it encouraged all States to combine their efforts to finalize such an instrument at the forthcoming third conference to review the Convention.", "43. Mr. GOOSE (Human Rights Watch) noted with satisfaction that in only 10 years amended Protocol II had become largely redundant. In that time anti-personnel mines had been completely banned by the Ottawa Convention, as had anti-vehicle mines which functioned as anti-personnel mines, while the issue of post-conflict remedial measures had been resolved by the Ottawa Convention and, above all, Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. In that way, only the provisions of Protocol II which related to anti-vehicle mines were still of effective use, although many States parties had emphasized that those provisions were too weak. He deplored the fact that States had not reached consensus on ways and means of strengthening those provisions. Moreover, amended Protocol II remained relevant only for the 10 States which were parties to it and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention and accepted the stricter and more comprehensive obligations laid down in it. He considered that the Protocol should not be viewed as a convenient stage along the road to a complete ban on anti-personnel mines, in which States could still produce, stockpile and use such mines whereas the entire world community should condemn them.", "44. That said, he noted with satisfaction that even States which were not parties to the Ottawa Convention acknowledged the rule it laid down and complied with it in practice. Even they had announced that they had ceased producing anti-personnel mines. World trade in anti-personnel mines had more or less stopped in 10 years, while only the Russian Federation and Myanmar had continued to lay mines during the past year. Many States which were not party to the Ottawa Convention had begun to vote in favour of the United Nations General Assembly’s annual resolution on the Ottawa Convention, including China, Morocco, Sri Lanka and Finland, which were parties to amended Protocol II, and even Azerbaijan and Kuwait, which were parties to neither. He encouraged all States parties to the Protocol which had expressed support at the present Conference for the goal of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines to take the necessary steps immediately to become parties to the Ottawa Convention. Lastly, he noted with disappointment that neither China nor Pakistan had supplied details of what steps they had taken to be able to comply in December 2007 with the Protocol obligations whose application they had opted to defer.", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL (agenda item 9)", "45. The PRESIDENT said that to date 86 had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by the Protocol, a figure which remained relatively modest given the importance of the international instrument. He invited the States parties to examine possible ways and means of promoting the universalization of the instrument. In particular, he encouraged the six States which, at the time they declared their consent to be bound by the Protocol, had opted to defer the application of the provisions relating to detectability of anti-personnel mines and the active life of remotely delivered mines of that type to indicate, if they had not done so during the general exchange of views, where they stood in their preparations for the application of those provisions, as the deferral period would expire on 3 December 2007.", "46. Ms. DUMPE (Latvia), noting that her country had opted for deferral of the implementation of the obligations relating to detectability and self-destruction of mines, said that her country had become a party to the Ottawa Convention on 1 January 2006, and had thus assumed legal obligations which rendered the deferral null and void. The Latvian Government had taken the necessary steps domestically to withdraw that reservation relating to amended Protocol II officially as soon as possible. The Latvian delegation would keep the States parties to the Protocol informed of progress with that procedure.", "47. Mr. GRINEVICH (Belarus) said that there was little point at the present stage in a renunciation by Belarus of the deferral in the implementation of certain obligations it had entered into under amended Protocol II, since the country had in the meantime become a party to the Ottawa Convention. Belarus did not intend to fit self-destruction, self-deactivation or self‑neutralization mechanisms to its stocks of anti-personnel mines, since it would in any case have destroyed those stocks by 1 March 2008, in pursuance of the Ottawa Convention, with the assistance of NATO and the European Union.", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II (agenda item 10)", "48. The PRESIDENT noted that in 2006, 42 of the 86 States which had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II had submitted the national annual reports referred to in article 13. To date, 14 of those reports had been issued as official documents of the Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14); 8 others would be issued when the secretariat had received them in electronic form. All the reports that had been submitted could be consulted on the Convention website, and the list of countries which had submitted them would appear in the report of the Conference.", "49. At their Fifth Annual Conference, the States parties had decided to simplify the communication of national annual reports (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, para. 20), and States parties could henceforth confine themselves to indicating on a sheet summarizing the situation that the information to be supplied for the current year on one or other of the forms had not changed since the previous year, and not complete the form or forms in question - in other words, they could submit only the new summary, the cover page and the forms containing new information.", "50. In addition, in accordance with established practice, annual reports should be submitted no later than eight weeks prior to the convening of the annual conference. It was important for States parties to comply with that rule. The secretariat had prepared a table recapitulating the data supplied in 2006 in the national reports, which would be annexed to the final document of the Eighth Conference.", "51. Mr. DALCERO (Brazil) said that Brazil would submit its national report that very day, and asked the secretariat to reflect that fact in the table.", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES (agenda item 11)", "52. The PRESIDENT noted that no delegation wished to speak under item 11.", "The meeting rose at 12.30 p.m." ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.1 27 April 2006", "ENGLISH Original: FRENCH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE FIRST MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 10.20 a.m.", "Temporary Chairman: Mr. CAUGHLEY (Under-Secretary-General for the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Service of the Department for Disarmament Affairs)", "Chairman: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "Opening of the Conference", "Confirmation of the appointment of the President and other officers", "This record is subject to correction.", "Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages. They shall be presented in a memorandum, incorporated in a copy of the record and sent within one week of the date of the present document to the Official Records Editing Section, room E.4108, Palais des Nations, Geneva.", "Any corrections to the records of the public meetings of the Committee at this session will be consolidated in a single corrigendum, to be issued shortly after the end of the Conference.", "GE.06-65044 (E) 240407", "Adoption of the agenda", "Confirmation of rules of procedure", "Appointment of the Secretary-General of the", "Adoption of arrangements to cover the costs of the Conference", "Message of the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "Organization of work, including those of subsidiary bodies established by the Conference", "General exchange of views", "Review of the implementation and status of the Protocol", "Consideration of matters arising from reports submitted by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 4, of Amended Protocol II", "Study of technological advances applicable to the protection of civilians against the indiscriminate effects of mines", "The meeting was called to order at 10.20 a.m.", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE (item 1 of the provisional agenda)", "1. The PROVISIONAL PRESIDENT, acting on behalf of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who is the Depositary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and the Protocols thereto, declares open the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996, annexed Persons to the Convention.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NAME OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER MESA members (item 2 of the provisional agenda)", "2. The PROVISIONAL CHAIRMAN said that at the Fourth Annual Conference States Parties had decided that the President and the incoming Vice-Presidents would be appointed at the end of the current Conference in order to ensure the continuity of the preparatory work carried out by the Chair. In the light of that decision, the Seventh Annual Conference appointed the representative of the Czech Republic as the President-designate of the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20). If there is no objection, the Interim President will take it that the Conference confirms the appointment of the representative of the Czech Republic, Mr. Thomás Husák, to the Presidency.", "3. It was so decided.", "4. Mr. Husák (Czech Republic) is the Chair.", "5. The CHAIRMAN, recalling the decision taken at the Seventh Annual Conference on the subject of Vice-Chairpersonship (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20), said that, following consultations with regional groups and China, the Conference seemed to agree that the appointment of the Ambassador of Germany, Mr. Bernhard Brasack, Ambassador of China, Mr. Cheng Jingye, and the Ambassador of Jordan, Mr. Mousa Burayzat, as Vice Presidents. It invites the Conference to confirm the appointment of these representatives as Vice-Presidents.", "6. The appointment of Mr. Brasack (Germany), Cheng (China) and Burayzat (Jordan) as Vice-Presidents of the Conference.", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (item 3 of the provisional agenda) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. The provisional agenda was adopted.", "CONFIRMATION OF REGULATION (agenda item 4)", "8. The CHAIRMAN drew attention to document CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, which contained the rules of procedure as amended by the Fourth Annual Conference, and reminded them that at the First Annual Conference the current President had noted, under rule 29 of the rules of procedure, that the High Contracting Parties had maintained their deliberations and negotiations on the basis of consensus and had not taken any decision by vote. It shall be based on the principle that such version of the rules of procedure, read in conjunction with that declaration, applies mutatis mutandis to the Eighth Annual Conference.", "9. It was so decided.", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 5)", "10. The CHAIRMAN, referring to rule 10 of the rules of procedure, said that his consultations had indicated that delegations agreed that Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Specialist, Department for Disarmament Affairs, Geneva Service. He took it that the Conference wished to appoint Mr. Kolarov for that position.", "11. It was so decided.", "ADOPTION OF ASSESSMENTS TO SUFFECT THE EXPENDITURE OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 6)", "12. The CHAIRMAN noted that the estimated costs of the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, annex IV) had been considered at the Seventh Conference in 2005. If there was no objection, the President would take it that the Conference wished to approve that cost estimate.", "13. It was so decided.", "ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL", "14. At the invitation of the Chairman, Mr. CAUGHLEY (Under-Secretary-General for the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Service of the Department for Disarmament Affairs) read out a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "15. In his message, the Secretary-General notes that mines, traps and improvised explosive devices aggravate the suffering of combatants and prolong the terrible consequences of armed conflict by indiscriminately affecting civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian workers, as well as hampering the return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons and preventing reconstruction after hostilities.", "16. By adopting amended Protocol II ten years ago, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons provided evidence that they were determined to develop international humanitarian law in order to combat the threat posed by the mines and devices considered. However, this threat persists and much remains to be done to achieve the goal of mine clearance in all its forms. The Secretary-General thus invites States parties to Amended Protocol II to explore ways and means to better protect civilians from the danger of mines and to promote universal adherence to the Protocol. It calls upon countries that have not yet reported their consent to be bound by Amended Protocol II, and in particular those that are Parties to the original Protocol, to do so as soon as possible.", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THE SUBSIDIARY BODIES THAT THE CONFERENCE ESTABLISHED (agenda item 7)", "17. The CHAIRMAN said that, given the speed of the Conference, it was not appropriate to propose the establishment of a subsidiary body. Instead, it invites participants, in proceeding with the traditional general exchange of views, to address all the substantive issues of the agenda that interest them, and to reserve for the consideration of items, 9, 10 and 11 issues specifically related to those items.", "GENERAL INTERCHANGE OF OPINIONS (agenda item 8)", "18. Mr. KAHILUOTO (Finland), expressing itself on behalf of the European Union, the acceding countries (Bulgaria and Romania), the acceding countries (Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the stabilization and association process countries and potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro) - a process that continues to be part of Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - thus Obligations relating to the registration, protection and clearance of minefields, as well as provisions relating to international cooperation, are of fundamental importance because they facilitate humanitarian assistance, post-conflict recovery and peacekeeping operations. The European Union welcomed Tunisia &apos; s accession to Amended Protocol II in 2006 and again appealed to all States parties to the Convention to accede to the Protocol as soon as possible, as well as to the other Protocols to which they were not yet parties. It fully supported the plan of action for the universalization of the Convention and its Protocols to be adopted at the Third Review Conference of the Convention. However, the effectiveness of Amended Protocol II will depend not only on its universalization but also on the submission of annual reports by States parties within the time frames, which contribute to transparency and cooperation in the implementation of the instrument. It would be important for non-parties to prepare such reports voluntarily.", "19. The European Union would like the annual conferences of the States parties to Amended Protocol II to provide an opportunity for interactive and more substantial discussions on the content of national reports. He would also like to see how annual conferences could be specifically utilized to strengthen the provisions of the Protocol and its implementation. With regard to States parties that have made use of the possibility of deferring compliance with the provisions of the technical annex relating to the detectability and self-destruction and self-deactivation of anti-personnel mines for a period of nine years after the entry into force of the Protocol, the European Union invites them to indicate whether they are preparing to implement the provisions in question, as the period of deferral of their implementation will be completed soon, that is, on 3 December 2007. It encourages States parties that have exercised that right and which have become parties to the Ottawa Convention to declare today the nullity of the effects of that postponement.", "20. Mrs. MILLAR (Australia) said that his country, as a party to the Ottawa Convention together with 150 other States, particularly appreciated the implementation and universalization of a comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines, but did not fail to attribute importance to Amended Protocol II because of the humanitarian advantages it offered, in fact minimal but not disposable, and the role it played in bringing together States that were still large useers and producers of mines and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention.", "21. Australia attaches great importance to the elimination of anti-personnel mines in the world. In 2005, it pledged to contribute over five years the amount of $75 million for mine action worldwide and in 2006 allocated $11 million for mine clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance, the beneficiaries of which are essentially Asian countries. Some public agencies, having conceived a multi-detector system that is now used worldwide, continue to be devoted to the search for new demining methods. Australian companies are developing technical means to accelerate mine clearance; the Minelab Electronics company-created detector is currently used in demining operations under the United Nations and NATO Peace Association.", "22. Mr. CHENG (China) notes that Amended Protocol II establishes a sound balance between the humanitarian concerns and the legitimate military needs of States, the importance of which is widely recognized by the international community as 86 States are parties to the Protocol today, and stresses the indispensable role it plays in reducing the number of accidents caused by landmines to which civilians are victims. However, landmines continue to pose a serious threat and in some countries constitute an important obstacle to social and economic recovery. For its part, China was committed to fulfilling its obligations under the Protocol. At the national level, it has continued to develop awareness-raising and education campaigns and has created a television broadcast to disseminate information on the implementation of the Protocol between the armed forces and the civilian population. The Chinese armed forces have destroyed more than 1,000 tons of outdated anti-personnel mines and are amending existing mines that are still operating normally in order to meet the technical requirements of the Protocol. China thus hopes to be in a position to fulfil its obligations after the period of deferral of the application of certain technical requirements under the Protocol.", "23. At the international level, China, which is a member of the Mine Action Support Group, has actively participated in mine clearance assistance. In 2005 he sent an expert team to Thailand for several months, which was dedicated to the training of 30 deminers, and in September 2006 a humanitarian demining training course for 42 Lebanese and Jordanian deminers was held in China. It also supports humanitarian demining operations in Africa. Convinced that the various existing international mine action mechanisms are complemented, China has maintained extensive relations with States parties to the Ottawa Convention and with the representatives of the International Campaign for the Prohibition of Landmines, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and the International Committee of the Red Cross.", "24. Mrs. KANG (Republic of Korea) reiterates his country &apos; s strong commitment to the letter and spirit of Amended Protocol II. It notes that while the number of States parties to the Protocol is increasing steadily, there is still a need to redouble efforts to ensure universalization - the Republic of Korea places great hope in the plan of action to be adopted for this purpose at the Third Review Conference of the Convention.", "25. The Republic of Korea has destroyed more than 7,000 landmines in 2006 and plans to complete its demining operations from here to 2009. The Government has strictly observed for nine years a moratorium on the export of these devices. At the international level, the Government continues to support humanitarian demining projects through the provision of contributions to the various United Nations special funds and to explore ways of sharing lessons learned and techniques developed with mine-affected countries.", "26. While acknowledging that Amended Protocol II applies in part to mines other than anti-personnel mines, the representative of the Republic of Korea is convinced that a more specific instrument is being put in place to combat the humanitarian risks posed by this type of mine, and is pleased with the prospect of rapid adoption of a new protocol that would specifically address such mines.", "27. Mr. TURCOTTE (Canada) said that Amended Protocol II, despite its importance in certain aspects, did not ensure sufficient protection against the serious dangers posed by anti-personnel mines, particularly from a humanitarian point of view. On the other hand, the Ottawa Convention, which is joined by more than three quarters of the world &apos; s countries, provides a comprehensive framework of action to resolve these problems that go beyond the Protocol by banning mere and simply anti-personnel mines, requiring the destruction of mine stocks in a timely manner and providing assistance to victims so that they can reintegrate into their communities. The States Parties to the Ottawa Convention adopted at the First Review Conference of this instrument, in November 2004, an ambitious plan of action for the period 2004-2009 that has enabled them to make significant progress in the total elimination of the scourge of anti-personnel landmines, even if much remains to be done to achieve this objective. Canada urges all States to accede to the Ottawa Convention and, in the meantime, to fully implement the standards it establishes, as the lives and livelihoods of civilian populations around the world are at stake.", "28. The main interest of Amended Protocol II is that it applies to mines other than anti-personnel mines, which is why Canada urges all States to comply fully with their obligations relating to the prohibition of indiscriminate use of mines, demining after the cessation of active hostilities and mine clearance assistance, without forgetting the requirement that they submit their annual reports, which are a key element of the provisions of the Protocol. It also calls upon them to fulfil their obligations with regard to anti-vehicle mines, which are the cause of terrible suffering for civilians.", "29. Mr. STREULI (Switzerland) notes that the effectiveness of Amended Protocol II and, in particular, the guarantees it provides for the protection of the civilian population depends on the effective implementation of its provisions, including the requirement that States parties submit annual reports in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 4, and participation in annual conferences. Switzerland welcomed the steady increase in the number of States parties to the Protocol and invited all States that had not yet done so to accede to that instrument. Switzerland is prepared to provide, through bilateral or multilateral, an active partnership for the solution of any mine-related technical problems that may prevent certain States from integrating the ranks of the Parties to the Protocol. In 2005, the Swiss Government dedicated $12 million to mine action worldwide and in 2006 allocated a similar amount in the State budget; this aid mainly serves to finance mine clearance projects, awareness-raising campaigns and victim assistance projects. Switzerland also provides experts and materials for demining missions in many countries.", "30. Mr. BIELASHOV (Ukraine), noting that Ukraine had been associated with the statement made by the Finnish delegation on behalf of the European Union and other countries, said that his country, which was a party not only to the Convention but also to its five Protocols, was firmly committed to strictly respecting and appropriately implementing these instruments, in particular Amended Protocol II, which provided an important means of ending the often disastrous conflicts of both armed conflicts.", "31. In Ukraine the deminers point out each year that they extract from the ground 40,000 to 50,000 unexploded ordnance in the course of construction and other works. The Government devotes considerable efforts and financial resources to the elimination of this scourge inherited from the Second World War, but the achievements of this action would not have been possible without the important support of its foreign partners. Ukraine is convinced that the international community can still sustain widely, without fearing duplication of activities, the programmes established by States affected by the mine problem in order to combat the effects of these devices. Thanks to the cooperation of the European Commission for the Destruction of 6 million PFM-type anti-personnel mines in Ukraine, the country has been able to consider becoming a party to the Ottawa Convention, which it has just done.", "32. Mr. PRASAD (India) said that his country continued to adhere to the ultimate goal of a universal ban on anti-personnel landmines that took into account the legitimate security demands of States. If countries had different technical solutions that were less costly and militarily effective and did not involve death, progress could be made in the complete elimination of such mines. In establishing a good balance between the security imperatives of States and the willingness to protect civilian populations against the irresponsible and indiscriminate use of any type of mines, Amended Protocol II has contributed to the gradual realization of a world without mines. India fully supports the measures taken by States parties to achieve the universalization of the Protocol, and in particular the elaboration of the draft plan of action to be submitted to the Review Conference of the Convention within a few days. The effectiveness of the mechanism established in articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol for consultation, cooperation and compliance with the provisions is demonstrated by the large number of States parties that regularly submit their national annual reports.", "33. India has taken the necessary steps to implement the provisions of the Protocol. Only the armed forces are authorized to use landmines and place them solely to protect borders, following standard operating procedures. The Indian authorities have never resorted to the use of mines to maintain public order, not even against terrorist groups, which do indiscriminately use mines and improvised explosive devices against civilians. The moratorium on the export of landmines continues to apply. Activities are regularly undertaken to disseminate information on anti-personnel mines between the armed forces and the general public through publications, instruction courses and civil society initiatives. The Indian army continues to provide its competencies for United Nations-sponsored demining programmes within the framework of peacekeeping operations, mainly in Africa. India would favour strengthening cooperation in mine action in all its forms. The famous Jaipur prosthesis is distributed in some African and Asian countries affected by the mine problem.", "34. Mr. MINE (Japan) said that his country, which remained convinced that only a universal ban on anti-personnel mines would end the suffering caused by such weapons, attached great importance to the Ottawa Convention and had tried to encourage States that had not yet done so to become parties to the Convention. Furthermore, Japan is also convinced that Amended Protocol II offers a realistic and logical means of mitigating the humanitarian problems caused by these devices, and in this regard countries that would find it difficult to be parties to the Ottawa Convention should envisage the possibility of acceding to Amended Protocol II and thus participate in the activities of the international community aimed at reducing the suffering of mines. His delegation hoped that the countries that had chosen to defer until December 2007 the implementation of the provisions relating to detectability and the life cycle of anti-personnel mines would describe at the present Conference the progress they had made in relation to those provisions. As for Japan, in recent years it has strongly supported mine action and, in collaboration with the industry, academia and civil society of the country, the study of new mine detectors and demining equipment has been undertaken. Japan invites all States parties to reaffirm the importance of Amended Protocol II, which governs not only anti-personnel landmines but also mines other than anti-personnel mines, as well as to work towards the continued implementation and progressive universalization of this instrument.", "35. Mr. ANTONOV (Russian Federation), noting that Amended Protocol II presents the special advantage of reconciling the interests of all States, whether favourable to a complete ban on mines or wishing to use such devices to ensure their safety, is of the view that better use should be made of the potential of the Protocol. Specifically, what would be involved is to ensure its universality through cooperation with States that have not yet acceded to the Protocol due to a difficult military and political situation. The Russian Federation had had to overcome this kind of difficulties before it could declare its consent to be bound by the Protocol in December 2004. It should also be better implemented. The Russian Federation is convinced that responsible compliance with the Protocol &apos; s requirements and prohibitions would help to significantly reduce the number of victims of landmines and the ravages they cause, thereby avoiding the need to adopt new instruments to address the problem.", "36. With regard to the Russian Federation, it had for several years taken practical steps to reduce the threat posed by mines. More than 10 years ago, more than 8 million anti-personnel landmines were re-produced and recently destroyed. The Ministry of Defence has drafted recommendations on the location, marking and demarcation of anti-personnel landmines and the armed forces comply with the technical requirements of the Protocol.", "37. The Russian Federation has just submitted to Tajikistan all minefield records that exist along the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Federation. The national media disseminate information on the provisions of the Protocol and the measures taken by public authorities to ensure that they are respected. The Russian Federation is developing new mine detection and neutralization techniques and has developed new means of destruction of anti-personnel mines whose use is restricted by the Protocol. In the framework of international cooperation it offers its capacities to train foreign demining specialists.", "38. Mr. KHAN (Pakistan) said that his country attached great importance to Amended Protocol II because of its vast scope of application, the balance between the humanitarian interest and the security demands of States, the effectiveness of the optional, non-intrusive and non-discriminatory mechanism it established for the implementation of the provisions and the fact that it brought together the main producers of mines. Pakistan fully implemented the provisions of the Protocol and submitted its annual reports without delay.", "39. In Pakistan, mine production is reserved for the public sector, while its storage and seed in active hostilities are entrusted to specialized units of the armed forces. All necessary measures have been taken to protect the civilian population and military personnel against mines, in particular: members of the armed forces are informed of the provisions of the Protocol and the risks posed by mines to the civilian population, the marking of minefields, their monitoring and their delimitation by means of a fence in times of peace, education is provided to civilians living near minefields, including children attending Afghan schools, assistance to neighbouring schools,", "40. It is important that States parties to the Protocol spare no effort to universalize this instrument by insisting on the benefits it offers in helping to demining and rehabilitating mine victims.", "41. Mrs. BAKER (United States of America) said that his country had become a party to Amended Protocol II because it attached great importance to the elimination of the risks posed to human beings by all landmines, including anti-vehicle mines, and had also established a national ban plan that went beyond the requirements of the Protocol. In fact, in February 2004, the United States Government decided that after 2010 the United States would cease to use persistent landmines, while continuing to authorize the use of short-term useful-living mines, which are destroyed and deactivated on their own and which do not pose any danger of consideration to non-combatants. In addition, it prohibited, with effect from January 2005, the use of undetectable mines, either anti-personnel mines or anti-vehicle mines.", "42. At the international level, the United States of America has continued to play an important role in the ongoing efforts of some 20 donor countries and the European Commission to sustain mine action worldwide. To date, the country has devoted more than $1 billion to mine clearance, mine risk awareness, assistance to victims of mine-related accidents, research and development of more effective detection and demining techniques and the training of foreign deminers in nearly 50 countries affected by the mine problem. Only in fiscal year 2006, United States humanitarian assistance for mine action is more than $76.6 million, and 30 mine-affected countries have benefited from it on four continents. Subject to the approval of the United States Congress, a similar amount will be allocated in the year 2007. Its participation in mine action in the world has convinced the United States of the need to develop a vigorous instrument to reduce the humanitarian impact of mines other than anti-personnel mines, which is why the country encourages all States to join their efforts to finalize such an instrument at the Third Review Conference of the Convention to be held shortly.", "43. Mr. GOOSE (Human Rights Watch) notes with satisfaction that in just ten years amended Protocol II has become largely superfluous. In fact, anti-personnel mines have been completely prohibited by the Ottawa Convention, as have anti-vehicle mines acting as anti-personnel mines, while the issue of post-conflict remedies has been regulated by the Ottawa Convention and especially Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. Thus only the provisions of Protocol II relating to anti-vehicle mines remain effective, although many States parties have stressed that these provisions do not have sufficient force. The representative of Human Rights Watch regretted that States had failed to reach consensus on ways to strengthen the provisions in question. Furthermore, Amended Protocol II remains relevant only to the ten States that are parties to it and that have not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention and accepted the most rigorous and complete obligations it establishes. Mr. Goose is of the view that the Protocol should not be conceived as a comfortable step in the path of the complete ban on anti-personnel mines in which States can still produce, store and use such mines, when the entire world community should condemn it.", "44. That being said, the representative of Human Rights Watch notes with satisfaction that even States that are not parties to the Ottawa Convention accept the norm that it establishes and conforms to it in practice. Even those States had announced that they no longer produced anti-personnel mines. Global anti-personnel mine trade has virtually ceased to exist over the course of ten years, while only the Russian Federation and Myanmar continued to sow mines in the past year. Many States that are not parties to the Ottawa Convention have begun to vote in favour of the resolution that the United Nations General Assembly devotes every year to the Ottawa Convention, including China, Morocco, Sri Lanka and Finland, which are parties to Amended Protocol II, and even Azerbaijan and Kuwait, which are not parties to either of the two instruments. Mr. Goose encourages all States parties to the Protocol that have endorsed at this annual Conference the objective of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines to do so without delay to become parties to the Ottawa Convention. Lastly, he noted with disappointment that neither China nor Pakistan had provided information on what they had done to enable them to fulfil the obligations set out in the Protocol as of December 2007, which they had decided to defer.", "CONSIDERATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND STATE OF THE PROTOCOL (agenda item 9)", "45. The CHAIRMAN said that to date 86 States had notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by the Protocol, which remained relatively modest in view of the importance of this international instrument. The President invited States parties to consider how the universalization of that instrument could be facilitated. It particularly encourages the six States that, in declaring their consent to be bound by the Protocol, decided to defer compliance with the provisions relating to the detectability of anti-personnel mines and the life cycle of such mines that are sown remotely to indicate, if they have not yet done so in the general exchange of views, the status of their preparations for the implementation of these provisions, as the period of postponement expires on 3 December 2007.", "46. Mrs. DUMPE (Latvia), noting that his country had opted for the period of deferral of compliance with obligations relating to detectability and self-destruction of mines, said that Latvia had become a party to the Ottawa Convention on 1 January 2006, thereby signing legal obligations that nullified the validity of such deferral. The Government of Latvia has taken the necessary steps at the domestic level to formally withdraw this reservation to Amended Protocol II as soon as possible. The Latvian delegation will keep the States parties to the Protocol informed on this procedure.", "47. Mr. GRINEVICH (Belarus) believes that at this stage it is not useful for Belarus to renounce the deferral of compliance with certain obligations under Amended Protocol II, as the country became a party to the Ottawa Convention. Belarus does not intend to re-equip its stockpile of anti-personnel mines with self-destruction, self-deactivation or self-neutralization mechanisms, since it will have destroyed them by 1 March 2008 under the Ottawa Convention, with the help of NATO and the European Union.", "CONSIDERATION OF ASSESSMENTS SUBMITTED BY THE REPORTS SUBMITTED BY THE ALT PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 13, PARAGRAPH 4, OF PROTOCOL II AMENDED (agenda item 10)", "48. The CHAIRMAN noted that 42 of the 86 States that had notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by Amended Protocol II had submitted the annual national report under Article 13. To date, 14 of these reports were issued as official documents of the Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14); 8 will be issued when the secretariat receives them electronically. All national reports are available on the Convention &apos; s website and the list of countries that submitted them will be contained in the report of the Conference.", "49. The President recalls that at the Fifth Annual Conference the States Parties decided to simplify the submission of the annual national reports (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, para. 20) and that the States Parties can now be content with an indication in a sheet that summarizes the situation that the data to be provided for the current year in one or another form has not varied with respect to the previous year and may be exempt from filling the form in question only -in other.", "50. The President further recalls that, in accordance with established practice, annual reports should be submitted no later than eight weeks prior to the convening of the annual Conference and urges States parties to observe that deadline. The secretariat has developed a summary table of data submitted in 2006 in national reports, which will be annexed to the outcome document of the Eighth Conference.", "51. Mr. DALCERO (Brazil) indicates that Brazil will present its national report today, and requests the secretariat to take it into account in the summary table in question.", "STUDY OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADDRESSED TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINAS (agenda item 11)", "52. The CHAIRMAN noted that no delegation wished to take the floor under this agenda item.", "The meeting rose at 12.30 p.m." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Avances en la esfera de la información y las telecomunicaciones en el contexto de la seguridad internacional", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 53/70, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/49, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/28, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/19, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/53, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/32, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/61, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/45, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/54, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/17, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/37, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/25, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/41, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Recordando también sus resoluciones sobre la función de la ciencia y la tecnología en el contexto de la seguridad internacional, en las cuales, en particular, se reconoce que los avances científicos y tecnológicos pueden tener aplicaciones civiles y militares y que es necesario mantener y fomentar el progreso científico y tecnológico para su empleo en aplicaciones civiles,", "Observando que se han realizado considerables progresos en el desarrollo y la aplicación de las tecnologías de la información y los medios de telecomunicación más modernos,", "Afirmando que a su juicio este proceso ofrece las más amplias posibilidades constructivas para el desarrollo futuro de la civilización, la multiplicación de las oportunidades de cooperación para el bien común de todos los Estados, el aumento de la capacidad creadora de la humanidad y el logro de nuevas mejoras en la circulación de la información en la comunidad mundial,", "Recordando, en este contexto, los enfoques y los principios que se esbozaron en la Conferencia sobre la sociedad de la información y el desarrollo, celebrada en Midrand (Sudáfrica) del 13 al 15 de mayo de 1996,", "Teniendo presentes los resultados de la Conferencia Ministerial sobre el Terrorismo, celebrada en París el 30 de julio de 1996, así como las recomendaciones que se formularon[1],", "Teniendo presentes también los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información, celebrada en Ginebra del 10 al 12 de diciembre de 2003 (primera fase), y en Túnez del 16 al 18 de noviembre de 2005 (segunda fase)[2],", "Observando que la difusión y utilización de las tecnologías y los medios de información afectan a los intereses de toda la comunidad internacional y que una amplia cooperación internacional contribuye a lograr una eficacia óptima,", "Expresando preocupación ante la posibilidad de que estas tecnologías y medios se utilicen con propósitos incompatibles con el objetivo de mantener la estabilidad y la seguridad internacionales y afecten negativamente a la integridad de la infraestructura de los Estados, en detrimento de su seguridad en las esferas civil y militar,", "Considerando que es necesario impedir que los recursos o las tecnologías de la información se utilicen con fines delictivos o terroristas,", "Observando la contribución de los Estados Miembros que han presentado al Secretario General sus evaluaciones de los problemas de la seguridad de la información, con arreglo a los párrafos 1 a 3 de las resoluciones 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 y 65/41,", "Tomando nota de los informes del Secretario General en que figuran esas evaluaciones[3],", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la iniciativa de la Secretaría y del Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación sobre el Desarme de celebrar en Ginebra, en agosto de 1999 y en abril de 2008, reuniones internacionales de expertos sobre los avances en la esfera de la información y las telecomunicaciones en el contexto de la seguridad internacional, así como los resultados de esas reuniones,", "Considerando que las evaluaciones de los Estados Miembros que figuran en los informes del Secretario General y las reuniones internacionales de expertos han contribuido a que se comprenda mejor la esencia de los problemas internacionales de la seguridad de la información y los criterios conexos,", "Teniendo presente que, en cumplimiento de la resolución 60/45, el Secretario General estableció en 2009, sobre la base de una distribución geográfica equitativa, un grupo de expertos gubernamentales que, de conformidad con su mandato, examinó las amenazas reales y potenciales en el ámbito de la seguridad de la información y posibles medidas de cooperación para encararlas y realizó un estudio sobre los conceptos internacionales pertinentes encaminados a fortalecer la seguridad de los sistemas mundiales de información y telecomunicaciones,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la eficaz labor del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre los avances en la esfera de la información y las telecomunicaciones en el contexto de la seguridad internacional y el informe pertinente presentado por el Secretario General[4],", "Tomando nota de las evaluaciones y recomendaciones contenidas en el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales,", "1. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a seguir promoviendo el examen multilateral de las amenazas reales y potenciales en la esfera de la seguridad de la información y de posibles estrategias para encarar las amenazas que surjan en esa esfera, de manera compatible con la necesidad de preservar la libre circulación de la información;", "2. Considera que el propósito de esas estrategias podría promoverse continuando el examen de los conceptos internacionales pertinentes encaminados a fortalecer la seguridad de los sistemas mundiales de información y telecomunicaciones;", "3. Invita a todos los Estados Miembros a que, teniendo en cuenta las evaluaciones y recomendaciones que figuran en el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre los avances en la esfera de la información y las telecomunicaciones en el contexto de la seguridad internacional⁴, sigan comunicando al Secretario General sus opiniones y observaciones sobre las cuestiones siguientes:", "a) La evaluación general de los problemas de la seguridad de la información;", "b) Las medidas que se adoptan a nivel nacional para fortalecer la seguridad de la información y contribuir a la cooperación internacional en esa esfera;", "c) El contenido de los conceptos mencionados en el párrafo 2 supra;", "d) Las medidas que la comunidad internacional podría adoptar para fortalecer la seguridad de la información a escala mundial;", "4. Solicita al Secretario General que, con la asistencia de un grupo de expertos gubernamentales que ha de establecerse en 2012 sobre la base de una distribución geográfica equitativa y teniendo en cuenta las evaluaciones y recomendaciones que figuran en el informe mencionado anteriormente, continúe examinando las amenazas reales y potenciales en la esfera de la seguridad de la información y las posibles medidas de cooperación para encararlas, como normas, reglas o principios de comportamiento responsable de los Estados y medidas de fomento de la confianza respecto del espacio informativo, así como los conceptos a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 2 supra, y que en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones le presente un informe sobre los resultados de dicho examen;", "5. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Avances en la esfera de la información y las telecomunicaciones en el contexto de la seguridad internacional”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/51/261, anexo.", "[2]  Véanse A/C.2/59/3, anexo, y A/60/687.", "[3]  A/54/213, A/55/140 y Corr.1 y Add.1, A/56/164 y Add.1, A/57/166 y Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 y Add.1, A/60/95 y Add.1, A/61/161 y Add.1, A/62/98 y Add.1, A/64/129 y Add.1, A/65/154 y A/66/152 y Add.1.", "[4]  Véase A/65/201." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/61 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2006, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, 63/37 of 2 December 2008, 64/25 of 2 December 2009 and 65/41 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolutions on the role of science and technology in the context of international security, in which, inter alia, it recognized that scientific and technological developments could have both civilian and military applications and that progress in science and technology for civilian applications needed to be maintained and encouraged,", "Noting that considerable progress has been made in developing and applying the latest information technologies and means of telecommunication,", "Affirming that it sees in this process the broadest positive opportunities for the further development of civilization, the expansion of opportunities for cooperation for the common good of all States, the enhancement of the creative potential of humankind and additional improvements in the circulation of information in the global community,", "Recalling, in this connection, the approaches and principles outlined at the Information Society and Development Conference, held in Midrand, South Africa, from 13 to 15 May 1996,", "Bearing in mind the results of the Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, held in Paris on 30 July 1996, and the recommendations that were made,[1]", "Bearing in mind also the results of the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Geneva from 10 to 12 December 2003 (first phase) and in Tunis from 16 to 18 November 2005 (second phase),[2]", "Noting that the dissemination and use of information technologies and means affect the interests of the entire international community and that optimum effectiveness is enhanced by broad international cooperation,", "Expressing concern that these technologies and means can potentially be used for purposes that are inconsistent with the objectives of maintaining international stability and security and may adversely affect the integrity of the infrastructure of States to the detriment of their security in both civil and military fields,", "Considering that it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,", "Noting the contribution of those Member States that have submitted their assessments on issues of information security to the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 and 65/41,", "Taking note of the reports of the Secretary-General containing those assessments,[3]", "Welcoming the initiative taken by the Secretariat and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in convening international meetings of experts in Geneva in August 1999 and April 2008 on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, as well as the results of those meetings,", "Considering that the assessments of the Member States contained in the reports of the Secretary-General and the international meetings of experts have contributed to a better understanding of the substance of issues of international information security and related notions,", "Bearing in mind that the Secretary-General, in fulfilment of resolution 60/45, established in 2009, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, a group of governmental experts, which, in accordance with its mandate, considered existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them and conducted a study on relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems,", "Welcoming the effective work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security and the relevant report transmitted by the Secretary-General,[4]", "Taking note of the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts,", "1. Calls upon Member States to promote further at multilateral levels the consideration of existing and potential threats in the field of information security, as well as possible strategies to address the threats emerging in this field, consistent with the need to preserve the free flow of information;", "2. Considers that the purpose of such strategies could be served through further examination of relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems;", "3. Invites all Member States, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,⁴ to continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on the following questions:", "(a) General appreciation of the issues of information security;", "(b) Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security and promote international cooperation in this field;", "(c) The content of the concepts mentioned in paragraph 2 above;", "(d) Possible measures that could be taken by the international community to strengthen information security at the global level;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2012 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report, to continue to study existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them, including norms, rules or principles of responsible behaviour of States and confidence-building measures with regard to information space, as well as the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above, and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the results of this study;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/51/261, annex.", "[2]  See A/C.2/59/3, annex, and A/60/687.", "[3]  A/54/213, A/55/140 and Corr.1 and Add.1, A/56/164 and Add.1, A/57/166 and Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 and Add.1, A/60/95 and Add.1, A/61/161 and Add.1, A/62/98 and Add.1, A/64/129 and Add.1, A/65/154 and A/66/152 and Add.1.", "[4]  See A/65/201." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/61 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2006, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 8 December 2005,", "Recalling also its resolutions on the role of science and technology in the context of international security, in which, in particular, it is recognized that scientific and technological developments may have civil and military applications and that scientific and technological progress for use in civilian applications is needed to be maintained and encouraged,", "Noting that considerable progress has been made in the development and implementation of the latest information and telecommunication technologies,", "Affirming that in his view this process offers the broadest constructive possibilities for the future development of civilization, the multiplication of opportunities for cooperation for the common good of all States, the enhancement of the creative capacity of mankind and the achievement of further improvements in the flow of information in the world community,", "Recalling, in this context, the approaches and principles outlined at the Conference on Information and Development Society, held in Midrand, South Africa, from 13 to 15 May 1996,", "Bearing in mind the outcome of the Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, held in Paris on 30 July 1996, as well as the recommendations made[1],", "Bearing in mind also the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Geneva from 10 to 12 December 2003 (first phase), and in Tunisia from 16 to 18 November 2005 (second phase)[2],", "Noting that the diffusion and use of technologies and the media affect the interests of the entire international community and that comprehensive international cooperation contributes to optimal effectiveness,", "Expressing concern that these technologies and means may be used for purposes incompatible with the objective of maintaining international stability and security and adversely affect the integrity of the infrastructure of States, to the detriment of their security in the civilian and military fields,", "Considering that it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,", "Noting the contribution of Member States that have submitted to the Secretary-General their assessments of information security problems, in accordance with paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 and 65/41,", "Taking note of the reports of the Secretary-General containing those assessments,[3]", "Welcoming the initiative of the Secretariat and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in Geneva in August 1999 and April 2008, international expert meetings on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, as well as the outcomes of those meetings,", "Considering that the assessments of Member States contained in the reports of the Secretary-General and international expert meetings have contributed to a better understanding of the essence of international information security problems and related criteria,", "Mindful of the fact that, pursuant to resolution 60/45, the Secretary-General established in 2009, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, a group of governmental experts who, in accordance with his mandate, reviewed real and potential threats in the field of information security and possible cooperation measures to address them and conducted a study on relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems,", "Welcoming the effective work of the Group of Governmental Experts on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security and the relevant report submitted by the Secretary-General,[4]", "Taking note of the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts,", "1. Calls upon Member States to continue to promote the multilateral review of real and potential threats in the field of information security and possible strategies to address the emerging threats in this area, in a manner consistent with the need to preserve the free flow of information;", "2. Considers that the purpose of such strategies could be promoted by continuing the review of relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems;", "3. Invites all Member States, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on progress in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security,4 to continue to communicate to the Secretary-General their views and comments on the following issues:", "(a) The overall assessment of information security problems;", "(b) The measures taken at the national level to strengthen information security and contribute to international cooperation in this area;", "(c) The content of the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above;", "(d) The measures that the international community could take to strengthen information security at the global level;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts to be established in 2012 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution and taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report, to continue to examine actual and potential threats in the field of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them, such as rules, rules or principles of responsible behaviour of States and confidence-building measures in the field of information space, as well as to present paragraph 2", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Advances in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See A/51/261, annex.", "[2] See A/C.2/59/3, annex, and A/60/687.", "[3] A/54/213, A/55/140 and Corr.1 and Add.1, A/56/164 and Add.1, A/57/166 and Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 and Add.1, A/60/95 and Add.1, A/61/161 and Add.1, A/62/98 and Add.1, A/64/129 and Add.1, A/65/154 and A/66/152 and Add.1.", "[4] See A/65/201." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 3263 (XXIX), de 9 de diciembre de 1974, 3474 (XXX), de 11 de diciembre de 1975, 31/71, de 10 de diciembre de 1976, 32/82, de 12 de diciembre de 1977, 33/64, de 14 de diciembre de 1978, 34/77, de 11 de diciembre de 1979, 35/147, de 12 de diciembre de 1980, 36/87 A y B, de 9 de diciembre de 1981, 37/75, de 9 de diciembre de 1982, 38/64, de 15 de diciembre de 1983, 39/54, de 12 de diciembre de 1984, 40/82, de 12 de diciembre de 1985, 41/48, de 3 de diciembre de 1986, 42/28, de 30 de noviembre de 1987, 43/65, de 7 de diciembre de 1988, 44/108, de 15 de diciembre de 1989, 45/52, de 4 de diciembre de 1990, 46/30, de 6 de diciembre de 1991, 47/48, de 9 de diciembre de 1992, 48/71, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/71, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/66, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/41, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/34, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/74, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/51, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/30, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/21, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/55, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/34, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/63, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/52, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/56, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/18, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/38, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/26, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/42, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, sobre la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio,", "Recordando también las recomendaciones relativas a la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio, de conformidad con los párrafos 60 a 63 y, en particular, el párrafo 63 d), del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones[1],", "Poniendo de relieve las disposiciones básicas de las resoluciones mencionadas, en que se exhorta a todas las partes directamente interesadas a que estudien la posibilidad de adoptar las medidas prácticas y urgentes necesarias para dar efecto a la propuesta de crear una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio y a que, en espera de la creación de tal zona y en su transcurso, declaren solemnemente que se abstendrán, en régimen de reciprocidad, de producir, adquirir o poseer de cualquier otro modo armas nucleares o dispositivos explosivos nucleares o de permitir el emplazamiento de armas nucleares en su territorio por terceros, acepten someter sus instalaciones nucleares a las salvaguardias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y declaren su apoyo a la creación de la zona y depositen esas declaraciones en poder del Consejo de Seguridad para que sean examinadas según corresponda,", "Reafirmando el derecho inalienable de todos los Estados a adquirir y desarrollar la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos,", "Poniendo de relieve la necesidad de que se adopten medidas apropiadas respecto de la cuestión de la prohibición de los ataques militares contra instalaciones nucleares,", "Teniendo presente el consenso logrado en la Asamblea General desde su trigésimo quinto período de sesiones de que la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio afianzaría considerablemente la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Deseosa de utilizar ese consenso como base para alcanzar progresos considerables con miras a crear una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito todas las iniciativas encaminadas al logro de un desarme general y completo, incluso en la región del Oriente Medio y, en particular, las iniciativas sobre la creación en esa región de una zona libre de armas de destrucción en masa, incluidas las armas nucleares,", "Observando las negociaciones de paz en el Oriente Medio, que deberían ser de carácter general y constituir un marco apropiado para la solución pacífica de los litigios de la región,", "Reconociendo la importancia de una seguridad regional fidedigna, incluida la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares mutuamente verificable,", "Poniendo de relieve el papel indispensable que corresponde a las Naciones Unidas en la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares mutuamente verificable,", "Habiendo examinado el informe del Secretario General sobre la aplicación de la resolución 65/42[2],", "1. Insta a todas las partes directamente interesadas a que estudien seriamente la posibilidad de adoptar las medidas prácticas y urgentes necesarias para dar efecto a la propuesta de crear una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio de conformidad con las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General y, para promover ese objetivo, invita a los países interesados a adherirse al Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[3];", "2. Exhorta a todos los países de la región que aún no lo hayan hecho a que, en espera de la creación de la zona, acepten someter todas sus actividades nucleares a las salvaguardias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica;", "3. Toma nota de la resolución GC(55)/RES/14, aprobada el 23 de septiembre de 2011 por la Conferencia General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica en su 55ª reunión ordinaria, relativa a la aplicación de las salvaguardias del Organismo en el Oriente Medio[4];", "4. Observa la importancia de las negociaciones bilaterales en curso sobre la paz en el Oriente Medio y las actividades multilaterales del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Control de Armamentos y Seguridad Regional para fomentar la confianza mutua y la seguridad en el Oriente Medio, lo que incluye la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares;", "5. Invita a todos los países de la región, en espera de la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio, a declarar su apoyo a la creación de tal zona, de conformidad con el párrafo 63 d) del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones¹, y a depositar esas declaraciones en poder del Consejo de Seguridad;", "6. Invita también a esos países, en espera de la creación de la zona, a abstenerse de desarrollar, producir, ensayar o adquirir de cualquier otro modo armas nucleares o de permitir el emplazamiento de armas nucleares o dispositivos explosivos nucleares en sus territorios o en los territorios bajo su control;", "7. Invita a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares y a todos los demás Estados a prestar asistencia en la creación de la zona y, al mismo tiempo, a abstenerse de adoptar cualquier medida contraria a la letra y el espíritu de la presente resolución;", "8. Toma nota del informe del Secretario General²;", "9. Invita a todas las partes a estudiar los medios que puedan contribuir al logro del objetivo del desarme general y completo y a la creación de una zona libre de armas de destrucción en masa en la región del Oriente Medio;", "10. Solicita al Secretario General que siga celebrando consultas con los Estados de la región y con otros Estados interesados, conforme a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 7 de la resolución 46/30 y teniendo en cuenta la evolución de la situación en la región, y que recabe la opinión de esos Estados sobre las medidas esbozadas en los capítulos III y IV del estudio anexo a su informe de 10 de octubre de 1990[5] o sobre otras medidas pertinentes, a fin de avanzar hacia la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio;", "11. Solicita también al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presente un informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "12. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en la región del Oriente Medio”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Resolución S-10/2.", "[2]  A/66/153 (Part I) y Add.1 y 2.", "[3]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[4]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Resoluciones y otras decisiones de la Conferencia General, quincuagésima quinta reunión ordinaria, 19 a 23 de septiembre de 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)].", "[5]  A/45/435." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 3263 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3474 (XXX) of 11 December 1975, 31/71 of 10 December 1976, 32/82 of 12 December 1977, 33/64 of 14 December 1978, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 35/147 of 12 December 1980, 36/87 A and B of 9 December 1981, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 38/64 of 15 December 1983, 39/54 of 12 December 1984, 40/82 of 12 December 1985, 41/48 of 3 December 1986, 42/28 of 30 November 1987, 43/65 of 7 December 1988, 44/108 of 15 December 1989, 45/52 of 4 December 1990, 46/30 of 6 December 1991, 47/48 of 9 December 1992, 48/71 of 16 December 1993, 49/71 of 15 December 1994, 50/66 of 12 December 1995, 51/41 of 10 December 1996, 52/34 of 9 December 1997, 53/74 of 4 December 1998, 54/51 of 1 December 1999, 55/30 of 20 November 2000, 56/21 of 29 November 2001, 57/55 of 22 November 2002, 58/34 of 8 December 2003, 59/63 of 3 December 2004, 60/52 of 8 December 2005, 61/56 of 6 December 2006, 62/18 of 5 December 2007, 63/38 of 2 December 2008, 64/26 of 2 December 2009 and 65/42 of 8 December 2010 on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Recalling also the recommendations for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East consistent with paragraphs 60 to 63, and in particular paragraph 63 (d), of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Emphasizing the basic provisions of the above-mentioned resolutions, which call upon all parties directly concerned to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East and, pending and during the establishment of such a zone, to declare solemnly that they will refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from producing, acquiring or in any other way possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices and from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party, to agree to place their nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and to declare their support for the establishment of the zone and to deposit such declarations with the Security Council for consideration, as appropriate,", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,", "Emphasizing the need for appropriate measures on the question of the prohibition of military attacks on nuclear facilities,", "Bearing in mind the consensus reached by the General Assembly since its thirty-fifth session that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,", "Desirous of building on that consensus so that substantial progress can be made towards establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Welcoming all initiatives leading to general and complete disarmament, including in the region of the Middle East, and in particular on the establishment therein of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons,", "Noting the peace negotiations in the Middle East, which should be of a comprehensive nature and represent an appropriate framework for the peaceful settlement of contentious issues in the region,", "Recognizing the importance of credible regional security, including the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Emphasizing the essential role of the United Nations in the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Having examined the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/42,[2]", "1. Urges all parties directly concerned seriously to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, and, as a means of promoting this objective, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[3]", "2. Calls upon all countries of the region that have not yet done so, pending the establishment of the zone, to agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;", "3. Takes note of resolution GC(55)/RES/14, adopted on 23 September 2011 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty‑fifth regular session, concerning the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East;[4]", "4. Notes the importance of the ongoing bilateral Middle East peace negotiations and the activities of the multilateral Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security in promoting mutual confidence and security in the Middle East, including the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "5. Invites all countries of the region, pending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, to declare their support for establishing such a zone, consistent with paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,¹ and to deposit those declarations with the Security Council;", "6. Also invites those countries, pending the establishment of the zone, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or permit the stationing on their territories, or territories under their control, of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices;", "7. Invites the nuclear-weapon States and all other States to render their assistance in the establishment of the zone and at the same time to refrain from any action that runs counter to both the letter and the spirit of the present resolution;", "8. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;²", "9. Invites all parties to consider the appropriate means that may contribute towards the goal of general and complete disarmament and the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the region of the Middle East;", "10. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to pursue consultations with the States of the region and other concerned States, in accordance with paragraph 7 of resolution 46/30 and taking into account the evolving situation in the region, and to seek from those States their views on the measures outlined in chapters III and IV of the study annexed to the report of the Secretary-General of 10 October 1990[5] or other relevant measures, in order to move towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East;", "11. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/66/153 (Part I) and Add.1 and 2.", "[3]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[4]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[5]  A/45/435." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East", "The General Assembly,", "30 December 1998,", "Recalling also the recommendations concerning the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, in accordance with paragraphs 60 to 63 and, in particular, paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of its tenth special session,[1]", "Emphasizing the basic provisions of the above-mentioned resolutions, which call upon all parties directly concerned to consider taking the necessary practical and urgent measures to give effect to the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, and to place, pending the establishment of such a zone, and in its course, solemnly declare that they shall refrain, on a reciprocity basis, from producing, acquiring or possessing any other explosive devices", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,", "Emphasizing the need for appropriate action on the question of the prohibition of military attacks on nuclear facilities,", "Bearing in mind the consensus reached in the General Assembly since its thirty-fifth session that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,", "Wishing to use that consensus as a basis for significant progress towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region,", "Welcoming all initiatives aimed at achieving general and complete disarmament, including in the Middle East region and, in particular, initiatives on the establishment in that region of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons,", "Noting the peace negotiations in the Middle East, which should be of a general nature and constitute an appropriate framework for the peaceful settlement of the disputes in the region,", "Recognizing the importance of credible regional security, including the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Emphasizing the indispensable role of the United Nations in the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/42[2],", "1. Urges all parties directly concerned to give serious consideration to the adoption of the practical and urgent measures necessary to give effect to the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and, to promote that objective, invites the countries concerned to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[3];", "2. Calls upon all countries of the region that have not yet done so, pending the establishment of the zone, to agree to submit all their nuclear activities to the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;", "3. Takes note of resolution GC(55)/RES/14, adopted on 23 September 2011 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular meeting on the implementation of Agency safeguards in the Middle East[4];", "4. Notes the importance of the ongoing bilateral negotiations on peace in the Middle East and the multilateral activities of the Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security to enhance mutual confidence and security in the Middle East, including the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "5. Invites all countries of the region, pending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, to declare their support for the establishment of such a zone, in accordance with paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of its tenth special session,1 and to deposit those statements with the Security Council;", "6. It also invites those countries, pending the establishment of the zone, to refrain from developing, producing, testing or otherwise acquiring nuclear weapons or allowing the placement of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices in their territories or in the territories under their control;", "7. Invites the nuclear-weapon States and all other States to assist in the establishment of the zone while at the same time refraining from taking any action contrary to the letter and spirit of the present resolution;", "8. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;2", "9. Invites all parties to consider ways to contribute to the achievement of the goal of general and complete disarmament and the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the region of the Middle East;", "10. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to consult with the States of the region and other interested States, in accordance with paragraph 7 of resolution 46/30 and taking into account developments in the region, and to seek the views of those States on the measures outlined in chapters III and IV of the study annexed to their report of 10 October 1990[5] or on other relevant measures, in order to advance towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "11. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Building a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] A/66/153 (Part I) and Add.1 and 2.", "[3] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[4] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and other decisions of the General Conference, fifty-fifth regular meeting, 19-23 September 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)].", "[5] A/45/435." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Concertación de arreglos internacionales eficaces para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares", "La Asamblea General,", "Teniendo presente la necesidad de hacer valer la legítima aspiración de los Estados del mundo de garantizar a sus pueblos una seguridad duradera,", "Convencida de que las armas nucleares constituyen la mayor amenaza para la humanidad y para la supervivencia de la civilización,", "Haciendo notar que el renovado interés en el desarme nuclear debe materializarse en la adopción de medidas concretas para alcanzar el objetivo del desarme general y completo bajo un control internacional efectivo,", "Convencida de que el desarme nuclear y la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares son imprescindibles para eliminar el peligro de una guerra nuclear,", "Decidida a cumplir estrictamente las disposiciones pertinentes de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas que se refieren a no recurrir al uso o la amenaza del uso de la fuerza,", "Reconociendo la necesidad de salvaguardar la independencia, la integridad territorial y la soberanía de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares contra el uso o la amenaza del uso de la fuerza, incluidos el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares,", "Considerando que, hasta que se logre el desarme nuclear universal, es indispensable que la comunidad internacional establezca medidas y arreglos eficaces para garantizar la seguridad de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares por quienquiera que sea,", "Reconociendo que la existencia de medidas y arreglos eficaces para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares puede contribuir de manera positiva a evitar la propagación de las armas nucleares,", "Teniendo presente el párrafo 59 del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones, primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme[1], en que instó a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que siguieran desplegando esfuerzos para concertar, según procediese, arreglos eficaces con miras a dar garantías a los Estados que no poseían armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, y deseosa de promover la aplicación de las disposiciones pertinentes del Documento Final,", "Recordando las partes pertinentes del informe especial que el Comité de Desarme[2] le presentó en su duodécimo período extraordinario de sesiones, segundo período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme[3], y del informe especial que la Conferencia de Desarme le presentó en su decimoquinto período extraordinario de sesiones, tercer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme[4], así como el informe de la Conferencia sobre su período de sesiones de 1992[5],", "Recordando también el párrafo 12 de la Declaración del decenio de 1980 Segundo Decenio para el Desarme, que figura en el anexo de su resolución 35/46, de 3 de diciembre de 1980, en que se indica, entre otras cosas, que el Comité de Desarme debe hacer todos los esfuerzos necesarios por celebrar negociaciones con urgencia con miras a llegar a acuerdos sobre arreglos internacionales eficaces que den garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares,", "Observando las intensas negociaciones celebradas en la Conferencia de Desarme y su Comité ad hoc sobre acuerdos internacionales eficaces que den garantías a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de esas armas[6] con miras a llegar a un acuerdo sobre la cuestión,", "Tomando nota de las propuestas presentadas en relación con el tema a la Conferencia de Desarme, incluidos los proyectos de una convención internacional,", "Tomando nota también de la decisión pertinente de la 13ª Conferencia de Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Kuala Lumpur los días 24 y 25 de febrero de 2003[7], que fue reiterada en las 14ª y 15ª Conferencias de Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno de los Países No Alineados, celebradas en La Habana y Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) los días 15 y 16 de septiembre de 2006[8] y 15 y 16 de julio de 2009[9], respectivamente, así como las recomendaciones pertinentes de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica,", "Tomando nota además de las declaraciones unilaterales hechas por todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares sobre su política de no emplear ni amenazar con emplear armas nucleares contra los Estados que no las poseen,", "Observando el apoyo manifestado en la Conferencia de Desarme y en la Asamblea General a la elaboración de una convención internacional para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, así como las dificultades señaladas en cuanto al desarrollo de un enfoque común aceptable para todos,", "Tomando nota de la resolución 984 (1995) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 11 de abril de 1995, y de las opiniones que en ella se expresan,", "Recordando sus resoluciones sobre el tema aprobadas en años anteriores, en particular las resoluciones 45/54, de 4 de diciembre de 1990, 46/32, de 6 de diciembre de 1991, 47/50, de 9 de diciembre de 1992, 48/73, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/73, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/68, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/43, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/36, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/75, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/52, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/31, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/22, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/56, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/35, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/64, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/53, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/57, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/19, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/39, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/27, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/43, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "1. Reafirma la necesidad urgente de que se llegue cuanto antes a un acuerdo sobre arreglos internacionales eficaces para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares;", "2. Observa con satisfacción que en la Conferencia de Desarme no hay, en principio, ninguna objeción a la idea de una convención internacional para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, aunque se han señalado también las dificultades con respecto al desarrollo de un enfoque común aceptable para todos;", "3. Hace un llamamiento a todos los Estados, especialmente a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, para que procuren llegar cuanto antes a un acuerdo sobre un enfoque común y, en particular, sobre una fórmula común que pueda incluirse en un instrumento internacional jurídicamente vinculante;", "4. Recomienda que se redoblen los esfuerzos por llegar a ese enfoque o fórmula común y que se estudien más a fondo los diversos enfoques posibles, en particular los que se han examinado en la Conferencia de Desarme, con el fin de superar las dificultades;", "5. Recomienda también que la Conferencia de Desarme continúe activamente las intensas negociaciones con miras a llegar a un pronto acuerdo y concertar acuerdos internacionales eficaces para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, teniendo en cuenta el amplio apoyo que existe en favor de la concertación de una convención internacional y teniendo presentes todas las demás propuestas encaminadas a conseguir el mismo objetivo;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Concertación de arreglos internacionales eficaces para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Resolución S-10/2.", "[2]  El 7 de febrero de 1984 el Comité de Desarme pasó a denominarse Conferencia de Desarme.", "[3]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, duodécimo período extraordinario de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 2 (A/S-12/2), secc. III.C.", "[4]  Ibid., decimoquinto período extraordinario de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 2 (A/S-15/2), secc. III.F.", "[5]  Ibid., cuadragésimo séptimo período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/47/27), secc. III.F.", "[6]  Ibid., cuadragésimo octavo período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/48/27), párr. 39.", "[7]  Véase A/57/759-S/2003/332, anexo I.", "[8]  Véase A/61/472-S/2006/780, anexo I.", "[9]  Véase S/2009/459, anexo, párr. 118." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Conclusion of effective international arrangements", "to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use", "or threat of use of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the need to allay the legitimate concern of the States of the world with regard to ensuring lasting security for their peoples,", "Convinced that nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Noting that the renewed interest in nuclear disarmament should be translated into concrete actions for the achievement of general and complete disarmament under effective international control,", "Convinced that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Determined to abide strictly by the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on the non-use of force or threat of force,", "Recognizing that the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of non‑nuclear-weapon States need to be safeguarded against the use or threat of use of force, including the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering that, until nuclear disarmament is achieved on a universal basis, it is imperative for the international community to develop effective measures and arrangements to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons from any quarter,", "Recognizing that effective measures and arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons can contribute positively to the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 59 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[1] in which it urged the nuclear-weapon States to pursue efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and desirous of promoting the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Document,", "Recalling the relevant parts of the special report of the Committee on Disarmament[2] submitted to the General Assembly at its twelfth special session, the second special session devoted to disarmament,[3] and of the special report of the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the Assembly at its fifteenth special session, the third special session devoted to disarmament,[4] as well as the report of the Conference on its 1992 session,[5]", "Recalling also paragraph 12 of the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade, contained in the annex to its resolution 35/46 of 3 December 1980, which states, inter alia, that all efforts should be exerted by the Committee on Disarmament urgently to negotiate with a view to reaching agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the in-depth negotiations undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons,[6] with a view to reaching agreement on this question,", "Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item in the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,", "Taking note also of the relevant decision of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,[7] which was reiterated at the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Havana and Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, on 15 and 16 September 2006,[8] and 15 and 16 July 2009,[9] respectively, as well as the relevant recommendations of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation,", "Taking note further of the unilateral declarations made by all the nuclear-weapon States on their policies of non-use or non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear-weapon States,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties pointed out in evolving a common approach acceptable to all,", "Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed on it,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997, 53/75 of 4 December 1998, 54/52 of 1 December 1999, 55/3l of 20 November 2000, 56/22 of 29 November 2001, 57/56 of 22 November 2002, 58/35 of 8 December 2003, 59/64 of 3 December 2004, 60/53 of 8 December 2005, 61/57 of 6 December 2006, 62/19 of 5 December 2007, 63/39 of 2 December 2008, 64/27 of 2 December 2009 and 65/43 of 8 December 2010,", "1. Reaffirms the urgent need to reach an early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "2. Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is no objection, in principle, to the idea of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although the difficulties with regard to evolving a common approach acceptable to all have also been pointed out;", "3. Appeals to all States, especially the nuclear-weapon States, to work actively towards an early agreement on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in an international instrument of a legally binding character;", "4. Recommends that further intensive efforts be devoted to the search for such a common approach or common formula and that the various alternative approaches, including, in particular, those considered in the Conference on Disarmament, be further explored in order to overcome the difficulties;", "5. Also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the widespread support for the conclusion of an international convention and giving consideration to any other proposals designed to secure the same objective;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑12/2), sect. III.C.", "[4]  Ibid., Fifteenth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑15/2), sect. III.F.", "[5]  Ibid., Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/47/27), sect. III.F.", "[6]  Ibid., Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/48/27), para. 39.", "[7]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[8]  See A/61/472‑S/2006/780, annex I.", "[9]  See S/2009/459, annex, para. 118." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the need to assert the legitimate aspiration of the States of the world to guarantee their peoples lasting security,", "Convinced that nuclear weapons constitute the greatest threat to humanity and to the survival of civilization,", "Noting that the renewed interest in nuclear disarmament must be realized in the adoption of concrete measures to achieve the objective of general and complete disarmament under effective international control,", "Convinced that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential for the elimination of the danger of nuclear war,", "Determined to comply strictly with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations that refer not to the use or threat of use of force,", "Recognizing the need to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of force, including the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering that, until universal nuclear disarmament is achieved, it is essential that the international community establish effective measures and arrangements to ensure the safety of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by whomever,", "Recognizing that effective measures and arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons can contribute positively to preventing the spread of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 59 of the Final Document of its tenth special session, the first special session devoted to disarmament[1], in which it urged the nuclear-weapon States to continue their efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and to promote the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Document,", "Recalling the relevant parts of the special report of the Disarmament Committee[2] to the General Assembly at its twelfth special session, the second special session devoted to disarmament,[3] and the special report of the Conference on Disarmament at its fifteenth special session, the third special session devoted to disarmament,[4] and the report of the Conference on its 1992 session,[5]", "Recalling also paragraph 12 of the Declaration of the 1980s Second Disarmament Decade, contained in the annex to its resolution 35/46 of 3 December 1980, which states, inter alia, that the Disarmament Committee should make all necessary efforts to negotiate urgently with a view to reaching agreements on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the intensive negotiations held at the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Agreements which assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of such weapons[6] with a view to reaching agreement on the matter,", "Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item to the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,", "Taking note also of the relevant decision of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, held in Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,[7], which was reiterated at the 14th and 15th Conferences of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, held in Havana and Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on 15 and 16 July 2006,[8]", "Noting further the unilateral statements made by all nuclear-weapon States on their policy not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties identified in the development of a common approach acceptable to all,", "Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed therein,", "Recalling its resolutions on the item adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997,", "1. Reaffirms the urgent need for early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "2. Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is, in principle, no objection to the idea of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although difficulties have also been identified with regard to the development of a common approach acceptable to all;", "3. Calls upon all States, especially the nuclear-weapon States, to seek to reach agreement as soon as possible on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in a legally binding international instrument;", "4. Recommends that efforts be made to achieve that common approach or formula and that the various possible approaches, in particular those discussed at the Conference on Disarmament, be further explored in order to overcome difficulties;", "5. It also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the broad support for the conclusion of an international convention and taking into account all other proposals aimed at achieving the same objective;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Concerting effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Resolution S-10/2.", "[2] On 7 February 1984, the Disarmament Committee was renamed the Conference on Disarmament.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S-12/2), sect. III.C.", "[4] Ibid., fifteenth special session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S-15/2), sect. III.F.", "[5] Ibid., Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/47/27), sect. III.F.", "[6] Ibid., Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/48/27), para. 39.", "[7] See A/57/759-S/2003/332, annex I.", "[8] See A/61/472-S/2006/780, annex I.", "[9] See S/2009/459, annex, para. 118." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre", "La Asamblea General,", "Reconociendo el interés común de toda la humanidad en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos,", "Reafirmando la voluntad de todos los Estados de que la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, incluidos la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes, tengan fines pacíficos y se realicen en beneficio e interés de todos los países, independientemente de su grado de desarrollo económico o científico,", "Reafirmando también las disposiciones de los artículos III y IV del Tratado sobre los principios que deben regir las actividades de los Estados en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes[1],", "Recordando la obligación de todos los Estados de observar las disposiciones de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas en lo que respecta al uso o la amenaza del uso de la fuerza en sus relaciones internacionales, incluso en sus actividades espaciales,", "Reafirmando el párrafo 80 del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones[2], en el que se declara que, para evitar la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre, deberían adoptarse nuevas medidas y celebrarse negociaciones internacionales apropiadas en consonancia con el espíritu del Tratado,", "Recordando sus resoluciones anteriores sobre la cuestión y tomando nota de las propuestas que le fueron presentadas en su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones y en sus períodos ordinarios de sesiones, así como de las recomendaciones hechas a los órganos competentes de las Naciones Unidas y a la Conferencia de Desarme,", "Reconociendo que la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre conjuraría un grave peligro para la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia primordial de que se respeten estrictamente los acuerdos existentes sobre limitación de armamentos y sobre desarme relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, incluidos los acuerdos bilaterales, así como el régimen jurídico vigente respecto de la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre,", "Considerando que una amplia participación en el régimen jurídico aplicable al espacio ultraterrestre podría contribuir a aumentar su eficacia,", "Observando que el Comité ad hoc sobre la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre, teniendo en cuenta los trabajos que había hecho desde su creación en 1985 y con el propósito de mejorar cualitativamente su funcionamiento, siguió examinando e identificando diversas cuestiones, acuerdos en vigor y propuestas existentes, así como diversas iniciativas futuras en relación con la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre[3], y que ello ayudó a comprender mejor varios problemas y a percibir más claramente las diversas posiciones,", "Observando también que en la Conferencia de Desarme no hubo objeciones en principio a la reconstitución del Comité ad hoc, siempre y cuando se volviera a examinar el mandato que figuraba en la decisión de la Conferencia de Desarme de 13 de febrero de 1992[4],", "Poniendo de relieve el carácter mutuamente complementario de las gestiones bilaterales y multilaterales encaminadas a prevenir la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y expresando la esperanza de que esas gestiones produzcan resultados concretos cuanto antes,", "Convencida de que deberían examinarse nuevas medidas para establecer acuerdos bilaterales y multilaterales eficaces y verificables con miras a prevenir la carrera de armamentos, incluido el emplazamiento de armas, en el espacio ultraterrestre,", "Destacando que la utilización creciente del espacio ultraterrestre aumenta la necesidad de una mayor transparencia y de mejor información por parte de la comunidad internacional,", "Recordando, en este contexto, sus resoluciones anteriores, en particular las resoluciones 45/55 B, de 4 de diciembre de 1990, 47/51, de 9 de diciembre de 1992, y 48/74 A, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, en las que, entre otras cosas, reafirmó la importancia de las medidas de fomento de la confianza como medio de lograr el objetivo de prevenir la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre,", "Consciente de los beneficios que reportan las medidas de fomento de la confianza y la seguridad en la esfera militar,", "Reconociendo que las negociaciones encaminadas a la concertación de uno o varios acuerdos internacionales para prevenir la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre siguen siendo una tarea prioritaria de la Conferencia de Desarme y que las propuestas concretas de medidas de fomento de la confianza podrían ser una parte esencial de tales acuerdos,", "Observando con satisfacción el debate constructivo, estructurado y específico sobre la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre celebrado en la Conferencia de Desarme en 2009, 2010 y 2011,", "Tomando nota de que China y la Federación de Rusia presentaron en la Conferencia de Desarme el proyecto de tratado para la prevención del emplazamiento de armas en el espacio ultraterrestre y la amenaza o el uso de la fuerza contra objetos situados en el espacio ultraterrestre[5],", "Tomando nota también de la decisión adoptada por la Conferencia de Desarme de establecer, para su período de sesiones de 2009, un grupo de trabajo en que se examinaran, sustancialmente y sin limitaciones, todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre,", "1. Reafirma que es importante y urgente prevenir la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y que todos los Estados están dispuestos a contribuir a ese objetivo común, de conformidad con las disposiciones del Tratado sobre los principios que deben regir las actividades de los Estados en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, incluso la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes¹;", "2. Reafirma su reconocimiento de que, según se indica en el informe del Comité ad hoc sobre la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre, el régimen jurídico aplicable al espacio ultraterrestre no garantiza de por sí la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre, que ese régimen desempeña una función importante en la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en ese medio, que es necesario consolidar y reforzar ese régimen y aumentar su eficacia y que es importante que se cumplan estrictamente los acuerdos bilaterales y multilaterales existentes[6];", "3. Pone de relieve la necesidad de que se adopten nuevas medidas, con disposiciones adecuadas y eficaces de verificación, para prevenir la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre;", "4. Exhorta a todos los Estados, en particular a los que tienen una capacidad espacial importante, a que contribuyan activamente a lograr el objetivo de la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos y de la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y a que se abstengan de todo acto contrario a dicho objetivo y a los tratados pertinentes en vigor, en aras del mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales y de la promoción de la cooperación internacional;", "5. Reitera que incumbe a la Conferencia de Desarme, en su calidad de único foro multilateral de negociación sobre desarme, desempeñar el papel principal en la negociación de uno o varios acuerdos multilaterales, según proceda, sobre la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre en todos sus aspectos;", "6. Invita a la Conferencia de Desarme a que establezca un grupo de trabajo en relación con el tema de su agenda titulado “Prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre” en la fecha más temprana posible de su período de sesiones de 2012;", "7. Reconoce, a este respecto, que hay una convergencia de opinión cada vez mayor sobre la elaboración de medidas para aumentar la transparencia, la confianza y la seguridad en la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos;", "8. Insta a los Estados que llevan a cabo actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre, así como a los Estados interesados en hacerlo, a que mantengan informada a la Conferencia de Desarme del progreso de las negociaciones bilaterales y multilaterales que se desarrollen sobre la cuestión, con objeto de facilitar su labor;", "9. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 610, núm. 8843.", "[2]  Resolución S‑10/2.", "[3]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, cuadragésimo noveno período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/49/27), secc. III.D (párr. 5 del texto citado).", "[4]  CD/1125.", "[5]  Véase CD/1839.", "[6]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, cuadragésimo quinto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/45/27), párr. 118 (párr. 63 del texto citado)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevention of an arms race in outer space", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,", "Reaffirming the will of all States that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,", "Reaffirming also the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,[1]", "Recalling the obligation of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,", "Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[2] in which it is stated that in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on this issue, and taking note of the proposals submitted to the General Assembly at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions, and of the recommendations made to the competent organs of the United Nations and to the Conference on Disarmament,", "Recognizing that prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,", "Emphasizing the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space,", "Considering that wide participation in the legal regime applicable to outer space could contribute to enhancing its effectiveness,", "Noting that the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, taking into account its previous efforts since its establishment in 1985 and seeking to enhance its functioning in qualitative terms, continued the examination and identification of various issues, existing agreements and existing proposals, as well as future initiatives relevant to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,[3] and that this contributed to a better understanding of a number of problems and to a clearer perception of the various positions,", "Noting also that there were no objections in principle in the Conference on Disarmament to the re-establishment of the Ad Hoc Committee, subject to re‑examination of the mandate contained in the decision of the Conference on Disarmament of 13 February 1992,[4]", "Emphasizing the mutually complementary nature of bilateral and multilateral efforts for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and hoping that concrete results will emerge from those efforts as soon as possible,", "Convinced that further measures should be examined in the search for effective and verifiable bilateral and multilateral agreements in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, including the weaponization of outer space,", "Stressing that the growing use of outer space increases the need for greater transparency and better information on the part of the international community,", "Recalling, in this context, its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 45/55 B of 4 December 1990, 47/51 of 9 December 1992 and 48/74 A of 16 December 1993, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed the importance of confidence-building measures as a means conducive to ensuring the attainment of the objective of the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "Conscious of the benefits of confidence- and security-building measures in the military field,", "Recognizing that negotiations for the conclusion of an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remain a priority task of the Conference on Disarmament and that the concrete proposals on confidence-building measures could form an integral part of such agreements,", "Noting with satisfaction the constructive, structured and focused debate on the prevention of an arms race in outer space at the Conference on Disarmament in 2009, 2010 and 2011,", "Taking note of the introduction by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament of the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects,[5]", "Taking note also of the decision of the Conference on Disarmament to establish for its 2009 session a working group to discuss, substantially, without limitation, all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "1. Reaffirms the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space and the readiness of all States to contribute to that common objective, in conformity with the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies;¹", "2. Reaffirms its recognition, as stated in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, that the legal regime applicable to outer space does not in and of itself guarantee the prevention of an arms race in outer space, that the regime plays a significant role in the prevention of an arms race in that environment, that there is a need to consolidate and reinforce that regime and enhance its effectiveness and that it is important to comply strictly with existing agreements, both bilateral and multilateral;[6]", "3. Emphasizes the necessity of further measures with appropriate and effective provisions for verification to prevent an arms race in outer space;", "4. Calls upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the objective of the peaceful use of outer space and of the prevention of an arms race in outer space and to refrain from actions contrary to that objective and to the relevant existing treaties in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation;", "5. Reiterates that the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects;", "6. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to establish a working group under its agenda item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space” as early as possible during its 2012 session;", "7. Recognizes, in this respect, the growing convergence of views on the elaboration of measures designed to strengthen transparency, confidence and security in the peaceful uses of outer space;", "8. Urges States conducting activities in outer space, as well as States interested in conducting such activities, to keep the Conference on Disarmament informed of the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the matter, if any, so as to facilitate its work;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 610, No. 8843.", "[2]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/49/27), sect. III.D (para. 5 of the quoted text).", "[4]  CD/1125.", "[5]  See CD/1839.", "[6]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/45/27), para. 118 (para. 63 of the quoted text)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevention of an arms race in outer space", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space,", "Reaffirming the will of all States to ensure that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, are for peaceful purposes and for the benefit and interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,", "Reaffirming also the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies[1],", "Recalling the obligation of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,", "Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of its tenth special session[2], which states that, in order to avoid an arms race in outer space, further steps should be taken and appropriate international negotiations should be held in line with the spirit of the Treaty,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the matter and taking note of the proposals submitted to it at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions, as well as of the recommendations made to the relevant organs of the United Nations and the Conference on Disarmament,", "Recognizing that the prevention of an arms race in outer space would constitute a serious danger to international peace and security,", "Emphasizing the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing agreements on arms limitation and disarmament relating to outer space, including bilateral agreements, as well as the existing legal regime on the use of outer space,", "Considering that broad participation in the legal regime applicable to outer space could contribute to enhancing its effectiveness,", "Noting that the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, taking into account its work since its inception in 1985 and with the aim of qualitatively improving its functioning, continued to examine and identify a number of existing issues, existing agreements and proposals, as well as various future initiatives on the prevention of an arms race in outer space[3], and that helped to better understand a number of problems and to more clearly perceive the various positions,", "Noting also that there was no objection in principle to the reconstitution of the Ad Hoc Committee, provided that the mandate contained in the decision of the Conference on Disarmament of 13 February 1992 was reconsidered,[4]", "Emphasizing the mutually complementary nature of bilateral and multilateral efforts to prevent the arms race in outer space and expressing the hope that such efforts will produce concrete results as soon as possible,", "Convinced that further steps should be taken to establish effective and verifiable bilateral and multilateral agreements with a view to preventing the arms race, including the weaponization, in outer space,", "Stressing that the growing use of outer space increases the need for greater transparency and better information by the international community,", "Recalling, in this context, its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 45/55 B of 4 December 1990, 47/51 of 9 December 1992 and 48/74 A of 16 December 1993, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed the importance of confidence-building measures as a means of achieving the goal of preventing an arms race in outer space,", "Aware of the benefits of confidence-building and security measures in the military field,", "Recognizing that negotiations for the conclusion of one or more international agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remain a priority task of the Conference on Disarmament and that concrete proposals for confidence-building measures could be an essential part of such agreements,", "Noting with satisfaction the constructive, structured and specific debate on the prevention of an arms race in outer space held at the Conference on Disarmament in 2009, 2010 and 2011,", "Noting that China and the Russian Federation submitted to the Conference on Disarmament the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and the threat or use of force against outer space objects[5],", "Taking note also of the decision taken by the Conference on Disarmament to establish, for its 2009 session, a working group to consider, substantially and without limitation, all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "1. Reaffirms that it is important and urgent to prevent an arms race in outer space and that all States are prepared to contribute to this common objective, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies;1", "2. Reaffirms its appreciation that, as indicated in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, the legal regime applicable to outer space does not in itself guarantee the prevention of an arms race in outer space, that such a regime plays an important role in the prevention of an arms race in that medium, that it is necessary to consolidate and strengthen that regime and enhance its effectiveness and that it is important that existing bilateral and multilateral agreements be strictly implemented[6];", "3. Emphasizes the need for further measures, with appropriate and effective verification arrangements, to prevent an arms race in outer space;", "4. Calls upon all States, in particular those with significant space capabilities, to contribute actively to the goal of the peaceful uses of outer space and the prevention of an arms race in outer space and to refrain from any act contrary to that objective and the relevant treaties in force, in the interest of the maintenance of international peace and security and the promotion of international cooperation;", "5. Reiterates that the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, has the primary role to play in the negotiation of one or more multilateral agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects;", "6. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to establish a working group under the item on its agenda entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space” at the earliest possible date of its 2012 session;", "7. Recognizes, in this regard, that there is an increasing convergence of views on the development of measures to enhance transparency, confidence and security in the peaceful uses of outer space;", "8. Urges States engaged in outer space activities, as well as States interested in doing so, to keep the Conference on Disarmament informed of the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the issue, in order to facilitate its work;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 610, No. 8843.", "[2] Resolution S‐10/2.", "[3] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/49/27), sect. III.D (para. 5 above).", "[4] CD/1125.", "[5] See CD/1839.", "[6] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/45/27), para. 118 (para. 63)." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Seguimiento de las obligaciones en materia de desarme nuclear acordadas en las Conferencias de las Partes de 1995, 2000 y 2010 encargadas del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus diversas resoluciones relativas al desarme nuclear, entre ellas sus resoluciones recientes 64/31, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/56, 65/76 y 65/80, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Teniendo presente su resolución 2373 (XXII), de 12 de junio de 1968, en cuyo anexo figura el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[1],", "Observando que en el artículo VIII, párrafo 3, del Tratado se prevé convocar conferencias de examen cada cinco años,", "Recordando su resolución 50/70 Q, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, en que tomó nota de que los Estados partes en el Tratado habían afirmado la necesidad de seguir avanzando con determinación hacia la plena realización y la aplicación efectiva de las disposiciones del Tratado y, en consecuencia, habían aprobado una serie de principios y objetivos,", "Recordando también que, el 11 de mayo de 1995, la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares adoptó tres decisiones sobre la consolidación del proceso de examen del Tratado, los principios y objetivos para la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el desarme nuclear, y la prórroga del Tratado[2], respectivamente,", "Reafirmando la resolución relativa al Oriente Medio aprobada el 11 de mayo de 1995 por la Conferencia de Examen y Prórroga de 1995², en que la Conferencia reafirmó la importancia de la pronta realización de la adhesión universal al Tratado y del sometimiento de las instalaciones nucleares a las salvaguardias totales del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica,", "Reafirmando también su resolución 55/33 D, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, en que acogió con satisfacción que el 19 de mayo de 2000 se aprobara por consenso el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[3], incluidos en particular los documentos titulados “Examen del funcionamiento del Tratado, teniendo en cuenta las decisiones y la resolución aprobadas por la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado” y “Mejoramiento de la eficacia del proceso consolidado de examen del Tratado”[4],", "Tomando en consideración el compromiso inequívoco formulado por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen de 2000 de que eliminarían totalmente sus arsenales nucleares con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear, objetivo al que todos los Estados partes en el Tratado se han adherido con arreglo a su artículo VI,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la aprobación por la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de un documento final sustantivo en el que figuran conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento relativas al desarme nuclear[5],", "1. Recuerda que la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares reafirmó la validez de las medidas prácticas convenidas en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[6];", "2. Determina adoptar medidas prácticas para procurar de manera sistemática y progresiva la aplicación del artículo VI del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares¹ y los párrafos 3 y 4 c) de la decisión sobre los principios y objetivos para la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el desarme nuclear adoptada por la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares²;", "3. Pide a todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que, tal como se acordó en la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, adopten medidas prácticas que conduzcan al desarme nuclear de forma que se promueva la estabilidad internacional y, sobre la base del principio de seguridad para todos sin menoscabo:", "a) La continuación de los esfuerzos de todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares por reducir sus arsenales nucleares unilateralmente;", "b) Una mayor transparencia por parte de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares con respecto a la capacidad en materia de armas nucleares y a la aplicación de acuerdos en cumplimiento del artículo VI del Tratado y como medida voluntaria de fomento de la confianza para apoyar nuevos progresos en materia de desarme nuclear;", "c) Nuevas reducciones de las armas nucleares no estratégicas, sobre la base de iniciativas unilaterales y como parte esencial del proceso de reducción de las armas nucleares y de desarme nuclear;", "d) La adopción de medidas concretas convenidas para seguir reduciendo el estado operacional de los sistemas de armas nucleares;", "e) La disminución de la importancia de las armas nucleares en las políticas de seguridad a fin de reducir al mínimo el riesgo de que esas armas lleguen a emplearse y facilitar el proceso de su total eliminación;", "f) La participación, tan pronto como sea apropiado, de todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en el proceso de eliminación total de sus armas nucleares;", "4. Observa que las Conferencias de Examen de 2000 y 2010 convinieron en que el ofrecimiento de garantías de seguridad jurídicamente vinculantes por los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares que son partes en el Tratado refuerza el régimen de no proliferación de armas nucleares;", "5. Insta a los Estados partes en el Tratado a que procedan al seguimiento de la aplicación de las obligaciones en materia de desarme nuclear dimanadas del Tratado y acordadas en las Conferencias de Examen de 1995, 2000 y 2010 en el marco de las conferencias de examen y las reuniones de sus comités preparatorios;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones un tema titulado “Seguimiento de las obligaciones en materia de desarme nuclear acordadas en las Conferencias de las Partes de 1995, 2000 y 2010 encargadas del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase también Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[2]  Véase Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, Primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo.", "[3]  Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) y (Parts I-II)/Corr.1)].", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte.", "[5]  Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], primera parte, Conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento, secc. I.", "[6]  Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte, sección titulada “Artículo VI y párrafos octavo a duodécimo del preámbulo”, párr. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its various resolutions in the field of nuclear disarmament, including its recent resolutions 64/31 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56, 65/76 and 65/80 of 8 December 2010,", "Bearing in mind its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling its resolution 50/70 Q of 12 December 1995, in which the General Assembly noted that the States parties to the Treaty affirmed the need to continue to move with determination towards the full realization and effective implementation of the provisions of the Treaty, and accordingly adopted a set of principles and objectives,", "Recalling also that, on 11 May 1995, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted three decisions on, respectively, strengthening the review process for the Treaty, principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, and extension of the Treaty,[2]", "Reaffirming the resolution on the Middle East adopted on 11 May 1995 by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference,² in which the Conference reaffirmed the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty and placement of nuclear facilities under full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards,", "Reaffirming also its resolution 55/33 D of 20 November 2000, in which the General Assembly welcomed the adoption by consensus on 19 May 2000 of the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] including, in particular, the documents entitled “Review of the operation of the Treaty, taking into account the decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference” and “Improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty”,[4]", "Taking into consideration the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty are committed under article VI of the Treaty,", "Welcoming the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive Final Document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament,[5]", "1. Recalls that the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons reaffirmed the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[6]", "2. Determines to pursue practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;²", "3. Calls for practical steps, as agreed to at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to be taken by all nuclear-weapon States, which would lead to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability and, based on the principle of undiminished security for all:", "(a) Further efforts to be made by the nuclear-weapon States to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally;", "(b) Increased transparency by the nuclear-weapon States with regard to nuclear weapons capabilities and the implementation of agreements pursuant to article VI of the Treaty and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress in nuclear disarmament;", "(c) The further reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "(d) Concrete agreed measures to reduce further the operational status of nuclear weapons systems;", "(e) A diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies so as to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "(f) The engagement, as soon as appropriate, of all the nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons;", "4. Notes that the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences agreed that legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear-weapon States to the non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime;", "5. Urges the States parties to the Treaty to follow up on the implementation of the nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences within the framework of review conferences and their preparatory committees;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session an item entitled “Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions, sect. I.", "[6] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed at the 1995 and 2000 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its various resolutions on nuclear disarmament, including its recent resolutions 64/31 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56, 65/76 and 65/80 of 8 December 2010,", "Bearing in mind its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, annexed to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1],", "Noting that article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty provides for the convening of review conferences every five years,", "Recalling its resolution 50/70 Q of 12 December 1995, in which it noted that the States parties to the Treaty had affirmed the need for further progress with determination towards the full realization and effective implementation of the provisions of the Treaty and, accordingly, adopted a number of principles and objectives,", "Recalling also that, on 11 May 1995, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted three decisions on the consolidation of the Treaty review process, the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, and the extension of the Treaty[2], respectively,", "Reaffirming the resolution on the Middle East adopted on 11 May 1995 by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference,2 in which the Conference reaffirmed the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty and the submission of nuclear facilities to the full safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency,", "Reaffirming also its resolution 55/33 D of 20 November 2000, in which it welcomed the adoption by consensus on 19 May 2000 of the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, including in particular the documents entitled &quot; Review of the operation of the Treaty, taking into account the decisions and resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference &quot; ,", "Taking into account the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference that they would totally eliminate their nuclear arsenals with a view to achieving nuclear disarmament, a goal to which all States parties to the Treaty have acceded under article VI,", "Welcoming the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive outcome document containing conclusions and recommendations on follow-up action on nuclear disarmament[5],", "1. Recalls that the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons reaffirmed the validity of the practical measures agreed upon in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[6];", "2. Determine practical measures to ensure systematic and progressive implementation of article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the decision on the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;2", "3. Requests all nuclear-weapon States, as agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to take practical steps leading to nuclear disarmament so as to promote international stability and, on the basis of the principle of security for all without prejudice:", "(a) Continued efforts by all nuclear-weapon States to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally;", "(b) Increased transparency by nuclear-weapon States with regard to nuclear weapons capacity and the implementation of agreements pursuant to article VI of the Treaty and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress in nuclear disarmament;", "(c) Further reductions in non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an essential part of the process of reducing nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament;", "(d) The adoption of agreed concrete measures to further reduce the operational status of nuclear weapons systems;", "(e) Decreasing the importance of nuclear weapons in security policies in order to minimize the risk of such weapons being used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "f) The participation, as soon as appropriate, of all nuclear-weapon States in the process of the total elimination of their nuclear weapons;", "4. Notes that the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences agreed that the provision of legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear-weapon States to non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty reinforces the non-proliferation regime of nuclear weapons;", "5. Urges States parties to the Treaty to follow up on the implementation of nuclear disarmament obligations arising from the Treaty and agreed at the 1995 Review Conferences, 2000 and 2010 within the framework of the Review Conferences and the meetings of its preparatory committees;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session an item entitled “Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed upon at the 1995 and 2000 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) and (Parts I-II)/Corr.1)].", "[4] Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one.", "[5] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], part one, Conclusions and recommendations on follow-up action, sect. I.", "[6] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Aplicación de la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 54/54 B, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 V, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 M, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/74, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/53, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/84, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/80, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/84, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/41, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/42, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/56, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/48, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Reafirmando su determinación de poner fin a los sufrimientos y las víctimas que ocasionan las minas antipersonal, que matan o lesionan cada año a miles de personas —mujeres, niñas, niños y hombres— y que ponen en peligro a las personas que viven en las zonas afectadas y obstaculizan el desarrollo de sus comunidades,", "Creyendo necesario que se haga todo lo posible para contribuir de manera eficaz y coordinada a la difícil tarea de remover las minas antipersonal emplazadas en todo el mundo y de asegurar su destrucción,", "Deseando hacer todo lo posible por prestar asistencia a la atención y rehabilitación de las víctimas de las minas, así como a su reintegración social y económica,", "Observando con satisfacción la labor emprendida para aplicar la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción[1] y los progresos sustanciales realizados para afrontar el problema mundial de las minas terrestres antipersonal,", "Recordando las reuniones primera a décima de los Estados partes en la Convención, celebradas en Maputo (1999)[2], Ginebra (2000)[3], Managua (2001)[4], Ginebra (2002)[5], Bangkok (2003)[6], Zagreb (2005)[7], Ginebra (2006)[8], el Mar Muerto (2007)[9], Ginebra (2008)[10] y Ginebra (2010)[11] y la Primera Conferencia de los Estados Partes encargada del examen de la Convención, celebrada en Nairobi (2004)[12],", "Recordando también que en la Segunda Conferencia de los Estados Partes encargada del examen de la Convención, celebrada en Cartagena (Colombia) del 30 de noviembre al 4 de diciembre de 2009[13], la comunidad internacional examinó la aplicación de la Convención y los Estados partes aprobaron la Declaración de Cartagena[14] y el Plan de Acción de Cartagena 2010‑2014[15] en apoyo de una mejor aplicación y promoción de la Convención,", "Observando con satisfacción que nuevos Estados han ratificado la Convención o se han adherido a ella, lo que ha elevado a ciento cincuenta y siete el número total de Estados que han aceptado oficialmente las obligaciones que establece,", "Poniendo de relieve la conveniencia de lograr que todos los Estados se adhieran a la Convención, y decidida a esforzarse por promover su universalización y sus normas,", "Observando con pesar que las minas antipersonal continúan empleándose en algunos conflictos en diversas partes del mundo, ocasionando sufrimientos humanos y dificultando el desarrollo después de los conflictos,", "1. Invita a todos los Estados que no hayan firmado la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción¹ a que se adhieran a ella sin demora;", "2. Insta a todos los Estados que han firmado la Convención pero no la han ratificado a que lo hagan sin demora;", "3. Destaca la importancia de lograr la aplicación y el cumplimiento plenos y efectivos de la Convención, en particular dando continuidad a la aplicación del Plan de Acción de Cartagena 2010‑2014¹⁵;", "4. Insta a todos los Estados partes a que proporcionen al Secretario General información completa y oportuna, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 7 de la Convención, con objeto de fomentar la transparencia y el cumplimiento de la Convención;", "5. Invita a todos los Estados que no hayan ratificado la Convención o que no se hayan adherido a ella a que proporcionen información, a título voluntario, para dar mayor eficacia a las iniciativas mundiales relativas a las minas;", "6. Renueva su exhortación a todos los Estados y demás partes interesadas para que colaboren en la promoción, el apoyo y el mejoramiento de la atención, la rehabilitación y la reintegración social y económica de las víctimas de las minas, los programas de información sobre el peligro de las minas y la remoción y destrucción de las minas antipersonal emplazadas o almacenadas en todo el mundo;", "7. Insta a todos los Estados a que continúen ocupándose de la cuestión al más alto nivel político y a que, si están en condiciones de hacerlo, promuevan la adhesión a la Convención a través de contactos bilaterales, subregionales, regionales y multilaterales, actividades de divulgación, seminarios y otros medios;", "8. Invita y alienta nuevamente a todos los Estados interesados, las Naciones Unidas, otras organizaciones o instituciones internacionales competentes, las organizaciones regionales, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja y las organizaciones no gubernamentales competentes a que asistan a la Undécima Reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención, que se celebrará en Phnom Penh del 28 de noviembre al 2 de diciembre de 2011, y a que participen en el programa de las futuras reuniones de la Convención;", "9. Solicita al Secretario General que, de conformidad con el artículo 11, párrafo 2, de la Convención, lleve a cabo los preparativos necesarios para convocar la Duodécima Reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención y que, en nombre de dichos Estados y conforme al artículo 11, párrafo 4, de la Convención, invite a los Estados que no son partes en la Convención, así como a las Naciones Unidas, otras organizaciones o instituciones internacionales competentes, las organizaciones regionales, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja y las organizaciones no gubernamentales competentes, a asistir a la Duodécima Reunión de los Estados Partes y las futuras reuniones en calidad de observadores;", "10. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, núm. 35597.", "[2]  Véase APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3]  Véase APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4]  Véase APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5]  Véase APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6]  Véase APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7]  Véase APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8]  Véase APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9]  Véase APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10]  Véase APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 y Corr.1 y 2.", "[11]  Véase APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12]  Véase APLC/CONF/2004/5.", "[13]  Véase APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14]  Ibid., cuarta parte.", "[15]  Ibid., tercera parte." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition", "of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer", "of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 54/54 B of 1 December 1999, 55/33 V of 20 November 2000, 56/24 M of 29 November 2001, 57/74 of 22 November 2002, 58/53 of 8 December 2003, 59/84 of 3 December 2004, 60/80 of 8 December 2005, 61/84 of 6 December 2006, 62/41 of 5 December 2007, 63/42 of 2 December 2008, 64/56 of 2 December 2009 and 65/48 of 8 December 2010,", "Reaffirming its determination to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines, which kill or injure thousands of people — women, girls, boys and men — every year, and which place people living in affected areas at risk and hinder the development of their communities,", "Believing it necessary to do the utmost to contribute in an efficient and coordinated manner to facing the challenge of removing anti-personnel mines placed throughout the world and to assure their destruction,", "Wishing to do the utmost in ensuring assistance for the care and rehabilitation, including the social and economic reintegration, of mine victims,", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken to implement the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction[1] and the substantial progress made towards addressing the global anti-personnel landmine problem,", "Recalling the first to tenth meetings of the States parties to the Convention, held in Maputo (1999),[2] Geneva (2000),[3] Managua (2001),[4] Geneva (2002),[5] Bangkok (2003),[6] Zagreb (2005),[7] Geneva (2006),[8] the Dead Sea (2007),[9] Geneva (2008)[10] and Geneva (2010)[11] and the First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Nairobi (2004),[12]", "Recalling also the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009,[13] at which the international community reviewed the implementation of the Convention and the States parties adopted the Cartagena Declaration[14] and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014[15] to support enhanced implementation and promotion of the Convention,", "Noting with satisfaction that additional States have ratified or acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States that have formally accepted the obligations of the Convention to one hundred and fifty-seven,", "Emphasizing the desirability of attracting the adherence of all States to the Convention, and determined to work strenuously towards the promotion of its universalization and norms,", "Noting with regret that anti-personnel mines continue to be used in some conflicts around the world, causing human suffering and impeding post-conflict development,", "1. Invites all States that have not signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction¹ to accede to it without delay;", "2. Urges all States that have signed but have not ratified the Convention to ratify it without delay;", "3. Stresses the importance of the full and effective implementation of and compliance with the Convention, including through the continued implementation of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014;¹⁵", "4. Urges all States parties to provide the Secretary-General with complete and timely information as required under article 7 of the Convention in order to promote transparency and compliance with the Convention;", "5. Invites all States that have not ratified the Convention or acceded to it to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to make global mine action efforts more effective;", "6. Renews its call upon all States and other relevant parties to work together to promote, support and advance the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of mine victims, mine risk education programmes and the removal and destruction of anti-personnel mines placed or stockpiled throughout the world;", "7. Urges all States to remain seized of the issue at the highest political level and, where in a position to do so, to promote adherence to the Convention through bilateral, subregional, regional and multilateral contacts, outreach, seminars and other means;", "8. Reiterates its invitation and encouragement to all interested States, the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non‑governmental organizations to attend the Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, to be held in Phnom Penh from 28 November to 2 December 2011, and to participate in the future meeting programme of the Convention;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2, of the Convention, to undertake the preparations necessary to convene the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention and, on behalf of the States parties and in accordance with article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention, to invite States not parties to the Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations, to attend the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties and future meetings as observers;", "10. Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[2]  See APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3]  See APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4]  See APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5]  See APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6]  See APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7]  See APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8]  See APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9]  See APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10]  See APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[11]  See APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12]  See APLC/CONF/2004/5 and Corr.1.", "[13]  See APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14]  Ibid., part IV.", "[15]  Ibid., part III." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 54/54 B of 1 December 1999, 55/33 V of 20 November 2000, 56/24 M of 29 November 2001, 57/74 of 22 November 2002, 58/53 of 8 December 2003, 59/84 of 3 December 2004, 60/80 of 8 December 2005, 61/84 of 6 December 2006, 62/41 of 5 December 2007, 64/42,", "Reaffirming its determination to put an end to the sufferings and victims of anti-personnel mines, which kill or injure thousands of people every year — women, girls, boys and men — and endanger people living in affected areas and impede the development of their communities,", "Believing that every effort is made to contribute effectively and in a coordinated manner to the difficult task of removing anti-personnel mines worldwide and ensuring their destruction,", "Wishing to make every effort to assist the care and rehabilitation of mine victims and their social and economic reintegration,", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken to implement the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction[1] and the substantial progress made in addressing the global problem of anti-personnel landmines,", "Recalling the first to tenth meetings of the States parties to the Convention, held in Maputo (1999)[2], Geneva (2000)[3], Managua (2001)[4], Geneva (2002)[5], Bangkok (2003)[6], Zagreb (2005)[7], Geneva (2006)[8], the Dead Sea (2007)[9], Geneva (2008)[10] and Geneva (2010)[11] and the First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Nairobi (2004)[12],", "Recalling also that at the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009,[13] the international community considered the implementation of the Convention and the States Parties adopted the Cartagena Declaration[14] and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014[15] in support of a better implementation and promotion of the Convention,", "Noting with satisfaction that new States have ratified or acceded to the Convention, which has raised to one hundred and fifty-seven the total number of States that have formally accepted their obligations,", "Emphasizing the desirability of all States to accede to the Convention, and determined to strive to promote its universalization and standards,", "Noting with regret that anti-personnel mines continue to be used in some conflicts in various parts of the world, causing human suffering and hindering post-conflict development,", "1. Invites all States that have not signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction1 to accede to it without delay;", "2. Urges all States that have signed the Convention but have not ratified it to do so without delay;", "3. Stresses the importance of achieving the full and effective implementation of the Convention, in particular by continuing the implementation of the Cartagena Plan of Action 2010-201415;", "4. Urges all States parties to provide the Secretary-General with comprehensive and timely information, in accordance with article 7 of the Convention, in order to promote transparency and compliance with the Convention;", "5. Invites all States that have not ratified or acceded to the Convention to provide information on a voluntary basis to enhance the effectiveness of global mine action;", "6. Renews its call to all States and other stakeholders to cooperate in the promotion, support and improvement of the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of mine victims, mine-risk information programmes and the removal and destruction of anti-personnel mines located or stored worldwide;", "7. Urges all States to continue to address the issue at the highest political level and, if they are in a position to do so, to promote adherence to the Convention through bilateral, subregional, regional and multilateral contacts, outreach activities, seminars and other means;", "8. Further invites and encourages all interested States, the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations to attend the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, to be held in Phnom Penh from 28 November to 2 December 2011, and to participate in the agenda of future meetings of the Convention;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2, of the Convention, to undertake the necessary preparations to convene the Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention and, on behalf of those States and in accordance with article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention, to invite States that are not parties to the Convention, as well as to the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and non-governmental organizations", "10. Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[2] See APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3] See APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4] See APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5] See APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6] See APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7] See APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8] See APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9] See APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10] See APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[11] See APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12] See APLC/CONF/2004/5.", "[13] See APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14] Ibid., part four.", "[15] Ibid., part three." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relación entre desarme y desarrollo", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando que en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas se prevé el establecimiento y mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales con la menor desviación posible de los recursos humanos y económicos del mundo hacia los armamentos,", "Recordando también las disposiciones del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones sobre la relación entre desarme y desarrollo[1], así como la aprobación, el 11 de septiembre de 1987, del Documento Final de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Relación entre Desarme y Desarrollo[2],", "Recordando además sus resoluciones 49/75 J, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/70 G, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 D, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 D, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 K, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 T, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 L, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 E, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/65, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 59/78, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/61, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/64, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/48, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/52, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/32, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/52, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, así como su decisión 58/520, de 8 de diciembre de 2003,", "Teniendo presentes el Documento Final de la 12ª Conferencia de Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Durban (Sudáfrica) del 29 de agosto al 3 de septiembre de 1998[3], y el Documento Final de la 13ª Conferencia Ministerial del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Cartagena (Colombia) los días 8 y 9 de abril de 2000[4], así como los documentos finales de la 15ª Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009[5], y de la 16ª Conferencia Ministerial y Reunión Conmemorativa del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011[6],", "Teniendo presentes también los cambios ocurridos en las relaciones internacionales desde la aprobación el 11 de septiembre de 1987 del Documento Final de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Relación entre Desarme y Desarrollo, incluida la ayuda para el desarrollo surgida durante el último decenio,", "Teniendo presentes además los nuevos retos que ha de afrontar la comunidad internacional en las esferas del desarrollo, la erradicación de la pobreza y la eliminación de las enfermedades que afligen a la humanidad,", "Destacando la importancia de la relación simbiótica entre el desarme y el desarrollo y el importante papel de la seguridad en ese sentido, y preocupada porque se destinan a fines militares a nivel mundial cada vez más recursos que podrían dedicarse a atender necesidades de desarrollo,", "Recordando el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre la relación entre desarme y desarrollo[7] y la reevaluación de esta significativa cuestión en el contexto internacional contemporáneo,", "Teniendo presente la importancia de hacer un seguimiento de la ejecución del programa de acción aprobado en la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Relación entre Desarme y Desarrollo de 1987²,", "1. Destaca la función central de las Naciones Unidas en la relación entre desarme y desarrollo y solicita al Secretario General que continúe fortaleciendo el papel de la Organización en ese ámbito, especialmente el Grupo Directivo de Alto Nivel sobre Desarme y Desarrollo, a fin de garantizar una coordinación sostenida y efectiva y una estrecha cooperación entre los departamentos, organismos y demás entidades competentes de las Naciones Unidas;", "2. Solicita al Secretario General que, por conducto de los órganos apropiados y dentro de los límites de los recursos disponibles, siga adoptando medidas para ejecutar el programa de acción aprobado en la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Relación entre Desarme y Desarrollo de 1987²;", "3. Insta a la comunidad internacional a que destine al desarrollo económico y social una parte de los recursos liberados de resultas de la aplicación de acuerdos sobre desarme y limitación de armamentos, con miras a reducir la disparidad cada vez mayor entre los países desarrollados y los países en desarrollo;", "4. Alienta a la comunidad internacional a que logre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y a que mencione la contribución que podría hacer el desarme para alcanzarlos al examinar en 2012 los progresos realizados en ese sentido, así como a que redoble sus esfuerzos para integrar las actividades de desarme, asistencia humanitaria y desarrollo;", "5. Alienta a las organizaciones e instituciones regionales y subregionales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y los institutos de investigación competentes a que incorporen en sus programas cuestiones referentes a la relación entre desarme y desarrollo ya que tengan en cuenta, a ese respecto, el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre la relación entre desarme y desarrollo⁷;", "6. Reitera su invitación a los Estados Miembros para que proporcionen al Secretario General información sobre las medidas adoptadas y los esfuerzos desplegados para dedicar al desarrollo económico y social parte de los recursos liberados de resultas de la aplicación de acuerdos sobre desarme y limitación de armamentos, con miras a reducir la disparidad cada vez mayor entre los países desarrollados y los países en desarrollo;", "7. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución, incluida la información proporcionada por los Estados Miembros en cumplimiento del párrafo 6 supra;", "8. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Relación entre desarme y desarrollo”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase la resolución S‑10/2.", "[2]  Véase Informe de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Relación entre Desarme y Desarrollo, Nueva York, 24 de agosto a 11 de septiembre de 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3]  A/53/667‑S/1998/1071, anexo I.", "[4]  A/54/917‑S/2000/580, anexo.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, anexo.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, anexo I.", "[7]  Véase A/59/119." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relationship between disarmament and development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling that the Charter of the United Nations envisages the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,", "Recalling also the provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly concerning the relationship between disarmament and development,[1] as well as the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,[2]", "Recalling further its resolutions 49/75 J of 15 December 1994, 50/70 G of 12 December 1995, 51/45 D of 10 December 1996, 52/38 D of 9 December 1997, 53/77 K of 4 December 1998, 54/54 T of 1 December 1999, 55/33 L of 20 November 2000, 56/24 E of 29 November 2001, 57/65 of 22 November 2002, 59/78 of 3 December 2004, 60/61 of 8 December 2005, 61/64 of 6 December 2006, 62/48 of 5 December 2007, 63/52 of 2 December 2008, 64/32 of 2 December 2009 and 65/52 of 8 December 2010, and its decision 58/520 of 8 December 2003,", "Bearing in mind the Final Document of the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Durban, South Africa, from 29 August to 3 September 1998,[3] and the Final Document of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Cartagena, Colombia, on 8 and 9 April 2000,[4] as well as the Final Documents of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6]", "Mindful of the changes in international relations that have taken place since the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, including the development agenda that has emerged over the past decade,", "Bearing in mind the new challenges for the international community in the fields of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of the diseases that afflict humanity,", "Stressing the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security in this connection, and concerned at increasing global military expenditure, which could otherwise be spent on development needs,", "Recalling the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development[7] and its reappraisal of this significant issue in the current international context,", "Bearing in mind the importance of following up on the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,²", "1. Stresses the central role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship, and requests the Secretary-General to strengthen further the role of the Organization in this field, in particular the high-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development, in order to ensure continued and effective coordination and close cooperation between the relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to take action, through appropriate organs and within available resources, for the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development;²", "3. Urges the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "4. Encourages the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to make reference to the contribution that disarmament could provide in meeting them when it reviews its progress towards this purpose in 2012, as well as to make greater efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian and development activities;", "5. Encourages the relevant regional and subregional organizations and institutions, non-governmental organizations and research institutes to incorporate issues related to the relationship between disarmament and development into their agendas and, in this regard, to take into account the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development;⁷", "6. Reiterates its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution, including the information provided by Member States pursuant to paragraph 6 above;", "8. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  See Report of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, New York, 24 August 11–September 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3]  A/53/667‑S/1998/1071, annex I.", "[4]  A/54/917‑S/2000/580, annex.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I.", "[7]  See A/59/119." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relationship between disarmament and development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling that the Charter of the United Nations provides for the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least possible diversion of the world &apos; s human and economic resources to armaments,", "Recalling also the provisions of the Final Document of its tenth special session on the relationship between disarmament and development,[1] as well as the adoption, on 11 September 1987, of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,[2]", "Recalling further its resolutions 49/75 J of 15 December 1994, 50/70 G of 12 December 1995, 51/45 D of 10 December 1996, 52/38 D of 9 December 1997, 53/77 K of 4 December 1998, 54/54 T of 1 December 1999, 55/33 L of 20 November 2000,614 E of 29 November 2001, 57/65 of 22 November 2002,", "Bearing in mind the Final Document of the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, held in Durban, South Africa, from 29 August to 3 September 1998[3], and the Final Document of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Cartagena, Colombia, on 8 and 9 April 2000[4], as well as the final documents of the fifteenth session of the Bali-Aligned Movement,", "Bearing in mind also the changes in international relations since the adoption of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development on 11 September 1987, including development aid that has emerged over the past decade,", "Bearing in mind further the new challenges facing the international community in the areas of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of diseases that afflict humanity,", "Stressing the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security in that regard, and concerned that they are intended for military purposes at the increasing global level that could be devoted to meeting development needs,", "Recalling the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development[7] and the re-evaluation of this significant issue in the contemporary international context,", "Bearing in mind the importance of following up on the implementation of the programme of action adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,", "1. Stresses the central role of the United Nations in the relationship between disarmament and development, and requests the Secretary-General to continue to strengthen the role of the Organization in this area, especially the High-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development, in order to ensure sustained and effective coordination and close cooperation among relevant United Nations departments, agencies and other relevant entities;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General, through appropriate bodies and within available resources, to continue to take action to implement the programme of action adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development;2", "3. Calls upon the international community to divert part of the resources released from the implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms limitation to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the growing disparity between developed and developing countries;", "4. Encourages the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to mention the contribution that disarmament could make to achieve them by reviewing progress in this regard in 2012, as well as by intensifying its efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian assistance and development activities;", "5. Encourages regional and subregional organizations and institutions, non-governmental organizations and relevant research institutes to incorporate into their programmes issues relating to the relationship between disarmament and development, since they take into account, in this regard, the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development;7", "6. Reiterates its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information on the measures taken and efforts made to devote part of the resources released from the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the growing disparity between developed and developing countries;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution, including information provided by Member States pursuant to paragraph 6 above;", "8. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Relation between disarmament and development”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See resolution S‐10/2.", "[2] See Report of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, New York, 24 August-11 September 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3] A/53/667-S/1998/1071, annex I.", "[4] A/54/917‐S/2000/580, annex.", "[5] A/63/965‐S/2009/514, annex.", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex I.", "[7] See A/59/119." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observancia de las normas ambientales en la elaboración y la aplicación de los acuerdos de desarme y control de armamentos", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 50/70 M, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 E, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 E, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 J, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 S, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 K, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 F, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/64, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/45, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/68, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/60, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/63, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/28, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/51, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/33, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/53, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia de que se observen las normas ambientales al preparar y aplicar acuerdos de desarme y limitación de armamentos,", "Reconociendo la necesidad de que en la elaboración y aplicación de los acuerdos de desarme y limitación de armamentos se tengan debidamente en cuenta los acuerdos aprobados en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, así como los acuerdos pertinentes anteriores,", "Tomando nota del informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con la resolución 65/53[1],", "Observando que la 15ª Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009, y la 16ª Conferencia Ministerial y Reunión Conmemorativa del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011, acogieron con beneplácito la aprobación, sin votación, de las resoluciones 63/51 y 65/53, relativas a la observancia de las normas ambientales en la elaboración y la aplicación de los acuerdos de desarme y control de armamentos,", "Teniendo presentes los efectos perjudiciales para el medio ambiente del uso de las armas nucleares,", "1. Reafirma que en los foros internacionales de desarme se deben tener plenamente en cuenta las normas ambientales pertinentes al negociar tratados y acuerdos sobre desarme y limitación de armamentos y que todos los Estados, por medio de sus acciones, deben contribuir cabalmente a que se cumplan esas normas al aplicar los tratados y las convenciones en los cuales sean partes;", "2. Exhorta a los Estados a que adopten medidas unilaterales, bilaterales, regionales y multilaterales para contribuir a asegurar que se apliquen los adelantos científicos y tecnológicos en el marco de la seguridad internacional, el desarme y otras esferas conexas, sin menoscabo del medio ambiente ni de su contribución efectiva al logro del desarrollo sostenible;", "3. Acoge con beneplácito la información proporcionada por los Estados Miembros sobre la aplicación de las medidas que han adoptado para promover los objetivos previstos en la presente resolución¹;", "4. Invita a todos los Estados Miembros a que comuniquen al Secretario General información sobre las medidas que hayan adoptado para promover los objetivos previstos en la presente resolución y solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presente un informe que contenga esa información;", "5. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Observancia de las normas ambientales en la elaboración y la aplicación de los acuerdos de desarme y control de armamentos”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/97 y Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observance of environmental norms in the drafting", "and implementation of agreements on disarmament", "and arms control", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 50/70 M of 12 December 1995, 51/45 E of 10 December 1996, 52/38 E of 9 December 1997, 53/77 J of 4 December 1998, 54/54 S of 1 December 1999, 55/33 K of 20 November 2000, 56/24 F of 29 November 2001, 57/64 of 22 November 2002, 58/45 of 8 December 2003, 59/68 of 3 December 2004, 60/60 of 8 December 2005, 61/63 of 6 December 2006, 62/28 of 5 December 2007, 63/51 of 2 December 2008, 64/33 of 2 December 2009 and 65/53 of 8 December 2010,", "Emphasizing the importance of the observance of environmental norms in the preparation and implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Recognizing that it is necessary to take duly into account the agreements adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as prior relevant agreements, in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms limitation,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to resolution 65/53,[1]", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, without a vote, of resolutions 63/51 and 65/53, on the observance of environmental norms in the drafting and the implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control,", "Mindful of the detrimental environmental effects of the use of nuclear weapons,", "1. Reaffirms that international disarmament forums should take fully into account the relevant environmental norms in negotiating treaties and agreements on disarmament and arms limitation and that all States, through their actions, should contribute fully to ensuring compliance with the aforementioned norms in the implementation of treaties and conventions to which they are parties;", "2. Calls upon States to adopt unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures so as to contribute to ensuring the application of scientific and technological progress within the framework of international security, disarmament and other related spheres, without detriment to the environment or to its effective contribution to attaining sustainable development;", "3. Welcomes the information provided by Member States on the implementation of the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution;¹", "4. Invites all Member States to communicate to the Secretary-General information on the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution, and requests the Secretary-General to submit a report containing that information to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/97 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observance of environmental norms in the development and implementation of disarmament and arms control agreements", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 50/70 M of 12 December 1995, 51/45 E of 10 December 1996, 52/38 E of 9 December 1997, 53/77 J of 4 December 1998, 54/54 S of 1 December 1999, 55/33 K of 20 November 2000, 56/24 F of 29 November 2001, 57/64 of 22 November 2002, 58/45 of 868 December 2003, 59", "Emphasizing the importance of observing environmental norms in the preparation and implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Recognizing the need to give due consideration to the agreements adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as the previous relevant agreements, in the elaboration and implementation of the disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to resolution 65/53[1],", "Noting that the fifteenth Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption, without a vote, of resolutions 65/51", "Bearing in mind the adverse environmental effects of the use of nuclear weapons,", "1. Reaffirms that the relevant environmental norms should be fully taken into account in the international disarmament forums when negotiating treaties and agreements on disarmament and arms limitation and that all States, through their actions, should contribute fully to the implementation of those rules in the implementation of treaties and conventions to which they are parties;", "2. Calls upon States to take unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures to contribute to ensuring the implementation of scientific and technological developments within the framework of international security, disarmament and other related fields, without compromising the environment and its effective contribution to achieving sustainable development;", "3. Welcomes the information provided by Member States on the implementation of the measures they have taken to promote the objectives set out in the present resolution;1", "4. Invites all Member States to inform the Secretary-General of the measures they have taken to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution and requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report containing that information;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Observance of environmental norms in the development and implementation of disarmament and arms control agreements”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] A/66/97 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación", "La Asamblea General,", "Decidida a promover el estricto respeto de los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Recordando su resolución 56/24 T, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, relativa a la cooperación multilateral en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación y la acción mundial contra el terrorismo y otras resoluciones pertinentes, así como sus resoluciones 57/63, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/44, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/69, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/59, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/62, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/27, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/50, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/34, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/54, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, relativas a la promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación,", "Recordando también el propósito de las Naciones Unidas, consagrado en la Carta, de mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales y, con tal fin, adoptar medidas colectivas eficaces para prevenir y eliminar amenazas a la paz, y para suprimir actos de agresión u otros quebrantamientos de la paz, y lograr por medios pacíficos, y de conformidad con los principios de la justicia y del derecho internacional, el ajuste o arreglo de controversias o situaciones internacionales susceptibles de conducir a quebrantamientos de la paz,", "Recordando además la Declaración del Milenio[1], en la que se afirma, entre otras cosas, que la responsabilidad de gestionar el desarrollo económico y social en el mundo, así como las amenazas que pesan sobre la paz y la seguridad internacionales, debe ser compartida por las naciones del mundo y ejercerse multilateralmente, y que, por ser la organización más universal y más representativa de todo el mundo, las Naciones Unidas deben desempeñar un papel central a ese respecto,", "Convencida de que, en la era de la globalización y con la revolución de la información, los problemas de la regulación de los armamentos, la no proliferación y el desarme incumben más que nunca a todos los países del mundo, que se ven afectados de una u otra forma por esos problemas y que, por tanto, deberían tener la posibilidad de participar en las negociaciones que se concierten para encararlos,", "Teniendo presente que existe una amplia estructura de acuerdos sobre la regulación de los armamentos y el desarme, dimanados de negociaciones multilaterales no discriminatorias y transparentes en las que ha participado un gran número de países, independientemente de su tamaño y poder,", "Consciente de la necesidad de seguir avanzando en el ámbito de la regulación de los armamentos, la no proliferación y el desarme sobre la base de negociaciones universales, multilaterales, no discriminatorias y transparentes con el fin de alcanzar el desarme general y completo bajo un control internacional estricto,", "Reconociendo la complementariedad de las negociaciones bilaterales, plurilaterales y multilaterales sobre el desarme,", "Reconociendo también que la proliferación y el desarrollo de armas de destrucción en masa, incluidas las armas nucleares, se cuentan entre las amenazas más inmediatas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales que es preciso afrontar como cuestión de la más alta prioridad,", "Considerando que los acuerdos de desarme multilaterales ofrecen el mecanismo para que los Estados partes celebren consultas entre ellos y cooperen en la solución de cualquier problema que pueda surgir en cuanto al objetivo o la aplicación de las disposiciones de los acuerdos, y que tales consultas y cooperación también pueden realizarse mediante procedimientos internacionales apropiados en el marco de las Naciones Unidas y de conformidad con la Carta,", "Destacando que la cooperación internacional, el arreglo de controversias por medios pacíficos, el diálogo y las medidas de fomento de la confianza contribuirían de manera fundamental a establecer relaciones multilaterales y bilaterales de amistad entre los pueblos y las naciones,", "Preocupada por la continua erosión del multilateralismo en el ámbito de la regulación de los armamentos, la no proliferación y el desarme y reconociendo que el recurso por los Estados Miembros a medidas unilaterales para resolver sus problemas de seguridad pondría en peligro la paz y la seguridad internacionales y socavaría la confianza en el sistema de seguridad internacional, así como los fundamentos de las propias Naciones Unidas,", "Observando que la 15ª Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009, y la 16ª Conferencia Ministerial y Reunión Conmemorativa del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011, acogieron con beneplácito la aprobación de las resoluciones 63/50 y 65/54, relativas a la promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación, y subrayaron que el multilateralismo y las soluciones acordadas multilateralmente, de conformidad con la Carta, ofrecen el único método sostenible de abordar las cuestiones de desarme y seguridad internacional,", "Reafirmando la validez absoluta de la diplomacia multilateral en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación y decidida a promover el multilateralismo como medio fundamental de desarrollar las negociaciones sobre la regulación de los armamentos y el desarme,", "1. Reafirma el multilateralismo como principio básico de las negociaciones en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación encaminadas a mantener y fortalecer las normas universales y a ampliar su alcance;", "2. Reafirma también el multilateralismo como principio básico para resolver las cuestiones preocupantes en materia de desarme y no proliferación;", "3. Insta a todos los Estados interesados a que participen en forma no discriminatoria y transparente en las negociaciones multilaterales sobre la regulación de los armamentos, la no proliferación y el desarme;", "4. Subraya la importancia de preservar los acuerdos existentes sobre la regulación de los armamentos y el desarme, que son muestra de los resultados de la cooperación internacional y las negociaciones multilaterales en respuesta a los desafíos a que se enfrenta la humanidad;", "5. Exhorta una vez más a todos los Estados Miembros a que renueven y cumplan sus compromisos individuales y colectivos de cooperación multilateral como medio importante de promover y alcanzar sus objetivos comunes en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación;", "6. Solicita a los Estados partes en los instrumentos pertinentes sobre las armas de destrucción en masa que celebren consultas y cooperen para resolver las cuestiones que les preocupan respecto de los casos de incumplimiento, así como respecto de la aplicación de esos instrumentos, de conformidad con los procedimientos establecidos en ellos, y que se abstengan de recurrir o amenazar con recurrir a medidas unilaterales o de dirigirse mutuamente acusaciones de incumplimiento no verificadas para resolver las cuestiones que les preocupan;", "7. Toma nota del informe del Secretario General en que figuran las respuestas de los Estados Miembros sobre la promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 65/54[2];", "8. Solicita al Secretario General que recabe la opinión de los Estados Miembros sobre la promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación y que le presente un informe al respecto en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "9. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Promoción del multilateralismo en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase la resolución 55/2.", "[2]  A/66/111 y Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to foster strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolution 56/24 T of 29 November 2001 on multilateral cooperation in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and global efforts against terrorism and other relevant resolutions, as well as its resolutions 57/63 of 22 November 2002, 58/44 of 8 December 2003, 59/69 of 3 December 2004, 60/59 of 8 December 2005, 61/62 of 6 December 2006, 62/27 of 5 December 2007, 63/50 of 2 December 2008, 64/34 of 2 December 2009 and 65/54 of 8 December 2010 on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recalling also the purpose of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security and, to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace, as enshrined in the Charter,", "Recalling further the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[1] which states, inter alia, that the responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared among the nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally and that, as the most universal and most representative organization in the world, the United Nations must play the central role,", "Convinced that, in the globalization era and with the information revolution, arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament problems are more than ever the concern of all countries in the world, which are affected in one way or another by these problems and, therefore, should have the possibility to participate in the negotiations that arise to tackle them,", "Bearing in mind the existence of a broad structure of disarmament and arms regulation agreements resulting from non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations with the participation of a large number of countries, regardless of their size and power,", "Aware of the need to advance further in the field of arms regulation, non‑proliferation and disarmament on the basis of universal, multilateral, non‑discriminatory and transparent negotiations with the goal of reaching general and complete disarmament under strict international control,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament,", "Recognizing also that the proliferation and development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, are among the most immediate threats to international peace and security which need to be dealt with, with the highest priority,", "Considering that the multilateral disarmament agreements provide the mechanism for States parties to consult one another and to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objective of, or in the application of, the provisions of the agreements and that such consultations and cooperation may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter,", "Stressing that international cooperation, the peaceful settlement of disputes, dialogue and confidence-building measures would make an essential contribution to the creation of multilateral and bilateral friendly relations among peoples and nations,", "Being concerned at the continuous erosion of multilateralism in the field of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament, and recognizing that a resort to unilateral actions by Member States in resolving their security concerns would jeopardize international peace and security and undermine confidence in the international security system as well as the foundations of the United Nations itself,", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption of resolutions 63/50 and 65/54, on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation, and underlined the fact that multilateralism and multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues,", "Reaffirming the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and determined to promote multilateralism as an essential way to develop arms regulation and disarmament negotiations,", "1. Reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation with a view to maintaining and strengthening universal norms and enlarging their scope;", "2. Also reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in resolving disarmament and non-proliferation concerns;", "3. Urges the participation of all interested States in multilateral negotiations on arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament in a non-discriminatory and transparent manner;", "4. Underlines the importance of preserving the existing agreements on arms regulation and disarmament, which constitute an expression of the results of international cooperation and multilateral negotiations in response to the challenges facing mankind;", "5. Calls once again upon all Member States to renew and fulfil their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation as an important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Requests the States parties to the relevant instruments on weapons of mass destruction to consult and cooperate among themselves in resolving their concerns with regard to cases of non-compliance as well as on implementation, in accordance with the procedures defined in those instruments, and to refrain from resorting or threatening to resort to unilateral actions or directing unverified non‑compliance accusations against one another to resolve their concerns;", "7. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General containing the replies of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation, submitted pursuant to resolution 65/54;[2]", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the issue of the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation and to submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  A/66/111 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to promote strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolution 56/24 T of 29 November 2001 on multilateral cooperation in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and global action against terrorism and other relevant resolutions, as well as its resolutions 57/63 of 22 November 2002, 58/44 of 8 December 2003, 59/69 of 3 December 2004, 60/59 of 8 December 2005, 61/62 of 6 December 2006,", "Recalling also the purpose of the United Nations, as enshrined in the Charter, to maintain international peace and security and, to that end, to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace, and to suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace, and to achieve by peaceful means, and in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the adjustment or settlement of disputes or international situations that might lead to violations of peace,", "Recalling further the United Nations Millennium Declaration[1], which affirms, inter alia, that the responsibility for managing economic and social development in the world, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared by the world &apos; s nations and exercised multilaterally, and that, as the world &apos; s most universal and representative organization, the United Nations must play a central role in this regard,", "Convinced that, in the era of globalization and with the information revolution, the problems of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament are more than ever the responsibility of all countries of the world, which are affected in one way or another by those problems and should therefore have the opportunity to participate in the negotiations to deal with them,", "Bearing in mind that there is a broad structure of agreements on arms regulation and disarmament emanating from non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations involving a large number of countries, irrespective of their size and power,", "Mindful of the need for further progress in the area of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament on the basis of universal, multilateral, non-discriminatory and transparent negotiations in order to achieve general and complete disarmament under strict international control,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament,", "Recognizing also that the proliferation and development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, are among the most immediate threats to international peace and security that need to be addressed as a matter of the highest priority,", "Considering that multilateral disarmament agreements provide the mechanism for States parties to consult with each other and to cooperate in solving any problems that may arise with regard to the objective or implementation of the provisions of the agreements, and that such consultations and cooperation may also be carried out through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter,", "Stressing that international cooperation, peaceful settlement of disputes, dialogue and confidence-building measures would contribute fundamentally to the establishment of multilateral and bilateral friendly relations between peoples and nations,", "Concerned about the continued erosion of multilateralism in the area of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament and recognizing that the use by Member States of unilateral measures to resolve their security challenges would jeopardize international peace and security and undermine confidence in the international security system, as well as the foundations of the United Nations itself,", "Noting that the fifteenth Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Conmemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption of resolutions 63/50 and 65/54,", "Reaffirming the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and determined to promote multilateralism as a fundamental means of developing negotiations on arms regulation and disarmament,", "1. Reaffirms multilateralism as a basic principle of negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation aimed at maintaining and strengthening universal norms and broadening their scope;", "2. Also reaffirms multilateralism as a basic principle for resolving issues of concern in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "3. Urges all States concerned to participate in non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations on arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament;", "4. Stresses the importance of preserving existing agreements on arms regulation and disarmament, which show the results of international cooperation and multilateral negotiations in response to the challenges facing humanity;", "5. Once again calls upon all Member States to renew and fulfil their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation as an important means of promoting and achieving their common objectives in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Requests States parties to the relevant instruments on weapons of mass destruction to consult and cooperate in resolving their issues of concern with regard to cases of non-compliance, as well as with respect to the implementation of such instruments, in accordance with the procedures established therein, and to refrain from resorting to or threatening to resort to unilateral measures or to address mutually unverified allegations of non-compliance to resolve their concerns;", "7. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General containing the replies of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, submitted in accordance with resolution 65/54[2];", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See resolution 55/2.", "[2] A/66/111 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/33. Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y su Comité Preparatorio", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 2373 (XXII), de 12 de junio de 1968, en cuyo anexo figura el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[1],", "Observando que en el artículo VIII, párrafo 3, del Tratado se prevé convocar conferencias de examen cada cinco años,", "Recordando los resultados de la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[2] y de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado[3],", "Recordando también la decisión de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre el mejoramiento de la eficacia del proceso consolidado de examen del Tratado[4], que reafirmó lo dispuesto en la decisión sobre la consolidación del proceso de examen del Tratado adoptada por la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado[5],", "Haciendo notar la decisión sobre la consolidación del proceso de examen del Tratado, en que se acordó que debían seguir celebrándose conferencias de examen cada cinco años, y observando que, en consecuencia, la siguiente conferencia de examen debería tener lugar en 2015,", "Recordando la decisión de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 de que en los años anteriores a la conferencia de examen deberían celebrarse tres períodos de sesiones del Comité Preparatorio⁴,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el resultado satisfactorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, celebrada del 3 al 28 de mayo de 2010[6], y reafirmando la necesidad de aplicar plenamente las medidas de seguimiento que se aprobaron en la Conferencia de Examen[7],", "1. Toma nota de la decisión a que han llegado las partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares¹ tras la celebración de las consultas oportunas de que el primer período de sesiones del Comité Preparatorio se celebre en Viena del 30 de abril al 11 de mayo de 2012;", "2. Solicita al Secretario General que proporcione la asistencia y los servicios que se requieran, incluida la preparación de actas resumidas, a la Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y su Comité Preparatorio.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase también Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[2]  Véase Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, Primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part  I)].", "[3]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) y (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte.", "[5]  Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, Primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo, decisión 1.", "[6]  Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[7]  Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], primera parte, Conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/33. 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling the outcomes of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[3]", "Recalling also the decision of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty,[4] which reaffirmed the provisions in the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[5]", "Noting the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, in which it was agreed that review conferences should continue to be held every five years, and noting that, accordingly, the next review conference should be held in 2015,", "Recalling the decision of the 2000 Review Conference that three sessions of the Preparatory Committee should be held in the years prior to the review conference,⁴", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010,[6] and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the follow-on actions adopted at the Review Conference,[7]", "1. Takes note of the decision of the parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,¹ following appropriate consultations, to hold the first session of the Preparatory Committee in Vienna from 30 April to 11 May 2012;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to render the necessary assistance and to provide such services, including summary records, as may be required for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2).", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 1.", "[6]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[7]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/33. 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, annexed to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1],", "Noting that article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty provides for the convening of review conferences every five years,", "Recalling the outcome of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[3]", "Recalling also the decision of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Consolidated Review Process of the Treaty, which reaffirmed the decision on the consolidation of the review process of the Treaty adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[5]", "Noting the decision on the consolidation of the Treaty review process, which agreed that review conferences should continue to be held every five years, and noting that the next review conference should therefore take place in 2015,", "Recalling the decision of the 2000 Review Conference that three sessions of the Preparatory Committee should be held in the years prior to the review conference,4", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010,[6] and reaffirming the need for full implementation of the follow-up measures adopted at the Review Conference[7],", "1. Takes note of the decision reached by the parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons1 following the timely consultations that the first session of the Preparatory Committee will be held in Vienna from 30 April to 11 May 2012;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the assistance and services required, including the preparation of summary records, to the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)].", "[3] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) and (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4] Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one.", "[5] 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex, decision 1.", "[6] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[7] Ibid., vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], part one, Conclusions and recommendations on follow-up action." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Asistencia a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 65/50, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, sobre la asistencia a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida,", "Profundamente preocupada por el gran número de víctimas mortales y los ingentes sufrimientos causados, especialmente entre los niños, por la proliferación y el uso ilícitos de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras,", "Preocupada por el efecto negativo que la proliferación y el uso ilícitos de esas armas siguen teniendo en los esfuerzos de los Estados de la subregión sahelosahariana para erradicar la pobreza, promover el desarrollo sostenible y mantener la paz, la seguridad y la estabilidad,", "Teniendo presente la Declaración de Bamako relativa a una posición africana común sobre la proliferación, la circulación y el tráfico ilícitos de armas pequeñas y ligeras, aprobada en Bamako el 1 de diciembre de 2000[1],", "Recordando el informe del Secretario General titulado “Un concepto más amplio de la libertad: desarrollo, seguridad y derechos humanos para todos”[2], en el que el Secretario General destacaba que los Estados deben esforzarse por igual para eliminar la amenaza de las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras ilícitas y para eliminar el peligro que representan las armas de destrucción en masa,", "Recordando también el Instrumento internacional para permitir a los Estados identificar y localizar, de forma oportuna y fidedigna, armas pequeñas y armas ligeras ilícitas, aprobado el 8 de diciembre de 2005[3],", "Recordando además el apoyo a la ejecución del Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos manifestado en el Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial 2005[4],", "Recordando la aprobación, durante la 30ª cumbre ordinaria de la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental, celebrada en Abuja en junio de 2006, de la Convención sobre las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras, sus municiones y otros materiales conexos[5], que sustituye a la suspensión de la importación, la exportación y la fabricación de armas ligeras en África Occidental,", "Recordando también la entrada en vigor de la Convención sobre las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras, sus municiones y otros materiales conexos el 29 de septiembre de 2009,", "Recordando además la decisión adoptada por la Comunidad Económica de establecer una dependencia de armas pequeñas con la responsabilidad de explicar y promover políticas apropiadas y elaborar y aplicar programas, así como el establecimiento del Programa de la Comunidad Económica de lucha contra las armas ligeras, que se puso en marcha el 6 de junio de 2006 en Bamako y que sustituye al Programa de coordinación y asistencia para la seguridad y el desarrollo,", "Tomando nota del último informe del Secretario General sobre la asistencia a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida y sobre el comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos[6],", "Recordando, a ese respecto, la decisión de la Unión Europea de prestar un apoyo considerable a la Comunidad Económica en su lucha contra la proliferación ilícita de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras,", "Reconociendo la importante función que cumplen las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, mediante sus actividades de sensibilización, en los esfuerzos por detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras,", "Recordando el informe de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas para examinar los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, celebrada en Nueva York del 26 de junio al 7 de julio de 2006[7],", "1. Encomia a las Naciones Unidas y demás organizaciones internacionales, regionales y de otra índole por la asistencia que prestan a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida;", "2. Alienta al Secretario General a que siga esforzándose, en el marco de la aplicación de su resolución 49/75 G, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, y de las recomendaciones de las misiones consultivas de las Naciones Unidas, por detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida en los Estados afectados que así lo soliciten, con el apoyo del Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz y el Desarme en África y en estrecha colaboración con la Unión Africana;", "3. Alienta a la comunidad internacional a que apoye la aplicación de la Convención de la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental sobre las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras, sus municiones y otros materiales conexos;", "4. Alienta a los países de la subregión sahelosahariana a que faciliten el funcionamiento efectivo de las comisiones nacionales de lucha contra la proliferación ilícita de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y, a ese respecto, invita a la comunidad internacional a que preste su apoyo en la medida de lo posible;", "5. Alienta a las organizaciones y asociaciones de la sociedad civil a que colaboren en los esfuerzos de las comisiones nacionales por combatir el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y a que ejecuten el Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos[8];", "6. Alienta a los órganos estatales, las organizaciones internacionales y la sociedad civil a que cooperen en apoyo de los programas y proyectos de lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y de su recogida;", "7. Exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que preste apoyo técnico y financiero a fin de fortalecer la capacidad de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil para adoptar medidas que contribuyan a la lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras;", "8. Invita al Secretario General y a los Estados y las organizaciones que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que sigan prestando asistencia a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida;", "9. Solicita al Secretario General que continúe examinando la cuestión y que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "10. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Asistencia a los Estados para detener el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras y proceder a su recogida”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  A/CONF.192/PC/23, anexo.", "[2]  A/59/2005.", "[3]  A/60/88 y Corr.2, anexo; véase también la decisión 60/519.", "[4]  Véase la resolución 60/1, párr. 94.", "[5]  Véase Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación sobre el Desarme, Disarmament Forum, núm. 4, 2008, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa. Se puede consultar en www.unidir.org.", "[6]  A/66/177.", "[7]  A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8]  Véase Informe de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Tráfico Ilícito de Armas Pequeñas y Ligeras en Todos sus Aspectos, Nueva York, 9 a 20 de julio de 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 y Corr.1), cap. IV, párr. 24." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/50 of 8 December 2010 on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them,", "Deeply concerned by the magnitude of human casualty and suffering, especially among children, caused by the illicit proliferation and use of small arms and light weapons,", "Concerned by the negative impact that the illicit proliferation and use of those weapons continue to have on the efforts of States in the Sahelo-Saharan subregion in the areas of poverty eradication, sustainable development and the maintenance of peace, security and stability,", "Bearing in mind the Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted at Bamako on 1 December 2000,[1]", "Recalling the report of the Secretary-General entitled “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all”,[2] in which he emphasized that States must strive just as hard to eliminate the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons as they do to eliminate the threat of weapons of mass destruction,", "Recalling also the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted on 8 December 2005,[3]", "Recalling further the expression of support in the 2005 World Summit Outcome for the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[4]", "Recalling the adoption, at the thirtieth ordinary summit of the Economic Community of West African States, held in Abuja in June 2006, of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials,[5] in replacement of the moratorium on the importation, exportation and manufacture of small arms and light weapons in West Africa,", "Recalling also the entry into force of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009,", "Recalling further the decision taken by the Economic Community to establish a Small Arms Unit responsible for advocating appropriate policies and developing and implementing programmes, as well as the establishment of the Economic Community’s Small Arms Control Programme, launched on 6 June 2006 in Bamako, in replacement of the Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development,", "Taking note of the latest report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them and the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,[6]", "Recalling, in that regard, the decision of the European Union to significantly support the Economic Community in its efforts to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons,", "Recognizing the important role that civil society organizations play, by raising public awareness, in efforts to curb the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons,", "Recalling the report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 26 June to 7 July 2006,[7]", "1. Commends the United Nations and international, regional and other organizations for their assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "2. Encourages the Secretary-General to pursue his efforts in the context of the implementation of General Assembly resolution 49/75 G of 15 December 1994 and the recommendations of the United Nations advisory missions aimed at curbing the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons and collecting them in the affected States that so request, with the support of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa and in close cooperation with the African Union;", "3. Encourages the international community to support the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials;", "4. Encourages the countries of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to facilitate the effective functioning of national commissions to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and in that regard invites the international community to lend its support wherever possible;", "5. Encourages the collaboration of civil society organizations and associations in the efforts of the national commissions to combat the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and in the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects; [8]", "6. Encourages cooperation among State organs, international organizations and civil society in support of programmes and projects aimed at combating the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "7. Calls upon the international community to provide technical and financial support to strengthen the capacity of civil society organizations to take action to help to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "8. Invites the Secretary-General and those States and organizations that are in a position to do so to continue to provide assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to consider the matter and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/CONF.192/PC/23, annex.", "[2]  A/59/2005.", "[3]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[4]  See resolution 60/1, para. 94.", "[5]  See United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Disarmament Forum, No. 4, 2008, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa. Available from www.unidir.org.", "[6]  A/66/177.", "[7]  A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/50 of 8 December 2010 on assistance to States in curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them,", "Deeply concerned about the large number of fatalities and the enormous sufferings caused, especially among children, by the illicit proliferation and use of small arms and light weapons,", "Concerned about the negative impact that the illicit proliferation and use of such weapons continue to have on the efforts of the States of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable development and maintain peace, security and stability,", "Bearing in mind the Bamako Declaration on a Common African Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Movement and Trafficking in Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted at Bamako on 1 December 2000[1],", "Recalling the report of the Secretary-General entitled &quot; A broader concept of freedom: development, security and human rights for all &quot; [2], in which the Secretary-General stressed that States should strive equally to eliminate the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons and to eliminate the danger posed by weapons of mass destruction,", "Recalling also the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted on 8 December 2005[3],", "Recalling further the support for the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, as stated in the 2005 World Summit Outcome,[4]", "Recalling the adoption, during the thirtieth ordinary summit of the Economic Community of West African States, held in Abuja in June 2006, of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials,[5], which replaces the suspension of the import, export and manufacture of light weapons in West Africa,", "Recalling also the entry into force of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009,", "Recalling further the decision taken by the Economic Community to establish a small arms unit with the responsibility of explaining and promoting appropriate policies and developing and implementing programmes, as well as the establishment of the Economic Community Programme to Combat Light Weapons, which was launched on 6 June 2006 in Bamako and replacing the Programme for Coordination and Assistance in Security and Development,", "Taking note of the latest report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States in curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them and on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all their aspects[6],", "Recalling, in this regard, the decision of the European Union to provide considerable support to the Economic Community in its fight against the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons,", "Recognizing the important role of civil society organizations, through their awareness-raising activities, in efforts to curb the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Recalling the report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 26 June to 7 July 2006[7],", "1. Commends the United Nations and other international, regional and other organizations for their assistance to States in curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "2. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue his efforts, within the framework of the implementation of its resolution 49/75 G of 15 December 1994, and the recommendations of the United Nations advisory missions, to halt the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and to collect them in the affected States, as requested, with the support of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa and in close cooperation with the African Union;", "3. Encourages the international community to support the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials;", "4. Encourages the countries of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to facilitate the effective functioning of the national commissions to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons and, in this regard, invites the international community to lend its support to the extent possible;", "5. Encourages civil society organizations and associations to cooperate in the efforts of national commissions to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and to implement the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects[8];", "6. Encourages State bodies, international organizations and civil society to cooperate in support of and collection programmes and projects to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "7. Calls upon the international community to provide technical and financial support to strengthen the capacity of civil society organizations to take measures that contribute to the fight against the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "8. Invites the Secretary-General and States and organizations in a position to do so to continue to assist States in curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to examine the question and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled &quot; Assistance to States for curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them &quot; .", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] A/CONF.192/PC/23, annex.", "[2] A/59/2005.", "[3] A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[4] See resolution 60/1, para. 94.", "[5] See United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Disarmament Forum, No. 4, 2008, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa. Available at www.unidir.org.", "[6] A/66/177.", "[7] A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 and Corr.1), chap. IV, para. 24." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Aplicación de la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y sobre su destrucción", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones anteriores sobre el tema de las armas químicas, en particular la resolución 65/57, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, aprobada sin votación, en la que observó con aprecio la labor que se realizaba para lograr el objeto y propósito de la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y sobre su destrucción[1],", "Decidida a lograr la prohibición efectiva del desarrollo, la producción, la adquisición, la transferencia, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y su destrucción,", "Observando con satisfacción que, desde que se aprobó la resolución 63/48, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, otros cuatro Estados se han adherido a la Convención, con lo que el número total de Estados partes en la Convención asciende a ciento ochenta y ocho,", "Reafirmando la importancia del resultado del segundo período extraordinario de sesiones de la Conferencia de los Estados Partes para el examen del funcionamiento de la Convención sobre las Armas Químicas (en adelante “la Segunda Conferencia de Examen”), incluido su informe final[2] aprobado por consenso, en que se trataron todos los aspectos de la Convención y se formularon importantes recomendaciones acerca de la continuación de su aplicación,", "Poniendo de relieve que la Segunda Conferencia de Examen acogió con satisfacción el hecho de que, once años después de su entrada en vigor, la Convención seguía siendo un singular acuerdo multilateral por el que se prohibía toda una categoría de armas de destrucción en masa de manera no discriminatoria y verificable y bajo un estricto y eficaz control internacional,", "1. Pone de relieve que la universalidad de la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y sobre su destrucción¹ es fundamental para lograr su objeto y propósito, reconoce los progresos logrados en la aplicación del plan de acción para lograr la universalidad de la Convención y exhorta a todos los Estados que todavía no lo hayan hecho a que pasen a ser partes en la Convención sin demora;", "2. Subraya que la aplicación de la Convención contribuye en gran medida a la paz y la seguridad internacionales mediante la eliminación de los arsenales existentes de armas químicas y la prohibición de la adquisición y el empleo de dichas armas, y prevé la asistencia y protección en caso de empleo o amenaza de empleo de armas químicas y la cooperación internacional con fines pacíficos en el campo de las actividades químicas;", "3. Destaca la importancia que tiene para la Convención que todos los poseedores de armas químicas, instalaciones de producción de armas químicas o instalaciones para el desarrollo de armas químicas, incluidos los Estados anteriormente declarados poseedores, figuren entre los Estados partes en la Convención, y celebra los avances hacia ese fin;", "4. Reafirma la obligación de los Estados partes en la Convención de destruir las armas químicas y de destruir o transformar las instalaciones de producción de armas químicas en los plazos previstos en la Convención;", "5. Destaca que la aplicación cabal y efectiva de todas las disposiciones de la Convención, comprendidas las relativas a las medidas nacionales de aplicación (artículo VII) y a la asistencia y a la protección contra las armas químicas (artículo X), constituye una importante contribución a los esfuerzos de las Naciones Unidas en la lucha mundial contra el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones;", "6. Observa que la aplicación efectiva del sistema de verificación fomenta la confianza en el cumplimiento de la Convención por los Estados partes;", "7. Destaca la importancia de la Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas en la verificación del cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la Convención y en la promoción de la realización oportuna y eficaz de todos sus objetivos;", "8. Insta a todos los Estados partes en la Convención a que cumplan cabal y puntualmente las obligaciones que les impone la Convención y a que apoyen a la Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas en sus actividades de aplicación;", "9. Acoge con beneplácito los progresos logrados en el cumplimiento nacional de las obligaciones previstas en el artículo VII y encomia a los Estados partes y a la Secretaría Técnica por ayudar a otros Estados partes, a petición de estos, a aplicar las medidas complementarias del plan de acción relativo a las obligaciones previstas en el artículo VII, e insta a los Estados partes que no hayan cumplido las obligaciones que les incumben con arreglo a ese artículo a que lo hagan sin mayor demora, de conformidad con sus procesos constitucionales;", "10. Pone de relieve que las disposiciones del artículo X de la Convención siguen manteniendo su pertinencia e importancia, y acoge con beneplácito las actividades de la Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas relacionadas con la asistencia y la protección contra esas armas;", "11. Reafirma que las disposiciones de la Convención se aplicarán de forma tal que no obstaculicen el desarrollo económico o tecnológico de los Estados partes y la cooperación internacional en el campo de las actividades químicas para fines que no estén prohibidos con arreglo a la Convención, como los relativos al intercambio internacional de información científica y técnica y a sustancias químicas y equipos destinados a la producción, la elaboración o el empleo de productos químicos para fines que no estén prohibidos con arreglo a la Convención;", "12. Pone de relieve la importancia de las disposiciones del artículo XI, relativas al desarrollo económico y tecnológico de los Estados partes, recuerda que el cumplimiento cabal, efectivo y no discriminatorio de esas disposiciones contribuye a la universalidad, y reafirma también el compromiso de los Estados partes de fomentar la cooperación internacional con fines pacíficos en el ámbito de las actividades químicas que realizan, así como la importancia de esa cooperación y su contribución a la promoción de la Convención en su totalidad;", "13. Observa con aprecio la labor que realiza la Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas para lograr el objeto y propósito de la Convención, asegurar la aplicación cabal de sus disposiciones, incluidas las relativas a la verificación internacional de su cumplimiento, y brindar a los Estados partes un foro de consulta y cooperación;", "14. Acoge con beneplácito la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas en el marco del acuerdo en que se definen las relaciones entre las Naciones Unidas y dicha organización, de conformidad con las disposiciones de la Convención;", "15. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Aplicación de la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y sobre su destrucción”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1975, núm. 33757.", "[2]  Véase Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas, documento RC‑2/4." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 65/57 of 8 December 2010, adopted without a vote, in which it noted with appreciation the ongoing work to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction,[1]", "Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction,", "Noting with satisfaction that, since the adoption of resolution 63/48 of 2 December 2008, four additional States have acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to one hundred and eighty-eight,", "Reaffirming the importance of the outcome of the Second Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Second Review Conference”), including the consensus final report,[2] which addressed all aspects of the Convention and made important recommendations on its continued implementation,", "Emphasizing that the Second Review Conference welcomed the fact that, eleven years after its entry into force, the Convention remained a unique multilateral agreement banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction in a non‑discriminatory and verifiable manner under strict and effective international control,", "1. Emphasizes that the universality of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction¹ is fundamental to the achievement of its objective and purpose, acknowledges progress made in the implementation of the action plan for the universality of the Convention, and calls upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention without delay;", "2. Underlines the fact that implementation of the Convention makes a major contribution to international peace and security through the elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons and the prohibition of the acquisition or use of chemical weapons, and provides for assistance and protection in the event of use, or threat of use, of chemical weapons and for international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities;", "3. Stresses the importance to the Convention that all possessors of chemical weapons, chemical weapons production facilities or chemical weapons development facilities, including previously declared possessor States, should be among the States parties to the Convention, and welcomes progress to that end;", "4. Reaffirms the obligation of the States parties to the Convention to destroy chemical weapons and to destroy or convert chemical weapons production facilities within the time limits provided for by the Convention;", "5. Stresses that the full and effective implementation of all provisions of the Convention, including those on national implementation (article VII) and assistance and protection (article X), constitutes an important contribution to the efforts of the United Nations in the global fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations;", "6. Notes that the effective application of the verification system builds confidence in compliance with the Convention by States parties;", "7. Stresses the importance of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in verifying compliance with the provisions of the Convention as well as in promoting the timely and efficient accomplishment of all its objectives;", "8. Urges all States parties to the Convention to meet in full and on time their obligations under the Convention and to support the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in its implementation activities;", "9. Welcomes progress made in the national implementation of article VII obligations, commends the States parties and the Technical Secretariat for assisting other States parties, on request, with the implementation of the follow-up to the plan of action regarding article VII obligations, and urges States parties that have not fulfilled their obligations under article VII to do so without further delay, in accordance with their constitutional processes;", "10. Emphasizes the continuing relevance and importance of the provisions of article X of the Convention, and welcomes the activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in relation to assistance and protection against chemical weapons;", "11. Reaffirms that the provisions of the Convention shall be implemented in a manner that avoids hampering the economic or technological development of States parties and international cooperation in the field of chemical activities for purposes not prohibited under the Convention, including the international exchange of scientific and technical information, and chemicals and equipment for the production, processing or use of chemicals for purposes not prohibited under the Convention;", "12. Emphasizes the importance of article XI provisions relating to the economic and technological development of States parties, recalls that the full, effective and non-discriminatory implementation of those provisions contributes to universality, and also reaffirms the undertaking of the States parties to foster international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities of the States parties and the importance of that cooperation and its contribution to the promotion of the Convention as a whole;", "13. Notes with appreciation the ongoing work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention, to ensure the full implementation of its provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States parties;", "14. Welcomes the cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention;", "15. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[2]  See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, document RC‑2/4." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 65/57 of 8 December 2010, adopted without a vote, in which it noted with appreciation the work being done to achieve the object and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction[1],", "Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction,", "Noting with satisfaction that, since the adoption of resolution 63/48 of 2 December 2008, four other States have acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to one hundred and eight,", "Reaffirming the importance of the outcome of the second special session of the Conference of the States Parties for the Review of the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Second Review Conference”), including its final report[2] adopted by consensus, which addressed all aspects of the Convention and made important recommendations on its continued implementation,", "Emphasizing that the Second Review Conference welcomed the fact that, eleven years after its entry into force, the Convention remained a unique multilateral agreement prohibiting a whole category of weapons of mass destruction in a non-discriminatory and verifiable manner and under strict and effective international control,", "1. Emphasizes that the universality of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction1 is essential for achieving its object and purpose, recognizes the progress made in implementing the plan of action to achieve the universality of the Convention and calls upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention without delay;", "2. Stresses that the implementation of the Convention greatly contributes to international peace and security through the elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons and the prohibition of the acquisition and use of such weapons, and provides for assistance and protection in the event of the use or threat of use of chemical weapons and international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities;", "3. Stresses the importance for the Convention that all chemical weapons possessors, chemical weapons production facilities or chemical weapons development facilities, including those previously declared possessors, should be among the States parties to the Convention, and welcomes progress towards that end;", "4. Reaffirms the obligation of States parties to the Convention to destroy chemical weapons and to destroy or transform chemical weapons production facilities within the time limits provided for in the Convention;", "5. Stresses that the full and effective implementation of all provisions of the Convention, including those relating to national implementation measures (article VII) and assistance and protection against chemical weapons (article X), constitutes an important contribution to the efforts of the United Nations in the global fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations;", "6. Notes that the effective implementation of the verification system builds confidence in the implementation of the Convention by States parties;", "7. Stresses the importance of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in verifying compliance with the provisions of the Convention and in promoting the timely and effective realization of all its objectives;", "8. Urges all States parties to the Convention to comply fully and promptly with their obligations under the Convention and to support the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in its implementation activities;", "9. &quot; Welcomes the progress made in national compliance with the obligations under article VII and commends States parties and the Technical Secretariat for assisting other States parties, at their request, to implement the follow-up to the action plan on the obligations under article VII, and urges States parties that have not fulfilled their obligations under that article to do so without further delay, in accordance with their constitutional processes;", "10. Emphasizes that the provisions of article X of the Convention remain relevant and important, and welcomes the activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons related to assistance and protection against such weapons;", "11. Reaffirms that the provisions of the Convention shall apply in such a way as not to impede the economic or technological development of States parties and international cooperation in the field of chemical activities for purposes not prohibited under the Convention, such as those relating to the international exchange of scientific and technical information and to chemicals and equipment for the production, processing or use of chemicals for purposes not prohibited under the Convention;", "12. Emphasizes the importance of the provisions of article XI, relating to the economic and technological development of States parties, recalls that the full, effective and non-discriminatory implementation of those provisions contributes to universality, and also reaffirms the commitment of States parties to promote international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities they undertake, as well as the importance of such cooperation and their contribution to the promotion of the Convention as a whole;", "13. Notes with appreciation the work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to achieve the object and purpose of the Convention, to ensure the full implementation of its provisions, including those relating to international verification of compliance, and to provide States parties with a forum for consultation and cooperation;", "14. Welcomes the cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in the framework of the agreement defining relations between the United Nations and that organization, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention;", "15. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1975, No. 33757.", "[2] See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, document RC‐2/4." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Desarme regional", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 45/58 P, de 4 de diciembre de 1990, 46/36 I, de 6 de diciembre de 1991, 47/52 J, de 9 de diciembre de 1992, 48/75 I, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/75 N, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/70 K, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 K, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 P, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 O, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 N, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 O, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 H, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/76, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/38, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/89, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/63, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/80, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/38, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/43, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/41, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/45, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, relativas al desarme regional,", "Creyendo que los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional por alcanzar el ideal del desarme general y completo están guiados por el deseo inherente al ser humano de disfrutar de una paz y una seguridad verdaderas, eliminar el peligro de la guerra y liberar recursos económicos, intelectuales y de otra índole para fines pacíficos,", "Afirmando la adhesión inalterable de todos los Estados a los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas en el mantenimiento de sus relaciones internacionales,", "Haciendo notar que en su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones se adoptaron directrices fundamentales para avanzar hacia el desarme general y completo[1],", "Tomando nota de las directrices y recomendaciones referentes a los enfoques regionales del desarme en el contexto de la seguridad mundial aprobadas por la Comisión de Desarme en su período de sesiones sustantivo de 1993[2],", "Acogiendo con beneplácito las perspectivas de lograr verdaderos avances en la esfera del desarme surgidas en los últimos años de resultas de las negociaciones entre las dos superpotencias,", "Tomando nota de las recientes propuestas de desarme formuladas en los planos regional y subregional,", "Reconociendo la importancia de las medidas de fomento de la confianza para la paz y la seguridad regionales e internacionales,", "Convencida de que los esfuerzos de los países por promover el desarme regional, teniendo en cuenta las características particulares de cada región y de conformidad con el principio de la seguridad sin menoscabo al nivel más bajo de armamentos, afianzarían la seguridad de todos los Estados y, en consecuencia, contribuirían a la paz y la seguridad internacionales al reducir el riesgo de conflictos regionales,", "1. Destaca la necesidad de desplegar esfuerzos sostenidos, en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme y con los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas, a fin de lograr avances en toda la gama de las cuestiones de desarme;", "2. Afirma que los enfoques mundial y regional del desarme son complementarios, por lo que deben aplicarse simultáneamente a fin de promover la paz y la seguridad regionales e internacionales;", "3. Exhorta a los Estados a que concierten, siempre que sea posible, acuerdos sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, el desarme y medidas de fomento de la confianza en los planos regional y subregional;", "4. Acoge con beneplácito las iniciativas en pro del desarme, la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y la seguridad adoptadas por algunos países en los planos regional y subregional;", "5. Apoya y alienta las gestiones encaminadas a promover medidas de fomento de la confianza en los planos regional y subregional con el fin de aliviar las tensiones regionales e impulsar medidas de desarme y de no proliferación de las armas nucleares en los planos regional y subregional;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Desarme regional”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase la resolución S‑10/2.", "[2]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, cuadragésimo octavo período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 42 (A/48/42), anexo II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Regional disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 45/58 P of 4 December 1990, 46/36 I of 6 December 1991, 47/52 J of 9 December 1992, 48/75 I of 16 December 1993, 49/75 N of 15 December 1994, 50/70 K of 12 December 1995, 51/45 K of 10 December 1996, 52/38 P of 9 December 1997, 53/77 O of 4 December 1998, 54/54 N of 1 December 1999, 55/33 O of 20 November 2000, 56/24 H of 29 November 2001, 57/76 of 22 November 2002, 58/38 of 8 December 2003, 59/89 of 3 December 2004, 60/63 of 8 December 2005, 61/80 of 6 December 2006, 62/38 of 5 December 2007, 63/43 of 2 December 2008, 64/41 of 2 December 2009 and 65/45 of 8 December 2010 on regional disarmament,", "Believing that the efforts of the international community to move towards the ideal of general and complete disarmament are guided by the inherent human desire for genuine peace and security, the elimination of the danger of war and the release of economic, intellectual and other resources for peaceful pursuits,", "Affirming the abiding commitment of all States to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations in the conduct of their international relations,", "Noting that essential guidelines for progress towards general and complete disarmament were adopted at the tenth special session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Taking note of the guidelines and recommendations for regional approaches to disarmament within the context of global security adopted by the Disarmament Commission at its 1993 substantive session,[2]", "Welcoming the prospects of genuine progress in the field of disarmament engendered in recent years as a result of negotiations between the two super-Powers,", "Taking note of the recent proposals for disarmament at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recognizing the importance of confidence-building measures for regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that endeavours by countries to promote regional disarmament, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region and in accordance with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments, would enhance the security of all States and would thus contribute to international peace and security by reducing the risk of regional conflicts,", "1. Stresses that sustained efforts are needed, within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and under the umbrella of the United Nations, to make progress on the entire range of disarmament issues;", "2. Affirms that global and regional approaches to disarmament complement each other and should therefore be pursued simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security;", "3. Calls upon States to conclude agreements, wherever possible, for nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Welcomes the initiatives towards disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and security undertaken by some countries at the regional and subregional levels;", "5. Supports and encourages efforts aimed at promoting confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels to ease regional tensions and to further disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled ‘‘Regional disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Regional disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 45/58 P of 4 December 1990, 46/36 I of 6 December 1991, 47/52 J of 9 December 1992, 48/75 I of 16 December 1993, 49/75 N of 15 December 1994, 50/70 K of 12 December 1995, 51/45 K of 10 December 1996, 52/38 P of 9 December 1997, 53/77 O of 4 December", "Believing that the efforts of the international community to achieve the ideal of general and complete disarmament are guided by the inherent desire of the human being to enjoy true peace and security, to eliminate the danger of war and to free economic, intellectual and other resources for peaceful purposes,", "Affirming the unalterable adherence of all States to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations in the maintenance of their international relations,", "Noting that at its tenth special session, key guidelines were adopted for progress towards general and complete disarmament[1],", "Taking note of the guidelines and recommendations on regional approaches to disarmament in the context of global security adopted by the Disarmament Commission at its substantive session of 1993[2],", "Welcoming the prospects for real progress in the field of disarmament arising in recent years as a result of the negotiations between the two superpowers,", "Taking note of the recent disarmament proposals made at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recognizing the importance of confidence-building measures for regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that the efforts of countries to promote regional disarmament, taking into account the particular characteristics of each region and in accordance with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments, would enhance the security of all States and, consequently, contribute to international peace and security by reducing the risk of regional conflicts,", "1. Stresses the need for sustained efforts, within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and under the auspices of the United Nations, in order to achieve progress on the full range of disarmament issues;", "2. Affirms that global and regional approaches to disarmament are complementary, and should therefore be applied simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security;", "3. Calls upon States to conclude, wherever possible, nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Welcomes initiatives for disarmament, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and security taken by some countries at the regional and subregional levels;", "5. Supports and encourages efforts to promote confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels to alleviate regional tensions and to promote disarmament and non-proliferation measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Regional disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See resolution S‐10/2.", "[2] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Control de las armas convencionales en los planos regional y subregional", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 48/75 J, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/75 O, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/70 L, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 Q, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 Q, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 P, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 M, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 P, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 I, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/77, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/39, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/88, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/75, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/82, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/44, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/44, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/42, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/46, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Reconociendo la función decisiva que desempeña el control de las armas convencionales en la promoción de la paz y la seguridad regionales e internacionales,", "Convencida de que el control de las armas convencionales debe realizarse principalmente en los contextos regional y subregional, ya que la mayor parte de las amenazas a la paz y la seguridad en la era posterior a la guerra fría surgen principalmente entre Estados de la misma región o subregión,", "Consciente de que mantener un equilibrio de la capacidad de defensa de los Estados al nivel más bajo posible de armamentos contribuiría a la paz y la estabilidad y debería ser uno de los principales objetivos del control de las armas convencionales,", "Deseosa de promover acuerdos que fortalezcan la paz y la seguridad regionales al nivel más bajo posible de armamentos y fuerzas militares,", "Observando con particular interés las iniciativas tomadas al respecto en distintas regiones del mundo, en especial el comienzo de consultas entre varios países de América Latina y las propuestas relativas al control de las armas convencionales en la región de Asia Meridional, y reconociendo en este contexto la pertinencia y la utilidad del Tratado sobre las fuerzas armadas convencionales en Europa[1], piedra angular de la seguridad europea,", "Creyendo que los Estados de importancia militar y los dotados de mayor capacidad militar tienen una responsabilidad especial en la promoción de esos acuerdos en bien de la seguridad regional,", "Creyendo también que un objetivo importante del control de las armas convencionales en las regiones donde hay tensión debería ser prevenir la posibilidad de ataques militares por sorpresa y evitar la agresión,", "1. Decide examinar con carácter urgente las cuestiones relativas al control de las armas convencionales en los planos regional y subregional;", "2. Solicita a la Conferencia de Desarme que estudie la posibilidad de formular principios que puedan servir de marco para acuerdos regionales sobre el control de las armas convencionales y aguarda con interés que la Conferencia presente un informe sobre la cuestión;", "3. Solicita al Secretario General que, entre tanto, recabe las opiniones de los Estados Miembros sobre la cuestión y que le presente un informe en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "4. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Control de las armas convencionales en los planos regional y subregional”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2443, núm. 44001." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 J of 16 December 1993, 49/75 O of 15 December 1994, 50/70 L of 12 December 1995, 51/45 Q of 10 December 1996, 52/38 Q of 9 December 1997, 53/77 P of 4 December 1998, 54/54 M of 1 December 1999, 55/33 P of 20 November 2000, 56/24 I of 29 November 2001, 57/77 of 22 November 2002, 58/39 of 8 December 2003, 59/88 of 3 December 2004, 60/75 of 8 December 2005, 61/82 of 6 December 2006, 62/44 of 5 December 2007, 63/44 of 2 December 2008, 64/42 of 2 December 2009 and 65/46 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the crucial role of conventional arms control in promoting regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that conventional arms control needs to be pursued primarily in the regional and subregional contexts since most threats to peace and security in the post-cold-war era arise mainly among States located in the same region or subregion,", "Aware that the preservation of a balance in the defence capabilities of States at the lowest level of armaments would contribute to peace and stability and should be a prime objective of conventional arms control,", "Desirous of promoting agreements to strengthen regional peace and security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces,", "Noting with particular interest the initiatives taken in this regard in different regions of the world, in particular the commencement of consultations among a number of Latin American countries and the proposals for conventional arms control made in the context of South Asia, and recognizing, in the context of this subject, the relevance and value of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe,[1] which is a cornerstone of European security,", "Believing that militarily significant States and States with larger military capabilities have a special responsibility in promoting such agreements for regional security,", "Believing also that an important objective of conventional arms control in regions of tension should be to prevent the possibility of military attack launched by surprise and to avoid aggression,", "1. Decides to give urgent consideration to the issues involved in conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider the formulation of principles that can serve as a framework for regional agreements on conventional arms control, and looks forward to a report of the Conference on this subject;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General, in the meantime, to seek the views of Member States on the subject and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2441, No. 44001." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 J of 16 December 1993, 49/75 O of 15 December 1994, 50/70 L of 12 December 1995, 51/45 Q of 10 December 1996, 52/38 Q of 9 December 1997, 53/77 P of 4 December 1998, 54/54 M of 1 December 1999, 55/33 P of 20 November 2000, 56/24 I of 29 November", "Recognizing the crucial role of conventional arms control in the promotion of regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that conventional arms control should be carried out primarily in the regional and subregional contexts, as most threats to peace and security in the post-cold-war era arise mainly among States in the same region or subregion,", "Aware that maintaining a balance of the capacity of States to defend at the lowest possible level of armaments would contribute to peace and stability and should be one of the main objectives of conventional arms control,", "Wishing to promote agreements that strengthen regional peace and security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces,", "Noting with particular interest the initiatives taken in this regard in different regions of the world, in particular the commencement of consultations between several Latin American countries and the proposals on conventional arms control in the South Asian region, and recognizing in this context the relevance and usefulness of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe[1], the cornerstone of European security,", "Believing that States of military importance and those with greater military capacity have a special responsibility in promoting such agreements for regional security,", "Also believing that an important objective of conventional arms control in regions where there is tension should be to prevent the possibility of military attacks by surprise and to avoid aggression,", "1. Decides to consider, as a matter of urgency, matters relating to conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider formulating principles that could serve as a framework for regional agreements on conventional arms control and looks forward to a report by the Conference on the issue;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General, in the meantime, to seek the views of Member States on the matter and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2443, No. 44001." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Medidas de fomento de la confianza en el contexto regional y subregional", "La Asamblea General,", "Guiada por los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 58/43, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/87, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/64, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/81, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/45, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/45, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/43, de 2 diciembre de 2009, y 65/47, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Recordando también su resolución 57/337, de 3 de julio de 2003, titulada “Prevención de conflictos armados”, en la que exhortó a los Estados Miembros a que arreglaran sus controversias por medios pacíficos según lo enunciado en el Capítulo VI de la Carta, mediante, entre otras cosas, cualquier procedimiento que hubieran adoptado las partes,", "Recordando además las resoluciones y directrices aprobadas por consenso por la Asamblea General y la Comisión de Desarme relativas a las medidas de fomento de la confianza y su aplicación en los planos mundial, regional y subregional,", "Tomando en consideración la importancia y la eficacia de las medidas de fomento de la confianza adoptadas por iniciativa de todos los Estados interesados, con su acuerdo y teniendo en cuenta las características propias de cada región, en vista de que esas medidas pueden contribuir a la estabilidad regional,", "Convencida de que los recursos liberados por el desarme, incluido el desarme regional, pueden destinarse al desarrollo económico y social y a la protección del medio ambiente en beneficio de todos los pueblos, en particular los de los países en desarrollo,", "Reconociendo la necesidad de un diálogo constructivo entre los Estados interesados a fin de evitar el conflicto,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito los procesos de paz que ya han iniciado algunos Estados interesados para resolver sus controversias por medios pacíficos, en forma bilateral o con la mediación de, entre otros, terceras partes, organizaciones regionales o las Naciones Unidas,", "Reconociendo que los Estados de algunas regiones ya han emprendido iniciativas con miras a la adopción de medidas bilaterales, subregionales y regionales de fomento de la confianza en las esferas política y militar, incluidos el control de armamentos y el desarme, y observando que esas medidas de fomento de la confianza han mejorado la paz y la seguridad en esas regiones y han contribuido al progreso de las condiciones socioeconómicas de sus poblaciones,", "Preocupada por que la continuación de las controversias entre los Estados, particularmente cuando no existe un mecanismo eficaz para resolverlas por medios pacíficos, pueda contribuir a la carrera de armamentos y poner en peligro el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales y los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional por promover el control de armamentos y el desarme,", "1. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que se abstengan de recurrir al uso o a la amenaza del uso de la fuerza, de conformidad con los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas;", "2. Reafirma su adhesión al principio del arreglo pacífico de controversias enunciado en el Capítulo VI de la Carta, en particular el Artículo 33, que dispone que las partes les busquen solución mediante la negociación, la investigación, la mediación, la conciliación, el arbitraje, el arreglo judicial, el recurso a organismos o acuerdos regionales u otros medios pacíficos de su elección;", "3. Reafirma los medios y métodos relativos a las medidas de fomento de la confianza y de la seguridad enunciados en el informe de la Comisión de Desarme sobre su período de sesiones de 1993[1];", "4. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que apliquen esos medios y métodos mediante consultas y un diálogo sostenidos, procurando al mismo tiempo no adoptar medidas que puedan dificultar o perjudicar dicho diálogo;", "5. Insta a los Estados a cumplir estrictamente todos los acuerdos bilaterales, regionales e internacionales, incluidos los de control de armamentos y desarme, en que sean partes;", "6. Pone de relieve que las medidas de fomento de la confianza deberían tener por objetivo contribuir a afianzar la paz y la seguridad internacionales y ajustarse al principio de una seguridad sin menoscabo al nivel más bajo de armamentos;", "7. Alienta la promoción de medidas bilaterales y regionales de fomento de la confianza, con el consentimiento y la participación de las partes interesadas, para evitar los conflictos y prevenir el estallido indeseado y accidental de hostilidades;", "8. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presente un informe que contenga las opiniones de los Estados Miembros sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza en el contexto regional y subregional;", "9. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Medidas de fomento de la confianza en el contexto regional y subregional”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, cuadragésimo octavo período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 42 (A/48/42), anexo II, secc. III.A." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolutions 58/43 of 8 December 2003, 59/87 of 3 December 2004, 60/64 of 8 December 2005, 61/81 of 6 December 2006, 62/45 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 2 December 2008, 64/43 of 2 December 2009 and 65/47 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 57/337 of 3 July 2003 entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, in which it calls upon Member States to settle their disputes by peaceful means, as set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, inter alia, by any procedures adopted by the parties,", "Recalling further the resolutions and guidelines adopted by consensus by the General Assembly and the Disarmament Commission relating to confidence-building measures and their implementation at the global, regional and subregional levels,", "Considering the importance and effectiveness of confidence-building measures taken at the initiative and with the agreement of all States concerned, and taking into account the specific characteristics of each region, since such measures can contribute to regional stability,", "Convinced that resources released by disarmament, including regional disarmament, can be devoted to economic and social development and to the protection of the environment for the benefit of all peoples, in particular those of the developing countries,", "Recognizing the need for meaningful dialogue among States concerned to avert conflict,", "Welcoming the peace processes already initiated by States concerned to resolve their disputes through peaceful means bilaterally or through mediation, inter alia, by third parties, regional organizations or the United Nations,", "Recognizing that States in some regions have already taken steps towards confidence-building measures at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels in the political and military fields, including arms control and disarmament, and noting that such confidence-building measures have improved peace and security in those regions and contributed to progress in the socio-economic conditions of their people,", "Concerned that the continuation of disputes among States, particularly in the absence of an effective mechanism to resolve them through peaceful means, may contribute to the arms race and endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and the efforts of the international community to promote arms control and disarmament,", "1. Calls upon Member States to refrain from the use or threat of use of force in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;", "2. Reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes under Chapter VI of the Charter, in particular Article 33, which provides for a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means chosen by the parties;", "3. Reaffirms the ways and means regarding confidence- and security-building measures set out in the report of the Disarmament Commission on its 1993 session;[1]", "4. Calls upon Member States to pursue these ways and means through sustained consultations and dialogue, while at the same time avoiding actions that may hinder or impair such a dialogue;", "5. Urges States to comply strictly with all bilateral, regional and international agreements, including arms control and disarmament agreements, to which they are party;", "6. Emphasizes that the objective of confidence-building measures should be to help to strengthen international peace and security and to be consistent with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments;", "7. Encourages the promotion of bilateral and regional confidence-building measures, with the consent and participation of the parties concerned, to avoid conflict and prevent the unintended and accidental outbreak of hostilities;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session containing the views of Member States on confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II, sect. III.A." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolutions 58/43 of 8 December 2003, 59/87 of 3 December 2004, 60/64 of 8 December 2005, 61/81 of 6 December 2006, 62/45 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 2 December 2008, 64/43 of 2 December 2009 and 65/47 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 57/337 of 3 July 2003, entitled &quot; Prevention of armed conflict &quot; , in which it called upon Member States to settle their disputes by peaceful means as set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, through, inter alia, any procedure adopted by the parties,", "Recalling further the resolutions and guidelines adopted by consensus by the General Assembly and the Disarmament Commission on confidence-building measures and their implementation at the global, regional and subregional levels,", "Taking into account the importance and effectiveness of confidence-building measures taken at the initiative of all interested States, with their agreement and taking into account the specific characteristics of each region, in view of the fact that such measures can contribute to regional stability,", "Convinced that the resources released by disarmament, including regional disarmament, can be devoted to economic and social development and to the protection of the environment for the benefit of all peoples, in particular those of developing countries,", "Recognizing the need for constructive dialogue among the States concerned in order to avoid the conflict,", "Welcoming the peace processes already initiated by some States concerned to resolve their disputes through peaceful means, bilaterally or through the mediation of, inter alia, third parties, regional organizations or the United Nations,", "Recognizing that States in some regions have already undertaken initiatives for bilateral, subregional and regional confidence-building measures in the political and military fields, including arms control and disarmament, and noting that such confidence-building measures have improved peace and security in those regions and contributed to the progress of the socio-economic conditions of their populations,", "Concerned that the continuation of disputes among States, particularly where there is no effective mechanism to resolve them by peaceful means, can contribute to the arms race and endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and the efforts of the international community to promote arms control and disarmament,", "1. Calls upon Member States to refrain from the use or threat of use of force, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;", "2. Reaffirms its commitment to the principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, in particular Article 33, which provides that the parties seek a solution through negotiation, investigation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, recourse to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means of their choice;", "3. Reaffirms the means and methods of confidence- and security-building measures set out in the report of the Disarmament Commission on its 1993 session[1];", "4. Calls upon Member States to implement such means and methods through sustained consultations and dialogue, while at the same time not taking measures that may hinder or prejudice such dialogue;", "5. Urges States to comply strictly with all bilateral, regional and international agreements, including arms control and disarmament agreements, to which they are parties;", "6. Emphasizes that confidence-building measures should aim to contribute to strengthening international peace and security and to conform to the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments;", "7. Encourages the promotion of bilateral and regional confidence-building measures, with the consent and participation of stakeholders, to prevent conflicts and to prevent the undesired and accidental outbreak of hostilities;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report containing the views of Member States on confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II, sect. III.A." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparencia en materia de armamentos", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 46/36 L, de 9 de diciembre de 1991, 47/52 L, de 15 de diciembre de 1992, 48/75 E, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 49/75 C, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 50/70 D, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 H, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 R, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 V, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 O, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 U, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 Q, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/75, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/54, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 60/226, de 23 de diciembre de 2005, 61/77, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 63/69, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, y 64/54, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, tituladas “Transparencia en materia de armamentos”,", "Manteniendo su opinión de que el aumento de la transparencia en materia de armamentos contribuye sobremanera al fomento de la confianza y a la seguridad entre los Estados y de que el Registro de Armas Convencionales de las Naciones Unidas[1] constituye un avance importante en la promoción de la transparencia en cuestiones militares,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito los informes consolidados del Secretario General sobre el Registro, en que figuran las respuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros correspondientes a 2009[2] y 2010[3],", "Acogiendo con beneplácito también la respuesta de los Estados Miembros a la petición formulada en los párrafos 9 y 10 de la resolución 46/36 L de que proporcionaran información sobre sus importaciones y exportaciones de armas, así como la información general de que dispusieran sobre sus existencias de material bélico, las adquisiciones de material mediante la producción nacional y las políticas pertinentes,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito además la inclusión por algunos Estados Miembros de las transferencias de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en sus informes anuales al Registro como parte de la información adicional de antecedentes,", "Observando que en 2010 y 2011 la Conferencia de Desarme celebró debates específicos sobre la transparencia en materia de armamentos,", "Expresando su preocupación por la reducción del número de informes presentados al Registro en los últimos dos años,", "Destacando que se debe pasar revista al mantenimiento del Registro y a su perfeccionamiento a fin de lograr que participe en él el mayor número posible de Estados,", "1. Reafirma su determinación de velar por el mantenimiento efectivo del Registro de Armas Convencionales de las Naciones Unidas¹ conforme a lo dispuesto en los párrafos 7 a 10 de su resolución 46/36 L;", "2. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que, con miras a lograr una participación universal, proporcionen al Secretario General, anualmente y a más tardar el 31 de mayo, los datos y la información solicitados para el Registro, incluso en los casos en que no haya nada que informar, sobre la base de las resoluciones 46/36 L y 47/52 L, las recomendaciones que figuran en el párrafo 64 del informe del Secretario General de 1997 sobre el mantenimiento del Registro y su perfeccionamiento[4], las recomendaciones que figuran en el párrafo 94 del informe del Secretario General de 2000 y sus apéndices y anexos[5], las recomendaciones que figuran en los párrafos 112 a 114 del informe del Secretario General de 2003[6], las recomendaciones que figuran en los párrafos 123 a 127 del informe del Secretario General de 2006[7] y las recomendaciones que figuran en los párrafos 71 a 75 del informe del Secretario General de 2009[8];", "3. Invita a los Estados Miembros que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que, mientras se perfecciona el Registro, faciliten información adicional sobre las adquisiciones de material mediante la producción nacional y las existencias de material bélico y se sirvan de la columna de “Observaciones” del formulario estándar para proporcionar más información, por ejemplo, sobre tipos o modelos de armas;", "4. Invita también a los Estados Miembros que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a proporcionar información adicional sobre las transferencias de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras utilizando el formulario normalizado facultativo, aprobado por el Grupo de expertos gubernamentales de 2006[9], o de cualquier otro medio que consideren apropiado;", "5. Reafirma su decisión de mantener en examen el alcance del Registro y la participación en él, con miras a perfeccionarlo, y, con ese fin:", "a) Recuerda su solicitud a los Estados Miembros de que transmitan al Secretario General sus opiniones sobre el mantenimiento del Registro y su perfeccionamiento, así como sobre medidas para lograr la transparencia en materia de armas de destrucción en masa;", "b) Solicita al Secretario General que, con la asistencia de un grupo de expertos gubernamentales, que se establecerá en 2012 con los recursos disponibles y sobre la base de una representación geográfica equitativa, prepare un informe sobre el mantenimiento del Registro y su perfeccionamiento, teniendo en cuenta la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, las deliberaciones pertinentes celebradas en las Naciones Unidas, las opiniones expresadas por los Estados Miembros y los informes del Secretario General sobre el mantenimiento del Registro y su perfeccionamiento, con miras a tomar una decisión en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones;", "c) Solicita al Secretario General que siga ayudando a los Estados Miembros a crear capacidad para presentar informes cabales, en particular sobre las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras;", "6. Solicita al Secretario General que aplique las recomendaciones que figuran en sus informes de 2000, 2003, 2006 y 2009 sobre el mantenimiento del Registro y su perfeccionamiento y asegure que se proporcionen a la Secretaría recursos suficientes para la utilización y el mantenimiento del Registro;", "7. Invita a la Conferencia de Desarme a que considere la posibilidad de continuar su labor sobre la transparencia en materia de armamentos;", "8. Reitera su exhortación a todos los Estados Miembros para que cooperen en los planos regional y subregional, teniendo plenamente en cuenta las circunstancias particulares de cada región o subregión, con miras a reforzar y coordinar las actividades internacionales encaminadas a lograr una apertura y transparencia mayores en materia de armamentos;", "9. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones la informe de los progresos que se logren en la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "10. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Transparencia en materia de armamentos”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase la resolución 46/36 L.", "[2]  A/65/133 y Add.1 a 5.", "[3]  A/66/127.", "[4]  A/52/316 y Corrs.3, 4 y 6.", "[5]  A/55/281.", "[6]  A/58/274.", "[7]  Véase A/61/261.", "[8]  Véase A/64/296.", "[9]  A/61/261, anexo I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparency in armaments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 46/36 L of 9 December 1991, 47/52 L of 15 December 1992, 48/75 E of 16 December 1993, 49/75 C of 15 December 1994, 50/70 D of 12 December 1995, 51/45 H of 10 December 1996, 52/38 R of 9 December 1997, 53/77 V of 4 December 1998, 54/54 O of 1 December 1999, 55/33 U of 20 November 2000, 56/24 Q of 29 November 2001, 57/75 of 22 November 2002, 58/54 of 8 December 2003, 60/226 of 23 December 2005, 61/77 of 6 December 2006, 63/69 of 2 December 2008 and 64/54 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Transparency in armaments”,", "Continuing to take the view that an enhanced level of transparency in armaments contributes greatly to confidence-building and security among States and that the establishment of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms[1] constitutes an important step forward in the promotion of transparency in military matters,", "Welcoming the consolidated reports of the Secretary-General on the Register, which include the returns of Member States for 2009[2] and 2010,[3]", "Welcoming also the response of Member States to the request contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 46/36 L to provide data on their imports and exports of arms, as well as available background information regarding their military holdings, procurement through national production and relevant policies,", "Welcoming further the inclusion by some Member States of their transfers of small arms and light weapons in their annual report to the Register as part of their additional background information,", "Noting the focused discussions on transparency in armaments that took place in the Conference on Disarmament in 2010 and 2011,", "Expressing its concern with respect to the reduction in reporting to the Register in the last two years,", "Stressing that the continuing operation of the Register and its further development should be reviewed in order to secure a Register that is capable of attracting the widest possible participation,", "1. Reaffirms its determination to ensure the effective operation of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms,¹ as provided for in paragraphs 7 to 10 of resolution 46/36 L;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving universal participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 31 May annually, with the requested data and information for the Register, including nil reports if appropriate, on the basis of resolutions 46/36 L and 47/52 L, the recommendations contained in paragraph 64 of the 1997 report of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development,[4] the recommendations contained in paragraph 94 of the 2000 report of the Secretary-General and the appendices and annexes thereto,[5] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 112 to 114 of the 2003 report of the Secretary-General,[6] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 123 to 127 of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General[7] and the recommendations contained in paragraphs 71 to 75 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General;[8]", "3. Invites Member States in a position to do so, pending further development of the Register, to provide additional information on procurement through national production and military holdings and to make use of the “Remarks” column in the standardized reporting form to provide additional information such as types or models;", "4. Also invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on transfers of small arms and light weapons on the basis of the optional standardized reporting form, as adopted by the 2006 group of governmental experts,[9] or by any other methods they deem appropriate;", "5. Reaffirms its decision, with a view to further development of the Register, to keep the scope of and participation in the Register under review and, to that end:", "(a) Recalls its request to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with their views on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and on transparency measures related to weapons of mass destruction;", "(b) Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts to be convened in 2012, within available resources, on the basis of equitable geographical representation, to prepare a report on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, taking into account the work of the Conference on Disarmament, relevant deliberations within the United Nations, the views expressed by Member States and the reports of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, with a view to taking a decision at its sixty-eighth session;", "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to continue to assist Member States to build capacity to submit meaningful reports, including capacity to report on small arms and light weapons;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations contained in his 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 reports on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and to ensure that sufficient resources are made available for the Secretariat to operate and maintain the Register;", "7. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to consider continuing its work undertaken in the field of transparency in armaments;", "8. Reiterates its call upon all Member States to cooperate at the regional and subregional levels, taking fully into account the specific conditions prevailing in the region or subregion, with a view to enhancing and coordinating international efforts aimed at increased openness and transparency in armaments;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on progress made in implementing the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Transparency in armaments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 46/36 L.", "[2]  A/65/133 and Add.1–5.", "[3]  A/66/127.", "[4]  A/52/316 and Corr.2.", "[5]  A/55/281.", "[6]  A/58/274.", "[7]  See A/61/261.", "[8]  See A/64/296.", "[9]  A/61/261, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparency in armaments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 46/36 L of 9 December 1991, 47/52 L of 15 December 1992, 48/75 E of 16 December 1993, 49/75 C of 15 December 1994, 50/70 D of 12 December 1995, 51/45 H of 10 December 1996, 52/38 R of 9 December 1997, 53/77 V of 4 December 1998, 54/54 O of 1 December", "Maintaining its view that increased transparency in armaments contributes greatly to confidence-building and security among States and that the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms[1] is an important step forward in promoting transparency in military matters,", "Welcoming the consolidated reports of the Secretary-General on the Register, containing the replies received from Member States for 2009[2] and 2010[3],", "Welcoming also the response of Member States to the request contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 46/36 L to provide information on their imports and exports of weapons, as well as the general information available on their military holdings, procurement of material through national production and relevant policies,", "Welcoming further the inclusion by some Member States of transfers of small arms and light weapons in their annual reports to the Register as part of additional background information,", "Noting that in 2010 and 2011 the Conference on Disarmament held specific discussions on transparency in armaments,", "Expressing its concern at the reduction in the number of reports submitted to the Register in the last two years,", "Stressing that the maintenance of the Register and its further development should be reviewed in order to enable it to participate in the Register as many States as possible,", "1. Reaffirms its determination to ensure the effective maintenance of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms1 in accordance with paragraphs 7 to 10 of its resolution 46/36 L;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving universal participation, to provide to the Secretary-General, on an annual basis and no later than 31 May, the data and information requested for the Register, including in cases where there is nothing to report, on the basis of resolutions 46/36 L and 47/52 L, the recommendations contained in paragraph 64 of the report of the Secretary-General of 1997 on the maintenance of the Register and its further development,[4]", "3. Invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on material acquisitions through national production and military holdings, and to use the “Observations” column of the standard form to provide further information on types or models of weapons;", "4. Also invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on transfers of small arms and light weapons using the standardized optional form, adopted by the 2006 Group of Governmental Experts[9], or any other means they deem appropriate;", "5. Reaffirms its decision to keep under review the scope of the Register and its participation, with a view to improving it, and to that end:", "(a) Recalls its request to Member States to transmit to the Secretary-General their views on the maintenance of the Register and its further development, as well as on measures to achieve transparency in the field of weapons of mass destruction;", "(b) Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2012 with available resources and on the basis of equitable geographical representation, to prepare a report on the maintenance of the Register and its further development, taking into account the work of the Conference on Disarmament, relevant deliberations at the United Nations, the views expressed by Member States and the reports of the Secretary-General on the maintenance of the Register and its further development, with a view to take a sixty-eighth session;", "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to continue to assist Member States in building capacity for full reporting, in particular on small arms and light weapons;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations contained in his reports of 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 on the maintenance of the Register and its further development and to ensure that adequate resources are provided to the Secretariat for the use and maintenance of the Register;", "7. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to consider continuing its work on transparency in armaments;", "8. Reiterates its call upon all Member States to cooperate at the regional and subregional levels, taking fully into account the particular circumstances of each region or subregion, with a view to strengthening and coordinating international efforts to achieve greater openness and transparency in armaments;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Transparency in armaments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See resolution 46/36 L.", "[2] A/65/133 and Add.1-5.", "[3] A/66/127.", "[4] A/52/316 and Corr.3, 4 and 6.", "[5] A/55/281.", "[6] A/58/274.", "[7] See A/61/261.", "[8] See A/64/296.", "[9] A/61/261, annex I." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Hacia un mundo libre de armas nucleares: aceleración del cumplimiento de los compromisos en materia de desarme nuclear", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 65/59, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Reiterando su profunda preocupación por el peligro que supone para la humanidad la posibilidad de que se utilicen armas nucleares, y recordando la honda preocupación por las catastróficas consecuencias humanitarias de cualquier empleo de las armas nucleares expresada en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[1],", "Reafirmando que el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares son procesos que se refuerzan mutuamente y que se debe avanzar en ambos frentes de manera urgente e irreversible,", "Recordando las decisiones tituladas “Consolidación del proceso de examen del Tratado”, “Principios y objetivos para la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el desarme” y “Prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares” y la resolución relativa al Oriente Medio, todas las cuales fueron aprobadas en la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[2], así como los documentos finales de las Conferencias de las Partes de 2000[3] y 2010[4] encargadas del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares,", "Recordando en particular el compromiso inequívoco de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de eliminar por completo sus arsenales nucleares, con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear, de conformidad con los compromisos contraídos en virtud del artículo VI del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[5] y reafirmados en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010,", "Reafirmando el compromiso de todos los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de aplicar los principios de la irreversibilidad, la verificabilidad y la transparencia en relación con el cumplimiento de las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del Tratado,", "Reconociendo que sigue siendo de importancia fundamental que entre en vigor el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares[6] para avanzar en el cumplimiento de los objetivos del desarme y la no proliferación nucleares, y acogiendo con beneplácito las ratificaciones recientes del Tratado por parte de Ghana y Guinea,", "Reafirmando la convicción de que la creación de zonas libres de armas nucleares promueve la paz y la seguridad mundiales y regionales, fortalece el régimen de no proliferación nuclear y contribuye a la consecución de los objetivos de desarme nuclear,", "Recordando que la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 alentó la creación de nuevas zonas libres de armas nucleares, conforme a arreglos libremente concertados entre los Estados de la región de que se trate, y expresando la esperanza de que ello dé lugar a la adopción de medidas internacionales concertadas para establecer zonas libres de armas nucleares donde estas no existan, especialmente en el Oriente Medio,", "Observando con satisfacción el acuerdo alcanzado en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 respecto de una serie de medidas prácticas conducentes a la plena aplicación de la resolución relativa al Oriente Medio de 1995,", "Reconociendo los avances logrados en el contexto de las zonas libres de armas nucleares, en particular la ratificación por la Federación de Rusia de los Protocolos I y II del Tratado de Pelindaba[7], la solicitud presentada por los Estados Unidos de América al Senado de los Estados Unidos para que este proporcione asesoramiento y otorgue su consentimiento respecto de los protocolos del Tratado de Pelindaba y el Tratado de Rarotonga[8], las consultas celebradas entre la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental y los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares sobre el Protocolo del Tratado de Bangkok[9], así como que el 30 de abril de 2010 se celebró en Nueva York la segunda Conferencia de los Estados Partes y Signatarios de los tratados que establecen zonas libres de armas nucleares y Mongolia,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la entrada en vigor del Tratado sobre medidas para la ulterior reducción y limitación de las armas estratégicas ofensivas concertado entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia, y recordando el aliento expresado por la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 a ambos Estados para que prosiguieran las conversaciones sobre las medidas de seguimiento a fin de lograr mayores reducciones en sus arsenales nucleares,", "Recordando que la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 reafirmó y reconoció que la eliminación total de las armas nucleares es la única garantía absoluta contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, y el interés legítimo de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares de recibir garantías inequívocas y jurídicamente vinculantes de parte de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares,", "Profundamente decepcionada por la falta de progresos en la celebración de negociaciones multilaterales sobre cuestiones relativas al desarme nuclear, incluso en la Conferencia de Desarme, y subrayando la importancia del multilateralismo en relación con el desarme nuclear, sin dejar por ello de reconocer el valor de las iniciativas bilaterales y regionales,", "Teniendo presente que la primera reunión del proceso preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares se celebrará en mayo de 2012 y que en ella se sentarán las bases para vigilar el cumplimiento por todos los Estados partes de los compromisos que asumieron en el plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010¹, incluidos los compromisos de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de acelerar los progresos concretos referentes a las medidas encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear,", "1. Reitera que todos y cada uno de los artículos del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares⁵ son vinculantes para los Estados partes en todo momento y circunstancia y que todos los Estados partes deben rendir cuentas plenamente del estricto cumplimiento de sus obligaciones en virtud del Tratado, y exhorta a todos los Estados a que cumplan plenamente todas las decisiones, resoluciones y demás compromisos adoptados en las Conferencias de Examen;", "2. Acoge con beneplácito la aprobación por la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de un documento final sustantivo que contiene conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento relativas al desarme nuclear, incluidas medidas concretas para la eliminación total de las armas nucleares, la no proliferación nuclear, la utilización de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos y el Oriente Medio, en particular la aplicación de la resolución de 1995 relativa al Oriente Medio⁴;", "3. Acoge con beneplácito también, en particular, el hecho de que la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 resolviera promover un mundo más seguro para todos y lograr la paz y la seguridad en un mundo sin armas nucleares, de conformidad con los objetivos del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares;", "4. Acoge con beneplácito además que la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 expresara su honda preocupación por las catastróficas consecuencias humanitarias de cualquier empleo de las armas nucleares y reafirmara la necesidad de que todos los Estados cumplieran en todo momento las disposiciones aplicables del derecho internacional, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario;", "5. Acoge con beneplácito que en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[10] se reafirmara la validez de las medidas prácticas convenidas, incluida la reafirmación expresa de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de su compromiso inequívoco de lograr la eliminación total de sus arsenales nucleares con miras al desarme nuclear, que todos los Estados partes se han comprometido a alcanzar en virtud del artículo VI del Tratado;", "6. Recuerda el compromiso asumido por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de realizar nuevos esfuerzos para reducir y en última instancia eliminar todos los tipos de armas nucleares, desplegadas y no desplegadas, entre otras cosas mediante la adopción de medidas unilaterales, bilaterales, regionales y multilaterales, subraya que en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 se reconoció el legítimo interés de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares en que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares limitaran el desarrollo y la mejora cualitativa de las armas nucleares y pusieran fin al desarrollo de nuevos tipos de armas nucleares avanzadas, y exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que tomen medidas al respecto;", "7. Alienta a todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que adopten medidas adicionales, de conformidad con el plan de acción sobre el desarme nuclear que figura en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen de 2010¹, a fin de asegurar la remoción irreversible del material fisionable que cada Estado poseedor de armas nucleares haya determinado que ya no es necesario para fines militares y de apoyar los esfuerzos encaminados a desarrollar la capacidad de verificación del desarme nuclear necesaria;", "8. Exhorta a todos los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares a que trabajen en pro de la aplicación íntegra de la resolución relativa al Oriente Medio aprobada en la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares², reconoce el respaldo de la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 a las medidas prácticas de un proceso que culmine en la aplicación íntegra de la resolución de 1995, incluida la de convocar una conferencia en 2012, en la que participen todos los Estados de la región, sobre el establecimiento de una zona libre de armas nucleares y de todas las demás armas de destrucción en masa en el Oriente Medio, exhorta al Secretario General y a los copatrocinadores de la resolución de 1995 a que, en estrecha consulta y cooperación con los Estados de la región, emprendan todos los preparativos necesarios para celebrar la conferencia de 2012 y, a ese respecto, acoge con beneplácito el reciente nombramiento de un facilitador y la designación de un gobierno anfitrión para esa conferencia;", "9. Sigue poniendo de relieve el papel fundamental del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares para lograr el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares, exhorta a todos los Estados partes a que no escatimen esfuerzos para lograr la universalidad del Tratado y, a ese respecto, insta a la India, Israel y el Pakistán a que se adhieran al Tratado rápida e incondicionalmente en calidad de Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares;", "10. Insta a la República Popular Democrática de Corea a que cumpla los compromisos contraídos en las conversaciones entre las seis partes, incluidos los que figuran en la declaración conjunta de septiembre de 2005, abandone todas las armas nucleares y los programas nucleares existentes y vuelva cuanto antes al Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y a que se someta al acuerdo de salvaguardias con el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, con miras a lograr la desnuclearización de la península de Corea de forma pacífica, y reafirma su decidido apoyo a las conversaciones entre las seis partes;", "11. Alienta a todos los Estados a que trabajen juntos para superar los obstáculos existentes en el mecanismo de desarme internacional, incluso en la Conferencia de Desarme, que dificultan la labor para promover la causa del desarme nuclear en un contexto multilateral;", "12. Destaca la importancia del cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 de acelerar los progresos concretos referentes a las medidas encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear enunciadas en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen de 2000, así como la importancia de la resuelta dedicación de esos Estados al cumplimiento de ese compromiso con miras a lograr progresos sustanciales antes de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y, a ese respecto, toma nota de la reunión que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares celebraron en París los días 30 de junio y 1 de julio de 2011 para examinar los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento de los compromisos que asumieron en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010;", "13. Recuerda que el compromiso de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de acelerar los progresos concretos referentes a las medidas encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear, enunciado en la medida 5 del plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010, consiste en lo siguiente:", "a) Avanzar rápidamente hacia una reducción general de las existencias mundiales de todos los tipos de armas nucleares, como se indica en la medida 3 del plan de acción;", "b) Abordar la cuestión relativa a todas las armas nucleares, independientemente de su tipo o ubicación, como parte integrante del proceso de desarme nuclear general;", "c) Seguir disminuyendo el papel y la importancia de las armas nucleares en todos los conceptos, doctrinas y políticas militares y de seguridad;", "d) Debatir políticas que podrían prevenir la utilización de armas nucleares y posteriormente conducir a su eliminación, reducir el riesgo de una guerra nuclear y contribuir a la no proliferación y al desarme nuclear;", "e) Tomar en consideración el legítimo interés de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares de seguir reduciendo el estado operacional de los sistemas de armas nucleares de modo que se promueva la estabilidad y la seguridad internacionales;", "f) Reducir el riesgo de uso accidental de armas nucleares;", "g) Seguir aumentando la transparencia y la confianza mutua;", "14. Exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que apliquen esos compromisos de tal manera que los Estados partes puedan verificar su cumplimiento periódicamente en cada uno de los ciclos de examen y, a este respecto, insta a esos Estados a que informen periódicamente sobre la aplicación de los compromisos;", "15. Acoge con beneplácito la información proporcionada por algunos Estados poseedores de armas nucleares sobre sus arsenales nucleares y sus políticas e iniciativas de desarme nuclear, insta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que todavía no lo hayan hecho a que divulguen también información al respecto, y alienta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que lleguen a un acuerdo lo antes posible sobre la adopción de un formulario uniforme que facilite la presentación de esa información;", "16. Exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que, teniendo presentes los resultados de la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 a ese respecto, presenten información periódicamente sobre las medidas que hayan adoptado, por ejemplo, en el contexto de cualquier revisión de sus políticas nucleares, para disminuir el papel y la importancia de las armas nucleares en todos los conceptos militares y de seguridad;", "17. Exhorta a todos los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares a que apliquen de manera fiel y oportuna todos los elementos del plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 a fin de lograr progresos en todos los pilares del Tratado;", "18. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Hacia un mundo libre de armas nucleares: aceleración del cumplimiento de los compromisos en materia de desarme nuclear” y examinar en ese período de sesiones la aplicación de la presente resolución.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], primera parte, Conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento.", "[2]  Véase Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, Primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo.", "[3]  Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) y (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4]  Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[5]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[6]  Véase la resolución 50/245.", "[7]  Véase A/50/426, anexo.", "[8]  Véase Anuario de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarme, vol. 10: 1985 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, núm. de venta: S.86.IX.7), apéndice VII.", "[9]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, núm. 33873.", "[10]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte, sección titulada “Artículo VI y párrafos octavo a duodécimo del preámbulo”, párr. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/59 of 8 December 2010,", "Reiterating its grave concern at the danger to humanity posed by the possibility that nuclear weapons could be used, and recalling the expression of deep concern by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons,[1]", "Reaffirming that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes requiring urgent irreversible progress on both fronts,", "Recalling the decisions entitled “Strengthening the review process for the Treaty”, “Principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament” and “Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” and the resolution on the Middle East, all of which were adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and the 2010[4] Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Recalling in particular the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, in accordance with commitments made under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5] and reaffirmed by the 2010 Review Conference,", "Reaffirming the commitment of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to apply the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the implementation of their treaty obligations,", "Recognizing the continued vital importance of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] to the advancement of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives, and welcoming the recent ratifications of the Treaty by Ghana and Guinea,", "Reaffirming the conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones enhances global and regional peace and security, strengthens the nuclear non‑proliferation regime and contributes towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned, and expressing the hope that this will be followed by concerted international efforts to create such zones in areas where they do not currently exist, especially in the Middle East,", "Noting with satisfaction the agreement at the 2010 Review Conference on practical steps to fully implement the 1995 resolution on the Middle East,", "Recognizing positive developments in the context of nuclear-weapon-free zones, notably the ratification by the Russian Federation of Protocols I and II to the Treaty of Pelindaba,[7] the submission by the United States of America to the United States Senate for advice and consent of the Protocols to the Treaty of Pelindaba and the Treaty of Rarotonga,[8] the consultations between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and nuclear-weapon States on the Protocol to the Treaty of Bangkok,[9] and the holding of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia, in New York on 30 April 2010,", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, while recalling the encouragement of the 2010 Review Conference to both States to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference reaffirmed and recognized that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons and the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States,", "Deeply disappointed at the absence of progress towards multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament issues, including in the Conference on Disarmament, and underlining the importance of multilateralism in relation to nuclear disarmament, while recognizing the value also of bilateral and regional initiatives,", "Mindful that the first meeting of the preparatory process for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to take place in May 2012, will begin to lay the groundwork for monitoring the fulfilment by all States parties of their commitments in the 2010 Review Conference action plan,¹ including those by the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament,", "1. Reiterates that each article of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons⁵ is binding on the States parties at all times and in all circumstances and that all States parties should be held fully accountable with respect to strict compliance with their obligations under the Treaty, and calls upon all States to comply fully with all decisions, resolutions and other commitments made at Review Conferences;", "2. Welcomes the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive final document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament, including concrete steps for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, nuclear non-proliferation, peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the Middle East, particularly implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East;⁴", "3. Also welcomes, in particular, the resolve of the 2010 Review Conference to seek a safer world for all and to achieve the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons, in accordance with the objectives of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. Further welcomes the expression by the 2010 Review Conference of deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and its reaffirmation of the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law;", "5. Welcomes the reaffirmation of the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[10] including the specific reaffirmation of the unequivocal undertaking of the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty;", "6. Recalls the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, underlines the recognition by the 2010 Review Conference of the legitimate interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear-weapon States constraining their development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and ending their development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, and calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take steps in this regard;", "7. Encourages further steps by all nuclear-weapon States, in accordance with the action plan on nuclear disarmament of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference,¹ to ensure the irreversible removal of all fissile material designated by each nuclear-weapon State as no longer required for military purposes and to support the development of appropriate verification capabilities related to nuclear disarmament;", "8. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to work towards the full implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,² recognizes the endorsement by the 2010 Review Conference of practical steps in a process leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution, including the convening of a conference in 2012, to be attended by all States of the region, on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, calls upon the Secretary-General and the co-sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and cooperation with the States of the region, to undertake all necessary preparations for the convening of the 2012 conference, and in this regard welcomes the recent appointment of a facilitator and designation of a host Government;", "9. Continues to emphasize the fundamental role of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in achieving nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation and calls upon all States parties to spare no effort to achieve the universality of the Treaty, and in this regard urges India, Israel and Pakistan to accede to the Treaty as non-nuclear-weapon States promptly and without conditions;", "10. Urges the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to fulfil the commitments under the Six-Party Talks, including those in the September 2005 joint statement, to abandon all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and to return, at an early date, to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to its adherence to the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards agreement, with a view to achieving the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in a peaceful manner, and reaffirms its firm support for the Six-Party Talks;", "11. Encourages all States to work together to overcome obstacles within the international disarmament machinery, including in the Conference on Disarmament, that are inhibiting efforts to advance the cause of nuclear disarmament in a multilateral context;", "12. Stresses, while noting that the nuclear-weapon States met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to consider progress on the commitments they made at the 2010 Review Conference, the importance of the fulfilment of the commitments made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference and of their prompt engagement to ensure substantial progress in advance of the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "13. Recalls that the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament as envisaged in action 5 of the 2010 Review Conference action plan is:", "(a) To rapidly move towards an overall reduction in the global stockpile of all types of nuclear weapons, as identified in action 3 of the action plan;", "(b) To address the question of all nuclear weapons regardless of their type or their location as an integral part of the general nuclear disarmament process;", "(c) To further diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "(d) To discuss policies that could prevent the use of nuclear weapons and eventually lead to their elimination, lessen the danger of nuclear war and contribute to the non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons;", "(e) To consider the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in further reducing the operational status of nuclear-weapons systems in ways that promote international stability and security;", "(f) To reduce the risk of accidental use of nuclear weapons;", "(g) To further enhance transparency and mutual confidence;", "14. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement these commitments in a manner that enables the States parties to monitor them regularly during each review cycle, and in this regard urges those States to report regularly on the implementation of the commitments;", "15. Welcomes the announcements made by some nuclear-weapon States providing information about their nuclear arsenals, policies and disarmament efforts, urges those nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so also to provide this information, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to agree as soon as possible on a standard reporting format to facilitate this reporting;", "16. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, in this regard and in reference to the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference, to regularly report on their efforts, including as part of any review of nuclear policies, to diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts;", "17. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to implement all elements of the 2010 Review Conference action plan in a faithful and timely manner so that progress across all of the pillars of the Treaty can be realized;", "18. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments” and to review the implementation of the present resolution at that session.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/59 of 8 December 2010,", "Reiterating its deep concern at the danger posed to humanity by the possibility of nuclear weapons being used, and recalling the deep concern about the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons expressed at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1],", "Reaffirming that nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes and that progress must be made on both fronts in an urgent and irreversible manner,", "Recalling the decisions entitled &quot; Consolidation of the Treaty Review Process &quot; , &quot; Principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament &quot; and &quot; Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons &quot; and the resolution on the Middle East, all of which were adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2], as well as the Final Documents of the Conferences]", "Recalling in particular the unequivocal commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to the complete elimination of their nuclear arsenals, with a view to achieving nuclear disarmament, in accordance with the commitments made under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[5] and reaffirmed at the 2010 Review Conference,", "Reaffirming the commitment of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to implement the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the fulfilment of their obligations under the Treaty,", "Recognizing that it remains of fundamental importance that the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty enters into force[6] to advance the implementation of the objectives of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, and welcoming the recent ratifications of the Treaty by Ghana and Guinea,", "Reaffirming the conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones promotes global and regional peace and security, strengthens the nuclear non-proliferation regime and contributes to the achievement of the goals of nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged the establishment of new nuclear-weapon-free zones, in accordance with arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned, and expressing the hope that this will lead to concerted international measures to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones where they do not exist, especially in the Middle East,", "Noting with satisfaction the agreement reached at the 2010 Review Conference on a number of practical measures leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East,", "Recognizing the progress made in the context of nuclear-weapon-free zones, in particular the ratification by the Russian Federation of Protocols I and II of the Treaty of Pelindaba[7], the request submitted by the United States of America to the United States Senate to provide advice and to grant its consent to the Protocols to the Treaty of Pelindaba and the Treaty of Rarotonga[8], the consultations held between the Asia-East Association", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms between the United States of America and the Russian Federation, and recalling the encouragement expressed by the 2010 Review Conference to both States for further discussions on follow-up measures to achieve further reductions in their nuclear arsenals,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference reaffirmed and recognized that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States to receive unequivocal and legally binding assurances from nuclear-weapon States,", "Deeply disappointed by the lack of progress in multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament issues, including the Conference on Disarmament, and underlining the importance of multilateralism in nuclear disarmament, while recognizing the value of bilateral and regional initiatives,", "Bearing in mind that the first meeting of the preparatory process for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons will be held in May 2012 and that it will lay the groundwork for monitoring the implementation by all States parties of the commitments they made in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference, including the commitments of the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on disarmament measures,", "1. Reiterates that all and each of the articles of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons5 are binding on States parties at all times and in all circumstances and that all States parties are fully accountable for the strict fulfilment of their obligations under the Treaty, and calls upon all States to comply fully with all decisions, resolutions and other commitments adopted at the Review Conferences;", "2. Welcomes the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive outcome document containing conclusions and recommendations on follow-up action on nuclear disarmament, including concrete measures for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the Middle East, in particular the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East;4", "3. Also welcomes, in particular, the decision of the 2010 Review Conference to promote a safer world for all and to achieve peace and security in a world without nuclear weapons, in accordance with the objectives of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. &quot; Further welcomes the fact that the 2010 Review Conference expresses its deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and reaffirms the need for all States to comply at all times with the applicable provisions of international law, including international humanitarian law;", "5. Welcomes the reaffirmation in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[10] of the validity of the agreed practical measures, including the express reaffirmation by the nuclear-weapon States of their unequivocal commitment to the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals with a view to nuclear disarmament, which all States parties are committed to achieving under article VI of the Treaty;", "6. Recalls the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployment, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, underlines that the 2010 Review Conference recognized the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in limiting the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons,", "7. Encourages all nuclear-weapon States to take additional measures, in accordance with the plan of action on nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference,1 to ensure the irreversible removal of fissile material identified by each nuclear-weapon State as no longer necessary for military purposes and to support efforts to develop the necessary nuclear disarmament verification capacity;", "8. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to work towards the full implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,2 recognizes the support of the 2010 Review Conference for the practical measures of a process leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution, including the convening of a conference in 2012, in which all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "9. It continues to emphasize the fundamental role of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in achieving nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, calls upon all States parties to spare no effort to achieve the universality of the Treaty and, in this regard, calls upon India, Israel and Pakistan to accede to the Treaty expeditiously and unconditionally as non-nuclear-weapon States;", "10. Urges the Democratic People &apos; s Republic of Korea to fulfil the commitments made in the Six-Party Talks, including those contained in the Joint Declaration of September 2005, to abandon all existing nuclear weapons and nuclear programmes and to return to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as soon as possible and to submit to the Safeguards Agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, with a view to achieving the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula in a peaceful manner, and reaffirms its strong support", "11. Encourages all States to work together to overcome obstacles in the international disarmament machinery, including in the Conference on Disarmament, which hinder efforts to promote the cause of nuclear disarmament in a multilateral context;", "12. Stresses the importance of the implementation of the commitments made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference to accelerate the concrete progress towards nuclear disarmament measures contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, as well as the importance of the resolute commitment of those States to the implementation of that commitment to achieve substantial progress before the 2015 Review Conference on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held in June 2011,", "13. It recalls that the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on measures to achieve nuclear disarmament, as set out in action 5 of the plan of action adopted at the 2010 Review Conference, consists of the following:", "(a) Quickly move towards a comprehensive reduction in global stockpiles of all types of nuclear weapons, as indicated in action 3 of the plan of action;", "(b) Addressing the issue of all nuclear weapons, irrespective of their type or location, as an integral part of the overall nuclear disarmament process;", "(c) Continue to diminish the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all concepts, doctrines and military and security policies;", "(d) Debate policies that could prevent the use of nuclear weapons and subsequently lead to their elimination, reduce the risk of nuclear war and contribute to non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament;", "(e) To take into account the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in further reducing the operational status of nuclear weapons systems so as to promote international stability and security;", "f) Reduce the risk of accidental use of nuclear weapons;", "(g) Continue to increase transparency and mutual trust;", "14. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement those commitments in such a way that States parties can verify their regular implementation at each review cycle and, in this regard, urges those States to report regularly on the implementation of commitments;", "15. Welcomes the information provided by some nuclear-weapon States on their nuclear arsenals and their nuclear disarmament policies and initiatives, urges the nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so to also disseminate information thereon, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to reach agreement as soon as possible on the adoption of a uniform form to facilitate the submission of such information;", "16. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, bearing in mind the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference in this regard, to provide regular information on the measures they have taken, for example, in the context of any revision of their nuclear policies, to reduce the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts;", "17. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to faithfully and in a timely manner implement all elements of the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference in order to achieve progress on all pillars of the Treaty;", "18. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments” and to consider at that session the implementation of the present resolution.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)], part one, Conclusions and recommendations on follow-up action.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) and (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[5] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[6] See resolution 50/245.", "[7] See A/50/426, annex.", "[8] See United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/41. Legislación nacional sobre la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso", "La Asamblea General,", "Reconociendo que el desarme, el control de armamentos y la no proliferación son indispensables para el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Recordando que un control nacional efectivo de la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso, incluidas las transferencias que pudieran contribuir a actividades de proliferación, es un instrumento importante para conseguir esos objetivos,", "Recordando también que los Estados partes en los tratados internacionales sobre desarme y no proliferación se han comprometido a facilitar el mayor intercambio posible de material, equipo e información tecnológica con fines pacíficos, de conformidad con las disposiciones de esos tratados,", "Considerando que el intercambio de leyes, reglamentos y procedimientos nacionales sobre la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso contribuye al entendimiento y la confianza entre los Estados Miembros,", "Convencida de que tal intercambio sería beneficioso para los Estados Miembros que están elaborando ese tipo de leyes,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la base de datos electrónica establecida por la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría[1], en la que se puede consultar toda la información intercambiada de conformidad con sus resoluciones 57/66, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/42, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/66, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/69, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 62/26, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, y 64/40, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, tituladas “Legislación nacional sobre la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso”,", "Reafirmando el derecho inmanente de legítima defensa, individual o colectiva, enunciado en el Artículo 51 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "1. Invita a los Estados Miembros que estén en condiciones de hacerlo, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en la resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 28 de abril de 2004, y las resoluciones posteriores pertinentes del Consejo, a que promulguen o mejoren leyes, reglamentos y procedimientos nacionales que les permitan ejercer un control efectivo sobre la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso, asegurando al mismo tiempo que tales leyes, reglamentos y procedimientos sean compatibles con las obligaciones que los tratados internacionales imponen a sus Estados partes;", "2. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que proporcionen al Secretario General, con carácter voluntario, información sobre sus leyes, reglamentos y procedimientos nacionales relativos a la transferencia de armas, equipo militar y artículos o tecnología de doble uso, así como sobre los cambios introducidos en ellos, y solicita al Secretario General que ponga dicha información a disposición de los Estados Miembros;", "3. Decide seguir prestando atención a la cuestión.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Se puede consultar en www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/41. National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing that disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are essential for the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Recalling that effective national control of the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, including those transfers that could contribute to proliferation activities, is an important tool for achieving those objectives,", "Recalling also that the States parties to the international disarmament and non‑proliferation treaties have undertaken to facilitate the fullest possible exchange of materials, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the provisions of those treaties,", "Considering that the exchange of national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology contributes to mutual understanding and confidence among Member States,", "Convinced that such an exchange would be beneficial to Member States that are in the process of developing such legislation,", "Welcoming the electronic database established by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat,[1] in which all information exchanged pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 57/66 of 22 November 2002, 58/42 of 8 December 2003, 59/66 of 3 December 2004, 60/69 of 8 December 2005, 62/26 of 5 December 2007 and 64/40 of 2 December 2009, entitled “National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology”, can be consulted,", "Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Invites Member States that are in a position to do so, without prejudice to the provisions contained in Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004 and subsequent relevant Council resolutions, to enact or improve national legislation, regulations and procedures to exercise effective control over the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, while ensuring that such legislation, regulations and procedures are consistent with the obligations of States parties under international treaties;", "2. Encourages Member States to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to the Secretary-General on their national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, as well as the changes therein, and requests the Secretary-General to make that information accessible to Member States;", "3. Decides to remain attentive to the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/41. National legislation on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual-use goods or technology", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing that disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are indispensable for the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Recalling that effective national control of the transfer of weapons, military equipment and dual-use goods or technology, including transfers that could contribute to proliferation activities, is an important tool for achieving those objectives,", "Recalling also that States parties to the international treaties on disarmament and non-proliferation have undertaken to facilitate the widest possible exchange of material, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the provisions of those treaties,", "Considering that the exchange of national laws, regulations and procedures on the transfer of weapons, military equipment and dual-use goods or technology contributes to understanding and confidence among Member States,", "Convinced that such an exchange would be beneficial to Member States that are developing such laws,", "Welcoming the electronic database established by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat[1], in which all information exchanged pursuant to its resolutions 57/66 of 22 November 2002, 58/42 of 8 December 2003, 59/66 of 3 December 2004, 60/69 of 8 December 2005, 62/26 of 5 December 2007 and 64/40 of 2 December 2009, entitled &quot; National arms transfer &quot; ,", "Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence, as set out in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Invites Member States in a position to do so, without prejudice to Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004 and subsequent relevant resolutions of the Council, to enact or improve national laws, regulations and procedures that enable them to exercise effective control over the transfer of weapons, military equipment and dual-use items or technology, while ensuring that such laws, regulations and procedures are consistent with the obligations of international treaties;", "2. Encourages Member States to provide the Secretary-General, on a voluntary basis, with information on their national laws, regulations and procedures concerning the transfer of weapons, military equipment and dual-use items or technology, as well as on the changes made therein, and requests the Secretary-General to make such information available to Member States;", "3. Decides to continue to pay attention to the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Available at www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problemas que plantea la acumulación excesiva de existencias de municiones convencionales", "La Asamblea General,", "Teniendo presente su contribución al proceso iniciado en el marco de la reforma de las Naciones Unidas para aumentar la eficacia de la Organización en el mantenimiento de la paz y de la seguridad, dotándola de los recursos y los instrumentos que necesita en sus tareas de prevención de conflictos, solución pacífica de controversias, mantenimiento de la paz, consolidación de la paz y reconstrucción después de los conflictos,", "Subrayando la importancia de un planteamiento general e integrado del desarme mediante la elaboración de medidas prácticas,", "Tomando nota del informe del Grupo de Expertos sobre el problema de las municiones y los explosivos[1],", "Recordando la recomendación que figura en el párrafo 27 del informe del Grupo de Trabajo de composición abierta encargado de negociar un instrumento internacional que permita a los Estados identificar y localizar, de forma oportuna y fidedigna, armas pequeñas y armas ligeras ilícitas, a saber, que se examine exhaustivamente la cuestión de las municiones de las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras como parte de un proceso independiente en el marco de las Naciones Unidas[2],", "Observando con satisfacción la labor realizada y las medidas adoptadas en los planos regional y subregional con respecto a la cuestión de las municiones convencionales,", "Recordando su decisión 59/515, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, y sus resoluciones 60/74, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, y 61/72, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, así como su resolución 63/61, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, en la que acogió con beneplácito el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales establecido en virtud de la resolución 61/72 encargado de estudiar la adopción de medidas adicionales para intensificar la cooperación en relación con la cuestión del exceso de existencias de municiones convencionales[3], y su resolución 64/51, de 2 de diciembre de 2009,", "Tomando nota de las recomendaciones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales de que se elaboren directrices técnicas para la gestión de existencias de municiones convencionales, directrices que estarían a disposición de los Estados para su utilización de forma voluntaria, y de que se mejore la gestión de los conocimientos sobre cuestiones técnicas relativas a las municiones dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas[4], y tomando nota también del posterior establecimiento, dentro de la Secretaría, del programa de gestión de los conocimientos “SaferGuard”,", "1. Alienta a todos los Estados interesados a que, de forma voluntaria, determinen si, con arreglo a sus legítimas necesidades en materia de seguridad, debería considerarse excedente una parte de sus existencias de municiones convencionales, y reconoce que se debe tener en cuenta la seguridad de esas existencias y que es indispensable aplicar a nivel nacional controles apropiados en relación con la seguridad física y tecnológica de las existencias de municiones convencionales, a fin de eliminar el riesgo de explosión, contaminación o desviación;", "2. Hace un llamamiento a todos los Estados interesados para que determinen la magnitud y el carácter de sus excedentes de municiones convencionales, si representan un riesgo para la seguridad, sus medios de destrucción, si procede, y si se necesita asistencia externa para eliminar dicho riesgo;", "3. Alienta a los Estados que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que ayuden a los Estados interesados, en un marco bilateral o por conducto de organizaciones internacionales o regionales y de manera voluntaria y transparente, a elaborar y ejecutar programas para eliminar los excedentes o mejorar su gestión;", "4. Alienta a todos los Estados Miembros a que examinen la posibilidad de formular y aplicar, en un marco nacional, regional o subregional, medidas para encarar apropiadamente el tráfico ilícito relacionado con la acumulación de esos excedentes;", "5. Toma nota de las respuestas de los Estados Miembros a la solicitud formulada por el Secretario General de que expresaran sus opiniones sobre los riesgos derivados de la acumulación excesiva de existencias de municiones convencionales y sobre los medios nacionales de fortalecer los controles de las municiones convencionales[5];", "6. Sigue alentando a los Estados a que apliquen las recomendaciones que figuran en el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales establecido en virtud de la resolución 61/72 encargado de estudiar la adopción de medidas adicionales para intensificar la cooperación en relación con la cuestión del exceso de existencias de municiones convencionales³;", "7. Acoge con beneplácito que se hayan ultimado las Directrices técnicas internacionales sobre municiones[6] y se haya establecido el programa de gestión de los conocimientos “SaferGuard” para la gestión de existencias de municiones convencionales, desarrollados por la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría con la plena participación del Servicio de Actividades relativas a las Minas del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz de la Secretaría, de conformidad con las recomendaciones que figuran en el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales establecido en virtud de la resolución 61/72³;", "8. Alienta a los Estados que deseen mejorar su capacidad nacional de gestión de existencias, evitar el aumento de los excedentes de municiones convencionales y procurar una mitigación más amplia de los riesgos a que se pongan en contacto con el programa “SaferGuard”, así como con posibles donantes nacionales y organizaciones regionales, según proceda, con miras a desarrollar la cooperación, incluidos, cuando sea pertinente, los conocimientos técnicos;", "9. Reitera su decisión de ocuparse de manera exhaustiva de la cuestión del exceso de existencias de municiones convencionales;", "10. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Problemas que plantea la acumulación excesiva de existencias de municiones convencionales”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/54/155.", "[2]  A/60/88 y Corr.2.", "[3]  Véase A/63/182.", "[4]  Ibid., párrs. 72 y 73.", "[5]  A/61/118 y Add.1 y A/62/166 y Add.1.", "[6]  Se pueden consultar en www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Ammunition/IATG/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus", "The General Assembly,", "Mindful of contributing to the process initiated within the framework of the United Nations reform to make the Organization more effective in maintaining peace and security by giving it the resources and tools it needs for conflict prevention, peaceful resolution of disputes, peacekeeping, post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction,", "Underlining the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to disarmament through the development of practical measures,", "Taking note of the report of the Group of Experts on the problem of ammunition and explosives,[1]", "Recalling the recommendation contained in paragraph 27 of the report of the Open-ended Working Group to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, namely, to address the issue of small arms and light weapons ammunition in a comprehensive manner as part of a separate process conducted within the framework of the United Nations,[2]", "Noting with satisfaction the work and measures pursued at the regional and subregional levels with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition,", "Recalling its decision 59/515 of 3 December 2004 and its resolutions 60/74 of 8 December 2005 and 61/72 of 6 December 2006, its resolution 63/61 of 2 December 2008, by which it welcomed the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus,[3] and its resolution 64/51 of 2 December 2009,", "Taking note of the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on developing technical guidelines for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, which would be available for States on a voluntary basis, and on improving knowledge resource management on technical ammunition issues within the United Nations system,[4] and taking note also of the subsequent establishment, within the Secretariat, of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme,", "1. Encourages all interested States to assess, on a voluntary basis, whether, in conformity with their legitimate security needs, parts of their stockpiles of conventional ammunition should be considered to be in surplus, and recognizes that the security of such stockpiles must be taken into consideration and that appropriate controls with regard to the security and safety of stockpiles of conventional ammunition are indispensable at the national level in order to eliminate the risk of explosion, pollution or diversion;", "2. Appeals to all interested States to determine the size and nature of their surplus stockpiles of conventional ammunition, whether they represent a security risk, their means of destruction, if appropriate, and whether external assistance is needed to eliminate this risk;", "3. Encourages States in a position to do so to assist interested States within a bilateral framework or through international or regional organizations, on a voluntary and transparent basis, in elaborating and implementing programmes to eliminate surplus stockpiles or to improve their management;", "4. Encourages all Member States to examine the possibility of developing and implementing, within a national, regional or subregional framework, measures to address accordingly the illicit trafficking related to the accumulation of such stockpiles;", "5. Takes note of the replies submitted by Member States in response to the request of the Secretary-General for views regarding the risks arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus and regarding national ways of strengthening controls on conventional ammunition;[5]", "6. Continues to encourage States to implement the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus;³", "7. Welcomes the completion of the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines[6] and the establishment of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the full involvement of the Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the Secretariat, in accordance with the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72;³", "8. Encourages States wishing to improve their national stockpile management capacity, prevent the growth of conventional ammunition surpluses and address wider risk mitigation to contact the “SaferGuard” programme, as well as potential national donors and regional organizations, as appropriate, with a view to developing cooperation, including, where relevant, technical expertise;", "9. Reiterates its decision to address the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus in a comprehensive manner;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/155.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2.", "[3]  See A/63/182.", "[4]  Ibid., paras. 72 and 73.", "[5]  A/61/118 and Add.1 and A/62/166 and Add.1.", "[6]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Ammunition/IATG/." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problems arising from the excessive accumulation of stockpiles of conventional ammunition", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind its contribution to the process initiated within the framework of United Nations reform to enhance the effectiveness of the Organization in the maintenance of peace and security by providing it with the resources and tools it needs in its conflict prevention, peaceful settlement of disputes, peacekeeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction,", "Underlining the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to disarmament through the development of practical measures,", "Taking note of the report of the Group of Experts on the problem of ammunition and explosives[1],", "Recalling the recommendation contained in paragraph 27 of the report of the Open-ended Working Group to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, namely, the Comprehensive Review of the Question of Small Arms and Light Weapons Ammunition as part of an Independent Process within the United Nations Framework,[2]", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken and actions taken at the regional and subregional levels on the issue of conventional ammunition,", "Recalling its decision 59/515 of 3 December 2004 and its resolutions 60/74 of 8 December 2005 and 61/72 of 6 December 2006, as well as its resolution 63/61 of 2 December 2008, in which it welcomed the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further action to enhance cooperation on the issue of excess stockpiles of conventional ammunition,", "Taking note of the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts to develop technical guidelines for the management of stockpiles of conventional ammunition, guidelines that would be available to States for voluntary use, and to improve knowledge management on technical issues related to ammunition within the United Nations system,[4] and also taking note of the subsequent establishment, within the Secretariat, of the &quot;SaferGuard &quot; knowledge management programme,", "1. Encourages all States concerned to voluntarily determine whether, in accordance with their legitimate security needs, a portion of their stockpiles of conventional ammunition should be considered surplus, and recognizes that the security of such stockpiles should be taken into account and that appropriate controls regarding the physical and technological security of stockpiles of conventional ammunition are essential at the national level to eliminate the risk of explosion, pollution or diversion;", "2. Calls upon all States concerned to identify the extent and nature of their surplus conventional ammunition, whether they pose a security risk, means of destruction, as appropriate, and whether external assistance is required to eliminate such risk;", "3. Encourages States in a position to do so to assist interested States, in a bilateral framework or through international or regional organizations and on a voluntary and transparent basis, in developing and implementing programmes to eliminate surpluses or improve their management;", "4. Encourages all Member States to consider developing and implementing, within a national, regional or subregional framework, measures to appropriately address illicit trafficking related to the accumulation of such surpluses;", "5. Takes note of the responses of Member States to the Secretary-General &apos; s request to express their views on the risks arising from the accumulation of stockpiles of conventional ammunition and on national means of strengthening controls of conventional ammunition[5];", "6. Continues to encourage States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further measures to enhance cooperation on the issue of excess stockpiles of conventional ammunition;3", "7. Welcomes the finalization of the International Technical Guidelines on Ammunition[6] and the &quot;SaferGuard &quot; knowledge management programme for the management of stockpiles of conventional ammunition developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat with the full participation of the Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the Secretariat, in accordance with the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established in resolution 61/7;", "8. Encourages States that wish to improve their national stockpile management capacity, avoid the increase in surplus conventional ammunition and seek a wider mitigation of risks to be brought into contact with the “SaferGuard” programme, as well as possible national donors and regional organizations, as appropriate, with a view to developing cooperation, including, where relevant, expertise;", "9. Reiterates its decision to address in a comprehensive manner the issue of excess stockpiles of conventional ammunition;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Problems arising from the excessive accumulation of stockpiles of conventional ammunition”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See A/54/155.", "[2] A/60/88 and Corr.2.", "[3] See A/63/182.", "[4] Ibid. paras. 72 and 73.", "[5] A/61/118 and Add.1 and A/62/166 and Add.1.", "[6] Available at www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Ammunition/IATG/." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental (Tratado de Bangkok)", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 64/39, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, titulada “Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental (Tratado de Bangkok)”,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el deseo de los Estados de Asia Sudoriental de mantener la paz y la estabilidad en la región en aras de la coexistencia pacífica y la cooperación y el entendimiento mutuos,", "Observando la entrada en vigor, el 15 de diciembre de 2008, de la Carta de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental, que, entre otras cosas, declara que uno de los propósitos de la Asociación es mantener Asia Sudoriental como una zona libre de armas nucleares y de todas las demás armas de destrucción en masa,", "Observando también la convocación de la segunda Conferencia de los Estados Partes y Signatarios de los tratados que establecen zonas libres de armas nucleares y Mongolia,", "Reafirmando su convicción de que las zonas libres de armas nucleares, establecidas, según corresponda, sobre la base de arreglos libremente concertados entre los Estados de la región de que se trate y de conformidad con las directrices de 1999 de la Comisión de Desarme[1], cumplen una importante función en el fortalecimiento del régimen de no proliferación, en el empeño por lograr los objetivos del desarme nuclear y en la extensión de las áreas del mundo libres de armas nucleares y, con particular referencia a las responsabilidades de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, exhortando a todos los Estados a que promuevan un mundo más seguro para todos y lograr paz y seguridad en un mundo sin armas nucleares, de forma que se promueva la estabilidad internacional y sobre la base del principio de seguridad para todos sin menoscabo,", "Convencida de que el establecimiento de una zona libre de armas nucleares en Asia Sudoriental, componente esencial de la Declaración sobre la zona de paz, libertad y neutralidad firmada en Kuala Lumpur el 27 de noviembre de 1971, contribuirá a reforzar la seguridad de los Estados dentro de la zona y a promover la paz y la seguridad internacionales en su conjunto,", "Observando que el 27 de marzo de 1997 entró en vigor el Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental[2] y que en 2007 se celebró el décimo aniversario de su entrada en vigor,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la reafirmación de los Estados de Asia Sudoriental de que la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental seguirá desempeñando un papel primordial en el fomento de la confianza, la diplomacia preventiva y los enfoques para la solución de conflictos, reafirmación consagrada en la segunda Declaración de Concordia de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental (Bali II)[3],", "Reafirmando el derecho inalienable de todas las partes en el Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental de desarrollar la investigación, la producción y la utilización de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos sin discriminación y de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[4],", "Reconociendo que, al firmar y ratificar los protocolos pertinentes de los tratados por los que se establecen zonas libres de armas nucleares, los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares contraerían compromisos individuales jurídicamente vinculantes de respetar el estatuto de esas zonas y de no utilizar ni amenazar con utilizar armas nucleares contra los Estados partes en esos tratados,", "Recordando los principios y las normas aplicables del derecho internacional referentes a la libertad de la alta mar y los derechos de paso inocente, de paso por las vías marítimas archipelágicas o de paso en tránsito de buques y aeronaves, en particular los consagrados en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar[5],", "1. Acoge con beneplácito el compromiso y los esfuerzos de la Comisión encargada del Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental de intensificar y reforzar aún más la aplicación del Tratado de Bangkok² mediante la ejecución del Plan de Acción para el período 2007‑2012, aprobado en Manila el 29 de julio de 2007, y la reciente decisión del Consejo de la Comunidad Política y de Seguridad de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental, establecido en virtud de la Carta de la Asociación, de dar prioridad a la ejecución del referido Plan de Acción;", "2. Acoge con beneplácito también la reanudación de las consultas directas entre los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental y los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, y alienta a los Estados partes en el Tratado a que continúen las consultas directas con los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares para resolver completamente, de conformidad con los objetivos y principios del Tratado, las cuestiones que estén pendientes sobre una serie de disposiciones del Tratado y su Protocolo;", "3. Alienta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares y a los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental a que colaboren constructivamente con miras a asegurar una pronta adhesión de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares al Protocolo del Tratado;", "4. Subraya el valor de promover e implementar nuevas formas de cooperación entre los Estados partes en tratados relativos a las zonas libres de armas nucleares y sus protocolos;", "5. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental (Tratado de Bangkok)”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, quincuagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, núm. 33873.", "[3]  A/58/548, anexo I.", "[4]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[5]  Ibid., vol. 1834, núm. 31363." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/39 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”,", "Welcoming the desire of the South-East Asian States to maintain peace and stability in the region in the spirit of peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding and cooperation,", "Noting the entry into force of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 15 December 2008, which states, inter alia, that one of the purposes of the Association is to preserve South-East Asia as a nuclear-weapon-free zone, free of all other weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories of Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia,", "Reaffirming its conviction of the important role of nuclear-weapon-free zones, established, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[1] in strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime, in contributing towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament and in extending the areas of the world that are free of nuclear weapons, and, with particular reference to the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States, calling upon all States to seek a safer world for all and to achieve peace and security in a world without nuclear weapons in a way that promotes international stability and based on the principle of undiminished security for all,", "Convinced that the establishment of a South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, as an essential component of the Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, signed in Kuala Lumpur on 27 November 1971, will contribute towards strengthening the security of States within the Zone and towards enhancing international peace and security as a whole,", "Noting the entry into force of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone on 27 March 1997[2] and the tenth anniversary of its entry into force in 2007,", "Welcoming the reaffirmation of South-East Asian States that the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone shall continue to play a pivotal role in the area of confidence-building measures, preventive diplomacy and the approaches to conflict resolution as enshrined in the Declaration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Concord II (Bali Concord II),[3]", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all the parties to the Treaty on the South East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[4]", "Recognizing that by signing and ratifying the relevant protocols to the treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments to respect the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties,", "Recalling the applicable principles and rules of international law relating to the freedom of the high seas and the rights of innocent passage, archipelagic sea lanes passage or transit passage of ships and aircraft, particularly those of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[5]", "1. Welcomes the commitment and efforts of the Commission for the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to further enhance and strengthen the implementation of the Bangkok Treaty² by implementing the Plan of Action for the period 2007–2012, adopted in Manila on 29 July 2007, and the recent decision of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Political‑Security Community Council, established under the Charter of the Association, to give priority to the implementation of the Plan of Action;", "2. Also welcomes the resumption of direct consultations between the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the five nuclear-weapon States, and encourages States parties to the Treaty to continue direct consultations with the five nuclear-weapon States to resolve comprehensively, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Treaty, existing outstanding issues on a number of provisions of the Treaty and the Protocol thereto;", "3. Encourages nuclear-weapon States and States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to work constructively with a view to ensuring the early accession of the nuclear weapon States to the Protocol to the Treaty;", "4. Underlines the value of enhancing and implementing further ways and means of cooperation among the States parties to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and the protocols thereto;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[3]  A/58/548, annex I.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/39 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”,", "Welcoming the desire of South-East Asian States to maintain peace and stability in the region for the sake of peaceful coexistence and mutual cooperation and understanding,", "Noting the entry into force, on 15 December 2008, of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which, inter alia, declares that one of the purposes of the Association is to maintain South-East Asia as a nuclear-weapon-free zone and all other weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia,", "Reaffirming its conviction that the nuclear-weapon-free zones, established, as appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission[1], play an important role in strengthening the non-proliferation regime, in the pursuit of the objectives of nuclear disarmament and in the extension of the areas of the world free of nuclear weapons and, with particular reference to the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States,", "Convinced that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South-East Asia, an essential component of the Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality signed at Kuala Lumpur on 27 November 1971, will contribute to strengthening the security of States within the zone and to promoting international peace and security as a whole,", "Noting that the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone entered into force on 27 March 1997[2] and that the tenth anniversary of its entry into force was celebrated in 2007,", "Welcoming the reaffirmation by the States of South-East Asia that the South-East Asia nuclear-weapon-free zone will continue to play a key role in confidence-building, preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution approaches, reaffirmed in the second Concord Declaration of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (Bali II)[3],", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4],", "Recognizing that, in signing and ratifying the relevant protocols to the treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, the nuclear-weapon States would enter into individual legally binding commitments to respect the status of those zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the States parties to those treaties,", "Recalling the applicable principles and norms of international law relating to the freedom of the high seas and the rights of innocent passage, by way of archipelagogic or transiting seaways of ships and aircraft, in particular those enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[5],", "1. Welcomes the commitment and efforts of the South-East Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty Commission to further enhance and strengthen the implementation of the Bangkok Treaty through the implementation of the 2007-2012 Plan of Action, adopted at Manila on 29 July 2007, and the recent decision of the Council of the Political and Security Community of the Association of South-East Asian Nations, established under the Partnership &apos; s Charter, to give priority to the implementation of the Partnership &apos; s", "2. Also welcomes the resumption of direct consultations between the States parties to the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty and the five nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the States parties to the Treaty to continue direct consultations with the five nuclear-weapon States to resolve fully, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Treaty, the remaining issues on a number of provisions of the Treaty and its Protocol;", "3. Encourages the nuclear-weapon States and the States parties to the South-East Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty to cooperate constructively with a view to ensuring the early accession of the nuclear-weapon States to the Treaty Protocol;", "4. Underlines the value of promoting and implementing new forms of cooperation among States parties to treaties relating to nuclear-weapon-free zones and their protocols;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Treaty of Bangkok)”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[3] A/58/548, annex I.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] Ibid., vol. 1834, No. 31363." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 48/75 L, de 16 de diciembre de 1993, 53/77 I, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 55/33 Y, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 J, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/80, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/57, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/81, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 64/29, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/65, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, sobre el tema de la prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares,", "Recordando también el documento CD/1299, de 24 de marzo de 1995, en el que todos los miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme acordaron el mandato para negociar un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares, mandato que no impediría que las delegaciones plantearan el examen, durante las negociaciones, de cualquier cuestión en él señalada,", "Recordando además el apoyo a la Conferencia de Desarme expresado por la cumbre del Consejo de Seguridad sobre la no proliferación y el desarme nucleares, celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2009,", "Convencida de que un tratado no discriminatorio, multilateral e internacional y efectivamente verificable de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares sería una contribución significativa al desarme y a la no proliferación nucleares,", "Reconociendo la importancia de impulsar todas las cuestiones que se señalan en la decisión CD/1864, adoptada por consenso por la Conferencia de Desarme el 29 de mayo de 2009,", "Observando la determinación de China, los Estados Unidos de América, la Federación de Rusia, Francia y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte en la reunión celebrada en París los días 30 de junio y 1 de julio de 2011 de revitalizar sus esfuerzos, con las partes interesadas, por aprobar lo antes posible en la Conferencia de Desarme un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares y otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares,", "Expresando frustración por los años de estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme, que le han impedido cumplir su mandato como único foro mundial multilateral de negociación sobre el desarme,", "1. Insta a la Conferencia de Desarme a que acuerde e implemente a comienzos de 2012 un programa de trabajo exhaustivo en que se prevea el inicio inmediato de negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares, sobre la base del documento CD/1299 y el mandato que en él figura;", "2. Resuelve examinar las opciones para negociar un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, si la Conferencia de Desarme no lograra acordar e implementar un programa de trabajo exhaustivo antes de que finalizase su período de sesiones de 2012;", "3. Alienta a los Estados Miembros interesados, sin perjuicio de sus posiciones nacionales en futuras negociaciones sobre dicho tratado, a que continúen sus gestiones, entre otros en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme y paralelamente a ella, en apoyo del inicio de las negociaciones, entre otras cosas celebrando reuniones en las que participen expertos científicos sobre los distintos aspectos técnicos del tratado, aprovechando los conocimientos técnicos del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y otros organismos pertinentes, según proceda;", "4. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 L of 16 December 1993, 53/77 I of 4 December 1998, 55/33 Y of 20 November 2000, 56/24 J of 29 November 2001, 57/80 of 22 November 2002, 58/57 of 8 December 2003, 59/81 of 3 December 2004, 64/29 of 2 December 2009 and 65/65 of 8 December 2010 on the subject of banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices,", "Recalling also document CD/1299 of 24 March 1995, in which all members of the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the mandate to negotiate a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and which would not preclude any delegation from raising for consideration, in negotiations, any issue noted therein,", "Recalling further the support for the Conference on Disarmament expressed by the Security Council summit on nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, held on 24 September 2009,", "Convinced that a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices would be a significant contribution to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recognizing the importance of advancing all issues identified in decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,", "Noting the determination of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America at the meeting held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to renew their efforts, with relevant parties, to achieve a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices at the earliest possible date in the Conference on Disarmament,", "Expressing frustration with the years of stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, which has prevented it from fulfilling its mandate as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "1. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree on and implement early in 2012 a comprehensive programme of work that includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein;", "2. Resolves to consider options for the negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices at its sixty-seventh session should the Conference on Disarmament fail to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work by the end of its 2012 session;", "3. Encourages interested Member States, without prejudice to their national positions during future negotiations on such a treaty, to continue efforts, including within and on the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, in support of the commencement of negotiations, including through meetings involving scientific experts on various technical aspects of the treaty, drawing on available expertise from the International Atomic Energy Agency and other relevant bodies, as appropriate;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 L of 16 December 1993, 53/77 I of 4 December 1998, 55/33 Y of 20 November 2000, 56/24 J of 29 November 2001, 57/80 of 22 November 2002, 58/57 of 8 December 2003, 59/81 of 3 December 2004, 64/29 of 2 December 2009, and 65/65 of 8 December 2010 on the issue of explosives,", "Recalling also document CD/1299 of 24 March 1995, in which all members of the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the mandate to negotiate a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, a mandate that would not prevent delegations from considering, during the negotiations, any issues identified therein,", "Recalling further the support of the Conference on Disarmament expressed by the Security Council summit on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, held on 24 September 2009,", "Convinced that a non-discriminatory, multilateral and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices would be a significant contribution to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recognizing the importance of advancing all the issues identified in decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,", "Noting the determination of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America at the meeting held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to revitalize their efforts, with the parties concerned, to adopt, as soon as possible, a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices,", "Expressing frustration at the stagnation years in the Conference on Disarmament, which have prevented it from fulfilling its mandate as the sole multilateral global negotiating forum on disarmament,", "1. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree to and implement in early 2012 a comprehensive programme of work providing for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, based on document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein;", "2. Resolves to consider options for negotiating a fissile material cut-off treaty for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices at its sixty-seventh session, if the Conference on Disarmament fails to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work before the end of its 2012 session;", "3. Encourages interested Member States, without prejudice to their national positions in future negotiations on this treaty, to continue their efforts, including within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and in parallel with it, in support of the commencement of negotiations, including by holding meetings involving scientific experts on the various technical aspects of the treaty, drawing on the expertise of the International Atomic Energy Agency and other relevant agencies, as appropriate;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled &quot; Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices &quot; .", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/45. Mancomunación de esfuerzos para la eliminación total de las armas nucleares", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando la necesidad de que todos los Estados tomen nuevas medidas prácticas y efectivas para eliminar totalmente las armas nucleares, con el fin de alcanzar un mundo pacífico y seguro libre de armas nucleares, y confirmando a tal efecto el compromiso de los Estados Miembros de actuar mancomunadamente,", "Observando que el objetivo último de las actividades de los Estados en el proceso de desarme es el desarme general y completo bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz,", "Recordando su resolución 65/72, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Expresando profunda preocupación por las catastróficas consecuencias humanitarias de cualquier empleo de las armas nucleares y reafirmando la necesidad de que todos los Estados cumplan en todo momento las disposiciones aplicables del derecho internacional, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario, y convencida al mismo tiempo de que se debe hacer todo lo posible por evitar la guerra y el terrorismo nucleares,", "Reafirmando que la consolidación de la paz y la seguridad internacionales y la promoción del desarme nuclear se refuerzan mutuamente,", "Reafirmando también que todo nuevo progreso en materia de desarme nuclear contribuirá a consolidar el régimen internacional de no proliferación nuclear, que es, entre otras cosas, esencial para la paz y la seguridad internacionales,", "Reafirmando además la importancia crucial del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[1] como piedra angular del régimen internacional de no proliferación nuclear y base esencial de la consecución de los tres pilares del Tratado, a saber, el desarme nuclear, la no proliferación nuclear y la utilización de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos,", "Recordando las decisiones y la resolución de la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[2], así como los documentos finales de las Conferencias de las Partes de 2000[3] y 2010[4] encargadas del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el resultado satisfactorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, celebrada del 3 al 28 de mayo de 2010, en el año del sexagésimo quinto aniversario del lanzamiento de las bombas atómicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki (Japón), y reafirmando la necesidad de ejecutar plenamente el plan de acción que se aprobó en la Conferencia de Examen[5],", "Observando la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, organizada por el Secretario General el 24 de septiembre de 2010, y la reunión plenaria de la Asamblea General para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel, celebrada del 27 al 29 de julio de 2011,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la entrada en vigor, el 5 de febrero de 2011, del Tratado entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia sobre medidas para la ulterior reducción y limitación de las armas estratégicas ofensivas,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito también los anuncios recientes de los Estados Unidos de América, Francia y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte sobre las existencias generales de cabezas nucleares, así como la información actualizada proporcionada por la Federación de Rusia sobre sus arsenales nucleares, que siguen promoviendo la transparencia y aumentando la confianza mutua,", "Expresando profunda preocupación ante los peligros cada vez mayores que plantea la proliferación de armas de destrucción en masa, entre ellas las armas nucleares, incluidos los que causan las redes de proliferación,", "Reconociendo la importancia del objetivo de la seguridad nuclear, así como de las metas comunes de los Estados Miembros en materia de desarme nuclear, no proliferación nuclear y utilización de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos, acogiendo con beneplácito la Cumbre de Seguridad Nuclear, celebrada los días 12 y 13 de abril de 2010, y aguardando con interés la Cumbre de Seguridad Nuclear que se celebrará en Seúl en 2012,", "Reconociendo también la importancia de la aplicación de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1718 (2006), de 14 de octubre de 2006, y 1874 (2009), de 12 de junio de 2009, en las que el Consejo instó a la República Popular Democrática de Corea a que abandonara todas sus armas nucleares y programas nucleares existentes y pusiera fin de inmediato a todas las actividades conexas, expresando preocupación por el programa de enriquecimiento de uranio y la construcción de un reactor de agua ligera que la República Popular Democrática de Corea afirma tener en marcha, y declarando que la República Popular Democrática de Corea no puede tener la condición de Estado poseedor de armas nucleares de conformidad con el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares bajo ninguna circunstancia,", "1. Reafirma la importancia de que todos los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares¹ cumplan las obligaciones que les imponen todos los artículos del Tratado;", "2. Reafirma también la importancia vital de la universalidad del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y exhorta a todos los Estados que no son partes en él a que se adhieran sin dilación ni condiciones en calidad de Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares y, en espera de su adhesión al Tratado, cumplan sus disposiciones y tomen medidas prácticas para apoyarlo;", "3. Reafirma además el compromiso inequívoco de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de eliminar por completo sus arsenales nucleares con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear, que todos los Estados partes se han comprometido a lograr en virtud del artículo VI del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares;", "4. Exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que se comprometan a realizar nuevos esfuerzos para reducir y en última instancia eliminar todos los tipos de armas nucleares, desplegadas y no desplegadas, entre otras cosas mediante la adopción de medidas unilaterales, bilaterales, regionales y multilaterales;", "5. Pone de relieve la importancia de aplicar los principios de la irreversibilidad, la verificabilidad y la transparencia en relación con el proceso de desarme y no proliferación nucleares;", "6. Reconoce que el desarme nuclear y la consecución de la paz y la seguridad en un mundo sin armas nucleares requieren apertura y cooperación, afirma la importancia de afianzar la confianza aumentando la transparencia y la verificación efectiva, pone de relieve la importancia del compromiso asumido por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de acelerar los progresos concretos con respecto a las medidas encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear, enunciadas en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, de forma de promover la estabilidad y la paz internacionales y una seguridad mayor y sin menoscabo, así como el llamamiento a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares para que en 2014 informen de las medidas adoptadas a ese respecto al Comité Preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares⁵, y acoge con beneplácito en este sentido la celebración en París, los días 30 de junio y 1 de julio de 2011, de la primera reunión de seguimiento de la Conferencia de Examen de 2010 celebrada por los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares como medida de transparencia y de fomento de la confianza entre ellos;", "7. Acoge con beneplácito la continua aplicación por los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia del Tratado sobre medidas para la ulterior reducción y limitación de las armas estratégicas ofensivas, y los alienta a que prosigan las conversaciones sobre las medidas de seguimiento a fin de lograr mayores reducciones en sus arsenales nucleares;", "8. Insta a todos los Estados que aún no lo hayan hecho a que firmen y ratifiquen sin dilación el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares[6] para lograr su pronta entrada en vigor y universalización, destaca la importancia de mantener las moratorias vigentes sobre las explosiones de ensayo de armas nucleares y cualquier otro tipo de explosión nuclear en espera de la entrada en vigor del Tratado, y reafirma la importancia de que se siga desarrollando el régimen de verificación del Tratado, que contribuirá significativamente a ofrecer garantías de cumplimiento del Tratado;", "9. Reitera su llamamiento para que comiencen de inmediato las negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable y para que esas negociaciones concluyan cuanto antes, lamenta que las negociaciones aún no hayan comenzado y exhorta a todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares y a los Estados que no son partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares a que declaren y mantengan moratorias de la producción de material fisionable destinado a cualesquiera armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares en espera de la entrada en vigor del tratado;", "10. Exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que sigan adoptando medidas para reducir el riesgo de lanzamiento fortuito o no autorizado de armas nucleares en formas que promuevan la estabilidad y la seguridad internacionales, y al mismo tiempo acoge con beneplácito las medidas que ya han adoptado a tal efecto varios Estados poseedores de armas nucleares;", "11. Exhorta también a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que actúen prontamente con miras a seguir disminuyendo el papel y la importancia de las armas nucleares en todos los conceptos, doctrinas y políticas militares y de seguridad;", "12. Reconoce el interés legítimo de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares de recibir garantías inequívocas y jurídicamente vinculantes de parte de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que puedan fortalecer el régimen de no proliferación nuclear, recuerda la resolución 984 (1995) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 11 de abril de 1995, en la que el Consejo tomó nota de las declaraciones unilaterales hechas por cada uno de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, y exhorta a todos ellos a que respeten plenamente sus compromisos existentes respecto de las garantías de seguridad;", "13. Alienta la creación de nuevas zonas libres de armas nucleares, según corresponda, conforme a arreglos libremente concertados entre los Estados de la región de que se trate y de conformidad con las directrices de 1999 de la Comisión de Desarme[7], y reconoce que, al firmar y ratificar los protocolos pertinentes que contengan garantías de seguridad negativas, los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares contraerían compromisos individuales jurídicamente vinculantes con respecto al estatuto de esas zonas y se comprometerían a no utilizar ni amenazar con utilizar armas nucleares contra los Estados partes en esos tratados;", "14. Exhorta a todos los Estados a que redoblen sus esfuerzos por prevenir y detener la proliferación de las armas nucleares y sus sistemas vectores y a que respeten y cumplan plenamente los compromisos que han adquirido de renunciar a las armas nucleares;", "15. Destaca la importancia de la universalización de los acuerdos de salvaguardias amplias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica para incluir a los Estados que aún no hayan aprobado y aplicado tales acuerdos, reafirmando enérgicamente al mismo tiempo la labor de seguimiento de la Conferencia de Examen de 2010, por la que se alienta a todos los Estados que aún no lo hayan hecho a que concierten y pongan en vigor lo antes posible el modelo de Protocolo adicional al (a los) acuerdo(s) entre el (los) Estado(s) y el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica para la aplicación de salvaguardias, aprobado por la Junta de Gobernadores del Organismo el 15 de mayo de 1997[8], y de la aplicación cabal de las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, incluida su resolución 1540 (2004), de 28 de abril de 2004;", "16. Alienta todos los esfuerzos por garantizar la seguridad de todos los materiales nucleares y radiológicos vulnerables y exhorta a todos los Estados a que trabajen en cooperación, como una comunidad internacional, para promover la seguridad nuclear y, al mismo tiempo, soliciten y presten asistencia, incluso en el ámbito del fomento de la capacidad, cuando proceda;", "17. Alienta a todos los Estados a que apliquen las recomendaciones que figuran en el informe del Secretario General relativo al estudio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la educación para el desarme y la no proliferación[9], en apoyo del logro de un mundo sin armas nucleares, y a que intercambien voluntariamente información sobre las actividades que hayan venido realizando con ese fin;", "18. Encomia a la sociedad civil por el papel constructivo que desempeña en la promoción de la no proliferación y el desarme nucleares y la alienta a que siga desempeñándolo, y alienta a todos los Estados a que promuevan, en cooperación con la sociedad civil, la educación para el desarme y la no proliferación, lo que, entre otras cosas, contribuye a sensibilizar a la población sobre las trágicas consecuencias de la utilización de las armas nucleares y refuerza el impulso de las iniciativas internacionales orientadas a promover el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares;", "19. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Mancomunación de esfuerzos para la eliminación total de las armas nucleares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[2]  Véase Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, Primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo.", "[3]  Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) y (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[5]  Ibid., vol. I, primera parte.", "[6]  Véase la resolución 50/245.", "[7]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, quincuagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8]  Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, documento INFCIRC/540 (Corregido).", "[9]  Véase A/57/124." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/45. United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the need for all States to take further practical steps and effective measures towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons, with a view to achieving a peaceful and secure world free of nuclear weapons, and in this regard confirming the determination of Member States to take united action,", "Noting that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling its resolution 65/72 of 8 December 2010,", "Expressing deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law, while convinced that every effort should be made to avoid nuclear war and nuclear terrorism,", "Reaffirming that the enhancement of international peace and security and the promotion of nuclear disarmament are mutually reinforcing,", "Reaffirming also that further advancement in nuclear disarmament will contribute to consolidating the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation, which is, inter alia, essential to international peace and security,", "Reaffirming further the crucial importance of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1] as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and an essential foundation for the pursuit of the Treaty’s three pillars, namely nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,", "Recalling the decisions and the resolution of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and 2010[4] Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010, in the year of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the action plan adopted at the Review Conference,[5]", "Noting the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, and the plenary meeting of the General Assembly to follow up on the high-level meeting, held from 27 to 29 July 2011,", "Welcoming the entry into force on 5 February 2011 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,", "Welcoming also the recent announcements on overall stockpiles of nuclear warheads by France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, as well as the update of the Russian Federation on its nuclear arsenals, which further enhance transparency and increase mutual confidence,", "Expressing deep concern regarding the growing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, inter alia, nuclear weapons, including that caused by proliferation networks,", "Recognizing the importance of the objective of nuclear security, along with the shared goals of Member States of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, welcoming the Nuclear Security Summit, held on 12 and 13 April 2010, and looking forward to the Nuclear Security Summit to be held in Seoul in 2012,", "Recognizing also the importance of the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006 and 1874 (2009) of 12 June 2009 urging the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to abandon all its nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and immediately cease all related activities, expressing concern regarding the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s claimed uranium enrichment programme and light water reactor construction, and declaring that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon State under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons under any circumstances,", "1. Reaffirms the importance of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ complying with their obligations under all the articles of the Treaty;", "2. Also reaffirms the vital importance of the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and calls upon all States not parties to the Treaty to accede as non-nuclear-weapon States to the Treaty promptly and without any conditions and, pending their accession to the Treaty, to adhere to its terms and take practical steps in support of the Treaty;", "3. Further reaffirms the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are committed under article VI thereof;", "4. Calls upon nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures;", "5. Emphasizes the importance of applying the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the process of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Recognizes that nuclear disarmament and achieving the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons require openness and cooperation, affirms the importance of enhanced confidence through increased transparency and effective verification, emphasizes the importance of the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in a way that promotes international stability, peace and undiminished and increased security, and the call upon the nuclear-weapon States to report their undertakings in 2014 to the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,⁵ and welcomes in this regard the convening in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 of the first follow-up meeting to the 2010 Review Conference of the five nuclear-weapon States as a transparency and confidence-building measure among them;", "7. Welcomes the ongoing implementation by the Russian Federation and the United States of America of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and encourages them to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals;", "8. Urges all States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] at the earliest opportunity, with a view to its early entry into force and universalization, stresses the importance of maintaining existing moratoriums on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending the entry into force of the Treaty, and reaffirms the importance of the continued development of the Treaty verification regime, which will be a significant contribution to providing assurance of compliance with the Treaty;", "9. Reiterates its call for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and its early conclusion, regrets that negotiations have not yet started, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to declare and maintain moratoriums on the production of fissile material for any nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices pending the entry into force of the treaty;", "10. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take measures to further reduce the risk of an accidental or unauthorized launch of nuclear weapons in ways that promote international stability and security, while welcoming the measures already taken by several nuclear-weapon States in this regard;", "11. Also calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to promptly engage with a view to further diminishing the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "12. Recognizes the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States which could strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime, recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995, noting the unilateral statements by each of the nuclear-weapon States, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to fully respect their existing commitments with regard to security assurances;", "13. Encourages the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[7] and recognizes that, by signing and ratifying relevant protocols that contain negative security assurances, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments with respect to the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties;", "14. Calls upon all States to redouble their efforts to prevent and curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery and to fully respect and comply with obligations undertaken to forswear nuclear weapons;", "15. Stresses the importance of the universalization of the comprehensive safeguards agreements of the International Atomic Energy Agency to include States which have not yet adopted and implemented such an agreement, while also strongly reaffirming the follow-on action of the 2010 Review Conference encouraging all States which have not done so to conclude and bring into force as soon as possible the Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997,[8] and the full implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004;", "16. Encourages every effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear and radiological material, and calls upon all States to work cooperatively as an international community to advance nuclear security, while requesting and providing assistance, including in the field of capacity-building, as necessary;", "17. Encourages all States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations study on disarmament and non-proliferation education,[9] in support of achieving a world without nuclear weapons, and to voluntarily share information on efforts they have been undertaking to that end;", "18. Commends and further encourages the constructive role played by civil society in promoting nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and encourages all States to promote, in cooperation with civil society, disarmament and non-proliferation education which, inter alia, contributes to raising public awareness of the tragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and strengthens the momentum of international efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation;", "19. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  Ibid., vol. I, part I.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8]  International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[9]  See A/57/124." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/45. Communion of efforts for the total elimination of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the need for all States to take further practical and effective measures to fully eliminate nuclear weapons, in order to achieve a peaceful and secure world free of nuclear weapons, and confirming to that end the commitment of Member States to act in a manner consistent with,", "Noting that the ultimate objective of the activities of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling its resolution 65/72 of 8 December 2010,", "Expressing deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and reaffirming the need for all States to comply at all times with the applicable provisions of international law, including international humanitarian law, and convinced that every effort should be made to prevent nuclear war and terrorism,", "Reaffirming that the consolidation of international peace and security and the promotion of nuclear disarmament are mutually reinforcing,", "Reaffirming also that any further progress in nuclear disarmament will contribute to the consolidation of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, which is, inter alia, essential to international peace and security,", "Reaffirming further the crucial importance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1] as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and the essential basis for achieving the three pillars of the Treaty, namely, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,", "Recalling the decisions and resolution of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2], as well as the final documents of the 2000 Review and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010, in the year of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the launch of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and reaffirming the need to fully implement the action plan adopted at the Review Conference,[5]", "Noting the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, organized by the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, and the plenary meeting of the General Assembly to follow up on the high-level meeting, held from 27 to 29 July 2011,", "Welcoming the entry into force on 5 February 2011 of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on measures for the further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive weapons,", "Welcoming also the recent announcements by the United States of America, France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the comprehensive stocks of nuclear heads, as well as the updated information provided by the Russian Federation on their nuclear arsenals, which continue to promote transparency and increase mutual trust,", "Expressing deep concern at the increasing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, including those causing proliferation networks,", "Recognizing the importance of the objective of nuclear security, as well as the common goals of Member States in nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, welcoming the Nuclear Security Summit, held on 12 and 13 April 2010, and looking forward to the Nuclear Security Summit to be held in Seoul in 2012,", "Recognizing also the importance of the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006 and 1874 (2009) of 12 June 2009, in which the Council urged the Democratic People &apos; s Republic of Korea to abandon all its existing nuclear weapons and nuclear programmes and to cease immediately all related activities, expressing concern about the uranium enrichment programme and the construction of a light-water reactor that the Democratic People &apos; s Republic of Korea does not have,", "1. Reaffirms the importance of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons1 meeting their obligations under all the articles of the Treaty;", "2. Reaffirms also the vital importance of the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and calls upon all States that are not parties to it to accede without delay or conditions as non-nuclear-weapon States and, pending their accession to the Treaty, to comply with their provisions and to take practical steps to support it;", "3. Further reaffirms the unequivocal commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to the complete elimination of their nuclear arsenals with a view to achieving nuclear disarmament, which all States parties have undertaken to achieve under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to commit themselves to further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and not deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures;", "5. Emphasizes the importance of applying the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the process of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Recognizes that nuclear disarmament and the achievement of peace and security in a nuclear-weapon-free world require openness and cooperation, affirms the importance of enhancing confidence by enhancing transparency and effective verification, emphasizes the importance of the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to accelerate concrete progress with regard to measures to achieve nuclear disarmament,", "7. Welcomes the continued implementation by the United States of America and the Russian Federation of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and encourages them to continue discussions on follow-up measures in order to achieve further reductions in their nuclear arsenals;", "8. Urges all States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify without delay the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] in order to achieve its early entry into force and universalization, stresses the importance of maintaining the existing moratoriums on nuclear-weapon test explosions and any other kind of nuclear explosion pending the entry into force of the Treaty, and reaffirms the importance of the further development of the Treaty verification regime, which will contribute significantly to the Treaty &apos; s implementation;", "9. Reiterates its call for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and for the conclusion of such negotiations as soon as possible, regrets that the negotiations have not yet begun and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States and non-parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to declare and maintain moratoriums on the production of fissile material for any nuclear weapons or other explosive devices;", "10. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to continue to take measures to reduce the risk of the fortuitous or unauthorized launch of nuclear weapons in ways that promote international stability and security, while welcoming the measures already taken by a number of nuclear-weapon States to that end;", "11. It also calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to act promptly with a view to further diminishing the role and importance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "12. Recognizes the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding assurances from nuclear-weapon States that may strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime, recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995, in which the Council took note of the unilateral declarations made by each nuclear-weapon State, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to fully respect their existing commitments in respect of the assurances of nuclear-weapon States;", "13. Encourages the establishment of new nuclear-weapon-free zones, as appropriate, in accordance with arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission[7], and recognizes that, in signing and ratifying relevant protocols containing negative security assurances, the nuclear-weapon States would enter into legally binding individual commitments with respect to the status of those zones and would commit themselves not to use or threaten nuclear-weapon States parties;", "14. Calls upon all States to redouble their efforts to prevent and stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery and to fully respect and fulfil their commitments to renounce nuclear weapons;", "15. Stresses the importance of the universalization of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements of the International Atomic Energy Agency to include those States that have not yet adopted and implemented such agreements, reaffirming strongly at the same time the follow-up to the 2010 Review Conference, which encourages all States that have not yet done so to conclude and implement as soon as possible the Model Additional Protocol to the (to the) Comprehensive Agreement(s) of the International Atomic Energy Agency,", "16. Encourages all efforts to ensure the safety of all vulnerable nuclear and radiological materials and calls upon all States to work in cooperation, as an international community, to promote nuclear security and, at the same time, to seek and provide assistance, including in the area of capacity-building, where appropriate;", "17. Encourages all States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations study on disarmament and non-proliferation education[9], in support of the achievement of a world without nuclear weapons, and to voluntarily exchange information on their activities to that end;", "18. Commends civil society for its constructive role in the promotion of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament and encourages it to continue to play it, and encourages all States to promote, in cooperation with civil society, disarmament and non-proliferation education, which, inter alia, contributes to sensitizing the population on the tragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and reinforces the momentum of international non-proliferation efforts;", "19. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Communication of efforts for the total elimination of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-IV) and (Parts I-II)/Corr.1].", "[4] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[5] Ibid., vol. I, part one.", "[6] See resolution 50/245.", "[7] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8] International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[9] See A/57/124." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Seguimiento de la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el empleo de las armas nucleares", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 49/75 K, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, 51/45 M, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 O, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 W, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 Q, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 X, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 S, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/85, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/46, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/83, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/76, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/83, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/39, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/49, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/55, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/76, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Convencida de que el hecho de que sigan existiendo armas nucleares representa una amenaza para la humanidad y todas las formas de vida en la Tierra y reconociendo que la única defensa contra una catástrofe nuclear es la eliminación total de las armas nucleares y la certeza de que no se volverán a fabricar jamás,", "Reafirmando la determinación de la comunidad internacional de alcanzar el objetivo de un mundo libre de armas nucleares mediante la eliminación total de esas armas,", "Teniendo presentes las obligaciones solemnes que han contraído los Estados partes en virtud del artículo VI del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[1], en particular la de celebrar negociaciones de buena fe sobre medidas eficaces relativas a la cesación de la carrera de armamentos nucleares en fecha cercana y al desarme nuclear,", "Recordando los principios y objetivos para la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el desarme nuclear, aprobados en la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[2], el compromiso inequívoco de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares de que eliminarán totalmente sus arsenales nucleares con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear, compromiso contraído en la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[3], y las medidas convenidas en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares como parte de las conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento relativas al desarme nuclear[4],", "Compartiendo la profunda preocupación que suscitan las catastróficas consecuencias humanitarias de cualquier utilización de las armas nucleares y, en este contexto, reafirmando la necesidad de que todos los Estados observen en todo momento las normas aplicables del derecho internacional, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario,", "Exhortando a todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que emprendan iniciativas de desarme concretas y destacando que todos los Estados deben poner especial empeño en lograr y mantener un mundo sin armas nucleares,", "Haciendo notar la propuesta de cinco puntos para el desarme nuclear formulada por el Secretario General[5], en la que, entre otras cosas, plantea que se considere la posibilidad de entablar negociaciones acerca de una convención sobre las armas nucleares o de acordar un marco de instrumentos independientes que se refuercen mutuamente, con el respaldo de un sólido sistema de verificación,", "Recordando que en su resolución 50/245, de 10 de septiembre de 1996, aprobó el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares y expresando su satisfacción por el número cada vez mayor de Estados que lo han firmado y ratificado,", "Reconociendo con satisfacción que el Tratado Antártico[6], los tratados de Tlatelolco[7], Rarotonga[8], Bangkok[9] y Pelindaba[10] y el Tratado sobre la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en Asia Central, así como la condición de Estado libre de armas nucleares de Mongolia, están liberando gradualmente de armas nucleares todo el Hemisferio Sur y las áreas adyacentes a que se refieren esos tratados,", "Reconociendo la necesidad de un instrumento negociado multilateralmente y jurídicamente vinculante que dé garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra la amenaza o el empleo de esas armas, en espera de su eliminación total,", "Reafirmando el papel fundamental de la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro multilateral para las negociaciones de desarme,", "Poniendo de relieve la necesidad de que la Conferencia de Desarme comience negociaciones sobre un programa escalonado para la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares según un calendario preestablecido,", "Destacando la necesidad urgente de que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares aceleren la realización de avances concretos en relación con las trece medidas prácticas para la aplicación del artículo VI del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear, que figuran en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen de 2000³,", "Tomando nota de la Convención tipo sobre armas nucleares que fue presentada al Secretario General por Costa Rica y Malasia en 2007 y difundida por el Secretario General[11],", "Deseando alcanzar el objetivo de disponer una prohibición jurídicamente vinculante del desarrollo, la producción, el ensayo, el despliegue, el almacenamiento, la amenaza o el empleo de armas nucleares y su destrucción bajo un control internacional eficaz,", "Recordando la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el empleo de las armas nucleares, dada a conocer el 8 de julio de 1996[12],", "1. Subraya una vez más la conclusión unánime de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de que existe la obligación de emprender de buena fe y concluir negociaciones encaminadas al desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos, bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz;", "2. Exhorta una vez más a todos los Estados a que cumplan inmediatamente esa obligación iniciando negociaciones multilaterales que conduzcan a la pronta conclusión de una convención de prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el ensayo, el despliegue, el almacenamiento, la transferencia, la amenaza o el empleo de armas nucleares en que se disponga la eliminación de esas armas;", "3. Solicita a todos los Estados que informen al Secretario General de las iniciativas y las medidas que hayan tomado con respecto a la aplicación de la presente resolución y la realización del desarme nuclear y solicita al Secretario General que le transmita esa información en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "4. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Seguimiento de la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el empleo de las armas nucleares”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[2]  Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo, decisión 2.", "[3]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte, sección titulada “Artículo VI y párrafos octavo a duodécimo del preámbulo”, párr. 15.", "[4]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)], vol. I, primera parte.", "[5]  Se puede consultar en www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 402, núm. 5778.", "[7]  Ibid., vol. 634, núm. 9068.", "[8]  Véase Anuario de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarme, vol. 10: 1985 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, núm. de venta: S.86.IX.7), apéndice VII.", "[9]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, núm. 33873.", "[10]  A/50/426, anexo.", "[11]  Véase A/62/650, anexo.", "[12]  A/51/218, anexo; véase también Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, pág. 226." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, 52/38 O of 9 December 1997, 53/77 W of 4 December 1998, 54/54 Q of 1 December 1999, 55/33 X of 20 November 2000, 56/24 S of 29 November 2001, 57/85 of 22 November 2002, 58/46 of 8 December 2003, 59/83 of 3 December 2004, 60/76 of 8 December 2005, 61/83 of 6 December 2006, 62/39 of 5 December 2007, 63/49 of 2 December 2008, 64/55 of 2 December 2009 and 65/76 of 8 December 2010,", "Convinced that the continuing existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to humanity and all life on Earth, and recognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced again,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the realization of the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world through the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful of the solemn obligations of States parties, undertaken in article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1] particularly to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] the unequivocal commitment of nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] and the action points agreed at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as part of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions on nuclear disarmament,[4]", "Sharing the deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and in this context reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law,", "Calling upon all nuclear-weapon States to undertake concrete disarmament efforts, and stressing that all States need to make special efforts to achieve and maintain a world without nuclear weapons,", "Noting the five-point proposal for nuclear disarmament of the Secretary-General,[5] in which he proposes, inter alia, the consideration of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention or agreement on a framework of separate mutually reinforcing instruments, backed by a strong system of verification,", "Recalling the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in its resolution 50/245 of 10 September 1996, and expressing its satisfaction at the increasing number of States that have signed and ratified the Treaty,", "Recognizing with satisfaction that the Antarctic Treaty,[6] the treaties of Tlatelolco,[7] Rarotonga,[8] Bangkok[9] and Pelindaba[10] and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, as well as Mongolia’s nuclear-weapon-free status, are gradually freeing the entire southern hemisphere and adjacent areas covered by those treaties from nuclear weapons,", "Recognizing the need for a multilaterally negotiated and legally binding instrument to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the threat or use of nuclear weapons pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirming the central role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "Emphasizing the need for the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time,", "Stressing the urgent need for the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the thirteen practical steps to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons leading to nuclear disarmament, contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference,³", "Taking note of the Model Nuclear Weapons Convention that was submitted to the Secretary-General by Costa Rica and Malaysia in 2007 and circulated by the Secretary-General,[11]", "Desiring to achieve the objective of a legally binding prohibition of the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, threat or use of nuclear weapons and their destruction under effective international control,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[12]", "1. Underlines once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control;", "2. Calls once again upon all States immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination;", "3. Requests all States to inform the Secretary-General of the efforts and measures they have taken with respect to the implementation of the present resolution and nuclear disarmament, and requests the Secretary-General to apprise the General Assembly of that information at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 2.", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[4]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)), vol. I, part I.", "[5]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 402, No. 5778.", "[7]  Ibid., vol. 634, No. 9068.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  A/50/426, annex.", "[11]  See A/62/650, annex.", "[12]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, 52/38 O of 9 December 1997, 53/77 W of 4 December 1998, 54/54 Q of 1 December 1999, 55/33 X of 20 November 2000, 56/24 S of 29 November 2001, 57/85 of 22 November 2002, 58/46 of 8 December 2003, 59", "Convinced that the continued existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to humanity and all forms of life on Earth and recognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be manufactured again,", "Reaffirming the determination of the international community to achieve the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons through the total elimination of such weapons,", "Bearing in mind the solemn obligations of States parties under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1], in particular the holding of negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling the principles and objectives for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] the unequivocal undertaking of the nuclear-weapon States to fully eliminate their nuclear arsenals with a view to achieving nuclear disarmament, a commitment made at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Sharing the deep concern of the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and, in this context, reaffirming the need for all States to observe at all times the applicable rules of international law, including international humanitarian law,", "Calling upon all nuclear-weapon States to undertake concrete disarmament initiatives and stressing that all States should make special efforts to achieve and maintain a world without nuclear weapons,", "Noting the five-point proposal for nuclear disarmament formulated by the Secretary-General,[5] in which, inter alia, it suggests that negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention be considered or agreeing on a mutually reinforcing framework of independent instruments with the support of a robust verification system,", "Recalling that in its resolution 50/245 of 10 September 1996, it adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and expressing its satisfaction at the increasing number of States that have signed and ratified it,", "Recognizing with satisfaction that the Antarctic Treaty[6], the treaties of Tlatelolco[7], Rarotonga[8], Bangkok[9] and Pelindaba[10] and the Treaty on the Establishment of a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, as well as Mongolia &apos; s nuclear-weapon-free status, are gradually releasing all the South Hemisphere and the adjacent areas covered by these treaties,", "Recognizing the need for a multilaterally negotiated and legally binding instrument to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the threat or use of such weapons, pending their complete elimination,", "Reaffirming the fundamental role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral forum for disarmament negotiations,", "Emphasizing the need for the Conference on Disarmament to begin negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons on a preset schedule,", "Stressing the urgent need for nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the thirteen practical steps for the implementation of article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to achieve nuclear disarmament, contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference,3", "Taking note of the Nuclear Weapons Convention submitted to the Secretary-General by Costa Rica and Malaysia in 2007 and disseminated by the Secretary-General[11],", "Wishing to achieve the objective of a legally binding ban on the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, threat or use of nuclear weapons and their destruction under effective international control,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996[12],", "1. It once again underlines the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there is an obligation to pursue in good faith and conclude negotiations aimed at nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control;", "2. Calls once again upon all States to comply immediately with that obligation by initiating multilateral negotiations leading to the early conclusion of a convention banning the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons that provide for the elimination of such weapons;", "3. Requests all States to report to the Secretary-General on their initiatives and actions with regard to the implementation of the present resolution and the realization of nuclear disarmament and requests the Secretary-General to transmit this information to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2] 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex, decision 2.", "[3] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[4] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)], vol. I, part one.", "[5] Available at www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 402, No. 5778.", "[7] Ibid., vol. 634, No. 9068.", "[8] See United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10] A/50/426, annex.", "[11] See A/62/650, annex.", "[12] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/47. El comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 65/64, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, así como todas sus resoluciones anteriores tituladas “El comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos”, incluida la resolución 56/24 V, de 24 de diciembre de 2001,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia de que se siga ejecutando plenamente el Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, aprobado por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos[1],", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el décimo aniversario de la aprobación del Programa de Acción y reconociendo su importante contribución a las iniciativas internacionales en la materia,", "Poniendo de relieve la importancia de que se siga ejecutando plenamente el Instrumento internacional para permitir a los Estados identificar y localizar, de forma oportuna y fidedigna, armas pequeñas y armas ligeras ilícitas (Instrumento internacional de localización)[2],", "Recordando la adhesión de los Estados al Programa de Acción como principal marco para la adopción de medidas en el contexto de las actividades de la comunidad internacional para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos,", "Subrayando la necesidad de que los Estados intensifiquen sus esfuerzos dirigidos a fomentar la capacidad nacional para ejecutar eficazmente el Programa de Acción y el Instrumento internacional de localización,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la Reunión de expertos gubernamentales de participación abierta sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, celebrada en Nueva York del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito también la pronta designación de Nigeria como Presidente de la segunda conferencia de los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción, que se celebrará en 2012, y de su comité preparatorio,", "Destacando la importancia que reviste la presentación voluntaria de informes nacionales para el seguimiento del Programa de Acción, como medio de evaluar las labores generales de ejecución, incluidos los problemas y las oportunidades relacionados con la ejecución, que podría facilitar en gran medida la cooperación internacional y la prestación de asistencia a los Estados afectados,", "Observando que los instrumentos elaborados por la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría, incluido el Sistema de apoyo a la ejecución del Programa de Acción, y los elaborados por los Estados Miembros podrían utilizarse para evaluar los progresos realizados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito las iniciativas coordinadas emprendidas en el marco de las Naciones Unidas para ejecutar el Programa de Acción, en particular mediante el establecimiento del Sistema de apoyo a la ejecución del Programa de Acción, que constituye un centro integrado de intercambio de información sobre la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales para la creación de capacidad en la esfera de las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras,", "Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de los enfoques regionales en la ejecución del Programa de Acción,", "Observando con satisfacción que se están desplegando esfuerzos regionales y subregionales en apoyo de la ejecución del Programa de Acción y encomiando los progresos que ya se han alcanzado a este respecto, en particular al encarar los factores de la oferta y la demanda que son pertinentes en la lucha contra el comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras,", "Reiterando que la intermediación ilícita en el comercio de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras es un problema grave del que la comunidad internacional debe ocuparse con carácter urgente,", "Reconociendo las iniciativas emprendidas por las organizaciones no gubernamentales para ayudar a los Estados a ejecutar el Programa de Acción,", "Tomando nota del informe del Secretario General[3], en el que se ofrece un panorama general de la aplicación de la resolución 65/64,", "1. Subraya que la cuestión del comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos requiere esfuerzos concertados en los planos nacional, regional e internacional para prevenir, combatir y eliminar la fabricación, la transferencia y la circulación ilícitas de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras, y que su proliferación descontrolada en muchas regiones del mundo tiene toda una serie de consecuencias humanitarias y socioeconómicas y constituye una grave amenaza para la paz, la reconciliación, la seguridad, la estabilidad y el desarrollo sostenible en los planos individual, local, nacional, regional e internacional;", "2. Alienta todas las iniciativas, en particular de las Naciones Unidas, otras organizaciones internacionales, las organizaciones regionales y subregionales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y la sociedad civil, que contribuyan al éxito de la ejecución del Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos¹, y exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que contribuyan a que se siga ejecutando el Programa de Acción en los planos nacional, regional y mundial;", "3. Alienta a los Estados a que apliquen las recomendaciones contenidas en el informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales establecido en cumplimiento de la resolución 60/81 encargado de examinar nuevas medidas encaminadas a afianzar la cooperación internacional para prevenir, combatir y eliminar la intermediación ilícita en el comercio de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras[4];", "4. Recuerda que hizo suyo el informe aprobado en la cuarta Reunión Bienal de los Estados para examinar la ejecución del Programa de Acción[5] y alienta a todos los Estados a que apliquen, según proceda, las medidas que se destacan en la sección del informe titulada “El camino a seguir”;", "5. Hace suyo el informe aprobado en la Reunión de expertos gubernamentales de participación abierta sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos[6], y toma nota con aprecio del resumen de los debates elaborado por la Presidencia[7], que fue preparado bajo su propia responsabilidad y refleja su interpretación de los puntos principales que se debatieron;", "6. Decide que, de conformidad con la resolución 65/64, la segunda conferencia de examen de los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción se celebre en Nueva York del 27 de agosto al 7 de septiembre de 2012;", "7. Decide también que el comité preparatorio de la conferencia de examen se reúna en Nueva York del 19 al 23 de marzo de 2012;", "8. Alienta todas las iniciativas dirigidas a fomentar la capacidad nacional para ejecutar eficazmente el Programa de Acción, en particular las que se destacan en el informe de la cuarta Reunión Bienal de los Estados, entre otras cosas, mediante el fortalecimiento de los organismos u órganos de coordinación y la infraestructura institucional nacionales;", "9. Alienta a los Estados a que presenten, con carácter voluntario, informes nacionales sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción[8], observa que los Estados presentarán sus informes nacionales sobre la ejecución del Instrumento internacional de localización[9] con anterioridad a la reunión del comité preparatorio pero, en la medida de los posible, antes del fin de 2011, y alienta a los Estados que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que utilicen el modelo de informe distribuido por la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme[10] y a incluir en sus informes, según proceda, información sobre los progresos logrados en la aplicación de las medidas que se destacan en los informes de la tercera y cuarta reuniones bienales de los Estados;", "10. Alienta también a los Estados a que, con carácter voluntario, hagan un mayor uso de sus informes nacionales como instrumento adicional para informar sobre sus necesidades de asistencia y sobre los recursos y mecanismos disponibles para satisfacer esas necesidades, y alienta a los Estados que estén en condiciones de ofrecer esa asistencia a que se sirvan de esos informes nacionales;", "11. Alienta a los Estados, la sociedad civil y las organizaciones internacionales y regionales competentes que tengan capacidad para hacerlo a que cooperen con otros Estados que lo soliciten y les presten asistencia en la preparación de informes amplios sobre su ejecución del Programa de Acción;", "12. Exhorta a todos los Estados a que ejecuten el Instrumento internacional de localización, lo que entraña, entre otras cosas, incluir en sus informes nacionales los nombres y datos de los contactos nacionales e información sobre las prácticas nacionales de marcación seguidas para indicar el país de fabricación o el país importador, según proceda;", "13. Reconoce la necesidad urgente de mantener y mejorar los controles nacionales, de conformidad con el Programa de Acción, para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras, incluida su desviación a receptores no autorizados, teniendo en cuenta, entre otros factores, sus consecuencias desfavorables en los planos humanitario y socioeconómico para los Estados afectados;", "14. Invita a los Estados a que en la segunda conferencia de examen pasen revista a los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción y, con sujeción al programa de la conferencia que se acordará en el comité preparatorio, los alienta a que estudien maneras de reforzar su ejecución, por ejemplo, considerando la posibilidad de convocar una nueva reunión de expertos gubernamentales de participación abierta;", "15. Alienta a los Estados que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que presten asistencia financiera mediante un fondo de patrocinio voluntario, que pueda distribuirse a los Estados que la soliciten y que, de otro modo, no podrían participar en las reuniones sobre el Programa de Acción;", "16. Alienta a los Estados interesados y a las organizaciones internacionales y regionales competentes que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que celebren reuniones regionales para examinar y promover la ejecución del Programa de Acción y del Instrumento internacional de localización como parte de los preparativos para las reuniones sobre el Programa de Acción;", "17. Pone de relieve que las iniciativas de la comunidad internacional relacionadas con la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales siguen siendo esenciales y complementarias a las medidas de ejecución nacionales, así como a las adoptadas en los planos regional y mundial;", "18. Alienta a los Estados a que estudien la manera de reforzar la cooperación y la asistencia y a que evalúen su eficacia con el fin de asegurar la ejecución del Programa de Acción;", "19. Reconoce la necesidad de que los Estados interesados elaboren mecanismos de coordinación eficaces, si aún no existen, para responder a las necesidades de los Estados con los recursos existentes para mejorar la ejecución del Programa de Acción y aumentar la eficacia de la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales y, en este sentido, alienta a los Estados a que utilicen, según proceda, el Sistema de apoyo a la ejecución del Programa de Acción;", "20. Alienta a los Estados a que, entre los mecanismos que consideren, incluyan la determinación coherente de las necesidades, las prioridades y los planes y programas nacionales que puedan requerir cooperación y asistencia internacionales de los Estados y de las organizaciones regionales e internacionales que estén en condiciones de prestárselas;", "21. Alienta a la sociedad civil y a las organizaciones pertinentes a que fortalezcan su cooperación y trabajen con los Estados en los respectivos planos nacional y regional para lograr la ejecución del Programa de Acción;", "22. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones la informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "23. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “El comercio ilícito de armas pequeñas y armas ligeras en todos sus aspectos”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase Informe de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, Nueva York, 9 a 20 de julio de 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 y Corr.1), cap. IV, párr. 24.", "[2]  A/60/88 y Corr.2, anexo; véase también la decisión 60/519.", "[3]  A/66/177.", "[4]  Véase A/62/163 y Corr.1.", "[5]  Véase A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, secc. IV, párr. 23.", "[6]  A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7]  A/66/157, anexo.", "[8]  Véase Informe de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras en todos sus aspectos, Nueva York, 9 a 20 de julio de 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 y Corr.1), cap. IV (secc. II, párr. 33, del texto citado).", "[9]  Véase A/60/88 y Corr.2, anexo, párr. 36.", "[10]  Se puede consultar en www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/47. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/64 of 8 December 2010, as well as all previous resolutions entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, including resolution 56/24 V of 24 December 2001,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[1]", "Welcoming the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Programme of Action, and recognizing its important contribution to international efforts on this matter,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (the International Tracing Instrument),[2]", "Recalling the commitment of States to the Programme of Action as the main framework for measures within the activities of the international community to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,", "Underlining the need for States to enhance their efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument,", "Welcoming the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011,", "Welcoming also the early designation of Nigeria as the Chair of the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, to be held in 2012, and of its preparatory committee,", "Stressing the importance of voluntary national reporting to follow up on the Programme of Action as a means of assessing overall implementation efforts, including implementation challenges and opportunities, and which could greatly facilitate the rendering of international cooperation and assistance to affected States,", "Noting that tools developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, including the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, and those developed by Member States could be used to assess progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Welcoming the coordinated efforts within the United Nations to implement the Programme of Action, including by developing the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, which forms an integrated clearing house for international cooperation and assistance for capacity-building in the area of small arms and light weapons,", "Taking into account the importance of regional approaches to the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Noting with satisfaction regional and subregional efforts being undertaken in support of the implementation of the Programme of Action, and commending the progress that has already been made in this regard, including tackling both supply and demand factors that are relevant to addressing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Reiterating that illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons is a serious problem that the international community should address urgently,", "Recognizing the efforts undertaken by non-governmental organizations in the provision of assistance to States for the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General,[3] which includes an overview of the implementation of resolution 65/64,", "1. Underlines the fact that the issue of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects requires concerted efforts at the national, regional and international levels to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons, and that their uncontrolled spread in many regions of the world has a wide range of humanitarian and socio‑economic consequences and poses a serious threat to peace, reconciliation, safety, security, stability and sustainable development at the individual, local, national, regional and international levels;", "2. Encourages all initiatives, including those of the United Nations, other international organizations, regional and subregional organizations, non‑governmental organizations and civil society, for the successful implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,¹ and calls upon all Member States to contribute towards the continued implementation of the Programme of Action at the national, regional and global levels;", "3. Encourages States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 60/81 to consider further steps to enhance international cooperation in preventing, combating and eradicating illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons;[4]", "4. Recalls its endorsement of the report adopted at the fourth biennial meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action,[5] and encourages all States to implement, as appropriate, the measures highlighted in the section of the report entitled “The way forward”;", "5. Endorses the report adopted at the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[6] and takes note with appreciation of the Chair’s summary of discussions,[7] prepared under his own responsibility, reflecting his interpretation of the main points under discussion;", "6. Decides that, pursuant to resolution 65/64, the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action will be held in New York, from 27 August to 7 September 2012;", "7. Also decides that the preparatory committee for the review conference will be convened in New York, from 19 to 23 March 2012;", "8. Encourages all efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action, including those highlighted in the report of the fourth biennial meeting of States, and, inter alia, through the strengthening of national coordination agencies or bodies and institutional infrastructure;", "9. Encourages States to submit, on a voluntary basis, national reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action,[8] notes that States will submit national reports on their implementation of the International Tracing Instrument,[9] in advance of the convening of the preparatory committee but, to the extent possible, by the end of 2011, and encourages those States in a position to do so to use the reporting template made available by the Office for Disarmament Affairs[10] and to include therein information, as appropriate, on progress made in the implementation of the measures highlighted in the reports of the third and fourth biennial meetings of States;", "10. Also encourages States, on a voluntary basis, to make increasing use of their national reports as another tool for communicating assistance needs and information on the resources and mechanisms available to address such needs, and encourages States in a position to render such assistance to make use of these national reports;", "11. Encourages States, relevant international and regional organizations and civil society with the capacity to do so to cooperate with and assist other States, upon request, in the preparation of comprehensive reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action;", "12. Calls upon all States to implement the International Tracing Instrument by, inter alia, including in their national reports the name and contact information of the national points of contact and information on national marking practices used to indicate country of manufacture and/or country of import, as applicable;", "13. Recognizes the urgent need to maintain and enhance national controls, in accordance with the Programme of Action, to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their diversion to unauthorized recipients, taking into account, inter alia, their adverse humanitarian and socio-economic consequences on the affected States;", "14. Invites States, at the second review conference, to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, and, subject to the agenda of the conference to be agreed by the preparatory committee, encourages them to explore ways to strengthen its implementation, including consideration of the possibility of convening a further open-ended meeting of governmental experts;", "15. Encourages States in a position to do so to provide financial assistance, through a voluntary sponsorship fund, that could be distributed, upon request, to States otherwise unable to participate in meetings on the Programme of Action;", "16. Encourages interested States and relevant international and regional organizations in a position to do so to convene regional meetings to consider and advance the implementation of the Programme of Action, as well as the International Tracing Instrument, in preparation for the meetings on the Programme of Action;", "17. Emphasizes the fact that initiatives by the international community with respect to international cooperation and assistance remain essential and complementary to national implementation efforts, as well as to those at the regional and global levels;", "18. Encourages States to consider ways to enhance cooperation and assistance and to assess their effectiveness in order to ensure the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "19. Recognizes the necessity for interested States to develop effective coordination mechanisms, where they do not exist, in order to match the needs of States with existing resources to enhance the implementation of the Programme of Action and to make international cooperation and assistance more effective, and in this regard encourages States to make use, as appropriate, of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System;", "20. Encourages States to consider, among other mechanisms, the coherent identification of needs, priorities, national plans and programmes that may require international cooperation and assistance from States and regional and international organizations in a position to do so;", "21. Encourages civil society and relevant organizations to strengthen their cooperation and work with States at the respective national and regional levels to achieve the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "22. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "23. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[3]  A/66/177.", "[4]  See A/62/163 and Corr.1.", "[5]  See A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, sect. IV, para. 23.", "[6]  A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7]  A/66/157, annex.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV (sect. II, para. 33, of the quoted text).", "[9]  See A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex, para. 36.", "[10]  Available from www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/47. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/64 of 8 December 2010, as well as all its previous resolutions entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, including resolution 56/24 V of 24 December 2001,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued full implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects[1],", "Welcoming the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Programme of Action and recognizing its important contribution to international initiatives in this regard,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued full implementation of the International Instrument to enable States to identify and locate, in a timely and credible manner, illicit small arms and light weapons (International Tracing Instrument)[2],", "Recalling the commitment of States to the Programme of Action as the main framework for action in the context of the activities of the international community to prevent, combat and eliminate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,", "Stressing the need for States to intensify their efforts to build national capacity to effectively implement the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument,", "Welcoming the Open-ended Meeting of Government Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011,", "Welcoming also the early appointment of Nigeria as Chairman of the second progress conference in the implementation of the Programme of Action, to be held in 2012, and its preparatory committee,", "Stressing the importance of voluntary submission of national reports for the follow-up to the Programme of Action, as a means of assessing overall implementation efforts, including challenges and opportunities related to implementation, which could greatly facilitate international cooperation and assistance to affected States,", "Noting that the tools developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, including the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, and those developed by Member States could be used to assess progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Welcoming the coordinated efforts undertaken within the United Nations framework to implement the Programme of Action, in particular through the establishment of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, which is an integrated clearing house on international cooperation and assistance for capacity-building in the field of small arms and light weapons,", "Taking into account the importance of regional approaches in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Noting with satisfaction the ongoing regional and subregional efforts in support of the implementation of the Programme of Action and commending the progress already made in this regard, in particular in addressing the relevant supply and demand factors in combating the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Reiterating that illicit brokering in the trade in small arms and light weapons is a serious problem that the international community must address as a matter of urgency,", "Recognizing the efforts of non-governmental organizations to assist States in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General,[3] providing an overview of the implementation of resolution 65/64,", "1. Stresses that the issue of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects requires concerted efforts at the national, regional and international levels to prevent, combat and eliminate the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons, and that their uncontrolled proliferation in many regions of the world has a full range of humanitarian and socio-economic consequences and constitutes a serious threat to peace, reconciliation, security, stability and sustainable development at the national,", "2. Encourages all initiatives, in particular the United Nations, other international organizations, regional and subregional organizations, non-governmental organizations and civil society, to contribute to the successful implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,1 and calls upon all Member States to contribute to the continued implementation of the Programme of Action at the national, regional and global levels;", "3. Encourages States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 60/81 to consider further measures aimed at strengthening international cooperation to prevent, combat and eliminate illicit brokering in the trade in small arms and light weapons[4];", "4. Recalls its endorsement of the report adopted at the fourth Biennial Meeting of States to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action,[5] and encourages all States to implement, as appropriate, the measures highlighted in the section of the report entitled “The way forward”;", "5. Endorses the report adopted at the Open-ended Meeting of Government Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[6] and notes with appreciation the summary of the discussions prepared by the Chair[7], which was prepared under its own responsibility and reflects its interpretation of the main points discussed;", "6. Decides that, in accordance with resolution 65/64, the second review conference on progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action will be held in New York from 27 August to 7 September 2012;", "7. Decides also that the preparatory committee for the review conference shall meet in New York from 19 to 23 March 2012;", "8. Encourages all initiatives aimed at building national capacity to effectively implement the Programme of Action, in particular those highlighted in the report of the fourth Biennial Meeting of States, including through the strengthening of national coordinating agencies or bodies and institutional infrastructure;", "9. Encourages States to submit, on a voluntary basis, national reports on the implementation of the Programme of Action[8], notes that States will submit their national reports on the implementation of the International Tracing Instrument[9] prior to the meeting of the preparatory committee, but, to the extent possible, by the end of 2011, and encourages States that are in a position to do so to use the model report circulated by the Office for Disarmament Affairs[10] and", "10. Also encourages States, on a voluntary basis, to make greater use of their national reports as an additional tool to report on their assistance needs and on the resources and mechanisms available to meet those needs, and encourages States in a position to provide such assistance to use those national reports;", "11. Encourages States, civil society and relevant international and regional organizations that have the capacity to do so to cooperate with other States, upon their request and to assist them in the preparation of comprehensive reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action;", "12. Calls upon all States to implement the International Tracing Instrument, which entails, inter alia, including in their national reports the names and data of national contacts and information on national marking practices followed to indicate the country of manufacture or the importing country, as appropriate;", "13. Recognizes the urgent need to maintain and improve national controls, in accordance with the Programme of Action, to prevent, combat and eliminate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their diversion to unauthorized recipients, taking into account, inter alia, their adverse humanitarian and socio-economic consequences for affected States;", "14. Invites States to review at the second review conference the progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action and, subject to the agenda of the conference to be agreed upon in the preparatory committee, encourages them to consider ways to strengthen its implementation, for example, considering convening a new meeting of open-ended governmental experts;", "15. Encourages States that are in a position to do so to provide financial assistance through a voluntary sponsorship fund, which may be distributed to States that request it and otherwise may not participate in meetings on the Programme of Action;", "16. Encourages interested States and relevant international and regional organizations in a position to do so to hold regional meetings to review and promote the implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument as part of the preparations for the meetings on the Programme of Action;", "17. Emphasizes that the initiatives of the international community related to international cooperation and assistance remain essential and complementary to national implementation measures, as well as those taken at the regional and global levels;", "18. Encourages States to consider ways to strengthen cooperation and assistance and to assess their effectiveness in ensuring the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "19. Recognizes the need for interested States to develop effective coordination mechanisms, if not yet available, to respond to the needs of States with existing resources to improve the implementation of the Programme of Action and to enhance the effectiveness of international cooperation and assistance, and in this regard encourages States to use, as appropriate, the System of Support for the Implementation of the Programme of Action;", "20. Encourages States, among the mechanisms they consider, to include consistent identification of national needs, priorities and plans and programmes that may require international cooperation and assistance from States and regional and international organizations in a position to provide them;", "21. Encourages civil society and relevant organizations to strengthen their cooperation and work with States at the national and regional levels to achieve the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "22. Requests the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "23. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 and Corr.1), chap. IV, para. 24.", "[2] A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[3] A/66/177.", "[4] See A/62/163 and Corr.1.", "[5] See A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, sect. IV, para. 23.", "[6] A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7] A/66/157, annex.", "[8] See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9-20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15 and Corr.1), chap. IV (sect. II, para. 33 above).", "[9] See A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex, para. 36.", "[10] Available at www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducción del peligro nuclear", "La Asamblea General,", "Teniendo presente que el empleo de armas nucleares constituye la amenaza más grave para la humanidad y la supervivencia de la civilización,", "Reafirmando que el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares constituiría en todos los casos una violación de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,", "Convencida de que la proliferación de armas nucleares en todos sus aspectos agravaría seriamente el peligro de una guerra nuclear,", "Convencida también de que el desarme nuclear y la eliminación total de las armas nucleares son imprescindibles para disipar el peligro de una guerra nuclear,", "Considerando que, hasta que dejen de existir las armas nucleares, es indispensable que los Estados poseedores de tales armas adopten medidas para que los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares tengan la seguridad de que no se recurrirá al empleo ni a la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares,", "Considerando también que el mantenimiento en estado de alerta instantáneo de las armas nucleares entraña riesgos inaceptables de que esas armas se utilicen accidentalmente o de manera no intencionada, lo que podría tener consecuencias catastróficas para toda la humanidad,", "Poniendo de relieve la necesidad de que se adopten medidas para evitar que se den casos fortuitos, no autorizados o inexplicados como resultado de anomalías informáticas u otras fallas técnicas,", "Consciente de que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares han adoptado medidas de alcance limitado para levantar el estado de alerta de esas armas y desapuntarlas y de que es preciso adoptar otras medidas prácticas y realistas que se refuercen mutuamente a fin de contribuir a mejorar el clima internacional para que se celebren negociaciones que conduzcan a la eliminación de las armas nucleares,", "Teniendo presente que la disminución de la importancia de las armas nucleares en las políticas de seguridad de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares tendría repercusiones positivas para la paz y la seguridad internacionales y mejoraría las condiciones necesarias para reducir aún más las armas nucleares y eliminarlas,", "Reiterando la prioridad máxima que ha asignado al desarme nuclear en el Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones[1] y que también le ha asignado la comunidad internacional,", "Recordando la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el empleo de las armas nucleares[2] en el sentido de que todos los Estados tienen la obligación de emprender de buena fe y concluir negociaciones encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos, bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz,", "Recordando también el llamamiento que figura en la Declaración del Milenio[3] para que se procure eliminar los peligros que suponen las armas de destrucción en masa y la decisión de esforzarse por eliminar esas armas, en particular las nucleares, incluida la posibilidad de celebrar una conferencia internacional para determinar formas de eliminar los peligros nucleares,", "1. Pide que se realice un examen de las doctrinas nucleares y que, en este contexto, se adopten medidas inmediatas y urgentes para reducir el riesgo de que se utilicen armas nucleares accidentalmente o de manera no intencionada, incluso levantando el estado de alerta de las armas nucleares y desapuntándolas;", "2. Solicita a los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que adopten medidas a fin de aplicar lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1;", "3. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que adopten las medidas necesarias para prevenir la proliferación de las armas nucleares en todos sus aspectos y promover el desarme nuclear, con el objetivo de eliminar dichas armas;", "4. Toma nota del informe del Secretario General presentado en cumplimiento del párrafo 5 de su resolución 65/60, de 8 de diciembre de 2010[4];", "5. Solicita al Secretario General que intensifique los esfuerzos y apoye las iniciativas que contribuyan a la plena aplicación de las siete recomendaciones señaladas en el informe de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme, que reducirían considerablemente el riesgo de una guerra nuclear[5], y que siga alentando a los Estados Miembros a que consideren la posibilidad de celebrar una conferencia internacional, como se propone en la Declaración del Milenio³, a fin de determinar formas de eliminar los peligros nucleares, y que la informe sobre el particular en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Reducción del peligro nuclear”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Resolución S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/51/218, anexo; véase también Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, pág. 226.", "[3]  Véase la resolución 55/2.", "[4]  A/66/132 y Add.1.", "[5]  Véase A/56/400, párr. 3." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducing nuclear danger", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind that the use of nuclear weapons poses the most serious threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Reaffirming that any use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would constitute a violation of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Convinced that the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,", "Convinced also that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Considering that, until nuclear weapons cease to exist, it is imperative on the part of the nuclear-weapon States to adopt measures that assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering also that the hair-trigger alert of nuclear weapons carries unacceptable risks of unintentional or accidental use of nuclear weapons, which would have catastrophic consequences for all mankind,", "Emphasizing the need to adopt measures to avoid accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incidents arising from computer anomaly or other technical malfunctions,", "Conscious that limited steps relating to de-alerting and de-targeting have been taken by the nuclear-weapon States and that further practical, realistic and mutually reinforcing steps are necessary to contribute to the improvement in the international climate for negotiations leading to the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful that a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in the security policies of nuclear-weapon States would positively impact on international peace and security and improve the conditions for the further reduction and the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly[1] and by the international community,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons[2] that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling also the call in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[3] to seek to eliminate the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and the resolve to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "1. Calls for a review of nuclear doctrines and, in this context, immediate and urgent steps to reduce the risks of unintentional and accidental use of nuclear weapons, including through de-alerting and de-targeting nuclear weapons;", "2. Requests the five nuclear-weapon States to take measures towards the implementation of paragraph 1 above;", "3. Calls upon Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects and to promote nuclear disarmament, with the objective of eliminating nuclear weapons;", "4. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of its resolution 65/60 of 8 December 2010;[4]", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify efforts and support initiatives that would contribute towards the full implementation of the seven recommendations identified in the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters that would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear war,[5] and also to continue to encourage Member States to consider the convening of an international conference, as proposed in the United Nations Millennium Declaration,³ to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Reducing nuclear danger”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[3]  See resolution 55/2.", "[4]  A/66/132 and Add.1.", "[5]  See A/56/400, para. 3." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducing nuclear danger", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind that the use of nuclear weapons constitutes the most serious threat to humanity and the survival of civilization,", "Reaffirming that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would in all cases constitute a violation of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Convinced that the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects would seriously aggravate the danger of nuclear war,", "Convinced also that nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to dispel the danger of nuclear war,", "Considering that, until nuclear weapons cease to exist, it is essential that the nuclear-weapon States take measures to ensure that non-nuclear-weapon States are assured that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons will not be resorted to,", "Considering also that the maintenance of nuclear weapons in an instant alert state poses unacceptable risks of accidental or unintentionally using such weapons, which could have catastrophic consequences for all mankind,", "Emphasizing the need for measures to be taken to prevent fortuitous, unauthorized or unexplained cases resulting from computer anomalies or other technical failures,", "Aware that nuclear-weapon States have taken limited measures to lift and deflect the status of warning of these weapons and that other practical and realistic measures that are mutually reinforcing are needed to contribute to improving the international climate for negotiations leading to the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind that diminishing the importance of nuclear weapons in the security policies of the nuclear-weapon States would have a positive impact on international peace and security and would improve the conditions necessary to further reduce and eliminate nuclear weapons,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of its tenth special session[1] and which has also been assigned to it by the international community,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons[2] that all States have an obligation to pursue in good faith and conclude negotiations aimed at achieving nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling also the call contained in the Millennium Declaration[3] for efforts to eliminate the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and the decision to strive to eliminate such weapons, in particular nuclear weapons, including the possibility of an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "1. Calls for a review of nuclear doctrines and for immediate and urgent action in this context to reduce the risk of accidental or unintentional use of nuclear weapons, including by lifting the status of nuclear weapons alert and derailing them;", "2. Requests the five nuclear-weapon States to take action to implement the provisions of paragraph 1;", "3. Calls upon Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all their aspects and to promote nuclear disarmament, with the objective of eliminating such weapons;", "4. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of its resolution 65/60 of 8 December 2010[4];", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify efforts and support efforts to contribute to the full implementation of the seven recommendations identified in the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, which would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear war[5], and to continue to encourage Member States to consider holding an international conference, as proposed in the Millennium Declaration,3 to identify ways to eliminate nuclear dangers, and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Reduction of nuclear danger”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] Resolution S‐10/2.", "[2] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[3] See resolution 55/2.", "[4] A/66/132 and Add.1", "[5] See A/56/400, para. 3." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Cumplimiento de los acuerdos y compromisos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 63/59, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, y otras resoluciones pertinentes sobre la cuestión,", "Reconociendo el interés permanente de todos los Estados Miembros en que se asegure el respeto de los derechos y las obligaciones dimanantes de los tratados en los que son partes y de otras fuentes del derecho internacional,", "Convencida de que la observancia por los Estados Miembros de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el cumplimiento de los acuerdos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme en los que son partes y de las demás obligaciones pactadas son esenciales para la paz, la seguridad y la estabilidad regionales y mundiales,", "Destacando que el incumplimiento de esos acuerdos y demás obligaciones pactadas por los Estados partes no solo afecta negativamente a la seguridad de los Estados partes, sino que también puede poner en peligro la seguridad de otros Estados que confían en las limitaciones y los compromisos estipulados en esos acuerdos,", "Destacando también que la viabilidad y la eficacia de los acuerdos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme y de otras obligaciones pactadas exigen que esos acuerdos se cumplan y apliquen cabalmente,", "Preocupada de que algunos Estados no cumplan las obligaciones que les incumben,", "Haciendo notar que la verificación y el cumplimiento, así como la aplicación de conformidad con la Carta, están integralmente relacionados,", "Reconociendo la importancia de los medios nacionales, regionales e internacionales eficaces de verificación, cumplimiento y aplicación y el apoyo a esas capacidades,", "Reconociendo también que el cumplimiento cabal por los Estados de todos sus acuerdos respectivos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme y de las demás obligaciones pactadas que han contraído contribuye a los esfuerzos encaminados a prevenir el desarrollo y la proliferación, en contravención de las obligaciones internacionales, de las armas de destrucción en masa, las tecnologías conexas y sus vectores, así como a los esfuerzos por evitar que agentes no estatales adquieran este tipo de medios,", "1. Recalca la contribución que el cumplimiento de los acuerdos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme y demás obligaciones pactadas hace al fomento de la confianza y al fortalecimiento de la seguridad y la estabilidad internacionales;", "2. Insta a todos los Estados a que apliquen y cumplan cabalmente sus respectivas obligaciones;", "3. Acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos de todos los Estados por examinar, según proceda, nuevas esferas de cooperación que puedan realzar la confianza en el cumplimiento de los acuerdos y compromisos existentes en materia de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme y reducir la posibilidad de interpretaciones erróneas y malentendidos;", "4. Exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que alienten a los Estados que soliciten asistencia a que aumenten su capacidad para cumplir cabalmente sus obligaciones y, a aquellos Estados que estén en condiciones de hacerlo, a que les presten la asistencia apropiada;", "5. Exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que apoyen las gestiones encaminadas a resolver cuestiones de cumplimiento por medios compatibles con esos acuerdos y con el derecho internacional;", "6. Acoge con beneplácito la función que han desempeñado y continúan desempeñando las Naciones Unidas en el restablecimiento de la integridad de ciertos acuerdos de limitación de armamentos y de desarme y no proliferación, en el fomento de negociaciones al respecto y en la eliminación de amenazas a la paz;", "7. Exhorta a todos los Estados interesados a que adopten medidas concertadas, de conformidad con el derecho internacional aplicable, para fomentar, por medios bilaterales y multilaterales, el cumplimiento por todos los Estados de sus respectivos acuerdos en materia de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme y de las demás obligaciones pactadas y para que los que incumplan esos acuerdos rindan cuentas de su incumplimiento de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas;", "8. Insta a todos los Estados que se encuentren en situación de incumplimiento de sus obligaciones y compromisos respectivos a que tomen la decisión estratégica de volver a cumplirlos;", "9. Alienta los esfuerzos de todos los Estados, las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales, en el marco de sus mandatos respectivos, por adoptar medidas, conformes a la Carta, para prevenir los graves perjuicios para la seguridad y la estabilidad internacionales que ocasiona el incumplimiento por los Estados de sus obligaciones existentes en materia de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme;", "10. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo noveno período de sesiones un tema titulado “Cumplimiento de los acuerdos y compromisos de no proliferación, limitación de armamentos y desarme”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/59 of 2 December 2008 and other relevant resolutions on the question,", "Recognizing the abiding concern of all Member States for ensuring respect for the rights and obligations arising from treaties to which they are parties and from other sources of international law,", "Convinced that observance by Member States of the Charter of the United Nations and compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements to which they are parties and with other agreed obligations are essential for regional and global peace, security and stability,", "Stressing that failure by States parties to comply with such agreements and with other agreed obligations not only adversely affects the security of States parties but also can create security risks for other States relying on the constraints and commitments stipulated in those agreements,", "Stressing also that the viability and effectiveness of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and of other agreed obligations require that those agreements be fully complied with and enforced,", "Concerned by non-compliance by some States with their respective obligations,", "Noting that verification and compliance, and enforcement in a manner consistent with the Charter, are integrally related,", "Recognizing the importance of and support for effective national, regional and international capacities for such verification, compliance and enforcement,", "Recognizing also that full compliance by States with all their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations they have undertaken contributes to efforts to prevent the development and proliferation, contrary to international obligations, of weapons of mass destruction, related technologies and means of delivery, as well as to efforts to deny non-State actors access to such capabilities,", "1. Underscores the contribution that compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations makes to enhancing confidence and to strengthening international security and stability;", "2. Urges all States to implement and to comply fully with their respective obligations;", "3. Welcomes efforts by all States to pursue additional areas of cooperation, as appropriate, that can increase confidence in compliance with existing non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation and misunderstanding;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to encourage and, for those States in a position to do so, to appropriately assist States which request assistance to increase their capacity to implement fully their obligations;", "5. Calls upon Member States to support efforts aimed at the resolution of compliance questions by means consistent with such agreements and with international law;", "6. Welcomes the role that the United Nations has played and continues to play in restoring the integrity of, and fostering negotiations on, certain arms limitation and disarmament and non-proliferation agreements and in the removal of threats to peace;", "7. Calls upon all concerned States to take concerted action, in a manner consistent with relevant international law, to encourage, through bilateral and multilateral means, the compliance by all States with their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations, and to hold those not in compliance with such agreements accountable for their non-compliance in a manner consistent with the Charter of the United Nations;", "8. Urges those States not currently in compliance with their respective obligations and commitments to make the strategic decision to come back into compliance;", "9. Encourages efforts by all States, the United Nations and other international organizations, pursuant to their respective mandates, to take action, consistent with the Charter, to prevent serious damage to international security and stability arising from non-compliance by States with their existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament obligations;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session an item entitled “Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/59 of 2 December 2008 and other relevant resolutions thereon,", "Recognizing the continuing interest of all Member States in ensuring respect for the rights and obligations arising from treaties to which they are parties and other sources of international law,", "Convinced that the observance by Member States of the Charter of the United Nations and the implementation of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements to which they are parties and other agreed obligations are essential for regional and global peace, security and stability,", "Stressing that non-compliance with such agreements and other obligations agreed upon by States parties not only adversely affects the security of States parties, but may also jeopardize the security of other States relying on the limitations and commitments set out in those agreements,", "Stressing also that the viability and effectiveness of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations require that such agreements be fully implemented and implemented,", "Concerned that some States do not comply with their obligations,", "Noting that verification and compliance, as well as implementation in accordance with the Charter, are integrally related,", "Recognizing the importance of effective national, regional and international means of verification, compliance and implementation and support for such capacities,", "Recognizing also that full compliance by States with all their respective non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations they have undertaken contributes to efforts to prevent the development and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, related technologies and their means, as well as efforts to prevent non-State actors from acquiring such means,", "1. Stresses the contribution that compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations makes to confidence-building and strengthening international security and stability;", "2. Urges all States to implement and comply fully with their respective obligations;", "3. Welcomes the efforts of all States to consider, as appropriate, new areas of cooperation that can enhance confidence in the implementation of existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation and misunderstanding;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to encourage States seeking assistance to enhance their capacity to fully fulfil their obligations and, to those States in a position to do so, to provide appropriate assistance to them;", "5. Calls upon Member States to support efforts to resolve compliance issues through means consistent with those agreements and international law;", "6. &quot; Welcomes the role that the United Nations has played and continues to play in restoring the integrity of certain arms limitation and disarmament and non-proliferation agreements, in promoting negotiations in this regard and in eliminating threats to peace;", "7. Calls upon all States concerned to take concerted action, in accordance with applicable international law, to promote, through bilateral and multilateral means, the implementation by all States of their respective non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and other agreed obligations and to ensure that those that fail to comply with such agreements are held accountable for their non-compliance in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations;", "8. Urges all States in non-compliance with their respective obligations and commitments to make the strategic decision to re-enforce them;", "9. Encourages the efforts of all States, the United Nations and other international organizations, within their respective mandates, to take measures, in accordance with the Charter, to prevent serious harm to international security and stability resulting in the non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament obligations of States;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session an item entitled “Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Medidas para evitar la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 65/62, de 8 de diciembre de 2010,", "Reconociendo la determinación de la comunidad internacional de luchar contra el terrorismo, evidenciada en las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Seguridad,", "Profundamente preocupada por el riesgo cada vez mayor de vinculación entre el terrorismo y las armas de destrucción en masa y, en particular, por el hecho de que los terroristas puedan tratar de adquirir armas de destrucción en masa,", "Conocedora de las medidas adoptadas por los Estados para aplicar la resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad relativa a la no proliferación de armas de destrucción en masa, aprobada el 28 de abril de 2004,", "Recordando la entrada en vigor del Convenio internacional para la represión de los actos de terrorismo nuclear[1], el 7 de julio de 2007,", "Recordando también la aprobación por consenso de las enmiendas para fortalecer la Convención sobre la protección física de los materiales nucleares[2] por el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, el 8 de julio de 2005,", "Observando el apoyo expresado en el documento final de la 15ª Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009[3], a las medidas destinadas a evitar la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa,", "Observando también que el Grupo de los Ocho, la Unión Europea, el Foro Regional de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental y otros han tenido en cuenta en sus deliberaciones los peligros que supone la probabilidad de que los terroristas adquieran armas de destrucción en masa, así como la necesidad de una cooperación internacional para luchar contra ello, y que los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia han puesto en marcha de manera conjunta la Iniciativa mundial de lucha contra el terrorismo nuclear,", "Observando además la celebración de la Cumbre de Seguridad Nuclear los días 12 y 13 de abril de 2010 en Washington, D.C.,", "Observando la celebración de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Seguridad Nuclear el día 22 de septiembre de 2011 en Nueva York,", "Reconociendo el examen de las cuestiones relacionadas con el terrorismo y las armas de destrucción en masa por la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme[4],", "Tomando nota de las resoluciones pertinentes aprobadas por la Conferencia General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica en su 55ª reunión ordinaria[5],", "Tomando nota también del Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial 2005, aprobado en septiembre de 2005 en la reunión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General[6], y de la aprobación de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo el 8 de septiembre de 2006[7],", "Tomando nota además del informe del Secretario General presentado en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 5 de la resolución 65/62[8],", "Teniendo presente la necesidad urgente de hacer frente a esta amenaza a la humanidad en el marco de las Naciones Unidas y mediante la cooperación internacional,", "Poniendo de relieve que urge progresar en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación a fin de mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales y contribuir a los esfuerzos mundiales contra el terrorismo,", "1. Exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que apoyen los esfuerzos internacionales por impedir la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa y sus vectores;", "2. Hace un llamamiento a todos los Estados Miembros para que consideren la posibilidad de adherirse cuanto antes al Convenio internacional para la represión de los actos de terrorismo nuclear¹ y de ratificarlo en fecha temprana;", "3. Insta a todos los Estados Miembros a que adopten y refuercen las medidas nacionales que corresponda para evitar la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa, sus vectores y los materiales y las tecnologías relacionados con su fabricación;", "4. Alienta a los Estados Miembros y las organizaciones regionales e internacionales competentes a que cooperen para fortalecer las capacidades nacionales a ese respecto;", "5. Solicita al Secretario General que prepare un informe sobre las medidas ya adoptadas por las organizaciones internacionales sobre las cuestiones relativas a la vinculación entre la lucha contra el terrorismo y la proliferación de armas de destrucción en masa y recabe las opiniones de los Estados Miembros sobre otras medidas pertinentes, incluso nacionales, para hacer frente a la amenaza mundial que plantea la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa, y que la informe al respecto en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Medidas para evitar la adquisición por terroristas de armas de destrucción en masa”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, núm. 44004.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1456, núm. 24631.", "[3]  Véase A/63/965‑S/2009/514, anexo.", "[4]  Véase A/59/361.", "[5]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Resoluciones y otras Decisiones de la Conferencia General, quincuagésima quinta reunión ordinaria, 19 a 23 de septiembre de 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)].", "[6]  Véase la resolución 60/1.", "[7]  Resolución 60/288.", "[8]  A/66/115 y Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/62 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the determination of the international community to combat terrorism, as evidenced in relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions,", "Deeply concerned by the growing risk of linkages between terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and in particular by the fact that terrorists may seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction,", "Cognizant of the steps taken by States to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted on 28 April 2004,", "Recalling the entry into force on 7 July 2007 of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism,[1]", "Recalling also the adoption, by consensus, of amendments to strengthen the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material[2] by the International Atomic Energy Agency on 8 July 2005,", "Noting the support expressed in the final document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[3] for measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also that the Group of Eight, the European Union, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others have taken into account in their deliberations the dangers posed by the likely acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and the need for international cooperation in combating it, and that the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism has been launched jointly by the Russian Federation and the United States of America,", "Noting further the holding of the Nuclear Security Summit on 12 and 13 April 2010 in Washington, D.C.,", "Noting the holding of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Acknowledging the consideration of issues relating to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters,[4]", "Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[5]", "Taking note also of the 2005 World Summit Outcome adopted at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly in September 2005[6] and the adoption of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on 8 September 2006,[7]", "Taking note further of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/62,[8]", "Mindful of the urgent need for addressing, within the United Nations framework and through international cooperation, this threat to humanity,", "Emphasizing that progress is urgently needed in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation in order to maintain international peace and security and to contribute to global efforts against terrorism,", "1. Calls upon all Member States to support international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;", "2. Appeals to all Member States to consider early accession to and ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism;¹", "3. Urges all Member States to take and strengthen national measures, as appropriate, to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture;", "4. Encourages cooperation among and between Member States and relevant regional and international organizations for strengthening national capacities in this regard;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to compile a report on measures already taken by international organizations on issues relating to the linkage between the fight against terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to seek the views of Member States on additional relevant measures, including national measures, for tackling the global threat posed by the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, No. 44004.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24631.", "[3]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[4]  See A/59/361.", "[5]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[6]  See resolution 60/1.", "[7]  Resolution 60/288.", "[8]  A/66/115 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/62 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the determination of the international community to combat terrorism, as evidenced by the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council,", "Deeply concerned at the increasing risk of linking terrorism to weapons of mass destruction and, in particular, the fact that terrorists can seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction,", "Mindful of the measures taken by States to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted on 28 April 2004,", "Recalling the entry into force of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism[1], on 7 July 2007,", "Recalling also the adoption by consensus of the amendments to strengthen the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material[2] by the International Atomic Energy Agency on 8 July 2005,", "Noting the support expressed in the outcome document of the Fifteenth Conference at the Summit of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[3] for measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also that the Group of Eight, the European Union, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others have taken into account in their deliberations the dangers posed by the likelihood of terrorists acquiring weapons of mass destruction, as well as the need for international cooperation to combat it, and that the United States of America and the Russian Federation have jointly launched the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism,", "Noting further the holding of the Nuclear Security Summit on 12 and 13 April 2010 in Washington, D.C.,", "Noting the holding of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety on 22 September 2011 in New York,", "Recognizing the consideration of issues related to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters[4],", "Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular meeting[5],", "Taking note also of the 2005 World Summit Outcome adopted in September 2005 at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly[6] and the adoption of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on 8 September 2006[7],", "Taking note further of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/62[8],", "Bearing in mind the urgent need to address this threat to humanity within the framework of the United Nations and through international cooperation,", "Emphasizing that progress is urgently needed in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation in order to maintain international peace and security and contribute to global efforts against terrorism,", "1. Calls upon all Member States to support international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;", "2. Calls upon all Member States to consider early accession to and ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism;1", "3. Urges all Member States to take and strengthen appropriate national measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture;", "4. Encourages Member States and relevant regional and international organizations to cooperate in strengthening national capacities in this regard;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to prepare a report on measures already taken by international organizations on issues relating to the linkage between counter-terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to seek the views of Member States on other relevant, including national, measures to address the global threat posed by the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, No. 44004.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24631.", "[3] See A/63/965‐S/2009/514, annex.", "[4] See A/59/361.", "[5] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and other decisions of the General Conference, fifty-fifth regular meeting, 19-23 September 2011 [GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)].", "[6] See resolution 60/1.", "[7] Resolution 60/288.", "[8] A/66/115 and Add.1." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Desarme nuclear", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando su resolución 49/75 E, de 15 de diciembre de 1994, relativa a la reducción progresiva de la amenaza nuclear, y sus resoluciones 50/70 P, de 12 de diciembre de 1995, 51/45 O, de 10 de diciembre de 1996, 52/38 L, de 9 de diciembre de 1997, 53/77 X, de 4 de diciembre de 1998, 54/54 P, de 1 de diciembre de 1999, 55/33 T, de 20 de noviembre de 2000, 56/24 R, de 29 de noviembre de 2001, 57/79, de 22 de noviembre de 2002, 58/56, de 8 de diciembre de 2003, 59/77, de 3 de diciembre de 2004, 60/70, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/78, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/42, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/46, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/53, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/56, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, relativas al desarme nuclear,", "Reafirmando el compromiso de la comunidad internacional de alcanzar el objetivo de la eliminación total de las armas nucleares y la creación de un mundo libre de armas nucleares,", "Teniendo presente que en la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción y el almacenamiento de armas bacteriológicas (biológicas) y toxínicas y sobre su destrucción, de 1972[1], y en la Convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento y el empleo de armas químicas y sobre su destrucción, de 1993[2], ya se establecieron regímenes jurídicos sobre la prohibición completa de las armas biológicas y químicas, respectivamente, y decidida a lograr una convención sobre la prohibición del desarrollo, el ensayo, la producción, el almacenamiento, el préstamo, la transferencia, el empleo y la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares y sobre su destrucción y a concertar una convención internacional de esa índole cuanto antes,", "Reconociendo que actualmente existen condiciones favorables para crear un mundo libre de armas nucleares y destacando la necesidad de tomar medidas concretas y prácticas para alcanzar ese objetivo,", "Teniendo presente el párrafo 50 del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones, primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme[3], en que se exhorta a la negociación urgente de acuerdos que conduzcan a la cesación del desarrollo y el perfeccionamiento cualitativo de sistemas de armas nucleares y al establecimiento de un programa amplio y por etapas con plazos convenidos, siempre que sea viable, para la reducción progresiva y equilibrada de las armas nucleares y sus sistemas vectores, que lleve lo antes posible a su eliminación completa y definitiva,", "Reafirmando la convicción de los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[4] de que ese Tratado es una piedra angular de la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y del desarme nuclear, y la importancia de la decisión relativa a la consolidación del proceso de examen del Tratado, de la decisión relativa a los principios y objetivos para la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el desarme nuclear, de la decisión relativa a la prórroga del Tratado y de la resolución relativa al Oriente Medio, aprobadas en la Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[5],", "Destacando la importancia de las trece medidas para avanzar de manera sistemática y progresiva hacia la consecución del objetivo del desarme nuclear, hasta lograr la eliminación total de las armas nucleares, convenidas por los Estados partes en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[6],", "Reconociendo la importante labor realizada en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares[7] y afirmando que su plan de acción impulsa la intensificación de la labor encaminada a iniciar negociaciones para concertar una convención sobre las armas nucleares,", "Reiterando la prioridad máxima que ha asignado al desarme nuclear en el Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones, y que también le ha asignado la comunidad internacional,", "Reiterando su llamamiento en favor de la pronta entrada en vigor del Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares[8],", "Tomando nota de la entrada en vigor del nuevo tratado sobre la reducción de las armas estratégicas entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia para efectuar más reducciones sustanciales de sus armas nucleares estratégicas y tácticas y destacando que esas reducciones deben ser irreversibles, verificables y transparentes,", "Recordando la entrada en vigor del Tratado entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia sobre reducciones de las armas estratégicas ofensivas (“Tratado de Moscú”)[9], como medida significativa encaminada a reducir las armas nucleares estratégicas que han desplegado, y pidiéndoles que efectúen más reducciones sustanciales e irreversibles de sus arsenales nucleares,", "Observando que algunos Estados poseedores de armas nucleares han formulado declaraciones positivas de su intención de seguir adoptando medidas para lograr un mundo libre de armas nucleares, reafirmando al mismo tiempo la necesidad de que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares tomen medidas concretas y urgentes a fin de lograr ese objetivo dentro de un plazo preestablecido e instándolos a que sigan adoptando medidas para avanzar en materia de desarme nuclear,", "Reconociendo el carácter complementario de las negociaciones bilaterales, plurilaterales y multilaterales sobre el desarme nuclear y el hecho de que las negociaciones bilaterales nunca pueden sustituir a las negociaciones multilaterales a ese respecto,", "Observando que en la Conferencia de Desarme y en la Asamblea General se ha expresado apoyo a la elaboración de una convención internacional para dar garantías a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares, y que en la Conferencia de Desarme se han desplegado esfuerzos multilaterales para llegar a un acuerdo sobre una convención internacional de esa índole próximamente,", "Recordando la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la legalidad de la amenaza o el empleo de las armas nucleares, dada a conocer el 8 de julio de 1996[10], y acogiendo con beneplácito la reafirmación unánime por todos los Magistrados de la Corte de que todos los Estados tienen la obligación de emprender de buena fe y concluir negociaciones encaminadas a lograr el desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos, bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz,", "Teniendo presente el párrafo 102 del Documento Final de la Reunión Ministerial del Buró de Coordinación del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en La Habana del 27 al 30 de abril de 2009[11],", "Recordando el párrafo 112 y otras recomendaciones pertinentes del Documento Final de la 15ª Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009[12], en que se pide a la Conferencia de Desarme que establezca, lo antes posible y como cuestión de máxima prioridad, un comité especial sobre desarme nuclear e inicie negociaciones sobre un programa gradual para eliminar totalmente las armas nucleares dentro de un plazo preestablecido, incluida una convención sobre armas nucleares,", "Observando que la Conferencia de Desarme aprobó su programa de trabajo para el período de sesiones de 2009[13] el 29 de mayo de 2009, tras años de estancamiento, y lamentando al mismo tiempo que la Conferencia no haya podido iniciar una labor sustantiva sobre su agenda en 2011,", "Reafirmando la importancia y la validez de la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro de negociación multilateral en materia de desarme y expresando la necesidad de que apruebe y ejecute un programa de trabajo equilibrado y completo basado en su agenda y que se ocupe, entre otras cosas, de cuatro cuestiones fundamentales, de conformidad con el Reglamento[14], y tomando en consideración los intereses en materia de seguridad de todos los Estados,", "Reafirmando también el mandato específico que confirió a la Comisión de Desarme en su decisión 52/492, de 8 de septiembre de 1998, de examinar el tema del desarme nuclear como uno de los temas sustantivos principales de su programa,", "Recordando la Declaración del Milenio[15], en que los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno decidieron esforzarse por eliminar las armas de destrucción en masa, en particular las armas nucleares, y mantener abiertas todas las opciones para alcanzar esa meta, incluida la posibilidad de convocar una conferencia internacional para determinar formas de eliminar los peligros nucleares,", "Recordando también la declaración sobre la eliminación total de las armas nucleares, aprobada por la 16ª Conferencia Ministerial y Reunión Conmemorativa del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011, en la que el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados reiteró su llamamiento para convocar una conferencia internacional a fin de determinar medios de eliminar las armas nucleares a la mayor brevedad posible[16],", "Reafirmando que, de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, los Estados deben abstenerse de recurrir al uso o a la amenaza del uso de armas nucleares para resolver sus controversias en las relaciones internacionales,", "Consciente del peligro de la utilización de armas de destrucción en masa, en particular armas nucleares, en actos terroristas y de la necesidad urgente de que se adopten medidas internacionales concertadas para controlar y conjurar ese peligro,", "1. Reconoce que es un momento oportuno para que todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares adopten medidas efectivas de desarme para lograr la eliminación total de esas armas lo antes posible;", "2. Reafirma que el desarme nuclear y la no proliferación de armas nucleares se relacionan sustantivamente y se refuerzan mutuamente, que los dos procesos deben avanzar a la par y que es verdaderamente necesario que haya un proceso sistemático y progresivo de desarme nuclear;", "3. Acoge con beneplácito y alienta las iniciativas para crear nuevas zonas libres de armas nucleares en diferentes partes del mundo, incluida la encaminada a crear una zona libre de armas nucleares en el Oriente Medio, en virtud de acuerdos o arreglos libremente concertados entre los Estados de las regiones de que se trate, lo cual constituye una medida efectiva para limitar la mayor propagación geográfica de las armas nucleares y contribuye a la causa del desarme nuclear;", "4. Acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos que están realizando los Estados miembros de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental y los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, y alienta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que firmen cuanto antes el Protocolo del Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental[17];", "5. Reconoce que es verdaderamente necesario reducir la importancia del papel de las armas nucleares en las doctrinas estratégicas y las políticas de seguridad a fin de reducir al mínimo el riesgo de que dichas armas lleguen a emplearse alguna vez y de facilitar el proceso de su eliminación total;", "6. Insta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que pongan término inmediatamente al perfeccionamiento cualitativo, el desarrollo, la producción y el almacenamiento de cabezas nucleares y sus sistemas vectores;", "7. Insta también a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que, como medida provisional, retiren sus armas nucleares del estado de alerta y las desactiven inmediatamente y a que adopten otras medidas concretas para reducir aún más el estado operacional de sus sistemas de armas nucleares, destacando al mismo tiempo que las reducciones de los despliegues y del estado operacional no pueden sustituir a la reducción irreversible de las armas nucleares y su total eliminación;", "8. Reitera su exhortación a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares para que lleven a cabo una reducción escalonada de la amenaza nuclear y pongan en práctica medidas efectivas de desarme nuclear con miras a lograr la eliminación total de esas armas dentro de un plazo preestablecido;", "9. Exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que, en espera de la eliminación total de las armas nucleares, acuerden un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante en el plano internacional por el que contraigan conjuntamente el compromiso de no ser los primeros en utilizar armas nucleares, y exhorta a todos los Estados a que concierten un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante en el plano internacional relativo a las garantías de seguridad para los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de armas nucleares;", "10. Insta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que en su debido momento entablen negociaciones plurilaterales sobre nuevas reducciones sustanciales de las armas nucleares como medida efectiva de desarme nuclear;", "11. Subraya la importancia de que se apliquen los principios de transparencia, irreversibilidad y verificabilidad al proceso de desarme nuclear y a las medidas de limitación y reducción de las armas nucleares y otras armas conexas;", "12. Subraya también la importancia del compromiso inequívoco contraído por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de que eliminarán totalmente sus arsenales nucleares con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear, que todos los Estados partes se han comprometido a lograr en virtud del artículo VI del Tratado⁶, así como de la reafirmación por los Estados partes de que la eliminación total de las armas nucleares es la única garantía genuina contra el empleo o la amenaza del empleo de las armas nucleares[18];", "13. Pide que se ejecuten plena y efectivamente las trece medidas prácticas para lograr el desarme nuclear que figuran en el Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen de 2000⁶;", "14. Pide también que se ejecute plenamente el plan de acción establecido en las conclusiones y recomendaciones para la acción del Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, en particular el plan de acción de 22 puntos sobre el desarme nuclear⁷;", "15. Insta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que efectúen nuevas reducciones de las armas nucleares no estratégicas, basadas en iniciativas unilaterales y como parte esencial del proceso de reducción de las armas nucleares y desarme nuclear;", "16. Pide que comiencen inmediatamente las negociaciones en la Conferencia de Desarme sobre un tratado no discriminatorio, multilateral e internacional y efectivamente verificable por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares, sobre la base del informe del Coordinador Especial[19] y del mandato que en él figura;", "17. Insta a la Conferencia de Desarme a que comience lo antes posible su labor sustantiva en su período de sesiones de 2012, sobre la base de un programa de trabajo amplio y equilibrado que tenga en cuenta todas las prioridades reales y existentes en la esfera del desarme y el control de armamentos, incluido el comienzo inmediato de las negociaciones sobre un tratado de esa índole, con miras a concluir esas negociaciones en un plazo de cinco años;", "18. Pide que se concluya un instrumento o instrumentos jurídicos internacionales sobre garantías de seguridad suficientes e incondicionales para los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares;", "19. Pide también que entre pronto en vigor y se observe estrictamente el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares⁸;", "20. Lamenta que la Conferencia de Desarme no haya conseguido establecer a principios de 2011 un comité especial que se ocupase del desarme nuclear, como le había pedido en su resolución 65/56;", "21. Reitera su exhortación a la Conferencia de Desarme para que establezca, lo antes posible y como prioridad máxima, un comité especial sobre el desarme nuclear a comienzos de 2012 y para que inicie negociaciones sobre un programa escalonado de desarme nuclear que culmine en la eliminación total de las armas nucleares dentro de un plazo preestablecido;", "22. Pide que se convoque próximamente una conferencia internacional sobre el desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos para determinar y considerar medidas concretas de desarme nuclear;", "23. Solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presente un informe sobre la aplicación de la presente resolución;", "24. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Desarme nuclear”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, núm. 14860.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1975, núm. 33757.", "[3]  Resolución S‑10/2.", "[4]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 729, núm. 10485.", "[5]  Véase Conferencia de 1995 de las Partes encargada del examen y la prórroga del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, primera parte [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], anexo.", "[6]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte, sección titulada “Artículo VI y párrafos octavo a duodécimo del preámbulo”, párr. 15.", "[7]  Véase Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vols. I a III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[8]  Véase la resolución 50/245.", "[9]  Véase CD/1674.", "[10]  A/51/218, anexo; véase también Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, pág. 226.", "[11]  Véase A/63/858.", "[12]  Véase A/63/965‑S/2009/514, anexo.", "[13]  Véase CD/1864.", "[14]  CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15]  Véase la resolución 55/2.", "[16]  Véase A/65/896‑S/2011/407, anexo V.", "[17]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, núm. 33873.", "[18]  Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2000 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, Documento Final, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) y Corr.1], primera parte, sección titulada “Artículo VII y la seguridad de los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares”, párr. 2.", "[19]  CD/1299." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Nuclear disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 49/75 E of 15 December 1994 on a step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat, and its resolutions 50/70 P of 12 December 1995, 51/45 O of 10 December 1996, 52/38 L of 9 December 1997, 53/77 X of 4 December 1998, 54/54 P of 1 December 1999, 55/33 T of 20 November 2000, 56/24 R of 29 November 2001, 57/79 of 22 November 2002, 58/56 of 8 December 2003, 59/77 of 3 December 2004, 60/70 of 8 December 2005, 61/78 of 6 December 2006, 62/42 of 5 December 2007, 63/46 of 2 December 2008, 64/53 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56 of 8 December 2010 on nuclear disarmament,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world,", "Bearing in mind that the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972[1] and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993[2] have already established legal regimes on the complete prohibition of biological and chemical weapons, respectively, and determined to achieve a nuclear weapons convention on the prohibition of the development, testing, production, stockpiling, loan, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and on their destruction, and to conclude such an international convention at an early date,", "Recognizing that there now exist conditions for the establishment of a world free of nuclear weapons, and stressing the need to take concrete practical steps towards achieving this goal,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[3] calling for the urgent negotiation of agreements for the cessation of the qualitative improvement and development of nuclear-weapon systems, and for a comprehensive and phased programme with agreed time frames, wherever feasible, for the progressive and balanced reduction of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading to their ultimate and complete elimination at the earliest possible time,", "Reaffirming the conviction of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that the Treaty is a cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and the importance of the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the decision on the extension of the Treaty and the resolution on the Middle East, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5]", "Stressing the importance of the thirteen steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to achieve the objective of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons, as agreed to by the States parties in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[6]", "Recognizing the important work done at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[7] and affirming its action plan as an impetus to intensify work aimed at beginning negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly and by the international community,", "Reiterating its call for an early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,[8]", "Taking note of the entry into force of the new strategic arms reduction treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, in order to achieve further deep cuts in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and stressing that such cuts should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent,", "Recalling the entry into force of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (“the Moscow Treaty”) between the United States of America and the Russian Federation[9] as a significant step towards reducing their deployed strategic nuclear weapons, while calling for further irreversible deep cuts in their nuclear arsenals,", "Noting the positive statements by nuclear-weapon States of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, while reaffirming the need for urgent concrete actions by nuclear-weapon States to achieve this goal within a specified framework of time, and urging them to take further measures for progress on nuclear disarmament,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament, and that bilateral negotiations can never replace multilateral negotiations in this respect,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and the multilateral efforts in the Conference on Disarmament to reach agreement on such an international convention at an early date,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[10] and welcoming the unanimous reaffirmation by all Judges of the Court that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Mindful of paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement at its Ministerial Meeting, held in Havana from 27 to 30 April 2009,[11]", "Recalling paragraph 112 and other relevant recommendations in the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[12] calling upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament and to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time, including a nuclear weapons convention,", "Noting the adoption of the programme of work for the 2009 session by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,[13] after years of stalemate, while regretting that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda in 2011,", "Reaffirming the importance and validity of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, and expressing the need to adopt and implement a balanced and comprehensive programme of work on the basis of its agenda and dealing with, inter alia, four core issues, in accordance with the rules of procedure,[14] and by taking into consideration the security concerns of all States,", "Reaffirming also the specific mandate conferred upon the Disarmament Commission by the General Assembly, in its decision 52/492 of 8 September 1998, to discuss the subject of nuclear disarmament as one of its main substantive agenda items,", "Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[15] in which Heads of State and Government resolved to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, and to keep all options open for achieving this aim, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "Recalling also the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons, adopted by the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, in which the Non-Aligned Movement reiterated its call for an international conference to identify ways and means of eliminating nuclear weapons, at the earliest possible date,[16]", "Reaffirming that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States should refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons in settling their disputes in international relations,", "Seized of the danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, in terrorist acts and the urgent need for concerted international efforts to control and overcome it,", "1. Recognizes that the time is now opportune for all the nuclear-weapon States to take effective disarmament measures to achieve the total elimination of these weapons at the earliest possible time;", "2. Reaffirms that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are substantively interrelated and mutually reinforcing, that the two processes must go hand in hand and that there is a genuine need for a systematic and progressive process of nuclear disarmament;", "3. Welcomes and encourages the efforts to establish new nuclear-weapon-free zones in different parts of the world, including the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons, on the basis of agreements or arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the regions concerned, which is an effective measure for limiting the further spread of nuclear weapons geographically and contributes to the cause of nuclear disarmament;", "4. Welcomes the ongoing efforts between the States members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States in their early signing of the Protocol to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone; [17]", "5. Recognizes that there is a genuine need to diminish the role of nuclear weapons in strategic doctrines and security policies to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "6. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to stop immediately the qualitative improvement, development, production and stockpiling of nuclear warheads and their delivery systems;", "7. Also urges the nuclear-weapon States, as an interim measure, to de-alert and deactivate immediately their nuclear weapons and to take other concrete measures to reduce further the operational status of their nuclear-weapon systems, while stressing that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons;", "8. Reiterates its call upon the nuclear-weapon States to undertake the step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat and to carry out effective nuclear disarmament measures with a view to achieving the total elimination of these weapons within a specified framework of time;", "9. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the achievement of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, to agree on an internationally and legally binding instrument on a joint undertaking not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and calls upon all States to conclude an internationally and legally binding instrument on security assurances of non-use and non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States;", "10. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to commence plurilateral negotiations among themselves at an appropriate stage on further deep reductions of nuclear weapons as an effective measure of nuclear disarmament;", "11. Underlines the importance of applying the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to the process of nuclear disarmament and to nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures;", "12. Also underlines the importance of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty,⁶ and the reaffirmation by the States parties that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;[18]", "13. Calls for the full and effective implementation of the thirteen practical steps for nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference;⁶", "14. Also calls for the full implementation of the action plan as set out in the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, particularly the 22‑point action plan on nuclear disarmament;⁷", "15. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to carry out further reductions of non‑strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "16. Calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of the report of the Special Coordinator[19] and the mandate contained therein;", "17. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to commence as early as possible its substantive work during its 2012 session, on the basis of a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into consideration all the real and existing priorities in the field of disarmament and arms control, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years;", "18. Calls for the conclusion of an international legal instrument or instruments on adequate and unconditional security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States;", "19. Also calls for the early entry into force and strict observance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty;⁸", "20. Expresses its regret that the Conference on Disarmament was unable to establish an ad hoc committee to deal with nuclear disarmament early in 2011, as called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/56;", "21. Reiterates its call upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2012 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time;", "22. Calls for the convening of an international conference on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects at an early date to identify and deal with concrete measures of nuclear disarmament;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "24. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Nuclear disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[3]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[6]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[7]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[8]  See resolution 50/245.", "[9]  See CD/1674.", "[10]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[11]  See A/63/858.", "[12]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[13]  See CD/1864.", "[14]  CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15]  See resolution 55/2.", "[16]  See A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex V.", "[17]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[18]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VII and the security of non-nuclear-weapon States”, para. 2.", "[19]  CD/1299." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Nuclear disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 49/75 E of 15 December 1994 on the progressive reduction of the nuclear threat, and its resolutions 50/70 P of 12 December 1995, 51/45 O of 10 December 1996, 52/38 L of 9 December 1997, 53/77 X of 4 December 1998, 54/54 P of 1 December 1999, 55/33 T of 20 November 2000, 56/24 R of 2979", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to achieve the goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a world free of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind that the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972[1] and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993[2] have already established legal regimes on the complete prohibition of biological and chemical weapons, respectively, and decided to achieve a convention on the prohibition of use,", "Recognizing that there are currently favourable conditions for the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free world and stressing the need to take concrete and practical steps to achieve that goal,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 50 of the Final Document of its tenth special session, the first special session devoted to disarmament[3], which calls for the urgent negotiation of agreements leading to the cessation of development and the qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons systems and the establishment of a comprehensive and phased programme with agreed time frames, wherever feasible, for the progressive and balanced reduction of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading as soon as possible,", "Reaffirming the conviction of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that this Treaty is a cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and the importance of the decision on the consolidation of the Treaty review process, the decision on the principles and objectives for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament, the decision on the extension of the Treaty and the resolution on the Middle East,", "Stressing the importance of the thirteen steps to advance systematically and progressively towards the goal of nuclear disarmament, until the total elimination of nuclear weapons, agreed by States parties to the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[6],", "Acknowledging the important work of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[7] and affirming that its plan of action encourages the intensification of efforts to begin negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of its tenth special session, and also assigned to it by the international community,", "Reiterating its call for the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,[8]", "Noting the entry into force of the new strategic arms reduction treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation for further substantial reductions in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and stressing that such reductions must be irreversible, verifiable and transparent,", "Recalling the entry into force of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions ( &quot; Treaty of Moscow &quot; )[9], as a significant step towards reducing the strategic nuclear weapons they have deployed, and requesting them to make further substantial and irreversible reductions in their nuclear arsenals,", "Noting that some nuclear-weapon States have made positive statements of their intention to continue to take action to achieve a nuclear-weapon-free world, while reaffirming the need for the nuclear-weapon States to take concrete and urgent action to achieve that goal within a pre-established time frame and urging them to continue to take steps to advance nuclear disarmament,", "Recognizing the complementary nature of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament and the fact that bilateral negotiations can never replace multilateral negotiations in this regard,", "Noting that the Conference on Disarmament and the General Assembly have expressed support for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and that multilateral efforts have been made in the Conference on Disarmament to reach agreement on such an international convention in the near future,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996[10], and welcoming the unanimous reaffirmation by all the Magistrates of the Court that all States have an obligation to pursue in good faith and conclude negotiations aimed at achieving nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Havana from 27 to 30 April 2009,[11],", "Recalling paragraph 112 and other relevant recommendations of the Final Document of the Fifteenth Conference at the Summit of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[12], which requests the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as a matter of high priority, a special committee on nuclear disarmament, including negotiations on a phased programme for the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Noting that the Conference on Disarmament adopted its programme of work for the 2009 session[13] on 29 May 2009, following years of stagnation, and regretting at the same time that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda in 2011,", "Reaffirming the importance and validity of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, and expressing the need for the adoption and implementation of a balanced and comprehensive programme of work based on its agenda, and to address, inter alia, four key issues, in accordance with the Regulations[14], and taking into consideration the security interests of all States,", "Reaffirming also the specific mandate given to the Disarmament Commission in its decision 52/492 of 8 September 1998 to consider the item on nuclear disarmament as one of the main substantive items on its agenda,", "Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration[15], in which the Heads of State and Government decided to strive to eliminate weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, and to keep all options open for achieving that goal, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "Recalling also the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons, adopted by the sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, in which the Non-Aligned Movement reiterated its call for an international conference to identify ways and means of eliminating nuclear weapons as soon as possible,[16]", "Reaffirming that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States should refrain from resorting to the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons to resolve their disputes in international relations,", "Mindful of the danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, in terrorist acts and of the urgent need for concerted international measures to control and conjure that danger,", "1. Recognizes that it is an appropriate time for all nuclear-weapon States to take effective disarmament measures to achieve the total elimination of such weapons as soon as possible;", "2. Reaffirms that nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are substantively and mutually reinforcing, that the two processes must move forward and that a systematic and progressive process of nuclear disarmament is truly necessary;", "3. &quot; Welcomes and encourages efforts to create new nuclear-weapon-free zones in different parts of the world, including efforts to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East, by virtue of arrangements or arrangements freely arrived at among States in the regions concerned, which constitutes an effective measure to limit the increased geographical spread of nuclear weapons and contributes to the cause of nuclear disarmament;", "4. Welcomes the ongoing efforts of the States members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to sign the Protocol to the South-East Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty as soon as possible[17];", "5. Recognizes that it is truly necessary to reduce the importance of the role of nuclear weapons in strategic doctrines and security policies in order to minimize the risk of such weapons being used once and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "6. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to immediately end qualitative improvement, development, production and stockpiling of nuclear heads and their means of delivery;", "7. It also urges the nuclear-weapon States, as an interim measure, to withdraw their nuclear weapons from the state of alert and to immediately deactivate them and to take other concrete measures to further reduce the operational status of their nuclear weapons systems, while stressing that reductions in deployments and the operational status cannot replace the irreversible reduction of nuclear weapons and their total elimination;", "8. Reiterates its call upon the nuclear-weapon States to undertake a phased reduction of the nuclear threat and to implement effective nuclear disarmament measures with a view to achieving the total elimination of such weapons within a pre-established time frame;", "9. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, to agree on a legally binding instrument at the international level that would jointly contravene the commitment not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and calls upon all States to conclude a legally binding instrument at the international level on security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "10. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to enter into, at the appropriate time, plurilateral negotiations on further substantial reductions in nuclear weapons as an effective measure of nuclear disarmament;", "11. Stresses the importance of the application of the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to the process of nuclear disarmament and to measures of limitation and reduction of nuclear weapons and other related weapons;", "12. Stresses also the importance of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to totally eliminate their nuclear arsenals with a view to achieving nuclear disarmament, which all States parties have committed to achieving under article VI of the Treaty,6 as well as the reaffirmation by States parties that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the single threat;", "13. Calls for the full and effective implementation of the thirteen practical steps to achieve nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference;6", "14. Also requests the full implementation of the plan of action set out in the conclusions and recommendations for the action of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in particular the 22-point plan of action on nuclear disarmament;7", "15. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further reductions in non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an essential part of the process of reducing nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament;", "16. Calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, on the basis of the report of the Special Coordinator[19] and the mandate contained therein;", "17. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to commence its substantive work at its 2012 session as soon as possible on the basis of a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into account all real and existing priorities in the field of disarmament and arms control, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty, with a view to concluding such negotiations within five years;", "18. Calls for the conclusion of an international legal instrument or instruments on adequate and unconditional security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States;", "19. Also calls for the early entry into force and strict observance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty;8", "20. Regrets the failure of the Conference on Disarmament to establish in early 2011 a special committee dealing with nuclear disarmament, as called for in its resolution 65/56;", "21. Reiterates its call upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as a top priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament in early 2012 and to initiate negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons within a pre-established time frame;", "22. Calls for the early convening of an international conference on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects to identify and consider specific nuclear disarmament measures;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "24. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “nuclear disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 1975, No. 33757.", "[3] Resolution S‐10/2.", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5] See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part One [NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I)], annex.", "[6] See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[7] See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III [NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I-III)].", "[8] See resolution 50/245.", "[9] See CD/1674.", "[10] A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[11] See A/63/858.", "[12] See A/63/965‐S/2009/514, annex.", "[13] See CD/1864.", "[14] CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15] See resolution 55/2.", "[16] See A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex V.", "[17] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[18] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I [NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I-II) and Corr.1], part one, section entitled “Article VII and the safety of non-nuclear-weapon States”, para. 2.", "[19] CD/1299." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibición del vertimiento de desechos radiactivos", "La Asamblea General,", "Teniendo presentes las resoluciones CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) de 1988[1] y CM/Res.1225 (L) de 1989[2], relativas al vertimiento de desechos nucleares e industriales en África, aprobadas por el Consejo de Ministros de la Organización de la Unidad Africana,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la resolución GC(XXXIV)/RES/530, por la que se establece un Código de Práctica sobre movimientos internacionales transfronterizos de desechos radiactivos, aprobada el 21 de septiembre de 1990 por la Conferencia General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica en su 34ª reunión ordinaria[3],", "Tomando nota de que los participantes en la Cumbre sobre la seguridad funcional y física en la esfera nuclear, celebrada en Moscú los días 19 y 20 de abril de 1996, se comprometieron a prohibir el vertimiento de desechos radiactivos en el mar[4],", "Considerando su resolución 2602 C (XXIV), de 16 de diciembre de 1969, en la que pidió a la Conferencia del Comité de Desarme[5], entre otras cosas, que examinara métodos eficaces de control del empleo de los métodos radiológicos de guerra,", "Consciente de los peligros que puede entrañar cualquier empleo de desechos radiactivos que constituya un acto de guerra radiológica, y de sus consecuencias para la seguridad regional e internacional, en particular para la seguridad de los países en desarrollo,", "Recordando todas las resoluciones que ha aprobado sobre el tema desde su cuadragésimo tercer período de sesiones, celebrado en 1988, incluida su resolución 51/45 J, de 10 de diciembre de 1996,", "Recordando también la resolución GC(45)/RES/10, aprobada por consenso el 21 de septiembre de 2001 por la Conferencia General del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica en su 45ª reunión ordinaria[6], por la que invita a los Estados remitentes de materiales radiactivos a que proporcionen las garantías que correspondan a los Estados potencialmente afectados que así lo soliciten de que en sus reglamentos nacionales se tienen en cuenta el reglamento de transporte del Organismo y que les proporcionen la información pertinente relativa a las expediciones de materiales radiactivos, y se advierte que la información que se proporcione no deberá estar en ningún caso en contradicción con las medidas de seguridad física y funcional,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la aprobación en Viena, el 5 de septiembre de 1997, de la Convención conjunta sobre seguridad en la gestión del combustible gastado y sobre seguridad en la gestión de desechos radiactivos[7], de conformidad con la recomendación formulada por los participantes en la Cumbre sobre la seguridad funcional y física en la esfera nuclear,", "Acogiendo con beneplácito también la celebración en Viena, del 20 al 24 de junio de 2011, de la Conferencia Ministerial sobre Seguridad Nuclear y su documento final, la Declaración de la Conferencia Ministerial del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica sobre seguridad nuclear[8], así como el Plan de Acción sobre seguridad nuclear, aprobado por la Conferencia General del Organismo en su 55ª reunión ordinaria[9],", "Observando que el Secretario General convocó la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Seguridad Nuclear el día 22 de septiembre de 2011 en Nueva York,", "Observando con satisfacción que la Convención conjunta entró en vigor el 18 de junio de 2001,", "Observando que la primera Reunión de Examen de las Partes Contratantes en la Convención conjunta sobre seguridad en la gestión del combustible gastado y sobre seguridad en la gestión de desechos radiactivos se celebró en Viena del 3 al 14 de noviembre de 2003,", "Deseosa de promover la aplicación del párrafo 76 del Documento Final de su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones, primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme[10],", "1. Toma nota de la parte del informe de la Conferencia de Desarme relativa a las armas radiológicas[11];", "2. Toma nota también de la Declaración de la Conferencia Ministerial del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica sobre seguridad nuclear⁸, el Plan de Acción sobre seguridad nuclear⁹ y la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Seguridad Nuclear convocada por el Secretario General;", "3. Expresa grave preocupación por todo empleo de desechos nucleares que pueda constituir un acto de guerra radiológica y tener consecuencias graves para la seguridad nacional de todos los Estados;", "4. Exhorta a todos los Estados a que tomen medidas apropiadas para evitar todo vertimiento de desechos nucleares o radiactivos que atente contra la soberanía de los Estados;", "5. Solicita a la Conferencia de Desarme que, en las negociaciones relativas a una convención sobre la prohibición de las armas radiológicas, incluya los desechos radiactivos en el ámbito de dicha convención;", "6. Solicita también a la Conferencia de Desarme que redoble sus esfuerzos para lograr la pronta conclusión de esa convención y que en el informe que le ha de presentar en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones le proporcione información sobre los progresos que se hayan alcanzado en las negociaciones a este respecto;", "7. Toma nota de la resolución CM/Res.1356 (LIV) de 1991, aprobada por el Consejo de Ministros de la Organización de la Unidad Africana[12], sobre la Convención de Bamako relativa a la prohibición de la importación de desechos peligrosos a África y al control de sus movimientos transfronterizos dentro de África;", "8. Expresa la esperanza de que, mediante la aplicación efectiva del Código de Práctica sobre movimientos internacionales transfronterizos de desechos radiactivos aprobado por el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, se proteja mejor a todos los Estados del vertimiento de desechos radiactivos en sus territorios;", "9. Hace un llamamiento a todos los Estados Miembros que todavía no hayan adoptado las medidas necesarias para hacerse partes en la Convención conjunta sobre seguridad en la gestión del combustible gastado y sobre seguridad en la gestión de desechos radiactivos⁷ para que lo hagan a la mayor brevedad posible;", "10. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Prohibición del vertimiento de desechos radiactivos”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  Véase A/43/398, anexo I.", "[2]  Véase A/44/603, anexo I.", "[3]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Resoluciones y otras decisiones de la Conferencia General, trigésima cuarta reunión ordinaria, 17 a 21 de septiembre de 1990 [GC(XXXIV)/ RESOLUTIONS (1990)].", "[4]  A/51/131, anexo I, párr. 20.", "[5]  La Conferencia del Comité de Desarme pasó a ser el Comité de Desarme a partir del décimo período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General. El 7 de febrero de 1984 el Comité de Desarme pasó a denominarse Conferencia de Desarme.", "[6]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Resoluciones y otras decisiones de la Conferencia General, cuadragésima quinta reunión ordinaria, 17 a 21 de septiembre de 2001 [GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)].", "[7]  Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, núm. 37605.", "[8]  Se puede consultar en www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/Spanish/infcirc821_sp.pdf.", "[9]  Véase Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, documento GOV/2011/59‑GC(55)/14.", "[10]  Resolución S‑10/2.", "[11]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, Suplemento núm. 27 (A/64/27), cap. III, secc. E.", "[12]  Véase A/46/390, anexo I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind resolutions CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) of 1988[1] and CM/Res.1225 (L) of 1989,[2] adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, concerning the dumping of nuclear and industrial wastes in Africa,", "Welcoming resolution GC(XXXIV)/RES/530 establishing a Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste, adopted on 21 September 1990 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its thirty-fourth regular session,[3]", "Taking note of the commitment by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, held in Moscow on 19 and 20 April 1996, to ban the dumping at sea of radioactive wastes,[4]", "Considering its resolution 2602 C (XXIV) of 16 December 1969, in which it requested the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,[5] inter alia, to consider effective methods of control against the use of radiological methods of warfare,", "Aware of the potential hazards underlying any use of radioactive wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and its implications for regional and international security, in particular for the security of developing countries,", "Recalling all its resolutions on the matter since its forty-third session in 1988, including its resolution 51/45 J of 10 December 1996,", "Recalling also resolution GC(45)/RES/10 adopted by consensus on 21 September 2001 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its forty-fifth regular session,[6] in which States shipping radioactive materials are invited to provide, as appropriate, assurances to concerned States, upon their request, that the national regulations of the shipping State take into account the Agency’s transport regulations and to provide them with relevant information relating to the shipment of such materials; the information provided should in no case be contradictory to the measures of physical security and safety,", "Welcoming the adoption at Vienna, on 5 September 1997, of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management,[7] as recommended by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security,", "Welcoming also the convening by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna from 20 to 24 June 2011, and its outcome, the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,[8] as well as the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, endorsed by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[9]", "Noting the convening by the Secretary-General of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Noting with satisfaction that the Joint Convention entered into force on 18 June 2001,", "Noting that the first Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management was convened in Vienna from 3 to 14 November 2003,", "Desirous of promoting the implementation of paragraph 76 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[10]", "1. Takes note of the part of the report of the Conference on Disarmament relating to radiological weapons;[11]", "2. Also takes note of the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,⁸ the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety⁹ and the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, convened by the Secretary-General;", "3. Expresses grave concern regarding any use of nuclear wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and have grave implications for the national security of all States;", "4. Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures with a view to preventing any dumping of nuclear or radioactive wastes that would infringe upon the sovereignty of States;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to take into account, in the negotiations for a convention on the prohibition of radiological weapons, radioactive wastes as part of the scope of such a convention;", "6. Also requests the Conference on Disarmament to intensify efforts towards an early conclusion of such a convention and to include in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session the progress recorded in the negotiations on this subject;", "7. Takes note of resolution CM/Res.1356 (LIV) of 1991, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity,[12] on the Bamako Convention on the Ban on the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of Their Transboundary Movements within Africa;", "8. Expresses the hope that the effective implementation of the International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste will enhance the protection of all States from the dumping of radioactive wastes on their territories;", "9. Appeals to all Member States that have not yet taken the necessary steps to become party to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management⁷ to do so as soon as possible;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/43/398, annex I.", "[2]  See A/44/603, annex I.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Thirty-fourth Regular Session, 17–21 September 1990 (GC(XXXIV)/ RESOLUTIONS (1990)).", "[4]  A/51/131, annex I, para. 20.", "[5]  The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament became the Committee on Disarmament as from the tenth special session of the General Assembly. The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[6]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Forty-fifth Regular Session, 17–21 September 2001 (GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)).", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, No. 37605.", "[8]  Available from www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821.pdf.", "[9]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, document GOV/2011/59‑GC(55)/14.", "[10]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[11]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E.", "[12]  See A/46/390, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive waste", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind resolutions CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) of 1988[1] and CM/Res.1225 (L) of 1989[2] on the dumping of nuclear and industrial wastes in Africa, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity,", "Welcoming resolution GC(XXXIV)/RES/530, establishing a Code of Practice on Transboundary International Movements of Radioactive Waste, adopted on 21 September 1990 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its thirty-fourth regular meeting,[3]", "Noting that the participants in the Summit on Functional and Physical Security in the Nuclear Field, held in Moscow on 19 and 20 April 1996, pledged to prohibit the dumping of radioactive wastes at sea[4],", "Considering its resolution 2602 C (XXIV) of 16 December 1969, in which it requested the Conference of the Disarmament Committee[5], inter alia, to consider effective methods of control of the use of radiological methods of war,", "Mindful of the dangers of any use of radioactive wastes that constitute an act of radiological warfare, and of its implications for regional and international security, in particular for the security of developing countries,", "Recalling all the resolutions adopted on the item since its forty-third session, in 1988, including its resolution 51/45 J of 10 December 1996,", "Recalling also resolution GC(45)/RES/10, adopted by consensus on 21 September 2001 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its forty-fifth regular meeting[6], by which it invites the sending States of radioactive materials to provide assurances to potentially affected States that so request that their national regulations take into account the Agency &apos; s rules of transport and to provide them with the relevant information on the matter,", "Welcoming the adoption in Vienna on 5 September 1997 of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management[7], in accordance with the recommendation of the participants in the Summit on Functional and Physical Security in the Nuclear Area,", "Welcoming also the holding in Vienna, from 20 to 24 June 2011, of the Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety and its outcome document, the Declaration of the Ministerial Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency on Nuclear Safety,[8] as well as the Plan of Action on Nuclear Safety, adopted by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular meeting,[9]", "Noting that the Secretary-General convened the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety on 22 September 2011 in New York,", "Noting with satisfaction that the Joint Convention entered into force on 18 June 2001,", "Noting that the first Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management was held in Vienna from 3 to 14 November 2003,", "Wishing to promote the implementation of paragraph 76 of the Final Document of its tenth special session, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[10]", "1. Takes note of the part of the report of the Conference on Disarmament on radiological weapons[11];", "2. Also takes note of the Declaration of the Ministerial Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency on Nuclear Safety,8 the Plan of Action on Nuclear Safety,9 and the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety, convened by the Secretary-General;", "3. Expresses grave concern at any use of nuclear wastes that may constitute an act of radiological warfare and have serious implications for the national security of all States;", "4. Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures to prevent any dumping of nuclear or radioactive wastes that undermine the sovereignty of States;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament, in negotiations on a convention on the prohibition of radiological weapons, to include radioactive waste within the scope of that convention;", "6. Also requests the Conference on Disarmament to redouble its efforts to achieve the early conclusion of that convention and to provide information in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the progress made in the negotiations in this regard;", "7. Takes note of resolution CM/Res.1356 (LIV) of 1991, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity[12] on the Bamako Convention on the Prohibition of the Import of Hazardous Wastes to Africa and the Control of Their Transboundary Movements within Africa;", "8. Expresses the hope that, through the effective implementation of the Code of Practice on Transboundary International Movements of Radioactive Wastes adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency, all States will be better protected from the dumping of radioactive wastes in their territories;", "9. Calls upon all Member States that have not yet taken the necessary steps to become parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management7 to do so as soon as possible;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] See A/43/398, annex I.", "[2] See A/44/603, annex I.", "[3] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and other decisions of the General Conference, thirty-fourth regular meeting, 17-21 September 1990 [GC(XXXIV)/ RESOLUTIONS (1990)].", "[4] A/51/131, annex I, para. 20.", "[5] The Conference of the Disarmament Committee became the Disarmament Committee since the tenth special session of the General Assembly. On 7 February 1984, the Disarmament Committee was renamed the Conference on Disarmament.", "[6] See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and other decisions of the General Conference, Forty-fifth Regular Meeting, 17-21 September 2001 [GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)].", "[7] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, No. 37605.", "[8] Available at www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/Spanish/infcirc821_sp.pdf.", "[9] See International Atomic Energy Agency, document GOV/2011/59‐GC(55)/14.", "[10] Resolution S‐10/2.", "[11] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E.", "[12] See A/46/390, annex I." ]

[ "Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[sobre la base del informe de la Primera Comisión (A/66/413)]", "66/53. Centros regionales de las Naciones Unidas para la paz y el desarme", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 60/83, de 8 de diciembre de 2005, 61/90, de 6 de diciembre de 2006, 62/50, de 5 de diciembre de 2007, 63/76, de 2 de diciembre de 2008, 64/58, de 2 de diciembre de 2009, y 65/78, de 8 de diciembre de 2010, relativas al mantenimiento y la revitalización de los tres centros regionales de las Naciones Unidas para la paz y el desarme,", "Recordando también los informes del Secretario General sobre el Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz y el Desarme en África[1], el Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz y el Desarme en Asia y el Pacífico[2] y el Centro Regional de las Naciones Unidas para la Paz, el Desarme y el Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe[3],", "Reafirmando la decisión que adoptó en 1982, en su duodécimo período extraordinario de sesiones, de establecer el Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Información sobre Desarme, que se encargaría de informar y educar a la opinión pública y de obtener su comprensión y apoyo respecto de los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas en la esfera de la limitación de armamentos y el desarme[4],", "Teniendo presentes sus resoluciones 40/151 G, de 16 de diciembre de 1985, 41/60 J, de 3 de diciembre de 1986, 42/39 D, de 30 de noviembre de 1987, y 44/117 F, de 15 de diciembre de 1989, relativas a los centros regionales para la paz y el desarme en Nepal, el Perú y el Togo,", "Reconociendo que las transformaciones que han tenido lugar en el mundo ofrecen nuevas oportunidades y plantean nuevos problemas para lograr el desarme, y teniendo presente en este sentido que los centros regionales para la paz y el desarme pueden contribuir considerablemente a lograr el entendimiento y la cooperación entre los Estados de cada región en los ámbitos de la paz, el desarme y el desarrollo,", "Recordando que en el párrafo 127 del Documento Final de la XV Conferencia en la Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Sharm el‑Sheikh (Egipto) del 11 al 16 de julio de 2009[5], y en el párrafo 162 del Documento Final de la XVI Conferencia Ministerial y Reunión Conmemorativa del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011[6], el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados destacó la importancia de las actividades de las Naciones Unidas a nivel regional destinadas a incrementar la estabilidad y la seguridad de sus Estados Miembros, actividades que podrían promoverse de manera sustantiva mediante el mantenimiento y la revitalización de los tres centros regionales para la paz y el desarme,", "1. Reitera la importancia de las actividades que desarrollan las Naciones Unidas en el plano regional para promover el desarme y aumentar la estabilidad y la seguridad de sus Estados Miembros, las cuales podrían promoverse de manera sustantiva mediante el mantenimiento y la revitalización de los tres centros regionales para la paz y el desarme;", "2. Reafirma que, para lograr resultados positivos, conviene que los tres centros regionales ejecuten programas de difusión y educación que promuevan la paz y la seguridad regionales y que estén encaminados a modificar posturas fundamentales con respecto a la paz y la seguridad y el desarme a fin de contribuir a que se cumplan los propósitos y principios de las Naciones Unidas;", "3. Hace un llamamiento a los Estados Miembros de cada región que estén en condiciones de responder a él, así como a las organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales y fundaciones internacionales, para que aporten contribuciones voluntarias a los centros regionales de sus respectivas regiones con el fin de reforzar sus actividades e iniciativas;", "4. Pone de relieve la importancia de las actividades de la Subdivisión de Desarme Regional de la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría;", "5. Solicita al Secretario General que, dentro de los límites de los recursos existentes, brinde todo el apoyo necesario a los centros regionales para la ejecución de sus programas de actividades;", "6. Decide incluir en el programa provisional de su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones el tema titulado “Centros regionales de las Naciones Unidas para la paz y el desarme”.", "71ª sesión plenaria 2 de diciembre de 2011", "[1]  A/66/159.", "[2]  A/66/113.", "[3]  A/66/140.", "[4]  Véase Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, duodécimo período extraordinario de sesiones, Sesiones Plenarias, primera sesión, párrs. 110 y 111.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, anexo.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, anexo I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/413)]", "66/53. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 60/83 of 8 December 2005, 61/90 of 6 December 2006, 62/50 of 5 December 2007, 63/76 of 2 December 2008, 64/58 of 2 December 2009 and 65/78 of 8 December 2010 regarding the maintenance and revitalization of the three United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Recalling also the reports of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa,[1] the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific[2] and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean,[3]", "Reaffirming its decision, taken in 1982 at its twelfth special session, to establish the United Nations Disarmament Information Programme, the purpose of which is to inform, educate and generate public understanding and support for the objectives of the United Nations in the field of arms control and disarmament,[4]", "Bearing in mind its resolutions 40/151 G of 16 December 1985, 41/60 J of 3 December 1986, 42/39 D of 30 November 1987 and 44/117 F of 15 December 1989 on the regional centres for peace and disarmament in Nepal, Peru and Togo,", "Recognizing that the changes that have taken place in the world have created new opportunities and posed new challenges for the pursuit of disarmament, and bearing in mind in this regard that the regional centres for peace and disarmament can contribute substantially to understanding and cooperation among States in each particular region in the areas of peace, disarmament and development,", "Recalling that, in paragraph 127 of the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and in paragraph 162 of the Final Document of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6] the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries emphasized the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "1. Reiterates the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to advance disarmament and to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament;", "2. Reaffirms that, in order to achieve positive results, it is useful for the three regional centres to carry out dissemination and educational programmes that promote regional peace and security and that are aimed at changing basic attitudes with respect to peace and security and disarmament so as to support the achievement of the purposes and principles of the United Nations;", "3. Appeals to Member States in each region that are able to do so, as well as to international governmental and non-governmental organizations and foundations, to make voluntary contributions to the regional centres in their respective regions in order to strengthen their activities and initiatives;", "4. Emphasizes the importance of the activities of the Regional Disarmament Branch of the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all necessary support, within existing resources, to the regional centres in carrying out their programmes of activities;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/159.", "[2]  A/66/113.", "[3]  A/66/140.", "[4]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 1st meeting, paras. 110 and 111.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/413)]", "66/53. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 60/83 of 8 December 2005, 61/90 of 6 December 2006, 62/50 of 5 December 2007, 63/76 of 2 December 2008, 64/58 of 2 December 2009 and 65/78 of 8 December 2010 on the maintenance and revitalization of the three United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Recalling also the reports of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa[1], the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific[2] and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean[3],", "Reaffirming the decision taken at its twelfth special session in 1982 to establish the United Nations Disarmament Information Programme, which would be responsible for informing and educating public opinion and for obtaining its understanding and support for the objectives of the United Nations in the field of arms limitation and disarmament,[4]", "Bearing in mind its resolutions 40/151 G of 16 December 1985, 41/60 J of 3 December 1986, 42/39 D of 30 November 1987 and 44/117 F of 15 December 1989 concerning the regional centres for peace and disarmament in Nepal, Peru and Togo,", "Recognizing that the transformations that have taken place in the world offer new opportunities and pose new challenges to achieving disarmament, and bearing in mind that the regional centres for peace and disarmament can contribute significantly to achieving understanding and cooperation among States in each region in the areas of peace, disarmament and development,", "Recalling that in paragraph 127 of the Final Document of the XV Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5], and in paragraph 162 of the Final Document of the XVI Ministerial Conference and the Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held at Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, the enhancement of the substantive activities of the non-Aligned Movement,", "1. Reiterates the importance of the activities of the United Nations at the regional level to promote disarmament and to enhance the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted substantively through the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament;", "2. Reaffirms that, in order to achieve positive results, it is appropriate for the three regional centres to implement programmes of dissemination and education that promote regional peace and security and are aimed at changing fundamental positions with regard to peace and security and disarmament in order to contribute to the fulfilment of the purposes and principles of the United Nations;", "3. Calls upon Member States in each region in a position to respond to it, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations and international foundations, to make voluntary contributions to regional centres in their respective regions in order to strengthen their activities and initiatives;", "4. Emphasizes the importance of the activities of the Regional Disarmament Branch of the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General, within existing resources, to provide all necessary support to regional centres for the implementation of their programme of activities;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1] A/66/159.", "[2] A/66/113.", "[3] A/66/140.", "[4] See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 1st meeting, paras. 110 and 111.", "[5] A/63/965‐S/2009/514, annex.", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407, annex I." ]