alexignite/chemset1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

title stringlengths 8 78	text stringlengths 3 643
Structure of Atoms .txt	So what holds the nucleus or the protons and neutrons together?
Structure of Atoms .txt	Well, the force that holds the nucleus together is called a nuclear force.
Structure of Atoms .txt	This is just one type of electrostatic force and it's a very strong force.
Structure of Atoms .txt	Now, once again, it's very important to understand the fact that due to the small size of our electrons orbiting our nucleus, the atom is composed mainly of empty space.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Well, let's recall what the kinetic molecular theory tells us about the behavior of ideal gases.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Well, it tells us two important things.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	First, gas molecules have no volume.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And second, gas molecules exert no force on one another.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	That means if we had a system continuing containing two gas molecules, gas molecule A and gas molecule B, that means these two guys have no volume and they exert no force on one another, so they can't communicate.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So in many different ways, molecule A is invisible to molecule B and molecule B is invisible to molecule A.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And that leads directly into the following results pressure created by one gas molecule is independent of the pressure created by another gas molecule.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	In other words, the pressure that this gas molecule exerts on the walls of my system of my container is independent of what this guy exerts on my wall of the container.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So to find the total pressure, my system of two gas molecules, I simply have to add up this pressure and this pressure.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And that's exactly what B states.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	The total pressure of any system of gas molecules is equal to the pressure exerted by each an individual gas molecule.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So p one plus p two plus all the way up to PM, assuming that my system is composed of M gas molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So this is simply a mathematical way of representing any series.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So let's look at this system.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So suppose we have a closed system of five gas molecules, two blue and three red.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Now, we have two types of molecules and a total of five molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So my one type is blue.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	My second type is red.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	To find the total pressure of my system here, I would simply add up all the individual pressures.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So five molecules altogether.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So I add up to five molecules p blue one plus p blue two plus p red one plus p red two plus p red three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Now, I could also say that my p total is equal to the pressure due to blue gas molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	This guy plus this guy plus the pressure due to red gas molecule or p one plus p two plus p three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Another way of saying this is the pressure due to my blue gas molecule is the partial pressure of my blue molecule and this guy is the partial pressure of my red molecule.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So partial pressure refers to the pressure exerted by one type of gas molecule.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	In this case, a blue gas molecule or a red gas molecule in a mixture of gases.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	In this case, two types of gas molecules, red and blue.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So another way of representing this formula or equation is the following.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So we can represent the partial pressure of any gas in a mixture of gasses by the following equation.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	The partial pressure is equal to the mole fraction of that gas in our mixture times the total pressure.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	In other words, I want to represent this in this following way let's see what we do.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	P total is equal to well, how many blue molecules on the system?
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Two.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	How many molecules altogether?
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Five.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So the mole fraction of my blue guy is two over five times my P total plus the partial pressure of my red molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	We have three red molecules over five red molecules times the P total.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So this is the partial pressure due to the blue molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	These guys are the same plus the partial pressures into the red molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	These guys are also the same.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Gives us P total.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And look, common denominator adds a two and three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	I get five and five.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	The five cancel and I simply get P total equals P total.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So this formula makes sense.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And in fact, this formula is called a Dalton's Law of partial pressures.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And this law can be derived using the ideal gas law.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And let's see how.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Well, suppose in part E, we have three types of gas molecules and each type has N number of moles.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So n one, N two and n three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So red molecules, blue molecules and purple molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Well, what's the total number of molecules or moles in molecules of my system?
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Well, in this case, it was two plus three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So we added them.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So we do the same thing.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	We add the moles, add the number of molecules.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	The N total is n plus n one plus n two plus n three is my total.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So, if I want to find the total pressure using the ideal gas law, the following has to be done.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	I rearrange it a bit and bring the D over on this side.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And again, P total is equal to while my volume is constant, I'm assuming it's constant.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	My temperature is constant.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Also, R is a gas constant.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	It's always constant.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And now I plug in N total or the total number of molecules in my system.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	Now I can go to the next step.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And instead of writing N total, I plug in all these three guides or the addition of these three guides and I get in parentheses n one plus n two plus n three times RT divided by V. And now I need simple algebra to distribute to each guide.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And I get n one R T over V plus n two r T over V plus n three r T over V. And we see using the ideal gas law that we get the same exact thing as up here.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So P total is equal to partial pressure of gas one plus partial pressure of gas two and plus partial pressure of gas three.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So once again, we found this formula first using the kinetic theory.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	And then we confirm that in fact, this works using the ideal gas law.
Dalton’s Law on Partial Pressure .txt	So this formula may makes a lot of sense.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	In this example, we're going to assign oxidation numbers to atoms of molecules.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Here we have nine molecules.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	So let's begin.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	In this molecule, we have an N atom at an fatom.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	An fatom, according to our table, precedes or is more important than an N atom.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	And that means we first assign our number.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Oxidation number to F gets negative one.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	But since we have three F's, that means this one has a negative three.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	And since our entire molecule is neutral, this one must be plus three.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Plus three minus three gives you neutral.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	So zero charge makes sense.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Let's look at Ammonium NH Four.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	NH four has an overall charge of plus one.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Now let's look at the atoms.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Our H atom is more important than N atom, so we assign to H first.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Since H is not attached to a metal atom, we assign H a plus one.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	So four h is get plus four.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Since we want a plus one overall charge, this guy must be a minus three.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Minus three plus four gives you a plus one.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Let's look at no three.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	This guy has negative three as an overall charge.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	So let's look at the individual atoms.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	All is more important than N. That means we first assign our oval, so all gets a negative two.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	Since we have a three zeros, this becomes negative six for three OS.
Oxidation Numbers Example .txt	And since we want a negative one overall, our N must be plus five.

Structure of Atoms .txt

So what holds the nucleus or the protons and neutrons together?

Structure of Atoms .txt

Well, the force that holds the nucleus together is called a nuclear force.

Structure of Atoms .txt

This is just one type of electrostatic force and it's a very strong force.

Structure of Atoms .txt

Now, once again, it's very important to understand the fact that due to the small size of our electrons orbiting our nucleus, the atom is composed mainly of empty space.