You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
/*
 * Everything is Hard 
 * Before Easy 
 * Jai Mata Dii 
 */ 
 
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*; 
  
public class Main {
	static class FastReader{ BufferedReader br;StringTokenizer st;public FastReader(){br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));}String next(){while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()){try{st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());}catch (IOException  e){e.printStackTrace();}}return st.nextToken();}int nextInt(){ return Integer.parseInt(next());}long nextLong(){return Long.parseLong(next());}double nextDouble(){return Double.parseDouble(next());}String nextLine(){String str = ""; try{str = br.readLine(); } catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} return str; }} 
	static long mod = (long)(1e9+7); 
//	 static long mod = 998244353; 
//	 static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); 
	static FastReader sc = new FastReader(); 
	static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
	static int ans;
	public static void main (String[] args) {
		int ttt = 1;
		ttt = sc.nextInt();
		int bits[][] = new int[35][(int)(3*1e5)];
		for(int i=0;i<bits.length;i++) {
			for(int j=0;j<32;j++) {
				if(i>0) bits[j][i] = bits[j][i-1];
				if((i&(1<<j))!=0)
					bits[j][i]++;
			}
		}
		z :for(int tc=1;tc<=ttt;tc++){
			int l = sc.nextInt();
			int r = sc.nextInt();
			
			int max = 0;
			
			for(int i=0;i<32;i++) {
				int cur = bits[i][r];
				if(l-1>=0) cur -= bits[i][l-1];
				max = Math.max(max, cur);
			}
			
			out.write((r-l+1-max)+"\n");
		}
		out.close();
	}
	static long pow(long a, long b){long ret = 1;while(b>0){if(b%2 == 0){a = (a*a)%mod;b /= 2;}else{ret = (ret*a)%mod;b--;}}return ret%mod;}
	static long gcd(long a,long b){if(b==0) return  a; return gcd(b,a%b); } 
	private static void sort(int[] a) {List<Integer> k = new ArrayList<>();for(int val : a) k.add(val);Collections.sort(k);for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) a[i] = k.get(i);} 
	private static void ini(List<Integer>[] tre2){for(int i=0;i<tre2.length;i++){tre2[i] = new ArrayList<>();}} 
	private static void init(List<int[]>[] tre2){for(int i=0;i<tre2.length;i++){tre2[i] = new ArrayList<>();}} 
	private static void sort(long[] a) {List<Long> k = new ArrayList<>();for(long val : a) k.add(val);Collections.sort(k);for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) a[i] = k.get(i);} 
}
