You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class a {

    public static void main(String[] args){

        int arr[][] = new int[200001][20];

        int count = 2;
        for(int i=1; i<200001; i++){
            int num = i;
            for(int j=0; j<20; j++){
                arr[i][j] = arr[i-1][j] + num%2;
                num /= 2;
            }
        }

        // for(int i=0; i<=8; i++){
        //     for(int j=4; j>=0; j--){
        //         System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
        //     }
        //     System.out.println();
        // }

        FastScanner sc = new FastScanner();
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        while(t-- > 0){

            int l = sc.nextInt();
            int r = sc.nextInt();

            int minval = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            for(int i=0; i<20; i++){
                if(r/(1<<(i)) != 0){
                    //System.out.println("magic: " + (1<<i));
                    minval = Math.min(minval, r-l+1-arr[r][i]+arr[l-1][i]);
                }
            }

            System.out.println(minval);

        }

    }

}

class FastScanner
{
    //I don't understand how this works lmao
    private int BS = 1 << 16;
    private char NC = (char) 0;
    private byte[] buf = new byte[BS];
    private int bId = 0, size = 0;
    private char c = NC;
    private double cnt = 1;
    private BufferedInputStream in;

    public FastScanner() {
        in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
    }

    public FastScanner(String s) {
        try {
            in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(s)), BS);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
        }
    }

    private char getChar() {
        while (bId == size) {
            try {
                size = in.read(buf);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                return NC;
            }
            if (size == -1) return NC;
            bId = 0;
        }
        return (char) buf[bId++];
    }

    public int nextInt() {
        return (int) nextLong();
    }

    public int[] nextInts(int N) {
        int[] res = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            res[i] = (int) nextLong();
        }
        return res;
    }

    public long[] nextLongs(int N) {
        long[] res = new long[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            res[i] = nextLong();
        }
        return res;
    }

    public long nextLong() {
        cnt = 1;
        boolean neg = false;
        if (c == NC) c = getChar();
        for (; (c < '0' || c > '9'); c = getChar()) {
            if (c == '-') neg = true;
        }
        long res = 0;
        for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = getChar()) {
            res = (res << 3) + (res << 1) + c - '0';
            cnt *= 10;
        }
        return neg ? -res : res;
    }

    public double nextDouble() {
        double cur = nextLong();
        return c != '.' ? cur : cur + nextLong() / cnt;
    }

    public double[] nextDoubles(int N) {
        double[] res = new double[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            res[i] = nextDouble();
        }
        return res;
    }

    public String next() {
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
        while (c > 32) {
            res.append(c);
            c = getChar();
        }
        return res.toString();
    }

    public String nextLine() {
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
        while (c != '\n') {
            res.append(c);
            c = getChar();
        }
        return res.toString();
    }

    public boolean hasNext() {
        if (c > 32) return true;
        while (true) {
            c = getChar();
            if (c == NC) return false;
            else if (c > 32) return true;
        }
    }
}

