You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class B {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		int t = sc.nextInt();
		int[][] a = new int[300000][18];
		for (int i = 1; i < 200010; i++) {
			String s = Integer.toBinaryString(i);
			int j = s.length() - 1;
			int idx = 17;
			while (j >= 0 && idx >= 0) {
				if (s.charAt(j) == '1') {
					a[i][idx]++;
				}
				a[i][idx] += a[i - 1][idx];
				idx--;
				j--;
			}
			while (idx >= 0) {
				a[i][idx] += a[i - 1][idx];
				idx--;
			}
		}
		while (t-- > 0) {
			int l = sc.nextInt();
			int r = sc.nextInt();
			String s2 = Integer.toBinaryString(l);
			int j = s2.length() - 1;
			int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for (int i = 17; i >= 0; i--) {
				int c = 0;
				if (j >= 0) {
					if (s2.charAt(j) == '1')
						c = 1;
				}
				min = Math.min(min, (r - l + 1) - Math.abs(c + a[r][i] - a[l][i]));
				j--;
			}
			pw.println(Math.max(0, min));
		}
		pw.close();
	}

	// --------------------sTufF ----------------------
	static class Scanner {
		StringTokenizer st;
		BufferedReader br;

		public Scanner(InputStream s) {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
		}

		public Scanner(FileReader r) {
			br = new BufferedReader(r);
		}

		public String next() throws IOException {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
			return br.readLine();
		}

		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
			String x = next();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
			double res = 0, f = 1;
			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
			int start = 0;
			if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
				neg = true;
				start++;
			}
			for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
				if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
					dec = true;
				} else {
					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
					if (dec)
						f *= 10;
				}
			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
			return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
		}

		public long[] nextlongArray(int n) throws IOException {
			long[] a = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		public Long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
			Long[] a = new Long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
			Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
			return br.ready();
		}
	}

}
