You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
# cook your dish here
import sys
#import random
from bisect import bisect_left as lb
from bisect import bisect_right as rb
from collections import deque
#sys.setrecursionlimit(10**8)
from queue import PriorityQueue as pq
from math import gcd
#import math
input_ = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().strip("\r\n")
ii = lambda : int(input_())
il = lambda : list(map(int, input_().split()))
ilf = lambda : list(map(float, input_().split()))
lii = lambda : list(map(int, list(ip())))
ip = lambda : input_()
fi = lambda : float(input_())
ap = lambda ab,bc,cd : ab[bc].append(cd)
li = lambda : list(input_())
pr = lambda x : print(x)
prinT = lambda x : print(x)
f = lambda : sys.stdout.flush()
inv =lambda x:pow(x,mod-2,mod)
dx = [0,0,1,-1]
dy = [1,-1,0,0]
mod = 10**9 + 7
mod1 = 998244353

for _ in range (ii()) :
    l,r = il()

    a = [0 for i in range (30)]

    for i in range (1,30) :
        x = 2**(i-1)
        y = (2**(i)) - 1

        if (y < l) :
            continue

        if (x > r) :
            continue

        t = max(l,x)
        t1 = min(y,r)

        t2 = t1 - t + 1

        a[i] = t2

    s = sum(a) - max(a)

    print(s)

    

    
