You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * @author Mubtasim Shahriar
 */

public class Cgr18A {

    static final int maxN = (int) 2e5 + 100;
    static final int bitL = 21;
    static int[][] bitcnt = new int[maxN][bitL];

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for(int i = 1; i < maxN; i++) {
            for(int bit = 0; bit < bitL; bit++) {
                bitcnt[i][bit] = bitcnt[i-1][bit];
                if(((1<<bit)&i)!=0) bitcnt[i][bit]++;
            }
        }

        InputStream inputStream = System.in;
        OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
        InputReader sc = new InputReader(inputStream);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
        Solver solver = new Solver();
        int t = sc.nextInt();
//        int t = 1;
        while (t-- != 0) {
            solver.solve(sc, out);
        }
        out.close();

    }

    static class Solver {
        public void solve(InputReader sc, PrintWriter out) {
            int l = sc.nextInt();
            int r = sc.nextInt();
            int total = r-l+1;
            int ans = total;
            for(int bit = 0; bit < bitL; bit++) {
                int nowHaveBit = bitcnt[r][bit]-bitcnt[l-1][bit];
                int zero = total-nowHaveBit;
                ans = Math.min(ans,zero);
            }
            out.println(ans);
        }
    }

    static void sort(int[] arr) {
        ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList();
        for (int i : arr) al.add(i);
        Collections.sort(al);
        int idx = 0;
        for (int i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
    }

    static void sort(long[] arr) {
        ArrayList<Long> al = new ArrayList();
        for (long i : arr) al.add(i);
        Collections.sort(al);
        int idx = 0;
        for (long i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
    }

    static void sortDec(int[] arr) {
        ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList();
        for (int i : arr) al.add(i);
        Collections.sort(al, Collections.reverseOrder());
        int idx = 0;
        for (int i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
    }

    static void sortDec(long[] arr) {
        ArrayList<Long> al = new ArrayList();
        for (long i : arr) al.add(i);
        Collections.sort(al, Collections.reverseOrder());
        int idx = 0;
        for (long i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
    }

    static class InputReader {
        private boolean finished = false;

        private InputStream stream;
        private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        private int curChar;
        private int numChars;
        private SpaceCharFilter filter;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        public int read() {
            if (numChars == -1) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (curChar >= numChars) {
                curChar = 0;
                try {
                    numChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                if (numChars <= 0) {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
            return buf[curChar++];
        }

        public int peek() {
            if (numChars == -1) {
                return -1;
            }
            if (curChar >= numChars) {
                curChar = 0;
                try {
                    numChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    return -1;
                }
                if (numChars <= 0) {
                    return -1;
                }
            }
            return buf[curChar];
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            int res = 0;
            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            long res = 0;
            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public String nextString() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do {
                if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c)) {
                    res.appendCodePoint(c);
                }
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }

        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
            if (filter != null) {
                return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
            }
            return isWhitespace(c);
        }

        public static boolean isWhitespace(int c) {
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }

        private String readLine0() {
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
            int c = read();
            while (c != '\n' && c != -1) {
                if (c != '\r') {
                    buf.appendCodePoint(c);
                }
                c = read();
            }
            return buf.toString();
        }

        public String readLine() {
            String s = readLine0();
            while (s.trim().length() == 0) {
                s = readLine0();
            }
            return s;
        }

        public String readLine(boolean ignoreEmptyLines) {
            if (ignoreEmptyLines) {
                return readLine();
            } else {
                return readLine0();
            }
        }

        public BigInteger readBigInteger() {
            try {
                return new BigInteger(nextString());
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
        }

        public char nextCharacter() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            return (char) c;
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                c = read();
            }
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            double res = 0;
            while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.') {
                if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
                    return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                }
                if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            if (c == '.') {
                c = read();
                double m = 1;
                while (!isSpaceChar(c)) {
                    if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
                        return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                    }
                    if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                        throw new InputMismatchException();
                    }
                    m /= 10;
                    res += (c - '0') * m;
                    c = read();
                }
            }
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public boolean isExhausted() {
            int value;
            while (isSpaceChar(value = peek()) && value != -1) {
                read();
            }
            return value == -1;
        }

        public String next() {
            return nextString();
        }

        public SpaceCharFilter getFilter() {
            return filter;
        }

        public void setFilter(SpaceCharFilter filter) {
            this.filter = filter;
        }

        public interface SpaceCharFilter {
            public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
        }

        public int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
            int[] array = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) array[i] = nextInt();
            return array;
        }

        public int[] nextSortedIntArray(int n) {
            int array[] = nextIntArray(n);
            Arrays.sort(array);
            return array;
        }

        public int[] nextSumIntArray(int n) {
            int[] array = new int[n];
            array[0] = nextInt();
            for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) array[i] = array[i - 1] + nextInt();
            return array;
        }

        public long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
            long[] array = new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) array[i] = nextLong();
            return array;
        }

        public long[] nextSumLongArray(int n) {
            long[] array = new long[n];
            array[0] = nextInt();
            for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) array[i] = array[i - 1] + nextInt();
            return array;
        }

        public long[] nextSortedLongArray(int n) {
            long array[] = nextLongArray(n);
            Arrays.sort(array);
            return array;
        }
    }


}
