You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

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////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM         OOOOOO             SSSSSSS      EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMMMM      MMMMMM      OOO      OOO        SSSS   SSS     EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM MMM  MMM MMMM    OOO          OOO    SSSS       SSS   EEEEE          /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM  MMMMMM  MMMM   OOO            OOO   SSSS             EEEEE          /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO   SSSSSSS         EEEEE          /////////
////////   HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH  EEEEEEEEEEE     MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO      SSSSSS       EEEEEEEEEEE    /////////
////////   HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH  EEEEEEEEEEE     MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO         SSSSSSS   EEEEEEEEEEE    /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM   OOO            OOO              SSSS  EEEEE          /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM    OOO          OOO     SSS       SSSS  EEEEE          /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM      OOO      OOO        SSS    SSSS    EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM         OOOOOO             SSSSSSS      EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
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public class global18 {
    static int[][] bitInside;
    static int Max = (int) 3e5 + 1;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        bitInside = new int[30][Max + 1];

        for (int i = 1; i <= Max; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 30; j++) {
                if ((i & (1 << j)) != 0)
                    bitInside[j][i]++;

                bitInside[j][i] += bitInside[j][i - 1];
            }
        }
        while (t-- > 0) {
            int l = sc.nextInt() - 1;
            int r = sc.nextInt();
            int ans = r - l;

            for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
                ans = Math.min(ans, (r - l) - (bitInside[i][r] - bitInside[i][l]));
            }
            pw.println(ans);
        }

        pw.flush();

    }


    static class Scanner {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public Scanner(InputStream s) {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
        }

        public Scanner(FileReader f) {
            br = new BufferedReader(f);
        }

        public String next() throws IOException {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public long nextLong() throws IOException {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        public int[] nextIntArr(int n) throws IOException {
            int[] arr = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                arr[i] = Integer.parseInt(next());
            }
            return arr;
        }

    }

}