You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class habd{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int tc = sc.nextInt();
        int[] arr = new int[32];
        int[][] pre = new int[200005][19];
        for(int i = 1, j = 0; j<32; j++){
            arr[j] = i;
            i = i<<1;
        }
        pre[1][0]= 1;
        for(int i = 0; i<19; i++){
            int temp = (1<<(i));
            for(int j = 2; j<200005 ;j++){
                int cur = j & temp;
                if(cur == 0)pre[j][i] = pre[j - 1][i];
                else pre[j][i] = pre[j - 1][i] + 1;
            }
        }
        while(tc-->0){
            int l = sc.nextInt(), r = sc.nextInt();
            int n = r - l + 1;
            int ans = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
            for(int i = 0; i < 19; i++){
                ans = Math.max(ans, pre[r][i] - pre[l - 1][i]);
            }
            pw.println(n - ans);
        }
        pw.flush();

    }
    public static long gcd(long a, long b)
    {
        if (b == 0)
            return a;
        return gcd(b, a % b);
    }
    public static class Pair{
        int x;
        int y;
        public Pair(int x, int y){
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
        }
    }
    public static boolean isSubsequence(char[] arr, String s){
        boolean ans = false;
        for(int i = 0, j = 0; i<arr.length; i++){
            if(arr[i] == s.charAt(j)){
                j++;
            }
            if(j == s.length()){
                ans = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }

    static class Scanner {
        StringTokenizer st;
        BufferedReader br;

        public Scanner(InputStream s) {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
        }

        public Scanner(FileReader r) {
            br = new BufferedReader(r);
        }

        public String next() throws IOException {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public long nextLong() throws IOException {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public String nextLine() throws IOException {
            return br.readLine();
        }

        public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            String x = next();
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
            double res = 0, f = 1;
            boolean dec = false, neg = false;
            int start = 0;
            if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
                neg = true;
                start++;
            }
            for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
                if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
                    res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
                    sb = new StringBuilder("0");
                    dec = true;
                } else {
                    sb.append(x.charAt(i));
                    if (dec)
                        f *= 10;
                }
            res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
            return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
        }

        public long[] nextlongArray(int n) throws IOException {
            long[] a = new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextLong();
            return a;
        }

        public Long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
            Long[] a = new Long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextLong();
            return a;
        }

        public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
            Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        public boolean ready() throws IOException {
            return br.ready();
        }

    }


}