You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
// हर हर महादेव
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public final class Solution {

    static int inf = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    static long mod = 1000000000 + 7;
    static int[][] dp= new int[200001][25];
 static void ne(Scanner sc, BufferedWriter op) throws Exception {
    int l=sc.nextInt();
    int r=sc.nextInt();
    int count=0;
    int max=-inf;
    for(int i=0;i<25;i++){
      max=Math.max(dp[r][i]-dp[l-1][i],max);     
    }
    count=((r-l+1)-max);
     
    
    op.write(count+"\n");

 }
 static void solve(){
     for(int i=0;i<25;i++){
         dp[0][i]=0;
     }
     for(int i=1;i<200001;i++){
         int curr=1;
       for(int j=24;j>=0;j--){
            if(isKthSet(i,j)){
                dp[i][j]++;
            }
            dp[i][j]+=dp[i-1][j];
        //   if(i%2==0){
        //       dp[i][j]=i/curr;
        //   }else{
        //       dp[i][j]=(i+1)/curr;
        //   }
        //   curr*=2;
       }
       
     }
 }

  
     public static boolean isKthSet(int n, int k)
    {
        if ((n & (1 << (k - 1))) > 0)
           return true;
        else
            return false;
    }
  

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        BufferedWriter op = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
        // Reader sc = new Reader();
        solve();
        Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        while (t-->0){ ne(sc, op); }
        
        // ne(sc,op);
           
                   
        op.flush();
    }

    static void print(Object o) {
        System.out.println(String.valueOf(o));
    }
    static int[] toIntArr(String s){
        int[] val= new int[s.length()];
        for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
            val[i]=s.charAt(i)-'a';
        }
        return val;
    }

    static void  sort(int[] arr){
        ArrayList<Integer> list= new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
            list.add(arr[i]);

        }
        Collections.sort(list);
        for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
            arr[i]=list.get(i);
        }
    }
       static void  sort(long[] arr){
        ArrayList<Long> list= new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
            list.add(arr[i]);

        }
        Collections.sort(list);
        for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
            arr[i]=list.get(i);
        }
    }

}



// return -1 to put no ahed in array
class pair {
    int  xx;
    int yy;
    pair(int xx, int yy ) {
        this.xx = xx;
        this.yy = yy;
    }
}


class sortY implements Comparator<pair> {
    public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
        if (p1.yy > p2.yy) {
            return 1;
        } else if (p1.yy == p2.yy) {
            if (p1.xx > p2.xx) {
                return 1;
            } else if (p1.xx < p2.xx) {
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;

        }
        return -1;
    }
}

class sortX implements Comparator<pair> {
    public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
        if (p1.xx > p2.xx) {
            return 1;
        } else if (p1.xx == p2.xx) {
            if (p1.yy > p2.yy) {
                return 1;
            } else if (p1.yy < p2.yy) {
                return -1;
            }
            return 0;

        }
        return -1;
    }
}

class debug {

    static void print1d(long[] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }

    }

    static void print1d(int[] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(i+" = "+arr[i]);
        }

    }

    static void print1d(boolean[] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + "= " + arr[i]);
        }

    }

    static void print2d(int[][] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        int n = arr.length;
        int n2 = arr[0].length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }

    }
       static void print2d(boolean[][] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        int n = arr.length;
        int n2 = arr[0].length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }

    }

    static void print2d(long[][] arr) {
        System.out.println();
        int n = arr.length;
        int n2 = arr[0].length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }

    }
     static void printPair(ArrayList<pair> list) {
        if(list.size()==0){
            System.out.println("empty list");
            return;
        }
       System.out.println();
       for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++){
          System.out.println(list.get(i).xx+"-"+list.get(i).yy);
       }
    }

}

class Reader {
    final private int BUFFER_SIZE = 1 << 16;
    private DataInputStream din;
    private byte[] buffer;
    private int bufferPointer, bytesRead;

    public Reader() {
        din = new DataInputStream(System.in);
        buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
        bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
    }

    public Reader(String file_name) throws IOException {
        din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file_name));
        buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
        bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
    }

    public String readLine() throws IOException {
        byte[] buf = new byte[64]; // line length
        int cnt = 0, c;
        while ((c = read()) != -1) {
            if (c == '\n') {
                if (cnt != 0) {
                    break;
                } else {
                    continue;
                }
            }
            buf[cnt++] = (byte) c;
        }
        return new String(buf, 0, cnt);
    }

    public int nextInt() throws IOException {
        int ret = 0;
        byte c = read();
        while (c <= ' ') {
            c = read();
        }
        boolean neg = (c == '-');
        if (neg)
            c = read();
        do {
            ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
        } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

        if (neg)
            return -ret;
        return ret;
    }

    public long nextLong() throws IOException {
        long ret = 0;
        byte c = read();
        while (c <= ' ')
            c = read();
        boolean neg = (c == '-');
        if (neg)
            c = read();
        do {
            ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
        } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
        if (neg)
            return -ret;
        return ret;
    }

    public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
        double ret = 0, div = 1;
        byte c = read();
        while (c <= ' ')
            c = read();
        boolean neg = (c == '-');
        if (neg)
            c = read();

        do {
            ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
        } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');

        if (c == '.') {
            while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                ret += (c - '0') / (div *= 10);
            }
        }

        if (neg)
            return -ret;
        return ret;
    }

    private void fillBuffer() throws IOException {
        bytesRead = din.read(buffer, bufferPointer = 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
        if (bytesRead == -1)
            buffer[0] = -1;
    }

    private byte read() throws IOException {
        if (bufferPointer == bytesRead)
            fillBuffer();
        return buffer[bufferPointer++];
    }

    public void close() throws IOException {
        if (din == null)
            return;
        din.close();
    }
}
 class MultiTreeSet<E> {
	TreeMap<E, Integer> freqTreeMap = new TreeMap<E, Integer>();
	int size;
 
	public MultiTreeSet() {}
 
	public MultiTreeSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
		for(E element : c)
			add(element);
	}
 
	public int size() {
		return size;
	}
 
	public void add(E element) {
		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
		if(freq==null)
			freqTreeMap.put(element, 1);
		else
			freqTreeMap.put(element,freq+1);
		++size;
	}
 
	public void remove(E element) {
		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
		if(freq!=null) {
			if(freq==1)
				freqTreeMap.remove(element);
			else
				freqTreeMap.put(element, freq-1);
			--size;
		}
	}
 
	public int get(E element) {
		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
		if(freq==null)
			return 0;
		return freq;
	}
 
	public boolean contains(E element) {
		return get(element)>0;
	}
 
	public boolean isEmpty() {
		return size==0;
	}
 
	public E first() {
		return freqTreeMap.firstKey();
	}
 
	public E last() {
		return freqTreeMap.lastKey();
	}
 
	public E ceiling(E element) {
		return freqTreeMap.ceilingKey(element);
	}
 
	public E floor(E element) {
		return freqTreeMap.floorKey(element);
	}
 
	public E higher(E element) {
		return freqTreeMap.higherKey(element);
	}
 
	public E lower(E element) {
		return freqTreeMap.lowerKey(element);
	}
}
 