You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
// 12/24/21 noon
// package codeforce.global.r18;

import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class B2 {
    static PrintWriter pw;
    private final int N = (int) 2e5 + 1;
    private final int MAX_BIT = 20;

    void solve(int l, int r, int[][] pre) {
        int tot = r - l + 1, maxOne = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BIT; i++) {
            maxOne = Math.max(maxOne, pre[i][r] - pre[i][l - 1]);
        }
        int res = tot - maxOne;
        pr(res);
    }

    private void run() {
        // read_write_file(); // comment this before submission
        FastScanner fs = new FastScanner();
        int t = fs.nextInt();
        int[][] pre = new int[MAX_BIT][N];
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BIT; i++) {
            for (int x = 1; x < N; x++) {
                int bitOfOneJudge = x >> i & 1;
                pre[i][x] = pre[i][x - 1] + bitOfOneJudge;
            }
        }
        while (t-- > 0) {
            int[] a = fs.readArray(2);
            solve(a[0], a[1], pre);
        }
    }

    private final String INPUT = "input.txt";
    private final String OUTPUT = "output.txt";

    void read_write_file() {
        FileInputStream instream = null;
        PrintStream outstream = null;
        try {
            instream = new FileInputStream(INPUT);
            outstream = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(OUTPUT));
            System.setIn(instream);
            System.setOut(outstream);
        } catch (Exception e) {
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        new B2().run();
        pw.close();
    }

    void pr(int num) {
        pw.println(num);
    }

    void pr(long num) {
        pw.println(num);
    }

    void pr(double num) {
        pw.println(num);
    }

    void pr(String s) {
        pw.println(s);
    }

    void pr(char c) {
        pw.println(c);
    }

    class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

        String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        int[] readArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
    }

    void tr(Object... o) {
        pw.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
    }
}