You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Practice {
	static boolean multipleTC = true;
	FastReader in;
	PrintWriter out;

	static int mod = (int) (1e9 + 7);
	int mod2 = 998244353;
	int parent[];
	int rank[];
	int cnt[][];

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		new Practice().run();
	}

	void run() throws Exception {
		in = new FastReader();
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		int T = (multipleTC) ? ni() : 1;
		pre();
		for (int t = 1; t <= T; t++)
			solve(t);
		out.flush();
		out.close();
	}

	void pre() throws Exception {
		cnt = new int[33][1000005];
		for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
			for (int j = 1; j < 1000005; j++) {
				if ((j & (1 << i)) != 0) {
					cnt[i][j] = cnt[i][j - 1] + 1;
				} else {
					cnt[i][j] = cnt[i][j - 1];
				}
			}
		}

	}

	void solve(int TC) throws Exception {
		int l = ni();
		int r = ni();
		int max = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
			max = Math.max(max, cnt[i][r] - cnt[i][l-1]);
		}
		int ans = (r - l + 1) - max;
		pn(ans);

	}

	public <E> StringBuilder printArr(E arr[]) {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		int n = arr.length;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			sb.append(arr[i] + " ");
		}
		return sb;
	}

	static int bitCount(int x) {
		return x == 0 ? 0 : (1 + bitCount(x & (x - 1)));
	}

	static void dbg(Object... o) {
		System.err.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
	}

	int bit(long n) {
		return (n == 0) ? 0 : (1 + bit(n & (n - 1)));
	}

	void p(Object o) {
		out.print(o);
	}

	void pn(Object o) {
		out.println(o);
	}

	void pni(Object o) {
		out.println(o);
		out.flush();
	}

	String n() throws Exception {
		return in.next();
	}

	String nln() throws Exception {
		return in.nextLine();
	}

	int ni() throws Exception {
		return Integer.parseInt(in.next());
	}

	long nl() throws Exception {
		return Long.parseLong(in.next());
	}

	long[] readArr(int n) throws Exception {
		long arr[] = new long[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			arr[i] = nl();
		}
		return arr;
	}

	double nd() throws Exception {
		return Double.parseDouble(in.next());
	}

	class FastReader {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;

		public FastReader() {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		}

		public FastReader(String s) throws Exception {
			br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(s));
		}

		String next() throws Exception {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
				try {
					st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					throw new Exception(e.toString());
				}
			}
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		String nextLine() throws Exception {
			String str = "";
			try {
				str = br.readLine();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				throw new Exception(e.toString());
			}
			return str;
		}
	}
}