You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Solution {
    static class FastReader {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;
        public FastReader() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }
        String next() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }
        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
        String nextLine() {
            String str = "";
            try {
                str = br.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
    }
    static void sort(int a[]){ // int -> long
        ArrayList<Integer> arr=new ArrayList<>(); // Integer -> Long
        for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
        arr.add(a[i]);
        Collections.sort(arr);
        for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
        a[i]=arr.get(i);
        
    }
    private static long gcd(long a, long b){
        if(b==0)return a;
        return gcd(b,a%b);
    }
    private static long pow(long x,long y){
        if(y==0)return 1;
        long temp = pow(x, y/2);
        if(y%2==1){
            return x*temp*temp;
        }
        else{
            return temp*temp;
        }
    }
    static int log(long n){
        int res = 0;
        while(n>0){
            res++;
            n/=2;
        }
        return res;
    }

    static int mod = (int)1e9+7;
    static int INF = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    static PrintWriter out;
    static FastReader sc ;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        sc = new FastReader();
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        // primes();
        // ================================ //
        int test = sc.nextInt();
        while (test-- > 0) {
            int a = sc.nextInt();
            int b = sc.nextInt();
            solver(a, b);
        }
        // ================================ //
        // int n = sc.nextInt();
        // solver();
        // ================================ //
        out.flush();
    }

    public static void solver(int a, int b) {
        int low =    Integer.highestOneBit(a);
        int high =    Integer.highestOneBit(b);
        // System.out.println(low+"__"+    high);
        if(low==high){
            out.println( 0);
            return;
        }
        else if(low*2==high){
            out.println( Math.min((b-a+1)/2,Math.min(b-high+1, high-a)));
        }
        else{
            // System.out.println("__"+    high/2);
            out.println(Math.min((b-a+1)/2, Math.min( high-a,b-a+1-high/2)));
        }
    }
}
