You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?

A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.

Input

The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.

The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
1 2
2 8
4 5
1 5
100000 200000


Output


1
3
0
2
31072

Note

In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.

In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.*;

//import sun.nio.fs.RegistryFileTypeDetector;


 
public class Codeforces {
	static int mod= 1000000007;
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(System.out);
		FastScanner fs=new FastScanner();
		int t=fs.nextInt();
		
		outer:while(t-->0) {
			int l=fs.nextInt(), r=fs.nextInt();
			int ans=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for(int i=1;i<=30;i++) {
				int cur=find(l,r,i);
				ans=Math.min(ans, cur);
//				out.println(cur);
			}
//			System.out.println(solve(8,f));
			out.println(ans);
		}
		
		out.close();
		
	}
	static int find(int l,int r,int p) {
		return solve(r,p)-solve(l-1,p);
	}
	static int solve(int n,int p) {
		n++;
		int div= 1<<p;
		int ans=(n/div)*(1<<(p-1));
		ans+= Math.min(n%div,div/2);
		return ans;
	}
	static long pow(long a,long b) {
		if(b<0) return 1;
		long res=1;
		while(b!=0) {
			if((b&1)!=0) {
				res*=a;
				res%=mod;
			}
			a*=a;
			a%=mod;
			b=b>>1;
		}
		return res;
	}
	static int gcd(int  a,int  b) {
		if(b==0) return a;
		return gcd(b,a%b);
	}
	static long nck(int n,int k) {
		if(k>n) return 0;
		long res=1;
		res*=fact(n);
		res%=mod;
		res*=modInv(fact(k));
		res%=mod;
		res*=modInv(fact(n-k)); 
		res%=mod;
		return res;
	}
	static long fact(long n) {
//		return fact[(int)n];
		long res=1;
		for(int i=2;i<=n;i++) {
			res*=i;
			res%=mod;
		}
		return res;
	}
	
	static long modInv(long n) {
		return pow(n,mod-2);
	}
	
	static void sort(int[] a) {
		//suffle
		int n=a.length;
		Random r=new Random();
		for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
			int oi=r.nextInt(n);
			int temp=a[i];
			a[i]=a[oi];
			a[oi]=temp;
		}
		
		//then sort
		Arrays.sort(a);
	}
	
	// Use this to input code since it is faster than a Scanner
	static class FastScanner {
		BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("");
		String next() {
			while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
				try {
					st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			return st.nextToken();
		}
		
		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
		long[] lreadArray(int n) {
			long a[]=new long[n];
			for(int i=0;i<n;i++) a[i]=nextLong();
			return a;
		}
		int[] readArray(int n) {
			int[] a=new int[n];
			for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=nextInt();
			return a;
		}
		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
	}
 
}