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W1A-001-1.txt	LOOK THROUGH THE WINDOW TO MOTHER NATURE'S SOUL Cyndi Vasco Have you ever stopped what you were doing, opened a window, thrown off your shoes and just looked out? I do not mean sat there to be lazy and fall asleep, or to watch television. I mean sat down and really looked out a window and soaked up nature. If not, might I suggest a daily dose of window watching. Window watching may be done from any window in any room of any house. You may wonder, why would you want to look out a window on your spare time when you could be watching TV, listening to the radio, reading a book, or spending time with your boy or girlfriend. Here is my answer... WONDERFUL, BEAUTIFUL, AMAZING, OUTSTANDING, POWERFUL, and BRILLIANT LIFE!! I would like to take you now to the window from which I have been doing the majority of my window watching. It is a large window located on the top of a two story house. The surroundings of the window are not important, and neither is what the window faces. What matters about this window is the life that can be seen through it. From your window you may notice a number of miracles, just as I have. Notice the trees that not too long ago were cold and bare are now beginning to bloom pink and purple. Isn't it amazing how mother nature causes the changes of the trees? See the sun shine from the corner of your window hitting the silky webs of worms that are starting to hang from the trees. How do they do that? The birds will glide into your sight, as they enjoy the warm breeze that intertwines with their wings, keeping them in flight. As the afternoon becomes evening, feel the warm breeze begin to turn cool as it wisps by your face. You can smell the sweet sent of nectar as your deep breaths allow the air to dance with your lungs. Now, place your bare feet on the ledge of the window and let them be replenished from their long day. Your eyes get fixated on the shadows dancing on the ground, caused by sashaying trees and happy clouds You begin to scan the scene in which your window surrounds. Look how quickly that yellow spider can maneuver all eight of it's legs as it runs down the shingles, hot to the touch. Leg, leg, leg, leg, leg, leg, leg, leg. Seeds, pedals and leaves float by with happy ants on the waves. Hear the startling calls of animals aroused by the warm summer day.
W2A-010-0.txt	MARCIA MUELDER EATON The Intrinsic, Non-Supervenient Nature of Aesthetic Properties The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 52:4 Fall 1994 III In the above discussion I have occasionally alluded to reasons why aestheticians find supervenience an appealing notion. Now I should like to show in more detail how it has figured in three papers specifically dealing with aesthetic supervenience. Philip Pettit titles his paper "The Possibility of Aesthetic Realism,"12 thereby making it clear that the "work" he wants to do is to provide a basis for proving or rationally justifying aesthetic attributions. He begins by making three observations about aesthetic attributions, (he uses the term "aesthetic characterization"). First he claims that they are not the same as pictorial attributions, e.g., color descriptions. (I have always been puzzled by the fact that many theorists assume that color statements are not aesthetic. I find it quite normal for people to report preferences for and appreciation of certain colors. "I like that shade of green that permeates the world the first few weeks of spring," seems perfectly aesthetic to me. So does, "It's the red that is so dramatic.?" But perhaps Pettit and others, would deny that these are, strictly speaking, descriptions. In any case, if this observation is not to be question-begging, it needs more discussion. (I will have more to say on this later.) Secondly he asserts that aesthetic attributions are "relatively primitive," that is, if a characterization applies to one work, then it applies to any which, subject to rectification for colours, is observationally indistinguishable from that work; there is no possibility of an unobservable difference affecting how the works are respectively characterised."13 (I am not sure what the phrase "subject to rectification for colours" implies here. Does Pettit believe that colors can vary without aesthetic properties changingIf so, I think he needs to provide some examples to show that this is so. On the face of it, one would think that color-alterations would affect enormous changes. Perhaps I just don't understand "rectification.") Third, aesthetic attributions, according to Pettit, supervene on pictorial characteristics. "The indiscernibility of any two works with respect to their pictorial characterisations entails their aesthetic indiscernibility; equivalently, there cannot be an aesthetic difference between two works unless there is also a pictorial one."14 I shall later argue that this last claim is false, or at best trivial or misleading. Pettit goes on to show that there is a version of aesthetic realism consistent with these three observations. As on Blackburn's analysis, supervenience, coupled with non-entailment, creates a problem for the aesthetic realist. Pettit, assuming that aesthetic properties supervene on non-aesthetic ones, must fiddle around with entailment. His own strategy involves showing how the apparent "quasi-assertive" nature of aesthetic statements (in Crispin Wright's sense where evidence presented cannot fail to command agreement unless the statement is misunderstood) disappears when one fully understands the role of perception in aesthetic attributions.15 But such tinkering would perhaps not be necessary if the machinery of supervenience were not considered a necessary tool for doing the work at hand. In "Aesthetic Supervenience," Jerrold Levinson also assumes that aesthetic properties are supervenient. His goal is to explain the particular form that this supervenience takes, and he opts for this: "(AS): Two objects (e.g., art-works) that differ aesthetically necessarily differ non-aesthetically."16 That is, there could not be two objects that were aesthetically different yet non-aesthetically identical-fixing the non-aesthetic properties of an object fixes its aesthetic properties. Levinson then posits three kinds of non-aesthetic properties as the bases upon which aesthetic ones supervene: perceivable, non-perceivable, and contextual. He couples supervenience with emergence (instead of reductionism or condition-governed-ness) In order to provide a foundation for proving or rationally justifying the attribution of the aesthetic properties that seem to him so ontologically different from the non-aesthetic ones that one refers to in these proofs and justifications. Justification - - getting from non-aesthetic to aesthetic properties in the absence of laws-- is John Bender's main concern in "Supervenience and the Justification of Aesthetic Judgments." He increases the number of observations from Pettit's three to six-- describing them as "common fare for aestheticians."17 They probably are common fare, and this is one reason that aesthetics is often so muddled, I think. The first "commonplace" is that "artworks and other aesthetic objects have both descriptive, structural, perceivable properties, such as certain lines, colors, notes, sentences, chemical properties, etc., and aesthetic properties, such as balance, unity, tranquillity, poise, charm, coherence, energy, grandness of design, etc. Pretty clearly, when conceived as universals, aesthetic properties are not identical to non-aesthetic ones."18 I do not accept this a priori distinction. As I suggested above, I think color, for instance, may be an aesthetic property. The line between "design" and "grandness of design" is certainly fuzzy, I believe. The "etc." at the end of the lists of both aesthetic and non-aesthetic properties Bender provides is typical of aesthetic writing. The assumption is that all readers know exactly how to go on-- but I, for one, do not. Bender's next two claims do seem correct to me. #2. Two objects with different non-aesthetic properties can be described by the same aesthetic term. Both wine and music can be balanced, for example. #3. "There are, at least in general, no logical equivalences between aesthetic and nonaesthetic predications." I also grant #6. "The most common and apparently most forceful strategy for justifying aesthetic judgments... is to cite those nonaesthetic properties of the thing which one believes are responsible for or result in the work's having the property one has claimed for it." 19 I disagree strongly, however, with commonplaces #4-- "Short of imagining vast and general alterations in human sensibilities, in order to change the aesthetic properties of any work it is necessary to change at least some of the nonaesthetic properties of that work" - - and #5-- "Necessarily, if two artworks were to have precisely the same physical and sensory properties, they would have the same aesthetic properties."20 It is because I deny both of these that I am dubious about supervenience's doing much aesthetic work, for Bender, correctly, believes that together they provide an imprecise, but nevertheless close, statement of aesthetic supervenience. I believe that aesthetic attributions are culture-bound. Thus I do not have to believe that someone must differ "sensibly" from me to grant that he or she may apply different, even contradictory aesthetic terms to the same object or event. Even I myself may, staying sensibly the same, come to apply different or contradictory terms myself to an object whose non-aesthetic properties are stable. (I shall expand upon this point below.) Using the notions of supervenience developed by Kim and Blackburn, Bender goes on to develop a more precise statement of aesthetic supervenience. He includes in the set of base properties not only particular non-aesthetic properties, but also their complements, for it is not only the properties something actually possesses that matter For example, the elegance of Brancusi's The Bird does not just depend upon polished surface, tapering curves, and seamlessness. It also depends upon the fact that certain properties are missing, e.g., being splashed with blood. Bender acknowledges that such an interpretation of supervenience goes well beyond the properties usually or actually cited in justification, that one must limit oneself to the relevant absent properties, and that it is difficult to specify how to do this. Bender believes, however, that supervenience is necessary for the objectivity of aesthetic attribution, and so is willing to tinker with it until he has a version of it that seems to work. I do not think that supervenience is required, and so believe this whole messy and difficult (and ultimately, I suspect, impossible) task can be avoided. IV Many of the distinctions listed in my opening paragraph do not help one do the aesthetic work we want to do because they do not hold up or, even if they do, they fail ultimately to tell us anything special about aesthetic properties. Supervenience, I shall now argue, does not help because the distinctions it depends upon do not hold up.21 Like reductionism or emergence, where one kind of property can he defined in terms of, or comes forth from, another kind of property, supervenience presupposes the existence of (and usually ontological priority of) some base set of properties. Blackburn, for example, defines supervenience in this way: "Necessarily if x is F and G* (a set of facts) underlies F then anything else in state G* is also F."22 Here a "set of facts" "underlies." In other writers the base consists of a set of "natural" or "structural" or physical or "descriptive properties. Aestheticians have used all of these terms, but usually simply think in terms of the base as "non-aesthetic." So Blackburn's version becomes, "Necessarily if a is A and N underlies A, then anything else that is N is also A." But even Blackburn acknowledges a general problem with supervenience. "Of course, G* can contain all kinds of relational truths about the subject, truth about other things, and so on. In fact, one of the difficulties about thinking about all of this properly is that it rapidly becomes unclear just what can be allowed in our conception of the totality of 6* states." 23 Is the century in which an object is produced part of G* or N? If so, the apparent supervenience of properties like being realistic, exciting, graceful, or even beautiful begins to come into question. I shall say more about this shortly. Statements of supervenience that do not explicitly mention two ontologically different sets (these tend to be early, non-formal articulations) nonetheless typically provide a "test" that supposedly enables one to make a distinction. The test can he stated as follows: TEST: If one can imagine two objects or events identical in all respects except that one has property P and the other does not have property P, then P is not supervenient; if one cannot imagine two objects or events identical in all respects except that one has property P and the other does not have property P, then P is supervenient. This test invites one to play a kind of "Can-you-can't-you" game. In the early days philosophers such as Hare believed that "I can't" marked off evaluative (aesthetic and ethical) properties. Recently, as we have seen, they have been forced to admit that "I can't" does not provide an identifying mark of the evaluative, but accounts for a variety of "mysterious" connections. Let us play a simple version of the game. Imagine two coffee mugs exactly alike in all respects except one. Which properties can one do this with, and which can't one do this withInitially one might provide these lists of "CANS" and "CAN'TS": CAN owned by Queen Elizabeth II yellow holding coffee now CAN'T delicate holds twelve ounces shaped like a duck Writers who rely on supervenience to explain in the "mysterious" relation that seems to exist between some properties assume that everyone's intuitions will match and that they will thus be able to play this game without hesitation or doubt. But I find myself very quickly in a quandary. Where would "is cylindrical" goOn the one hand it seems a can - - for one might at first think it possible to imagine two coffee mugs of the same capacity, color, material, height, one cylindrical, the other cubical. But wait: if the mugs have the same capacity then they must either have different heights or different base widths. So "is cylindrical" must be a can't. Or, in some ways, it's a can, in some ways a can't. The cans on the above list (owned by Elizabeth II, etc.) do seem right to me, but the can'ts begin to waver. If delicacy is a physical property, then it seems a can't, but if it is a visual property, I can easily imagine two mugs identical in all respects except that one is delicate according to Dick but not according to Jane. Suppose the mugs are lead-based ceramic. Given different constitutions and susceptibilities, as Dick and Jane drink out of the mugs identical in all respects, Dick might find his mug poisonous, Jane might find hers nonpoisonous. Being poisonous, of course, like being to the left of or shorter than, is a relative predicate (not in the sense of being non-cognitive, but in the sense of requiring two names or descriptions to fill out the predicate). So are many aesthetic properties, and thus supervenience fails to help explain anything special about aesthetic proof or rational justification. Just as we saw that it is not clear what counts as F(A) and what counts as G*(N), it is not clear how one is to interpret "in all respects" in the test. Does it or does it not include what Blackburn calls "relational truths"The intuition behind supervenience is that when all base properties remain stable, the supervening properties must remain stable. All aesthetic attributions must remain stable if the underlying non-aesthetic attributions remain stable. But if relational truths (" made in the sixteenth century," or "seen by Jane," for instance) are included in the base, the test for supervenience breaks down-- and we are no longer in possession of a helpful tool. Two objects particle-for-particle identical with one another viewed by two persons particle-for-particle identical with one another viewed (or one person particle-for-particle self-identical on different occasions) in two cultures particle-for-particle identical will be given the same aesthetic attribution. This tells us nothing special about aesthetic attributions. It certainly does not distinguish them from perceptual, mental, moral, scientific, religious, economic, or political attributions, nor tell us how proof or rational justification can be carried out in the esthetic realm if we thought there was a special problem there (one that did not exist, for example, in the scientific realm).
W1A-019-0.txt	If the student is taken for a psychiatric evaluation and returns to school shortly afterwards, I would call her parents and strongly urge them to put their daughter in therapy with a licensed therapist or psychiatrist if they have not done so already. I would explain, being careful not to use these exact words that imply "diagnoses" on my part, that she is exhibiting signs of depression, cutting, and an eating disorder, and that I think it would be in her best interest to see a mental health professional on a regular basis for intense therapy. I would have an ethical responsibility to make this suggestion and a referral, because I am not skilled in treating eating disorders or in counseling students who cut themselves. I would take steps to increase my competency in these areas, but she would be better served by a professional trained to help with these issues. I would refer her and her parents to some mental health professionals in the area who specialize in dealing with eating disorders and/or cutting. For my part, I would then continue to monitor the student and would try to provide her with a safe and trusting space for her to share her feelings and thoughts. I would revisit the "Life Contract" we started together and check in regularly to assess her progress and level of suicide risk. I might also ask if she would be willing to let me speak to her therapist or psychiatrist about her progress, so that I could help support her better in school. If she agrees, I would ask both her and her parents for their written consent. I would support her in any way I can in school, and I might specifically work with her on increasing her self-esteem, working on anger management techniques to encourage her to find other outlets for her anger instead of cutting her skin, and developing her career aspirations so that she can create more of a connection with her future. I will engage her in conversations about basketball and her interest in going professional, and will help her plan how she can work toward her goal of playing in the WNBA. I will also encourage academic achievement, involvement in school activities, and exploration of other career interests she may have. I might also advocate to her teachers on her behalf, explaining that she has been going through some things (without going into more detail) and asking if she might be given the opportunity to make up some missed assignments. I would thank the student for coming to me and assure her that she is being a good friend by telling a trusted adult about her concerns for her classmate. I would tell her that I would follow up to make sure that her classmate stays safe and that she can help her friend by continuing to be kind to her. I would also advise her to not share what her classmate tells her with other students in order to avoid the spread of gossip or rumors, which would probably make her classmate feel even more upset. I would assure her that she can come and talk with me about her concerns whenever she wants and that if she suspects her friend is in immediate danger, she should tell an adult immediately. Once the concerned classmate leaves my office, I would first tell the school principal what I have heard and assure him/her that I will speak to the parents. I would then try to meet with the student before calling her parents in order to begin conducting an informal assessment. According to section A.2.a. of ASCA's Ethical Standards for School Counselors, I would have to begin the session by explaining confidentiality and its limitations. I would then ask her how she is feeling about school and her life at home and would try to provide a supportive environment for her to express herself. I would explain to her that others had expressed concerns about her well being and remind her that I am here to listen and help her. I would explain my need to tell her parents what I have heard in order to keep her safe, and I would communicate to her that even if she tells me that her parents already know she has tried to kill herself, I need to call home to speak with them about it just in case. I would offer to call one or both of her parents in her presence so that she can participate in the phone call. I would also conduct a lethality assessment to determine if she currently has suicidal thoughts and whether or not she has devised a suicide plan. I may ask her to complete a "Life Contract" and would continue to check in with her regularly. I would meet with her in the future to discuss her feelings about school and her parents' divorce and would work with her on topics such as self-esteem and coping with divorce. Either after the student leaves my office or with her, I would call her classmate's parents (both parents if they both have legal rights to information regarding their daughter) to express my concerns about what I have heard. Perhaps the student has not actually told her mother that she attempted suicide, so I would have a legal and ethical duty to warn her parents just in case. As explained in the previous answer, as mandated after the Eisel case in Maryland, I would have a legal duty to contact her parents. I would want to offer my support and concerns and ask if the student is actually seeing a psychiatrist for her depression. I would encourage her parents to take her for a psychiatric evaluation if she has not already had one or is not actually seeing a psychiatrist currently. I would recommend local mental health counseling services, family counseling services, and other appropriate resources that may be helpful. I would also ask the parents to provide me with some background information on her daughter, including when they noticed that their daughter had become withdrawn and first attempted to take her own life. If the parents ask for suggestions on what they can do to help at home, I might suggest that they support their daughter by spending time with her, asking open questions in a nonjudgmental manner, and validating her feelings. I would also ask her parents if there are specific things they think I might be able to do in school to help their daughter. I would continue to communicate with them regarding their daughter's general progress in the future but would also remind them of the importance of confidentiality in the counseling environment. According to section B.5.b. of the ACA Code of Ethics, I should explain to the parents my role as a counselor and the importance of confidentiality in my relationship with their daughter (2005). I would explain that in order to have a trusting relationship with their daughter, I would keep what she tells me private, unless I have reason to believe she is in danger. I would also explain that if they and their daughter feel comfortable permitting the psychiatrist and I to communicate regarding her therapy in order to help her in the best way possible, they could provide their written consent for the sharing of information. I would first discuss confidentiality and its limits in the counseling setting. Establishing an environment of trust and support would be crucial for developing a counseling relationship with this student. I would use active listening and open questioning to encourage him to explore his feelings about his sexuality and the fears he has about telling his parents that he is homosexual. After the initial counseling session, I might do some more research on Fontaine and Hammond's six stages of identity formation. I would keep these stages in mind and try to informally assess what stage this student might be in currently, so that I can support him in the most helpful manner. I would ask questions in a gentle, nonjudgmental manner, such as, "When did you first starting having these feelings? Tell me about what that was like." According to section A.4.b. of the ACA Code of Ethics, it would be important that I be aware of my own personal values and attitudes related to homosexuality when working with this student, so that I am careful not to impose any of my own values on him. I would also ask him whether or not he has experimented or acted on his feelings, and if he has, I would talk with him about the importance of practicing safe sex. Perhaps this student still questions his sexual identity, or perhaps he has known that he was homosexual for years and is feeling very comfortable with his identity. He may or may not have given a good deal of thought to how and when he might tell his parents and what their reaction might be. I would support this student and counselor him against doing or saying anything before he feels that he is truly ready. If the student talks about feeling confused and is therefore in the first stage of identity formation, I might first recommend a book he could read about identifying one's sexuality. I might also encourage this student to consider joining an LGTB club at school or in the community if he feels comfortable. This might be a good place for him to explore his feelings with others and receive support and advice regarding dealing with family issues. I would also give him information about local community agencies that might offer him some support. I would talk with him about his current relationship with his parents, discuss his parents' relationship with his brother since his brother came out, and discuss whether or not he has told his brother that he is homosexual. I would ask if he feels comfortable talking with his brother before telling his parents. His brother might be able to help him tell his parents or give him suggestions on how he might go about telling them. During this stage, the student needs to feel safe and supported while he explores his feelings and options. I would explain to the student that I cannot give him any answers regarding whether or not he should tell his parents, but I might suggest we discuss the pros and cons of telling his parents. This will help him to mentally map out the possible consequences and outcomes of telling his parents. I would encourage him to share his fears and hopes about telling his parents, and I might suggest we role play how he could tell them. We could role play possible outcomes of his telling his parents and discuss how he might react to each of them. This would help him explore whether or not he feels comfortable telling his parents and would help prepare him for dealing with his parents' possibly unfavorable reactions. When and if he does decide to tell his parents, I would provide support for him, encourage him to find support in close friends or a LGBT group, and would offer to talk with his parents if he feels that this might help. I would consider referring him to a mental health counselor if he exhibits symptoms of depression following his discussion with his parents, and I would have a legal and ethical duty to tell his parents if I believe he is in danger of harming himself or if he runs away from home. My HMO healthcare provider covers mental health services. Mental health counseling and chemical dependency counseling are covered, but family counseling and marriage counseling are not covered. Only individual therapy is covered; group counseling is not covered. There is a twenty dollar co-pay per visit for both mental health and chemical dependency individual counseling. No referrals are needed to receive mental health and chemical dependency counseling. Twenty-six counseling visits per year are covered, but counseling service providers can write referrals to extend the number of needed sessions per year, and insurance will cover these as well. Inpatient hospital care for all medical services, including mental health and chemical dependency-related services, is covered by insurance, minus a one hundred dollar admission fee. My provider covers inpatient hospital care for an unlimited number of days. The ethical and legal issues and counseling topics we discussed in class were extremely useful and relevant to my role as an aspiring professional school counselor. Before entering this class, I knew very little about the specific ethical standards that school counselors should uphold and knew nothing about the laws we must abide by pertaining to counseling minors, school records, subpoenas, abuse, and suicide. I have now learned and practiced utilizing the steps to take when faced with an ethical dilemma. I also particularly enjoyed the class presentations on important topics and issues school counselors face. As well as gathering useful resources (PowerPoint presentations and annotated bibliographies) for future professional development, I also learned the ethical and legal responsibilities related to each topic or issue discussed. I also appreciated the suggestions in each presentation for how school counselors can advocate on behalf of both students and the school counseling program.
W1B-003-0.txt	February 19, 1990 DearMike Well, believe it or not, I have made up my mind about what I will be doing next year (and I need to tell so many people that I have to write a form letter). I am going to volunteer full-time for a year (June 1990-June 1991) at the Harambee Christian Family Center in Northwest Pasadena, California. Northwest Pasadena is not an inner-city community, but it has most of the problems that city ghettoes have: poverty, crime, drug and alcohol addiction, underachievement, and so on. The founders of Harambee, Jasper and Mary Parker, have claimed a ten-block area of Northwest Pasadena as theirs and are determined to bring these problems to an end. (of course, after those ten blocks are revitalized, there's no stopping them from expanding....) In the eight years they have been there, there has already been visible change in the community. Just one example is that one of the three houses owned by the Center used to belong to one of the biggest drug traders in Pasadena, and he is now in jail and drug deals are no longer done on the 1500 block of Navarro Avenue. You are probably thinking that reclaiming a ghetto community is a rather ambitious project; how has Harambee been doing this? Susan Pickles, a present staff member at Harambee, wrote a good capsule summary: "Our goal is to live among the people, feel their needs and make their needs our needs, work with the community to meet the basic needs of dignity and hope, and then make young people the leaders of their own community." Essentially, the staff at Harambee are trying to change the community by bringing the message of Christ into it. By this I mean that the primary problem of the people living in these communities is that society tells them in too many ways to catalog that they are worthless and have no chance of amounting to anything. Contrary to society, the message of Christ is that all persons are precious in God's sight. The staff thus seeks to first and foremost communicate to the people of the community that they are people with worth, by showing them in both intangible and practical ways that we care about them. (Yes, it's weird to write "we" when speaking of the Harambee staff--but exciting as well!) The foremost practical way of showing that we care about the people of the community is in the youth program, which provides everything from a summer day camp for the kids in the area to tutoring and help with homework during the school year, weekend hikes in the mountains, and breakfast before church on Sunday mornings. Most of these kids have parents who show little if any concern for them, who do not encourage them to have high hopes for what they can do with their lives, and who certainly do not challenge them in their education. Harambee tries to provide these needs for the kids, primarily through one-to- one relationships between the staff and the kids. I will be spending about half of my time working in this youth program, tutoring, teaching arts and crafts, leading music, taking the children hiking and camping, teaching a sort of weekday Sunday school, and so on. We hope that as we spend time with these kids, showing love for them and holding out challenges to them, they will gain the self-esteem and dreams needed for them to escape the traps of despair and addiction that society offers them. We also hope that they will be inspired to take responsibility to help their community continue to overcome its problems and, as they grow up, choose to stay in the community and use their capabilities and skills to help it further change into a place of hope and life. I will also serve as a general assistant to the director of Harambee, Allen Pickles. I will be doing some administration (Allen is not a very organized person and hopefully I can help get the program running more smoothly) and some writing for their publications (the founder, Jasper Parker, was self-educated after third grade, and so when he writes, he needs a lot of editorial help to communicate his very powerful ideas). In addition, Harambee has programs in adult education, job training, and job placement, and Allen is also thinking of trying to start a coffeehouse to provide alternatives for entertainment in the area, so depending on what evolves over next year, I could be involved with any or all of those projects, planning or administering them or even working to implement them. I hope this has given you some idea of what I'll be doi 'llnext year. I am excited about being a part of Harambee; I think I will learn a great deal about practical ways American Christians are working to help troubled communities overcome their problems. I expect that God will stretch me in a lot of ways as I try to fit into a lower-class, predominantly black and Hispanic community as a servant, and I expect that I will learn a lot about life that I don't see as a white, well- educated, upper-middle-class person. (I am going to be raising my financial support and am aiming at $300/month, $250 of which will go to housing and food costs, so I will be having a new economic experience.) During the year I will also be thinking about whether I want to go on to, graduate school in biophysics in 1991. I've applied t 've year and am planning to defer admission to somewhere, probably but not definitely Harvard (I have a little more thinking to do before I settle on them). However, I am not at all sure that I won't decide to continue in Christian social service work, perhaps at Harambee, perhaps elsewhere, or go on staff with Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship for a few years, or go to seminary with an eye towards eventually teaching religious studies in a seminary or a university. If you have further questions about what it is I'm up to, if 'momething in this letter is unclear or if you simply want to know more, let me know! I'm trying to ke 'm this letter under two pages, and I figure not everyone will want to know all the imaginable details about Harambee--but I'm always ha 'my to tell more. (You may have to wait until spring break to hear, though, depending on how my thesis goes.) Love, Sarah Dear Mark Well, what can I say about my first five days here. There's been a mixture of exasperation and joy that I didn't really anticipate, but I'm not sure wh 'mI didn't expect it. To begin with, the joys. My roommate, Lisa Simpson, is wonderful. She is black, from the West Side of L.A., and would have grown up in an environment just like the kids here in NW Pasadena had it not been for an aunt who took her in as a little kid. As it stands, she is about to be a senior at Tarkio College in Missouri, a double major in religious studies and sociology. What's neat is that she's considering grad school, and is also very interested in working in Christian community development. She also loves to sing, and she and I have been going walking in the mornings (6:15 a.m., bright &early!). So, we're get 'reg along really well. I don't want to take the time to go into all the other folks who are here who are just super, but I'm expectin 'mto end the summer with close friends. Another thing that has been really fun has been planning for the first week with the kids here. I think that the summer program is really well set up. It's not S.R.A. Summer Club (for those of you that don't know, that's the ultra-organized day camp I worked for for four years (how d'you like that alliteration?) in Sw'more), b 'mause the kids are really different and their needs are equally different--poor black kids instead of rich white suburban kids--but it's going to be great. Planning the science lessons has been so much fun. I'm co-te 'mhing second grade with a woman from Kenya who has been at Harambee for about three months (she's five or six years older than I am). This woman, Anjta, is going to be a fantastic sister in Christ and a great partner. Her faith is astounding to me. Some day she plans to go back to Kenya to do something on the lines of Harambee in the (many) poor areas there, but for now she is following the call of God in America. Anyway, next week we're 'reing rocks & minerals, which I was nuts about when I was a kid, and it's so much fun to go back to all the things I learned when I was in elementary school--the Moh hardness scale, fossils, &c. We'r 'reoing to make plaster-of-Paris fossils, and Anjta and I are going to illustrate the layered structure of the earth with a model made out of ice cream (to be eaten later by the kids, of course), among many other things. Also, I met David Bowie?s friend Stanley Marberry who is temporarily working at World Christian Magazine and attending Fuller Seminary. He invited me over for dinner and we ended up talking until about 9:00 p.m.--I really enjoyed his company. We talked about all kinds of things. It was a welcome moment of intellectual dialogue (not to put down Harambee-- the people there are really smart, but the conversations centered 95%; of the time around the work to be done!). Finally, there have been a lot of wonderful moments of discussion about Christ and Christianity, of prayer, and of worship. I won't describe them all right now, because it would take up a lot of space and time, but this is a place of good fellowship. The most powerful things of the week include a conversation I had with Jared Byrd (one of the other interns) and Sing Chuen (one of the full-time staff who is leaving after this summer) last night about the role of spiritual warfare and the importance of prayer in trying to battle drugs, the primary enemy here in NW Pasadena. It made me really think hard about how seriously I take prayer. As Sharon said, working here gives you better reason to pray than you'v 'vever had before--people's lives are at stake, and you often feel awfully helpless--and yet at the same time often the time to pray is sorely lacking because there's so much to do. Please pray for me that I could keep the covenant I 've made with God to be faithful in prayer this summer ahead of everything else. The other food for thought and prayer highlight was the devotional teaching given to us by Dr. Pickles this-morning on I John 3:11-24. He talked to us about Christian community, and he essentially said that the most important part of the summer was our experience living together in community. For those of you who don't know, the nine interns, plus the two single full-time staff (Sujin and Walter), are all living together in one house and are eating our meals together; the Parson family are spread out over two other houses in the same complex which is centered around the "ministry house" (building where the meetings, day camp, &c. are held). Thus, we are in close quarters together.
W2B-033-1.txt	Conspicuous Consumer By Deborah Branscum Saints and Sinners Revisited The third annual roundup of nice--and naughtycompanies Yes, it's time again to review the Macintosh scene and evaluate industry saints and sinners. This year, as usual, consumers coped with uneven treatment in the areas of quality, service, and support. Which companies are basking in the glow of good deeds done and have earned a halo? Which have shown the more devilish bent illustrated by horns? Keep reading to find out. (Listings are in alphabetical order.) Adobe Systems, Kensington Microware, and Microsoft Corporation all earned halos with their exemplary records of being responsive to the reader complaints that MacWorld forwards. (By the way, when I praise companies for being responsive to complaints, that doesn't necessarily mean that the customers are always satisfied with the outcome. It does mean, though, that each company has been thoughtful, communicative, and polite in addressing customers' concerns.) Information service American Online rates horns for a billing problem that began last August and still existed in November. Some Macintosh user find themselves being charged for time spent in free areas. Moreover, 9600-bps access still isn't available to the masses. (One nice move-AOL promises there will be no extra charge for 9600-bps service, once it arrives.) It's been a year of great change for Apple and its customers, as Michael Spindler took charge, the company downsized, John Sculley left, and Macintosh model after Macintosh model was rolled out the door. As usual, Apple's has been both a saint and a sinner. Its heavenly practices include continuing to drop prices on its computers, making them truly competitive with Intel-based machines. Apple also introduced the first desktop computer (the Color Classic) that meets the Environmental Protection Agency's Green Star guidelines for reduced power consumption (the sleep mode cuts electricity use by half when the machine is not in use). And the Earth's ozone layer is sure to be grateful that Apple dropped its worldwide chlorofluorocarbon emissions from manufacturing to zero in 1993 from a peak of 270,000 pounds in l990. But Apple again showed its devilish side with inaccurate or inadequate product specs. Contrary to the Apple Catalog description and other product literature, the Quadra 61O 8/16O does not include a math coprocessor. And contrary to the box packaging and reassurances by some salespeople, the Performa 475 does not use a standard O4O chip but the 68LCO4O instead. So it doesn't include a math coprocessor either (but at least it doesn't actually claim to), much to the disappointment of a few Macworld readers. Hello gray scale--it turns out the Quadra84OAV can't capture color QuickTime video when used with monitors larger than 16 Inches--but dealers don't know that. Apple also discontinued its credit card program for purchasing Apple products last August--without directly informing its customers outside California that their cards were now worthless. Finally, the company's track record for resolved customer complaints is improving but not yet sterling. In some cases Apple requires people to sign away their legal rights in order to get a settlement--and not necessarily a good one. Mail-order companies APS, MacDepot (now part of MacMall), MacWarehouse, and MacZone are saints in my book for responding promptly to each reader complaint I bring to their attention. DayStar Digital earns a halo for a low-cost upgrade promotion and horns for somewhat spotty execution of the offer. In 1992, the company offered a $99 upgrade to a 33MHz O4O board to Mac owners who bought by October 31 a 50 MHz 030 PowerCache accelerator that included a math coprocessor. More than a year later, the promised 040 upgrade had not materialized according to three customers who apparently fell through the cracks and were getting restive about the wait. In its defense, DayStar points out that hundreds of customers have upgraded successfully to the O4O board. Game company Graphic Simulations Corporation took a lot of time to produce its second flight simulator, F/A-18 Hornet. But in contrast to some others in the industry, GSC reportedly kept its customers up-to-date on progress with the game. The company also actively recruited suggestions for improving the game and then incorporated many of those suggestions. Finally, the company maintains active and responsive online technical support. So Graphic Simulations earned its halo for maintaining communications with customers and providing consistent technical support. Bugs are an unfortunate fact of life for any computer Developer but some bugs are more painful than others. Microtek Lab landed on the sinners list this year because of problems with the ScanMaker II and the scanner's accompanying Photoshop plug-in. The ScanMaker II comes set with SCSI ID 6; version 2.03 of Microtek's Photoshop plug-in could delete the contents of a hard drive if the drive also used SCSI ID 6. Mirotek tried to fix the problem with version 2. 04 of its software. But 2.O4 sometimes writes to a removable disk drive as though it were a scanner, erasing the disk. Ouch. Version 2.05 fixes the problem, according to Microtek. Mirror wins both horns and halo. A halo because it bundles a full version of Adobe Photoshop with its scanners, not a limited version like some other companies. Horns because it ran two inaccurate advertisements early last year that offered a lifetime warranty on its products. (At the time Mirror believed it could work out a new warranty agreement with its suppliers, which turned out to be incorrect.) Pastel Development Corporation may have a winner in its DayMaker 3. 0, but some disgruntled customers report that during the many months Pastel was working on version 3.0, the company was not responding to phone calls. One example is reader Randy Anderson. He prepaid for the upgrade to 3.0 in October 1992 and didn't get a response to his letters or phone calls about his purchase between April and late October, when 3. 0 finally landed in his mailbox. Quark's policy that registered customers must pay the full fee for replacement software and manuals should the software be lost in, for example, a hurricane, doesn't really rate additional comment--just a pair of horns. Shiva Corporation gets dinged for its failure to be responsive online in its own forums on CompuServe and America Online for several months in 1993. The good news is that the company hired an online support person who made his debut in November, which should salvage the situation. Last April a Georgia-based company called SofTeam promised to offer great customer support for its dynamic- model spreadsheet called Flippant, in the form of bug notification, free bug-fixes, and a monthly newsletter. At the same time, the company was raising capital by selling Flippant while the product was still under development. SofTeam gets both a halo and horns; the halo is for being more honest than many companies in admitting its software isn't really there yet. Raising capital by selling software still under development is novel but not particularly customer-friendly, which is why the company--which I haven't been able to locate--also deserves a set of horns. State of the Art alienated some customers this year after it took over the Accountant Inc. line of products and declined to continue supporting customers who did not upgrade to Accountant version 3. 5. 2. That's a business decision the company felt justified in making. But a letter mailed out in July really ticked off some folks. State of the Art explained that it made the decision not to support older versions of the program "at the potential cost of customer goodwill, corporate reputation, and future revenue," and later states "there will not be any further individual responses concerning the issues addressed in this letter. "State of Art earns its horns not for what it considered a necessary business decision but for its not- very-businesslike communication of that decision to its customers. Virtus Corporation responded admirably to the approximately 700 customers who ordered copies of Virtual Sketch Pad for $60. Because Virtual Sketch Pad became a different product (Virtus VR), the company mailed its customers Virtus WalkThrough, a $195 program, for the same price. A fabulous gesture. Jim Warren, a columnist for computer tabloid MicroTimes, won his halo by helping California residents win electronic access to much of the information generated by the California legislature. Last spring Assembly member Debra Bowen introduced AB l624, which was stymied by lack of support and legislators' concerns about cost. Warren rallied support for the bill and showed how low-cost access could be provided via Internet--both crucial to the bill's success. Online access becomes available in early January 1994.
W2A-029-1.txt	The chlorobenzene emissions detected in the stack effluent of this facility probably resulted from a combination of two processes. The first is the original contamination found in the sludge feed. Previous studies have shown chlorobenzene to be a very stable compound, even when decompoSed as part of a mixture (17,18)-. Thus, the appearance of chlorobenzene in the stack is probably due in part to its ability to undergo relatively harsh thermal exposures and escape unscathed. The second contribution to the emission of chlorobenzene at the full-scale facility is the possibility that this compound was formed as a PIC. We have conducted many studies involving the decomposition of benzene and/or toluene or related compounds in the presence of chlorinated species. The free chlorine radicals generated in such a reaction atmosphere have host of chlorine- containing compounds were detected in the sludge feed at the full- scale facility, it is logical that chlorobenzene was detected in the stack.
W2C-006-0.txt	Donald Zuidmulder likes to set a quick pace, whether he's striding through Brown County Courthouse hallways or traveling as a tourist. Just ask his wife. " He's not a good tour-group person," said Gloria Zuidmulder, who goes by the name of Snooky. "He's got lots of energy. He'll take one day 'llcover places it takes most people four days." The Brown County judge - - who regularly begins his day working out at the YMCA - - recently returned from a solo bike trip along the Baltic coast. The 2 1/2 week trip - - with a stop in Paris for Bastille Day - - was a way for Zuidmulder to combine his passion for history and physical fitness. " I've always been fascina 've by the Hanseatic League and cities along the Baltic. And cycling was the best way to see it," he said. The league was a confederation of north German cities that began to develop in the late 1100s. Zuidmulder, 58, arrived in Amsterdam on June 30. He bought a bicycle and rode it from Lubeck to Flensburg in Germany. Then he took a ferry to Denmark and cycled 110 miles in one day. Another ferry took him to Rostock, Germany. In all, he pedaled 400 miles. " I was very worried," said Snooky Zuidmulder. "But I tried to be supportive. I knew he could handle it." " He stayed on my good side by phoning home every day." The judge filled a pocket notebook with lists of people and places he encountered. He carried eight new $1 gold coins and gave them out to folks as a way of thanks. Among the recipients he noted were two high school girls he met on a train. They translated for him with a railroad conductor. Some German police officers escorted Zuidmulder to the right biking path after they saw him go astray. " People are the same all over. If you're open with them, 'reu'll find out how 'llerous they are," he said. In Paris, Zuidmulder joined the throngs of thousands who watched the French Foreign Legion parade down the Champs Elysees on Bastille Day, July 14. Bastille Day marks the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, setting off the French Revolution, which ended the monarchy. More than 200 years later, the spirit of liberty prevailed on Bastille Day. People shared wine and cheese with one another, Zuidmulder said. A woman played an accordion as songbooks were passed out to revelers. " I don't speak French, so I just hummed along with the others. It felt great," Zuidmulder said. He also visited Notre Dame Cathedral and toured the Louvre. Zuidmulder was overwhelmed by the Louvre's famous art treasures by the Dutch masters, Michelangelo and the Leonardo da Vinci. The 40-acre Louvre has eight miles of galleries and houses more than 1 million works of art. " It was a cultural overload," he said. Looking back on his adventure, Zuidmulder was happy about his feat. He saw Europe through a different spectrum. He also liked the solo trip because he could just "let it happen." The judge has lived most of his life in Green Bay except for seven years he spent in college in Madison. He graduated from law school in 1968 and was elected Brown County district attorney in 1970. He was in private practice from 1975 to 1997, when he was elected Brown County judge. " There was no schedule. I set my own pace. I made sure I called home every night," he said.
W1B-022-0.txt	Dear IBM Investor When I wrote to you a year ago, the global economy was experiencing profound disruption. The financial system was freezing up. Many companies and entire industries were pulling in their horns, hoping simply to ride out the storm. IBM's own industry was no different. Nonetheless, I said that we felt confident heading into 2009. We were entering the year strong, and we expected to exit it stronger. A year later, despite an environment that remains very challenging, I am happy to report that your company has continued to outperform our industry and the market at large. We delivered strong results in 2009, once again achieving record pre-tax earnings, record earnings per share and record free cash flow despite reduced revenues. At the same time, we continued to deliver superior returns to you, our owners. Most importantly, we are well positioned to grow as the economy begins to recover. The explanation for this performance and for our optimism about both the near-term and the longer-term future is threefold. It rests, first, on the ongoing transformation of our company; second, on our focused strategy to capture the large opportunity of a globally integrating world; and third, on a business model that reliably generates strong profits and cash, giving us the financial flexibility to invest for future growth. I will talk about each of these factors in detail in this letter. It is important for you to understand the ways in which IBM today is a very different company than it was just a few years ago. This repositioning explains why we have demonstrated such stability and strong results during this downturn and why we believe we will benefit as the economy recovers and growth returns. Two thousand nine was a tough year by any measure, but IBM's performance was indicative both of our high-value market position and of the discipline we apply to our strategy and operations. Since the dot-com crash in 2002, we have added $12 billion to IBM's pre-tax profit base, increased our pre-tax margin 2.5 times, quadrupled our earnings per share and more than doubled our free cash flow. Cumulatively, we have generated about $80 billion of free cash flow. Our strong 2009 continued this record of superior performance: IBM's gross profit margin rose for the sixth consecutive year to 45.7 percent, up 9.2 points since 2003. Our pre-tax income margin rose to 18.9 percent. Both margins are at their highest in more than a decade. We achieved this by driving productivity and continuing to shift our business mix to more profitable segments. Once again, more than 90 percent of our segment profit in 2009 was from software, services and financing. We have continued to achieve strong EPS growth. Last year was another record, with diluted earnings per share of $10.01, up 13 percent. This marked seven straight years in which we have grown EPS by double digits. IBM has consistently generated strong cash flow, a key indicator of real business performance. In 2009 our free cash flow, excluding the year-to-year change in Global Financing receivables, was $15.1 billion, an increase of $800 million from 2008. IBM ended 2009 with $14 billion of cash and marketable securities. S Since the dot-com crash in 2000, we have added $12 billion to IBM's pre-tax profit base and increased our pre-tax margin.5 times, our earnings per share by 4 times and free cash flow more than doubled. Our revenue was $95.8 billion, down 5 percent at constant currency. Nonetheless, in 2009 we grew pre-tax income from continuing operations by 9 percent, to $18.1 billion, our highest ever. Our superior cash flow has enabled us to invest in the business and to generate substantial returns to investors. Our 2009 cash investment was $1.2 billion for six acquisitions five of them in key areas of software. And after investing $5.8 billion in R&D and $3.7 billion in net capital expenditures, we were able to return more than $10 billion to you $7.4 billion through share repurchase and $2.9 billion through dividends. Last year's dividend increase was 10 percent, marking the 14th year in a row in which we have raised our dividend. In sum, with our excellent financial position, strong balance sheet, solid recurring revenue, strong profit streams and unmatched global reach, we are confident about the year ahead, and beyond. Indeed, we achieved our 2010 objective of $10 to $11 in earnings per share one year early. We believe that we will again grow EPS by double digits this year, reaching at least $11. Today, many of our competitors are emulating our moves. For instance, several have gone on an acquisition binge to get into new spaces. However, there is a vast difference between what your company has done amassing truly differentiating technology and skills, and focusing on the needs of enterprise clients and what others are doing, largely to compensate for rapidly commoditizing business models. As the new decade begins, some in our industry still seem to believe that history will repeat itself, for example, that clients will invest in IT simply because of product upgrade cycles. Once again, we have a different view. We believe that clients will only invest in what delivers compelling, quantifiable business value. We believe that the fundamental shifts I described earlier will continue to play out, and that they create a unique opportunity for IBM. And because of the way we have managed the company during the economic downturn, we have the flexibility to take advantage of this opportunity, and to invest for growth. Our investments in 2010 are focused on four high-potential opportunities. IBM has among the broadest global footprints of any corporation or institution. We serve clients in more than 170 countries around the world, and we have been deeply established within myriad local economies and cultures for decades. Our Growth Markets unit, established in 2008, is helping to capture the highest-growth opportunities of the world's emerging economies. Since 2005, these markets have expanded their contribution to IBM's geographic revenue by a point a year, growing at least 8 points faster than major markets over the last three years. Going forward, both mature and emerging markets are building out and integrating their physical and digital infrastructures, and infusing the resulting systems with intelligence. More than $2 trillion in fiscal stimulus has already been earmarked by governments around the world. We are uniquely positioned to benefit from these large business and technology opportunities, and we are pursuing them aggressively in 2010. Data is being captured today as never before both from the so-called Internet of Things (heading toward trillions of connected objects) and from hundreds of millions of individuals using social media. In just three years, IP traffic is expected to total more than half a zettabyte. (That's a trillion gigabytes (or 1 followed by 21 zeroes.) And this data no longer consists merely of text and numbers. It includes rich media of all kinds, from video and audio, to images, avatars, simulations and applications. Thirty percent of the data in the world today consists of medical images alone. All this information-the knowledge of the world, the flow of markets, the pulse of societies-can now be turned into insight through sophisticated mathematical models, also known as analytics. Where once we inferred, now we know. Where once we interpolated and extrapolated, now we can determine. The historical is giving way to the real-time, and even the predictive. IBM is moving quickly to capitalize on this promise. We have built the industry's premier analytics practice, with 4,000 consultants, mathematicians and researchers, as well as leading-edge software capabilities bolstered by key acquisitions such as Cognos and SPSS. Our new Business Analytics and Optimization service line targets the highest-growth opportunities by delivering integrated analytics solutions based on the needs of specific industries. As our planet becomes instrumented, interconnected and intelligent, the computing model is evolving to support it. Think of it as the industrialization of IT. Over the past generation, our digital infrastructures have become very complex and inefficient, so now we're 'reimizing them through automation, creating systems that are highly tuned to the specific workloads they run and to new consumption and delivery models, such as clouds. Thus, the data center is shifting from being a single physical place to something more like the Internet, a diverse set of services fueled by IT. This provides far more choice and flexibility, which is of particular interest to the many businesses and governments that want simply to consume some services they once built, maintained and provided themselves. It also makes possible things that were not previously so, such as modeling systemic risk or creating integrated healthcare records. However, with these new possibilities come new challenges, in areas such as security. As a result, our clients are seeking help in architecting and building a new kind of highly efficient infrastructure that is reliable and secure, even as it integrates services from a variety of external sources. We have invested billions of dollars in R&D and acquisitions to build leadership in two key dimensions of this new IT model: service management software and optimized systems. We have also established a portfolio of cloud services that clients can access externally from IBM or offer internally to users on their own premises. And because of IBM's track record of integrating new technology paradigms like open source and the Internet into the enterprise, we have earned the trust of clients and the industry to bring reliability and security to what is new. W We are seeing smarter systems being implemented in every major industry and across every region of both the developed and developing worlds. And they are creating measurable economic and societal value. All of these growth strategies come together in the opportunity we call "smarter planet." This is not a metaphor. It describes the infusion of intelligence into the way the world actually works, the way that almost anything-any person, any object, any process or any service, for any organization, large or small, can now become digitally aware, networked and intelligent. This means that industries, infrastructures, processes, cities and entire societies can be more productive, efficient and responsive. We developed this agenda and strategic initiative in the summer of 2008, and we launched it that autumn at the peak of the economic crisis. We did so because we believed it represented a pragmatic way to address the very problems that were transfixing the world. After just a year, it is clear that our belief was correct. The idea of "smarter systems" is resonating with decision-makers in both the private and public sectors. We are seeing these systems being implemented in every major industry and across every region of both the developed and developing worlds. And they are creating measurable economic and societal value. In a study of 439 cities, those that employ smarter transportation solutions-including ramp metering, signal coordination and incident management-reduced travel delays on average by more than 700,000 hours annually. Eight hospitals and 470 primary care clinics in Spain implemented smarter healthcare systems across their facilities and improved clinical results and operational efficiency by up to 10 percent. Banks and other financial services organizations around the world are achieving new levels of risk control, efficiency and customer service. For instance, payment processing costs at the Bank of Russia have been reduced by 95 percent. And CLS Bank now handles most of the world's currency exchange transactions, securely eliminating the risk from trades worth $3.5 trillion per day, and growing. Four leading retailers have reduced supply chain costs by up to 30 percent, reduced inventory levels by up to 25 percent, and increased sales up to 10 percent. They'v 'veone so by analyzing customer buying behaviors, aligning merchandising assortments with demand and building end-to-end visibility across their entire supply chain. This list could go on. We are quantifying the outcomes of hundreds and hundreds of smarter systems, and this measurable value gives leaders everywhere the confidence to try something new. The opportunity to make our planet smarter is both real and inspiring. It has excited forward-thinking leaders in industry, government and across civil society in both mature and growth markets. Encouragingly, but not surprisingly, it has also energized IBMers. Over nearly a century, IBM's greatest achievements have arisen from our distinctive culture and values. This is why, despite the current economic climate, I am optimistic about IBM's prospects to lead the era we are now entering. Underneath the surface turmoil, this moment presents a rich and transformational opportunity. Everywhere around the world, people are eager for change. And every day, more and more forward-thinking leaders are creating tangible outcomes and benefits, making their parts of our planet smarter. Like IBMers, they recognize that we cannot wait, cannot let this moment pass. They know the time to act is now. And the way to act is together. Let me close by expressing my pride in the 400,000 women and men of the global IBM team who have brought us to this point. And let me express my gratitude to you, our shareholders, for your unwavering support. I hope that you are pleased with how your company is performing and evolving. And I trust that you share our excitement about the role we can play in what promises to be a new epoch for our industry, for business and for our planet. SSidney Jones Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer
W2A-031-0.txt	Introduction Musical intelligence may be defined as the "simulation of musical thinking." The algorithm presented in this article reflects the author's approach to music composition and hence represents one "simulation of musical thinking." The code based on this algorithm creates new compositions by way of a reflexive pattern matcher combined with an augmented transition network (ATN). This sub-program of Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI) requires only that it be loaded with music in a given style. While the entire code of the EMI program is not provided, the algorithm in Fig.1 and the respective code, as well as the ideas presented in the books and articles by the author listed in the bibliography, should serve as a useful introduction to the EMI program. While music naturally includes timbre, dynamics, performance practice (Dannenberg 1989), and so on, research with EMI has thus far focused exclusively on pitch and duration. This is not meant to denigrate other areas of possible study. However, this limitation confines the research to a reasonable frame of reference. The program presented in this article further concentrates on pitch alone due to space constraints. The word "function" has different meanings in music and computer programming. It is important to make clear which meaning "function" has when it is referenced. However, repeating applicable reference words (e.g. "musical function" or "computer programming code function") can create a redundant writing style. In this article, reference words regarding musical and programming code will accompany the initial appearance of the particular use of the word "function" with the understanding that these meanings do not change until another reference word is established. The Algorithm The algorithm of the program to be described in this article is shown in Fig. 1. The input works (A) are stored in files as separate lists of phrases of MIDI note numbers (36 to 96). These works are statistically analyzed (B) for eventual comparison to the program's output to discover whether such output favorably matches the style of the program's input. This analysis includes such parameters as repeated notes, the statistic used by the program discussed in this article. The statistical analysis also initially sets the program's variables (I and J) by loading the variable source file (K). The pattern-matching process (C) serves as a way of identifying certain aspects of musical style (Cope 1990; Fu 1982). Such pattern matching has proven especially useful when the process is controlled by variables which determine conditions as to how large gathered motives should be, how exactly a motive must match another, and so on. The pattern matcher locates "signatures," or patterns found in more than one of the input works. Patterns found in two or more works are considered clues as to how different styles may be recognized. The pattern matcher stores the signatures it discovers in a dictionary (D) which supplies these, along with the analysis of the works, for replication (E). The arrangement of signatures in replicated works is accomplished through the use of an augmented transition network (ATN - Cope 1987 and 1991; Gazdar and Mellish 1989; Woods 1970) which maneuvers signatures of varying lengths to logical rather than random positions. This positioning depends on factors inherent in the signatures themselves and how well they satisfy certain criteria such as musical function, the focus used in the program described in this article. Once a new work is created (F) it is analyzed statistically (G) and that analysis is compared (H) with the statistical analysis of the input works. If the comparison is successful (i.e. comparable percentages of repeated notes in this case), then the work is saved in a destination file (M). If the comparison is not successful, then the program's variables are altered (I, J) and the program begins again. Successful variable settings are saved for future use (L). The segmented arrows to the files L and M highlight the fact that compositions and settings are not saved to destination files unless successful comparisons of their statistical analyses have occurred. Either the source file (K) or the destination file (L) of the variables may be initially loaded depending on whether default or previous altered settings are desired. A Musical Overview The following overview should be helpful in cementing the reader's understanding of how the program works as well as showing how the data appears at various stages. Space constraints prohibit giving non-trivial examples. However, it is less important for the reader to see complicated output than to understand the process that is involved. Fig. 2 shows parts of two works used as examples in this article. These are the melodies of the opening bars of two piano sonatas by Mozart. They are shown in both musical notation and MIDI note numbers. The full EMI implementation of this algorithm includes rhythm (as durations) as well as harmony and their associated pattern-matching processes. The statistical analysis of this music (see Fig. 1 B) consists of a mathematical sub-program which computes prevalences of (in this case) repeated notes. Triad outlines, leaps followed by steps, and so on, can also be useful tests. In the Mozart examples of Fig. 2, 33 percent, or 6 of 18 notes, are repeated (counting initial attacks as well as re-struck notes). The fact that all of them occur in one of the works is not important to the statistical analysis. This statistic will be used to ascertain if the new output is similar enough to the original works to allow it to be saved in a destination file. As will be seen, if the new work is not acceptable, then an appropriate variable is incremented. If this variable reaches a point where continued incrementing has little effect, the next variable increases and the former one remains fixed. The pattern-matching program used in the algorithm shown in Fig. 1 matches intervals instead of pitches. The number 0 represents a repeated note, 1 is a minor second up, - 1 is a minor second down, and so on. Hence, transposition of patterns are the same since intervals are devoid of explicit pitch information (i.e. C E G will match D F# A, or any major triad). In the pattern-matching process demonstrated here, intervals are matched without reference to direction. This automatically matches inversions of patterns such as (1 2) as equivalent to (- 1 - 2) which is especially useful when small works are used for input as is the case in the program to be described here. It is less useful (especially in EMI) when using full-scale works as input to the program. Fig. 3a shows two signatures and their associated matches gathered by the function pattern-match shown in Fig.11a in the next section. The second of the paired versions of each signature appears somewhat different. However, they match according to the process applied here. In the first two signatures in Fig. 3a, "(1 2)" matches "(0 - 1)" since when the latter is devoid of negatives, as in "(0 1)," no element varies by more than one (acceptable if the appropriate variable is set to allow such variance - see variance in the next section). In the second group of two signatures in Fig. 3a, "(4 3)" matches "(- 4 - 3)" since, as mentioned previously, negative and positive numbers (inversions) are treated as equals in this program. Fig. 3b shows a first attempt at replicating a new example in the style of these signatures. In order to reflexively check this result against the analysis of the original music, the program analyzes this output exactly as it did the original input works (B in Fig. 1). The comparison module of the algorithm (H in Fig. 1) then receives both the original analysis and the analysis of the current new work (G in Fig. 1) and compares them. If the comparison is unsuccessful, the variables are adjusted in the order specified by the function make-music (see relevant discussion of Fig. 9). If the comparison is successful, the program saves the new work. In this latter case, the program also saves the new settings of the variables to a destination file. The comparison of the amount of repeated notes found in the original (33 percent) and that found in Fig. 3b (0 percent) is a significant deviation and thus, in this instance, the work is not saved to a destination file. Instead, an appropriate variable is reset incrementally. The influence of variable re-setting on the pattern-matching process, however, is inversely proportional to that variable's value: the higher the current setting the less its impact on the process. As mentioned previously, the setting of variables is accomplished by incrementing one variable at a time. These variables have a prioritized order which defaults to another variable after exhausting all reasonable attempts with the current variable (discussed further in the next section). With the variable controlling size set to 2, variation to 2, and allowable interpolated notes to 0 the signatures increase significantly from Fig. 3a as shown in Fig. 3c. In this case, however, the reverse problem of that shown in Fig. 3b occurs. Even without showing an example, one can readily observe that a successful comparison cannot easily be possible. Using only two signatures, as in Fig. 3b, would result in either 100 percent, 50 percent or 0 percent repeated notes, none of which is even roughly close to to the 33 percent target. With the window size set to 2, variation set to 2 and allowed interpolated notes set to 1, the signatures increase still further as shown in Fig. 3d and more repeated-note choices become possible. Now, with more signatures to choose from, the example in Fig. 3e is produced. Obviously, with so little music here, one could not objectively say this version is much better an example of the replication of Mozart's style than Fig. 3b. In fact, the rhythm of the example here is antagonistic to Mozart's style. In larger examples, however, the statistical analyses, balanced with the flexible variables of the pattern matcher and the use of ATN, have produced stylistically viable results. In Fig. 3e, the 33 percent usage (2 out of 6) matches exactly that of the analysis of the input works. As can be seen (and heard), Fig. 3e does not conform to the implied musical functions of either of the input works. This is as problematic as the poor rhythmic fit mentioned above. This is caused by the random placement of signatures. Choosing and rejoining signatures can be made more elegant and musical by following the principles inherent in augmented transition networks. ATN's are used in natural language processing (NLP) to generate new and logical sentences from parsed word representations (Winograd 1983). They produce like-meaning output in different orders from the input. The following sentences provide examples of an ATN output: "Bill sees John." "Bill has seen John." "John is seen by Bill." These sentences are all related yet different. The second sentence varies the first by changing its tense. The third sentence resembles Chomsky's transformational grammar in that sentence parts have been transposed (Chomsky 1965). Fig. 4 provides one example of how ATN works. The first map is a complete sentence consisting of a noun phrase (subject - "nps"), verb phrase (" vp1" or "vp2"), another noun phrase (object - "npo"), prepositional phrase (" pp") or proper noun (" pn"). The two verb phrases represent optional versions of the same representations. The word "jump" refers to a skipping of the step shown. The two interchangeable noun phrases are described in more detail below the sentence structure. The representation "wh" stands for words such as "who," "what" or "where" used for queries. Other representations mean as follows: "det" = determinator or article; "pn" = proper noun; "mp" = modifier phrase; "n0," "n1" (and so on)= noun; and "p" = preposition. By applying certain viability tests (here between nodes 0 and 2 of the top diagram in Fig.4 and shown in the code to be described) and inserting the various language parts which pass these recursive tests, a variety of interesting statements! and queries may be created from a dictionary of few actual words. ATN's can be very useful tools for the re-positioning of signatures in music as well as other musical materials. ATNs allow for the generation of more convincing music in a style because the music thus re-positioned remains functionally (in musical terms) specific. Since the original order of musical functions (i.e. the original protocols) is maintained, connecting the re-positioned music helps to create results which sound more like the music used for analysis. Interestingly, music, unlike language, need not have the tense, singular/plural and other rules which make ATNs so complex. Details of ATNs in both natural language processing and music are given in the next section.
W2B-010-0.txt	Working within the same intellectual boundaries, the English were able to conceptualize the Union as a marriage in which the partners were different but compatible and, at least in theory, not unequal. The subservience of the feminine partner was natural, but not a matter of inferiority. The utility of this discourse rested upon the ability of the English to represent the Irish as feminine and the English as masculine. In doing so the English were able to draw on a long standing tradition on both sides of the Irish Sea for, though the reconceptualization of the union as a marriage was a product of the early nineteenth century, perceptions of the two peoples had been gendered for centuries, if not always. English accounts dating back to Giraldus Cambrensis feminize the Irish as, indeed, do accounts by the Irish themselves. William Carleton and other Irish writers reinforced this gendered discourse in the nineteenth century, portraying impulsiveness, sensitivity and aptitude for poetry and music as fundamental Irish character traits. In The Black Prophet, for example, Carleton used the feminine character of Sarah M'Gowan to represent Ireland's needs and potential: It is impossible to say to what a height of moral grandeur and true greatness culture and education might have elevated her, or to say with what brilliancy her virtues might have shown, had her heart and affections been properly cultivated. Like some beautiful and luxuriant flower, however, she was permitted to run into wildness and disorder for want of a guiding hand; but no want, no absence of training, could ever destroy its natural delicacy, nor prevent its fragrance from smelling sweet, even in the neglected situation where it was left to pine and die. (22) The unlucky but desirable figure of Hibernia thus appeared a natural mate for John Bull, whose own qualities could bring her potential beauty to fruition. Anna Maria Hall, another Irish writer, confidently believed that a union, based on mutual interests, is rapidly cementing. The insane attempts to procure 'Repeal' may retard, for a time, a consummation for which every upright British subject must devoutly wish; but a growing intelligence and increasing intimacy are barriers which the advocates of the measure will vainly endeavour to break down. (23) In the English-Irish union, the partners were considered not unequal, but different; the English would realize themselves through the practition of a public and masculine role within the marriage, while the Irish would find their destiny in a feminine and domestic role. Integration of the two through "consummation" of the marriage would result in each making the other whole, bringing English values to the Irish and Irish values to the English. As John Garwood argued, the Irish possessed in spite of all their social degradation, a peculiarity of character which would blend most usefully with that of their Saxon neighbours. The English labourer, with all his manliness and honesty, is often wanting in intellectual acuteness and in imaginative glow. In both these characteristics the Irish excel... I do think that a few rays of Irish imagination, a little more play of fancy, more exuberance of joyousness, and more brightness of hope, would greatly add to the happiness of our own poor... I would put more good sense into the Irishman, and more poetry into the Englishman. And in this way I cannot but hope that even intellectually, morally, and socially, they may do each other good; and that the English character, retaining its own solidity, may acquire the gracefulness of the Irish, and while equally useful, become more pleasing, demand as much of our approbation, and more engage our love. (24) The subordinate role of Ireland in the English-Irish marriage was, however, always clear. Though different in fact, the Irish would lose their separate identity in marriage - right down to the adoption of their "husband's" name: As a family name [Anglo-Saxon] does not exclude the Celt, whether Irish, Scotch, or Welsh; the two families are rapidly blending into one, and it is only natural to retain the name of the predominating element. (25) Hibernia could not survive independently. As James Johnson argued, A repeal of the Union would eventually divorce Hibernia from John Bull 'a mensa et thoro'- and that without alimony of maintenance. It is true that she might, perhaps, be at liberty to form another matrimonial connexion - but with whom would this new liason be? Johnny Crapaud - or Cousin Johnathan? Hibernia is not of the constitution to live in blessed singleness during the remainder of her life. (26) Once domesticated, however, the Irish would prove happy and congenial partners in the Union. Samuel Smiles approvingly cited an unknown author as saying that the Irish are indeed a tractable nation, and though they have resisted chains of iron, they may easily be conducted by a kindly hand with a silken thread. (27) The English and many Irish therefore maintained an optimistic belief that Irish moral and social improvement would follow on their domestication through the spread of English law; reconciled in the marital bliss of the Union, the two peoples would become friends and allies. The potato blight of 1845 and the famine that followed from 1846 to 1852 appeared to English Liberals as a God-given opportunity to teach the Irish the value of English middle-class morality and learning. The efforts of English and Scotch scientists and agriculturalists to tutor the Irish peasants in methods of facing the crisis were hailed by the Times, which noted with relish the inability of O'Connell and other Irish leaders to fend off the impending disaster. Indeed, in the first stages of the potato blight many English men and women believed that the famine would be a perfect occasion to divorce the Irish from the Repeal movement. The Times encouraged this by arguing that O'Connell's continued collection of the Repeal rent showed that he "did not care" about his people, and should therefore be abandoned by the peasantry in favor of John Bull. (28) Fired with confidence in the abilities of the enlightened middle class to provide for Ireland in time of dearth, most English shared Sir James Graham's confidence that Ireland itself is softened in all its parts by their [sic] sudden calamity; and capable of receiving new permanent impressions, if a master-hand can be found to direct them. (29) The failure of free trade and middle-class science to prevent starvation, however, worked to destroy this confidence. It became all too easy for the English to blame the Irish for Ireland's miseries rather than to question the middle-class ideals in which the English had placed such faith. The reluctance of the traditionally-minded peasantry to accept the often bizarre advice of English scientists gave the latter an excuse to exculpate themselves and blame the peasants for the progress of blight and dearth. Robert Traile was one of these agriculturalists who visited Ireland with grandiose plans to teach the peasantry to ventilate their potato pits, which he was convinced would save the country from famine. His frustration at his failure to do so was vented on the peasantry, as in the following message to Peel: I found the miserable apathy, the unmanageable doggedness, of the people, who would not move a hand, but folded their arms to wait, in listlessness & torpid stupidity, the ruin of the food of themselves & their families. (30) As the distress deepened and Irish appeals for help multiplied, the mood of the ministers became more pessimistic but still determined: we shall succeed in the end. It will not be for many a long month, or many a long year perhaps that we shall get the people in that country to do their duty decently. (31) More and more, however, the Irish began to seem a threat to English prosperity, particularly as the dearth spread to Europe and England suffered from financial panics driven by railway speculation. Irish despair at the blight and famine increasingly appeared to the English as a parasitical desire to live off the wealth of their neighbors, with the inevitable result that England and Scotland would have to feed the whole of the Irish population. In the mind of the Whig Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Charles Wood, this was the product of "the universal disposition to do as little for themselves, & to throw as much upon the Government as possible."(32) By 1848 Lord Clarendon, the Whig Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was like many of his countrymen fuming that "it is difficult to know how to deal with such a perverse people." (33) By the middle of 1847 the English public had lost interest in charitable donations to the Irish. The Times both reflected and irresponsibly fed this attitude, complaining that "the working population of this country is dividing its last loaf with Ireland,"(34) a sacrifice for which the Irish were in any case ungrateful, since "we send money to Ireland and it is used as the price of sedition and to buy firearms."(35) The government's decision to cut off aid outside the Irish Poor Law in the summer of 1847 was therefore popular in England. The famine and the 1848 Young Ireland rising began, indeed, to make the "sister island" appear more an object of fear than desire. The emigration of Irish paupers to England and Scotland, which had been going on for decades, added to English fears, coming after 1847 or so to seem increasingly ominous, like the spread of a moral and physical disease. English workers reacted to the Irish influx with particular fright, and, stirred by Protestant evangelical demagogues, sometimes greeted the Irish with violence. George Poulett Scrope, an economist ostensibly sympathetic to Irish suffering, feared that continuing immigration would "spread through Britain the gangrene of Irish poverty, Irish disaffection, and the deadly paralysis of industry that necessarily attends upon these elements of evil."(36) Further intercourse between the two nations might therefore result only in the spread of infection. Even the longstanding belief in Irish fertility disappeared for a time, though England remained tied to Ireland for better or for worse. English capitalism and money had not impregnated Hibernia; or, if it had, it may only have helped give birth to a monster: The money which the English government disburses, and the English people pay, is not wholly barren or unproductive. It has its harvests, though not of the plough or the sickle. It has its fields, but not of peaceful fertility and gladdening richness. Its crop is not the golden corn, but the steel blade; it has wrought bayonets for sickles, and firelocks for mattocks. (37) Though some writers such as John Garwood remained optimistic concerning the ultimate potential of the Anglo-Irish marriage, they were increasingly the exception rather than the rule after 1850. Disgust at the "unreasonable" behavior of the Irish dampened enthusiasm for a more intimate Union. Instead, the British began to turn to a new discourse that justified British rule on the basis of Irish racial inferiority. A minority of scientists and intellectuals, writing in journals such as the Medical Times, had long maintained a racialist interpretation of Irish difference; but before the famine their ideas were rarely supported in Parliament or the popular press. The experiences of the famine, however, in conjunction with the efforts of newspapers like the Times, served to popularize biological racism as it was applied to the Condition of Ireland Question. By the beginning of the 1850s explicitly or implicitly racialist literature spread widely through the press and in bookshops, and was received with much acclaim. Many Liberals persisted in criticizing racialism, but for the remainder of the century the public would pay them as little heed as they had to the racialists before the famine. Robert Knox's work The Races of Men (1850) was the first and most influential of a series of racialist works. Knox triumphantly rejected the Liberal understanding of the Irish question, which he characterized as being based upon "long-received doctrines, stereotyped prejudices, [and] national delusions."(38) Sneering at those who, like John Bright, continued to seek the future moral reformation of Ireland, Knox declared that "the source of all evil lies in the race, the Celtic race of Ireland."(39) Significantly, he went out of his way to deny the possibility of long-lasting results from "the admixture of race by intermarriage."(40) Celt would always remain Celt, and Saxon would always remain Saxon: "The possible conversion of one race into another I hold to be a statement contradicted by all history."(41) Finally, Knox savaged Liberal ideals of an intimate and fruitful marriage in the Union with the simple statement that "Ireland is not a colony, but merely a country held by force of arms, like India; a country inhabited by another race." (42)
W1A-003-0.txt	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report analyzes UMD's peer tutoring center tutor training program and presents an alternative solution for improved tutor training. The Present Training System is Outdated The present tutor training system has been in effect from the inception of the tutoring center over six years ago. The training program has been a success and has helped many students through the tutoring experience, but has also gotten old and needs to grow with the tutoring center. Some tutors are not getting the continuing education they desire as they become more experienced and want to go further in their educational abilities. The present system allows them only one quarter of classroom experience to absorb this information. Tutors are also not getting enough praise for the work they do and would appreciate some benefit for their volunteer time and effort. Lastly, tutors a program to keep them in closer contact with the faculty of their educational discipline in order to remain up to date on the status of the classes and teaching techniques. The CRLA Program is an Effective Remedy The College Reading and Learning Association's accreditation process remedies two of these three problems. First of all, it offers tutors the chance to complete three single-quarter classes instead of just one. The extra classes give tutors the opportunity to expand their knowledge and experience following a guideline for national accreditation. The accreditation also gives tutors recognition for their work, which is an added incentive to participate and excell. INTRODUCTION With the continued growth and success of the peer tutoring center at UMD, it is ever more important to focus on one skills of its peer tutors and on the training they receive. This paper examines the implementation of a program to nationally certify tutors through an expanded training program. This program would benefit both tutors and the students they work with if it were shown to be effective and convenient enough for all involved. Strengths and weaknesses of the present tutor training program and the proposed certification program will be presented, along with a recommendation for the most feasible alternative. BACKGROUND The peer tutoring center at UMD was set up just six years ago and has continued to follow the same general principals throughout its history. It is a true success story in that there were no other models available at the time on which to base this type of learning center. The tutoring center is original because of its integration into the academic fabric of the school, and also because of its continued growth over the years. From fall of 1987 to present, the number of tutorials has grown from 816 to approximately 4000 per quarter. In addition, many other universities are now using the tutoring program here as a model to base their own. The faculty involved in the program have given many national presentations to other interested campuses around the United States (Treuer) PROBLEM DEFINITION As the number of tutor and tutorials have grown over the years, so has the need for improved training. The training program that was developed six years ago with ~he introduction of UMD's tutoring center was completely original and has for the most part served its purpose well. With the introduction of additional tutoring disciplines and increased expectations of students, a more specialized and structured program has become necessary. Some tutors have voiced the opinion that they are not given the opportunity to develop their skills fully and would like the opportunity for increased instruction in the art of peer tutoring (Treuer). The training system in place now gives tutors the opportunity to participate in only one full quarter training practicum. This class covers the basics of teaching, learning styles, and sensitivity training but leaves much to be desired for many tutors who want the chance to further develop their skills. Other tutors complain that they are not given enough recognition for the hard work and thoughtful assistance they provide for their peers. Since the tutoring at UMD is done on a strictly voluntary basis, it is important to keep the tutors relatively satisfied. If too many tutors come to the conclusion that they are not getting any benefit for their effort (material or immaterial) there may be a problem with recruiting enough tutors to supply the current demand. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current method of training tutors in the UMD Achievement Center and determine if this status quo should be changed by implementing the College Reading and Learning Association's program for national certification. An analysis into both the program's positive and negative points will be included as well as a recommendation for the best alternative at this time. METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION In order to become familiar with the College Reading and Learning Association's (CRLA) program for certifying tutor training programs, I consulted UMD Achievement Center staff member Paul Treuer. I used the outline for CRLA certification to develop a questionnaire (Appendix A) to distribute to present tutors to get their opinion on this proposed change both good and bad. I have acquired knowledge of the present system of tutor training first-hand by going through the tutor training course in winter of 1993. Since then, I have been a business and economics tutor and have had the chance to experience both the joys and the frustrations of peer tutoring. I have also spent past two quarters working at the reception desk in the tutoring center doing such tasks as keeping track of the number of tutorials and providing information to new tutors. This experience has allowed me to identify both strengths and weaknesses of the present system. Finally, I used secondary library research to see what other learning centers find important when training new tutors and how they go about developing their skills with the greatest success and the least resistance on the tutor's part. WHY TUTOR TRAINING IS IMPORTANT In order to determine which method of tutor training s most beneficial, it is important to determine why tutor training is important to the success of the overall tutoring program. " Research suggests.. that the effectiveness of peer tutoring depends primarily on the type of training the tutors receive" (Deming 5). Just because a student is successful in a classroom does not automatically mean they are prepared to start teaching this material to another student. A tutor must be prepared to begin the tutoring experience before any successful interaction can take place. Classroom training of tutors should include many aspects including the following. Tutors should become familiarized with the learning center system in order to become comfortable in the new environment and to learn general policies and procedures of the center. This should include a tour of the tutoring center along with a description of all available reference materials. This is important to let the tutors know what they have to work with and what they may want to ask for for future reference. The sign in or other attendance measures should also be described to assure accurate bookkeeping of tutorials. Tutors must also learn to become sensitive to the varied needs and abilities of others in the student body. They must learn to treat others equitably and fairly regardless of learning level or background. Some important groups to focus on include nontraditional students, racial minorities, and people with physical or mental disabilities. Learning techniques for dealing with others fairly assures that no student seeking help is alienated. This keeps the tutoring center from being viewed in a negative light. One of the most important skills a tutor can learn is how to ask questions. Learning what to ask, how to ask, and when to ask questions can make the difference between a very successful and very unsuccessful tutor. Asking questions of the person seeking help allows that person to think more about what their actual problem is. Questions can also be used to direct a student to the answer without coming right out and saying it. This in turn teaches the student about the process of learning and how to approach problems from a different angle. The tutor should also be asking him/herself questions constantly to stay involved in the situation and to anticipate future plans of action. Some questions tutors should ask themselves include (Deming 6) What do I think the tutee is sensing? What do I think the tutee is feeling? What do I think the tutee is thinking? Why do I think the tutee is here? What are his/her expectations? What is the tutee doing? - What are the tutee~ actions? By learning to ask these questions, a tutor becomes more prepared to handle different and varied situations in the tutoring process. Hardly any two tutorials are the same, and it is therefore very important for tutors to be trained to handle different situations. Tutors must also have access to a structured environment where they can continue to practice and expand their skills. This environment should include contact with the professors of their chosen tutoring field to provide links between learning mediums and to make sure that they are not working against each other. Contact with professors also keeps tutors up to date on changes that may have been made in certain classes over time. NEEDS OF A SUCCESSFUL TUTOR TRAINING PROGRAM From the above paragraphs it becomes clear that there are many criteria necessary for a successful tutor training program. Tutors must become familiar with tutoring environment. Tutors must become sensitive to varied needs of students. Tutors must learn questioning skills. Tutors must have continued contact with faculty and administration. DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT SITUATION The tutoring center at UMD has applied basically the same tutor training program from its inception and has worked satisfactorily for the past six years. The tutor training course (SSP 3003) is a ten week classroom experience instructed by Paul Treuer and Kathy Clark. The class lasts for two hours and is held one day a week in the Achievement Center at UMD. This course is basically an introduction to one-on-one and small group tutoring, yet includes training in other areas. The general week-by-week schedule outline is as follows (Credit-Based Peer Tutoring, 21): Week 1: What can I expect in the Tutoring Center? Week 2: What do I really know about my discipline and how did I learn it? Week 3: What values and ethics will be important to me as I tutor? Week 4: How can I help someone who is struggling? Week 5: How can I communicate effectively? Week 6: What are some effective strategies for one-on-one tutoring? Week 7: What tutoring strategies work with small groups? Week 8: How might my tutee's learning style differ from my own? Week 9: How can I create a comfortable and equitable learning environment? Week 10: Case studies: This is what I 've learned! In addition to covering these topics during the quarter, tutors also spend three hours a week in the tutoring center working with other students. This gives them the opportunity to apply their knowledge right from the first week and they can come back to the next classroom discussion with problems or successes to talk about. Tutors are also required to keep a journal during the quarter which helps to solidify their experiences and frustrations as they encounter different situations. This journal is the used as a source for a tutoring portfolio, which is a compilation of most of the tutors activities during the quarter including: statement of tutoring philosophy, tutoring responsibilities, personal tutoring assessment along with ideas for improving effectiveness, reflective statements, and a case study of a chosen individual with whom the tutor has worked during the quarter. PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT SITUATION Although the current situation meets most of the criteria necessary for an effective training program, there are still some which need to be met. First of all, this program is limited in its time frame. One quarter is often times not long enough to learn all of the skills necessary to become a good tutor. While some tutors are happy to have their training complete in one quarter, others express that they would like to have extended training to work on their skills while learning new ones. (Treuer).
W1B-019-0.txt	Sally, I've gone over your 'vest two chapters and I wanted to get back to you quickly to give you some general feedback. If you need a model, use the 4th edition of Linguistics for Non-Linguists, which is now out. Your manuscript will be published as a 6 x 9 book, so you'll need to 'llut it in a single-column format (double columns will be too narrow and will make it difficult to integrate figures). Robert will working with the files on a PC platform (Word 2003, Windows XP), so your files will need to be compatible with that. 4On pp. 3-4, you get into the "nature vs. nurture" argument concerning language acquisition. Your point is clear to someone who is already familiar with it, but might be missed by novices. Why not put it in point form, like we do in LNL? E.g., uniformity within species, rapidity of acquisition, language universals, independent of instruction, intelligence, and motivation. When you're different 'reing two categories as in Sections 2.1-2.3, use examples that differentiate just two categories. You're fine in s 'reion 2.1 (Ns vs. Ds), but the examples become unnecessarily complicated in 2.2 (Vs vs. Is). I like the sections on the "tests" for differentiating categories (sections 2.4-2.6), but you seem to be letting the "theory "(i.e., picturing, pointing, and linking) overpower the tests themselves. Keep in mind that your readers (including many of the instructors who pick up your book) are novices, and their initial concern is understanding the tests and how to apply them. Later on they may (or may not) get to a point where they appreciate the theory. In other words, don't let the diagram on p. 15 overpower your presentation; what the reader wants is the summary in section 2.7. (By the way, your summary on p. 19 would be enhanced immensely if you were to include a brief example with each test. For examples of what I'm talking about 'msee the chapter summaries in the binders from our last meeting in Dallas. In short, here is the acid test when you're writing: 'reld someone with average intelligence, but not a linguist (like your corner store grocer, be able to read the text and do the exercises without the help of someone who knows the subject? That's who you're writing 're. All in all I like this book and I like your approach. It's going to be a good product. My goal is to get you on track early in the process to minimize your work when we get to the editing stage. I'm going to 'mve to set your ms. aside for a while now, so I can get back to work and have our report ready to go into print by early'05. Good luck, Phoebe Dear Jodie I think your proposal for a book on wordplay actually sounds extremely interesting (your protestations to the contrary notwithstanding). I also think you are right to pitch the book at a general audience of English language lovers. As such, the emphasis will have to be on the examples rather than on the theory that accounts for the examples. (This is not to say that theory should be excluded; but rather than only the theory necessary for grasping a particular example should be included.) In short, the book will have to be "fun" to read (and I think it will be, based on the examples in the proposal), and it will have to be accessible to both "soft" linguists and non-linguists in academe, as well as a general audience bf English language lovers. I also think that the "applications" you mention to law, business, etc. have a lot of potential, including the applications to advertising. In fact, it may be that the best organization for the book will be by area of application rather than by area level of linguistic description (i.e., phonology, syntax, morphology, etc.). Please send me, one of the chapters you already have written. I would prefer to see one of your best chapters other than (or in addition to) the introduction. You can mail it to me at the address below, or email it to me. PS: If you sign a publication contract with Paddington Press I can assure you that you will be able to use your ideas in ancillary materials, such as a workbook or seminar presentations. All that we would ask is that Genentech receives the right of first refusal to publish such materials ourselves. Best, Gabriel Jones Dear Sal, Great to hear from you. I like your idea about a children's book very much, and I like the idea of the illustrations, too. As you know, this is outside my area, but I believe in the appeal of the? Monkey and Kitty? story and I have faith in your ability as a writer of such stories. In short, I am eager to publish your work if you'd be wi 'ding to help me with the marketing, i.e., mailing lists, distributors, etc. (I market primarily by direct mail, using membership lists from professional organizations. I also maintain a website, and I'm plannin 'mon advertising in professional journals beginning this year.) My own instinct is that Mr. Biggelsworth is a "young person's" novel, and would combine well with something like line drawings. Why don't you show your illustrator the "Daredevil Bassett Hound" story and see if she would like to illustrate it. If so, maybe you could send me a sample of her work "Captain Canary" or something else she's done). You will have to decide the best way to compensate the illustrator--a cut of the royalties or an up-front fee with no royalties (we both need to think about this). The snow has melted and we're rid 're outside now. 'In fact, this week is spring break and we have our horses down at our farm in Woodstock about 50 miles south of Albany Hope to hear from you soon. (You can send stuff via email, or by regular mail to the address below.) PS: Please send me the "Adventures of Rocky Raccoon" story, too! Sincerely, Jada Black Dear Janet, Let me try to answer your questions one at a time. We require that the book be copyrighted by Congress. This is a condition of publication and is the standard in the industry. (Keep in mind that if the book goes out of print, the contract requires us to return all rights to you.) The website to promote your book is an excellent idea; so is promoting it at professional conferences. We would, however, like you to submit the "brief excerpts" you mention for our review before you include hem on your website. The form of the instructor's manual would depend on the specific exercises and assignments you end up including in the book itself. We generally think of an IM as an "answer key." However, with open-ended exercises/assignments, we like to give instructors at least a general sense of what each one is designed to elicit from the student. We would ask you to start working on the IM once the final copy of the textbook is approved for publication. That way you can have it ready upon (or shortly after) publication of your book. The IM will be photocopied and provided to instructors who adopt your book. You will definitely have an opportunity to review the final copy of the manuscript as well as page proofs. You will also have opportunity for input on the title and cover design. We want you to be happy with the final product. I hope this answers your questions, but let me know if you have other concerns. Sincerely, Jack Robertson Thank you for taking the time to respond to the reviewer's evaluation of your manuscript. Since forwarding the first reviewer's comments to you, I have consulted with two other readers, who concur with the first: the point of many of the readings is unclear, and the relationship of the readings to the writing assignments in often confusing. Moreover, according to both readers, there would be little market for a reader of this type in a linguistics course, so the book would have to be pitched at instructors of a generic writing course. I realize that these are not the kind of reviews you were anticipating; but if such criticism is not dealt with seriously before publication, you can be certain it will appear in published reviews afterward. In light of the reader responses, it is clear that the manuscript as it stands is not ready for publication by Waldorf Press. Moreover, after considering your response to the first reader's comments, it is equally clear that you don't agree with the type or extent of revisions called for by the first reviewer. Even if you were to make all the changes the first reviewer suggests, I'm 'mraid it would make the book inconsistent with your vision of it. And I, as a publisher, would not feel comfortable pushing you to compromise your work this way. Furthermore, I am hesitant to undertake further work on this project by way of a major rewriting on your part or costly re-editing on Waldorf's part when there is still no certainty that you will be able to get permission to use these readings and that they won't be cost-prohibitive. Since our publishing agreement technically expired on last Thursday (when the cameraready copy, including manuscript, index, and instructor's manual, was due, along with the permissions), I believe the best course of action is for you to pursue another publisher or a less formal publishing outlet for your manuscript. Assuming you could get permissions, options you might explore would include publishing your course materials (1) with a local copy service, (2) directly on the Web, or (3) with a book distributor, who will print your materials, warehouse your inventory, and sell them, all for a fee. (One such company is Johnsons Storage; they have a site at http://www.johnsonsbighouse.com). In any event, I am returning by mail your original submission and the diskettes that you sent. I wish you success in your endeavor. Sincerely, Murray Maguire Publisher April 19, 2007 Robin Smith In order to fill orders more quickly, we are offering our pre-pay customers the option of paying by credit card. When placing an order, please have the following information available: 1) Credit card type (MC Visa/Discover) 2) Card number 3) Expiration date 4) Name and billing address of cardholder. If you 'd like us to keep this information on file so that your order can be processed even faster, please send us the information now via email or regular mail. Without this information, we will have to invoice you and you will have to send us a check before we can ship your order. We hope this new procedure will help us fill your order more quickly. Bob Jefferson Dear Iris Howard, I have received responses from two reviewers of your prospectus and sample chapter for Technical Writing made Easy. Although they like the concept of the work (a writing text aimed beginning audiences), they have reservations about whether or not the book would go beyond basic principles of technical writing. In particular, they note that the book would have to include the following features, which are not apparent from the proposal or the 5-page sample chapter: Examples of writing for any/all of the beginning audiences in question; Exercises that require the student to produce or analyze writing for the various UMW* audiences. (Adding examples and exercises would double chapter 1, which is now too short, from 5 to 10 pages); Discussion of genres appropriate for each audience (i.e., from brochures for patients to grant proposals for the NSF); Discussion of the legal issues and responsibilities that attend to written documents in the technical writing field; Discussion of online medical information, especially for patients. In addition, one reviewer suggests that you restrict the audiences that you discuss to patients, practitioners, and administrators. (Writing for researchers brings up a lot of issues not peculiar to technical writing; also, lots of books are available that handle this topic.) I realize that our conception of the book may differ from yours. However, if you would like us to consider your proposal further, you will need to submit chapters 1 and 2, revised to reflect attention to the concerns enumerated above. If you want to revise and re-submit, you may send your materials via email to Bill Balou by surface mail or courier service to the address below. Yours truly, Steve Fordham Vice President Technical Writing Emporium
W2D-007-0.txt	Social Security Survivors Benefits Warning: Recent changes in the retirement earnings test have affected this publication. We are revising it to reflect the provisions of the new law. In the meantime, to see how these changes may affect you, click here. Why We Hope You Will Read This Booklet The loss of the family wage earner can be devastating to the survivors. This is an explanation of the benefits Social Security can provide for the family. This booklet is divided into two sections. If you are working, the first part tells you what kind of survivors benefits your tax dollars are paying for and how those benefits are earned. If someone in your family has died, the second part explains how to sign up for Social Security benefits and what you need to know after benefits start. Please Note: This booklet provides a general overview of Social Security survivors benefits. The information it contains is not intended to cover all provisions of the law. For specific information about your case, contact Social Security. Many people think of Social Security as a retirement program. But, retirement benefits are just one part of the Social Security program. Some of the Social Security taxes you pay go toward survivors insurance. In fact, the value of the survivors insurance you have under Social Security is probably more than the value of your individual life insurance. When someone who has worked and paid into Social Security dies, survivor benefits can be paid to certain family members. These include widows, widowers (and divorced widows and widowers), children, and dependent parents. You, along with millions of other people, earn survivors insurance by working and paying Social Security taxes. Right now, 98 out of every 100 children could get benefits if a working parent should die. In fact, Social Security pays more benefits to children than any other federal program. How You Earn Survivors Benefits When you die, certain members of your family may be eligible for survivors benefits if you worked, paid Social Security taxes and earned enough "credits." You can earn a maximum of four credits each year. The number of credits you need depends on your age when you die. The younger a person is, the fewer credits he or she needs to have family members be eligible for survivors benefits. But nobody needs more than 40 credits (10 years of work) to be eligible for any Social Security benefits. Under a special rule, benefits can be paid to your children and your spouse who is caring for the children, even though you don't have the number of credits needed. They can get benefits if you have credit for one and one half years of work in the three years just before your death. There is a special one-time payment of $255 that can be made when you die if you have enough work "credits." This payment can be made only to your spouse or minor children if they meet certain requirements. Benefits for Surviving Divorced Spouses If you've been divorced, your f 'veer wife or husband can get benefits under the same circumstances as your widow or widower if your marriage lasted 10 years or more. Your former spouse, however, does not have to meet the length-of-marriage rule if she or he is caring for your child who is under 16 or disabled and who is also getting benefits on your Social Security record. The child must be your former spouse's natural or legally adopted child. Benefits paid to a surviving divorced spouse who is age 60 or older (50-60 if disabled) will not affect the benefit rates for other survivors getting benefits. How Much Are Benefits? How much your family can get from Social Security depends on your average lifetime earnings. That means the higher your earnings, the higher their benefits will be. If you would like to get an estimate of the Social Security survivors benefits that could be paid to your family, call or visit us to ask for a Form SSA-7004 (Request for Personal Earnings and Benefit Estimate Statement.) Within four to six weeks after you complete and return the form to us, you will receive a statement showing an estimate of survivors benefits that could be paid, as well as an estimate of retirement and disability benefits and other important information. There's no charge for this service. Part 2-If A Loved One Has Died... What You Need To Know About Survivors Benefits How To Apply For Benefits How you sign up for survivors benefits depends on whether or not you're getting other 'recial Security benefits. If You Aren't Getting Social Security Benefits You should apply for survivors benefits promptly because, in some cases, benefits may not be retroactive. You can apply by telephone or at any Social Security office. We need certain information to process your application. It's helpful if you have it when you apply. But don't delay applying if you don't have everything. We will help you get it. We need either original documents or copies certified by the agency that issued them. If You're Already Gett 're Social Security Benefits If you're getting bene 'res as a wife or husband on your spouse's record when he or she dies, you should report the death to us and we will change your payments to survivors benefits. If we need more information, we'll contac 'llou. If you're getting be 'reits on your own record, you'll need t 'll complete an application to get survivors benefits. Call or visit us and we'll check 'llsee if you can get more money as a widow or widower. We'll need t 'llee your spouse's death certificate to process your claim. Benefits for any children will automatically be changed to survivors benefits after the death is reported to us. We'll conta 'llyou if we need more information. How Much Will You Get? The amount of your benefit is based on the earnings of the person who died. The more he or she paid into Social Security, the higher your benefits will be. The amount you will get is a percentage of the deceased's basic Social Security benefit. The percentage depends on your age and the type of benefit you are eligible for. Maximum Family Benefits There is a limit to the amount of money that can be paid to you and other family members each month. The limit varies, but is generally equal to about 150 to 180 percent of the deceased's benefit rate. If the sum of the benefits payable to the family members is greater than this limit, the benefits will be reduced proportionately. Retirement Benefits For Widow(ers) If you are receiving widows or widowers (including divorced widows or widowers) benefits, you should remember that you can switch to your own retirement benefit as early as age 62. This assumes you're eli 'rele and your retirement rate is higher than your widow'(er) rate. In many cases, a widow(er) can begin receiving one benefit at a reduced rate and then switch to the other benefit at an unreduced rate at age 65. The rules are complicated and vary depending on your situation, so you should talk to a one of our representatives about the options available to you. What If I Work? If you get Social Security survivors benefits, the amount of your benefits may be reduced if your earnings exceed certain limits. To find out what the limits are this year and how earnings above those limits reduce your social Security benefits, contact us to request the leaflet, How Work Affects Your Benefits (Publication No. 05-10069). There's no earnings limit once you reach age 70. Your earnings will reduce only your survivors benefits, not the benefits of other family members. What If I Remarry? Generally, you can't get survivors benefits if you remarry. But, remarriage after age 60 (50 if disabled) will not prevent benefit payments on your former spouse's record. And, at age 62 or older, you may get benefits on the record of your new spouse if they are higher. A Word About Medicare Medicare is a health insurance plan for people who are age 65 or older. People who are disabled or have kidney failure also can get Medicare. Medicare has two parts-hospital insurance and medical insurance. Most people have both parts. Hospital insurance, sometimes called Part A, covers inpatient hospital care and certain follow-up care. The worker already paid for it as part of his or her Social Security taxes while he or she was working. Medical insurance, sometimes called Part B, pays for physicians' services and some other services not covered by hospital insurance. Medical insurance is optional, and you must pay a premium. Some people are already getting Social Security benefits when they turn 65, and their Medicare starts automatically. Others must file an application. For more information, call the Health Care Financing Administration at 1-800 MEDICAR(E) and ask for a copy of the handbook, "Medicare and You". You also can visit the website at www.medicare.gov. Help For Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries If you get Medicare and have low income and few resources, your state may pay your Medicare premiums and, in some cases, other "out-of-pocket" Medicare expenses such as deductibles and coinsurance. Only your state can decide if you qualify. To find out if you do, contact your local welfare office or Medicaid agency. For more information about the program, contact Social Security and ask for a copy of the publication Medicare Savings For Qualified Beneficiaries (HCFA Publication No. 02184). Your Personal Information Is Safe With Social Security We keep personal information on millions of people. That information-such as your Social Security number, earnings record, age, and address-is personal and confidential. Generally, we will discuss this information only with you. We need your permission if you want someone else to help with your Social Security business. If you ask friends or family members to call us, you need to be with them when they call so we will know that you want them to help. Our representative will ask your permission to discuss your Social Security business with that person. If you send a friend or family member to our local office to conduct your Social Security business, send your written consent with them. Only with your written permission can SSA discuss your personal information with them and provide the answers to your questions. In the case of a minor child, the natural parent or legal guardian can act on the child's behalf in taking care of the child's Social Security business. The privacy of your records is guaranteed. There are times when the law requires Social Security to give information to other government agencies to conduct other government health or welfare programs such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Medicaid, and food stamps. Programs receiving information from Social Security are prohibited from sharing that information. For More Information Recorded information and services are available 24 hours a day, including weekends and holidays by calling Social Security's toll-free number: 1-800-772-1213. You can call for an appointment or speak to a service representative between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. on business days. Our lines are busiest early in the week and early in the month, so if your business can wait, it's best to call at other times. Whenever you call, have your Social Security number handy. If you are deaf or hard of hearing, you may call our toll-free TTY number, 1-800-325-0778, between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. on business days. We treat all calls confidentially-whether they' 'remade to our toll-free numbers or to one of our local offices. We also want to make sure that you receive accurate and courteous service. That's why we have a second Social Security representative monitor some incoming and outgoing telephone calls. Other Booklets Available We have a number of publications that contain information about other Social Security programs. Contact us to get a free copy of any of these publications.
W2C-004-1.txt	A new class of needy People with assets but no jobs turn to pantries Waukesha - When Don leaves the Waukesha Food Pantry with his bags of groceries, the 47-year-old father of three is headed for the most unlikely of destinations: his 2,000-square-foot house in the tranquil, rolling hills of this suburban community. The home, with red double doors and a brick front, is set on two acres of landscape grounds. A swing set is prominent in the spacious back yard. A boat is parked next to the two-car garage. It's not exactly the first place one would look for clients of the local food pantry. But Don represents some of the changing names and faces of people in need today - people with substantial assets who have unexpectedly lost jobs in a faltering economy and are attempting to stave off financial collapse. Many of them come from the ranks of management. While they are a small percentage of all people using pantries in Sussex and Waukesha - an estimated 3% to 5% - their numbers are growing, and food%;antry%;directors expect to see more of them in coming months. " People have to look at the needy in a different way," said Cathy Bellovary, director of the Waukesha pantry. "These people are coming in to keep a roof over their heads; it's a way to sustain themselves." Family Stress For Don, who had been the primary breadwinner in his family, a sense of shame and remorse has driven him to hold on to the family home. He feels he should do whatever he can to keep the family's situation from turning worse. " I could sell the house and get a cheaper one," he said. "But my wife doesn't like the idea worth a damn. And my kids would feel terrible - absolutely terrible." The average home in Don's neighborhood sold for $132,000, based on the most recent sales there, according to Kim Hase of First Realty of Waukesha. Don, who has three teenage children, is concerned that as his family struggles to stay together during these difficult times, a move would be too destabilizing for them. " The family's really down on me now. They question why I can't hold a job," Don said. "The family's been letting each other down." He said that he would like to sell his boat, but that he can't find a buyer. And while he has no significant credit card debt, he doesn't view credit cards as a solution to his problems. " That would just be more debt to pay," he said. Both Don and his wife are doing what they can to earn money. Don's wife has taken a full-time job, while her husband seeks permanent employment. Don is taking most of the jobs that have come his way - including a newspaper delivery route. However, with the exception of one job that didn't work out for Don, the combined earnings of Don and his wife are less than the wage Don earned before his layoff two years ago. Looking back at circumstances that led to his current problems, Don said he might not have been as frugal as he could have been. He said he regretted a $27,000 second mortgage on his home, particularly since he owed only $20,000 on his first mortgage. " We had been frugal, but then we were influenced by the ease of credit in the 1980's," he said. Asked whether he felt deserving of handouts while others were homeless and in worse situations, Don said he believed that he had given to the food pantry as much as he has taken. " The family's really down on me now. They question why I can't hold a job." Unemployed father Although many of the newly jobless are reluctant to talk about their circumstances, Don and a couple from Sussex agreed to be interviewed on the condition that they be identified by first names only. Both families represent the almost 8.5 million Americans out of work and searching for jobs made scarce by 17 months of recession. The recession has had an impact on local food pantries, where directors said they started seeing more of the unemployed from high-paying jobs as early as February. Their numbers increased over the summer. After 23 years with a Waukesha metal manufacturing firm, Don is one of those white-collar workers who lost a well-paying job when he was laid off in January 1990. He has been in and out of the job market ever since. This summer, he made his first trip to the Waukesha Food Pantry. He remembers the day mostly by the reaction of his teenage son, who refused to accompany him, embarrassed by the family's changing fortunes. Sussex residents Rob and Cindy are new to the food pantries, too. Rob was laid off in March from his factory job as an engine repairman. The couple made their first trip to the Sussex Emergency Food Pantry two weeks ago, hoping to feed their family of six while holding on to their five-bedroom house. A pantry worker remembers Cindy crying inconsolably as six bags of food were filled for her. For similar reasons, both families have decided to hold onto their homes and try to weather the hard times with the help of charitable agencies. Neither claims to be blameless for what has happened to them, nor so they expect the unreserved sympathy of others. Rob, 37, and Cindy, 30, who also have been taking interim jobs since Rob's layoff in March, said a neighbor called a local minister to refer them to the local food pantry. Rob said they didn't qualify for food stamps because of the value of their assets. But as money got tight they found themselves having to make decisions such as whether to buy milk for their children, or whether to pay they utility bills. Rob said he would sell the house if he had to, but he wanted to try to hold on to it. The couple bought the house in 1989 for about $87,000. Houses in their neighborhood are selling for about $100,000 now, Rob said. " Who wants to have to start at ground zero again?" he asked. Cindy said she understood those who might criticize them for using a food pantry while they still had a roof over their heads and vehicles in their garage. But, she adds, "they don't know what it's like." Her husband, his face flushing with anger, remarked: "I'm not 'm slougher; I'm a w 'mker. This could happen to anyone." Pantries Don't Judge Directors of the local food pantries agree that the tangible assets of a family shouldn't determine whether they are provided community aid. They chafe at the idea that people must become destitute to benefit from their service. Betty Mindemann has been director of the Sussex Emergency Food Pantry since 1985. She said the pantry wouldn't turn down anyone's request. " We don't sit in judgment of anyone. That's God's way of doing it. The fact that they' 'rehere is important - it takes a lot for them just to walk through the door," she said. The board of directors of the local pantries support the open door policy. At both pantries, anyone showing identification of residence may use the service. Bellovary, director of the Waukesha Food Pantry, noted that many of the clients who have had good jobs are supporters of pantries and other charitable agencies and were likely to support them again when they got back into the job market. They also move back into the job market faster, she said. Not all clients of the pantries are on assistance, Mindemann said. The pantries also serve the working poor and those "who fall between the cracks." She said she had one client who lost a job that paid more than $50,000 a year and had sought aid at the pantry while he worked three fast-food jobs. She also had a client who owned a $200,000 home and used the pantry to sustain his family until he could get back into the job market. In many cases, families lack the savings to tide them through tough times, or they have already depleted their savings, Bellovary said. " We want to help those people as much as others," Bellovary said. "They are all needy." She added: "The way I look at it, if we can keep people from getting destitute, that's what we 're here for. My feeling is that we don't want people to get to the point of total destitution."
W2F-011-0.txt	SYNCHRONIZED WILLIAM H. CALVIN This is a novel of the internet era that involves stock market manipulations, detective work via the internet, and tracking down a kidnap victim. It will be serialized on the Web, pending book publication. Chapter 1 I HATE DOORBELLS in the morning for all the usual reasons. Also because it's usually the middle of the night before the elegant solution is finally found. Don't ask me why. We joke about a wave of epiphanies sweeping around the globe, leading the dawn by a few hours, as computer wizards rise from their keyboards, congratulating themselves. Wizards of the female persuasion seem to finish an hour sooner, closer to three o'clock than four. That's discounting, of course, the false alarms - - those premature epiphanies of the more testosterone-soaked wizards, which start about midnight. And it was only two o'clock last night when I finished my call-screening software. I pedaled my exercise bike triumphantly for an hour thereafter, to allow my brain to slow down, and then I crawled into bed, feeling thoroughly virtuous. Technically speaking, I was awake when I heard the doorbell. Indeed, I was just starting my wake-up shower, my favorite bootstrap to higher levels of consciousness. Being in a very good mood, I only muttered pro forma curses as I stepped out of the stall and pulled on my terry-cloth bathrobe. Uh-oh. The bathrobe was missing its belt, for some reason. I reminded myself that I gesture a lot with both hands, and the belt is an essential precaution against an abruptly plunging decolletage. This disconcerts visitors. As I stood posed in front of the mirror contemplating the alternatives, the doorbell spoke again, more firmly than before. I could always, I supposed, pull on my bikini and pretend I was wet from the beach. Hmm. In late October? In Seattle? At ten in the morning? Perhaps not. I found a thin robe in my closet and headed out through the living room, leaving wet footprints as I tied the robe. This better not be a salesman, I muttered, or I'll invent a version of RingCon 'lll that will selectively silence doorbells as well as telephones. Then I saw the police uniform through the window. Great. I opened the door and lifted an eyebrow. "Good morning," I said tentatively, somewhere between a statement and a question. " Are you feeding the cats downstairs? "asked the cheerful young officer. I relaxed instantly, and somehow slipped into fast-talking actress mode. " I am indeed looking after Max's cats," I replied in mock exasperation, opening the door wider and smiling at the officer standing on my second floor deck. "What have they done this time? "I asked him, crossing my arms and leaning my shoulder against the door frame with a theatrical sigh. "Started shoplifting at the corner grocery? It's really only Cleopatra that plots these things, officer. Siam's quite innocent. How much do I owe the store for the potato chips? " Ever helpful Kate, that's me - - the Medicean madcap, running on at the mouth. The policeman smiled, while trying to get a word in edgewise. " When did you last see Max Hempelman? "he asked, finally. "A few weeks ago, when he left for Florida. Why? " " Have you got an address for him? Know a place where we can reach him? "he persisted. "Even just a phone number? " I suppressed a real sigh because - - well, it was a big secret that I wasn't supposed to know about. I had immediately jumped to the conclusion that our esteemed county prosecuting attorney wanted some more free advice from Max. And was getting impatient with Max's travels. It was, after all, the final week of his re-election campaign. "Well, I got a postcard from Max a week ago. An absolutely lovely picture of a genuine Palm Beach swimming pool. Want to come in, while I try to find it? " That's about when I realized that I'd forgotten to turn off th 'd shower. I pulled my thin robe tighter in compensation for this all-too-audible shortcoming. Let him think that I showered with a companion, I thought, remembering that California bumper sticker from drought days, Don't Shower Alone! " It's back in the kitchen," I said, a little too loudly. "That's where the old mail resides on its way to the recycling can. One of these days, I'm going to rig a chute down t 'mthe alley, so all the junk mail can go straight into the recycle. And land with a satisfying crash." My mind wasn't really in gear yet. Those were just warm-up exercises. I'm better after a shower, a gl 'ms of grapefruit juice, and a double shot of espresso. Honest. I rummaged through the accumulation on the back of the kitchen table, laying aside the old Wall Street Journal and New York Times issues that needed tossing out. And there the postcard was, showing an unnaturally blue swimming pool, surrounded by nondescript hotel balconies totally lacking in individuality, topped by some cottony clouds that looked like overdone digital retouching to my jaundiced eye. I looked at the flip side. "It's the ` Sunrise Hotel on Route A1A,' it says here. Not his usual sort of hotel, I must say. He usually stays at the best place in town." I passed him the postcard after noting that Max hadn't written anything more than a sarcastic "Dearest Kate - - Don't know what you're missing. Love, Max." Max knows my opinion of Florida. As a former New Yorker, Max was expected to like Florida. His daughter did. But he didn't. " Postmarked October 19th? And you haven't heard anything else from him since then? No phone calls? "I shook my head, no. E-mail messages on the internet would have been far more likely, but there hadn't been any of those, either. "Know anyone else that might have heard from him? " " Just his daughter in New York - - he usually talks to her every weekend." It was beginning to penetrate my thick head. This wasn't what I had blithely assumed. " Is she the next of kin? " I was getting alarmed, finally. "Yes. His wife died a long time ago. Now, suppose you tell me what's going on? What's happened to Max? " The patrolman was busy typing into his little clipboard computer, his thick black fingers just as nimble as my long white ones. "All I know is that we've got a missing-person 've query from the Palm Beach P.D. A hotel got worried when he didn't check out, and left his suitcase behind in the room. Then it turns out that a boat he rented for a week wasn't returned." Max, missing? Max, of all people? IF MINDS CAN UNDERGO A CHANGE OF PHASE, the way that H2O goes from water to steam, that's when mine popped out of actress mode. It snapped into dead-serious mode and didn't lighten up for days. " Well, didn't they conduct a search? "I asked indignantly, rising to my full six feet. He squinted at the display on his clipboard and poked a key repeatedly. "Seems the Lantana cops found some kids using the sailboat." " Lantana's just south of Palm Beach on the coastal waterway," I explained, trying to curb my rising impatience. Or was it panic? " The kids eventually admitted that they had found it washed ashore a few days earlier. And naturally, since the kids hadn't reported finding it, no Coast Guard search was ever conducted for him," he continued, paging down through the file. "It seems to have taken a few days for all of the jurisdictions to consult one another - - and then wire Seattle." He added a grimace of disapproval, as if the Seattle Police were more efficient. " But that simply does not make sense," I said emphatically, shaking my head in disbelief. "Max knows all about boats. He's one of those absolutely careful people who never makes a stupid mistake, because he's thinking two steps ahead, all the time. Never even drinks beer when he's sailing. And he's in good health too. He may be 70, but he plays tennis twice a week, and beats most of his friends too. Certainly me." The policeman, whose name tag read "Freeman", was tapping it all into his clipboard computer, one almost as fancy as those used by the parcel service delivery people. He took down parts of my description of Max: three inches shorter than my six feet, perhaps 165 pounds, an athletic build despite the rounded waistline, a full head of white hair, a wicked tongue, intelligent brown eyes, perpetual half-moon reading glasses, and a book in hand. Sometimes two. " Has he ever gotten lost or confused? " " Max Hempelman get lost? He's the least likely person I know," I said, standing up straight and pulling at my thin robe, which was sticking to wet spots. "Max always knows exactly where he is, almost intuitively. I found that out when he introduced me to piloting float planes. And, if he did get confused, he's one of those people who has a GPS chip inside his belt phone that gives a readout of his exact latitude, longitude, and altitude from triangulating on satellite signals. No, Max Hempelman is not likely to get lost - not unless he's had a stroke or something." " Any idea why Mr. Hempelman was visiting Florida? " " No, can't say as I do know," I said, pondering, realizing that I really ought to know the answer to that simple question. "And I know him pretty well, too. He's never mentioned any friends in Florida. He travels there on business when he can't avoid it - - he's a consultant on things like mergers and takeover attempts. The last time he was in Florida, about a year ago, it was to Palm Beach for a board of directors meeting or something like that. The Breakers, as I remember." " Is that a company? " " No, an elegant old hotel and golf course." " Know the name of the corporation? "Officer Freeman asked, hopefully. " No. But it was only a temporary consulting deal, that last time. He had to make a presentation at a board meeting about checking out a merger proposal. He left as soon as he could. He really doesn't like Florida, and would never go there for a vacation." " I'll put al 'llhis on the net," he said, tapping away. "But can you also tell me his daughter's name and address? They'll want 'llnotify next-of-kin." " She's still in New York," I explained, "but I don't remember whether she's changed her last name. I've nev 'vemet her. She's one of those insular New Yorkers who seldom travels west of the Hudson River - - probably thinks it's all like Joisy but even worse as you go farther west." Officer Freeman smiled. I wasn't trying to entertain him, however, so much as trying to cheer myself up. " But I probably have her name and number in a computer file. Come on into my office." It opened off the kitchen. Large computer, large-screen monitor, split keyboard, and the most comfortable office chair I could find. Bookshelves everywhere except for windows and doorways. "She sometimes takes winter vacations in Florida, but Max never visits her there," I continued. "He hates the place. Besides, if he visits her in Manhattan, he can get in his semiannual dose of art galleries at the same time." Should I offer him some coffee? I badly wanted some myself, I realized as I touched the keyboard. But, before I could say anything, my personalized menu popped up on the screen. In a flash, it popped into the name-and-address file and found Max's daughter. As well it should: I am always customizing my own computer so that it obeys my whims, instantly. I'm t 'ming to get it to anticipate me, but that's another story. " Carrie Hempelman. And that address," I said, pointing at the screen, "is on the Upper East Side. Max gave the address to me about five years ago, when he was going to be in China for several months, as someone to call if I needed some more money for the remodeling on our duplex. He's always thinking ahead like that. I hope his daughter hasn't moved since then. She's got a rent-controlled apartment, so she probably hasn't." I finally realized that I was rambling on and on. And so came to an abrupt stop. To cover my confusion, I hit the function key that autodials the phone number displayed and then picked up my desk phone. "Let's phone her," I said, purposefully. "Maybe she can clear this up." But a machine answered in New York. I listened to the whole announcement, evidently her everyday version. Prompted by the beep, I left my name and number, adding that it was urgent that she phone me back.
W2B-031-0.txt	Clean Up, Flatten Out Molly E. Holzschlag In our rush to build the Web, we've fallen into some really limiting hab 've when it comes to both our visual designs and our technology presentations. When I first started in Web design, I grabbed at everything that came down the assembly line: graphics, animation, Flash. If I didn't use something, I read about it and tried out the code, the software, or the technique. I experimented, and I loved it all. In my frenzy, I made some offensive mistakes, and I still make them. But I'm learning a lot, and one thing I'm noticing is that 'my bad habits have sometimes g 'mten in the way of designing aesthetically great sites that embrace today's recommended markup and related practices. It's like being a self-taught guitar player. I'm innovative but encumbered. In our rush to build the Web, we've fallen into some really limiting h 'vets when it comes to both our visual designs and our technology presentations. The more I study markupespecially in the context of XMLthe more I'm convinced that the solution to our design wo 'm lies in the essence of markup, and not in the fun frills. In my early days as a Web designer, I had friends who'd been in the compute 'dindustry for years, had been using the Internet for email, Telnet, FTP, and Usenet. They hated graphics, even hated the idea of GUI access to the Web. They made fun of me for anticipating the possibility of a visual Web, much less a media-rich Web. It's odd for meespecially with my love of broadband and clever Flash designto come around to a purist point of view when it comes to visual Web design. Perhaps I'm not as radical as the friends who once teased 'me, and I don't regret my experimental frenzy one bit. But now it's time for all of us to pay attention to what we're doing, why we're d 'reg it, and for who 're We're challenged to grow in 'rethe new wireless and alternative design options. To formulate a successful contemporary design, we must first study visual design mistakes, examine the alternatives, and find solutions in markup. When we integrate visual design concepts and today's recommended markup options, we make a surprising find: A Web site can be aesthetically appropriate and completely cross-browser, cross-platform compliant. Where We Went Astray We tried to make the Web multimedia, but it isn't. Multimedia means multiple media forms operating in an integrated environment. However, the Web was never meant to be a platform for simultaneous delivery of multiple media forms. It was originally created for text. It can deliver multimedia, but the Web is at root a text environment with links as an added component. The ability to link from one document to many other supportive or referential documents meant that we could break free of the more linear constructs that defined books. When the Web became a graphical environment, it was no longer just text that was linked. Rather, graphics or other media became the objects of this hyper-environment. And so emerged hypermedia. This extension beyond the linear structure is what makes it "hyper," or more than what we had previously experienced. Hypermedia is what makes the Web especially intriguing. Hypermedia Versus Multimedia There are very important differences between multimedia and hypermedia. Multimedia is dimensional, and while it's almost always interactive, that interactivity is restricted by context. Hypermedia can also be described as dimensional, but in a less literal sense. Hypermedia adds dimension to a two-dimensional space by attracting a critical mass of people who keep it vibrant and constantly alive. This "dimension" has yet to be defined, but its impact is obvious. Context is less critical for hypermedia than for multimedia, and hypermedia is more organicit's defined by interactivity, while multimedia more closely resembles a presentation. Consider more traditional delivery methods for multimedia, such as CD-ROM presentations or kiosks with touch screens. Access is pretty much limited to one personat most a fewat any given time. The Web can be extremely human in a way that these devices cannot. The fact that we're present in interac 'rens with one another on such a massive scale changes the scope of visual communicationor all communicationgreatly. However, the limitations and ungainliness of multimedia somehow found their way into the visual design of the Web, and it's not a good fit. Because the Web emerged from a text environment, it's unlikely that most people thought "TV" when they first saw pages in Mosaic. As far as I recall, a graphic looked ungainly against a mid-gray background. Everything was clunky, too big, too slow, or too heavy. We began creating dimensional objects for Web sites when 15-inch monitors were all the rage. Consider what a mistake it was to try to create dimension on a screen that small. We did it anyway, and we set a very poor precedent. (After all, now that portable devices are all the rage, screens are only getting smaller.) Today's average monitor has a 17-inch screen, only slightly bigger than a breadbox. Bear in mind that I'm purposely not talking about resolu 'mon here, I'm talking about physical size, mass. 'm It's ridiculous to try to stuff so much onto a page. Whether it's text, graphics, mediaI don't care. We don't need so many bells and whistles. Simplicity is almost always beautiful, and even at its worst it's not offensive. So why do we continue to stuff our pages until the seams strain? It all started when we recognized the Web as a possible platform for multimedia, and then decided that multimedia was the best way to use the Web. Sadly, this marginalized hypermedia, as evident in the vast proliferation of debris left over from early days of designoverblown graphics, dancing GIFs, and pages that come complete with soundtracks. We tried to make the Web multimedia. And frighteningly enough, we're still doing 're It's wrong, and it's limiting. Let's examine what we're doing wit 'reesign. Isn't it possible that we compromised our ability to explore a uniquely fresh hypermedia environment by imposing an existing notion of multimedia instead? Why do we want to create objects and place visual ideas in a Web environment that is so obviously visually flat? I think we're striving 're something that's tactile. We've tried to make 've Web something we could happily touch instead of embracing its more abstract qualities: a nonlinear approach to the flow of thought and information, and an interactive dimension thatwhile not tactilepromises rich experiences for the user. Boxed In Unfortunately, our problems don't stop with multimedia clutter. Once we've swept away the 'vecess, we'll have t 'lleal with the rigid, angular pages left behind. Rectangles are completely limiting. We've allowed ourse 'ves to be bound by the de facto system of a Web page's infrastructure, particularly in terms of content and shape. We're taking 'ree physical mass of a 17-inch monitor and essentially pasting more rectangles inside its rectangular frame. Borders within borders of content with more borders. What's even more interesting is examining the markup we've been us 've to achieve our layouts, namely tables and sometimes frames. Again, we're worki 'reon very rigid, rectangular models. The same is true for those few angels who've found a w 'veto make CSS positioning work for them. A box-model still rules the day. Why do we try to box everything in? Global human expression is filled with curved shapes and structurescircles, spirals, and spheres. Yet those of us in the Western world favor lines, angles, and rectangles. We've revered a 'verespected the linear for so long that the phrase "thinking outside the box" has become synonymous with revolutionary innovation. Look at a wall in your home. If you have a nice painting or poster, it's probably in a rectangular frame. Windows are rectangles; doors are rectangles. This shape makes up a lot of our world. And that's fine, but we have sky out there too. A screen has no sky. What it does have is more rectangles. You have a frame around the monitor, your browser frames your content, and some people put borders and frames into the visual design of their pages. For those of you who eschew borders and frames, you're sti 'rebuilding on a grid system, which frames the infrastructure. So how do we open things up, give our screens a little bit of sky? It's a fascinating problem. While CSS2 offers all kinds of powerful border, spacing, and padding options, we've had a 'velution in CSS1 all along: the use of color and type to achieve shape within the inherent design. If you put all of that into a style sheet, and leave only your content in your markup document, the content will still be accessible by any other platform and device. Design the Future Today Several principles will help designers shift away from the legacies of our early mistakes. Let's move into an integrated methodology of client-side development that marries markup and visual aesthetics. Flatten Your Design. If old belief systems suggest mimicking the tactile world, but adding dimension isn't working, then let go. Get flat. The Web, at least onscreen, is still a two-dimensional space. This is mechanically true because graphics are displayed in two dimensions. From a technical perspective, you can tap into extremely clean HTML or XHTML combined with CSS. Your site is then readable on every browser, platform, and appliance. You've sepa 'veed your formatting and presentation effectively, and you've flat 'veed everything. You have no bevels, no buttons, no shadows, no light sources. You have no tabs, no drop-down menus. You do have color, and you do have content. I'll 'lll you what to do with that in a minute. Stop Being Square. It's nearly impossible to break out of the rectangular systems for visual Web design. But contemporary design should open up confined space or create new ways of looking at old space. Wherever you can, avoid creating lots of rectangles unless you have a specific reason for using them (such as for expressing containment and security). Focus instead on the parts of shapes: lines, curves, and angles. If you do use rectangles, leave them flat against the backgrounddon't add bevels or drop shadows, or any dimension at all. Ironically, this reduces file size, too. The more effects there are in a graphic, the harder it becomes to compress. Use Very Few Graphics. I'm con 'mnced that the best designs use only graphics that are absolutely necessary. If you limit your use of graphics, the ones you do use will grab much more attention, especially if they're 'rell planned and well placed. Use text for links, rely on CSS for effects like removing underlines or creating rollovers. Rely on color for fonts, headers, and all link options. Again, use CSS wherever possible to separate the presentation from the markup, keeping the markup itself very clean. Keep Scripting and Multimedia to a Minimum. Hate me if you want to, but in most cases, scripting, Flash, Shockwave, and QuickTime elements aren't necessary. Sure, if you're 'reilding the next big alternative rock band's Web site, go get happy. And independent Flash artistsyou keep doing what you'r 'reoing. But when it comes to most commercial site design situations, rely on clever CSS color schemes and keep your markup as uncluttered as possible. Flatten, Simplify, and Separate. Contemporary visual design should strive to be flat. It should denounce old belief systems about what kind of medium the Web really is and just visually embrace its simple dimension. Flat design is not only an aesthetic or reactionary choice; it's also a choice that integrates perfectly with Web markup methodologies. This means successfully separating content and presentation, which positions your site for the Web, for wireless, for backward-compatible browsers, for anything. Today's Web sites remain frighteningly poor in terms of visual design and markup practices. I 'm convinced that in their current state, Web standards and visual trends are perfectly matched to offer the best visual design and the cleanest, most platform-versatile offerings around. Learning to balance these issues is the best gift we can give to our audiences, and ourselves. Molly is the author of numerous books on visual design and Web markup. She holds an M.A. in media studies from New School University. Visit her at www.molly.com.
W2C-010-0.txt	Surprise rejection of Tampa Bay offer moves him to top of Wolf's list Green Bay, Wis. - - If Bill Parcells wants to return to coaching - - and there are strong indications that he does-he could be named coach of the Green Bay Packers as early as Tuesday. General manager Ron Wolf said Sunday night that he was attempting to set up an interview with Parcells for Tuesday and that he was in position to match Tampa Bay's salary figures in his offer to Parcells. Parcells rejected a five-year, $6.5 million deal from the Buccaneers Saturday night. Wolf declined to comment when asked whether Parcells could have the Packers' job if he wanted it. But sources in the organization have said Parcells had been the No.1 candidate on the Packers' list from the start. However, until Sunday, Wolf believed that Parcells was unattainable. Wolf's plans for the next two days also suggest that he is focusing his search on Parcells and will offer him the job unless something develops in the interview that makes him uncomfortable. Wolf said he had postponed an interview with former Seattle Seahawks coach Chuck Knox, scheduled for Monday in Palm Springs, Calif. Knox was believed to be the No. 2 candidate on Wolf's list. Wolf's plans for the next two days also suggest that he is focusing his search on Parcells and will offer him the job unless something develops in the interview that makes him uncomfortable. Wolf said he had postponed an interview with former Seattle Seahawks coach Chuck Knox, scheduled for Monday in Palm Springs, Calif. Knox was believed to be the No. 2 candidate on Wolf's list. " There is a new development that has caused me to cancel the visit and schedule it for a different time. Wolf said, referring to Parcells' decision to reject Tampa Bay's offer. Wolf also said he would put on hold any plans to contact assistant coaches around the National Football League. Wolf interviewed Mike Holmgren, offensive coordinator of the San Francisco 49ers, here Sunday. But Wolf said he would hold off on asking permission to talk to defensive coordinators Steve Sidwell of the New Orleans Saints and Pete Carroll of the New York Jets, who would presumably be available for interviews now that their teams have lost in the playoffs. After saying for several days that he planned to take his time conducting the search, Wolf said that could change. "It could happen quickly," Wolf said. "The reason I said that all along is because I never thought Bill would come here. "I had him penciled in for Tampa and I felt it behooved us to explore all avenues." Wolf said he had just begun his interview with Holmgren when his telephone in the Packers offices started ringing non-stop. The phone rang, Wolf said, after the announcement by Buccaneers owner Hugh Culverhouse that Parcells had turned down the job. Wolf said the announcement surprised him. Wolf said he talked to Parcells later about following through with a meeting they had tentatively arranged last Friday. Wolf said he did not have any assurances that Parcells would return to coaching or accept an offer from the Packers. "I don't have any feel," Wolf said. "I would think he wants to coach." After leading the New York Giants to two Super Bowl titles in eight years, Parcells resigned after the 1990'91 season to become a studio analyst with NBC-TV. ESPN reported that NBC had agreed to let Parcells become its top analyst next season, replacing Bill Walsh, as an incentive to remain with the network. An NBC representative told the Washington Post that the report was "categorically untrue. If it is true, Parcells' salary to stay with NBC could rise from $250,000 to as much as $600.000. Parcells said on NBC's pre-game show Sunday that he hadn't made up his mind about coaching again and he might return to NBC. But in explaining why he rejected the Tampa Bay offer, Parcells never once said it was because he didn't want to coach. With a salary offer that apparently would, have made him the highest-paid coach in the NFL, Parcells was offered full control of the football operation with the Buccaneers. " I thought it may have been too big a job, too many hats to wear in this modern time of professional football," Parcells said. "There was just something about it in the end. I didn't feel right. Wolf can't offer Parcells full control of the football operation, but he suggested he could match Tampa Bay's offer of $1.3 million per year. "I don't think money is an issue with this franchise. Wolf said. Asked specifically about the Green Bay job, Parcells said: "Ron and I have talked. We agreed to setup a meeting at some point in time. I don't know when it is, but I just assume we will talk again in the near future. Parcells denied that he ever agreed to take the Tampa Bay job. Culverhouse said Parcells had agreed to take it. "I feel I was taken down to the altar and there was a choke," Culverhouse said. "I'm still here 'm the altar. Culverhouse said he pressed Parcells for reasons and Parcells never said he had decided not to coach. Culverhouse also said it wouldn't surprise him if Parcells accepted the Green Bay job. "I feel Bill will feel closer to Ron Wolf" Culverhouse said. Parcells, 50, compiled an 05-50-1? record, a 61 winning percentage as coach of the Giants. In five of his eight seasons, the Giants qualified for the playoffs. Parcells' first team finished 3-12-1 and only one other team after that had a losing record. The Giants were 6-9 in 1987. The Giants won the Super Bowl under Parcells in 1987 and this year. Parcells was shaken in recent years when Denver Broncos coach Dan Reeves and Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka developed heart problems. In the last year, physicians discovered that Parcells had extra heartbeats. Two weeks ago, he underwent an angioplasty, a non-surgical procedure to clear a blocked artery leading from the heart and although Parcells has said NC?, the Giants afterward he was healthy enough to coach, he might be in conflict about his future. " From the tone of his conversation," one friend told The New York Times, "his head is being one way and his heart in another. Wolf said he was impressed with Holmgren during their meeting. "I liked everything about him" Wolf said. " He was easy to talk with, talk to. He's very confident of himself and it's easy to see why they are successful with him running the show from an offensive standpoint. "He's a down-to-earth, sincere person."
W2C-008-1.txt	School vandal sentenced to a day in jail The last of three boys involved in the vandalism of Bozeman High School last fall was sentenced in Gallatin County District Court Wednesday. Though he signed off on a plea agreement with the prosecution Michael Roy Oltman, 18, got more than he bargained for after admitting to District Court Judge Mike Salvagni that he drank alcohol at a friend's birthday party, violating his probation. " Oh, so are special occasions an exception to my order?" Salvagni asked. Oltman said they weren't. But the judge sentenced Oltman to one day in the Gallatin County Detention Center. " I want him to see the inside of the jail for 24 hours. I want him to understand what can happen if he violates the court order again," Salvagni said. Oltman was originally charged in October 2000 with felony burglary, misdemeanor criminal mischief and misdemeanor possession of alcohol by a minor in connection with an Aug. 29, 2000, break-in and vandalism of the high school. Oltman and his friend, Billy Burton, then students at the school, had been drinking before they dropped through a broken skylight and set off fire extinguishers in the school. In exchange for his guilty plea, Oltman's charges were amended to accountability to burglary, a felony, and accountability to criminal mischief, a misdemeanor. The charge for being a minor in possession remained the same. Jail time wasn't part of the plea bargain between the prosecution and the defense. But neither was the chance for Oltman to wipe his record clean. The agreement called for a two-year deferred sentence for the burglary charge, and six months suspended for the other two charges. Then, if Oltman didn't violate his probation, his felony charge would be expunged from his record. Suspended sentences remain on a person's criminal record. But Salvagni deferred all of the sentenced deferred, giving Oltman the chance to clear his record. If he violates the conditions of his deferred sentence, like drinking alcohol or taking drugs, the sentence could be revoked and the prosecution could seek a harsher penalty. " Do you know what the maximum sentence is for burglary?" Salvagni asked? " Twenty years," Oltman answered. Defense attorney Jennifer Bordy pointed out that Oltman was constantly being lumped in with the second vandalism to the school, which happened a week later during Labor Day weekend, when Burton and Matthew Mitchell caused $25,000 in damages to the school. " Except for what happened a week later, no one would have taken this as seriously as they have," Bordy said. "He made a mistake, a horrible mistake in judgment but he can learn from it and move on." His first lesson, about the inside of the county jail, started as soon as a sheriff's deputy put Oltman in handcuffs and removed him from the courtroom. He will be released from jail at 9:30 a.m. today.
W2E-007-0.txt	A milestone for the Mideast For too long it was fashionable to say, as if history were destiny, that the Middle East could never be hospitable to peaceful compromise. Not the least of the achievements wrought in the disengagement agreement between the Israeli government of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat's PLO is their common transcendence of old habits. The 460-page accord that Rabin and Arafat will sign Thursday at the White House has more in common with a commercial contract than it does with the circular logic of a permanent vendetta. If this contract is implemented, a century of nationalist passion and communal vengefulness will culminate in an imperfect but practical resolution of a desolating conflict. The Palestinians will still be subject to the indignities of occupation. Particularly in the city of Hebron, where a cluster of 450 ideological Israeli settlers will continue to be protected by Israeli troops, the symbols of Israeli rule will linger on for a while. But the political itinerary of the two peoples has been made explicit. Explaining to Israeli voters in the most palatable terms possible the destination of his statecraft, Rabin said: "I think we made the right step in the direction of our final goal, which is not Greater Israel as a binational state but the state of Israel as a Jewish state.? The separation of the two communities, as stipulated in the legalistic document concluded Sunday, will be administrative, territorial and political. Henceforth Arafat will cease to be merely the appointed boss of Gaza and Jericho. The other cities of the West Bank and 450 Palestinian towns and villages will be transferred from Israeli to Palestinian control, and Arafat will be elected president of a national council whose 82 members are to be elected 22 days after Israeli troops withdraw from Palestinian areas. Run, Colin, run If Gen. Colin Powell sticks to his military dictum that battles shouldn't be joined without overwhelmingly superior force and a virtual assurance of victory, then he will not enter the presidential race this fall. But if he is guided by another one of his maxims - that campaigns require the clear support of the American people - then he should run. There is no denying the excitement that a possible Powell candidacy has generated. In television and radio interviews the general exudes a quiet confidence and common-sense approach to politics that appeal to the broad center increasingly turned off by both political parties. Gradually, as his positions emerge, Powell is coming across as more fiscally conservative than the Democrats and more socially liberal than most of the Republicans. This might argue for a run as an independent. But as Powell himself has said, independent candidates don't win presidential elections. He said he was reluctant to play the spoiler and "throw the election up in the air.? Therefore we would urge Powell to enter the race as a Republican. True, he may be a tad liberal for some hard-core GOP primary voters. But the field lacks luster, and of the 52 primaries and caucuses next year, the 34 that allow independents and Democrats to cross over account for 1,213 out of the 1,984 GOP delegates to be chosen. Disappointed Perot supporters who are looking for a fresh but less eccentric personality might well turn to the general. Were a Powell candidacy to push the GOP toward moderation, so much the better. Political parties are not that difficult to capture, as Barry Goldwater, Ronald Reagan, George McGovern and even Bill Clinton have proved. Race is never far below the surface in American life, and it is difficult to predict its effect were Powell to run. But race is not what is driving a Powell candidacy. What people sense in Powell is leadership. Many questions about Powell remain to be answered. But let him immerse himself in the acid bath of presidential politics and the quality of his mettle will emerge. National disservice National service was one of Bill Clinton's most appealing themes as a candidate, and it was one of the prime legislative successes of his first year in the White House. Now Republicans are trying to snuff the life out of AmeriCorps, the national service program that has been operating, and thriving, for just over a year. Senators face a choice this week of whether to kill it, as their Appropriations Committee and the House have already voted, or continue it at its current level. Eliminating national service would definitely be bad policy; it would quite likely also be a political boomerang. AmeriCorps is popular in all sections of the country, generating support from 90 percent of those familiar with it, according to a Gallup survey, and for good reason. It now has more than 20,000 members contributing to their communities tangibly: cleaning up streets, parks and streams; assisting teachers in schools; helping build housing; encouraging neighborhood crime-fighting efforts. For this, members get a modest stipend and $ 4,725 to spend on college or vocational education. An offshoot - Learn and Serve AmeriCorps - helps stimulate part-time community service from some 750,000 young people who are still in school. The overall federal cost of $ 400 million - less than $ 20,000 a person - leverages more than $ 200 million in state and private funding. Most important, it invests in neighborhoods and individuals. There are only two rational reasons for members of Congress to oppose AmeriCorps. One is the genuine belief of minimalists that government should do nothing more than is absolutely necessary. But even conservative governors like William Weld, John Engler of Michigan and Stephen Merrill of New Hampshire are enthusiastic about national service generally and specifically about AmeriCorps, which focuses on local projects. The other reason is to deny Clinton what has become his signature program. If Congress is willing to dump AmeriCorps out of pure politics, the cynicism implicit in this rationale, along with the actual damage, will not escape the voters. Avoiding FAA crashes BODY: The disquieting frequency of failures recently in America's air traffic control network highlights the need for fundamental changes in the Federal Aviation Administration. The FAA as presently constituted has proven unable to effect the major upgrades in technology needed to protect the safety of pilots, crew and passengers in US airspace. It would not be going too far to say that the air traffic control infrastructure is crumbling. Radar screens are going blank and radios are going dead across the country. At the Aurora, Ill., nerve center that guides airplanes over six Midwestern states, the main system has gone down five times since May. Last week a power failure took out the radar at Pittsburgh International Airport, while a similar outage in Northern California last month disabled not only the primary computer but also its backup. The foremost reason is age. Some of the devices that guide 1.5 million people across our skies each day still use vacuum tubes instead of transistors. The main computer at Aurora is 25 years old. Modernization has been hampered by byzantine procurement regulations on the one hand and an average two-year tenure for politically appointed FAA chiefs on the other. Reform is badly needed. Sen. John McCain of Arizona and Rep. John Duncan of Tennessee have introduced competing bills to achieve it. The Duncan bill would remove the FAA from the Department of Transportation and make it an independent agency headed by an executive appointed by a five-member board. Making the administrator independent yet accountable is an excellent idea; the McCain bill would leave the FAA under the Department of Transportation's umbrella. Duncan's plan to remove the aviation trust fund from the budget would free up some cash for operating expenses at first, but if that language prevails in conference committee, safeguards should be added to make sure the bulk of the fund remains intact so the agency has enough money for new equipment in the future. Slander on the Net; There is no doubt that computer networks are creating new modes of communication, but it is becoming equally obvious that they are also clearing the way for a new permutation on an old American tradition: the wasteful and ill-conceived legal action. The perpetrators are small-time companies engaged in quixotic lawsuits for electronic libel. Last week the Carib Inn in the Antilles filed suit against America Online to release the true identity of one its users - known by the handle Jenny TRR - so the resort can sue "Jenny" for libel. Her offense? Posting a message in AOL's SCUBA area relating an alleged experience with a stoned diving instructor at the inn. The inn's owners seem to be taking a cue from the misguided directors of the Stratton-Oakmont investment bank, which is suing Prodigy for allowing an unknown user to post an allegedly defamatory comment on one of its boards. The bank wants $ 200 million in damages. Ironically, the door to holding Prodigy liable as a publisher was opened by the company's attempts to screen obscene and otherwise objectionable messages. Can anyone imagine besmirched customers trying to hold tavern owners liable for anonymous bathroom wall graffitti, or insisting they hunt down the authors? Of course not. Judges need to refine the law to protect on-line providers from liability for the sharp typing fingers of their users. Slender on the Net Some of the Republican presidential hopefuls got a publicity boost when they unveiled their sites on the Internet's World Wide Web, and for good reason. A presence on the web could generate new interactions between candidates and the public. But that promise has gone largely unfulfilled. A survey of campaign sites reveals a lot of stale press releases and 150-word issue summaries but no sense of real communication - certainly none of the healthy two-way dialogue found on sites like the one run by New Hampshire's second-largest newspaper, Foster's Daily Democrat - or even any humor like that embodied by the tongue-in-cheek Hispanics for Wilson page. Instead, the GOP candidates' Internet presence seems to have little purpose other than impressing the media. We are not impressed. Bob Dole, who does not have an official site, now has an opportunity to show up his rivals and do something to trim his dowdy image. A hazardous proposal A Congress that is flirting with an Oct. 1 government shutdown because of its budget disputes with President Clinton faces a less prominent but equally important deadline Dec. 31, by which time it must act to preserve the funding mechanism for cleaning up hazardous waste sites. If Congress fails to renew special levies on the petroleum and chemical industries, which yield $ 1.5 billion annually, money for the cleanup of hazardous wastes will dry up. The Superfund system, established in 1980 to help manage and pay for hazardous-waste cleanup, has never satisfied everyone. The slow pace of the cleanups, the mounting number of identified sites, the arbitrariness of some cleanup rules and the potential for large fines despite minimal involvement have produced demands for revisions. The risks of acquiring possibly contaminated sites, moreover, has led to a preference for virgin land for industrial development - a considerable disadvantage for old regions, especially cities. Despite these misgivings, Congress has extended the 1980 act several times. It now appears willing to let the special taxes and fees expire at the end of the year. That would be a mistake, because future federal funding of toxic waste cleanup would then have to come from general revenues and compete with funding for other programs. Indeed, the petroleum and chemical industries want extension of the special taxes, and they advocate earmarking Superfund money so it won't be siphoned off into the general fund for deficit reduction. This has led to underspending by the fund and the accumulation of a surplus of $ 4 billion. There are 93 Superfund sites in New England. Eliminating the dedicated tax-and-fee structure will complicate rather than simplify the process in an area that needs all the help it can get. Secrets of the stars Cosmologists have long sought evidence on the age of the universe as well as the ages of its stars and galaxies and have developed through theory and observation some confidence in their judgment about each. However, they have recently been discovering stars that appear to be significantly older than the roughly 10 billion years they have believed is the age of the universe. There is widespread, though not total, agreement among scientists that the universe as we now recognize it began in the Big Bang. An unimaginable detonation unleashed all matter, transforming it from near-nothing through a fantastically rapid process into shapes that evolved into stars and galaxies.
W2A-027-0.txt	Selective optical excitation permits both the group index and the group delay of on-axis modes of multimode fibers to be determined with high precision. The group index of several types of fiber was measured at 1310 nm in a fiber Michelson interferometer and the values were tabulated. Group delays were obtained from the transit time of short-duration optical pulses. From these data the length of reference fibers ~2km long was calculated. Length-measurement accuracy was limited by group-index uncertainties to ~0.04%;. Also, a technique that uses these reference fibers to minimize uncertainties in distance measurements made with multimode optical-time-domain reflectometers is described. Key words: Length measurements, multimode fiber length, optical-fiber group index, optical-fiber group delay, optical-fiber length, optical-time-domain reflectometer calibration. I. Introduction In many ways the transmission properties of multi-mode optical fibers are more difficult to characterize precisely than are their single-mode counterparts. This is so because mode groups in the multimode fiber have slightly different propagation properties. Mode-dependent complications are particularly evident in attempts to measure fiber length accurately by optical means. In this paper we examine a multimode optical-fiber-length metrology that is based on selective mode excitation,1 a technique that has long been used to investigate differential mode properties, such as attenuation and delay.2,3 This procedure is implemented most conveniently by exciting the multimode test fiber with a single-mode launch fiber. As we will see, there are advantages to using this approach for both group-index and group-delay measurements. The length of optical fibers that are a few kilometers long is usually measured in one of two ways: optically with transit-time and group-index information and mechanically with devices such as winding machines. The optical approach, which is often the more accurate and certainly the more versatile, makes use of the equation, (1) where c is the velocity of light, Tm (X) is the group delay of a given mode group at a specified wavelength, and Nm (X) is the corresponding group index. The notation indicates explicitly that each mode group m will, in general, possess its own group delay and group index and that the values of these quantities will vary with wavelength. The variation in modal-group index causes a spread in the group delay and produces inter-modal pulse broadening. Mode coupling complicates this simple picture and is discussed in Subsection II.C. Although fiber group index can be calculated from index-of-refraction data,4 the most-accurate results must be obtained experimentally. The most direct experimental method involves inverting Eq. (1). In this case a relatively short fiber (a few tens of meters) of length L is measured with a precise steel tape or other mechanical means, the group delay is determined optically, and N is inferred from these data.5 The accuracy can be improved with shuttle-pulse methods.6 Other single-mode techniques that are based on interferometry and have the desirable feature that they require only short samples, usually less than a meter in length, have been described.7,8 Ordinarily we expect that multimode fibers will not be suitable in interferometric systems because the differing modal transit times produce an output-speckle pattern and not the coherent phase front that is required for interference. However, this research demonstrates experimentally that an interferometric technique can be extended to multimode fibers under suitable launch conditions, particularly when the on-axis mode groups behave much as one would expect from a single-mode fiber. An effective or average group delay in a fiber can be measured directly by the transit time of a short-duration optical pulse4 or indirectly with rf phase techniques.9 Procedures that restrict optical power transmission to a few low-order modes in multimode fibers are more consistent with the pulse time-of-flight method. In this case the output-pulse duration and delay uncertainty can be substantially reduced below those obtained from overfilled launch conditions. In this paper procedures and results of on-axis group-index and group-delay measurements are discussed for several types of multimode fiber near the zero-dispersion wavelength (nominally 1310 nm). This information is used to determine the length of reference fibers that can be used for improving distance-measuring accuracy in multimode optical-time-domain reflectometers(OTDR's). II. Experiment A. Fiber Interferometer The experimental apparatus for making group-index measurements is illustrated in Fig. 1 and is similar to the one described elsewhere for single-mode use.8 The multimode fiber samples, ~0.l m long, were inserted into the test arm of the interferometer. The scanning and test arms of the interferometer, as well as the 3-dB directional coupler, were constructed from single-mode fiber. The source consisted of a light-emitting diode with a FWHM spectral width of 180 nm centered at 1300 nm. The single-mode launch fiber was positioned by a micromanipulator to produce a maximum signal from the Fresnel reflection at the far end of the sample. This signal occurs when the launch and the test fibers are coaxial. The reference arm was translated by a stepping motor for coarse adjustments and a linearized piezoelectric transducer for the fine positioning between steps. The cat's-eye arrangement in the reference arm was optically stable over the ~0.15-m travel required for coherence coincidence. The group index N is obtained from the equation N = N airL air/ L f.(2) Here L air is the distance that the scanning mirror is moved in air as determined by the separation of the interferogram envelope maxima that arises from the sample-end reflections. L f is the physical length of the fiber and is measured with a calibrated traveling microscope. The group index of air is, within 1.3 parts in 106, equal to the index of refraction. For dry air in standard conditions of temperature and pressure, N air is ~1.000273 at 1300 nm.10 Figure 2 shows the appearance of some of the interferograms corresponding to reflections from remote ends of the test fibers. The structure observed in some of the signatures is presumably due to modal effects, but in all cases an unequivocal maximum can be identified for use as a reference point. B. Group-Index Measurements The on-axis group indices were determined for a total of 12 fibers from 2 manufacturers. All four types of multimode fiber recognized by the Electronic Industries Association11 are included. A sample from each end of the 12 reels was selected so some indication of the uniformity of the fiber could be obtained (see Subsection II.C). Some average values for particular types are summarized in Table I. Also included are two single-mode values. The fibers labeled C were obtained from Corning Glass Works, and those labeled A were from AT&T. C. Transit-Time Measurements The group delay was measured with the time-of-flight apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3. A single-mode fiber was used to inject optical power from a pulsed-laser diode into the multimode test fiber. Alignment with a micromanipulator ensured approximate coincidence of the optical axes of the transmitting and receiving fibers. Fine tuning of the coupling was accomplished by maximizing the amplitude of the output optical pulse displayed on a sampling oscilloscope. The fiber lead-in to the photodetector was multimode, and under these conditions it was possible, through misalignment, to excite a number of mode groups. However, with the criterion of maximum-output pulse amplitude, coupling to the test fiber was unambiguous and always occurred with the single-mode launch fiber at a position near the central axis of the test fiber. Some of the restricted-launch pulse shapes are illustrated schematically in Fig. 4. It is of interest to compare these pulse durations with those expected from their nominal bandwidths. A great simplification can be made at this point by assuming Gaussian pulse shapes, a condition that is obviously not exactly fulfilled in some of the examples. With this approximation, however, the FWHM impulse response T F can be expressed as T F = 0.44/B, where B is the 3-dB optical bandwidth.12 These values are listed along with the observed single-mode launched-pulse durations T R in Table II. The values in column 5 have been corrected for the finite width of the input pulse T IN, according to the approximation T 2OUT = TR 2+ T 2IN. When the single-mode launch conditions are used, output-pulse durations are shorter, from 3 to 33, than those expected from the nominal bandwidths. Further, T R is, within a factor of 2, the same for all types of fiber. Also, the larger cores are not always correlated with a larger bandwidth or with TR. D. Error Discussion Because only small test segments at either end of the test fiber can be sampled, it is necessary to assume that these values are representative of the entire length. These sampling errors constitute a significant portion of the total error budget for length measurements. Some results of studies of the uniformity of group index in single-mode fibers have been reported.5,7 Saunders andGardner7 showed that a certain class of production fiber exhibited group indices that were uniform within 0.02%; with fiber-to-fiber variations <0.03%; (1 (). Carr et al.5 conducted a similar, though much less detailed, study of another class of single-mode fiber and found that fiber-to-fiber N limits were confined to 0.04%; for six fibers. To the author's knowledge, no corresponding studies have been made of multimode fibers. In the present investigation there were insufficient data for a detailed statistical analysis of fiber uniformity, so only some brief observations will be noted. The differences in group-index values from either end of a given 2-km reel of fiber had a standard deviation of 0.012%;, whereas average values obtained from different reels (of a similar type) had a standard deviation of 0.08%;. It appears, then, that there is somewhat greater variability in the properties of multimode fibers compared with their single-mode counterparts. In any event, for maximum-length accuracy, the group index of each fiber must be measured individually. Both temperature variations and stress have well-documented effects on length, group delay, and group index.5,13 For bulk silica the temperature coefficient of thermal expansion is ~6 x 10-7 K-1 at room temperature. Fractional optical-delay change is a combination of both index and length effects and is of the order of 8 x 10-6 K-1. A stress of 1 MN/m2 (140 psi) produces a strain of ~1.4 x 10-5 and a fractional delay of 1.0 x 10-5. The use of a collapsing fiber reel with subsequent potting in silicone rubber can largely eliminate winding stress for the group-delay measurements. The 1 (precision, or repeatability, of group-index values (N/N is estimated to be ~6 x 10-5 and consists of traveling microscope errors, random errors, and temperature effects. The total estimated index uncertainty (N/N is ~4 x 10-4 and includes sampling uncertainties and other effects, such as nonlinearity in the lead screw (which can be much reduced with interferometric control). This figure was calculated by linearly adding worst-case systematic errors to the total 2- random error. The group-delay precision is much better, ~3 x 10-6 for a 2-km fiber. The overall accuracy of (t/T, which includes random errors, line-center estimate variations, time-interval errors, and temperature effects, is ~2.3 x 10-5 The total uncertainties in length measurements are dominated by the group-index errors, (L/L = N/N or ~4 x 10-4. E. OTDR Measurements For maximum accuracy in the delay values, the power launched into a particular mode group should continue to propagate in that same group as the radiation traverses the length of the light guide. Fore the fibers examined in this study the mode coupling seems to be small because the output-pulse shapes are not distorted greatly after 2 km. Even more convincing evidence of low-mode coupling may be obtained from OTDR scans, since OTDR can provide information on the evolution of the power distribution as the optical pulse progresses along the fiber.14 The OTDR scans shown in Fig. 5 were obtained with a reflectometer designed for single-mode operation. The output port was connected to a 2-km single-mode fiber pigtail that was used to launch the probe pulse into the multimode fiber. The transmitting and receiving fibers were butt coupled with their axis collinear, a configuration that produced the maximum-backscatter signal response. The backscatter trace on the left of each scan represents the Rayleigh Scatter from the single-mode launch fiber, and the segment with the increased slope is due to the multimode fiber. The increased slope is due to the higher doping levels and, consequently, higher loss of the multimode fiber.
W2C-003-2.txt	Support group uses alternative approach For those infected with or affected by the HIV virus or AIDS, a new grass-roots service is available that uses a different approach from other social services. Sojourn, a nonprofit organization located at 817 S.W. 6th, opened in April and serves 11 counties in northeast Kansas. It was founded in June 1998 on the belief that people infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS should live whole, independent and meaningful lives. It takes an holistic approach to helping clients. " We're dealing with 'ree physical, emotional and spiritual," said co-founder Melba Sutton. "There are some alternative ways of looking at this disease and becoming more attuned to the spiritual." Sojourn is a project of the Tides Center, a nonprofit organization that has offices in San Francisco and Washington D.C. The Tides Center provides management and funding to about 300 projects in the United States and internationally. " It's a framework to help grass roots organizations get started up," Sutton said. But Sojourn also gets funding from individual donations. Another source is the Ryan White Title II Care Program Case Management funding from the AIDS section of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment's Bureau of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention for state fiscal year 2001 starting in July. Sutton is Sojourn's Ryan White case manager. " It enables a lot of our clients to receive services they would not typically receive," Sojourn co-founder, Susan Tusher said. "It's an on-going search for grant support." Also on staff is Elizabeth Gowdy, the evaluation, technical assistance and training expert for the organization. Gowdy, like Tusher and Sutton, received her master's degree in social work from The University of Kansas. All three are licensed to practice in Kansas. Gowdy just received her Ph.D in social work. All three work on a volunteer basis and there are no paid staff until July 1, Sutton said. Besides taking a different approach in its service, Sojourn is also client-driven and that is important, Tusher said. " The client voice is primarily why we exist. They all have equal say in what we do and how we do it," Tusher said. "Our philosophy is fairly unique in social services in general. We're here no 'reust for the person but also as a support network." The group works to identify client needs. "Every level of service we currently or will provide has their input," Sutton said. She said when clients come in for help, the staff sits down and discusses their needs - - financial, medical or spiritual assistance and emotional support - - and gives them a list of services Sojourn can provide. " They are the directors for their needs," Sutton said. "They are their own experts." And clients don't have to be infected with HIV/AIDS to get help. Sojourn also assists those who know someone that is infected. " It's those people who have someone in their family infected with HIV/AIDS," Sutton said. "(Family) could be defined as friend, spouse or partner." Tusher said it was anything the client defined as family. " I think it's very important that it's the infected person's definition not the standard definition of what a family is," she said.
W2A-006-0.txt	In Search of Nancy Drew, the Snow Queen, and Room Nineteen: Cruising for Feminine Discourse For feminists, the claim of objectivity (symbolized by impersonality) is false and dangerous. Nevertheless, it is impossible for women to work in government, industry, or the sciences, hard or soft, or to write discourse and expect to be read by colleagues, to gain respect and get promoted, without learning and using the abstract, impersonal, inexpressive discourse that is equated with professionalism in our time.1 She must learn again to speak starting with I starting with We starting as the infant does with her own hunger and pleasure and rage.2 In the beginning was not the word. In the beginning is the hearing.3 Listen. I will tell you a story. Once upon a time in the South of the states that are called united, there lived a white child (small child, girl child, brown hair, brown eyes) who lived in a white house (parsonage, home loaned, not owned) with her white family and a black book. She had a red wagon The black book (written by a white man) told stories of truth, stories about a doll named Raggedy Ann, whose head was thought to be stuffed with cotton, and her doll friends who talked and danced and carried on with adventure when the "real" folks turned off the light and left the room. The dolls--Beloved Belindy, the French doll, Uncle Clem, and others--were owned and cared for by Marcella (white girl, low curls),4 who talked to them but could not hear them. Into her own wagon Marcella lined up her dolls and pulled them around the house, the conductor of a special train. She did all this between the pages of the big black book owned by the child with brown hair, brown eyes. One day the child was lonely. So she lined up her dolls in her own wagon (wobbly wheels, rusty handle): a panda bear, Ruthie, a ragged pink bunny, Smokey the Bear, Barbie with a bubble-cut hairdo heavy that it cracked her neck and made her head fall off. The girl pretended she was Marcella, trailing her train behind her up the driveway, around the house, pointing out scenic spots and collecting tickets as a good conductor does. At that moment the child became Marcella. In a moment of transference(transformation? transcendence?), the edges blurred and she became what she read. "[N]othing less than our sanity and survival is at stake in the issue of at we read." 5 This a paper about women and rooms. They have wandered around in circles, confined to the narrow room in which they've been given a 'veadly brainwashing.6 The garret was only nine feet long and seven wide. The highest part was three feet high, and sloped down abruptly to the loose board floor. There was no admission for either light or air.7 He understood these things.... "I want to be big enough to contain whatever you must be."8 There may, however, be something accurate about this repeated dramatization of woman as simulacrum, erasure, or silence. For it would not be easy to assert that [the] existence and knowledge of the female subject could simply be produced, without difficulty or epistemological damage, within the existing patterns of culture and language.9 As a child, I had a big book of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales with colorful, rich pictures of Chinese emperors, talking porcelain figurines, the lovely and delicate Snow Queen, and flying swanmen. I read "The Snow Queen" and "The Wild Swans" again and again, drawn to them for inexplicable reasons that I can't even now completely understand. l In "The Wild Swans," a beautiful princess (of course) and her eleven brothers (who were given swords and pencils while she entertained herself with a picture book) are banished by their evil stepmother when their father remarries. The princes' fate is to become white swans by day and men by night; they can only return to the land of their birth for eleven days a year. After several attempts to get rid of the princess Elsa, whose goodness tends to foil the plans, the stepmother-witch forces Elsa to flee to the forest because her father doesn't recognize her after the queen has blackened her face (a face that horrifies Elsa when she glimpses it later in a pool of water). She catches up with her brothers, asks the conventional woman's question (thinking only of them)--"how can I help to set you free" (Andersen, 127)-- and learns through a dream that she must weave shirts for them made from nettles gathered in caves and cemeteries, nettles that will burn and cut her as she crushes them and spins the flax into thread. Until her task is done--and it may take years--she must remain silent. She is told in her dream by the Fairy Morgana (whose kingdom changes shape and whose borders have never been crossed by a man) that for her brothers, "life depends on your silence" (133). So, like Philomela, she learns to weave, suffer, and be still. Soon Elsa falls in love with a king whom she wants to tell "of her suffering, but knowing she must complete her task to free her brothers, she remained silent" (136). Hear me hear my silence. After many trials and tribulations, including being confined first in a cave then in a room where she spins and weaves her shirts, Elsa is proclaimed a witch because the king who has married her discovers that she visits cemeteries at night. She will be burned at the stake. She weaves until the last moment, even as, "garbed in sackcloth" (138), she is brought up to the stake, where the swans suddenly surround her and she throws the shirts on them, freeing them and turning them into men. "Now I can speak at last," she cries, excited to tell her story to her husband-king who has never bothered to find an alternative way to communicate with her but has promised, "If you are as good as you are beautiful I will dress you in velvet and satin, and I will give you a castle to live in" (134). (What more could a woman want?) But on the returns to the castle to live (allegedly) happily ever after, no one questioning why a woman would want to live with a man who had thrown her in the dungeon because he could not trust her and had nearly burned her in the town square. "One day you will be grateful to me," he had said; "I only want your happiness," he had said (134). What does this story teach me, child of six? Girls are expected to be good, to do what they're told (a 'reit helps to be beautiful). Nothing should terrify a white girl more than discovering she has the face of a black sister, as the narrative of the white community tells white girls. A woman's role is suffering, silence--in fact, men's lives depend on it. Men get pencils; women have no words, no voice in telling their own stories. If women behave properly, we will be given fine clothes, a good house, and happiness, all contingent on our being gratefully heterosexual. When we are not grateful for the (pre-scribed) happiness that men foist upon us, we may be deemed witches and burned at the stake--as was the fate of so many real women in history--especially if we can weave mysteries that men cannot. "Spinsters spin deeper into the listening deep. We can spin only what we hear, because we hear, as well as we hear. We can weave and unweave, knot and unknot, only because we hear, what we hear, and as well as we hear" (Daly, Gyn-Ecology, 424). Although as a girl I like the story "The Wild Swans," I also know that I cannot be silent Elsa. I know that I am supposed to be like Elsa-- good, quick, patient, loving, giving all to others (the perfect preacher's daughter)-- but even at five (and again years later when I read Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind and pray to be more like Elsa's counterpart Melanie Hamilton, the incarnation of "suffer and be still" I know I am not Elsa, do not want to be. And just as guiltily, although I know I am not supposed to, I secretly admire the Snow Queen. (Although I will not realize for another twenty years that I am "reading as a woman," enacting the role of the "resisting reader" who roads against the cultural codes of what texts tell us heroines [and good little girls] are supposed to do and be, I do as a child reject these fairy-tale characters, these bearers of gender indoctrination.) 11 In "The Wild Swans," a beautiful princess (of course) and her eleven brothers (who were given swords and pencils while she entertained herself with a picture book) are banished by their evil stepmother when their father remarries. The princes' fate is to become white swans by day and men by night; they can only return to the land of their birth for eleven days a year. After several attempts to get rid of the princess Elsa, whose goodness tends to foil the plans, the stepmother-witch forces Elsa to flee to the forest because her father doesn't recognize her after the queen has blackened her face (a face that horrifies Elsa when she glimpses it later in a pool of water). She catches up with her brothers, asks the conventional woman's question (thinking only of them)--"how can I help to set you free" (Andersen, 127)-- and learns through a dream that she must weave shirts for them made from nettles gathered in caves and cemeteries, nettles that will burn and cut her as she crushes them and spins the flax into thread. Until her task is done--and it may take years--she must remain silent. She is told in her dream by the Fairy Morgana (whose kingdom changes shape and whose borders have never been crossed by a man) that for her brothers, "life depends on your silence" (133). So, like Philomela, she learns to weave, suffer, and be still. Soon Elsa falls in love with a king whom she wants to tell "of her suffering, but knowing she must complete her task to free her brothers, she remained silent" (136). Hear me hear my silence. After many trials and tribulations, including being confined first in a cave then in a room where she spins and weaves her shirts, Elsa is proclaimed a witch because the king who has married her discovers that she visits cemeteries at night. She will be burned at the stake. She weaves until the last moment, even as, "garbed in sackcloth" (138), she is brought up to the stake, where the swans suddenly surround her and she throws the shirts on them, freeing them and turning them into men. "Now I can speak at last," she cries, excited to tell her story to her husband-king who has never bothered to find an alternative way to communicate with her but has promised, "If you are as good as you are beautiful I will dress you in velvet and satin, and I will give you a castle to live in" (134). (What more could a woman want?) But on the returns to the castle to live (allegedly) happily ever after, no one questioning why a woman would want to live with a man who had thrown her in the dungeon because he could not trust her and had nearly burned her in the town square. "One day you will be grateful to me," he had said; "I only want your happiness," he had said (134). What does this story teach me, child of six? Girls are expected to be good, to do what they're to 're(and it helps to be beautiful). Nothing should terrify a white girl more than discovering she has the face of a black sister, as the narrative of the white community tells white girls. A woman's role is suffering, silence--in fact, men's lives depend on it. Men get pencils; women have no words, no voice in telling their own stories. If women behave properly, we will be given fine clothes, a good house, and happiness, all contingent on our being gratefully heterosexual. When we are not grateful for the (pre-scribed) happiness that men foist upon us, we may be deemed witches and burned at the stake--as was the fate of so many real women in history--especially if we can weave mysteries that men cannot. "Spinsters spin deeper into the listening deep. We can spin only what we hear, because we hear, as well as we hear. We can weave and unweave, knot and unknot, only because we hear, what we hear, and as well as we hear" (Daly, Gyn-Ecology, 424). Although as a girl I like the story "The Wild Swans," I also know that I cannot be silent Elsa. I know that I am supposed to be like Elsa-- good, quick, patient, loving, giving all to others (the perfect preacher's daughter)-- but even at five (and again years later when I read Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind and pray to be more like Elsa's counterpart Melanie Hamilton, the incarnation of "suffer and be still" I know I am not Elsa, do not want to be. And just as guiltily, although I know I am not supposed to, I secretly admire the Snow Queen. (Although I will not realize for another twenty years that I am "reading as a woman," enacting the role of the "resisting reader" who roads against the cultural codes of what texts tell us heroines [and good little girls] are supposed to do and be, I do as a child reject these fairy-tale characters, these bearers of gender indoctrination.) 11 In "The Snow Queen" an evil mirror, which diminishes good things and magnifies bad ones, shatters and spreads fragments throughout the world. Two of these fragments center Kay's heart and eye, making him laugh at and criticize that which he once loved. When he is kidnapped by the beautiful Snow Queen, who maintains her power over him with the aid of the mirror fragments and icy kisses him. After many trials and tribulations, including her own phase of forgetfulness, flying on the back of a magic reindeer through freezing temperatures without shoes, and watching a Finnish woman decipher a message scratched on a dried cod, the beautiful and good Gerda arrives at the palace of the Snow Queen, an ice castle empty and cold with no feasts, merriment, or dances. Kay sits on the edge of an ice-lake (ice-mirror), where he tries to form the word Eternity out of bits of ice. The Snow Queen has told him that if he can do this "you will become your own master, and I will make you a gift of the whole world. I will also give you a pair of new skates"(83). When Gerda finds Kay, her tears of happiness warm his heart and flood away the mirror shard, so that his own newly found tears wash the particle from his eye. Together they arrange the word and return to their own country, where it is summer, but they are no longer children.
W1B-015-0.txt	2/15/09 Dear Kelly, Thank you again for offering to help me with this project for Dr. Meyer. I know you're busy - - are 're we all? - - and it's difficult to find someone who is willing to take the time to write, which is somewhat of a lost art form. I enjoy writing, and I wish I had more opportunities to do so. I especially enjoy corresponding with people through letters while traveling or living abroad. Call me old school, but I think it's terrific to send and receive letters that travel great distances. It's fun to imagine the route a particular letter had to take to get to a friend or family member. I also like to receive letters that have postage and post marks from countries around the world. I'm not a stamp collect 'm, but I have always saved the envelopes that I've received fr 'veoutside the United States. Well, I'm back in the swing 'm things at school. This is my fourth full-time, and last, semester in the program. After I finish this term, I will only have one class and my full-time student teaching work that takes a semester to complete. If my current plans holds, I will take and pass the ESL test in May that is required by the state of Massachusetts for a teaching license in the field of English as a Second Language. This test, along with the literacy test that I took and passed last year, will then allow me to apply to the Massachusetts Department of Education (MDOE) for a provisional state teaching license. In the summer I will then be in a position to apply for teaching position in ESL or the fall. So, I will be getting paid to complete my student teaching requirement for my department rather than paying my school for the experience of working somewhere for nothing. Additionally, I will complete the final class, Psycholinguistics, in the evening. It will be a busy and stressful time, holding my first formal teaching position in an American school while taking on of the more challenging classes in the program, but I will get it done. Then, at the end of December, I will take the comprehensive (" comps") exam, an exit exam that everyone must pass in order to complete the program and receive their masters degree. There is a lot of stress and anxiety among students in my program regarding the comp exam, which is understandable. Students have only two chances to pass the exam. If they fail both attempts they can't graduate and receive their degree. However, most people pass the test on the first attempt. Indeed, the program is structure so that diligent students who work had throughout their studies, as I have been doing, will pass the comp exam. Although I'm too busy to seriou 'my entertain this notion now, it has occurred to me in recent months that what will I do once I complete the program this December. My intention, as I stated, is to get my full teacher license to work as a K-6 ESL teacher in the state of Massachusetts. I don't know where in the state I will work, but I would like to remain within an easy commute of my apartment. This means I will either work somewhere in greater Boston or Cambridge. I like Cambridge - - if you recall, I stayed in Cambridge the first six weeks I lived in Boston - - and it has a strong reputation for providing quality schools for ESL/Bilingual students. So, I think it would be a good fit for me. Another option would be to apply for a teaching fellowship through the Fullbright foundation. I would apply for the fellowship, which is called an English Teaching Assistant (ETA), this summer, I think, and I would be sent overseas next year, possibly the spring. The ETA fellowship would place me in a classroom to work as a co-teacher or assistant to a local K-6 teacher. It would be a great experience, and professional opportunity for me to receive this job. It's highly competitive, so I'm not counting on i 'm Nonetheless, having the Fullbright foundation on my resume would be a tremendous asset. Additionally, I would get the formal teaching experience in a classroom that my resume needs. Plus I would get to satisfy my wanderlust that seems to pop up every few years. Most of the ETA positions that don't require second language fluency, thus the ones I would apply to, are in Eastern Europe and South East Asia. Given that I just spent 15 months in South East Asia about three and a half years ago, and that it's been almost ten years since my travels in Europe, I will probably pick Europe. Moreover, when I was in Europe I never visited the eastern part. Plus I still have a lot of friends in Europe, mostly in Ireland, so it would be great to be closer to people who I haven't seen in ages. Unfortunately, I can only pick one country on my application, and at this time I don't have a clear favorite. I will work closely with my advisor on selecting the appropriate choice, but I'll be 'llppy in most countries I think. If I don't get the ETA position, I will continue to live in the greater Boston area and see how my opportunities unfold once I leave my department. I have thought seriously about applying for a position with the International Schools Services, ISS, in a few years. International Schools are the best jobs available to teachers overseas. The pay is good, the quality of life is high, opportunities to travel are great, and so on. In order to be eligible to work for the ISS I need to have a masters degree and two years formal teaching experience in the United States holding a state teaching license, so this plan I can put on hold for a little while. I don't know if I want to be a teacher for the rest of my life, but I do want to stay iin the field of education in some capacity, particularly in a capacity that affords me the opportunity to live and work abroad from time to time. Through my graduate studies I've been exp 'ved to a number of fields within education - - testing, special education, policy, etc. but I haven't found one that I've really c 'veected with. I think I might like administration, particularly for the chance to create a program that I know will work well for students. That idea is, obviously, many years in the making. Whatever speciality I choose, getting at least a few years of classroom teaching under my belt is essential. I can't imagine devoting my life to education and not know what it's like working in the public/private school system. Working as a teacher will give me an indespensible knowledge base that will sever me well my entire career. The weather has been unusually, and strangely, warm lately, almost spring like. It feels good, of course, but I expect it to get very cold again soon. We're also 're for another dump of heavy snow fall. As we know, the weather in San Francisco can be unpredictable, but I've never 'vewn weather such as the weather out here. I truly understand what an inclement climate means now that I've liv 'vein Boston for a year and half (roughly). I still find the first snowfall breathtaking, and I remember staring in awe at the sheets of water that come down, along with the thunder and lightning storms, during the summer months. In California rain is a rare sight between March and November, especially in Southern California. One thing is for sure: it's hard to imagine New England, between snow fall and year round rain fall, will ever enter into a drought period. I had a crazy thought lately. When I finish my studies, and I settle into a job, I want to buy a motorcycle. I think I told you I had a motorbike in Thailand that I used almost daily. Granted it was a small bike, a four stroke 150, but it gave me confidence to ride a larger bike at some point. I think a 450 would be a perfect size bike for me. I would take formal bike driving lessons, and I would only use it on the weekends and for seasonal road trips. In other words, I would still use my car as my primary source of transportation. I know motorcycles can be dangerous, but I will train to be a skilled rider, and I won't use it recklessly. There is so much beautiful country side to explore in New England that having a motorbike to take road trips on would be incredible. In fact, I would say that one of the things I enjoy most about living in Boston is that, like San Francisco, there is easy and tremendous access to beautiful open spaces a short ride outside the city center. I've been 'vee to see a fair bit of Massachusetts since I arrived, and a little bit of Rhode Island too, but there's still a lot I want to see. I would love, for starters, to take a road trip through the Green Mountains of Vermont or the upper coast of line of Maine. That would be awesome! Well, I've cove 've a lot of ground in this letter, but I'm proba 'my still a few hundred words short of a 2000 word sample for my professors' project. Therefore, I'll 'llnish the remaining two or three pages in my response to your letter. I hope you and Melissa have a great vacation this month. Enjoy my letter, and I look forward to receiving yours, hopefully in a few weeks. All the best, John, Quincy, MA 8/17/09 Kelly, I hope this letter finds you and Melissa doing well. I have a lot on my mind these days as I prepare for my new job to start after Labor Day weekend. It's my first full-time licensed teaching position! I'l 'lle working as an elementary school teacher at the McKay school in East Boston. It's unclear what grades I' 'llbe teaching because McKay doesn't have their final fall enrollment figures yet. However, it will be grades one, two, or three. I strongly prefer to have my own classroom, but that also is unclear. I might be a "pull out" teacher, which means I work with groups of students who are strongly in need of special English language services. Although they'r 'reimits pedagogically to what a teacher can accomplish in such a classroom, it's not a bad position to start. After all, I' 'ma new teacher entering the field at a time of great economic downturn and uncertainty. Indeed, hundreds of teachers will be "let go" this year in the Boston Public Schools, a common, and troubling reality being played out across the country. In other words, I should simply be thankful to have any teaching position - - and I am. I was beginning to think that I might not land a teaching position by the time I return to school to complete my final semester. If you recall, I need to complete my student teaching in the upcoming semester in order to graduate. As of the first of August I didn't have a single lead, and I was beginning to consider other options, namely contacting the department at my school to ask one of my teachers for their help in placing me in a local school so I can work for free (volunteer). Naturally, I' 'mvery pleased that I 'll now be getting paid to complete my state mandated student-teaching hours. I had applied for teaching positions with Quincy Public Schools (where I live), the Cambridge Public Schools, and Boston Public Schools. Quincy told me that they weren't hiring, Cambridge turned me down for most of the positions without even an interview, and Boston did the same. Finally, Boston called me in for a "preliminary interview." It was the break I was looking for. During my interview, I was told that I was brought in primarily because I was a man who wants to teach elementary education, and I have a license in ESL, which is in very high demand in Boston. My first meeting with the recruiting manager went so well that he refered me to his boss who was sitting nearby and helping him with the screening process. We also had a positive talk. They liked my background (professionally and educationally) and my personality. By the end of extended meeting I was offered a job on the spot! I asked for a night to sleep on it, they gave me the weekend (the interview happened on a Thursday), and I accepted on Monday.
W2C-013-1.txt	Ford, UAW consider 4-day week for Wayne Ford Motor Co.and the United Auto Workers are considering a proposal to put the Wayne assembly plant on an unusual four-day work week--a possible model for alternative schedules elsewhere. The plan under consideration in local negotiations calls for the plant to run two ten-hour shifts a day for four days. Plant management and UAW Local 900 have formed a committee to study the idea, a union source said Wednesday. The proposed schedule would help cut absenteeism, since workers would enjoy three-day weekends. "We believe the new schedule will help attendance," the source said. "We took a survey, and about 90 percent of our members wanted it." It would boost Ford's capacity at the Wayne plant, which now builds Escort subcompacts. The company could easily schedule five or even six days of production. The extra capacity could become important later if Ford decides to move additional Escort production from Mexico. Utility expenses like heat and lighting would also fall if the plant didn't need to operate on the fifth day. Unlike General Motors Corp. and Chrysler Corp., Ford has been reluctant to boost production by using three work crews or three shifts at its assembly plants. Instead, Ford has relied on traditional overtime to get more vehicles out of some plants. The four-day arrangement would not require Ford to hire a third shift of workers, as General Motors did at its Saturn plant in Spring Hill, Tenn., and its Lordstown, Ohio, Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunbird assembly plant. The main roadblock to changing the Wayne plant's schedule seems to be overtime pay. Ford wants employees to work four ten-hour shifts at normal wage rates. But the union wants workers to be paid overtime for the extra two hours added to each daily shift. Union leaders believe the extra day off at the Wayne plant could reduce unexcused absences from the plant's current rate of 4 percent, which is slightly above the average absentee rate at Big Three factories. Ford spokesman David Caplan declined to comment on the status of the negotiations. However, Caplan did note that the company has not floated any formal proposals for a new work week in local negotiations. A UAW source noted that similar proposals have cropped up from time to time in previous negotiations with Ford locals. Each UAW local negotiates its own three-year contract with company plant managers. Local agreements typically handle issues such as work rules, outsourcing, absenteeism and safety. Their importance has grown as automakers are racing to make their operations more efficient.
W2F-006-0.txt	Journey by Celeste Moure We sat there next to each other for a good two hours, at least, before saying anything. And that was just fine with me. I'm not much of a talker a 'mway. I especially didn't want to have to exchange any words with this woman. You know how it is, you're stuck sitting ne 'reto a person and you know you're gonna be there f 'rethe next ten hours. Now some people feel like they might as well make a friend or something. I'd rather just 'dit there in silence. Maybe read a book. It wasn't like I even wanted to be here anyway. I would have much preferred to stay back on campus, hang out with a few friends, catch up on some work I had to do for my psychology class. Instead, somehow, I don't know how, I ended up buying a plane ticket at the last moment. I guess it must have been my mother. She's been buggin' me about this for years. "Julian I really think you'd have a goo 'dtime if you went back." "Your grandparents really do miss you, Julian. How about a short visit, eh?" and so on. Actually, I was the only one of us who hadn't gone back after what happened. My parents went back almost every year. And my brother had been back many times. But then, he was too young to remember what they did to my father. After we left the country I never went back because when the opportunities arose there was always some other thing I had to do. During summer breaks I was always working, and obviously I couldn't just get up and go. And then during the winter breaks I wanted to go skiing with friends or something like that. In any case, airfares are really expensive in the winter. And also, it's not like I know many people back there. Except for some family. I really couldn't imagine that going back was anything I wanted to do any time soon. This woman, though, I could tell she was real excited about going back. She kept looking out the little oval window (even though there wasn't much to look at), then looking at me. Then when the food came I guess she felt the need to say something. "Now let us pray," she began after the little tray s were set in front of us. I looked at her, my mouth agape. I imagined some sort of a long sermon about thanking our lord above for this food in front of us. Something like that. "Pray it's not fish. I'm allergic to fis 'm" she said. " Oh," I said. There's not much you can say to that. Hey, I don't like key lime pie, you don't hear me making a big to do about it. We peeled the foil back from the little dishes. It was chicken, potatoes and snow peas. A chocolate chip cookie for dessert. I guess we were both pretty hungry because we dug in immediately. " So, you from Buenos Aires originally?" " Uh huh," I said. She nodded and took a bite of her cookie. A slow eater, that one. She washed that down with some coffee. From time to time she'd turn he 'dpale round face toward me, brush her thin blond hair from her eyes, ask me something. What did I do? (I was a student at the university.) How long had it been since my last visit to Argentina? (Almost ten years.) Didn't I miss it? (Not really.) How come it had been such a long time? (No particular reason.) Finally, when I thought she was beginning to run down, I reached down for a bag underneath my seat and took out a book. She wasn't having any of that. " Buenos Aires has changed a lot. It's really beautiful... at this time of year especially. Not too hot, not too cold, know what I mean. All the flowers budding, the leaves starting to come out. She smiled at me, so I smiled back. When she smiled little crow's feet formed by her eyes. She had these big brown eyes. They looked like chocolate does when it's just melted. Smooth and deep. She was probably quite a bit older than the thirty-odd years I had given her. She went on to describe how much the city had changed in the past ten years I hadn't been there. She described everything from the economy and education to some of the new buildings in the downtown area, to the change she noticed in the people every time she went back. Maybe she told me all this because she sensed my uneasiness about the journey I was making. Maybe she just liked to hear her own voice. She said how much she admired some of those people, some people she knew and some others she had never met. "After all that's happened it's a wonder some people still live there, going forward with their lives, trying to succeed in whatever it is they're doin 're she said I know more about those things than you can imagine, I started to tell her. She went on to tell me that for her going back to Buenos Aires once a year was more like a healing process than anything else. Her friend had died. "I guess around the time you left the country. About ten years ago, that's right," she said. And then, "God... has it really been that long." She keeps telling me about her friend and how hard it was for her to come back after he died. She left everyone and everything behind and moved to Europe for some time. She tried to go back to Buenos Aires some years after. She even made all the arrangements, then at the last minute she decided she wasn't going to get on that plane. "I couldn't, you see, because I still felt that it was in some way my fault. That I had killed him. Coming back would have been too painful; seeing all the places we had been, where we always met on Thursday nights for coffee, the theater where we worked, the park where we had picnics on Saturday afternoons during the summer. All the memories we had. She looked away and was quiet for a few minutes. I thought she was crying, and I wanted to tell her that it wasn't her fault. Then suddenly she turned her face to me and she was smiling. She said, "I was finally able to come back. It was hard but I came back, and that first day I visited our café. And you know what, I cried. But it was OK because I finally realized that it wasn't my fault. And now I look forward to going back. And I walk around the city to all the places we used to go, and sometimes I discover some great new café or bookstore." I try to think back and remember this beautiful city she's talking about. But all that comes to mind is the day that they broke into our house. You see, my father was a professor at the university. In those days professors and students were a threat to the military dictatorship. Many people disappeared; some were taken in for questioning and then released. Others were beaten up and killed. Sometimes if I close my eyes I can see it all clearly. I remember the noise of wood breaking. I lay in bed for a few minutes after that. Then my mother screams and I jump out of bed and out into the hall. Four men in uniform are dragging my father out of bed. With a club they hit my father on the back of the legs. I see them throw him down on the floor. They kick his legs. My mother runs out to the hall, she screams, she implores. Another one kicks his stomach again and again. My father tries to get up but they're no 'reone. Stop, stop! my mother begs. Not yet. They kick him again and again. Then they pull him up and hold him in mid-air - - not quite standing and with his knees barely touching the floor. You're ma 'reg a mistake, my mother screams at them. But they don't hear her. They hit him on the side of the stomach, then using their hands. Up against the wall and bang over the left ear, then bang over the right ear. They shake him and hit him against the wall and hit him on the face again. And then they stop and drag my father out through the living room to the front door. And they leave. I remember my mother on the phone talking to a lawyer, to her friends, to anyone who might be able to get my father back. At night I would lay in bed with her and listen to her crying softly on the pillow. For a week it was like that. And then one day my father just walked in the door. With bruises all over his face and body. He was lucky, many others never came back. Not long after that my parents got their visas approved to go to Spain. We never came back. Or at least I never did. At night I dream that I'm wal 'mng alone down a crowded street. I turn in circles over and over again hoping to recognize something. On all sides are tall buildings that sparkle and shine with advertisements for Coca-Cola, Nike and Marlboro. People are walking hurriedly by me, sometimes pushing me aside to get by. I look at all the people rushing past but their faces are not familiar. I open my mouth to ask for directions but no one sees me, and it doesn't matter because I realize that I have nowhere to go. I stand in the corner of a busy intersection for what seems like hours. And I feel like crying. Then across the street I see my grandmother and mother. They wave to me and signal me to go over to them. But the street has nine lanes and the cars are going too fast. I wait and wait but the light doesn't change and I can't cross. Then from behind me someone grabs my hand and I turn around and it's my father. And together we start to cross the street. And then I wake up. The plane's lights are still dimmed and everyone around me is still asleep. From the little oval window I can see the first of the sun rays reach out to me. As the sun makes its way up the light blue sky some people around me start to wake up and talk in agitated murmurs. Then the whole plane is awake and people are excited as they hear the pilot's voice say that in twenty minutes we'l 'lle landing. Hundreds of miles below tiny houses and buildings start appearing everywhere. From up here all looks peaceful, quiet. The woman next to me, Clara, writes her phone number in a little piece of paper. " If you want someone to show you around, I 'd be more than happy to. There are so many beautiful places to visit in this city - it 'd be a pity to leave without seeing some of them," she says to me. I smile and put the paper where I 'm sure not to lose it.
W2B-026-0.txt	As we pass beneath the Golden Gate Bridge on our way out to sea, I look up and see the gold hammer and sickle on red emblazoned on the immense stack of this 300-plus foot ship. It is October 1990. My home for the next three weeks, the research vesselAkademik Mstislav Keldysh, is the flagship of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology and one of the prides of the Soviet Oceanographic Fleet, and rightly so. Hailing from Kaliningrad, she is well fit for oceanographic duty, with enough winches, davits, and A-frames to accommodate any requirement. She can support 130 people in 18 laboratories, and she carries two special pearls: the pair of small, three-person submersibles,Mir 1andMir 2(Mirmeans "peace"), tucked protectively beneath her hydraulically activated awnings on the starboard aft deck. The identical-twinMirswere built for the Soviets by the Finnish company Rauma-Repola in 1987 and 1988. Blimplike in shape, they sport a top deck painted international orange for increased visibility on the water surface. Launching the Pearls On this sunny morning in Monterey Bay, I watch the preparations for the day's dives. The routine is familiar to me: wrench- bearing technicians top off hydraulic lines with fluid and adjust ballast; a pilot peers through the forward viewport ofMir 1as he runs through predive checks of manipulator functions; and replenishing supplies are passed into the crew sphere. With the submersible ready to go, the diving team, outfitted in sky-blue jumpsuits, pauses ritually at a threshold. The three then emerge in order--copilot, scientist, pilot--and climb up to the hatch and into the sphere. A complement of ship's crew and scientists man the railings to watch the launch progress. Mir 1is hoisted off the deck with a crane and lowered over the side into the water. A swimmer from an inflatable life-boat leaps onto the sub and deftly releases the lift line. A second boat towsMir 1away from the ship and stands by while the pilot completes the predive checks. With checks complete and all lines clear,Mir 1begins her 60th descent. An hour later,Mir 2is launched. At 60 dives each, theMirboats are only babies compared to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's submersibleAlvin, which I recently piloted on her 2,400th dive. But theMirsare first-class submersibles, destined for a future of technically and scientifically successful dives. Already, the Soviets have used them to explore seafloor sites throughout the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They have visited dive areas made familiar byAlvin'swork, then moved outward to virgin seafloor where they continually find new features of interest. In the next year or two, theMirswill likely be the first deep-diving boats to work the unexplored seafloor of the Indian Ocean, where important scientific observations await. Designed and cleared to dive to 6,000 meters, theMirscan explore vast areas of the ocean's bed that are inaccessible toAlvin. Pilgrimage to Monterey and "Cannery Row" We anchor off Monterey. Ship's crew and scientists are given unrestricted leave to go ashore, and the ship's cutter is pressed into service as a ferry. For many of the scientists, and for myself, too, the visit to Ed Ricketts'sCannery Rowlaboratory is something of a pilgrimage. One Soviet biologist, Lev Moskalev, shows me his well-thumbed copy of John Steinbeck's Cannery Row, wherein Ed Ricketts, a classic marine biologist, is so colorfully portrayed. Lev Moskalev is himself a great naturalist; his laboratory notebooks are filled with careful observations, detailed sketches, queries, and theories. Some of his queries are directed at my own research, and these stimulate a congenial debate over our diverse interpretations of the natural history of an animal we have both studied. As the Soviets invade the small town of Monterey, they invite everyone they meet to an impromptu open house aboardKeldysh. The cutter runs continuously, carrying visitors to the ship. The guests are given tours, invited to meals, and asked to join crew members in their staterooms for tea, wine, or vodka. Laughter and singing resonate in the passageways as the Russians entertain their guests with unbounded graciousness and hospitality. At midnight, under moonlight, the last guests hug their new friends goodbye. With tears in their eyes, they reluctantly board the cutter to leave the ship. We sail away at dawn. A Record Dive to 4,065 Meters and an Abyssal Plain Another day, in deep water off Ensenada, Mexico, it is my turn to dive. I pause at the threshold wearing my borrowed jumpsuit and sporting the gold dolphins that mark me as a US Navy- qualified, deep-submersible pilot. As copilot on this dive, I am first to step out and climb into the submarine. I am followed by Julia Tchindonova and Dima Vasilyev. Our dive plan is straightforward. As the scientist on board, Julia will study the distribution of large zooplankton in the water column. We descend slowly, 10 meters per minute, with the floodlights on. Julia peers intently out the forward viewport, identifying and counting the organisms that pass through a 1-cubic-meter frame held by one of the manipulators. Between 500 meters and 1,000 meters, we pass through a layer that is the daytime home of giant squid. Attracted to our lights, they approach the submarine and keep us glued to the viewports. These animals ascend to the surface at night to feed, where they are eagerly hooked beneath deck lights by the ship's sailors. Squid flesh supplements the galley's stores; squid beaks are dissected out and kept as trophies. It is a long, six-hour descent that ultimately takes us to 4,065 meters and an abyssal plain of soft brown sediment. For me, it is a personal depth record I won't be able to exceed inAlvin. On the bottom, the pilot, Dima, passes control of the submersible to me. I find the sub agile, skimming over the soft sediment surface with ease as I operate the joystick. Dima takes over and shows his skill and dexterity with the manipulators. In every respect, he demonstrates the professionalism of an experienced deep-submersible pilot. Sampling the Sea and the Senses On days that the submersibles do not dive, the ship is occupied with other scientific activities. For example, a large (150- liter) water-sampling bottle is repeatedly serviced, hoisted off the stern, and lowered to different levels in the water column where the bottle is tripped closed and the sample is returned to the surface. Once on deck, water is siphoned from the bottle and distributed to a myriad of laboratories for a carefully orchestrated suite of productivity. This research program is being undertaken on a global scale; on this voyage ofKeldyshalone, hundreds of samples along a transect that stretches from one shore of the Pacific 0cean to the other have been collected and analyzed. Two men stand as silhouettes against the sun that sets over the rugged desert mountains of the Baja Peninsula. With intense concentration, they parry and thrust their fist-sized chessman across a checkered field. As I quietly enjoy this decidedly Russian vignette, Anatoly Sagalevitch approaches. Sagalevitch-- his name gave me a pause at first, but now the syllables tumble out in a satisfying rhythm: Sa-ga-le'-vitch. He is an admirable man: scientist, engineer, skilled pilot, and outstanding leader. TheMirsoperate successfully because of his talents. As we look out over the surface of the becalmed sea, we speak in simplest Russian of the mysteries that lie beneath us, and we speak of our submersibles. Though our sentences are short and the conversation brief, we reach beyond politics and pretenses to establish a professional bond that will last throughout our careers as scientists and pilots. Of Tube Worms, Mineral Chimneys, and Slurp Guns We sail up the Gulf of California--the Sea of Cortez--and theMirsare again readied for dives. ThoughKeldyshsails smoothly over the water, strong winds have pushed up sizable waves that threaten to cancel our dive plans. Word is finally passed to carry on with the dives, and I climb intoMir 2with two other pilots, Dima and Sagalevitch. On this dive, Sagalevitch and I share the science program. We will dive on hydrothermal vent sites and use a slurp gun to sample zooplankton in the water column around the vents. Despite the rough seas our launch is flawless and we descend 25 meters per minute to the seafloor. Once on the bottom, the submersible's sonar picks up return signals from mounds of sediment. We drive toward one and find a vast colony of tube worms, bacterial mats, and warm shimmering water at the top. Sagalevitch goes to work, positioning the submersible without stirring up the sediment, setting up the pump, and sampling the water. With one sample collected, we move off to additional stations along a transect away from the vent site. When the samples are processed back in the ship's laboratory, we will find out if bacterial production at the vent supports an enriched zooplankton community in the overlying water column. As we sample, I peer out the viewport and see the eerie lights ofMir 1working nearby. The two submersibles often dive together, each serving as a rescue vehicle for the other. Eight hours into the dive, we finish sampling and confer with the mother ship about weather conditions. The sea state has worsened, we are told, and the decision is made to stay submerged for another eight hours. This is a luxuryAlvincannot afford. Alvin'spower capacity limits its workday to 8 or 9 hours, although in an emergency she can stay submerged up to 72 hours. TheMirsroutinely submerge for 16 hours with full power (although shorter dives are planned whenever a woman is scheduled to dive); for emergencies, theMirsalso have extended submergence capabilities. With our extra bottom time, we decide to tour the hydrothermal mounds in the area, traversing from one site to another using the sonar to locate targets. Each mound is different. Some have profuse animal communities with diffuse venting of low-temperature water; others are ornamented with pagodalike mineral chimneys and inverted hot-water pools; and still others appear as relicts of former hydrothermal activity. We select one hot-water site and Sagalevitch begins to collect physical measurement sets that he will use to estimate the hydrothermal energy emitted by the vent. It is well into night by the time we return to the surface. The seas are still unsettled and the recoveries are prolonged. Finally, sheets of water flow past the viewports as we are plucked from the sea and come to rest on deck. Elvira Shuskina, the chief scientist on the cruise; takes over, carefully transferring samples from the collecting chambers to bottles for preservation. The next day, Elvira and her colleagues sort through the samples and make a preliminary organism count. With considerable excitement, they report finding peculiar-looking larval stages of some of the animals that colonize the vents. Eventually, we hope that analyses of these samples and others will help us understand how animal communities persist at vent sites and how new vent sites are colonized. The Rhythm of Life at Sea Three weeks on my adopted ship pass by far too quickly. Rituals like tea with theMirpilots and technicians in the morning, and sauna with the women scientists twice a week, begin to define the rhythm of life at sea. Friendships develop rapidly within the closed society of a ship's community, and it is only reluctantly that I leave my new friends and colleagues. I spend my last evening on board first with the scientists I worked with and then in the company of the submersible crew. Sagalevitch draws the evening to a close with a ballad that tells of the courage and dedication of those who dive to the seafloor. His voice alone carries the melody at first; then, one by one, the other men join in until a chorus of 20-odd sings to me. Finally, I pick up the Russian words, and we sing the last lines together. Cindy Lee Van Dover is a Postdoctoral Investigator in the Biology Department of the Woods Hole oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and a pilot of WHOI's submersibleAlvin. The ocean is Earth's oldest habitat, so it comes as no surprise that it is also the most diverse. This diversity extends into all realms of marine life, as organisms have evolved to exploit every imaginable advantage. It follows that marine animals would employ a wider variety of reproductive means than their land- based counterparts, and this is the case. In this issue, we highlight the reproductive modes of various animals, from the perspectives of the researchers studying them. Sex? Asex? Both? At the most general we divide reproduction into two categories: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction is the oldest and simplest form of reproduction, by which one parent's body divides or breaks apart in some way to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Asexual reproduction methods includefission, where a parent's body splits into two more-or-less equal parts;budding, where a small part of a parent's body becomes differentiated and separates from the rest; andfragmentation, where a parent's body breaks into many pieces and each piece develops into an offspring (starfish can regrow an entire body from a single broken-off arm this way).
W2C-018-2.txt	Deacare looks at options Short-term contract will keep Deacare in the air for at least three months while Deaconess Medical Center and Cardinal Drilling Co., its grounded air-service contractor, await the outcome of a federal hearing. " At this point, we are looking at what all the options are," Joyce Dombruski, Deaconess emergency services manager, said Monday. Since the 90-day agreement began on Friday with Air Methods Corporation, the nation's largest exclusive provider of emergency air medical transportation systems and services, Deacare has made nine flights. Deaconess has an option to renew the agreement for a second 90-day period with the Denver-based firm. Marius Burke, director of operations for Air Methods, said 13 pilots were trained for Air Methods certification. He said two twin-engine Beechcraft King Air 200s owned by the hospital, and two smaller leased planes, were brought into service. " Mostly paperwork needs to be taken care of," he said. "Primary (physical) changes were with the medical interiors that had already begun before they came down to us." Deacare medical flight teams have been working on the ground since Aug. 8, when the Federal Aviation Administration began an investigation of Cardinal Deaconess's pilot and air service management contractor. The FAA grounded all four planes and required a lengthy inspection before they were cleared for takeoff again. The FAA also has issued emergency orders that could put Cardinal out of the flying business permanently. The agency revoked Cardinal's flying certificate and its chief pilot's license. Cardinal and the pilot have appealed. Although Cardinal's contract is not up until 1997, Deaconess offered Air Methods a temporary subcontract to keep Deacare's services in place. Kurt Burris, president of Cardinal said the hearing before an National Transportation Safety Board judge is scheduled for late October or early November. " Our intentions are to clear ourselves of all FAA charges and resume with the contract," Burris said.
W2D-010-0.txt	Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the date a work was published with a copyright notice or on the date of registration if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, the copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the date it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the first term, the copyright was eligible for renewal. The Copyright Act of 1976 extended the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting on January 1, 1978, or for pre-1978 copyrights restored under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), making these works eligible for a total term of protection of 75 years. Public Law 105-298, enacted on October 27, 1998, further extended the renewal term of copyrights still subsisting on that date by an additional 20 years, providing for a renewal term of 67 years and a total term of protection of 95 years. 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W2B-007-0.txt	What is dominant [in the symbol] is the inexpressible which, in seeking expression, will ultimately burst the too fragile vessel of earthly form by the infinite power of its being. But herewith the clarity of vision is itself immediately destroyed, and all that remains is speechless wonder. Friedrich Creuzer in Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama The discussion of the differentiation of the allegorical and symbolic has had considerable influence on the conceptualization and validation of specific artistic techniques and forms of aesthetic experience. The Romantic denigration of the allegorical and its corresponding affirmation of the symbolic began with Goethe in the late 18th-Century and subsequently found its way into the writings of A.W. Schlegel, Fredrich W.J. Schelling, Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Novalis in Germany, as well as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and Thomas Carlyle in England. Continuing interest in the symbol-allegory distinction can be found in the literary criticism of Roman Jakobson, Northrop Frye, and Paul de Man, and the work of a number of other contemporary art critics and historians such as Craig Owens. In his Trauerspiel study, Walter Benjamin attempted to redeem the allegorical mode as an artistic technique on par with that of the symbolic. Although Benjamin's text dealt exclusively with the Baroque period, it is apparent that allegory informs not only the Modernist techniques of Montage, Collage and Assemblage in both literature and visual arts, but the whole of interpretive writing. It therefore becomes important to comprehend the historical genesis of this distinction. This shall not be undertaken merely as an attempt to redeem Modernist forms of allegory for ourselves, but to lead us to the validation of a broader range "aesthetic" experience. I. The Beautiful Symbol The earliest characterization of the symbol that we can clearly recognize as our own is found in Kant's Critique of Judgment (1790). In &sect59 entitled 'Beauty as a Symbol of Morality' Kant objects to the improper use of the word'symbol' to describe mathematical abstractions (e.g. symbolic logic), and instead defines the symbolical as a form of hypotyposis, a rhetorical mode involving 'presentation' or'sensible illustration'. For Kant, there are two forms of hypotyposis: schematical and symbolical. Both confer something of the nature of a concept (Begriff) without being mere signs directly designating the concept itself. The schematical mode illustrates the concept by demonstration, acting as a formal analog to the concept (as a drawn triangle would refer to the abstract principle which it both represents and conforms). On the other hand the symbolic mode represents that for which, "no sensory representation would be appropriate." Paul de Man described hypotyposis in general as, "[that] which makes present to the senses something which is out of their reach, not just because it does not happen to be there but because it consists, in whole or in part, of elements too abstract for sensory representation.? The symbolic in this sense expresses a concept, "not by means of direct intuition, but only by analogy with it, i.e. by the transference of reflection upon the object of intuition to a quite different concept to which perhaps an intuition can never directly correspond." The reflection of the object at hand in the intuition or imagination, brings forth a correlation with a concept for which there is no adequate representation. Kant's relation of beauty to morality operates symbolically; morality is not found to reside in the beautiful form (i.e. beauty is not the sensuous presentation of 'mora 'mty'), nor does beauty demonstratively'show' the nature of morality (as would a schema). Instead the relationship is one of analogy in which the two concepts 'beauty' and 'mor 'mity' are found to function according to similar formal principle. Kant states that language is, "full of indirect presentations of this sort, in which the expression does not contain the proper schema for the concept, but merely a symbol for reflection," as when for example the word 'ground' is substituted for'support' or 'basis', or to 'flow' from something is employed instead of 'to follow'. Thus, it is through a process akin to metaphor that beautiful form is found to represent morality. This formulation is directly linked to Kant's discussion of non-discursive knowledge, and represents a manner in which empirical sense experience can lead to knowledge of concepts which would otherwise be unavailable through purely empirical or conceptual means. Although this brief statement represents one of the earliest formulations of the modern symbol, Kant never returned to this line of thought in his later writings. In the end it was not Kant, but Goethe, whose formulation of the symbol-allegory distinction became definitive. Before Goethe the terms'symbol' and 'allegory' were used interchangeably to name any general mode in which one thing served to designate another. Hans-Georg Gadamer notes that, "Winckelmann, whose influence on the aesthetics and philosophy of history of the time was very great, used both terms synonymously; the same was true of eighteenth-century aesthetics as a whole.? Goethe redefined the pair antithetically to describe two forms of representation each with its own method and result. The most succinct statement of this is found in his Werke: 1. Symbolism transforms appearance into an idea, the idea into an image in such a way that the idea remains always infinitely effective and unreachable in the image and remains ineffable even if uttered in all languages. 2. Allegory transforms appearance into a concept, the concept into an image, but in such a way that the concept can be grasped and can be had completely as something delimited in the image and can be expressed in it. 3. It is a big difference whether the poet looks for the particular in the general or whether he sees the general in the particular. The former produces allegory, where the particular has validity only as an example of the general; the latter, however, is the actual nature of poetry; it expresses the particular without thinking of the general or without pointing at it. He who grasps this particular vividly gets the general with it at the same time without being aware of it, or only late. As described by Goethe in the first two points, symbolism and allegory are related yet discrete modes of representation. Formed by coincidence of sensible appearance and supra-sensible meaning, the symbol seeks to represent the ineffable and "unrepresentable" from within the confines of the concrete particular. The relationship of form and content in the symbol is indissoluble, not to say that a particular form necessarily contains a specific content, but that 'form' in general allows us access to the ineffable content which unintentionally appears in the 'vivid representation of the particular'. This unity of form and content endows the symbol with its perceived "fullness" and inexhaustibility. In contrast, allegory expresses a particular content which remains equally communicable through another instance of language or another form. At a fundamental level the relation of form and content in allegory is arbitrary. As Goethe states, both modes negotiate between sensuous appearance (Schein) and meaningful image (Bild). Although both modes result in the creation of a meaningful image, the content of the''maning' in each instance depends upon the nature of their mediation. As Tzvetan Todorov suggests: The concept, belonging strictly to reason, is opposed to the Idea in the symbol--we may suppose that the 'idea' is drawn by Kantian overtones toward a global and 'intuitive' apprehension. This difference is important, and new: for the first time Goethe affirms that symbol and allegory do not have identical content, are not just vehicles for expressing 'the same thing'. In the symbol this is accomplished by the relation of appearance and 'Idea', whereas allegory transforms appearance into image by way of a 'concept'. Because symbol and allegory undergo distinct mediations their content is non-identical. The Kantian 'Idea', "representation of the imagination which induces much thought, yet without the possibility of any definite thought whatever, i.e. concept, being adequate to it, and which language, consequently, can never get on level terms with or render completely intelligible," is given a privileged position. The Idea is greater than the mere concept of rational understanding, being irreducible to it, and simultaneously 'above' language which fails to encompass it. The 'Idea' as represented in the symbol remains, following Goethe, 'infinitely effective and unreachable'; its complete comprehension is postponed or held out of reach of the subject. What is represented by the 'Idea' is more than mere phenomenological experience. Schelling describes the symbol, "as concrete, resembling only itself, like an image, and yet as universal and full of meaning as a concept.? The unity of form and content, of appearance and Idea, comprises the ontological nature of the symbol. Hegel, for all his criticism of Schelling, maintains this definition in his 1835 The Philosophy of Fine Arts: Inasmuch, however, as it is the function of art to represent the idea to immediate vision in sensuous shape and not in the form of thought and pure spirituality in the strict sense, and inasmuch as the value and intrinsic worth of this presentment consists of the correspondence and unity of the two aspects, that is the idea and its sensuous shape, the supreme level and excellence and the reality, which is truly consonant with its notion, will depend upon the degree of intimacy and union which idea and configuration appear together in elaborated fusion. In contrast, allegorical representation is easily delimited by the content of its attendant concept. In his 1819 World as Will and Idea, Arthur Schopenhauer defined the object constituted by the concept as, "abstract, discursive...attainable and comprehensible to him that has only reason, communicable by words without any other assistance, entirely exhausted by its definition.? The concept, although immanent in and coextensive with language, is capable of operating without the threat of a loss of content. The medium of transmission is thus viewed as adequate to the task of communication. Be it in the realm of language or that of the visual, there is no remainder. Goethe's allegorical 'concept', "can be grasped and...had completely...in the image." In the third part of his characterization Goethe writes: "It is a big difference whether the poet looks for the particular in the general or whether he sees the general in the particular.? The literary critic and theorist Northrop Frye in Anatomy of Criticism summarized the distinction of symbol and allegory as, "between a 'concrete' approach to symbols which begins with images of actual things and works outward to ideas and propositions, and 'abstract' approach which begins with the idea and then tries to find concrete images to represent it.? Although Frye fails to maintain the critical use of the terms 'concept' and 'idea', his observation addresses an important issue in the relation of the two modes to rational thought. The terms 'idea' and 'concept' correspond closely to the two modes of reason widely discussed in German thought after Kant. The 'idea' emerges from synthetic reason (i.e., Reason, or Vernunft), while the 'concept' is produced by the machinations of analytic reason (Understanding, or Verstand). For Kant and Hegel Verstand was a lower form of cognition, one that merely formed the phenomenal world into categories developed in relation to 'common sense'. To the understanding (Verstand) the phenomena and objects of the world appear as isolated entities, unrelated to one another except by general characteristics. Reason (Vernunft), however, is capable of comprehending 'higher' relationships between the objects of common understanding, and for Hegel Vernunft was fundamentally dialectical. The symbol is thus found to be aligned with synthetic reason, a reason involved with the reconciliation and sublation (Aufgehoben) of antithetical conceptual pairs, or contradictory elements within a greater totality. As Hegel writes in his Encyclopaedia: The logical has in point of form three sides...These three sides do not constitute three parts of the Logic, but are moments of each logical reality, that is of each concept...a) Thought, as the Understanding, sticks to finite determinacies and their distinctness from one another...b) The dialectical moment of the self-sublation of such finite determinations and their transition into their opposites...c) The speculative moment, or that of positive Reason, apprehends the unity of the determinations in their opposition--the affirmative that is contained in their dissolution and transition.
W1A-014-0.txt	Professional Issues and Ethics in Counseling Final Exam 1. How does one develop a personal ethical position or stance, that is, decide what to do in a particular situation? What sources of information, guidance, and resources are available to assist one in this process? Describe an ethical decision making process; how and when would one use it? One develops a personal ethical position by not just consulting and abiding by a written code of ethics but by considering one's own values. Because codes of ethics cannot possibly prescribe exactly how counselors should act in every situation, counselors must rely on their own sense of personal ethics to help them make sound ethical decisions. Certain ethics, called mandatory ethics, comprise the minimal standards by which counselors should abide. Principle ethics help one decide what to do in certain situations. Principle ethics are based on moral principles and should always be considered when making ethical decisions. They are based on Kitchener's five moral principles that are generally valued in our society: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity (Herlihy & Corey, 2006). All counselors should abide by the moral principles that all clients have the right to make their own decisions, counselors should never harm their clients, counselors should promote growth and good mental health in their clients, counselors should treat all clients with fairness, and counselors should always abide by their promises and honor the commitments they make to their clients. Beyond principle ethics, by which all counselors should abide, counselors can hold even higher personal ethical standards for themselves. Called virtue ethics, these ethics focus on who the counselor is as a person. One develops virtue ethics by asking, "Who am I as a person and counselor?" and by examining one's personal character traits and virtues. Counselors who aspire to always consider virtue ethics when making ethical decisions utilize principle ethics as well as consider their own emotions. This involves self-awareness and self-reflection. Virtue ethics include: discernment or prudence, respectfulness, integrity, self-awareness, acknowledgement of the role of emotion, and connectedness with the community. Aspiring to abide by the very highest standards of ethical conduct by utilizing these virtue ethics helps counselors make more culturally sensitive ethical decisions. When faced with a complex ethical dilemma, counselors can use virtue ethics to help them decide the best course of action. Counselors should consult a code of ethics to help them make sound ethical decisions. Counselors can use the American Counseling Association's (ACA) Code of Ethics (2005) as well as the code of ethics in their specialty, if one exists. Professional school counselors should consult both the ACA Code of Ethics and the American School Counselor Association's (ASCA) Ethical Standards for School Counselors (2004). These are both based on Kitchener's moral principles, but the ASCA's code addresses ethical standards specific to the school setting and should be used for handling ethical dilemmas in this realm. Codes of ethics provide guidelines for best practices, promote the values held by the members of the counseling profession, and are used for accountability purposes. These codes of ethics detail the ethical responsibilities counselors have to their clients, students, colleagues, and themselves. Professional school counselors should also consult with supervisors and colleagues when faced with an ethical dilemma. They do this to find out the current standards of practice so that they can make decisions consistent with these standards. When counselor have an ethical dilemma, it is important that they consult with supervisors and colleagues in addition to consulting the appropriate code of ethics for guidance. They should document all of these actions in order to protect and defend themselves, should they be sued by clients. Professional school counseling can also contact the ACA Ethics and Professional Standards Department if they have an ethical dilemma. Staff in this department offer free consultation related to ethical dilemmas five days a week. This is a valuable resource for professional school counselors, especially if they are in need of immediate guidance and support and cannot reach their county's school counseling supervisor. Counselors should also use an ethical decision-making model when faced with a complex ethical dilemma in which they are unsure of how to act. There are several ethical decision-making models available to help counselors when faced with complex situations in which there are no clear guidelines regarding how to respond. Both ACA and ASCA have developed ethical decision-making models, and other self-test models can be used as well. These models help counselors identify the problem and work through several steps to help decide how to respond. Following an ethical decision-making model helps counselors make reasoned, informed decisions rather than acting hastily or irresponsibly in the absence of set standards regarding how to act in certain situations. This process involves reflection and consultation, and the steps should be documented for accountability purposes. In their book, the ACA Ethical Standards Casebook (2006), Herlihy and Corey recommend following ten steps to making ethical decisions. Step one involves identifying the problem and collecting information. Steps two and three involve consulting the relevant and appropriate code of ethics and considering which of Kitchener's five moral principles apply to the situation. Step four is to consult with one's supervisor and colleagues to help determine the standard of practice for this situation. Step five is to consider one's own emotions because these may impede one's current judgment and ability to make decisions. Step six is to involve the client in making the decision so that he can offer his input and wishes. Steps seven and eight involve identifying desired outcomes and considering all of one's options and the consequences and implications of each. Once one determines which action one will take, step nine urges one to review the selected action and apply the tests of justice, publicity, and universality to it. If it does not cause any new ethical issues, one should move to step ten and implement the decided upon action. <.h> 2. Discuss the specific ethical and legal issues concerning counseling minors in school settings. Because the clients are minors, there are several ethical and legal issues surrounding counseling students in a school setting. According to ASCA's Ethical Standards for School Counselors (2004), the professional school counselor's primary obligation is to the student, although complete confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. When counseling minors in a school setting, confidentiality can and should be breached if a student indicates plans to hurt him/herself or others, if a student reports abuse or if the counselor suspects the child is being abused or neglected, and if the counselor's records are subpoenaed by a court (the professional school counselor is forced to comply if she also receives a court order). In these cases, the professional school counselor has to break confidentiality, but he should communicate and discuss this with the student beforehand. According to section B.2.a. of the ACA Code of Ethics (2005), the counselor can break confidentiality to disclose information in order to protect the client. The professional school counselor should make every effort to include the student and family (except in cases of abuse) in decision making. Professional school counselors have to follow several laws when working with minors in a school system. Based on the Tarasoff case of 1974, the counselor has a "duty to warn" when she suspects that someone is in danger of being harmed (Linde, 2007). In many states, this is now both an ethical and legal duty. In the case of HIV/AIDS, however, professional school counselors in Maryland do not have a right to know if students are infected and have a legal duty not to share this information with others. The decision of Eisel v. Board of Education of Montgomery County in 1991 now requires professional school counselors to call students' legal guardians and inform school administrators if they suspect or learn directly from a student that the student is considering committing suicide. All school personnel also have a legal duty to report suspected abuse or neglect. If a counselor finds out that a student has committed an illegal act or run away from home, the counselor has a legal right to notify the administration in the former case, and the parent or guardian in the latter case (unless abuse is suspected). Professional school counselors must also be aware of and uphold minor consent laws, which vary from state to state. In many states, students seeking treatment for substance abuse, contraception, prenatal care, and treatment for sexually transmitted infections can do so without parental knowledge or consent. Abortion laws pertaining to minors vary widely from state to state. School counselors have a legal obligation to follow not only state laws but also local and school policies when working with minors, so they need to be aware of these. In all schools that receive funding from the U.S. Department of Education, student records must be kept in accordance with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (Buckley Amendment). School counselors must abide by this law and cannot share any part of a student's school record (information pertaining to grades, attendance, assessments, behavior, health records) with a non-legal guardian (non-custodial parents have rights unless these have been terminated by a court), and should not access students' records themselves unless they are directly working with those students. Personal notes about minors are not part of the school record and should be in a private, secure location. Professional school counselors should also respect the rights and wishes of parents and legal guardians and should try to collaborate with them when possible. Because parents and legal guardians have a legal right to know what the professional school counselor discusses with minor students, the professional school counselor should explain the importance of confidentiality and trust with the guardians, according to section B.5.b. of the ACA Code of Ethics (2005). If legal guardians request more information related to their child's counseling, professional school counselors may disclose minimal information or set up a meeting among the student, parent, and themselves to discuss the counseling relationship. If this still does not satisfy the guardians and the student refuses to share this information with them, the counselor will have to break confidentiality to tell the parents information shared during counseling. Although minors have an ethical right to confidentially in counseling, their legal guardians have legal rights to know what occurs in counseling, unless the child has been legally emancipated. If I were a professional school counselor and a student came in and told me this, the first step I would take would be to conduct a lethality assessment to see if she has devised a suicide plan. I would ask questions such as, "How long have you been thinking about this?," "Do you have a plan?," "Have you thought about how you would do it?," and "Have you thought about when you would do it?" to assess the immediacy of the risk. I would take our conversation very seriously because her comments indicate that she is depressed, has developed an eating disorder, has low self-esteem, cuts herself, and has been doing poorly academically. These are all serious warning signs. I would encourage her to explore her feelings and might ask her to complete a "Life Contract," in which she will promise not to harm herself for a certain amount of time. I would explain that I have to tell her parents in order to protect her. Section A.2.a. of ASCA's Ethical Standards for School Counselors explains, among other responsibilities when beginning a relationship, the ethical duty to discuss confidentiality and its limits to clients (2004). Even if she said her parents already knew about her suicidal thoughts, I would tell her that I have a duty to warn them. Following section A.7.b. of the Ethical Standards for School Counselors, I would offer the student the opportunity to tell her parents with me and would try to accommodate her wishes regarding how we tell her parents. By law, I would have a "duty to warn" her parents. The ruling of the Eisel case resulted in a Maryland law regarding professional school counselors' duty to warn parents if they have any reason to suspect that their child is suicidal. In this case, I have heard it directly from the student herself, and her comments must be taken very seriously. I would follow my district's procedures for handling potential suicide. I would call her parents and strongly urge them to take her to the hospital or to a psychiatrist for a psychiatric evaluation. Depending on the seriousness and imminence of the threat, which I would gauge by further conversation with the student, I might ask that a parent come and pick her up immediately.
W2A-011-0.txt	The following article summarizes the findings and conclusions of a case study that was undertaken as part of the author's master's thesis at MIT. Ford Foundation Professor Frank Jones served as advisor. The study is part of an overall strategy to develop a National Black Veterans Network in conjunction with the Veterans Benefits Clearinghouse, Inc., and the Congressional Black Caucus Veterans Braintrust. It is hoped that the study will provide a planning, research, and educational tool to enhance organizing and affordable housing development efforts on behalf of black veterans across the country. Future research is being proposed on a national scale to examine the success of stitch organizing efforts in order to understand the ways in which black veterans cat' implement strategies for community development and initiate other self-help initiatives. Eighteen years have passed since the official end of the Vietnam War in 1975 and the unceremonious homecoming of Vietnam veterans. The unpopularity of the war placed side by side with the civil rights and Black Power movements made the homecoming and transition experience into post-military adjustment even more difficult for black veterans. Nevertheless, the ensuing years saw black Vietnam-era veterans attempting to adjust and organize along many fronts as an attempt to create meaning and define their space within a landscape of social, political and economic upheaval and unrest. These organizing efforts and strategies met with varying degrees of success or failure, but never reached the magnitude of a social movement. Many veteran activists like myself have participated in the process of organizing so many groups, associations, organizations, conferences, and meetings over the past eighteen to twenty years that time and space limit my ability to recall all their names. Yet, all too often these efforts based on good intentions and 'felt need" have resulted in group self-destruction within six months of origination, or failed to provide long-term solutions to veterans social problems. No study to date has been conducted of Vietnam-era veterans' organizing efforts, particularly those of black Vietnam-era veterans. Thus, eighteen to twenty years after the Vietnam War, we know little about the factors involved in successful self-help organizing. With this in mind, I began the process of questioning and reexamining the possibility of comparatively studying a select number of successful nonprofit organizations and their leadership to determine what strengths would be revealed regarding their success. Two questions for examination were: did military service contribute to their organizational successes in terms of skills, attitudes, or behavior? But more importantly, how would black Vietnam-era veterans themselves describe self-help organizing and organizational and community development-- the struggles and barriers as well as opportunities for social reintegration within thy community setting? Three assertions guided me while considering these questions. First, blacks in Vietnam had paid a high price and consequently had made certain vows and promises about becoming social change agents when they returned to the "world." As Wayne Smith, a former Vietnam combat medic, said, "What ever happened to the promise that we were going to change the world?"1 Second, the ability to establish a feeling of brotherhood or male bonding was a positive and intangible asset from the war experience. Third, Vietnam's military small unit tactics were tangible illustrations of how small groups of committed individuals could overcome major obstacles. This study attempts to ascertain if any aspect of these assertions has carried over into civilian life or been recaptured as a strength or building block for organizational and community development. Models for Community Change The study examined three nonprofit organizations in the Northeastern United States: the Veterans Benefits Clearinghouse, Inc,, of Roxbury, Massachusetts, Black Veterans for Social Justice, Inc., of Brooklyn, New York, and Western New York Veterans Housing Coalition, of Buffalo, New York. These three organizations formed the nucleus for gathering information about successful strategies and tactics involving organizing, organizational and affordable housing development, attracting specialized resources, and garnering political and community support. Further, the study proposed that a typology or model for replication exists in these examples for self-help organizing around the country. All three were organized since the end of the Vietnam War as a response to felt need in their respective communities. Thus, these community-based organizations represent efforts by black veterans to reconnect with black community life. Furthermore, they represent symbolically untapped human resources contained in various communities around the country. The study focused on examining why these three organizations were successful when other black veterans organizing attempts were failures; if military service was a determining or contributing factor for their success; and, whether these factors or attributes were present in all three veterans and, if so, whether a formula could be developed based on these factors for replication in other parts of the country. The study also examined how these factors might manifest themselves in organizing community-based organizations for community development. Over a three-year period, interviews were conducted with the organizations' leaders: Mr. Ralph Cooper, executive director of the Veterans Benefits clearinghouse; Mr. Job Mashariki, director of Black Veterans for Social Justice, and Mr. Jerry Bowman, vice-president of Western New York Veterans Housing Coalition between 1988 and 1990. These three-hour interviews consisted of categorical questions using an ethnographic research approach recommended by Dr. Carlos Brossard. The study's principal value is its theoretical veterans community development model emphasizing the role played by military service, organizing and organizational development, higher education, relationship building, interpersonal skills, leadership, racial consciousness, and social activism on behalf of self-help. In this sense, the study represents a purposive sample and its goal is simply to give definition to a theory for veterans' supplementing community development efforts and a model for community application or practice. Self-help offered these veterans a window of opportunity to offset feelings of need, negativity, frustration, hopelessness and helplessness with programmatic responses. At the same time, necessity merely sanctioned what had already become self-help practices. The idea of self-help motivated veterans to come together as a group and strive towards creating long-term solutions to their social problems, while expanding the realm of possibilities. This acknowledgment, however, should not dismiss the importance of a community context. The overall goal of the study was to take a new approach to examining black Vietnam-era veterans focusing on factors of successful organizing and development of community-based nonprofit organizations. It also sought to investigate and understand black leadership attributes, rather than fall prey to continuing depictions of black Vietnam-era veterans as a tragic problem group. The study examined the following premises: (Black veterans are an untapped resource within the black community; (Community development offers a window of opportunity for black Vietnam-era veterans to become integrated into the community setting; and, (Homelessness and affordable housing development offer future areas of potential conflict and opportunity for black veterans; The Effect of Military Service on Successful Organizing Human capital formation by definition is added value or increase in human capacity through both generalized and specialized skills and training. The assertion here is that military service contributes to human capital formation versus being merely an instrument of U.S. foreign policy. Military service provides a modicum of tangible attributes through training, travel, occupational and leadership development, not to mention the intangible attributes of certain social behaviors, including interdependency, discipline, camaraderie, small-group cohesion, and teamwork, among others. However, the study unevenly reflects the impact of military service on human capital formation. Only one of the three interviewees reported being in Vietnam and drawing on the lessons of Vietnam when addressing present day problems and situational difficulties. The second stated that he did not think the military did much for his development, but then contradicted himself later in the interview when he noted that he traveled, experienced foreign cultures, acquired language skills, and felt for the first time felt he was received as a human being, rather than as a "nigger." He added that he felt this experience would be with him forever. The third veteran did not discuss his military experience to any degree. The study is, therefore, somewhat ambiguous as it relates to the extent that military service might be a developer of human capital. Yet, while the veterans themselves were reluctant to attribute any good to their military experience, the study found that military service had in fact a profound socializing effect on their lives. The military as an autocratic organization imposed discipline and order and frequently aided in sharpening critical assessment skills. In addition, it facilitated their ability to improvise more readily and become more mission- or task-oriented. The acquisition of this kind of operational discipline, coupled with the veterans' natural talents, proved to be a factor in successful organizing. Veterans' Roles in the Community All three veterans' backgrounds are rooted in community organizing and organizational development. All three men built local reputations as political activists on behalf of the broader array of black community concerns. Community organizing was a springboard for approaching the problems of black veterans from a self-help and community-based organizational perspective. All three mentioned seeing self-help organizing, social services delivery, and affordable housing development targeted towards black veterans as a continuation of their efforts at addressing community problems at large. In Buffalo, the demise of industry or blue collar manufacturing jobs, the continuation of white Irish political control, and finally an increasingly vocal black population precipitated the community organizing efforts of Jerry Bowman and his founding of the Black Community Information Center. Job Mashariki helped to organize the East Cultural and Education Center, arrange economic boycotts of downtown businesses, and establish the Randolph Evans Funds in Brooklyn, New York, the city's largest borough where a large, progressive, and even militant segment of the population, largely African and Caribbean American, has had a long history of community involvement and political control extending from the local neighborhoods to the congressional district. In Boston, similar to parts of the southern United States, school busing during the 1970s and its aftermath of racial violence, polarization, and struggle for political control between the white Irish and the black population led to Boston's being labeled "the most racist city in America." Yet, despite this, Ralph Cooper opened the first Veterans Peer Assistance Counseling Program in the city of Boston on the campus of Boston State College, co-founded the Veterans Club and the Veterans Benefits Clearinghouse, and after graduation was awarded a Commonwealth of Massachusetts Fellowship and field placement at the Roxbury Multi-Service Center, one of the oldest and largest social service organizations in Boston's black community, to learn the internal workings of a community agency. The Role of Higher Education The study found that attending college played a major role in the post-military resocialization into civilian life and contributed to the personal growth and professional development of the three veterans. As older students possessing maturity and experience, college provided them with an academic and intellectual type of discipline and challenge not associated with military service. Most importantly, it provided an environment conducive to short- term economic survival, learning and teaching, and, lastly, institutional maneuvering or manipulation. These black veteran organizers viewed higher education, social activism, and life-long learning in a positive light. The college backgrounds and organizational histories of the three veterans interviewed revealed certain commonalities. All three attended college after the military and therefore brought a host of personal resources to the task of campus organizing, academic achievement, and community activism. In Boston, Ralph Cooper and others organized the Veterans Club on the campus of Boston State College which was later incorporated as the Veterans Benefits Clearinghouse; in Brooklyn, Job Mashariki attended New York State College while working at the Veterans Administration community storefront (a precursor to the Vet Centers, the Veterans Administration's version of a community-based organization) contributing to community activism, and organizing the Black Veterans for Social Justice; and, in Buffalo, Jerry Bowman organized the Third World Veterans Association on the campus of University of Buffalo and later assisted in establishing the Buffalo Vet Center. While employed at the Vet Center, Bowman also organized and assisted veterans in the Attica State Prison over a ten-year period. His advocacy work begun in the community at large finally culminated in the development of the Western New York Veterans Housing Coalition. Organizational Philosophies: Similarities and Differences, Strengths and Weaknesses The missions of all three organizations are based on providing action- oriented responses to felt need, but their resulting success and evolution warrant further scrutiny. This is particularly true of the Veterans Benefits Clearinghouse and Black Veterans for Social Justice. The immense task of organizing and sustaining organizational growth and development within a black context and without previous models has not been fully or even partially documented. In reality, race and veterans issues are not everyday political and social priorities for most of society. Therefore, organizing specifically around black veterans' issues is slower and substantially more difficult than other types of organizing efforts, a fact that makes the success of these three black veteran organizers all the more remarkable. According to the study, there are basic similarities and differences in the organizational structuring, staff composition and operation of the three groups. The Western New York Veterans Housing Coalition is governed by its board of directors and has no staff with the exception of a project manager. The members of the board of directors are volunteers and are composed of ethnically diverse, social service agency representatives as well as established businessmen. In the majority of instances, they are Vietnam veterans or at least emotionally connected to the issue of Vietnam.
W1B-002-0.txt	Dear Lodi, I finally seem to have found a Sunday afternoon when I can tackle letter writing. Your letter is one I've had difficulty returning to 'vecause I've been fraught with anxiet 'veround my academic plans, many of which aren't at the level where I can even articulate them, Whenever I do go through a period of avid letter writing I know I am in a state of relative emotional stability, which I seem to have momentarily achieved. Your letter made me realize the issues at stake when you choose a supervisor - and here that's really what you're chosing, not so much 'rechool as a supervisor. The fact that I was not able to form a very coherent research proposal made the choice very difficult-and then I found that I was much more persuaded by finances than I had expected. Basically, there's no funding available for me until I've lived In the UK for t 'vee years (that's how the British Academy works) so I'm faced with working my wa 'mthrough. That pretty much threw out all my choices outside of London Sussex and Essex, probably my two strongest places. That left me with the choice between Birkbeck and Queen Mary, and I've pretty much chosen B 'vebeck. Birkbeck caters to "mature" students (I can't believe that's me now!) and my supervisor at the moment (the Browning editor man) is very sympathethic and said I don't have to start paying fees until I have the money, I can just go to all the seminars and work with him without registering. So I really couldn't turn that down! (I've had a very disappointi 'verevelation about US Student Loans...the...the Republicans made the rules about deferring more difficult, and for all kinds of complicated reasons to do with not being able to enroll full-time, and being outside the US, I can't fully defer my loans.) Also, I interviewed at Queen Mary and was not impressed at all with Ophelia Clarke... there are some good people there, but Queen Mary has the worst academic reputation of all the Univ. of London colleges, and the department is very weak in my proposed area of Victorian Poetry. The department at Birkbeck is very exciting, they have very strong people in theory (Tim High, we used a book by him in Sadro Dangelo's Renaissance seminar, he is a New Historicist, I attended two of his postgraduate theory seminars and they were excellent), Sakai Takaki, who writes on theory, there are good interdisciplinary ties with women's studies and art history (there's a big Pre-Raphaelite woman in the art history department, and they jointly put out the new Pre-Raphaelite journal. Then there's my idol - Ellie Mayer. She's a big feminist over here, she edits "Women, A Cultural Review" out of Oxford, and she just wrote "Victorian Poetry" with Routledge. She is what got me excited about Browning. She is on sabbatical next year and is oversubscribed with phd students, but bascially my goal is to work with her. My current supervisor, Rin Natakathwarphat, says I should be able to work with her to some degree whatever happens. I can't really figure Roger out... he seems very conservative, but then quite open-minded, he actually suggested that rather than do RB and D. Rossetti, I extend my study to a foursome and include Elizabeth Barrett and Christina, and when I asked about feminist theory he said that such a study would necessitate that I use feminist theory. To be honest, he seems nice but a bit strange. The sort of person that hasn't done terribly well in his academic career, hasn't published much, but is friends with people like Liga Bue; he's about 50-60, lives in Cambridge and makes the long commute, and mentioned with obvious excitement his annual summer holiday, walking in the Lake District with his mother. His office is emaculate, with few books, a tasteful green rug, and two wicker chairs separated by a comforatable distance, with a little wooden table next to his chair on which he can place the work of the student with whom he is meeting. He seems very committed to his students, and very thoughtful about what his role as a supervisor is. He is not, however, an exciting, dynamic person. So with any luck, I will be able to make a lateral shift to Ellie Mayer after a year. I sat in on two of Mayer's theory seminars - she was absolutely wonderful. One on Derrida and one on Kristeva. In my opinion, she is one of those people who is not only a brilliant writer but a brilliant teacher. She is very skillful and diplomatic in her approach. In the beginning of the session she would ask everyone to contribute a question or problem from the reading, which seemed to work very well. For the past seven months I have been working full time as a Personal Assistant with Amnesty International, and that has not allowed me to do much academic work. I am just starting to look for a part-time job to start in October, and I really want to find something better than secretarial, since I find that each secretarial job I have chips away at my self-esteem a little bit more. I am also concerned to develop a second career possibility since the chances of landing an academic job are so poor. I am going to try to find something in publishing since I have bit of experience there, but I am not terribly optimistic. I am very aware of getting older and how difficult it is to find work if you haven't been in a career path. George keeps saying to me I could alway qualify as a solicitor, but I don't know if I would have it in me to complete another long training after doing a phd. How on earth do people get sucked in to academics! I feel very out of what's happening so if you can suggest any new books/articles out I'd be grat 'dul. I've enclosed a cl 'veing for a book that reminds me of the book you were working on last year. I am of course hoping to hear positive news about your tenure decision. George has bought a flat, so we'll be movi 'llin September. Its nothing spectacular but is quite a step up from our current bedsit, it will allow us to put up visitors, so if you and Jack are making your way to London you are certainly welcome to stay with us. I hope everything is well and look forward to hearing from you. P.s. Roger was also very enthusiastic about my Hair paper! Evidently you mentioned it in your reference and he asked me about it in my interview, and now he keeps bringing it up as a possible dissertation topic! I am horrified by the thought of spending three years entangled with Hair in Victorian Poetry, but you never know... Last I heard from Liz Welsh she was close to having a terme-teach job teaching composition/ESL at a college in California. Love, Amy
W1A-018-0.txt	I began asking by myself the question: "What is the best group intervention to treat test anxiety in graduate students?" I began my search by accessing the Social Work Library website. I conducted searches on a couple of different databases. The first database I searched on was ProQuest. I searched "test taking anxiety" and "graduate students" and "group interventions" and received no results. I then simplified my search to just "test anxiety" and "graduate students" and found some results; however, most of them were studies on test anxiety and not on treatment. I then added "treatment" to my previous search and found two studies on test anxiety and treatment. I decided to try and search ERIC. I entered "test anxiety" and "graduate students" and "treatment" in the search categories and found two articles that included that criterion. I then searched the PsychInfo database using the terms "graduate students", "test anxiety", and "treatment". I found many articles about the treatment of test anxiety. I then tried to scale down my results by adding "group treatment" and found studies that specifically had tested a group treatment approach. I attempted to add "evidence based practice" to this search but found no results. I only included articles from scholarly journals and attempted to look for more recent studies. When I could not access a journal article through the Columbia University Library I entered the title into Google Scholar to see if the text was available on the internet. After conducting my literature search I came up with my COPES question which asks "If second year social work graduate students who are experiencing test anxiety about the LMSW licensing exam receive cognitive restructuring or relaxation therapy or skills training in a group setting will they show reduced levels of anxiety after intervention?" I used this question to guide my reading of the studies found. This study synthesized the results of 56 studies on text anxiety treatments. The analysis looked at studies that used cognitive-behavioral, skill focused, cognitive, meditation, and physical exercise based interventions. The most effective interventions were those that combined cognitive and skills training (E=1.22). The next most effective treatment was found to be behavioral and skills training (E=1.10). Behavioral interventions only were also found to be effective (E=.80). Other techniques like meditation and physical exercise produced a small effect size so were deemed less effective in reducing anxiety symptoms (E=0.15). In terms of intervention techniques the analysis showed that cognitive restructuring has the largest effect size (E=1.10). Other techniques that also produced large effect sizes were combined behavioral and skills focused training, cognitive and skills focused training, other behavioral techniques, anxiety management training, CBT and skills focused training, and systematic desensitization. Behavior modification, study skills training, meditation, and physical exercise techniques were all shown to have small effect sizes. This study reports the efficacy of cognitive restructuring on reducing test anxiety symptoms. The study consisted of three groups with a total of thirty-six participants who are college or graduate schools. One group received a cognitive restructuring treatment, one group received an exposure treatment, and the last group received no treatment. Based comparing the scores of questionnaires given to the group in the first and last session, the authors found that participants in the cognitive restructuring group experienced a greater reduction in anxiety symptoms. This study looks at the effectiveness of the combination of cognitive and relaxation therapy and study-skills training in reducing anxiety symptoms and improving test scores. Forty-five undergraduate test-anxious students participated in the study. The study consisted of four different groups. One group received relaxation and cognitive therapy, one group was received study-skills training, one group received a combination of cognitive and relaxation therapy and study-skills training and the last group received no treatment. The authors found that the combined therapy of cognitive/relaxation therapy and study-skills training were significantly more effective than either treatment alone in reducing anxiety symptoms. Many studies have found that a multimodal approach is more effective in reducing test taking anxiety. In Ergene (2003) results show that a combination of cognitive therapy and skills training is most effective in reducing test taking anxiety. Goldfried et al. (1978) and Denado and Diener (1986) supported the finding of the meta-analysis. The Ergene (2003) study has the highest level of scientific support for effectiveness because it is a meta-analysis of 56 other studies. Bloom, Fischer, and Orme (2009) state that in order to provide our client’s with evidence based practices it is important to focus on studies that are able to synthesize many different studies to find the practices with the largest effect size. The quasi-experimental studies I found on test taking anxiety have small sample sizes, varying research settings, and conflicting results. Ergene (2003) was able to test the results from these different studies to answer the broad question of which interventions are most helpful in reducing anxiety symptoms in test anxious participants. The combination of two different approaches will holistically reduce anxiety symptoms. For students who are feeling anxiety they may have negative thoughts about their ability and their anxiety might also prevent them from being able to skillfully study for a test. The cognitive therapy approach will focus on the students’ worry and emotions around test taking, while the skills training will give students the skills they need to feel more prepared when taking the test, thereby, reducing anxiety. For example, a student may enter the group feeling worried and overwhelmed about the exam. The student’s anxiety might inhibit her ability to use her time in a productive way. The combination of the two techniques will ease the student’s feelings of worry and being overwhelmed, while at the same providing her with practical skills she can use to improve her studying. Based on research on test anxiety treatments I have decided to create a group that combines cognitive restructuring and skills-focused training. This group will address the psychological reactions that the students have around taking the licensing test as well as teach them skills to help with recall, organized thinking, and time management. For students who are interested in joining the group the intervention will be a combination of cognitive therapy and skills-focused training. These treatments are based on the theories that negative cognitions and learning deficits cause test taking anxiety (Jones and Petruzzi, 1995). The cognitive therapy technique that will be used is cognitive restructuring. In the first thirty minutes of each session the main facilitator will ask for examples from the group of negative cognitions they have had about taking the LMSW exam. Examples of these cognitions include statements like "I am so stupid I don’t even know where to begin studying" and "People like me never pass tests." The group will work together to challenge any negative cognitions and restructure them so that they are neutral or positive. The skills training component will compliment cognitive restructuring because often students with test anxiety feel that they need better skills to do well on an exam (Poorman et al., 2009). The skills training component of the group will take place during the last half an hour of each session. The skills training will include these topics: goal setting, time management, improving study skills, and test-taking strategies. At the beginning of each session, students will be asked to complete the Test Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1980) and take a 5 question test based on material covered on the LMSW exam. Homework will be assigned to practice both techniques. Students will be asked to keep a weekly diary card where they will record negative thoughts they have about taking a test while outside the group. Student will be asked to do a variety of different assignments in order to practice the skills-focused training techniques they learn in group. These will include creating a study schedule and time management chart. The first strength of these operationalized versions of the outcomes are that the main outcome, a decreased level of anxiety, will be measured using a standardized measure that has been proved valid and has a set of norms for different populations. The second strength of these measures is that they can easily be analyzed. Each measurement is recording one weekly numeric score. The greatest weakness of these operationalized outcome measures is that they require a lot of work from the participants. This is especially difficult when the problem the group is addressing is related to performance anxiety. The amount of work needed for each measurement might trigger greater anxiety in some participants. The target of the group intervention is anxious feelings around test taking. Jones and Petruzzi (1995) state that negative cognitions present in test taking anxious individual impair good performance. Poorman et al. (2009) adds that individuals often experience behaviors like difficulty paying attention, frequently getting off task, and increased distractibility. The intervention will address the different facets of test anxiety. The cognitive restructuring component of the intervention will seek to reduce negative cognitions by examining the students’ cognitions and systematically altering these thoughts to promote positive thoughts around test taking abilities. The skills-focused training component will focus on the behaviors associated with test taking anxiety. Skills like time management, creating a study log, and various strategies for test taking will address learning deficits and negative behaviors. After the intervention students in the group will be able to alter their own negative cognitions and use the skills learned to prepare for the LMSW test, which will lead to lower anxiety. Group participation will be measured by the verbal participation of the group participants. The co-facilitator will record the frequency of each persons’ verbal participation during the group session. Verbal participation is defined in a broad way as meaning any time a participants speaks in the group. Participants will be expected to participate at least once a session. Without verbal participation one can assume that members are not receiving the full benefits of being in the group. The strength of this kind of measure is its ease of use. No special equipment is needed and it is easy to chart change in behavior over time (Bloom, Fischer, and Orme, 2009). The weakness of this type of measure is that some participants might be uncomfortable speaking in front of the group. This is especially true since the participants are experiencing symptoms of anxiety that might make them feel too vulnerable to share their feelings. Trends in the data will be examined in order to assess the success of the intervention. Each outcome measure will be graphed for a visual analysis of the trend. Since groups are made up of individuals whose scores vary there can often be outliers that might skew a mean or standard deviation of the data (Bloom, Fischer, and Orme, 2009). To avoid this all data will be plotted using a box plot that takes into account the median score of each outcome and range of the scores. The baseline will be collected from the measurements administered during the first session before the intervention. Research has shown that there are gender and cross-cultural differences in the rate of test taking anxiety. Everson et al. (1991) found that women experience more anxiety around test taking and academic achievement than men. Some researchers hypothesize that this is because woman are socialized to express their emotions, while men are taught to suppress their feelings (Boda and Ollendick, 2005). Bodas and Ollendick (2005) also found that test anxiety differs cross-culturally. The authors feel that the variation in parenting styles accounts for much of this difference. In many non-Western cultures parents put excessive pressure on their children to do well academically. This pressure causes non-Western children to have more test anxiety but also more shame about that anxiety. Overall, Bodas and Ollenick (2005) suggest that there is a lack of theoretical background in test taking anxiety that is based on the understanding of the norms and beliefs of different cultures. Ôˇ
W2C-014-2.txt	Provost seeks to cut growth of CU's budget The growth of the endowed, general-purpose budget will be reduced by $15 to $16 million over the next three to five years, including some cuts that will permanently reduce the size of the workforce. Provost Malden C. Nesheim already has agreed with division and Department heads on reductions of $3.7 million for the year starting July 1. " We are not talking about flat, cross-the-board cuts," Nesheim said, "but we are talking about cuts in base budgets. Cutting expenses on office supplies for a year won't do; we' 'vegot to make the commitment to become permanently leaner." Nesheim, like President Frank H.T. Rhodes, has been talking for some time of long-term changes in the environment in which universities live. The end of the Cold War, a less-than-robust economy, keener attention to the national budget deficit and pressure to direct university research to practical problems have led, Nesheim says, "to an examination of the support and relevance of university-based research in relation to social needs." Uncertainty about federal research funding coincides with cuts in New York state funding, low inflation and interest rates that have curbed returns on the university's short-term investments, and an extended period of relatively low growth in family income. Beyond these economic factors, Rhodes has repeatedly noted, universities confront substantial public doubt about their integrity, efficiency and dedication to undergraduate education. " This new environment," Nesheim said in a recent letter to university budget officers, "suggests the necessity for much lower rates of tuition increases over the next few years..." The Board of Trustees already has approved 1994-95 endowed tuition that will rise just 4.6 percent, the smallest increase in two decades.
W2B-013-1.txt	Becoming the Third Wave by Rebecca Walker I am not one of the people who sat transfixed before the television, watching the Senate hearings. I had classes to go to, papers to write, and frankly, the whole thing was too painful. A black man grilled by a panel of white men about his sexual deviance. A black woman claiming harassment and being discredited by other women.... I could not bring myself to watch that sensationalized assault of the human spirit. To me, the hearings were not about determining whether or not Clarence Thomas did in fact harass Anita Hill. They were about checking and redefining the extent of women's credibility and power. Can a woman's experience undermine a man's career? Can a woman's voice, a woman's sense of self-worth and injustice, challenge a structure predicated upon the subjugation of our gender? Anita Hill's testimony threatened to do that and more. If Thomas had not been confirmed, every man in the United States would be at risk. For how many senators never told a sexist joke? How many men have not used their protected male privilege to thwart in some way the influence or ideas of a woman colleague, friend, or relative? For those whose sense of power is so obviously connected to the health and vigor of the penis, it would have been a metaphoric castration. Of course this is too great a threat. While some may laud the whole spectacle for the consciousness it raised around sexual harassment, its very real outcome is more informative. He was promoted. She was repudiated. Men were assured of the inviolability of their penis/power. Women were admonished to keep their experiences to themselves. The backlash against U.S. women is real. As the misconception of equality between the sexes becomes more ubiquitous, so does the attempt to restrict the boundaries of women's personal and political power. Thomas' confirmation, the ultimate rally of support for the male paradigm of harassment, sends a clear message to women: "Shut up! Even if you speak, we will not listen." I will not be silenced. I acknowledge the fact that we live under siege. I in- tend to fight back. I have uncovered and unleashed more repressed anger than I thought possible. For the umpteenth time in my 22 years, I have been radicalized, politicized, shaken awake. I have come to voice again, and this time my voice is not conciliatory. The night after Thomas' confirmation I ask the man I am intimate with what he thinks of the whole mess. His concern is primarily with Thomas' propensity to demolish civil rights and opportunities for people of color. I launch into a tirade. "When will progressive black men prioritize my rights and well-being? When will they stop talking so damn much about 'the race' as if it revolved exclusively around them?" He tells me I wear my emotions on my sleeve. I scream "I need to know, are you with me or are you going to help them try to destroy me?" A week later I am on a train to New York. A beautiful mother and daughter, both wearing green outfits, sit across the aisle from me. The little girl has tightly plaited braids. Her brown skin is glowing and smooth, her eyes bright as she chatters happily while looking out the window. Two men get on the train and sit directly behind me, shaking my seat as they thud into place. I bury myself in The Sound and the Fury. Loudly they begin to talk about women. "Man, I fucked that bitch all night and then I never called her again." "Man, there's lots of girlies over there, you know that ho, live over there by Tyrone? Well, I snatched that shit up." The mother moves closer to her now quiet daughter. Looking at her small back I can see that she is listening to the men. I am thinking of how I can transform the situation, of all the people in the car whose silence makes us complicit. Another large man gets on the train. After exchanging loud greetings with the two men, he sits next to me. He tells them he is going to Philadelphia to visit his wife and child. I am suckered into thinking that he is different. Then, "Man, there's a ton of females in Philly, just waitin' for you to give 'em some." I turn my head and allow the fire in my eyes to burn into him. He takes up two seats and has hands with huge swollen knuckles. I imagine the gold rings on his fingers slamming into my face. He senses something, "What's your name, sweetheart?" The other men lean forward over the seat. A torrent explodes: "I ain't your sweetheart, I ain't your bitch, I ain't your baby. How dare you have the nerve to sit up here and talk about women that way, and then try to speak to me." The woman/mother chimes in to the beat with claps of sisterhood. The men are momentarily stunned. Then the comeback: "Aw, bitch, don't play that woman shit over here 'cause that's bullshit." He slaps the back of one hand against the palm of the other. I refuse to back down. Words fly. My instinct kicks in, telling me to get out. "Since I see you all are not going to move, I will." I move to the first car. I am so angry that thoughts of murder, of physically retaliating against them, of separatism, engulf me. I am almost out of body, just shy of being pure force. I am sick of the way women are negated, violated, devalued, ignored. I am livid, unrelenting in my anger at those who invade my space, who wish to take away my rights, who refuse to hear my voice. As the days pass, I push myself to figure out what it means to be a part of the Third Wave of feminism. I begin to realize that I owe it to myself, to my little sister on the train, to all of the daughters yet to be born, to push beyond my rage and articulate an agenda.
W1B-023-0.txt	Date: 28 February 1994 To: President Michelle Hoover cc: Faculty Council Review Committee Re: The attached letter to the Faculty Council Review Committee I write in the sincere hope that you will be able to conduct a full, fair, impartial, and open review of Chancellor Price's performance. The enclosed letter, which I will send to the Faculty Council Review Committee as soon as its membership is constituted, does not retrace "A Questionable Leadership: The Need for Change at UMB"(December 8, 1992) with which you and your staff are already familiar. Instead, it draws upon my experience as a member of departmental and intercollegiate committees and of the CAS Senate so as to describe six further instances of Chancellor Price's mismanagement: (1) subversion of the English Ph.D., the planning of which she and her second Acting Provost had encouraged; (2) faulty charge and subsequent dismissal of the Intercollegiate Committee on Undergraduate Teacher Certification and resulting waste of the committee's and related dpartments' efforts; (3) punishment of independent thinking and reward of servility as evidenced in the appointment of the CAS Acting Dean in August, 1992; (4) coercion of CAS faculty and governance in college restructuring, wherein the Provost in effect becomes dean; (5) weak protection of faculty from anti-semitism and sexism; (6) through claims that faculty are ignorant of budget constraints and guilty of gender bias, self-deceptive resistance to constructive criticism. Because these instances of mismanagement reflect the Chancellor's administrative character, they cannot be repaired with simple or quick efforts. I know it is difficult for you to face the prospect of letting go the top female administrator in the university, but I believe you must do so. Thank you very much for reading my letter, which I am FAXing to your office today. Sincerely, Lena Shaker, February 23, 1994 Faculty Council Review Committee c/o Professor Colin Godfrey, Faculty Council Moderator UMass/Boston Dear Colleagues: No one is wrong all of the time. Chancellor Price deserves praise for strengthening curricular and enrollment diversity and for initiating efforts at fund-raising in the private sector. But her persistent confusion of power with genuine strength has more often damaged the University. Instead of negotiating, she has willfully disregarded the advice she asked faculty to provide and advice governance legitimately provided. My letter will not repeat evidence of Chancellor Price's mismanagement already made familiar in "A Questionable Leadership: The Need for Change at UMB" (December 8, 1992). Instead, I will limit it to describing six further instances of mismanagement which prevented the University from benefiting from the work of departmental and intercollegiate committees and the CAS Senate on which I served . Subversion of the English Ph.D. in Language, Writing, and Culture: At the request of the campus administration, the English Department agreed to design a Ph.D. program. For several years, I served on the English Ph.D. Planning Committee. After extensive work, both on campus and among campuses in the northeast, the full proposal for a Ph.D. in Language, Writing, and Culture was presented at the June, 1991, BOT meeting. Enthusiasm for the proposal seemed to portend timely formal approval. Yet Chancellor Price's actions have kept approval out of reach. On September 6, 1991, she asked that the proposal be put on the BOT agenda for October, 1991. But later she replaced it with new agenda items (her proposals for a College of Science and in Engineering). Then she initiated a two-track Ed.D. program, one not supported by existing faculty resources and therefore entailing great additional expense. A year later on November 4, 1992, Provost Sellers invited the Ph.D. Committee to meet with him, reassuring us that even though the proposal had been accidentally omitted from the BOT agenda for 1992, he would obtain Stage 2 approval very soon. Since December 8, 1992, when the Chair of the English Department (who as a member of the "Futures" committee had criticized Chancellor Price) and a majority of the Ph.D. planning committee signed "A Questionable Leadership," silence has deepened. Last fall the Chair of the English Department was informed that the proposal remains at Stage 1 for the third year. Meanwhile, even though our proposal has received both external and internal praise, and neither Chancellor Price nor Provost Sellers has raised substantive questions or justified the delays, the Ed.D. program-- planned after ours and costing far more-- is up and running. For Chancellor Price to encourage faculty to devote the vast amount of energy and time needed to design an excellent and innovative doctoral program like ours, to promise but continually withhold support, and thereby to subvert the program she had outwardly fostered demonstrates one instance of managerial wastefulness if and vengeful abuse of her power. Wasted Efforts of the Intercollegiate Committee on Undergraduate Teacher: This wild goose chase, in which I participated as a committee member for the second of its two years' deliberations, resembles the story of the English Ph.D.: ask the faculty to plan, praise the results, then dismiss the plans. "A Questionable Leadership" tells the story of Acting Provost Amin's giving one charge and Acting Provost Sellers's disbanding the committee for failing to do something else. I will not repeat this story of administrative carelessness that caused some twenty committee members to waste two years' service. But I will add a further dimension. Departments like English, which were asked to contribute substantial numbers of courses to the proposed TCP, to modify existing courses, and perhaps to recruit faculty with expertise in English and Language Arts education-- spent agonizing months trying to figure out where the resources might come from: how could English both serve a program it recognized as immensely significant both to the University and to the community, maintain its commitments to Freshman English, the Core, and interdisciplinary teaching, and not sacrifice the English major? English was by no means the only department affected; indeed, any department engaging in secondary certification had to grapple with these questions. To waste the committee members' energies was bad enough, but the CUTP fiasco was multiplied throughout CAS, CPCS, and GCE. Chancellor Price's two Acting Provosts were, respectively, careless in charging the committee and thankless in disbanding it. They made the waste of our energies and those of departments all the more burdensome. The Appointment of CAS Acting Dean Esperanto in August, 1992 The wastefulness and injustice of Chancellor Price's appointment of Larry Esperanto as Acting Dean of CAS are as widely recognized as the procedural chicanery employed to effect it. Again, there is no need to retrace the story here in detail. What I want to add here is simply this: Chancellor Price's two choices of action demonstrated once again her confusion of power with strength. First, she failed to appoint then Associate Dean Edith Plaman, who over twelve years had earned the overwhelming respect and support of the CAS faculty, and who as Acting Dean had defused a crisis over the Writing Proficiency Exam with her customary fairness, graciousness, and realistic wisdom-- and without needing to accept the Chancellor's offer of University security. The failure to appoint this candidate as Acting Dean in 1992 taught CAS faculty not to expect the Chancellor to reward strength, competence, and independence. Chancellor Price's second choice of action taught that servility would be rewarded. Acting Dean Esperanto freely, publicly, and repeatedly acknowledges that he was appointed on the condition that he deliver to Chancellor Price the restructuring of CAS. Esperanto, but not Plaman, was willing to override both widespread opposition within CAS and repeated advice from Chancellor Price's blue-ribbon "Futures" Committee-- the Task Force on Natural and Information Sciences) not to split the College. Having already dismissed such opposition and such advice, Chancellor Price simply wanted an Acting Dean of CAS who would obey her. I served on the CAS Budget and Long Range Planning Committee under Acting Dean Esperanto in 1992-93. He gave the committee no charge and no guidance beyond an hour-long sketch of resource allocation issues at institutions comparable to UMB. He was simply awaiting direction from the Chancellor's planning committee. Another waste. The Faculty Council committee will already be familiar with the protracted deliberations of the "Futures" and "Back to the Futures" committees mentioned in (3) above. But I must now go into rather deep detail in order to describe Chancellor Price's persistent refusal to address governance's objections to restructuring CAS. The point of what follows is simple: Chancellor Price could have read "A Questionable Leadership" in December, 1992, and chosen to mend her managerial style so as to make it more genuinely collaborative. Chancellor Price, through Provost Sellers, did just the opposite: used her power to coerce change. As a member of the CAS Senate from September, 1992 through December, 1993, I witnessed Chancellor Price's and Acting Provost Sellers's continuing refusal to address CAS's objections to the Esperanto plan (" Administrative Structure and the Administrative Responsibilities in the College of Arts and Sciences," December 11, 1992). By giving line authority to both the Science Dean and the Liberal Arts Dean, both of whom would report directly to the Provost, this plan in effect made the Provost into the CAS Dean. Noting many problems with this plan, the CAS Senate approved a detailed rationale and the following motion: "It is the sense of the Senate that the responsibilities of the Dean of Science Faculty can be and, in fact, have been adequately carried out without line authority over buget and personnel. The Senate therefore urges Acting Dean Esperanto to propose alternative administrative arrangements in consultation with department chairs, program directors, appropriate faculty and professional staff" (see Senate minutes for March 1, 1993, for both the rationale and the motion). Between March 2nd and March 10th, the CAS Senate conducted a referendum on the Esperanto plan; 72%; of all respondents disapproved of the plan (88%; in Arts &Humanities, 95%; in Social Sciences, and 33%; in Natural Sciences disapproved it). Astonishingly, Acting Dean Esperanto's letter of transmittal on March 29, 1993, not only dismissed the referendum but also inaccurately claimed that opponents of his plan all favored the 1991 single-dean model (see Senate minutes of April 12, 1993, and letter from Senate Moderator Johan to President Hoover, April 14, 1993). Provost Sellers refused the CAS Senate Executive Committee's attempts to present alternatives to Acting Dean Esperanto's lop-sided and costly plan, and he insisted that line authority must be given to the Science Dean (see Senate minutes of May 12, 1993). Realizing that Provost Sellers intended to implement the Esperanto plan for accomplishing Chancellor Price's wishes, the Senate had no choice but to participate in yet another committee, the Ad Hoc Committee on CAS Administrative Structure, working during the summer of 1993 (the Senate's motion passed by unanimous voice vote on June 16, 1993, makes clear the coercion it felt: "...the Senate feels compelled to participate in this planning."). The report of that Ad Hoc Committee (September 7, 1993) very clearly spelled out its continuing reservations about the three-dean model it was proposing as merely the lesser of evils. In response, the CAS Senate concurred with the Ad Hoc Committee's critique of the three-dean model yet, again as a realistic response to coercion by Provost Sellers, settled for the deeply flawed model so that dean searches could begin (see CAS Senate minutes for September 27, 1993). The pattern is clear. Chancellor Price and Provost Sellers do have the power to enforce their wishes over the protests of faculty and governance. And they exercise it, calling it "strong management." To do this is to confuse genuine strength, which dares to negotiate and collaborate so that a community can be preserved, with tyranny. Weak Protection of Faculty from Students' Anti-Semitism and Sexism? Chancellor Price rightly prides herself on her commitment to diversity in the curriculum and in enrollment, but that commitment has badly faltered when faculty members have become victims of students' attacks. Students and faculty deserve equally vigorous protection from harassment. On May 12, 1993, the Faculty Council heard a disturbing report of anti-semitic attacks on Dan Beaker, my CPCS colleague in composition. Prof. Beaker's letter detailed complaints of a disgruntled students repeated anti-semitic letters and physical threats. He had promptly reported these verbal attacks, but VC Charles Desmond had repeatedly ignored them. For a disturbed student to express anti-semitism is one thing, for the university senior administration to appear to condone it through inaction is quite another. Amazingly, Chancellor Price defended her VC's inaction. The Faculty Council passed a motion expressing its dismay with the mishandling of Prof. Beaker's situation and demanding periodic reports of the administration's subsequent responses to it. Very soon after that, an English professor suffered sexual harrassment from a student. This woman, a brand-new untenured faculty member in English (who nevertheless has substantial experience teaching at urban universities in Chicago and Miami), received a letter describing various sexual intentions, including the explicit threat, "I will have you."
W2E-010-0.txt	IRAN - CONTRA INVESTIGATIONS - - WALSH CAN RETIRE TO LET HISTORY SORT OUT THE LIES PUBLISHERS dangling six-figure advance payments have a better chance than independent counsel Lawrence Walsh of ferreting out the truth about the Iran - contra coverup. Walsh reported to Congress last week that he had key Reagan administration officials prepared to testify that their colleagues lied about the arms-for-hostage deals. This close-but-no-cigar announcement is hardly a satisfactory conclusion for Walsh or the public. Walsh, a prominent Republican attorney, has spent years and perhaps $ 30 million to crack the Iran - contra scandal. His efforts suffered legal setbacks, but the final political blow was President George Bush's Christmas Eve pardon of Caspar Weinberger, the former defense secretary. The discovery of extensive notes by Weinberger had energized Walsh's inquiry. He indicted Weinberger for lying to Congress, and not disclosing the contents of the detailed journals. Weinberger's accounts of White House meetings directly challenge Bush's veracity. In Walsh's report to Congress, he suggested that Bush pardoned Weinberger to spare himself a court appearance and a potentially damning cross-examination under oath. Former Secretary of State George Shultz was on Walsh's witness list as well. A new book by Shultz takes Bush to task for what can only be described in polite terms as a grievously faulty memory. Walsh gave it his best shot, but he was hobbled from the beginning by a clumsy congressional investigation. It's ever more apparent he faced a determined cabal of liars who had the unlimited resources of the executive branch at their disposal. Still, Walsh's venue is the courtroom, not the interview, talk show or report to Congress. Weinberger added a critical dimension, and his extraordinary presidential pardon before a trial is held, let alone conviction, will have to speak for itself. Walsh's critics call for restraints on special prosecutors. Such a debate would be healthy. So would a review of presidential power to pardon. What was once a last resort when justice had failed, has devolved into a political escape clause. The truth behind the wretched Iran - contra tale will out over time. Fat checks from publishers will loosen memories and inflame word processors. These liars may elude the law and enrich themselves, but there is no statute of limitations on infamy. Time to close down shop, Mr. Walsh; nice try. THE WEINBERGER PARDON - - DID BUSH CLOSE THE BOOK OR FEED NATION'S DOUBTS? IT SEEMS strangely appropriate that one of President Bush's last official acts was to issue blanket pardons of Caspar Weinberger and five co-defendants. By doing so he attempted to close the books on Iran - contra without resolving his own role in that dark chapter of American political history. For Weinberger, the Christmas Eve release appears to be an act of holiday generosity toward a 75-year-old man with an ailing wife and a proud record of public service. Many Americans never understood the indictment and impending trial of a former cabinet member known to have sternly opposed the ill-fated arms-for-hostages deal. And few Americans would complain if the pardons actually ended an interminable investigation that has consumed six years and $ 35 million - all while focusing on what a few people did or did not know when they testified before Congress. Independent counsel Lawrence Walsh's angry remarks following the pardons played into the hands of his critics. Even prominent Democrats, including Speaker Tom Foley, preferred not to add to the political venom coming from both sides. But if Walsh's zeal amounts to an abuse of the special counsel's mission, Bush's pardons merely aggravate that abuse. Bush's contention that the indictments amounted to "the criminalization of policy differences" is an outrageous misrepresentation of the case. Nobody, not even Walsh, accused Weinberger or any other Iran - contra figure of disagreeing on policy. They were accused of lying to Congress - and, by extension, to the American people. Such abuse of public trust is one reason the office of the independent counsel was created in the first place. Some will interpret Bush's action as loyalty toward fellow public servants; others as a blatant attempt to duck responsibility for his own actions. But the presidential pardons go far beyond holiday mercy, or even political cronyism. By extending his political generosity toward the people whose public testimony could hurt him the most, he has provided Walsh with ammunition to carry on his public attacks. Bush has left the American public, and eventually historians, to ponder the real motivation behind one of his last presidential acts. A FAILURE TO ACT BNL-IRAQI LOAN CASE CRIES FOR INDEPENDENT COUNSEL NO presidential administration wants to investigate itself, or surrender control if forced to submit to scrutiny. That hard lesson from Watergate resulted in passage of the Independent Counsel Act in 1978. Congress failed to reauthorize the law this year, and the opportunity to appoint an independent counsel to ferret out the truth about U.S.-backed bank loans to Iraq expires on Tuesday. Attorney General William Barr will eagerly embrace the recommendation of a special prosecutor - his appointee - that no further inquiry is necessary. The specifics of the case argue that Barr is wrong. The scandal focuses on the use of the Atlanta affiliate of the Italian Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) to funnel $ 5.5 billion in federally guaranteed loans to Iraq, and eventually to Saddam Hussein's secret weapons programs. Justice Department officials have put all their emphasis on the prosecution of the Atlanta branch manager, despite intelligence information that Italian officials knew of his activities. The judge presiding over the Atlanta trial has been one of the Justice Department's most pointed critics. Conservative columnist William Safire, a former Nixon speech writer, has hammered away at the veracity and the probity of Barr and his deputies, and the related Bush policy of coddling Hussein. Barr and the White House skittered away from the law with good reason, but Congress dropped the ball. Buffeted by House banking and post office scandals, and Senate ethics probes, congressional leadership was uncomfortable revising a law that might come back to haunt them. Election-year jitters were heightened by criticism of the long and expensive Iran - contra investigation by independent counsel Lawrence Walsh. Walsh, who has suffered court reversals because of ham-fisted congressional inquiries, also made enemies with rumors he might be after Ronald Reagan. Walsh has tried to crack a pervasive government coverup of the Reagan-Bush scheme to trade U.S. weapons to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages. A jury yesterday convicted a former CIA spy chief of lying to Congress about Iran - contra. Walsh, the 11th independent counsel, could be the last, unless Congress revives the law in January. The arrival of a Democratic administration may find sudden GOP interest, after feeling a Republican-controlled White House was unduly singled out. If time limits and financial accountability are needed, modify a new independent counsel act to include them. The legality of this enterprise was endorsed by the Supreme Court in 1987. The BNL case begs for investigation. Congress should make it happen. IRAN, IRAQ AND GEORGE BUSH - - FBI, CIA, JUSTICE DEPT. SNARED IN A WEB OF LIES TWENTY years after a third-rate burglary at the Watergate complex, a first-rate bit of larceny and diplomatic double-dealing will be investigated by a special prosecutor. Attorney General William Barr relented Friday under congressional pressure and agreed to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the Bush administration's handling of a case that involved billions in U.S.-backed loans to Saddam Hussein. This scandal is so outrageous that a fight has broken out between the Justice Department and the Central Intelligence Agency that leaps beyond whether anyone lied or misled Congress and a federal judge. That's a given; the question is who ordered the cover-up, and where does it start and end. The case and the investigation involve such deep doodoo that when the FBI was brought in to investigate the Justice Department, the administration and the CIA, the FBI director and his spouse were suddenly accused of ethics violations. The FBI was shoved on the defense as it began to focus on its department patrons at Justice. The stench wafting off this scandal is the mixed aroma of corruption and fear. No one wants the truth to get out about the administration bankrolling a dictator; looks lousy on a resume. As President Bush fends off blows about the burgeoning Iraqgate, his truthfulness about his role and knowledge of the Iranian arms-for-hostage deal is under fire. Despite authoritative testimony and evidence to the contrary, Bush has steadfastly denied he was aware that arms headed for the Ayatollah Khomeini's revolutionaries were ransom for hostages. This past week, Bush appeared to reverse course with a grand revision during a morning television interview ostensibly with his wife, Barbara Bush. In answer to direct, repeated questions, the president suggested that well, of course, he knew all along the arms were ransom. The answers were later disavowed. For weeks George Bush has tried to make character and probity issues in the campaign. He is right. The American public is owed the truth about his role in two scandals that refuse to go away. He is haunted by ghosts that will not rest until the truth is out. Looking back, a special prosecutor had to be retained before the long nightmare of Watergate was over. IRAN - CONTRA SCANDAL - - CRACKING A WALL OF LIES WITH PATIENCE AND LUCK THE indictment of former Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger is the final chapter of the Iran - contra scandal. If government investigators are correct, the high-ranking Reagan official and his 1,700 pages of hand-written notes are a treasure trove of inside information about illegal arms sales to Iran. If this case collapses, the clamor to close down the five-year investigation will be too loud to ignore. Weinberger is accused of lying to Congress and making false statements to investigators for congressional panels and Special Prosecutor John Walsh. According to the indictment, Weinberger concealed the existence of detailed diaries he kept of daily meetings and telephone calls. He gave the notebooks to the Library of Congress in 1987 on the condition he controlled access to them. The indictment challenges Weinberger's carefully nurtured image as an outspoken opponent of... material. Convictions of John Poindexter and Oliver North were overturned out of concern their testimony under a grant of immunity before Congress was used against them. Two senior CIA officials were indicted last year and await trial. They, along with Weinberger, have no grants of... a solid walls of lies. Ferreting out the truth has taken time, money and patience. Usually feisty Republicans in Congress, especially those on the House Iran - contra committee, were curiously subdued following this latest indictment. They want to see how this unfolds; they get a whiff of having been played... U.S. TAXPAYERS GET THE BILL - - HOW BUSH POLICY HELPED IRAQ BUY, DEVELOP ARMS ... misappropriation of $ 750 million. Early Reagan administration policy tilted toward Iraq after it invaded U.S. nemesis Iran. Iraq was removed from the list of nations sponsoring state terrorism, and diplomatic relations were restored after a 17-year lapse. As the Iran - Iraq war dragged on, heavily indebted Iraq had trouble borrowing money. Twice as vice president, Bush personally... but the administration has fought him at every turn. The legal adviser to the National Security Council is refusing to turn over documents to Congress, arguing that oral summaries are sufficient. The aroma of cover-up is strong. Bush does not come out of this scandal as a genius... U.S. TAXPAYERS GET THE BILL - - HOW BUSH POLICY HELPED IRAQ BUY, DEVELOP ARMS U. S. News & World Report magazine pieced together an unseemly tale of how the Bush administration helped Saddam Hussein buy and develop weapons. U.S. News' findings cast a dark shadow over the president's reputed expertise and judgment in foreign affairs. Bush and his State Department continued to raise money for Hussein long after it was known he was guilty of gassing rebellious Kurds, supporting terrorism, shipping arms to Lebanon and pushing hard to buy and develop weapons.
W2A-030-0.txt	Independence of Myogenesis from Chondrogenesis: retinoic acid induces extensive changes in skeletal development without conrurrently affecting the morphogenesis of the musculature in the regenerating limbs of Ambystoma larva1. Abstract After systemic treatment with retinoic acid (RA), A. opacum and A. punctatum larvae regenerated forelimbs with a wide variety of skeletal and gross anatomical abnormalities. Yet the musculatures within the RA-treated limb regenerates were normal even in instances where the cartilages were deformed beyond recognition as components of the limb skeleton. RA is known to induce reduplication of limb structures, sometimes entire segments thereof. When the latter condition occurred in the present study, the corresponding replicates exhibited limb musculatures that were perfect down to minute details, yet of opposite bilateral symmetry. The data: attest to the independence of myogenesis and chondrogenesis during limb regeneration. unmasked an otherwise hidden potential within post-embryonic salamander limb tissue for manufacturing a musculature of the opposite side of the body. generate, as corollary of the latter, the thesis that cells of the musculature of the limb regenerate are descendents of developmentally uncommitted cells. Introduction In limb regeneration among salamanders, retinoic acid (RA) can: distort skeletogenesis; transmogrify the new part's external form; stimulate the development of supernumerary cartilages (and bones in adult animals); and *promote the reduplication of entire segments - - fingers, hands, wrists, forearms, arms and shoulder elements (or toes, feet, ankles, legs and thighs in the hind limb). (See Maden et al 1985; Stocum and Thoms, 1984; Thoms and Stocum, 1984; Ragsdale et al 1989). This property of RA permits the testing of an hypothesis advanced some years ago to the effect that myogenesis and chondrogenesis are mutually independent during limb regeneration (Pietsch, 1962a). The evidence for the independence hypothesis came from experiments in which muscle differentiation was caused to vary while skeletogenesis was held constant. RA permited the experimental formulation of the logical converse: Given a changed skeletogenic outcome, would the RA-treated limb regenerates muscles concomitantly change or proceed to a normal morphogenic conclusion? The independence hypothesis predicted the latter alternative. While the opportunity presented itself, comparisons were made of the muscle patterns within reduplicated members with a view to their bilateral symmetry. The question motivating the latter was whether, among of the post-embryonic salamander tissues, cells exist with an ontogenic potentiality for manufacturing the opposite limb's musculature. Materials and methods The principal experimental subjects were A. opacum and A. punctatum (maculatum) larvae brought into the laboratory as gastrulae and monitored through the subsequent Harrison stages so as to insure (by appropriate culling) the developmental homogeneity of the animal stock. Ancillary experiments (described below) were conducted with 35-40 mm white (non-albino) A. mexicanum (axolotl) larvae spawned at the Indiana University Axolotl Colony. Ambystoma are highly cannibalistic, especially towards appendages. To avoid uncertainties about the stock (whether prospective amputees bore natural or regenerated limbs) and to insure a uniform starting point with each experiment, prospective subjects were individually segregated, and thus maintained, at Harrison stage 43 (see Rugh, 1962); i. e., prior to the onset of free feeding. The precautions in question were motivated by the fact that nerve patterns in regenerated limbs are not identical to those in the natural limb (see Piatt 1957). Nerves can influence regenerative myogenesis (Pietsch, 1962b). All animals were kept in 5 percent Holtfreter's solution, changed daily, and daily were fed newly hatched brine shrimp. With a view, ultimately, to minimizing photic degradation of RA in the test subjects, while at the same time maintaining a constant environment for control and experimentals, all animals, except a special control subgroup, were kept in capped amber bottles and were handled in low intensity illumination (after considerable preliminary testing of the adequacy of the methods). The special control animals were kept individually in clear finger bowls; they showed no differences from the controls in amber bottles. Nociceptive procedures (amputations and injections) were carried out after animals had been narcotized in 1:5000 MS 222. A. opacum and A. punctatum larvae were 30-32 mm in body length when subjected to bilateral amputation through the neck of the humerus, bilateral in part for economy and efficiency but also for independently assessing individual variations, as will be explained with results; the two limbs of a given animal were amputated seconds apart and, in a given run, all limbs were amputated within less than 15 minutes. The plane of amputation, coinciding with the juncture of the free limb and the body, was selected partly because it could be quickly and precisely duplicated in a large number of subjects but also to involve as much of the appendage in regeneration as possible. The principal subjects had a wet (but blotted) body weight of 0.35-0.50 g at the time of treatment. The amputated limbs were fixed and examined to confirm the plane of amputation as well as to analyze the natural (vis-...-vis regenerated) musculature. Except for a group of untreated controls, the amputees received a single 1.0 ul intracoelomic injection of either dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO-dissolved all-trans RA (Sigma XX), using a microinfusion apparatus and operative procedures detailed elsewhere (Pietsch, 1987). A single batch of DMSO, stored at room temperature, was used throughout. (Refrigerated DMSO crystallizes and redissolves with some difficulty.3) Aliquots of one large lot of RA (Sigma 104F-0135) were used in all experiments, each aliquot having been stored preweighed and dry in a sealed ampoule, in the dark at - 30 oC, until a few minutes before administration. (DMSO solutions of RA show major spectral changes upon thawing. DMSO crystallization is sufficiently exergonic to drive redox reactions among the retinoids.) The dosage of RA was 125 ug/g body weight, a level estimated from prior data (op. cit.) as the amount that, following intracoelomic injection, would create a "treatment interval" of at least 14 days. Concerning the treatment interval, RA forms a bright yellow ppt in coelomic (peritoneal) fluid. Spectrophotmetric comparisons of this ppt with freshly dissolved aliquots of its parent batch indicated that the ppt one observes in the body cavity is indeed RA (op. cit.). Thus, visible through the body wall, the yellow ppt is a positive indicator of maximal intracoelomic RA treatment in progress at that moment. However, to avoid exposing the principal subjects to the bright light of the dissecting microscope during the putative treatment interval a parallel monitor series was run with the aforementioned white axolotl larvae (whose tissues are virtually transparent and whose green gall bladder provided a highly contrastable background for the brilliant yellow of the ppt); the right forelimb of each white axolotl was amputated through the humeral neck and the retardation of the growth of its blastema was used to guarantee efficacy (op. cit. for rationale). Principal subjects were divided into groups with each animal receiving a single treatment of either RA or DMSO at one of the follows days, postamputation: 0, 10, 14 or 21 days. Two important sets of facts were taken into account in choosing the subsequent incubation period. First, RA invariably retarded the growth of the blastema (op. cit.), often reversibly but sometimes permanently. Second, under the conditions of this laboratory, limb regeneration among larvae of the age and species employed is complete in approximately 30 days. With these facts in mind, the principal subjects were kept alive until either day 108 or day 114, post- amputation; i. e., incubation periods of durations sufficient to allow for complete regeneration in the face of any transitory effects. For sacrifice, animals were anesthetized in MS 222 and, when unconscious, transferred to Bouin's fixative. Specimens were first examined in toto under the stereoscopic microscope. Then the entire limb, including the girdle, was dissected and processed for paraffin embedding. The limb skeleton of Ambystoma larvae is cartilaginous, obviating the need to demineralize the tissue for sectioning. Most limbs were oriented (under the stereoscopic microscope) for serial transverse sectioning though at least the wrist and forearm and, when possible (in the face of reduplications and distortions) the hand. After bending the elbow 90o, the upper arm was serially sectioned, longitudinally in some instances, and transversely in others. Slides were stained with Mallory's trichrome procedure (after which collagen appears blue and muscle tissue red). No species differences were observed. Therefore, for the sake of simplicity the data from A. opacum and A. punctatum will be combined for presentation. Results 1. Minimal Dosage Interval In the white axolotls used to monitor dosage, the yellow RA ppt was visible for some 14-17 days, during which time regeneration of the right forelimb (the bioassay) was severely retarded. Thus, considering the treatment schedule employed in the principal experiments, no phase of regeneration escaped the effects of RA, when the groups are considered collectively. 2. Skeleton and External Form The effects of RA on skeletogenesis were basically similar to those reported in the literature (see especially Maden et al, 1985; Thoms and Stocum, 1984). Thus only an overall summary on the macroscopic findings will be presented here (see Table 1). No regenerated limb of either the untreated or the DMSO-treated control animals showed any skeletal abnormalities or distortions of macroscopic form. Among the limbs of animals treated with RA on the day of amputation (day 0 in Table 1), 62.5 percent showed external abnormalities; those with no outwardly obvious malformations, upon subsequent histological examination, without exception, showed some form of skeletal deformity. With RA treatment at day 10, over 72 percent of the cases had an external abnormality. Again, microscopic examination revealed skeletal malformations in the balance of the cases. All subjects treated at either 14 or 21 days showed macroscopically visible malformations, and histological sections revealed additional anomalies among the cartilages. In sum, skeletogenesis failed to reach a completely normal outcome in a single RA- treated regenerate during the entire investigation. Now considerable individual variation attended the types of malformations, far more than had been anticipated a priori, the aberrations ranging from syndactyly to supernumerary digits to segmental reduplications (Figs. 1-8). Compound anomalies were not at all rare (note Figs. 5 and 6). With one relatively minor exception (see next paragraph), no obvious correlation existed between the type of abnormality and the day of treatment. That variability was not attributable to protocol was attested to by the lack of correlation between contralateral regenerates from the same animal (with amputations within seconds apart and identical systemic RA treatment): the regenerate of one side might terminate in a conical structure while that of the other could exhibit two or even three forearms, wrists and hands with varying numbers of fingers. Or one side might show a two- or three-fingered hand (the normal number is 4) while the other might have two or even three hands, the hands themselves with their own intrinsic abnormalities. (See also Figures 4 and 5.) The crucial point here is that the observed variability is a function of the system's response to RA. The exceptional condition involved hyperplasia of the shoulder (see Figs. 7, 8). All RA-treated specimen, irrespective of the day of treatment, exhibited enlarged shoulders and supernumerary girdle parts were evident upon microscopic examination (Fig. 9). But with treatment at days 14 or 21 the proximal arms bulged conspicuously and were macroscopically obvious in each RA-treated specimen. 3. Control Muscle Patterns The criteria for the analysis of muscle patterns may be found in Blount (1935), and Piatt (1956, 1957); see also Grim and Carlson (1974). A brief summary description of the highlights of the natural limb musculatures is presented here for the reader's convenience. Diagrammatic representations may be found in Figures 10-12. The girdle musculature was too complex for critical analysis in the 2-dimensional array presented by microscopic sections. However, distal to the insertions of the scapular and pectoral muscles, sections of the arm, whether longitudinal or transverse, presented three easily identifiable muscles (using Blount's terminology): 1. anconeus (triceps), dorsally; 2. coracobrachialis, ventromedially; 3. humero-antibrachialis (homologue of the human biceps brachii and brachialis), ventrolaterally. The small but constant and highly recognizable ulnocarpalis muscle has furnished an invaluable landmark in cross sections of the Ambystoma forearm and wrist for other investigations (see Piatt, 1956; 1957; Pietsch, 1961a, b; 1962a, b), and the present experiments were no exception. The ulnocarpalis runs parallel and ventral to most of the ulna and, passing into the wrist, inserts into the deep fascia (mesenchymal in the larva) on the volar aspect of the middle row of carpals. Having identified the ulnocarpalis, the observer can immediately distinguish the ulna from the radius (otherwise impossible without serially tracing), quickly pick out the obliquely oriented pronator quadratis and confidently stipulate the flexor versus extensor surface of the forearm. The observer can then ascertain the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum (communis) and extensor carpi radialis, dorsally, and the flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis, ventrally. Muscles were analyzed in the serial sections of 4 untreated and 27 DMSO-treated control regenerates; each one exhibited the cross sectional anatomy described in the previous paragraph for the natural limbs (Figs. 13-16)
W2C-007-0.txt	John Frederick Fulkerson, 69, a plant pathologist who had worked for the Agriculture Department since moving to the Washington area in 1956, died of cancer May 1 at his home in Silver Spring. He worked for the Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville from 1956 To 1960. He then became principal scientist in the science and education administration in the Cooperative State Research Service, where he worked until 1988. Since then, he had been a consultant to the research service's administrator. During his career with the Agriculture Department, Dr. Fulkerson was instrumental in organizing the biotechnology committee of the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges. He also served as the Agriculture Department's representative on the recombinant DNA advisory.
W2D-006-0.txt	Social Security Survivors Benefits Warning: Recent changes in the retirement earnings test have affected this publication. We are revising it to reflect the provisions of the new law. In the meantime, to see how these changes may affect you, click here. Why We Hope You Will Read This Booklet The loss of the family wage earner can be devastating to the survivors. This is an explanation of the benefits Social Security can provide for the family. This booklet is divided into two sections. If you are working, the first part tells you what kind of survivors benefits your tax dollars are paying for and how those benefits are earned. If someone in your family has died, the second part explains how to sign up for Social Security benefits and what you need to know after benefits start. Please Note: This booklet provides a general overview of Social Security survivors benefits. The information it contains is not intended to cover all provisions of the law. For specific information about your case, contact Social Security. Many people think of Social Security as a retirement program. But, retirement benefits are just one part of the Social Security program. Some of the Social Security taxes you pay go toward survivors insurance. In fact, the value of the survivors insurance you have under Social Security is probably more than the value of your individual life insurance. When someone who has worked and paid into Social Security dies, survivor benefits can be paid to certain family members. These include widows, widowers (and divorced widows and widowers), children, and dependent parents. You, along with millions of other people, earn survivors insurance by working and paying Social Security taxes. Right now, 98 out of every 100 children could get benefits if a working parent should die. In fact, Social Security pays more benefits to children than any other federal program. How You Earn Survivors Benefits When you die, certain members of your family may be eligible for survivors benefits if you worked, paid Social Security taxes and earned enough "credits." You can earn a maximum of four credits each year. The number of credits you need depends on your age when you die. The younger a person is, the fewer credits he or she needs to have family members be eligible for survivors benefits. But nobody needs more than 40 credits (10 years of work) to be eligible for any Social Security benefits. Under a special rule, benefits can be paid to your children and your spouse who is caring for the children, even though you don't have the number of credits needed. They can get benefits if you have credit for one and one half years of work in the three years just before your death. There is a special one-time payment of $255 that can be made when you die if you have enough work "credits." This payment can be made only to your spouse or minor children if they meet certain requirements. Benefits for Surviving Divorced Spouses If you've been divorced, your f 'veer wife or husband can get benefits under the same circumstances as your widow or widower if your marriage lasted 10 years or more. Your former spouse, however, does not have to meet the length-of-marriage rule if she or he is caring for your child who is under 16 or disabled and who is also getting benefits on your Social Security record. The child must be your former spouse's natural or legally adopted child. Benefits paid to a surviving divorced spouse who is age 60 or older (50-60 if disabled) will not affect the benefit rates for other survivors getting benefits. How Much Are Benefits? How much your family can get from Social Security depends on your average lifetime earnings. That means the higher your earnings, the higher their benefits will be. If you would like to get an estimate of the Social Security survivors benefits that could be paid to your family, call or visit us to ask for a Form SSA-7004 (Request for Personal Earnings and Benefit Estimate Statement.) Within four to six weeks after you complete and return the form to us, you will receive a statement showing an estimate of survivors benefits that could be paid, as well as an estimate of retirement and disability benefits and other important information. There's no charge for this service. Part 2-If A Loved One Has Died... What You Need To Know About Survivors Benefits How To Apply For Benefits How you sign up for survivors benefits depends on whether or not you're getting other 'recial Security benefits. If You Aren't Getting Social Security Benefits You should apply for survivors benefits promptly because, in some cases, benefits may not be retroactive. You can apply by telephone or at any Social Security office. We need certain information to process your application. It's helpful if you have it when you apply. But don't delay applying if you don't have everything. We will help you get it. We need either original documents or copies certified by the agency that issued them. If You're Already Gett 're Social Security Benefits If you're getting bene 'res as a wife or husband on your spouse's record when he or she dies, you should report the death to us and we will change your payments to survivors benefits. If we need more information, we'll contac 'llou. If you're getting be 'reits on your own record, you'll need t 'll complete an application to get survivors benefits. Call or visit us and we'll check 'llsee if you can get more money as a widow or widower. We'll need t 'llee your spouse's death certificate to process your claim. Benefits for any children will automatically be changed to survivors benefits after the death is reported to us. We'll conta 'llyou if we need more information. How Much Will You Get? The amount of your benefit is based on the earnings of the person who died. The more he or she paid into Social Security, the higher your benefits will be. The amount you will get is a percentage of the deceased's basic Social Security benefit. The percentage depends on your age and the type of benefit you are eligible for. Maximum Family Benefits There is a limit to the amount of money that can be paid to you and other family members each month. The limit varies, but is generally equal to about 150 to 180 percent of the deceased's benefit rate. If the sum of the benefits payable to the family members is greater than this limit, the benefits will be reduced proportionately. Retirement Benefits For Widow(ers) If you are receiving widows or widowers (including divorced widows or widowers) benefits, you should remember that you can switch to your own retirement benefit as early as age 62. This assumes you're eli 'rele and your retirement rate is higher than your widow'(er) rate. In many cases, a widow(er) can begin receiving one benefit at a reduced rate and then switch to the other benefit at an unreduced rate at age 65. The rules are complicated and vary depending on your situation, so you should talk to a one of our representatives about the options available to you. What If I Work? If you get Social Security survivors benefits, the amount of your benefits may be reduced if your earnings exceed certain limits. To find out what the limits are this year and how earnings above those limits reduce your social Security benefits, contact us to request the leaflet, How Work Affects Your Benefits (Publication No. 05-10069). There's no earnings limit once you reach age 70. Your earnings will reduce only your survivors benefits, not the benefits of other family members. What If I Remarry? Generally, you can't get survivors benefits if you remarry. But, remarriage after age 60 (50 if disabled) will not prevent benefit payments on your former spouse's record. And, at age 62 or older, you may get benefits on the record of your new spouse if they are higher. A Word About Medicare Medicare is a health insurance plan for people who are age 65 or older. People who are disabled or have kidney failure also can get Medicare. Medicare has two parts-hospital insurance and medical insurance. Most people have both parts. Hospital insurance, sometimes called Part A, covers inpatient hospital care and certain follow-up care. The worker already paid for it as part of his or her Social Security taxes while he or she was working. Medical insurance, sometimes called Part B, pays for physicians' services and some other services not covered by hospital insurance. Medical insurance is optional, and you must pay a premium. Some people are already getting Social Security benefits when they turn 65, and their Medicare starts automatically. 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W2B-011-0.txt	Thupstan is twelve years old. He has a mother, father, sister, and brother, but he hasn't lived with them for six years. Thupstan doesn't play ball. In fact, he doesn't play sports at all. Thupstan doesn't own any pants. He's not allowed to wear them. Thupstan doesn't eat meat. Most of the time, he's not even allowed to eat dinner. Thupstan doesn't watch TV, listen to music, go shopping, grow his hair long, or talk with many girls. Thupstan is a Buddhist monk. There are nineteen Thupstans living at Rizong monastery in Ladakh, a remote Himalayan region in northern India. Ranging in age from five to fourteen, they all take their name from Khan Rimpoche Gyalsras Thupstan Nima Langstochs Stanzing Nerbu, the head monk, who is the living reincarnation of the monastery's founder. Rizong is one of more than 100 monasteries that dot this arid, high-altitude plateau. Thupstan is one of the hundreds of boys who live within them. In many ways, Thupstan is the embodiment of all that is Ladakhi society today. His simple, isolated lifestyle reflects a traditional culture and value system that are markedly different from those being carried into Ladakh from the outside world today. Moreover, like the larger society his monastery is a part of, Thupstan will soon be forced to shed his isolation and come to terms with the outside world. The choices he will be forced to make parallel those facing Ladakhi society at large. For centuries, Buddhism has been the dominant force shaping Ladakhi life and ways of thought. Traditionally, Buddhist monasteries were the cultural, educational, and spiritual centers of the greater community. Monks were preachers and teachers, presiding and offering their services at all important occasions of family and social life. Devoutly practicing the faith and turning to their Buddhist clergy for guidance and advice regarding this life and the next, people reserved their highest respect for those dedicated to the search for spiritual enlightenment. Until quite recently, at least one member of every Buddhist family lived and worked at a monastery. Sending a son into monastic service was thought to accrue karmic merit for the family - according to Buddhist doctrine, the equivalent of giving eyes to 100 blind men. These beliefs are still widely held, as evidenced by the presence of Thupstan and his fellow novices at Rizong Monastery. The approach to Rizong is a difficult one. The monastery is situated in an isolated valley, five kilometers walk from the nearest road. The English translation of Rizong is "mountain fort." The Ladakhi word for monastery, gompa, means "solitary place." Both words aptly describe its setting. Founded only 170 years ago, it is not one of Ladakh's oldest monasteries. Rizong, however, is a reformed monastery of the Ge-Lug-Pa (Model of Virtue) sect, and its monks maintain strict adherence to the 253 rules of monastic life, which govern everything from their hairstyles to their sex lives. So as to detach themselves from worldly desires, which beget ignorance and hinder an individual's efforts to attain enlightenment, the monks lead a minimal life. They are often found in group or solitary meditation, attempting to attain the attributes of their deities and a state of enlightenment, which leads to nirvana - union with the cosmic whole - or Buddhahood. The lives of the novices are much less regimented than those of their older role models; however, theirs too are lives of strict routine. Thupstan, who joined the monastery at five, climbs out of the novices' communal dormitory at 4:3O a.m. every morning. The other novices and a rough woolen blanket are all he has to protect himself from winter temperatures as low as - 30 degrees centigrade. Shoving his feet into a pair of ragged canvas tennis shoes, he pads off through a labyrinth of passageways to the kitchen. En route he collects a load of wood to stoke the morning fire. Once in the kitchen, he joins three of the older novices, who attend to the preparation of the morning meal when not amusing themselves by hitting each other with sticks. An advanced monk serves as the manager of the monastery's mundane affairs. Nineteen junior monks are largely responsible for the monastery's day-to-day operation. They cook, clean, gather firewood, gaze animals, carry water, and serve the temporal needs of the elder monks. The kitchen is the focal point of the novices' regimen. The room is dark and smoky, dominated by a large mud-brick oven. The low rafters and walls are covered with soot and lined with butter churns, tea cisterns, and huge brass pots. With practiced efficiency the novices knead dough, stoke the fire, and stir a cauldron, which bubbles on the stove. The menu never varies: a brackish soup of barley noodles and turnip greens for breakfast and a hardened ball of parched barley flour dipped in buttermilk for lunch. Both meals are washed down with salted butter tea. These are the daily staples of the Ladakhi and Tibetan diet. According to Rizong's rule, no one is allowed dinner, but the rule is bent for the youngest of the novices. The other novices gradually appear for breakfast, huddling around the stove for warmth and using twigs to help slurp the hot soup into their mouths from wooden bowls. Most have several bowlfuls. After breakfast they move off to attend to their morning chores. A few stay behind to complete the half-hearted cleanup that is typical of young boys everywhere. Nothing in the monastery is ever really clean, particularly the monks themselves. The boys present a curious picture, caring for themselves and their home at an age when most boys are still being coddled by their parents. No one insists that they wash behind their ears, and they don't; the dirt clings to their saffron robes and bodies in layers. They go home rarely, if ever. When asked if they miss their families, the chorus of earnest "No's" is convincing. A visit by one of the boy's fathers belies their protestations. The unscheduled reunion is at first rather formal. After more than a year's separation, the father and his fourteen-year-old son sit down to tea and make stilted conversation. The boy's excitement is obvious, but he seems confused about how to treat his father, alternating between calculated formality and sheepish grins. Eventually, his determination to maintain formality dissolves, and he allows himself to show the enthusiasm that he feels, proudly showing off his new home and position. The other novices pay close attention, and at the lunch time meal, they cling to the stranger, as if hoping to draw some familial warmth from him. The reunion is brief and the atmosphere soon returns to normal, but it is a poignant reminder of the isolation of these young men. Few boys choose to come to a monastery themselves, but they are all aware that their presence there has a purpose. This purpose is evident in every facet of their lives, but is never forced upon them. The novices spend little time studying Buddhist doctrine and play little active role in the monk's daily prayer sessions. Buddhism seeks to guide the individual to enlightenment through meditation and the development of inner consciousness. It does not demand obedience to an authoritarian god, and likewise, little is demanded of the novices, save their adherence to their monastic chores and school work. Days melt into months and months into years. The austerity and isolation of the monastic setting instill a sense of timelessness and separation from the outside world. Presumably, this will help the novices discover the path to enlightenment on their own. After breakfast, Thupstan takes the monastery's cattle out to graze. Their bodies dwarf his small frame, but he is accustomed to the task and herds them deftly with a stick and a few well aimed rocks, singing all the while and hopping between rocks. He is a curious and intelligent boy, with a strong sense of his station in life. Above all, he wants to grow up and be a good monk. His reasoning is simple. "Here we don't have to worry about getting married or working," he says. "We can study and learn languages." Monastic schools still provide some of the best primary education in Ladakh. The bulk of a novice's daily schedule is absorbed by school. The schoolhouse is ramshackle. Like the novices' one- room communal dwelling, it is located at the lower end of the monastery's grounds, symbolizing their lowly status in the monastic hierarchy and the intellectual distance they must travel in order to attain enlightenment. Every morning except Sunday, two blackboards are wheeled out, and after a few prayers and the singing of the Indian national anthem, classes get under way. The atmosphere is not unlike that of a village schoolhouse, with a scholarly monk dividing his time between two classes and the novices taking turns to direct the singsong recitation of the sentences he writes on the blackboard. The subject material contains fragments of Buddhist philosophy, but also includes exercises in stilted English (" Is the gun big?" "Is this Mary's bicycle?"). The students earnestly copy their lessons into tattered notebooks using pencil stubs sharpened on rocks. One of the novices occasionally runs out to chase down an errant cow, an event that might lead to general chaos in another school but hardly elicits a sidelong glance here. The novices apply themselves with a seriousness that belies their age. This seriousness dissolves immediately as the boys dart out of the school-yard at the end of the day. They throw rocks, taunt and tease the elder monks, or simply lie in a field and daydream. When asked what they would like to do when they grow up, the response is predictable "I want to be a monk." They don't act like it when they're at 'reay, and it would probably be safe to say that it's not the subject of most of their daydreams. Like most boys, they hate doing nothing, and the lack of distractions at Rizong may be the reason why so much of their energy is channeled into school. The monastic schools of Ladakh have recently introduced a standardized curriculum. In addition to math, today's novices learn to read and write in Tibetan, Urdu, Hindi, and English. They will need all four languages to understand the Buddhist scriptures, their fellow Ladakhis, Indians, and the world at large. The new curriculum is both a response to Ladakh's isolation from Chinese-occupied Tibet, to which it used to send its novices for higher education, and a tacit admission that Ladakh is no longer isolated from the outside world. Remote as Ladakh is, it is experiencing a growing tourist industry and a steadily expanding presence of Indian soldiers and merchants. The tourists come to enjoy Ladakh's rich cultural heritage, the soldiers defend India from Pakistan and China, and the merchants are developing a nascent commercial market. With their invasion of material prosperity and technological progress the tourists and Indians represent a threat to the austerity and isolation of traditional Ladakhi life and monastic service, which no longer hold their universal attraction. As one young Ladakhi puts it, "To become a monk, you have to give up all the good things in life." Thupstan is conscious and curious about the outside world, but largely ignorant of the choices he will soon be forced to make. Flipping through a copy of a western magazine, he points to an advertisement and says, "This one good." His worldly desires have been raised to a $6,000 Rolex watch. Shortly thereafter, he spots a picture of a scantily clad woman, giggles, and runs his finger over the glossy page. Given the chance to go where he would like, he immediately answers, "America." Why? "For the pleasure," he says. While he may never get the chance to go to America, he will almost certainly go to Choglamsar, which in its way may prove just as impressive. Choglamsar, a dusty collection of mud shacks and Tibetan refugee settlements eight kilometers outside Ladakh's capital city of Leh, is the site of the Central Institute for Buddhist Studies (CIBS). Established in 1959 as a higher education center for Ladakhi novices who could no longer enter a conquered Tibet, the center is today a sprawling complex serving 35O students. It is funded by the Indian government - meaning that CIBS cannot discriminate on the basis of age, sex, race, or religious belief. As a result, 85 percent of its students are lay people, who are drawn by the institute's ability to offer 150 rupee ($6) per month scholarships and its reputation as a school dedicated to the preservation of Ladakhi culture. While this mission is both admirable and necessary, the reality for novices in attendance there is another matter. In a matter of hours, they are transported from the isolation of the monastery into a world of sunglasses, hightop tennis shoes, modish hairstyles, music, and girls. The modern Lakakhi youth is a slick operator, and, for novices, the contrast here could not be more striking. They adapt quickly to this new world, and while they are not allowed to discard their monastic robes, it is not uncommon to see a novice sporting a pair of Ray Bans and hightops and striking a cool pose while hanging out between lectures.
W1B-018-0.txt	UMass Boston 1995-1996 The Chancellor's Annual Report A Message from the Chancellor The year 1994-95 began for UMass Boston with resounding good news. The Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges gave us four commendations in continuing our accreditation for the next ten years. We were commended for successfully pursuing the goals of our last strategic plan despite a major economic downturn and in particular, for instituting new graduate programs that further our urban mission. But the Commission also commended us for our commitment to undergraduate students, for maintaining a "culture of teaching" with programs aimed at improving and developing pedagogy, and for infusing the student support functions of our Office of Student Affairs throughout campus life. Finally, we were praised for the widespread participation of faculty, staff, and students in the accreditation process itself, which in many ways focused campus energy during the previous two-and-a-half years. Members of our community take these commendations not only as a vote of confidence, but also as something else: a sign for us that one phase, the middle phase, of UMass Boston's history has ended, and that a new one has begun: our maturity as an educational institution. During 1995-96, we did come out of our accreditation process with a renewed zest in our ongoing activities of teaching and learning, research and scholarship. That zest is reflected again and again in these pages. But much of our campus energy during the past year was also focused on charting a course for a new phase of our institutional history. Much of this report is devoted to our plans for this new phase. It begins with the completion of our Strategic Plan for the next five years, continues through the drafting of principles for transforming undergraduate education across the campus, and moves into planning for the construction of a long-awaited Campus Center--and the first capital campaign in our thirty-year history. But this movement into our future is not just planning; it's also doing. Important as it is, the Campus Center is part of a larger effort of renovation and construction. During the past year we were able to move our Department of Public Safety from the basement of the Healey Library to bright, highly visible new quarters tucked under the Quinn Administration Building on our plaza. And in the library space freed by the move, we have created a Learning Center--a physical setting for faculty and staff to acquire new skills for the twenty-first century. We moved as well into a permanent process of academic program review. We conducted our first review, enabling us to shift resources into needs defined by our new strategic plan. We then assessed and revised these standards in preparation for a review three years from now. At the same time, members of our faculty and administrative staff set guidelines for assessment in every phase of our campus life. And, with the appointment of Hamsah Arinio as my special assistant for urban affairs, we have begun a re-examination of our "urban mission" itself, something which, despite clear successes, we do not take for granted. This, then, is a report about a year of accomplishment by students, faculty, and staff, but also about passing a milestone and reaching far beyond it. I send it to you with pride in our effort, and with my best wishes. Transforming Undergraduate Education For the past three years, committees of faculty and staff representing the breadth of the university have sought to define excellences in teaching and curriculum that would enable UMass Boston to help its students meet the evolving challenges of the next century. In June, the Faculty Council accepted a set of recommendations of its General Education Steering Committee to shape a new university-wide general education curriculum. The Committee recommended assessment of the outcomes of learning, the adoption of new ways to gain and improve intellectual skills, adaptation to rapidly-changing demands of the workplace, and campus-wide faculty collaboration in the development and testing of new pedagogies. It portrayed an educational life in which students were members of "learning communities," working closely with other students and faculty in intimate groupings of courses and other experiences. It described a learning experience which helped students become self-conscious learners adept in thinking, communication, and research, taking multiple perspectives on issues--and understanding the impact of their studies on the life of metropolitan Boston. The Faculty Council then charged thirty members of our faculty and staff to work throughout the summer to bring the implementation of a new general education curriculum for UMass Boston nearer to completion. They formed working groups focused on four aspects of general education: a developmental model with organizing principles for a four-year-program; the students' first-year experience; science education; and world languages and culture. By summer's end, the groups were to report on pros and cons, alternative approaches, and issues particular to their areas of concern. Examining Boundaries, Making Connections UMass Boston's transformation of undergraduate education will call forth widespread, daily collaboration among faculty across boundaries of colleges and disciplines. That type of examination of boundaries and making of new connections began as well in other areas of UMass Boston's academic program during 1995-96. UMass Boston's ninth doctoral program, a Ph.D. program in nursing to be conducted in collaboration with UMass Lowell, was given final approval by the Higher Education Coordinating Council in November. Its students, the first of whom began their studies in fall 1996, can draw on special strengths in nursing and health care policy on the Boston campus, and nursing and health promotion in Lowell. The new doctoral program crosses boundaries on the Boston campus in another respect: it will draw on courses and faculty in our doctoral programs in gerontology and public policy and our master's programs in business administration, counselor training, and human services. UMass Boston's varied approaches to international studies, including its programs in European studies, East Asian studies and international relations, were brought together as a Division of Global Studies. Similar structures that bring together shared interests across the traditional boundaries of colleges and departments were begun for two aspects of education: foreign language instruction and the training of undergraduate students as teachers. A Process for Renewal UMass Boston's faculty and staff know full well that the financial costs of providing undergraduate students with excellent campus-wide general education will be great: they established nine doctoral programs during the most difficult moments for the Massachusetts economy in UMass Boston's history. In the process of establishing those programs, they conducted two major reviews of their allocation of resources. In 1995-96, they made the Academic Program Review a permanent process on a three-year cycle, guaranteeing that scarce resources can be shifted to meet emerging needs. A committee of senior faculty, deans, and staff examined each of fifty-five academic programs with a set of criteria that touched upon every aspect of their activity, from teaching to public service. After careful review and consultation, it recommended that seventeen programs either be eliminated or have their resources reduced; thirteen have their resources increased; and twenty-five remain constant. The committee concluded its work by establishing criteria for a review to follow in three years. The Academic Program Review was the most visible aspect of an effort to engage UMass Boston in careful assessment in every aspect of its functioning. UMass Boston was one of twenty-six American colleges or universities that had been chosen to participate in the American Council on Education-W.W. Kellogg Foundation Program in Institutional Transformation. In 1995-96, a steering committee of faculty and staff drafted a master plan to bring campus-wide assessment into reality. At the same time, the Boston campus participated in the UMass system's administrative redesign initiative--bringing state-of-the-art management expertise to developing cost-saving measures in such areas as purchasing, and new efficiencies in areas such as the administration of student financial aid. The l995-1996 Budget UMass Boston's 1995-96 operating budget was $125,319,357. This represents a modest 3.3% increase ove%; 1994-95, primarily in grants and contracts, fundraising activity, and state financial aid. State support for the campus rose by $1.4 million, or 2.4%, to%; $61.8 million; but state support now represents only 49.2%; of total operating funds. We continued our policy of minimizing student charge increases by only modestly raising fees, which now represent 15%; of our revenue. As we examine our current fiscal situation and project future growth, we believe it is realistic to forecast that state funds will remain less than 50%; of the total. Our future financial stability and capacity to develop new programs will come largely from our success in increasing non-state funding and enrollment. During 1995-96 we also continued to assess expenditures carefully through the academic program review and administrative redesign processes. Several recommendations for reallocation of existing resources to critical activities were formulated and carried out. We admitted the first students to our M.A. Program in Dispute Resolution, our Ph.D. Program in Computer Science, and the Urban School Leadership Track of our Ed.D. Program; and, through a major networking project, we provided ethernet access to every desktop and student lab. We were delighted that funding for much-needed deferred maintenance, as well as for Campus Center construction, rose dramatically in 1995-96. We now expect to complete many repair projects over the next three years and to move forward with the Campus Center, which will open its doors as early as the year 2000. UMass Boston's fiscal situation has stabilized. With careful planning, wise investment of existing resources, and active solicitation of new funds, we are confident that we can reach the goals we have set for ourselves. The Challenge of Maturity The year 1995-96, the thirty-first in our history, was special in many ways--for the successes of our students and the teachers that guided them, for breakthroughs in research, and for the affirmation of our role in metropolitan Boston. It was a year in which we committed ourselves to self-assessment, establishing new connections--and looked into our future. In one sense we are still a very young institution. We still count among us members of our first faculty and staff. They remember well what it took to constitute an entirely new faculty and deliberate on an institution's identity. Many more of us understand a middle phase of an institution's existence: to chart a new direction as we did during the 1980's in graduate education, and turn an institution's resources toward that direction, even in the most difficult budgetary climate in our history. In 1995-96, I feel, UMass Boston began a new phase. We made the review of our programs a permanent process, and put it on a regular cycle. We began the re-examination of functions we knew were excellent--undergraduate teaching, the pursuit of our urban mi,ssion--to assure their excellence in a rapidly changing future. We affirmed the loyalty of our alumni and friends, and appealed to that loyalty to help build our future by planning our first capital campaign. These are functions of a mature institution. In 1995-96, UMass Boston took up the challenge of its maturity. In 1995-96, I feel, UMass Boston began a new phase. We made the review of our programs a permanent process, and put it on a regular cycle. We began the re-examination of functions we knew were excellent--undergraduate teaching, the pursuit of our urban mission--to assure their excellence in a rapidly changing future. We affirmed the loyalty of our alumni and friends, and appealed to that loyalty to help build our future by planning our first capital campaign. These are functions of a mature institution. In 1995-96, UMass Boston took up the challenge of its maturity.
W1A-002-0.txt	A Cap in the Air " He doesn't allow our dreams to exceed our ability to fulfill them." Row after row of black square caps stretch out before me. I see anonymous backs of heads, knowing that in this crowd are those whom I have come to love like family. The heavy air breathes the sighs of those who will enter and depart from Diddle Arena for the last time. My attention slips from the monotonous drone of commencement and meanders among old memories littering the passage to this day. It is memories that give such a public event as graduation its private significance. I find my memories stacked in a forgotten corner of my mind. Dusty pictures from my past return in short bursts of insight, making my eyes water as if at any second I might sneeze. I see myself four years earlier, a senior in highschool, driving the country roads of my hometown. Every so often a miscellaneous bug would fly in, to be welcomed by loud music, loud singing, and fresh air pouring in from the open windows. I believed, at the time, that there was no sweeter place on earth than in my 77' Cutlass Supreme Oldsmobile, barreling down the road at 50 m/p/hr. The countryside couldn't be more beautiful, the car couldn't have more character, my future couldn't be more certain. As a senior in highschool, my dreams included completing a bachelor's degree at Western, earning a Ph. D. at Vanderbilt in clinical psychology, getting married to my boyfriend, completely refurbishing the Oldsmobile into mint condition, and having two kids, all by the time I became 27. The only part of that dream that still remains is the part about the Cutlass. As I approach the completion of my college degree, I realize that my dreams have undergone a metamorphosis. I no longer want to be a clinical psychologist; I haven't seen that same boyfriend for over two years; I certainly don't want to go to Vanderbilt; I wonder sometimes if I will ever have children. (I do assume children will enter the picture at sometime, but it may or may not be by the time I'm 27.) The future holds no promises. I shiver at the magnitude of this thought, knowing that despite my current plans (to enter graduate school as soon as possible), anything can, and probably will, happen. Somewhere in the confusion of our futures lies our perfect selves, crafted lovingly by the master's hands. In highschool I was so sure of my future; I was certain that God would also agree with my big plans. I guess those plans got lost in the debris of all those things God stripped from me so that I might become His more perfect creation. I have always heard that the changes God makes are like a refiner's fire, constantly purging a precious metal of all impurities, until all else is gone but that which is purely precious. Instead of one dream, many stretch before me. I am certain one of them was planted there by God. It is waiting dormant, until God's time, when it will spring forth to be nurtured by my love and devotion, already rooted in the love and devotion of a gracious Father. Last night I dreamed that I was flying airplanes and teaching others to jump out of them. And in that dream, I vaguely remember myself jumping, floating through the air steadily approaching the ground, my hand tightly clutching a parachute string, my insides filled with exhilaration. Once more in the airplane I am laughing and crying. My friend is there, nervous but excited about learning to jump. My mentor is there, erasing my uncertainty with her smile. That is where my dreams are. In the clouds. Basking in the sun. Freely communing with all winged creatures. God promised His eye is on the sparrow; His eye is also on my dream. The monotonous drone has ceased. The last name has been called. At the conclusion of the Alma Mater, I and my black, capped friends, in one sweeping movement, remove the jaunty squares resting precariously on our heads. In a moment they dance in the air. I see mine. As it peaks it's crown tumbles downward. Into my waiting hands all my dreams pour out.
W2F-010-0.txt	Waipahu Plantation: February 1928 Kim Sung Wha paused under the noonday sun, straightening his stiff back. Doffing his papale, he ran a sleeve across his forehead and turned to the sun, swearing at its merciless heat. Then turning towards two horse-ridden, chatting lunas twenty yards away. Protection against the striking canecutters. "I tell you, this is all no good," said Cho in Korean. No answer from Sung Wha. He dipped his body back into the work, the gathering of cane. "Hapai go," as he would say. Others were loading the harvest on wagons. " Look at all those lunas watching over us. Three of them." " Five." " Six," said another. "Where's Souza?" " Who cares about him?" " We should not have come out." " We are doomed." " Anything to get back at those Japanese dogs." " What about the Filipinos? Are they dogs, too?" " Yes, for being with the Japanese." " NO." Sung Wha broke with his silence. "You are wrong. We should not have come out here. Do you know what we are? We're strik 'reeakers." " Who said that?!" " Shut up. Or the luna is going to hit you on the head with his black snake." " Bastards. Bastards of pigs." " Sung Wha, you better watch yourself. This morning you could have No answer. " Sung Wha-" " We should not be out here." " Don't tell me that. Then why are you out here yourself?" " Yo" fathah, Mistah Sow, is coming to check on you, see if you all good Uncle Sung Wha is reminiscing again. And he doesn't even know that " Tango 576. Where you?" " Frickin' drunkard luna. I know his name. How come he dunno mine." " That's you, Sung Wha. What does he want?" Cho's eyes tell Sung Wha that he has answered his own question. How can we work when the Japanese and Filipino laborers are striking? " They're jus 'reike us. amn plantation wants to divide us. But these Koreans, my own countrymen...how do I convince them? And why do they have so many lunas watching us? So the strikers don't attack us? Or so we don't run away? Must they force us to work? " 576! 576! Yes-you! 576, you make too much pilikia, too much trouble. You make too much pilikia, den bye-yen-bye you pauhana fo' good. You sabby? No sabby?" " The horse is restless. Souza strikes its buttocks with his black snake. Sung Wha steps forward, calling, motioning the others to stop work. " " Me no pilikia. You pilikia. Pahm-bye you pauhana." " What you said you friggin' yellow bastard? 576. I get yo' bango numbah. 576. You no talk pilau to me, 576. You no talk back to me. You go back hanahana right now, or I cut you down!" Black snake! Black snake! Eat Om up cake! Eat 'em up cake! " Boy, 576, you watchout. Mr. Hollander already know you already. You one big troublemakah on hes list. You pauhana work over heah as far as I concerned, you friggin' yellow bastard. You sabby? No sabby? You nogood sonavabitch, stinkin' yellow bastard." Holding up his machete-sun ghstening off the blade-Sung Wha takes a few steps toward the luna. Cho: "Don't be stupid, Sung Wha! Look at all the other lunas! They have guns!" Sung Wha lowers the blade, lowers his eyes, lowers the pride and dignity he's so proud of, that strain of power and dignity so Kumgangsanesque. " 'Qat friggin' luna, I wen raise my machete right to his face, dat friggin' luna. And in front all dose other crappy lunas. Yeah, right in front of all of dem. I tol' dat nogood sonavabitch where to go! "Coward American, I'll 'llcut you to pieces and leave you all over the field for the mongooses. That's what I'll 'll. " You sonavabitch Korean. You da main ringleader, eh? Mr. Hollander know 'bout you. No worry. I going get one full report 'bout you right to him, right on hes desk." " What dat Souza doing now? Makin trouble wit' dose damn Koreans?" " I dunno. But dat Korean he talkin' to, he one troublemakah." " Whassamattah wit' dat Korean? He no like hanahana?" " He was okay until Souza come chargin" out. Where dat bastard Sowas hiding anyways" Hiding in da cane field, sipping his whiskey? Bastard. No good sonavabitch." " You have to watch out," Cho warned Sung Wha as they followed the others back to work. "The company is singling you out. You heard what Sow said." " I've fa 've worse things." " Be careful. The luna means what he says. You know what they did to Kim Chi Ha." " Com'n, Sung Wha, get back to work, before they hit all of us with the black snake. Or big fines." " Back to work, hapai ko today. Another day they might swing machetes into juice-rich stalks that would fall to the ground in a melancholy rhythm, slashing and falling, twang-twang-shuck, bodies wet with sweat in that hot syrupy sauna hot Hawaiian sun sultry sun, calloused hands grasping hardwood handles. The men worked while humming singing a worksong their hearts beating in syncopation and mindsinthought living in the past. And brooding: What's the future now?" " Ah! This sun is too cruel-beating my back like lashings from my stepmother!" " I hope those Japanese dogs lose whatever they'r 'reighting for!" " We should not work. Japanese, Filipino, Korean...we'r 'rell the same." " Japanese are bastard pigs! Don't you know what they'r 'reoing to our country?" " The white bosses are bastard pigs!" " Come on, Yong San! Another of your songs!" " Many suns rise." Many stars in the deep sky. This cane that I cut Does not cry but laugh. Many days of wandering, But my body stays righf here. I dream of smoky days Climbing mountains, not hills. " They work and sing while the sun-a swollen ball of fire-falls slowly on the distant sea. Cane is piled on a wagon, then loaded on flatbed railroad cars. Which take the harvest to the mill to be manufactured into raw sugar and bagasse. Then refined into white sugar?...so dat da haole wahine housewife can make her tea party sweet someplace in da mainland someplace...so dat da kid who live down dawho live down da block can lick his fav'rite lollipop...so dat da haole who own da plantation can make plenny mo' money on top what da millions he already get. And he already living in dat big mansion up Nu'uanu Valley. And he get one 'nothah big house on da North Shore, Mokuleia-side, and play polo wit' his stable of horses and wit' his rich fiends who own da Big Island of Honolulu. And...and he get one big ranch Big Island, he send his kids punahou school, den later he go send dem one high-class east coast university, you know, da kine Ivy League. And every year, or maybe every othah year, dem dey go take one trip, sail around da world wit' no mo' problems bothering dere minds." " I tell you, Yong Gil, you heard people say how dey work so hard dey feel like dropping dead. I tell you, das no joke. Adually das what happened to plenny people. Way back dose days, how many people ma-ke overworking. Da worker feeling sick so he go see da plantation doctor, but da doctor he no believe da man sick so he send 'em out back work. How many people dey go work in dis kine condition and den ma-ke da next day. Da plantation bosses dey no give one shit. Dey think we was dogs. Dey treat us like dogs. Even da dogs in da houses had better life den us. Dey work us like dogs so da money can keep coming in fo' dem buggahs, no stop. 'No forget what I telling you, Yong Gil. Dis is history. Dis is whathappened in da past. No forget all dis. Even when I ma-ke, you remember what I telling you. No can forget how things was befo'. No make forget, like how da haoles trymg make us forget everything what was like befo'. Dey trying brainwash everybody, tell us how we lucky live here, lucky come Hawaii, lucky live in America, all dat bullshit. Dose buggahs, dey stay changing what really wen happen everyhme dey write and rewrite one history book. Dey brainwashing everybody starting wit' da kids in school. Dey say how being one American is one big honor. Like Thanksgiving turkey and corn bread, and forget da Indians who was da ones who was da first ones in America in da first place who gave dem all dat food so dey no starve in da first place, and forget dey stole all da land from da same Indians. You know, dat bullshit. Dose Indians, dey should'v 'veet dem Pilgrims starve. " Life was worth nothing back den, plantation days. If one man ma-ke, eh, he can be replace. Das how dey think, dose days, dose rich haole capitalists. You try go Oahu Cemetary up Nu'uanu, you go da comer you know where yo' wife's mother stay buried. You go check da grave stones over dere. Eh, get so many Korean names over dere and dey all ma-ke so young. All from overwork. No mo' good food to eat, no mo' medical care. Eh, I tell you, was one crime, you see da workers all sick, almost dying, and da boss he tell dem dey no can stay home rest li' dat, gotta go work in da field. And was hard work...and long hours. And you go da graveyard and you going find plenny young women wen ma-ke real young. Dey no have medical care, plenny wen ma-ke in childbirth. I tell you, is one real crime what dose fucking haole bosses did. " " And I tell you, yo' eyes going really cry is when you see da part of da graveyard where get all da stones and du pictures on da stones of all da children who wen ma-ke. I tell you, I go dere and see dis, I get mad, so angry, my blood boiling over. Go dere fo' yo'self. Go look at da pictures of dese children on da gravestones. Ho! dey all so skinny-skinny, like pencils dere arms, like dey never had one good meal eat since da day dey was born. If dey was alive today, dey would be yo' age, Yong Gil. Yo' age. I tell you, Yong Gil, is so sad. You go dere, you going cry-cry-cry. You dunno how much people wen suffer so much dose days ~LIS' to make dem haoles rich and fat and get da high position dey had yesterday and get today." Tired, the men retum to the barracks. But day is done, and they trudge on the red dirt road as quickly as their heavy feet can take them. Perhaps they can hear the bugle from Schofield Barracks ending the day, if they use their imaginations: Day is done Gone is the sun From the And no question about their relationship to this foreign soil: their bond, if not consanguineous, then spiritual. Seven thousand miles away: the land their ancestors worked. a thousand years of springs and full fertile moons blossoms of persimmon and apple rice shoots Here: the 'aina they work. " And twenty or so miles away from da plantation, da haole tourists dey stay wrapping demselves wit' big beach towels, dey going shower off da salt water and dey stay sunburn all over. You can get skin cancer, you know, Yong Gil. But dey like get dark, dey like get one beautiful suntan. But funny, yeah, dey make prejudice against colored people. Shee...if dey like get beautiful suntan like aU da Haolewood stars, so why dey no come up here and work under da sun? Dey going be black in short time and good workout, too, if dey come up help cut cane. No?"
W2C-005-1.txt	Building Program Contractor constructs hands-on class, shelves, office and student pride on donations he raises HANA - - Building contractor Rick Rutiz was looking for a way to combine his love of construction and his desire to teach children when he created a carpentry program at Hana High and Elementary School. In the year since he started, Rutiz has fulfilled his dream of working with children while building buildings and more importantly, building pride within students. The results have been remarkable, according to program participants, their parents, counselors and the head administrator at Hana High School. With Rutiz's training, and the financial support of private donors and grant-giving foundations, Hana students have built a counselor's office, a custodial complex, much-needed bookshelves and room dividers for classrooms, a storage facility roof and even a home for a needy family in Hana. Officially, Rutiz's project is called the Hana School PTSA Construction Trades Program. Last fall, the program started with eight students and $45,000 in contributions Rutiz got from his clients. By May 2001, with Rutiz and supporters still soliciting donations, the program was working with as many as 20 students and had a budget of $120,000. Not a single penny came from government. The Hana PTSA Carpentry program (the name students call it) was open to students in grades 10 through 12. Participants enrolled either through one of Rutiz's classes, building/construction and industrial math, or they registered in Rutiz's after-school work program. Some students involved were identified as "at-risk" - needing special attention because of poor classroom performance. Others needed a positive role model in their lives or found they did better in school outside the traditional classroom setting. Some were successful students who wanted to learn carpentry. Without a real classroom, Rutiz met with students on a grassy area where their first project was to be built. " It was hands-on from day one," he said. He showed his students how to apply math and science in real-life situations. They talked about the goals of each project they were to take on and discussed everything needed to make it happen from tools to materials. Once projects got under way, students used class periods and after-school time to earn real money - $10 an hour, of which $4 had to be used to purchase their own tools. In less than four months, the students completed their first project: a fully wired, 12- by 16-foot naturally ventilated office/classroom. Former Maui District Superintendent Paul Brown called it "the most beautiful classroom in the whole district." The building features a custom Polynesian design with an open-beam ceiling, koa wainscot and trim, an inlaid hardwood floor and wraparound recycled plastic deck. Outside walls include a mural designed by one of the students. Since they completed that first project last December, the students have built a 1,200-square-foot custodial complex that features a lunchroom and kitchen, storage space, shop work area, and a sink with tile designs created by the students. The project included 1,000 feet of concrete slab for the floor. Other on-campus construction projects included custom-built classroom bookshelves, room dividers, a storage facility roof and a koa display cabinet. Rutiz's program is also helping to build pride in the school. Hana High School Principal Melanie Coates said she noticed a decrease in incidents of student misbehavior on campus over one year. She attributed improvement in campus attitudes to the carpentry program. " It's more than keeping them busy; the students are really engaged, and they're learni 'requality craftsmanship," she said. With four different vice principals coming through the campus this year, Coates said students had a "window of opportunity" to cause chaos. "But they didn't," she said. And instead of being bogged down with discipline issues, Coates said administrators were able to focus on "moving the school to higher ground." Parents of students in the program have been especially pleased. Armine Medeiros, who works in the Hana School office, said she's seen a change in her 15-year-old son Ikaika. " Attitude wise, he's really become humble," Medeiros said. "He just grew up all of a sudden. He's matured." Medeiros gives all the credit to the carpentry program and to Rutiz. "This is one good program. I just love it…I praise Rick; my boy's just different now, and it's great." The Medeiros family, by coincidence, is in the process of constructing its own home in Hana. Ikaika's gotten very involved in the project. "He helps his dad measure things, and he tells his dad he wants to help out. His dad tells him: 'Go for it.'" Other parents praised Rutiz and the carpentry program through written endorsements submitted with appeals for donations and for grant requests. "It is a real joy as a parent to have my son come home from school excited about learning, and wanting to share with me what he has learned in Mr. Rutiz's class," wrote parent Fawn Elder. She described Rutiz as a very talented craftsman "with a special gift of being a great teacher who has the ability to motivate students who might otherwise lose interest." Elder said Rutiz teaches how to work and cooperate, as well as carpentry skills. "My wish is for Mr.Rutiz to able to continue what he has started at Hana High school, and to be an example for other schools to start such programs." Elder told The Maui News she hopes her 11th-grader Benel will enroll in the program again this fall and plans to encourage her other son, Ola, who will be a sophomore, to take Rutiz's classes as well. Hana parent Gena Sansone wrote that her son, Nick, had been losing interest in school until he enrolled in Rutiz's class. " Nick has learned so many important skills in this class, he could go out today and be a contributing, valuable worker on any construction crew," Sansone said. "Because of this program, Nick now has talents that will translate into a job, money, confidence and satisfaction." Students also had positive comments about the program, noting them in a brochure they designed to be used for fund-raising purposes. " This shows all the smart people sitting in class that we' 're smart, too," wrote one student. "Let's see you guys come out and do this." " This class has helped me feel more confident; now I 'm learning something I know I can use in my life," another student wrote.
W2B-030-0.txt	Vaccines against Cancer This organism is a "great simulator," yet when you follow its developmental life cycle through all its transitional stages using darkfield microscopic analysis of live blood, "it can be identified as a single agent," stated Dr. Livingston. She never claimed to be the first discoverer of P. cryptocides, noting that it has been "an unclassified mystery" periodically rediscovered since the early 1800s. Despite the laboratory work, the photos of P. cryptocides from live blood, the scientific papers and books, Dr. Livingston's cancer microbe remains "the most closeted achievement of our century," Dr. Cantwell contends. "Her findings today mean nothing to oncologists. Her discoveries don't exist. How can they credit bacteria seen in living blood when they consider blood to be sterile?" In 1974, Dr. Livingston discoverd that the cancer microbe secretes a hormone called choriogonadotropin (CG), that is a cell growth regulator similiar to human growth hormone secreted by the brain. "Unless CG is controlled by antibodies, white cells, and dietary factors, it can continue its reproductive activity indefinitely in an uncontrolled way," she said. CG protects the growing tumor from ingestion by the immune system. Further, Dr. Livingston claimed that the cancer microbe is present inside sperm cells and, at conception, it releases the CG hormone to protect the fertilized egg. It does this because otherwise at least half of fetal cells would be regarded by the body as foreign and it would seek to destroy them. With this new biological understanding of the cancer process, Dr. Livingston went on to develop a practical, nontoxic approach. In general, she Dr. Cantwell ruled out surgery because it would be impossible admits that it to remove all cancerous tissues as the disease is might have been systemic. Also, "extensive mutilating surgery" premature for would help spread the cancer by shocking the adrenal glands and further weakening the immune system which would now have to aid the body in healing from the surgery in addition to continuing to resist the cancer. However, Dr. Livingston advised having surgery to remove the tumor load if it could be easily removed without mutilation of the patient. A better approach, she proposed, would be to support the immune system, increase the body's Staphylococcus resistance, and suppress the specific cancer microbe by eliminating the internal bodily conditions that enable it to thrive. A prime way to accomplish this, said Dr. Livingston, is through the use of specifically targeted vaccines, especially one prepared and precisely tailored from the patient's own P. cryptocides. Such a vaccine focuses on more than cancer--it addresses the entire immune system. This perspective came in handy in the late 1960s when an FDA official told Dr. Livingston she vaccinate could not treat cancer with vaccines. "I assured him I was not treating cancer with vaccines but that I am using autogenous ['self-made,' from the patient's own cultured P. cryptocides] vaccines obtained from the patient's own tissues and bodily fluids to treat an underlying chronic infection." It's no different in 1997, says the Center's medical director, Mark H. LaBeau, D.O. The Center bills itself as specializing in the treatment of "immuno-deficiency" diseases. As it turns out, about 95%; of their patients are people with cancer. "We work with people and their weakened immune systems," he says. The Livingston approach consists of multiple vaccines, dietary and nutritional programs, and psychological counseling. According to Dr. LaBeau, among the cancer cases, the Center tends to get the best results with cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon, and lymph system. Immunotherapy Based on Vaccines This phase of the Livingston program consists of six vaccines, several of them patented by Dr. Livingston. Their purpose is to stimulate production of antibodies to control the spread of P. cryptocides, raise the white blood cell count and disease-resisting potential of patients, stimulate key immune system cells (natural killer and B cells), and support the immune system in functioning more efficiently, says Dr. LaBeau. "Dr. Livingston found that when you use these six vaccines together you get a compounding effect and better results." Vaccine A--Here the cancer microbe itself is collected from the patient's own P. cryptocides, cultured overnight at room temperature in the laboratory, then filtered, concentrated, and injected into the muscle as a vaccine. The purified bacteria acts as an irritant (antigen) that provokes the immune system to respond to it and produce antibodies (specialized defense proteins) against it. Vaccine B--This vaccine is prepared and purified from "killed" (sterilized) bacteria cultured from the P. cryptocides of a patient who has successfully overcome the cancer microbe. BCG Vaccine--The Bacillus Calmette-Gu}rin uses highly weakened tuberculosis (TB) microbes to evoke a strong immune response against cancer. The BCG vaccine has been commonly used against TB since its introduction in 1921. BCG is effective against cancer (as a "protective" factor) because Dr. Livingston's research showed that its structure is highly similar to that of P. cryptocides. "When the immune system is stimulated with BCG to react to tuberculosis bacteria, it is also stimulated to cross-react to P. cryptocides," says Dr. LaBeau. Gamma Globulin--This is a conventional vaccine substance consisting of five different types of specialized proteins or antibodies (called immunoglobulins) normally found in healthy blood. Gamma globulin helps the immune system resist infection by supplying it with more of the body's basic disease-resisting substances. Vaccine C--This vaccine combines purified glandular extracts of sheep thymus and spleen to support the immune activities of both organs. The thymus gland, located behind the sternum in the chest, produces immune cells called T lymphocytes or T cells; this gland also secretes a hormone that controls the growth and maturation of these cells. The spleen produces T cells and cleanses the blood by removing parasites among the red blood cells. Generally, a large dose of vitamin B-12 (1 cc) is added to Vaccine C as a nutritional supplement because a vegetarian diet is deficient in this vitamin. It's given in an injectable form because it is better absorbed than in an oral form. Vaccine D--Using an extract of white blood cells, this vaccine is injected into the patient to stimulate their own T cells, Dr. LaBeau explains. Other Vaccines--Livingston physicians occasionally use MRV, or mixed respiratory vaccine, which contains common respiratory bacteria. For selected patients, depending on their tumor type, they may also employ interferon, immune proteins produced by white blood cells against viruses, given in extremely small doses as an additional immune response booster. Livingston patients typically receive all six vaccines at the same time, three times weekly. This schedule is usually maintained for the first year or until a remission is achieved; after this, the patient is likely to receive only three or four of the vaccines. As a protective measure, after remission, vaccines are ideally administered on a less frequent basis for the rest of the person's life. As the Livingston Center is an exclusively outpatient facility with an initial ten-day program, patients are instructed in self-administering the injections at home (with the exception of BCG). Anticancer Diet and Nutrition " One of the most vital systems of the body that cannot be sustained by devitalized, dead food is the immune system," said Dr. Livingston. In addition to dietary guidance, each patient receives an individually tailored nutritional protocol consisting of, potentially, almost 40 different supplements. Dietary Recommendations--First off, avoid all poultry products, including chicken and eggs, advises Livingston Center's staff nutritionist Janet Zuckerman, B.S. She notes that the primary reason for including or eliminating foods is their likely effect on the cancer microbe. In most cases, patients should eliminate fish, pork, beef, veal, and most dairy products from the diet, too, relying primarily on vegetarian protein sources. Living fresh foods, such as nonprocessed whole grains and beans and organically raised fruits and vegetables, are recommended. The diet also calls for avoiding fluoridated water, alcohol, soft drinks, tobacco, chemical ingredients, and sugar-based foods. Abscisic Acid--This natural component of vitamin A is the foundation upon which all cancer immunity is built because it "actually stops cancer cells from multiplying" and is "nature's most potent anticancer weapon," explained Dr. Livingston. Abscisic acid is found in small amounts in raw yellow vegetables (notably carrots), nuts, seeds, and certain vitamin A rich fruits (mangoes, grapes, pears, apples). Abscisic acid is believed to decrease the secretion of the growth hormone found in tumor cells. Dr. Livingston synthesized an abscisic acid formula called CIS 14 which is available as a supplement only to Livingston Center patients. A typical dose is 1/4 teaspoon in a base of arrowroot powder. Vitamins--For the first 30 days of their treatment, cancer patients take 20 drops (5,000 IUs per drop) daily of vitamin A mixed into freshly pulped carrot juice, and at least 400 IUs of vitamin E. They also get 8-10 g of vitamin C, in divided doses (although doses up to 40 g daily may be given, usually intravenously), and a complete vitamin, mineral, and trace element package in the form of Daily Care(tm), a formula developed by the Livingston Center. Digestive Supports--Enzymes are given to Livingston Center patients to facilitate better digestion of foods as are supplements of "friendly bacteria" such as L. acidophilus and L. bifidus to improve intestinal activity. Lymph System Stimulation--As an osteopath, Dr. LaBeau is keenly attuned to the status of the patient's lymph system, knowing that its efficient drainage and removal of toxins from the body is crucial to restoring health. He notes that about 30%; of his cancer patients have a musculoskeletal problem (as evidenced by restricted movement) at the direct site of the tumor, such as the pelvis or breast, and that another 30%; have similar problems near key lymph drainage and immune function sites. In these cases, Dr. LaBeau either provides the patient with osteopathic manipulation during their ten-day program, or makes a referral for more long-term treatment. In either event, the goal, he says, is to remove the musculoskeletal and lymph interference which, in turn, helps the body use the other program components to eliminate the cancer. Clarifying the Psychological Side " The Livingston Center believes that mental attitude can have a profound impact on the effective treatment and continued good health of a patient," explains clinical director and staff psychologist Robert Barrett, Ph.D. Since patients do not reside at the Livingston Center, there is not enough time for Dr. Barrett to do in-depth counseling. However, he introduces patients to both the theoretical and practical sides of how their emotions and stress levels interact with their immune system and its ability to restore health. Typically, during his series of one-hour classes, Dr. Barrett explains the benefits and techniques of stress reduction, progressive muscle relaxation, visualizations, meditation, lifestyle changes, ways of coping and positive attitude-building. "I look for situations or concerns they may have to face when they return home. The goal is to help the person restructure the way they see their situation, to show them what a different emotional response might lead to," says Dr. Barrett. " One thing that stresses many patients is the assumption that because they have cancer they should be thinking about death," he says. "They may be rehearsing the thought continually in their mind that cancer is a killer. I suggest to them that, yes, getting cancer is a wake-up call to reconsider many things, yet many people survive cancer, and that the more positive their attitude is about surviving, the more likely it is that this will help their healing process." How It Works in Practice: Reversing Colon Cancer Today, Dorothy, 73, is free of cancer. When she came to the Livingston Center 12 years ago with a diagnosis of colon cancer, the prognosis was not good. Two years earlier, she had undergone surgery to remove the cancerous part of her colon and at that time there was no evidence the cancer had spread elsewhere in her body. But in October 1985, Dorothy had a CT scan that indicated her cancer had spread to the right lobe of her liver and to her pancreas. At the time of her arrival at the Livingston Center a month later, Dorothy reported she had lost 22 pounds in the previous three months, and had been suffering from nausea, lower abdominal cramps, and intractable lower back pain. This last symptom had developed as a result of having been struck by a car nine years earlier. " The motor vehicle accident is pertinent to Dorothy's cancer," says Dr. LaBeau, "because she required multiple surgeries and transfusions of 11 pints of blood. These 11 different sources of blood basically introduced 11 more sources of potential infection by P. cryptocides." Other than the previous colon surgery, the Livingston program was the first course of cancer therapy Dorothy received. During the initial ten-day program, she began the vaccine series, intravenous vitamin C and B complex, specialized diet, and other supplements "to reduce the amount of the cancer microbe and to enhance immune functioning," Dr. LaBeau says. She also attended the Center's classes on stress management, coping strategies, and techniques for dealing with cancer with a positive and optimistic attitude. In April 1987, Dorothy was reevaluated. She reported that her only complaint was abdominal distress from the dietary changes. A CT scan showed a cyst on her right kidney but no signs of cancer in her liver, pancreas, or spleen. Over the last ten years, says Dr. LaBeau, Dorothy has continued with the Livingston program and returned once yearly for a checkup. Her lower back pain continued because she declined to undergo the recommended osteopathic treatment. All clinical signs, such as urine analysis and blood chemistries, are within normal limits and Dorothy shows "no clinical evidence of malignant disease," says Dr. LaBeau.
W2E-006-0.txt	'The coward's weapons' When Americans went off to fight the Persian Gulf War, one of the greatest Threats they faced was from land mines, high-explosive metal canisters the forces of Saddam Hussein buried by the hundreds of thousands in the sands of Kuwait and Iraq. U.S. troops in Somalia face the same threat. At least American soldiers are accompanied by personnel trained to locate and destroy antipersonnel mines. But who makes old war zones safe for the civilians, particularly the children, who are left behind when the troops depart? The answer is, no one, and the toll is devastating. The Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, which has been fighting a campaign against antipersonnel mines, estimates they kill 4,000 people every month in Angola alone. In Cambodia, where land mines have been used in war for decades, one in every 236 people is an amputee. According to the U.S. State Department, 1-million children in Afghanistan have been killed or injured by antipersonnel mines. As many as 100-million of the potentially lethal mines lie buried in places such as Kuwait and Iraq and Somalia and Angola and Mozambique, and no one knows exactly where. The United States, which makes land mines, has stopped exporting them. Congress passed a one-year moratorium in 1992, and last fall extended it in other three years. It should have happened sooner. The United States was one of the 53 countries that signed a 1981 United Nations convention limiting the use of mines, among other weapons, against civilians, but Presidents Reagan and Bush never submitted the agreement to the Senate for ratification. Now the Clinton administration has taken the lead through the U.S. representative to the United Nations, Madeleine Albright, who has called land mines "the coward's weapons of choice.? The United States has asked the 40 nations that manufacture antipersonnel mines - the leading exporters are Russia, Italy and China - to stop for at least three years. Albright persuaded 75 other nations to sign on to a successful General Assembly resolution calling for a global moratorium on land mine export. Moreover, the United States has earmarked $ 20-million to develop land mine detection-and-clearing technology and to train people living in and around war zones in the use of the technology for the protection of themselves and their families. It's frightening to imagine how many have been maimed or killed in the 12 years that have passed since the Reagan administration turned its back on the first effort by the United Nations to begin the process of ridding the world of land mines. But the process has begun now. The United States can't solve the problem alone, but it is to the credit of the Clinton administration that we are trying, and we are actively and successfully recruiting other nations to join the effort. Applause for news of Annenberg's donation Congratulations to the St. Petersburg Times for giving the most important progressive and humanitarian news of this decade front page coverage! I'm referring to Walter Annenberg's d 'mation of a half-billion-dollars to education! Finally, there was news that kicked off Michael Jackson and (almost) Marla's $ 2-million tiara. With most charitable institutions regretfully reporting less revenues than past seasons, this is a memorable gesture. Shock vs. therapy In light of the surprisingly strong showing of anti-reform candidates in Russia's parliamentary elections, American officials are now suggesting that Western governments should relax their insistence on so-called "shock therapy" for the Russian economy. They say the election results sent a powerful message that the Russian people are growing weary of sweeping economic reforms that have not yet had a positive effect on their daily lives. Strobe Talbott, the Clinton administration's top Russia specialist, says Washington should now concentrate on helping President Boris Yeltsin's government provide "less shock and more therapy for the Russian people.? That's sensible advice. Grand economic theories sometimes must give way to hard political realities. Russia's government now faces the very real need to act to ease the short-term pain of economic reform, even if that means slowing the pace of the transition to a market economy. Otherwise, millions of Russians will become even more susceptible to the demagoguery of old Communists, or of new-styled fascists such as Vladimir Zhirinovsky. The United States' own economic problems obviously aren't nearly that serious or dramatic, but the Clinton administration and the Federal Reserve Board have been engaged in an American version of the "shock therapy" debate: One group of economists insists that the federal government must continue to emphasize deficit reduction and inflation control, even at the risk of slowing the economy and abandoning much of the president's original domestic agenda. Others insist that the president's proposed investment in public works projects and other pro-growth spending programs, already delayed for a year, should now go forward. Administration officials said last week that their 1995 budget proposal would, when adjusted for inflation, leave total domestic spending below the levels established by the Bush administration. Those numbers still could change. If that proposal remains intact, though, it would constitute a stunning retreat from the president's original promise of new investment in public works programs, education, job training and other basic domestic needs. If the president still feels the need to prove the seriousness of his commitment to deficit-reduction, this budget proposal should satisfy any remaining doubters. However, the deficit for the current fiscal year is now projected to come in well below the administration's original target. In the meantime, millions of Americans suffer the growing consequences of social problems the federal government failed to address throughout the 1980s. It's not just our roads and bridges that are decaying. The foundations of many of our schools, neighborhoods and communities are collapsing, too. The challenge for the Clinton administration and Congress is to find the appropriate balance between maintaining a long-term commitment to deficit reduction and responding to the immediate crises that only the federal government can address. In fairness to President Clinton, his (and the country's) options are severely limited as a result of the huge deficits accumulated by his predecessors. The country simply cannot afford to adopt even the relatively modest domestic agenda the president originally proposed. At the same time, though, the country cannot afford to continue to ignore crises in health care, education, the environment, criminal justice and other domestic issues that have been all but neglected. As Russia's disturbing experience reminds us, people eventually become alienated - and susceptible to the easy answers of demagogues - when their government seems unable or unwilling to meet its most basic responsibilities to them. Get Rostenkowski case over with The allegations of misconduct in office against U.S. Rep. Dan Rostenkowski, D-Ill., keep mounting, with no end of the official investigation in sight. Meanwhile, at least eight Democrats have declared their intention to run against him in the 1994 House primary, some in a genuine effort to beat him, others to act as spoilers to help him win re-election. Yet with all the distractions, Rostenkowski continues to be an effective legislator. He helped the Clinton administration pass its budget and NAFTA this year, and he is certain to be a major player when health care takes center stage next year. The federal investigation of the powerful chairman of the House Ways and means Committee began last May. It has covered a variety of allegations: that Rostenkowski cashed in stamps from his congressional office and pocketed the money; that he used tax money for cars and a phantom office in his Chicago district; and now, that tenants of buildings owned by his family, full-time Chicago city employees and former congressional employees were receiving payments from Rostenkowski's congressional office without any evidence they did any work for the money. The newest reports come from interviews by the Chicago Sun-Times. Among the allegations are that Rostenkowski kept a Chicago alderman's wife on his payroll for five years after she resigned to have children; that his congressional office paid two elderly tenants in a building his family owned, although they did no work; and that a woman who used to work in one congressional office told a grand jury she had never seen a man who purportedly worked with her and collected $ 48,000 on Rostenkowski's payroll over a four-year period. It's difficult to understand why, after eight months of investigation, the Justice Department hasn't acted on any of the evidence amassed in these allegations, assuming action is warranted. There's a cynical inclination to assume the Democratic Justice Department is deliberately going slowly to preserve for as long as possible Rostenkowski's ability to help push President Clinton's agenda through Congress. But there's also a question of fairness. Reports on allegations against Rostenkowski have been trickling out almost as long as the investigation has been going on. Even grand jury witnesses are talking to newspapers. It isn't supposed to happen this way, and even if Rostenkowski is guilty of everything he is alleged to have done, simple fairness says, get it over with. Indict him or clear him. This has gone on long enough. Letting people twist in the wind got old 20 years ago. Adm. Inman's unsettling past President Clinton's selection of Bobby Ray Inman to succeed Secretary of Defense Les Aspin sent much of official Washington into throes of ecstasy. Inman, a retired admiral and veteran of a variety of intelligence agencies, is the consummate insider's insider, a man so entrenched in the ways of the federal city he has spawned his own generation of spinoffs, proteges he trained who now serve in high government positions of their own. While Washington insiders applaud, there's a lot about Bobby Ray Inman Washington outsiders might find unsettling. The matter of not paying Social Security tax for a housekeeper is the least of what's troubling about Inman. Until that issue began bumping Clinton nominees off their tracks, nobody gave it much thought. What's worth noting, however, is the lameness of the White House excuse that Inman didn't make things right with the IRS until he knew he would get the Defense nomination because he thought the tax rules might change to exempt cases like his. Far more troubling is Inman's work history since leaving the federal government in 1982 after overseeing the most expensive intelligence buildup in U.S. history. He embarked immediately on a career as a magnate of the civilian defense industry - a position meant to trade on his Washington contacts. Inman's private career could be described, charitably, as a flamboyant failure. He presided over a leveraged buyout that led a Fortune 500 defense contractor straight into bankruptcy. He served as chairman and chief executive of that company, Tracor, Inc., of Austin, Texas. He also was recruited as chairman of Westmark Systems Inc., an investment group. Westmark bought Tracor for $ 714-million - 23 times the company's earnings, an excessive price by any reckoning - a month before the stock market crash of 1987. The junk bonds that financed the deal became virtually worthless, and two years later - the year Inman was paid $ 1-million in salary, compensation and bonuses - Tracor filed for Chapter 11 protection. Inman also founded a consortium of computer software and hardware manufacturers with the idea they would pool their efforts to compete against Japan. The trouble was, he couldn't get IBM and AT&T to participate, and without them, the grand plan had no hope of success. One Washingtonian who knows Inman well describes him as a man adept at spending money but nearly dysfunctional when it comes to raising it, saving it or managing it to cut costs. That's a disquieting assessment of the man expected to oversee a budget belt-tightening at the Pentagon dictated by the deficit and changing international politics. At the same time, Inman has a lot of friends and supporters in Washington who vouch for his management skills and probity. Many of these people are members of Congress and journalists to whom Inman has ingratiated himself over the years. That's not a constituency normally associated with military and intelligence types, but Inman has courted them well. Their collective sense that Inman is a good and decent man can't be dismissed out-of-hand, any more than their judgment that he has the baseline experience for the Pentagon job. And Inman sounded refreshingly independent when he announced, with Clinton standing at his side, that he voted for President Bush last year. But it bordered on arrogance when Inman went on to say that he hadn't accepted this nomination until he talked to Clinton and reached "a level of comfort" that the president was suitable to be commander in chief, almost as though he were interviewing Clinton for employment instead of the other way around. Perhaps that's a residue of the years Inman was a boss. But at this stage of his career, it bespeaks the attitude of a man too convinced of the correctness of his opinions, too entrenched in his own personal ethic. Given recent disclosures of Inman's willingness to trade on his government service for very large personal gain, and given the ineptitude of that effort, arrogance is a scary ingredient in the mix. Let's hope he learned something from his failures in the private sector. Just as important, let's hope the Senate will assure the American people of that before sending this manipulator of the military-industrial complex off to manage it.
W2C-009-1.txt	Growth healthy for local insurers Chattanooga's biggest health insurers are helping insure a healthy job market for local workers. Cigna Healthcare, which has boosted its Chattanooga staff by more than 50 percent over the past two years, could add up to 300 more jobs in the next 18 months as part of its ongoing expansion in Chattanooga. UnumProvident, the world's biggest disability insurer, is already in the midst of a similar staff addition. And BlueCross and BlueShield of Tennessee, the state's largest health insurer, recently added 60 employees at its Chattanooga headquarters to service a new Medicare contract in New Jersey. " There's a lot of opportunities right now for workers in this field," said Sandra McFarland, vice president of operations at Olsten Staffing Services, which has helped recruit and hire hundreds of workers for UnumProvident. "We have to do things a lot differently than we did five years ago to find enough qualified people. Across the country, recruiting is a real challenge." But as the home of two of the largest insurance companies in the South - - and field offices for several others spun off from those two - - Chattanooga has developed a pool of talent to staff such insurance operations. To help keep that base, city and county governments are also moving this month to provide some tax relief for Cigna's growing operations. " We have a well-qualified work force for this business in Chattanooga," said Steve Hiatt, manager of business development for the Chattanooga Area Chamber of Commerce. "With all of the insurance business we have in Chattanooga already, I think Cigna realized the advantages of building its business here. We tried to put together a very competitive package." The Chattanooga Industrial Development Board is slated this month to approve a financing package to cut Cigna's property taxes on equipment in half for the next five years. Since 1998, Cigna has invested more than $13 million in personal property improvements and $2 million in real property improvements at five different offices in Chattanooga. Those investments have helped create 600 additional jobs. In the second phase of Cigna's expansion now under way, the company is investing another $4 million to create another 400 to 600 more jobs, according to documents prepared for the city and county. Currently, Cigna has about 2,000 of its own employees and another 200 contract workers employed in different company divisions in Chattanooga. " We expect that in the next 18 months, that number is going to go to about 2,500 employees with the same or more numbers of temporary workers," said John Sorrow, regional director for Cigna Healthcare's East Tennessee division. David Feng, corporate relations spokesman for Cigna, said the exact number of additional employees hired in the future depends upon how the business fares. " We do have additional office capacity for expansion in Chattanooga and we will continue to grow as needed," he said. Cigna's cross-town rival, BlueCross and BlueShield of Tennessee, also expanded its staff this summer. The Chattanooga-based health insurer recently added 60 employees to help handle an $11 million contract which began this month to process Medicare claims in New Jersey. " It's a tight labor market and that means you have to work harder to get the right employees," BlueCross Vice President Ron Harr said. But BlueCross's new computer system has helped the company handle three consecutive years of record growth in commercial business without much more staff. " We're able to wo 'remuch more efficiently," Mr. Harr said. The drive for efficiency also has led UnumProvident to consolidate more of its staff and functions in Chattanooga. The company is in the process of adding about 300 more local employees, although the overall corporation has cut staff since the merger last year of Unum and Provident. Cigna Healthcare's presence in Chattanooga is a corporate offspring of Provident, which split off its group health insurance line to HealthSource nearly a decade ago. Cigna acquired Healthsource in 1997 and has gradually built its Chattanooga operations since. Another spinoff from Provident also is growing in Chattanooga. Merastar Insurance, now a division of Prudential Insurance Co., was created from the group automobile insurance line started by Provident. When Prudential acquired Merastar last year, the company closed Merastar's claims office in Chattanooga and merged those operations with other Prudential offices. But since the start of this year, Merastar employment has grown from 121 to 159 employees. " We anticipate still more significant growth, possibly another 50 or 60 this year. In the year 2001, we could possibly double what we are now," said Thomas Murphy, human resources manager for Merastar. "We are on our way and are going to be an integral part of the Chattanooga insurance market." Merastar picked up a major account this week and has exercised its options for additional office space at its headquarters in the Eastgate Town Center, Mr. Murphy said.
W2A-026-0.txt	ABSTRACT--An experimental approach was used to examine the potential importance of nutrient limitation and competition on early successional development in Southern Appalachian forests. Treatments included tree removal, herb-shrub removal or NPK fertilization on 12 x 12 m plots established within a 20-ha clear-cut. A reciprocal increase in primary productivity following tree or herb-shrub removal suggests competition between these vegetation components. Black locust (Robinia pseud-acacia) exhibited greater growth following herb- shrub removal. Aster and Solidago biomass increased significantly in the absence of trees. Herbaceous and tree productivity both increased following fertilization, indicating nutrient limitation during early succession. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tuliptiera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) had significantly greater productivity in fertilized areas than in control areas; other tree species were unaffected. In contrast, the occurrence of blackberry (Rubus spp.) in the 2nd yr of succession was restricted to fertilized plots. The vigorous growth of Rubus in fertilized areas apparently limited Robinia production. Herbs such as fireweed (Erechtites hieracifolia) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) were important in woody removal plus fertilization treatments. These findings suggest that competition and nutrient limitation interact in controlling species composition. relative productivity and time of species occurrence during early succession in the Southern Appalachians. INTRODUCTION Early successional vegetation is often important in retaining nutrients following disturbances such as fire and clear-cutting (Marks and Bormann, 1972; Vitousek and Reiners, 1975; Vitousek et al., 1979; Gorham et al., 1979; Shure and Phillips, 1987; Phillips and Shure, 1990). Nutrient cycling following disturbance in the southern Appalachian Mountains involves an initial rapid loss of nutrients and sediment (Johnson and Swank, 1973), followed by a slow return to predisturbance levels. Much of this temporal decline in nutrient losses is attributed to the rapid regrowth of vegetation. Aboveground vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) reaches Ca. 20%; of precutting levels in the 1st yr of succession. In contrast, aboveground nutrient pools in biomass reach Ca. 30-40%; of precut levels (Boring et al., 1981). Factors which affect the rate of recovery to normal nutrient cycles include cutting method (Vitousek and Matson, 1984, 1985), rate of vegetation regrowth (Marks, 1974; Boring et al., 1981) and the relative importance of nitrogen-fixing plants which replenish nutrients (Boring et al., 1981; Boring and Swank, 1984a; Montagnini et al., 1986). Stump sprouts and herb-shrub growth dominate early succession in Southern Appalachian forests (Boring et al., 1981; Phillips and Shure, 1990)- Herbaceous vegetation grows rapidly and sequesters nutrients which would otherwise be lost from the system. Sprouts remobilize underground nutrient reserves and quickly re-establish the aboveground vegetation structure (Boring et al., 1981). Early successional trees such as Prunus pensylvanica (Marks and Bormann, 1972; Marks, 1974) in the Northeast and Robinia pseudo-acacia sprouts in the Southern Appalachians (Boring and Swank, 1984a), retain nutrients through rapid growth or add nitrogen to the system via nitrifying bacteria. Changes in soil nutrient levels in the first years after disturbance may influence the order of occurrence and amount of plant biomass in particular systems (Rice et al., 1960; Parrish and Bazzaz, 1982; Tilman, 1986). The co-occurrence of early (herb-shrub) and late (tree) successional species in pioneer stages of recovery in the Southern Appalachians affords an opportunity to evaluate possible competitive interactions between these contrasting vegetation types. The present study was initiated to determine the interactions between herb-shrub and tree species during early succession and to examine the effects of nutrient levels on these interactions. METHODS We conducted the study in a 20-ha forest opening in the southern Appalachian Mountains near Highlands, N.C. The site is at an elevation of 930-1100 m with a 30-40%; slope and a NW-facing aspect. The study site was logged from autumn 1983 through spring, 1984. Precut vegetation consisted mainly of mixed oaks (Quercus) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Rainfall in the vicinity averages 181 cm/yr. There is a mean annual temperature of 13 C (Day and Monk, 1974). The experimental design included fertilization and vegetation (woody or herb) removal treatments. Twelve 12 x 12 m plots were established randomly within the clear-cut in June 1984. All plot sites had equivalent amounts of logging slash present. Four plots each had either woody vegetation (trees) or herb-shrub (hereafter called herb) vegetation removed monthly throughout the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons; four plots were left as controls (reference plots). Two of the four plots in each set, including reference plots, were fertilized. Fertilizer (13:13:13 NPK, slow N release) was applied by hand at an amount equivalent to 500 kg/ha during July 1984 and in early June and mid-August 1985. Tree biomass estimates were made by identifying, tagging and measuring the basal diameters of all stems on the eight plots with trees. Measurements were obtained after the completion of the 1984 (1st yr of succession) and 1985(2nd yr) growing seasons. The sprout measurements were converted into biomass (leaf, wood and total) using regression equations derived from a similar clear-cut in the nearby Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, N.C. (Boring and Swank, 1984a). Net primary productivity for all tree species was determined as the total (leaf + wood) biomass at the end of the second growing season minus the wood biomass present from the previous year. Five major sprouting species, red oak (Quercus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia), dogwood (Cornus fiorica) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), were chosen for detailed examination. Herbaceous biomass samples were harvested from the central 10 x 10 m area of the eight herb plots to minimize edge effects. Six randomly selected 0.5 m2 samples were collected from each plot on 23-24 September 1984, and on 7-9 July, 12-15 August and 12-16 September 1985. Samples were sorted to genus or species, oven-dried at 80 C until reaching constant weight (24 h) and weighed. Community net primary productivity was calculated by summing woody species NPP and the peak biomass of each herb taxon. Statistical analysis used one-way, nested ANOVA (n = 48) in testing for treatment effects (Kirchner, 1977). For the tree analysis, each plot was subdivided into six equal subplots. Quercus was analyzed using the whole plot as replicates because of nonhomogeneous variances. Herb analysis used the six harvest samples per plot. Analysis of variance was perfomed on total biomass and leaf biomass for the tree species, and on total herb biomass, blackberry, Aster, Solidago and the remaining biomass (after blackberry, Aster and Solidago had been removed). RESULTS Aboveground biomass growth was minimal (approximately 5 g m-2) during the 1st yr following disturbance (Fig. 1). Tree biomass increased 15-40 fold (115-190 gm-2) by the end of the 2nd growing season. Less than 1%; of the sterns were advance regeneration seedlings or saplings that survived the cut. Leaf biomass was similar in all treatments (F = 1.12, P = 0.35, 1984; F = 1.77, P = 0.17, 1985) and averaged 61%; of total tree biomass during 1984, and 36%; in 1985 (Fig. 1). However, tree biomass was somewhat higher in the herb-removal, fertilized plots (HR + F) by the end of the 2nd yr. Treatment effects were present for several tree species in 1985 (Fig. 2). Robinia, the most important sprouter, had significantly greater aboveground biomass (F = 3.15, P < 0.05) in herb removal (HR and HR + F) t han reference plots Nutrient enrichment without herb removal (F) had a negative effect on Robinia biomass. In contrast, Liriodendron growth was significantly increased (F = 3.94, P < 0.05, 1984; F = 3.44) P < 0.05, l985~ in fertilized areas both ye ars, whereas Acer had somewhat greater growth (total-F = 1.14, P > 0.2; leaves-F = 2,80, 0.05 < F < 0.1) in plots receiving fertilizer plus herb-removal treatments. Cornus growth was slightly depressed in all treatment plots. Quercus biomass was similar on treatment and reference plots. Tree sprout densities were relatively stable by the end of the 1st growing season (Table 1). Total stem densities increased slightly from 1984 to 1985 on all but the fertilized (F) areas. Stem densities of four of the five major species actually decreased during the 2nd yr in fertilized plots. Robinia and Cornus exhibited opposite responses in treated vs. reference plots; Robinia generally had greater biomass per stem, whereas Cornus had higher densities of smaller sprouts on treated than control areas (Table 1, Fig. 2). No other treatment effects were evident. The herbaceous community was well-established during the 1st growing season (Fig. 3). Aster and Solidago were both important species though no major treatment effects were evident. Total herbaceous biomass was significantly higher (July: F = 4.94, P = 0.005; August: F = 6.03, P = 0.002; September: F = 4.46, P = 0.008) in fertilized than reference plots throughout the 2nd yr. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) was responsible for most of this enrichment effect. Rubus comprised 40-55%; of the herbaceous biomass in fertilized plots, but was nearly absent in reference and woody removal (WR) plots. Herbaceous biomass was also somewhat elevated in woody removal plots by the end of the 2nd growing season. Aster accounted for much of this increase, particularly in September (F = 2.63, F = 0~06). Solidago biomass was occasionally higher in woody removal areas. The remaining herbs had significantly higher biomass in the woody removal + fertilization (WR + F) than reference plots in August (F = 6.93, P = 0.0006) and September (F = 3.66, P = 0.02) 1985. The experimental treatments promoted distinct changes in community net primary productivity by the end of the 2nd growing season (Fig. 4). NPP of fertilized plots (F) increased 49.5%; over that of reference plots as a result of greater herb production. Woody vegetation production increased slightly above reference plots in the absence of herbaceous vegetation, particularly following fertilization. Herbaceous vegetation showed a similar compensatory response in the absence of woody vegetation. Fertilization increased herbaceous production even further, although the fertilizer effect was similar in the presence or absence of woody vegetation (F vs. WR + F). DISCUSSION Forest openings in the southern Appalachian Mountains usually have high levels of available nutrients due to rapid decomposition of the debris remaining after logging (Boring et al., 1981; Seastedt and Crossley, 1981). The extent of this nutrient release may have a significant impact on revegetation processes. In the present study, Liriodendron and Acer showed a positive response to the addition of fertilizer; the biomass or several other tree species was unaffected. Thus, there is evidence for differential nutrient limitation among tree species present in the 1st 2 yr following disturbance. Tilman (1985, 1986, 1988) has demonstrated how differential nutrient usage by plants can lead either to dominance by a single species or to many coexisting species in the community. Three of our species, Quercus, Rotinia and Cornus, showed equal or less growth in fertilized (F) than reference (C) areas. Liriodendron or Acer may outcompete these species in highly enriched areas. Stump sprouts comprise most of the aboveground biomass in the early years of succession in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Boring et al., 1981; Phillips and Shure, 1990). Tree biomass exceeded herb biomass by the end of the 2nd yr after disturbance- Most of the 15-40 fold increase in tree biomass was from existing sprouts and not new recruitment, since stem density did not change appreciably over this 2-yr period. Stem densities in our areas (12,256 to 19,513 ha-1) were much higher than in a 7-yr-old clear-cut (9654 ha-') and uncut forest (3042 ha-') in nearby areas in North Carolina (Johnson and Swank, 1973). Pronounced competition apparently occurs among the tree species during the successional process. Competition also exists to some degree between the co-occurring herb and tree vegetation. Total tree biomass was only slightly elevated in the absence of herbs. Robinia, a nitrogen-fixing legume (Boring and Swank, 1984a, b), was the only tree species which increased in biomass following herb removal. In contrast, herb biomass and productivity increased in the 2nd growing season following woody sprout removal. Aster and Solidago were the principal beneficiaries. The remaining herb species did not change much in species composition or biomass. However, fireweed (Erecheites hieracifolium) and pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) biomass increased threefold in the woody removal + fertilization (WR + F) treatment during the 2nd growing season. Rubus begins to develop in the 2nd yr of succession in the Southern Appalachians and comprises most of the herb biomass present by the 4th yr (Boring and Swank, I 984a). Rubus showed the most vigorous response to fertilization, and was the dominant herb in the fertilized plots during the 2nd yr. Tamm (1974) reported a similar increase of Rubus following fertilization in spruce plantations in Sweden. Interestingly, Rubus production was much higher in the fertilized (F) than tree removal + fertilized (WR + F) treatment. The rapid growth of Erechijees and Phytotacca probably accounted for the reduction in Rubus growth in WR + F areas. Erechtites and Phytolacca together amounted to almost 30%; of the herb biomass in WR + F plots vs. 9%; in the F treatment. Rubus was not apparently inhibited by tree species in the early stages of succession. The enhanced growth of Robinia in the absence of herbs is believed due to release from Rubus competition. Robinia biomass was inversely related to Rubus biomass in plots where both species co-occurred. This suppression of Robinia during early succession probably ceases as Rubus dies back with the initial development of a tree canopy- Nonetheless, Rubus plays an important functional role during early succession in the Southern Appalachians by sequestering released nutrients and inhibiting the initial growth of Robinia. The timing and extent of Rubus development can have a marked influence on Robinia growth and thus N-fixation and nutrient accretion in these forests following disturbance (Boring and Swank, 1984a, b).
W2C-011-0.txt	Artzt's pay down - - to $2.06 million: But after subtracting special'91 bonus, P&G chief's compensation climbed 11% Procter & Gamble Co.Chairman Edwin L. Artzt's pay fell 29% to just more than $2 million for the year ended June 30, largely because of how the company awards special bonuses. Including salary, bonus and other compensation, A%;tzt collected $ 2.06 million in the most recent fiscal year, versus $ 2%;9 million a year earlier, according to a P&G document released Wednesday. Minus a $1 million-plus special bonus paid in September, 1991, however, Artzt's pay was up 11%, compared with the prior year. Artzt and several other top P&G executives received the special bonuses in fiscal 1992 as a reward for exceeding profit goals for the three years ended June 30, 1991. Accordin%; to the proxy statement for P&G's Oct. 12 annual meeting, Artzt got a base salary last year of about $ 1.14 million, a $ 625,000 bonus and other compensation of about $ 300,000. In addition, the chairman and chief executive received restricted stock worth a value of those holdings to about $ 3.2 million. Artzt also owned another 347,000 shares of P&G's common stock at the end of the year, with a current value of about $ 17 million. By comparison, P&G sales increased 4% to $ 30.4 billion for fiscal 1993, while earnings--less special charges--rose 11% to $ 2.1 billion. Part of the charges are tied to P&G's plans to cut 12%, or about 13,000, of its jobs and clos%; 20% of its plants. The proxy also disclosed: <%;> * President John E. Pepper made a base salary of $ 835,000, the%;ame as a year earlier, while his bonus slipped%;from $ 756,600 to $ 415,000 for the year. In all, he received about $ 1.5 million in salary, bonus and other compensation, down 35% from $ 2.27 million a year earlier. Without an earlier special bonus of $ 456,000, Pepper's pay fell 19%. * Durk Jager, exe%;utive vice president, received $ 1.01 million, a 19% decrease from $ 1.25 million (including a $ 391,00%; special bonus) a year earlier. Excluding the bonus, his pay increased 17%. <%;> * Executive Vice President Gerald V. Dirvin got $ 957,000, a 28% decline from $ 1.32 million (including a &%;ollar; 400,000 special bonus) a year earlier. Excluding the bonus, his pay gre%; 4%. * Group Vice President Harald Einsmann received $ 995,000, down 36% from $1.55 million (i%;cluding a $ 360,000 special bonus) a year earlier. Excluding the bonus,%;his pay fell 17%. P&G noted that the executives might still make more for fiscal 1993, since some of the%;r bonus money has not yet been calculated. F&C to sell Canadian business Cincinnati flavor-maker F&C International Inc. has agreed to sell its Canadian subsidiary, including its snack seasonings business, to an Irish food company for up to $ 7.7 million. The sale agreement, subject to a public auction slated for Sept. 22, would be the largest asset sale in F&C's effort to emerge from bankruptcy reorganization. Bankruptcy Judge J. Vincent Aug Jr. Wednesday granted F&C's request to expedite the sale of the Canadian business to Kerry Ingredients of Canada, a unit of Kerry Group plc, subject to creditor objections. The base purchase price is $ 3.4 million but could rise to $7.7 million if Kerry buys the subsidiary's inventory and receivables. If none of F&C's creditors object, the company plans to go ahead with the auction in New York City, a move which could draw other bidders. Frank Budetti, F&C's chief executive officer, said the Canadian business isn't part of F&C's bankruptcy, so the sale doesn't require Aug's approval. But court approval will speed the sale, Budetti said, allowing F&C to repay some debts and trim about $ 75,000 in loan fees due Star Bank. In a related development, Jon P. Fries, F&C's fired chairman, has asked Aug to lift the automatic stay on suits against F&C while it's in bankruptcy reorganization so he can renew his suit against F&C in Hamilton County Common Pleas Court. F&C, once a hot stock on Wall Street, was forced to seek Bankruptcy reorganization April 19, just two weeks after firing Fries and Disclosing inventory discrepancies estimated at up to $ 8 million. F&C, also the target of a Securities and Exchange Commission probe, filed suit against Fries, claiming he "directed and acquiesced" in the inventory fraud. Fries denied those charges and filed a $ 7.7 million suit against F&C claiming the company violated his employment agreement and slandered him. That suit was withdrawn because of the automatic stay, D. Jeffrey Ireland, Fries' attorney, said. But Ireland said Fries' suit won't jeopardize F&C's reorganization, and he thinks that relief from the stay is merited. F&C TO OPPOSE FRIES Aug has set a hearing on Fries' request for Oct. 5. Budetti said the company would oppose Fries' request. Budetti said the proceeds from the sale of the Canadian business will reduce F&C's debt to Star Bank to less than $ 8 million, down from $17.5 million in June. Previously, F&C sold its New Jersey fragrance business for $4.7 million and its Hong Kong subsidiary for $ 800,000.
W2A-007-0.txt	Paradox of Opportunities: Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell,and the Tragedy of Reform Alice Stone Blackwell, a former suffragette and an internationally recognized champion of human rights, occupied a seat of honor at the 1939 dramatic interpretation of the Life of her mother, Lucy Stone. Because the eighty-one year-old Blackwell was now blind, she relied on sounds to convey the images portrayed on the stage. Blackwell was pleased. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed the vote for women, and at the same time, the "Lucy Stone" play, along with Blackwell's earlier literary tribute to her mother, Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Women's Rights, assured that Stone would continue to hold an honored position in the history of woman's suffrage.1 After the performance, Blackwell returned to the bleak isolation of her apartment. Aside from the newspapers and books which cluttered the rooms, the only decorations were paintings of her family, a group photograph of the pioneers of the women's rights movement, and a portrait of her Armenian godson. The reputations of her famous Blackwell relatives cast a long shadow over Alice Stone Blackwell, but ultimately, with the woman's suffrage victory, her own separate identity emerged through literature, and through her support for international human rights. While her public career was filled with notable achievements, privately Blackwell failed to develop the positive self-images necessary to fully embrace life. Now in her twilight years, she was a nervous recluse, living off the charity of family and friends, and she was only visited regularly by a hired reader. As Blackwell retired for the evening, her thoughts may well have drifted back to the closing scene of the play, triggering memories of a promise she had made to her mother ten days before Lucy Stone's death in October of 1893. "Mama said to me, as I sat by the foot of her bed, 'My brave daughter! She will go on with the work just the same" Alice replied, "You may be sure she will."3 Alice Stone Blackwell was compelled to adopt the mission in life prescribed by her mother. Lucy Stone was not a brutal oppressor, and there was genuine love within the Stone Blackwell family, but her obsession with the single goal of woman's suffrage dwarfed the preferences of all those around her, including those of her daughter. Nineteenth-century reformers present a paradox of opportunities. While demanding fuller public lives for women, their commitment to the cause limited not only their own choices, but also those of their families. Lucy Stone never intended to stifle her daughter's vitality; she most certainly believed that she was opening new horizons through her suffrage work. Yet, Stone's single overpowering commitment to her mission created an unnatural environment for her only child, It remains to be proven whether Alice Stone Blackwell's experience was typical for the daughters of strong-minded women of the time period. Other daughters followed their mothers into reform work, but there is no research that indicates that they followed Alice's pattern. Perhaps an understanding of Blackwell's life will serve as a test case to determine the reform movement's impact on the family life of the reformers. The eventful lives of Lucy Stone and Alice Stone Blackwell encompassed the two generations that secured the franchise for women. Along with the first female college graduate in Massachusetts, an early abolition lecturer, and the first woman to refuse to take her husband's last name, Stone established the American Woman's Suffrage Association, and founded The Woman's Journal, along with her husband, Henry Blackwell, Alice Stone Blackwell was an instrumental auxiliary to Lucy Stone's strong leadership. Blackwell wrote prolifically on the suffrage issue, edited The Woman's Journal after her mother and father retired from the paper, was credited with reconciling two rival suffrage organizations into the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, and during the excitement of the suffrage victory, she was nominated as the Association's candidate for president. After women won the right to vote, Blackwell wrote several books and became actively involved in many liberal causes.4 Because previous historians have demonstrated the significance of both women to the suffrage movement, it is unnecessary to explore their notable political and professional accomplishments. The focus here is on the complexities of the remarkable nineteenth-century mother-daughter relationship between Lucy Stone and Alice Stone Blackwell. Born in 1818, Lucy Stone was the eighth of nine children, who were raised on a Massachusetts farm by Congregational parents. She described her father, Francis Stone, as cold and distant: he drank heavily, favored her younger sister Sarah. and ridiculed Lucy's physical appearance. Unable to please her father, Lucy developed an introspective, resolute disposition. For example, in early childhood, after losing her temper and apparently screaming at her sister, Lucy determined to rid her behavior of any further outward displays of anger. While Francis Stone's nature mellowed over the years, and he eventually valued his daughter's many accomplishments, Lucy continued the pattern of the exacting self-analysis she had established during her childhood.5 Hannah Stone, Lucy's mother, not only was a keeper of the home who was burdened with all the household chores that large families demanded, but she was also hampered in her domesticity by her husband's miserliness. To ease her mother's work-load, Lucy washed clothes for the family of ten before school, and then skipped lunch in order to hurry home and take the clothes off the line. In later years, Lucy admitted: "I loved her [Hannah Stone] more than I did him [Francis Stone], for she was always kind to us&"6 Throughout her life, Lucy Stone endeavored to right the wrongs committed against her mother. A day before her own seventieth birthday, Lucy wrote: "I trust my mother sees, and knows how glad I am to have been born, and at a time when there was so much that needed help, at which I could "lend a hand." Dear old mother! She had a hard life, and was sorry she had another girl, to share and bear the hard life of a woman. But I am wholly glad I came, and she is too, if she sees. And whether she does or not, it is right.7" Earlier studies have characterized Lucy's mother as subservient. However, the fact that she fulfilled the role that the nineteenth century provided for her does not necessarily indicate that she endorsed her subordinate status. Hannah's words and actions revealed evidence of malcontent. At Lucy's birth, Hannah remarked that she regretted having a girl, because life was so hard for women. Years later, Hannah wrote Lucy a letter that contained her insight on marriage. "What do you think about Sarah [Lucy's sister]? I think she is very unwise [to get married] for I do not think she loves him as she ought. It is a tuff [sic] case to marry one we do love."8" Pivotal to the development of Lucy's feminist thought was the collusion necessary between mother and daughter in their everyday-life struggles with the domineering Francis Stone. In order to buy needed household goods, Hannah regularly stole small amounts of change from her husband's purse, and she included Lucy in a scheme to sneak extra cheeses out of the storehouse, to sell in town. Once, as Lucy was about to leave with some cheese, her father appeared unexpectedly. Lucy remembered: "I was as strong as a young buck. I held the cheese, which must have weighed twenty pounds, close to me, under my arm, while I led the horse out with the other arm."9" While the impact of Hannah's subtle defiance was not expressly recorded, it can be extrapolated from family actions. and from comments made in later years. When Lucy wanted to attend college, her father may have thought it unwise, but he did not forbid it and he eventually even helped financially. Like most nineteenth-century men, Francis Stone questioned the propriety of a woman speaking to mixed audiences, but he did attend a lecture by his daughter. He was so impressed by her abilities that he later admitted, "You were right, and I was wrong."10 Lucy's brothers supported her ambitions, despite the ridicule they would undoubtedly receive through her notoriety. One brother wrote her concerning her vocation: "I think with your feelings in relation to women's rights, you are fully justified in the course you have taken...."11 Another brother handed over his church pulpit, for Lucy to give a suffrage message. Such sentiments and actions lent credence to the supposition that the Stone family, under Hannah's influence, came to question what the proper role for women should be. Lucy Stone's obsession with women's rights resulted from her youthful conflict between the dictates of her religion and her emerging feminist thought. When Lucy read in the Bible that it was a woman's duty to submit to men, she was not comforted by her mother's explanation that it was the curse of Eve. Lucy determined to learn Hebrew and Greek, for she had no doubt that men had mistranslated the pertinent passages. Never reassured by her Biblical exegesis, Lucy, like many other nineteenth-century reformers, eventually left the Congregational Church and joined the more liberal Unitarian Church.12 John and Barbara Maniha, in "A Comparison of Psychohistorical Differences Among Some Female Religious and Secular Leaders," described how new religions were often created from inner conflicts, such as those suffered by Lucy Stone. Stone never established a denomination, but her devotion to women's rights acquired all the trapping of a religion. "The Cause" was all important. and one's personal needs were to be sacrificed for the greater good of womankind. Throughout her life, Stone judged herself and others by their faithfulness to the mission.13 Lucy's dedication to woman's suffrage left no room for a personal life. Like many other pioneers of the movement, she refused to compromise her independence by marrying. Her ambivalent feelings over her decision are evident in a letter to Antoinette Brown, Lucy's future sister-in-law, in August of 1849, in which she explained that she was staying single in spite of the fact that she would like to be married. "My heart aches to love somebody that shall be all its own. I have not yet reached the place where I need no companionship as you have. Do you think I am silly? Say so if you do. Don't give yourself any uneasiness on my account, for I shall not be married ever.14" Unexpectedly, Lucy Stone found romance with reformer Henry Blackwell. Initially Stone resisted Blackwell, who was seven years younger than she, but in time it became increasingly difficult for her to refute his carefully laid arguments on the feasibility of their marriage. To convince Lucy to relent on her vow of celibacy, Henry agreed to devote the rest of his life to women's rights. This made for an unusual marriage, for while Henry was already an abolitionist, who was not unsympathetic to the suffrage issue, until he fell in love with Lucy it is doubtful that this movement would have received so much of his attention.15 In 1857, thirty-nine year-old Lucy Stone, the nation's leading women's rights spokesperson, put everything on hold to have and raise her only child, Alice. There is no difficulty in understanding her family-oriented goals, for Stone, a conservative among feminists, accepted the ideology of separate spheres, believing that woman's ultimate responsibility was to her family. However, her decision to retire from the movement made her depressed and unsure of herself. Stone wrote fellow suffrage pioneer Susan B.Anthony: "I went to hear E.P. Whipple lecture on Joan d'Arc. It was very inspiring, & for the hour I felt as though all things were possible to me. But when I came home & looked in Alice's sleeping face & thought of the possible evil that might befall her if my guardian eye was turned away, I shrank like a snail into its shell, & saw that for these years I can only be a mother no trivial thing either.16" As Lucy's despondency grew, Henry insisted that for her own sake she had to return to her career. Alice, still young when Lucy resumed active campaigning, was often left with relatives while both her parents travelled to suffrage meetings and undertook extensive lecture tours. Their absences made Alice feel insecure. Recognizing her anxiety, Lucy and Henry tried, whenever they could, to provide a normal home life for their daughter. Alice remembered the rare times when her mother was at home for an extended period of time, and we had the best meals of our lives both of my parents loved to be at home more than any place else, in spite of the fact that they were both in the forefront of many a bitter battle."17 Alice's puberty coincided with the founding of the Woman's Journal. One of the goals in beginning this women's rights publication was to have more family time, yet the paper came to dominate their lives. Furthermore, Henry became imbued with a sense of failure, as his attempts to establish a national reform reputation of his own never met his expectations.18 These external pressures added to Alice's own internal turmoil over entering womanhood and striving to establish her own separate identity. The result was a power struggle between mother and daughter. In the following journal entry seemed to have won the upper hand:
W1B-014-0.txt	4-18-09 Dear John, Well you certainly are right? Writing certainly is becoming somewhat of a lost art form. Particularly with considering how much time it has taken for me to sit down and take the time to write you a reply. Please accept, with this reply letter, my sincere apology for the length & time taken to get this reply letter to you. I like your idea about sending and receiving letters that travel great distances. It truly is a terrific and amazing thing. And I recall once when we lived on Alma Street you shared some of your collection of envelopes you've received from 'ver away places. Well, I appreciate your sharing the details of your studies, your program, and the details involved in the variety of potential choices you'll have 'llthe near future for career direction and places where you may be moving to live next. I never realized there was as much involved in the study of education and ESL.� After reading about it in your letter it seemed also to make a lot of sense, that there are requirements to be met and state tests of course in order to obtain a teaching license for a specialized field such as ESL, as well as minimum experience requirements pre-licensure. It reminded me somewhat of my own journey in obtaining the MFT license in California. I'm sure, as you know, t 'mre are education and experience requirements for the MFT also. Of the total 3,000 hours of experience required, a minimum of 500 must be counseling or psychotherapy with children, families, or couples; for every 1 hour of personal therapy an MFT intern receives, they can claim 3 hours, up to a total of 300 - - this means you can get credit towards licensure by being in your own therapy for 100 sessions or about 2 years - - and you can also count up to 500 hours of training & writing progress notes (250 each) and there are then some restrictions on certain other kinds of experience so that people don't become licensed with inadequate experience, such as an MFT intern can only claim 500 hours from doing group psychotherapy and only 250 hours doing telephone counseling like working at a crisis line, so an MFT intern is going to have to do an ample amount of hours doing one-to-one counseling or therapy. I think this is a very good thing by the way. One more factor that makes all these experience hours valid is that every week the MFT intern must meet with a supervisor to discuss their work and get guidance, one hour of one-to-one supervision is required for every ten hours doing therapy, or two hours of group supervision for every ten hours doing therapy. So if an intern has 20 sessions with clients, they'll need two 'llurs of one-to-one (individual) supervision or four hours of group! Every week! Are you confused by this yet? Finally, all the experience hours and supervision must be obtained within six years prior to the date the MFT intern submits their application to sit for the MFT licensing exams. Yes, plural; exams. The first one takes about 4 hours and has 200 multiple choice questions covering a wide range of topics and critical clinical issues. From what some of my colleagues who have taken (and passed on their first try) the exams, the questions can sometimes be kind of tricky. Sometimes the correct answer is fairly obvious, but most of the time many of the multiple choice answers are probable and correct in most circumstances and the trick in getting the right one is determining the best answer or the one that is most correct! So after the first part is passed, then an MFT intern can take the second part as soon as they are ready. This part used to be an excruciating oral exam. Now it's written and I think the test is one where there are several clinical vignettes and situations presented and the MFT intern explains all the aspects and clinical, theoretical, legal and ethical rationale for their choice of course of action. I would much rather do this in essay or written form than be in a room with a panel of interviewers to whom I would have to explain myself! I think it may now be automated by computer, like the first part of the exam is with 200 multiple choice questions. Well, as things are now, I have accumulated all the required hours for every category except the area of child, family or couples counseling & psychotherapy. In that category I now have 214 more to get 500 (min), but when I add all the hours in all the categories, I find a deficit of 245 more. Although this may sound confusing let me explain; overall I'm now 459 hours s 'mrt of the required 3,000 total, and 214 hours short of the required minimum 500 hours for work with children, families or couples. In other words, I've accumulate 'veo far 2,541 hours. 214 more must be with children, families or couples. The remaining 245 can also be with children, families or couples, or with one-to-one therapy with adults. Please let me know whether I've thoroughly 'venfused you or whether all this makes sense! So now I'm working with chi 'mren at the Family Service Agency of San Mateo County, in their Child Abuse Treatment or "CHAT" program. I see about 5 or 6 kids each week so it could take another 35 weeks at this rate to get the remaining 214 that I need, but the program's grant expires in September 2009. Another grant is being submitted to extend the program, though it's hard to say now whether it will be accepted & approved. Regardless, I'm always asking 'mr more children clients to work with, and getting some every now & then but the new clients only seem to come in about equal to the rate of attrition. You see, in family's with current or histories of abuse have a high level of dysfunction and problems are encountered with commitment to keep regular weekly therapy appointments, let alone problems with family finance for keeping the telephone working or for transportation. In the meantime I've been hi 've for a position next school year working at either a middle school or at a high school within Palo Alto Unified School District doing counseling and psychotherapy with teens onsite. This position should ensure that I get more than enough experience hours to apply to take the MFT exam sometime next year! And if the Family Service Agency grant is approved, I can continue working there concurrently! It feels great to know this phase will soon be done. With all that said, before I sign off for now, my sister-in-law, Melissa's sister Susannah French, has written a children's novel entitled "Operation Redwood" using the pen name S. Terrell French and it has just been published and is being distributed to bookstores and available on Amazon.com! Look at her website: www.operationredwood.com, and I'm reading it 'm aloud at night at bedtime to Melissa. Also, she read your letter and wanted to know if you would like a reply from her as well. I hope this reply comes in time to be helpful to your project, All the best to you John, Kelly, Burlingame, CA 8/20/09 Dear John, Thanks for your recent letter; we read it over dinner tonight. Sounds like you are starting a big adventure - - I hope you are happy in your new position & that you have a great group of kids to work with & some interesting colleagues with whom to work. I don't really know the area where you are living, but my sister lived in Cambridge when she was at Harvard & I can tell you that does seem like a dynamic, happening place to live. When she was there Tracey Chapman was a street musician & ice cream stores/shops had this tasty treat: "mix ins" where they would mix in your favorite cookie/candy into the ice cream of your choice yummy & memorable. When my sister was in Cambridge, I was at school at Earlham College a tiny school in the very small rural town of Richmond, Indiana. We had fun with the city mouse/country mouse school visits. By the way we've been 'veing fun helping her tour & promote her book - - Operation Redwood. If I remember correctly, you were able to join us for her book reading/signing here in Burlingame. It's fun to read local positive reviews. Kelly is also in a point of transition, but I should let him describe this more - - I'm continui 'm working full time as a midwife doing (symbol for female) health care, prenatal care and delivering babies. It is a very fulfilling & rewarding job with lots of responsibility & some crazy hours. I've been 'veere ~ 7 yrs now & occasionally I think about looking for a new job (some of my classmates working in the Bay Area are working fewer hrs for more money), but in many ways I love this job - - the patients are great, I feel very supported in my work & I like the continuity in the womens lives I serve & I really feel I can be myself in my work place. I know this is not always true & I don't take it for granted. I don't know if things will change when Kelly finally gets his hours and passes his MFT exams - - this is aways in the future - - so in the famous words of my mother - - "we'll s 'll... Kelly & I have had the good fortune to take a lot of vacations this summer. First, we took 10 days off in early July. We started in Ashland where we stayed for 3 nights in a great youth hostel very near the Shakespeare festival. We saw the world premier of a new production of Dan Quixote which was interesting. Then we had a great next day - - leisurely breakfast, white water rafting, visit to a local winery where we stayed for an open air blue grass concert. Very relaxed & spontaneous day! The next day we had the 4th of July activities, a long nap, and an amazing production of MacBeth. Then we bid a fond farwell to Ashland Cove (one of our honeymoon towns)& headed up to Bend in the high dessert. We enjoyed a couple of days there dining atop Mt. Bachelor exploring sleeping volcanic mountain snow topped peaks. When we finally had to leave, there were many sites left to be seen - - lava tubes, high mountain desert museums. We do hope to return to that beautiful area. The whole population seemed incredibly fit & there were a bunch of geezers biking up totally high mountains. After a number of days in central Oregon we headed through the great little town of Sislers to the coast of Oregon to a quaint little town called 'Seaside.' Whereas the central Oregon area was very hot in the upper 90s - - the coast was foggy & chilly as we've gro 'veaccustomed to. After several days, we drove up to fort Clotsop to see where Lewis & Clark & their party made a U turn, if you will. Then we turned in-land & headed to Portland where we would spend a long festive friendly weekend with 3 of my college buddies along with some husbands & kids. Again we were staying in a fantastic hostel in downtown Portland & we walked everywhere the entire time we were there except for our jaunt to the waterfalls & the Gorge. I guess you've see 'veome of the photos on Kelly's facebook & these are some of the stories behind the pictures. A little while after I got back I hopped on a plane for a long weekend to surprise my Dad for his 70th birthday - - my sister & her ids were there already so my surprised & delighted papa was happy to have all his chickadees with him. Then in early August, Kelly & I took my mother, step father, Susannah, her husband & her kids up to the mountains above Fresno. The area is called Harington Lake & it's in the Sierras approx mid way between Yosemite & Kings Canyon. We stayed in a luxurious cabin & sailed & swam in the lake; explored the rocky creak called Dinky creek; & Kelly & the kids jumped 20 feet from large boulders into chilly mountain streams. We found a local bakery that made the cinnamon rolls Kelly remembers from his childhood. Several nights in a row we lay outside in the chilly mountain air & counted shooting stars. We saw ~ 100!! What an amazing week introducing the family to this favorite area of the country from Kelly's past. Things are getting back into the Fall groove - - we may enjoy some more of summers' bounty (tomatoes, corn, peaches, etc...) before changing to Fall apples. Also - - you may be interested to know - - we have plans to see 4 baseball games in September - - 2 Giants games & 2 Oakland games. Glad to hear your Angels are well & playing good baseball. I guess we're 'reping there's a chance the Giants could get the wildcard & be in the playoffs. That would be fun! Well, I' 'llsign off for now, so there's something for Kelly to write about. Good luck with your new undertakings - - I hope this is a wonderful experience for you. Our very best, Melissa

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