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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ?
### Response:
LCMV infections can occur after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents. Transmission may also occur when these materials are directly introduced into broken skin, the nose, the eyes, or the mouth, or presumably, via the bite of an infected rodent.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the symptoms of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?
### Response:
LCMV is most commonly recognized as causing neurological disease, as its name implies, though infection without symptoms or mild febrile illnesses are more common clinical manifestations.
For infected persons who do become ill, onset of symptoms usually occurs 8-13 days after exposure to the virus as part of a biphasic febrile illness.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ?
### Response:
Individuals of all ages who come into contact with urine, feces, saliva, or blood of wild mice are potentially at risk for infection. Owners of pet mice or hamsters may be at risk for infection if these animals originate from colonies that were contaminated with LCMV, or if their animals are infected from other wild mice.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?
### Response:
Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis requires hospitalization and supportive treatment based on severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances. Although studies have shown that ribavirin, a drug used to treat several other viral diseases, is effective against LCMV in vitro, there is no established evidence to support its routine use for treatment of LCM in humans.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?
### Response:
LCMV infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild mice and taking precautions when handling pet rodents (i.e. mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs).
Rarely, pet rodents may become infected with LCMV from wild rodents. Breeders, pet stores, and pet owners should take measures to prevent infestations of wild rodents.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Cysticercosis ?
### Response:
Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. The larvae get into tissues such as muscle and brain, and form cysts there (these are called cysticerci). When cysts are found in the brain, the condition is called neurocysticercosis.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Cysticercosis? ?
### Response:
Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. A person with an adult tapeworm, which lives in the person’s gut, sheds eggs in the stool. The infection with the adult tapeworm is called taeniasis. A pig then eats the eggs in the stool.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Cysticercosis ?
### Response:
If you think that you may have cysticercosis, please see your health care provider. Your health care provider will ask you about your symptoms, where you have travelled, and what kinds of foods you eat. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis usually requires MRI or CT brain scans.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Cysticercosis ?
### Response:
Some people with cysticercosis do not need to be treated. There are medications available to treat cysticercosis for those who do need treatment. Sometimes surgery may be needed. Your doctor will advise you on which treatment is best for you.
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Cysticercosis ?
### Response:
To prevent cysticercosis, the following precautions should be taken:
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food
- Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Cysticercosis ?
### Response:
To prevent cysticercosis, the following precautions should be taken:
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food
- Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)? ?
### Response:
Whipworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces is used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens. The worms are spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission or through feces-contaminated food.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?
### Response:
Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 3 days. The recommended medications are effective. Health care providers may decide to repeat a stool exam after treatment.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?
### Response:
The best way to prevent whipworm infection is to always:
- Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops.
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?
### Response:
The best way to prevent whipworm infection is to always:
- Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops.
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how can these diseases be diagnosed for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
Diagnosis of marine toxin poisoning is generally based on symptoms and a history of recently eating a particular kind of seafood. Laboratory testing for the specific toxin in patient samples is generally not necessary because this requires special techniques and equipment available in only specialized laboratories.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how can these diseases be treated for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
Other than supportive care there are few specific treatments for ciguatera poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, or amnesic shellfish poisoning. Antihistamines and epinephrine, however, may sometimes be useful in treating the symptoms of scombrotoxic fish poisoning.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how common are these diseases for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
Every year, approximately 30 cases of poisoning by marine toxins are reported in the United States. Because healthcare providers are not required to report these illnesses and because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of poisonings may be much greater.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how common are these diseases for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
Every year, approximately 30 cases of poisoning by marine toxins are reported in the United States. Because healthcare providers are not required to report these illnesses and because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of poisonings may be much greater.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what is the government doing about these diseases for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
Some health departments test shellfish harvested within their jurisdiction to monitor the level of dinoflagellate toxins and asses the risk for contamination. Based on the results of such testing, recreational and commercial seafood harvesting may be prohibited locally during periods of risk.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what else can be done to prevent these diseases for Marine Toxins ?
### Response:
It is important to notify public health departments about even one person with marine toxin poisoning. Public health departments can then investigate to determine if a restaurant, oyster bed, or fishing area has a problem. This prevents other illnesses. In any food poisoning occurrence, consumers should note foods eaten and freeze any uneaten portions in case they need to be tested.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Yellow Fever Vaccination ?
### Response:
If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years.
After receiving the vaccine, you should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) that has been validated by the vaccination center.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Schistosomiasis? ?
### Response:
Schistosomiasis is an important cause of disease in many parts of the world, most commonly in places with poor sanitation. School-age children who live in these areas are often most at risk because they tend to spend time swimming or bathing in water containing infectious cercariae.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?
### Response:
Stool or urine samples can be examined microscopically for parasite eggs (stool for S. mansoni or S. japonicum eggs and urine for S. haematobium eggs). The eggs tend to be passed intermittently and in small amounts and may not be detected, so it may be necessary to perform a blood (serologic) test.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?
### Response:
Safe and effective medication is available for treatment of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species.
More on: Resources for Health
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?
### Response:
Prevention
No vaccine is available.
The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to take the following steps if you are visiting or live in an area where schistosomiasis is transmitted:
- Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are in countries in which schistosomiasis occurs.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?
### Response:
The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. Head lice feed on human blood several times a day and live close to the human scalp. Head lice are not known to spread disease.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice? ?
### Response:
In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. Head lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection of the skin resulting from scratching can occur with any lice infestation.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?
### Response:
Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person.
Because adult and nymph lice are very small, move quickly, and avoid light, they may be difficult to find.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?
### Response:
General Guidelines
Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. All household members and other close contacts should be checked; those persons with evidence of an active infestation should be treated. Some experts believe prophylactic treatment is prudent for persons who share the same bed with actively-infested individuals.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?
### Response:
Head lice are spread most commonly by direct head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact. However, much less frequently they are spread by sharing clothing or belongings onto which lice have crawled or nits attached to shed hairs may have fallen. The risk of getting infested by a louse that has fallen onto a carpet or furniture is very small.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?
### Response:
Body lice are parasitic insects that live on clothing and bedding used by infested persons. Body lice frequently lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing. Body lice must feed on blood and usually only move to the skin to feed. Body lice exist worldwide and infest people of all races.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice? ?
### Response:
Body lice infestation is found worldwide but generally is limited to persons who live under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes, such as:
- the homeless,
- refugees,
- survivors of war or natural disasters.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?
### Response:
Body lice infestation is diagnosed by finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin.
Although body lice and nits can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, a magnifying lens may be necessary to find crawling lice or eggs.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?
### Response:
A body lice infestation is treated by improving the personal hygiene of the infested person, including assuring a regular (at least weekly) change of clean clothes. Clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person should be laundered using hot water (at least 130°F) and machine dried using the hot cycle.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?
### Response:
Body lice are spread most commonly by direct contact with an infested person or an infested person’s clothing or bedding. Body lice usually infest persons who do not launder and change their clothes regularly.
The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of body lice:
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent La Crosse Encephalitis ?
### Response:
There is no vaccine against La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). Reducing exposure to mosquito bites is the best defense against getting infected with LACV or other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent La Crosse Encephalitis ?
### Response:
There is no vaccine against La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). Reducing exposure to mosquito bites is the best defense against getting infected with LACV or other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection)? ?
### Response:
Infected dogs and cats shed Toxocara eggs in their feces into the environment. Once in the environment, it takes 2 to 4 weeks for Toxocara larvae to develop and for the eggs to become infectious. Humans or other animals can be infected by accidentally ingesting Toxocara eggs.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection) ?
### Response:
If you think you or your child may have toxocariasis, you should see your health care provider to discuss the possibility of infection and, if necessary, to be examined. Toxocariasis can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms of toxocariasis are similar to the symptoms of other infections.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection) ?
### Response:
Visceral toxocariasis can be treated with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and usually consists of measures to prevent progressive damage to the eye.
More on: Resources For Healt
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection) ?
### Response:
Controlling Toxocara infection in dogs and cats will reduce the number of infectious eggs in the environment and reduce the risk of infection for people. Have your veterinarian treat your dogs and cats, especially young animals, regularly for worms. This is especially important if your pets spend time outdoors and may become infected again.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Acanthamoeba - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE); Keratitis ?
### Response:
Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. The infection is usually diagnosed by an eye specialist based on symptoms, growth of the ameba from a scraping of the eye, and/or seeing the ameba by a process called confocal microscopy.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Acanthamoeba - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE); Keratitis ?
### Response:
Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Several prescription eye medications are available for treatment. However, the infection can be difficult to treat. The best treatment regimen for each patient should be determined by an eye doctor.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Acanthamoeba - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE); Keratitis ?
### Response:
Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Several prescription eye medications are available for treatment. However, the infection can be difficult to treat. The best treatment regimen for each patient should be determined by an eye doctor.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Scabies ?
### Response:
Scabies is an infestation of the skin by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). The microscopic scabies mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin where it lives and lays its eggs. The most common symptoms of scabies are intense itching and a pimple-like skin rash.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Scabies ?
### Response:
Diagnosis of a scabies infestation usually is made based upon the customary appearance and distribution of the the rash and the presence of burrows.
Whenever possible, the diagnosis of scabies should be confirmed by identifying the mite or mite eggs or fecal matter (scybala).
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Scabies ?
### Response:
When a person is infested with scabies mites the first time, symptoms may not appear for up to two months after being infested. However, an infested person can transmit scabies, even if they do not have symptoms. Scabies usually is passed by direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an infested person.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF)? ?
### Response:
Transmission of AHFV is not well understood. AHFV is a zoonotic virus, and its described tick hosts (the soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi and the hard tick Hyalomma dromedari) are widely distributed. People can become infected through a tick bite or when crushing infected ticks.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the symptoms of Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) ?
### Response:
Based on limited information, after an incubation period that could be as short as 2-4 days, the disease presents initially with non-specific flu-like symptoms, including fever, anorexia (loss of appetite), general malaise, diarrhea, and vomiting; a second phase has appeared in some patients, and includes neurologic and hemorrhagic symptoms in severe form.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF)? ?
### Response:
Contact with livestock with tick exposure are risk factors for humans, as is contact with infected ticks, whether through crushing the infected tick with unprotected fingers or by a bite from an infected tick. Slaughtering of animals which may acutely but asymptomatically infected may also be a risk factor, as it is possible that infected animals develop a viremia without obvious clinical signs.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) ?
### Response:
Clinical diagnosis could be difficult due to similarities between AVHF, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and Rift Valley fever (RVF), which occur in similar geographic areas. Laboratory diagnosis of AHF can be made in the early stage of the illness by molecular detection by PCR or virus isolation from blood.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) ?
### Response:
There is no standard specific treatment for the disease. Patients receive supportive therapy, which consists of balancing the patient’s fluid and electrolytes, maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure, and treatment for any complications. Mortality in hospitalized patients ranges from 1-20%.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) ?
### Response:
Given that no treatment or specific prophylaxis is presently available, prevention and increased awareness of AHFV are the only recommended measures. Complete control of ticks and interruption of the virus life cycle is impractical; in endemic regions, it is important to avoid tick-infested areas and to limit contact with livestock and domestic animals.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Taeniasis ?
### Response:
Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef (T.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Taeniasis? ?
### Response:
The tapeworms that cause taeniasis (Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica) are found worldwide. Eating raw or undercooked beef or pork is the primary risk factor for acquiring taeniasis. Persons who don't eat raw or undercooked beef or pork are not likely to get taeniasis.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Taeniasis ?
### Response:
Diagnosis of Taenia tapeworm infections is made by examination of stool samples; individuals should also be asked if they have passed tapeworm segments. Stool specimens should be collected on three different days and examined in the lab for Taenia eggs using a microscope.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Taeniasis ?
### Response:
Treatment is available after accurate diagnosis. Your doctor will provide prescription medication, either praziquantel or niclosamide, which is taken by mouth. The medication is also available in a children’s dosage. Work with your health care provider for proper treatment options for you and your family.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Taeniasis ?
### Response:
One way to prevent taeniasis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Do not sample meat until it is cooked. USDA recommends the following for meat preparation.
- For Whole Cuts of Meat (excluding poultry)
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ?
### Response:
Baylisascaris worms are intestinal parasites found in a wide variety of animals. Different species of Baylisascaris are associated with different animal hosts. For example, Baylisascaris procyonis is found in raccoons and Baylisascaris columnaris is an intestinal parasite found in skunks.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ?
### Response:
If you suspect you have been infected, consult your health care provider immediately. Be sure to tell your health care provider if you have recently been exposed to raccoons or their feces.
Diagnosis is difficult because symptoms depend on the number of infecting larvae and location in the body.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ?
### Response:
No drugs have been shown to be totally effective for the treatment of Baylisascaris infection. Albendazole, a broad spectrum anthelmintic, has been recommended for specific cases.
Early treatment might reduce serious damage caused by the infection. Should you suspect you may have ingested raccoon feces, seek immediate medical attention.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Baylisascaris infection ?
### Response:
Baylisascaris infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with raccoons and their feces. Washing your hands after working or playing outdoors is good practice for preventing a number of diseases.
Do not keep, feed, or adopt wild animals, including raccoons, as pets.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Babesiosis ?
### Response:
Babesiosis is caused by microscopic parasites that infect red blood cells. Most human cases of Babesia infection in the United States are caused by the parasite Babesia microti. Occasional cases caused by other species (types) of Babesia have been detected.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Babesiosis? ?
### Response:
People can get infected with Babesia parasites in several ways:
- The main way is through the bite of an infected tick—during outdoor activities in areas where babesiosis is found (see below).
- A less common way is by getting a transfusion from a blood donor who has a Babesia infection but does not have any symptoms.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Babesiosis ?
### Response:
In symptomatic people, babesiosis usually is diagnosed by examining blood specimens under a microscope and seeing Babesia parasites inside red blood cells.
To be sure the diagnosis is correct, your health care provider might have specimens of your blood tested by a specialized reference laboratory (such as at CDC or a health department).
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Babesiosis ?
### Response:
Effective treatments are available. People who do not have any symptoms or signs of babesiosis usually do not need to be treated.
Before considering treatment, the first step is to make sure the diagnosis is correct.
For more information, people should talk to their health care provider.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Babesiosis ?
### Response:
Steps can be taken to reduce the risk for babesiosis and other tickborne infections. The use of prevention measures is especially important for people at increased risk for severe babesiosis (for example, people who do not have a spleen). Avoiding exposure to tick habitats is the best defense.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what are the signs and symptoms of rabies?
### Response:
The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. These symptoms may last for days.
There may be also discomfort or a prickling or itching sensation at the site of bite, progressing within days to symptoms of cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what is the risk for my pet for Rabies ?
### Response:
Any animal bitten or scratched by either a wild, carnivorous mammal or a bat that is not available for testing should be regarded as having been exposed to rabies.
Unvaccinated dogs, cats, and ferrets exposed to a rabid animal should be euthanized immediately.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how is rabies diagnosed?
### Response:
In animals, rabies is diagnosed using the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, which looks for the presence of rabies virus antigens in brain tissue. In humans, several tests are required.
Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies in humans and other animals is essential for timely administration of postexposure prophylaxis.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what is botulism?
### Response:
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. There are five main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulinum toxin.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how common is botulism?
### Response:
In the United States, an average of 145 cases are reported each year.Of these, approximately 15% are foodborne, 65% are infant botulism, and 20% are wound. Adult intestinal colonization and iatrogenic botulism also occur, but rarely. Outbreaks of foodborne botulism involving two or more persons occur most years and are usually caused by home-canned foods.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what are the symptoms of botulism?
### Response:
The classic symptoms of botulism include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Infants with botulism appear lethargic, feed poorly, are constipated, and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how is botulism diagnosed?
### Response:
Physicians may consider the diagnosis if the patient's history and physical examination suggest botulism. However, these clues are usually not enough to allow a diagnosis of botulism. Other diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, stroke, and myasthenia gravis can appear similar to botulism, and special tests may be needed to exclude these other conditions.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
how can botulism be treated?
### Response:
The respiratory failure and paralysis that occur with severe botulism may require a patient to be on a breathing machine (ventilator) for weeks or months, plus intensive medical and nursing care. The paralysis slowly improves. Botulism can be treated with an antitoxin which blocks the action of toxin circulating in the blood.
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### Instruction:
are there complications from botulism?
### Response:
Botulism can result in death due to respiratory failure. However, in the past 50 years the proportion of patients with botulism who die has fallen from about 50% to 3-5%. A patient with severe botulism may require a breathing machine as well as intensive medical and nursing care for several months, and some patients die from infections or other problems related to remaining paralyzed for weeks or months.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control botulism?
### Response:
Public education about botulism prevention is an ongoing activity. Information about safe canning is widely available for consumers. Persons in state health departments and at CDC are knowledgeable about botulism and available to consult with physicians 24 hours a day.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF)? ?
### Response:
It is unknown how Marburg virus first transmits from its animal host to humans; however, for the 2 cases in tourists visiting Uganda in 2008, unprotected contact with infected bat feces or aerosols are the most likely routes of infection.
After this initial crossover of virus from host animal to humans, transmission occurs through person-to-person contact.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ?
### Response:
After an incubation period of 5-10 days, symptom onset is sudden and marked by fever, chills, headache, and myalgia. Around the fifth day after the onset of symptoms, a maculopapular rash, most prominent on the trunk (chest, back, stomach), may occur. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, a sore throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may then appear.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF)? ?
### Response:
People who have close contact with African fruit bats, humans patients, or non-human primates infected with Marburg virus are at risk.
Historically, the people at highest risk include family members and hospital staff who care for patients infected with Marburg virus and have not used proper barrier nursing techniques.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ?
### Response:
Many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other more frequent infectious diseases, such as malaria or typhoid fever, making diagnosis of the disease difficult. This is especially true if only a single case is involved.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ?
### Response:
There is no specific treatment for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Supportive hospital therapy should be utilized, which includes balancing the patient's fluids and electrolytes, maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure, replacing lost blood and clotting factors, and treatment for any complicating infections.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) ?
### Response:
Preventive measures against Marburg virus infection are not well defined, as transmission from wildlife to humans remains an area of ongoing research. However, avoiding fruit bats, and sick non-human primates in central Africa, is one way to protect against infection.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Leishmaniasis ?
### Response:
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sand flies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Leishmaniasis? ?
### Response:
Leishmaniasis is found in people in focal areas of more than 90 countries in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The ecologic settings range from rain forests to deserts. Leishmaniasis usually is more common in rural than in urban areas, but it is found in the outskirts of some cities.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Leishmaniasis ?
### Response:
Various laboratory methods can be used to diagnose leishmaniasis—to detect the parasite as well as to identify the Leishmania species (type). Some of the methods are available only in reference laboratories. In the United States, CDC staff can assist with the testing for leishmaniasis.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Leishmaniasis ?
### Response:
Before considering treatment, the first step is to make sure the diagnosis is correct.
Treatment decisions should be individualized. Health care providers may consult CDC staff about the relative merits of various approaches. Examples of factors to consider include the form of leishmaniasis, the Leishmania species that caused it, the potential severity of the case, and the patient's underlying health.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Leishmaniasis ?
### Response:
No vaccines or drugs to prevent infection are available. The best way for travelers to prevent infection is to protect themselves from sand fly bites. To decrease the risk of being bitten, follow these preventive measures:
Avoid outdoor activities, especially from dusk to dawn, when sand flies generally are the most active.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
### Response:
A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii causes a disease known as toxoplasmosis. While the parasite is found throughout the world, more than 60 million people in the United States may be infected with the Toxoplasma parasite. Of those who are infected, very few have symptoms because a healthy person’s immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection)? ?
### Response:
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In the United States it is estimated that 22.5% of the population 12 years and older have been infected with Toxoplasma. In various places throughout the world, it has been shown that up to 95% of some populations have been infected with Toxoplasma.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to diagnose Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
### Response:
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is typically made by serologic testing. A test that measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) is used to determine if a person has been infected. If it is necessary to try to estimate the time of infection, which is of particular importance for pregnant women, a test which measures immunoglobulin M (IgM) is also used along with other tests such as an avidity test.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
### Response:
Healthy people (nonpregnant)
Most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment. Persons who are ill can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, plus folinic acid.
Pregnant women, newborns, and infants
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
### Response:
People who are healthy should follow the guidelines below to reduce risk of toxoplasmosis. If you have a weakened immune system, please see guidelines for Immunocompromised Persons.
Reduce Risk from Food
To prevent risk of toxoplasmosis and other infections from food:
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
### Response:
People who are healthy should follow the guidelines below to reduce risk of toxoplasmosis. If you have a weakened immune system, please see guidelines for Immunocompromised Persons.
Reduce Risk from Food
To prevent risk of toxoplasmosis and other infections from food:
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Hookworm? ?
### Response:
Hookworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is one of the most common roundworm of humans. Infection is caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Hookworm infections often occur in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
Who is at risk for Parasites - Hookworm? ?
### Response:
Hookworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is one of the most common roundworm of humans. Infection is caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Hookworm infections often occur in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What are the treatments for Parasites - Hookworm ?
### Response:
Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment of hookworm infections. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. The recommended medications are effective and appear to have few side effects.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
How to prevent Parasites - Hookworm ?
### Response:
The best way to avoid hookworm infection is not to walk barefoot in areas where hookworm is common and where there may be human fecal contamination of the soil. Also, avoid other skin contact with such soil and avoid ingesting it.
Infection can also be prevented by not defecating outdoors and by effective sewage disposal systems.
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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response.
### Instruction:
What is (are) Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ?
### Response:
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors that are found only in the Americas (mainly, in rural areas of Latin America where poverty is widespread). Chagas disease (T. cruzi infection) is also referred to as American trypanosomiasis.
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