Datasets:

ArXiv:
Dataset Preview
The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 10 new columns ({'Occupation Mean Annual Wage', 'Occupation Employment', 'Importance', 'O*NET-SOC Code', 'Skill ID (O*NET Generalized Work Activity ID)', 'Frequency', 'Relevance', 'Category', 'Task Type', 'Skill (O*NET Work Activity)'}) and 7 missing columns ({'User ID', 'Interpersonal Communication Requirement', 'Human Agency Scale Rating', 'Physical Action Requirement', 'Involved Uncertainty', 'Domain Expertise Requirement', 'Automation Capacity Rating'}).

This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using

hf://datasets/SALT-NLP/WORKBank/task_data/task_statement_with_metadata.csv (at revision d2d83830e4fd6c3cf230fd815ad1f7686cf2adab)

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1831, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 644, in write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              O*NET-SOC Code: string
              Occupation (O*NET-SOC Title): string
              Task ID: int64
              Task: string
              Task Type: string
              Date: string
              Category: double
              Frequency: double
              Importance: double
              Relevance: double
              Occupation Mean Annual Wage: double
              Occupation Employment: double
              Skill (O*NET Work Activity): string
              Skill ID (O*NET Generalized Work Activity ID): string
              -- schema metadata --
              pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 2109
              to
              {'Task ID': Value('int64'), 'Occupation (O*NET-SOC Title)': Value('string'), 'Task': Value('string'), 'User ID': Value('string'), 'Date': Value('string'), 'Automation Capacity Rating': Value('int64'), 'Physical Action Requirement': Value('int64'), 'Involved Uncertainty': Value('int64'), 'Domain Expertise Requirement': Value('int64'), 'Interpersonal Communication Requirement': Value('int64'), 'Human Agency Scale Rating': Value('int64')}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1456, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1055, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 894, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 970, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1833, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 10 new columns ({'Occupation Mean Annual Wage', 'Occupation Employment', 'Importance', 'O*NET-SOC Code', 'Skill ID (O*NET Generalized Work Activity ID)', 'Frequency', 'Relevance', 'Category', 'Task Type', 'Skill (O*NET Work Activity)'}) and 7 missing columns ({'User ID', 'Interpersonal Communication Requirement', 'Human Agency Scale Rating', 'Physical Action Requirement', 'Involved Uncertainty', 'Domain Expertise Requirement', 'Automation Capacity Rating'}).
              
              This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
              
              hf://datasets/SALT-NLP/WORKBank/task_data/task_statement_with_metadata.csv (at revision d2d83830e4fd6c3cf230fd815ad1f7686cf2adab)
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

Task ID
int64
Occupation (O*NET-SOC Title)
string
Task
string
User ID
string
Date
string
Automation Capacity Rating
int64
Physical Action Requirement
int64
Involved Uncertainty
int64
Domain Expertise Requirement
int64
Interpersonal Communication Requirement
int64
Human Agency Scale Rating
int64
3,226
Advertising and Promotions Managers
Inspect layouts and advertising copy, and edit scripts, audio, video, and other promotional material for adherence to specifications.
RedTiger
2025/3/16
4
1
1
2
1
2
21,567
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
Verify legal descriptions of properties by comparing them to county records.
YellowZebra
2025/3/16
3
1
2
4
1
2
3,970
Technical Writers
Review published materials and recommend revisions or changes in scope, format, content, and methods of reproduction and binding.
BrownFox
2025/3/18
4
3
3
3
3
3
22,655
Writers and Authors
Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.
BrownFox
2025/3/19
4
1
1
2
1
2
22,654
Writers and Authors
Present drafts and ideas to clients.
BrownFox
2025/3/19
3
3
1
3
5
3
22,660
Writers and Authors
Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.
BrownFox
2025/3/19
5
1
1
2
1
2
22,657
Writers and Authors
Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.
BrownFox
2025/3/19
4
1
1
2
1
2
22,658
Writers and Authors
Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted.
BrownFox
2025/3/19
4
1
3
3
1
2
8,961
Statisticians
Design research projects that apply valid scientific techniques, and use information obtained from baselines or historical data to structure uncompromised and efficient analyses.
OrangeWolf
2025/3/24
1
1
3
3
4
4
16,246
Biostatisticians
Calculate sample size requirements for clinical studies.
OrangeWolf
2025/3/24
3
1
1
1
1
2
20,558
Photographers
Transfer photographs to computers for editing, archiving, and electronic transmission.
BrownFox
2025/3/24
5
1
1
1
1
1
9,352
Photographers
Manipulate and enhance scanned or digital images to create desired effects, using computers and specialized software.
BrownFox
2025/3/24
5
1
1
1
1
1
9,357
Photographers
Enhance, retouch, and resize photographs and negatives, using airbrushing and other techniques.
BrownFox
2025/3/24
5
1
1
1
2
2
9,351
Photographers
Estimate or measure light levels, distances, and numbers of exposures needed, using measuring devices and formulas.
BrownFox
2025/3/24
5
1
1
1
1
1
9,354
Photographers
Perform general office duties, such as scheduling appointments, keeping books, and ordering supplies.
BrownFox
2025/3/24
5
1
1
1
1
1
16,786
Bioinformatics Scientists
Develop new software applications or customize existing applications to meet specific scientific project needs.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
2
2
5
2
2
16,790
Bioinformatics Scientists
Create novel computational approaches and analytical tools as required by research goals.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
2
3
5
2
2
16,795
Bioinformatics Scientists
Analyze large molecular datasets, such as raw microarray data, genomic sequence data, or proteomics data, for clinical or basic research purposes.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
3
3
5
2
2
16,791
Bioinformatics Scientists
Compile data for use in activities, such as gene expression profiling, genome annotation, or structural bioinformatics.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
2
3
5
2
2
16,793
Bioinformatics Scientists
Manipulate publicly accessible, commercial, or proprietary genomic, proteomic, or post-genomic databases.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
2
3
5
2
2
16,788
Bioinformatics Scientists
Create or modify web-based bioinformatics tools.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
4
2
3
5
2
2
16,783
Bioinformatics Scientists
Instruct others in the selection and use of bioinformatics tools.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
3
3
4
5
4
4
16,807
Molecular and Cellular Biologists
Maintain accurate laboratory records and data.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
3
3
4
5
2
3
23,905
Molecular and Cellular Biologists
Prepare or review reports, manuscripts, or meeting presentations.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
3
3
4
5
2
3
16,808
Molecular and Cellular Biologists
Instruct undergraduate and graduate students within the areas of cellular or molecular biology.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
2
4
3
5
5
5
16,814
Molecular and Cellular Biologists
Compile and analyze molecular or cellular experimental data and adjust experimental designs as necessary.
BlackCat
2025/3/24
3
2
3
5
2
3
2,817
Desktop Publishers
View monitors for visual representation of work in progress and for instructions and feedback throughout process, making modifications as necessary.
BrownKangaroo
2025/4/6
2
3
3
3
4
4
16,265
Biostatisticians
Analyze clinical or survey data, using statistical approaches such as longitudinal analysis, mixed-effect modeling, logistic regression analyses, and model-building techniques.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
4
4
2
3
16,246
Biostatisticians
Calculate sample size requirements for clinical studies.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
3
4
1
1
16,252
Biostatisticians
Prepare tables and graphs to present clinical data or results.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
3
4
2
4
16,249
Biostatisticians
Write program code to analyze data with statistical analysis software.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
3
4
2
4
16,150
Business Intelligence Analysts
Generate standard or custom reports summarizing business, financial, or economic data for review by executives, managers, clients, and other stakeholders.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
3
3
4
4
16,140
Business Intelligence Analysts
Manage timely flow of business intelligence information to users.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
3
3
4
4
16,146
Business Intelligence Analysts
Collect business intelligence data from available industry reports, public information, field reports, or purchased sources.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
2
3
3
4
16,136
Business Intelligence Analysts
Identify or monitor current and potential customers, using business intelligence tools.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
3
3
2
3
16,143
Business Intelligence Analysts
Disseminate information regarding tools, reports, or metadata enhancements.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
3
3
4
3
16,284
Clinical Data Managers
Process clinical data, including receipt, entry, verification, or filing of information.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
2
4
3
2
2
16,280
Clinical Data Managers
Generate data queries, based on validation checks or errors and omissions identified during data entry, to resolve identified problems.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
4
4
2
4
16,279
Clinical Data Managers
Monitor work productivity or quality to ensure compliance with standard operating procedures.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
2
3
2
4
2
16,277
Clinical Data Managers
Prepare data analysis listings and activity, performance, or progress reports.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
4
4
2
4
16,283
Clinical Data Managers
Analyze clinical data using appropriate statistical tools.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
3
1
4
4
2
4
16,270
Clinical Data Managers
Develop technical specifications for data management programming and communicate needs to information technology staff.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
3
3
4
4
16,274
Clinical Data Managers
Track the flow of work forms, including in-house data flow or electronic forms transfer.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
2
3
3
2
2
20,483
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Develop final construction plans that include aesthetic representations of the structure or details for its construction.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
5
5
4
5
20,479
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Prepare scale drawings or architectural designs, using computer-aided design or other tools.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
3
4
2
3
130
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Prepare information regarding design, structure specifications, materials, color, equipment, estimated costs, or construction time.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
4
4
3
5
136
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Integrate engineering elements into unified architectural designs.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
4
4
2
2
20,486
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Plan layouts of structural architectural projects.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
4
4
3
3
134
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Prepare contract documents for building contractors.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
3
3
4
4
19,596
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Plan or design structures such as residences, office buildings, theatres, factories, or other structural properties in accordance with environmental, safety, or other regulations.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
2
1
5
4
3
4
20,488
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Create three-dimensional or interactive representations of designs, using computer-assisted design software.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
4
1
2
3
2
2
19,594
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Gather information related to projects' environmental sustainability or operational efficiency.
PurpleBear
2025/3/24
1
3
3
3
3
4
5,503
Geographers
Create and modify maps, graphs, or diagrams, using geographical information software and related equipment, and principles of cartography, such as coordinate systems, longitude, latitude, elevation, topography, and map scales.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
4
4
2
2
5,511
Geographers
Study the economic, political, and cultural characteristics of a specific region's population.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
5,506
Geographers
Locate and obtain existing geographic information databases.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
4
4
2
3
5,505
Geographers
Develop, operate, and maintain geographical information computer systems, including hardware, software, plotters, digitizers, printers, and video cameras.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
4
4
2
3
16,952
Transportation Planners
Recommend transportation system improvements or projects, based on economic, population, land-use, or traffic projections.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
4
4
4
5
4
20,976
Transportation Planners
Interpret data from traffic modeling software, geographic information systems, or associated databases.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
4
4
5
4
4
16,943
Transportation Planners
Prepare reports or recommendations on transportation planning.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
3
4
4
4
4
18,295
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Document and maintain records of precision agriculture information.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
4
4
2
3
9,350
Photographers
Review sets of photographs to select the best work.
BrownFox
2025/3/25
2
4
4
4
3
4
20,560
Photographers
Write photograph captions.
BrownFox
2025/3/25
5
1
1
1
1
1
18,282
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Identify spatial coordinates, using remote sensing and Global Positioning System (GPS) data.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
18,289
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Create, layer, and analyze maps showing precision agricultural data, such as crop yields, soil characteristics, input applications, terrain, drainage patterns, or field management history.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
20,875
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Analyze geospatial data to determine agricultural implications of factors such as soil quality, terrain, field productivity, fertilizers, or weather conditions.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
3
4
2
3
18,278
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Program farm equipment, such as variable-rate planting equipment or pesticide sprayers, based on input from crop scouting and analysis of field condition variability.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
4
4
2
3
18,296
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Draw or read maps, such as soil, contour, or plat maps.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
4
4
2
2
18,293
Precision Agriculture Technicians
Analyze remote sensing imagery to identify relationships between soil quality, crop canopy densities, light reflectance, and weather history.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
12,963
Social Science Research Assistants
Design and create special programs for tasks such as statistical analysis and data entry and cleaning.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
5
2
2
12,955
Social Science Research Assistants
Perform descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses of data, using computer software.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
5
2
2
12,956
Social Science Research Assistants
Verify the accuracy and validity of data entered in databases, correcting any errors.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
4
2
2
12,960
Social Science Research Assistants
Conduct internet-based and library research.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
5
2
2
3
2
1
12,968
Social Science Research Assistants
Recruit and schedule research participants.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
1
5
2
3
5
5
16,974
Quality Control Analysts
Interpret test results, compare them to established specifications and control limits, and make recommendations on appropriateness of data for release.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
16,977
Quality Control Analysts
Complete documentation needed to support testing procedures, including data capture forms, equipment logbooks, or inventory forms.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
2
4
4
2
3
16,979
Quality Control Analysts
Compile laboratory test data and perform appropriate analyses.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
4
2
3
4
3
16,964
Quality Control Analysts
Write technical reports or documentation, such as deviation reports, testing protocols, and trend analyses.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
5
3
4
5
4
16,973
Quality Control Analysts
Investigate or report questionable test results.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
5
3
4
5
4
16,966
Quality Control Analysts
Supply quality control data necessary for regulatory submissions.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
3
4
2
3
16,976
Quality Control Analysts
Evaluate analytical methods and procedures to determine how they might be improved.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
16,968
Quality Control Analysts
Review data from contract laboratories to ensure accuracy and regulatory compliance.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
2
4
4
2
3
19,051
Judicial Law Clerks
Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
4
3
4
2
19,047
Judicial Law Clerks
Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
5
1
1
2
2
1
19,052
Judicial Law Clerks
Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
3
4
2
19,053
Judicial Law Clerks
Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
5
1
1
2
3
1
19,057
Judicial Law Clerks
Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
2
2
2
19,056
Judicial Law Clerks
Coordinate judges' meeting and appointment schedules.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
4
2
2
3
2
5,663
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
4
2
2
5,666
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
3
2
2
2
5,664
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
2
1
5
3
3
5,669
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
4
1
5
4
4
5,673
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
4
2
5
5
4
5,671
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and career issues.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
2
3
1
4
5
4
20,058
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Develop and maintain course Web sites.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
2
4
4
3
22,409
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Review and evaluate materials, using book reviews, catalogs, faculty recommendations, and current holdings to select and order print, audio-visual, and electronic resources.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
5
2
1
2
3
1
22,411
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Search standard reference materials, including online sources and the Internet, to answer patrons' reference questions.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
1
3
4
2
22,417
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Respond to customer complaints, taking action as necessary.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
3
4
2
22,420
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Locate unusual or unique information in response to specific requests.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
3
3
2
3
4
3
22,425
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Develop, maintain, and troubleshoot information access aids, such as databases, annotated bibliographies, Web pages, electronic pathfinders, software programs, and online tutorials.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
2
5
2
2
22,427
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects.
BlackCat
2025/3/25
4
2
1
4
2
2
End of preview.

image/png

WORKBank (AI Agent Worker Outlook and Readiness Knowledge Bank) is a database that captures worker desire and technological capability of AI agents for occupational tasks.

The current version of WORKBank includes preferences from 1,500 U.S. domain workers and capability assessments from AI experts, covering over 844 tasks across 104 occupations collected between January and May 2025. This database stems from our project detailed in Future of Work with AI Agents: Auditing Automation and Augmentation Potential across the U.S. Workforce that introduces a novel auditing framework to assess which occupational tasks workers want AI agents to automate or augment, and how those desires align with the current technological capabilities.

WorkBank Database and Code

To download a data file, use:

from datasets import load_dataset


worker_desire = load_dataset("SALT-NLP/WORKBank", data_files="worker_data/domain_worker_desires.csv")["train"]

expert_ratings = load_dataset("SALT-NLP/WORKBank", data_files="expert_ratings/expert_rated_technological_capability.csv")["train"]

task_meta_data = load_dataset("SALT-NLP/WORKBank", data_files="task_data/task_statement_with_metadata.csv")["train"]

Our github repository contains our Code Book and the code used for analysis and plotting of diagrams.

Want to Launch the Audit in Your Organization?

Unlike traditional surveys, our auditing framework features an audio-enhanced interface and combines quantitative ratings with analysis of audio transcripts. This approach enables more calibrated and context-rich responses. We are also working to support input from additional modalities.

If you're interested in deploying the audit to explore the future of work within your organization, feel free to fill out the interest form.

Citation

Please cite our paper if you use this code or part of it in your work:

@misc{shao2025futureworkaiagents,
      title={Future of Work with AI Agents: Auditing Automation and Augmentation Potential across the U.S. Workforce}, 
      author={Yijia Shao and Humishka Zope and Yucheng Jiang and Jiaxin Pei and David Nguyen and Erik Brynjolfsson and Diyi Yang},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2506.06576},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CY},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06576}, 
}
Downloads last month
28