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||Technology in Australia 1788-1988
Table of Contents
I Technology Transported; 1788-1840
II Technology Established; 1840-1940
i Meat Preserving: Heat Processing Introduced
ii Horticultural Products: Heat, Sugar and Solar Drying
iii Refrigeration and the Export of Meat
iv Milling and Baking
v Dairy Products
vii Sugar: Supplying an Ingredient
III The Coming Of Science
IV From Science To Technology: The Post-war Years
V Products And Processes
Other Baked Goods (continued)
In 1848, William Arnott, a Scot, arrived in Sydney and was a baker in Maitland until 1851, when gold lured him to Turon. He had no luck digging but successfully baked bread and pies and in 1853, returned to Maitland as a baker and pastry-cook. The severe floods of subsequent years drove him into debt, which he eventually repaid in full and, in 1865, into Newcastle. There he began again baking bread at night and biscuits and other baked goods during the day. The business prospered and he began to specialize in biscuits. From 1882, they were shipped to Sydney and by 1885, the factory covered two acres and employed 300 people. Three years later the output was 31 tons of biscuits, some 80 varieties, and over 11,000 cakes per week. In 1894, William Arnott bought a factory in Sydney and took his five sons into partnership. By this time the total work-force at the two locations was about 800. In 1908, William Arnott Limited opened a new factory on a six and a half acre site at Homebush in suburban Sydney. At this time bakehouse machinery was steam driven (Swallow and Ariell electrified it in 1911) and the ovens were coke, coal, or wood fired. Gas-fired ovens were introduced in the 1920s and band ovens in the thirties. During the war biscuit manufacturers generally reduced the range available to the civilian population and switched to the manufacture of service rations, for some of which they were uniquely suited.
Early in the nineteenth century, Charles Haywood had begun in Hobart as a baker and pastry-cook. From 1875, his son, as C. D. Haywood Pty., Ltd., specialized in biscuits and followed the technological progress of the total industry; major remodelling in 1924, travelling ovens in 1931. In 1950 the firm was absorbed by Swallow and Ariell. From 1949 to 1963, Arnotts became associated with six other family companies from Brisbane to Perth, and in 1965, with Swallow and Ariell. Known as the Australian Biscuit Company, this company has now become Arnotts Limited.
Of uncertain Anglo-Saxon origin, the term crumpet was applied in the eighteenth century to a leavened cereal product baked from below on griddle or hot-plate. Thus it has come to us, more recent production being a manual batch process in which a batter was poured into rings on a large gas heated hot-plate. In 1947, R. J. Hastings, a Sydney engineer, applied for and was later granted a patent for a machine for the first continuous and automatic production of crumpets. This Australian invention has since been working here and overseas. A second machine producing an intrinsically different kind of crumpet, the De Jersey machine, was also developed in Australia. After perfecting the crumpet machine, Hastings invented a machine for the automatic and continuous production of pikelets, which must be cooked on both sides.
Organisations in Australian Science at Work - Arnotts Limited; Australian Biscuit Company; C. D. Haywood Pty Ltd
People in Bright Sparcs - Ariell, T. H.; Arnott, William; Hastings, R. J.; Haywood, Charles; Swallow, Thomas
© 1988 Print Edition page 100, Online Edition 2000
Published by Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre, using the Web Academic Resource Publisher
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- Melvyn Bragg
- Bob Bee
- Bob Bee
Episode 1 of 3
Duration: 1 hour
In this three-part series, Melvyn Bragg explores the relationship, from 1911 to 2011, between class and culture - the two great forces which define and shape us as individuals and as a society.
Melvyn starts with the period from 1911 to 1945. Through location sequences, interviews with experts and ordinary people, and copious amounts of archive material, Melvyn tells the story of how a rigidly class-based society responded to wars and economic hardship, and changed to the point where a classless society seemed a real possibility at the end of World War II.
Melvyn paints a picture of the cultures of the upper, middle and working classes before the Great War. In the Great War, the classes joined up together for the sake of the nation. Class division went to the trenches along with the men but was shaken by the common experience. Melvyn explores the culture that emerged.
The thirties saw the horror of mass unemployment, and culturally a new interest among middle class observers in the plight of others. Melvyn explores the importance of class in the work of George Orwell, particularly The Road to Wigan Pier.
In 1939, the nation went to war again and the theme of the different classes pulling together is a major one, particularly in the cinema. Melvyn develops this with reference to In Which We Serve.
With the Labour victory of 1945 and the implementation of the Beveridge report, it seems that a new world is on the horizon, one in which class will no longer be the defining factor. What role has culture played in bringing this situation about? And how will class and culture interact in the future?
You are at the first episode
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Our people have historically built a relationship of peace and trust with the French Colonial movement throughout the Mi'kma'ki homeland, the Mi'kmaq learned to speak French before any other European language. It is for this reason that we have a strong French language history since the European arrival.
Historically, the Mi'kmaq quietly lived in the area, often denying their ancestry due to the fact that the British Empire were enemies of the French and their Mi'kmaq allies. Our ancestors spoke French and Mi'kmaq and did not do anything that would draw attention to themselves.
Here today out on Pukt aq Pukt Kwe’sawe’k (the Port au Port Peninsula) we continue to co-exist with the adjacent Francophone community many of whom are also of Mi'kmaq ancestry. We are friends, family and allies with great mutual respect and understanding.
History of the Communities
French and Mi'kmaq hold joint Celebrations for National Aboriginal Day and St-Jean Baptiste Day in 2008
Mi'kmaq information site in French and Míkmawísimk
Copyright © 2005 - 2011 Benoit First Nation
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State wants to protect rare Las Vegas Valley plant
The state is moving toward protecting the Las Vegas buckwheat, a unique subspecies of plant found only in pockets of gypsum-rich soil in and around the Las Vegas Valley.
The state forester's office has scheduled a hearing from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Tuesday at the Nevada Division of Forestry Office, 4747 Vegas Drive.
The Las Vegas buckwheat is found only in small areas of Clark and Lincoln counties, where the gypsum-rich soils and "badlands" have been lost to growth in the Las Vegas Valley.
Some of the remaining concentrations of plants grow in the Upper Las Vegas Wash and Area III of Nellis Air Force Base, both threatened by residential, commercial and energy-related development, said Rob Mrowka, an ecologist and conservation advocate with the Center for Biological Diversity based in Tucson, Ariz.
Other threats to the plants include unmanaged off-road vehicle use on federal public lands, mining, climate change and utility corridor and energy developments, Mrowka said.
In April the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to upgrade the priority status for listing the Las Vegas buckwheat under the Endangered Species Act. It is expected that the service will make a decision on the federal petition in December.
© Las Vegas Sun
|Photo © Paul S. Hamilton||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /|
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Edmonton Journal, July 6, 2010
For the sake of eagles, it's time to get the lead out
By Caroline Barlott
When a bald eagle comes to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Society of Edmonton looking weak and vulnerable, the prognosis is often food chain poisoning. Sitting on the top of the food chain, people sometimes think these tough birds are invincible. But unfortunately, cases of lead poisoning can severely affect them, slowly deteriorating their health.
The birds become sick when they scavenge on prey like fish that have swallowed lead weights or mammals killed with lead bullets. Toxins collect in the bald eagle’s fat reserves and when it’s time to use the energy, like during migration, the bird will become really sick. The WRS has seen a number of cases of bald eagles that would not be able to make migration because of lead poisoning.
Stephanie May, animal care manager for the WRS, says that it takes several staff members and volunteers to help treat these massive birds. One bald eagle, who weighed 4.75 kilograms (about 101/2 pounds), required three people just to hold the bird, while a fourth staff member took blood. “From this sample [we] were able to get values for packed cell volume, total protein, white blood cell count and level of lead in the eagle’s system,” explains Stephanie.
Once it’s determined that the animal has lead poisoning, the wildlife shelter can begin using chelation therapy, which involves injecting penicillin and a calcium compound into the birds. The drugs work to draw the toxic lead from of the animals’ systems.
And while staff have experienced success in rehabilitating bald eagles, they’d prefer seeing less animals come to the shelter suffering from a painful, debilitating, and completely preventable illness. People can help prevent lead poisoning by using lead-free fishing sinkers and lead-free bullets. Lead shotgun pellets are illegal in our province, but people who still have old ones sitting around are advised not to use them.
Lead poisoning can also result from improperly disposing of any type of battery, old paint, and other hazardous materials. For information about how to properly dispose of all types of hazardous items, go to the City of Edmonton’s Reuse and Recycle directory and type in the item you need to recycle.
The WRS is a non-profit organization which relies on donations to be able to care for injured wildlife. For more information, click here.
© 2008 - 2010 Postmedia Network Inc.
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Chemical Imaging Of Deep-Sea Microorganisms May Help Explain Lingering Nitrogen Mystery
Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have identified an unexpected metabolic ability within a symbiotic community of microorganisms that may help solve a lingering mystery about the world's nitrogen-cycling budget.
A paper about their work appears in the October 16 issue of the journal Science.
The element nitrogen is a critical part of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and therefore essential to all life. Although nitrogen is plentiful on Earth—it comprises 78 percent of the atmosphere, by volume—the element is usually found strongly bonded to itself, in the form of the diatomic gas N2. To be biologically useful, a nitrogen atom must be released from this coupling and converted to a reduced, or "fixed," state; reduced nitrogen atoms gain an electron, which makes them chemically reactive.
Although lightning, combustion, and other nonbiological processes can reduce nitrogen, far more is generated by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms such as bacteria—in particular, photosynthetic cyanobacteria. These organisms produce the bulk of the nitrogen available to living things in the ocean.
Still, when researchers add up all of the known sources of fixed nitrogen (biological and otherwise) in the global nitrogen cycle and compare it to the sinks—where nitrogen is taken up for growth and energy—they come up short. It appears that more nitrogen is being used than is being made. The apparent nitrogen budget, in effect, does not balance. This discrepancy had led scientists to question whether the nitrogen cycle is truly out of balance, or whether the known inventories of sources and sinks are misleadingly incomplete.
Victoria J. Orphan, an assistant professor of geobiology at Caltech, along with graduate student Anne E. Dekas and postdoctoral research scholar Rachel S. Poretsky, suggest the answer is, at least in part, an incomplete catalog of the sources of fixed nitrogen.
The team studied ocean sediment samples obtained in methane cold seeps located at a depth of about 1,800 feet. The area, known as the Eel River Basin, is located approximately 20 miles off the coast of the northern California town of Eureka, on a continental margin in a region supporting high levels of natural methane seepage at the seabed.
In the laboratory, the researchers examined the methane-rich sediment and the tiny microbial conglomerations that live within. These spherical cell conglomerates, averaging about 500 cells each, consist of two types of anaerobic microorganisms living in a unique symbiotic relationship fueled by methane. The first microorganism is a bacterium that reduces the chemical sulfate into sulfide (via a process that produces the rotten-egg odor of salt marshes and mud flats) to generate energy. The second is a methane-oxidizing archaeon (the archaea are a group of nonbacterial single-celled microorganisms). Working together, these two symbionts are responsible for consuming the majority of the naturally released methane in the deep sea.
Although these symbiotic associations themselves are not new—these conglomerations were discovered about a decade ago and are found on continental margins worldwide—the Caltech scientists discovered something unexpected: the methane-consuming archaea were actively fixing nitrogen, and sharing it with their bacterial neighbors.
"This is the first time that nitrogen fixation has been documented within methane-oxidizing archaea," Dekas says.
Interestingly, although these organisms have a nitrogen-poor diet of methane gas, they live in an environment that contains reduced nitrogen—in the form of ammonium and other chemicals—which means they shouldn't need to create their own. "It's possible that they do need to because they are living in a crowded community—a tightly packed ball—that prevents some organisms from having access to the nitrogen," she says. Another possibility is that these environments do not have as much biologically available reduced nitrogen as had been thought.
To determine that the archaea were indeed fixing nitrogen, the researchers first incubated the archaeal-bacterial assemblages with a dinitrogen gas, N2, that was composed of two atoms of nitrogen-15. Nitrogen-15 is a nonradioactive isotope of nitrogen that contains one more neutron than regular nitrogen (nitrogen-14) and can be used as a tracer for the incorporation of the element.
The researchers then used a technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to stain the two types of organisms in the sediment, and analyzed these cells for their nitrogen-15 content using a state-of-the-art instrument called a nanometer secondary ion mass spectrometer, or nanoSIMS. The nanoSIMS, which is housed at the Caltech Center for Microanalysis, is capable of collecting chemical and isotopic data at a spatial scale of 50 to 100 nanometers, or around five to 10 times smaller than the size of a single microbial cell.
Both the archaea and, to a lesser extent, their bacterial neighbors had incorporated the nitrogen-15, which could have happened only if the N2 had been fixed by the archaea—and then shared.
"The high spatial resolution of the nanoSIMS instrument—which produces a focused beam of ions that is smaller than a single cell—allowed us to directly pinpoint which of the symbiotic cells in the consortia had assimilated the nitrogen-15–labeled N2 into their biomass," Orphan notes.
The fixation process, say the scientists, is painfully slow; the organisms themselves have ultra-slow growth rates, doubling once every three to six months. "But they are passing on some nitrogen to their neighbors, which means they are producing more than they need," despite the energy cost of doing so, Dekas says. "We don't know what benefit the archaeal organisms get from sharing it, but we do know they need the bacterial symbiont to stay alive," she adds.
"Previously, assumptions about when and where nitrogen fixation takes place made it seem unlikely that nitrogen fixation would occur in this environment, or within such energetically starved organisms," Dekas says. "These results suggest that these assumptions may need to be reevaluated, and that there could be more nitrogen-fixing organisms in other unexpected environments. Together, these previously overlooked sources of nitrogen may be an important component in the marine nitrogen inventory."
The research in the paper, "Deep-Sea Archaea Fix and Share Nitrogen in Methane-Consuming Microbial Consortia," was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.Source : California Institute of Technology
rating: 0.00 from 0 votes | updated on: 4 May 2010 | views: 640 |
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Positive Images - Children with a Visual Impairment
Unicorns, ghosts and dinosaurs!
Stories full of adventure that also explore what it's like to have a visual impairment. Plus a list of information books and useful websites.
Cousins, Lucy - What Can Rabbit See?
A lift the flap book featuring a rabbit who wears glasses.
Hest, Amy - Baby Duck and the Bad Eye Glasses
Baby duck doesn't like her new eye glasses until she realises that they are just like her grandpa's and they help her see much better.
McKinlay, Penny - Bumposaurus
The story of Bumposaurus who is so short sighted that he bumps into lots of trouble and even mistakes his sister's tail for dinner. His grandmother provides the answer to the little dinosaur's problems when she presents him with a pair of glasses.
Moon, Nicola - Lucy's Picture
Lucy decides to make her grandad a picture. Instead of just using brightly coloured paints Lucy uses twigs and feathers, velvet and sand so that her grandad can see it with his fingers.
Strom, Maria Diaz - Rainbow Joe and Me
When Eloise tells her mum that Rainbow Joe can mix colours her mother says that it's impossible because Rainbow Joe cannot see. However the colours Rainbow Joe mixes are the notes he plays on the saxaphone.
Wild, Margaret - All the Better to See You With
Katie does not know that she cannot see very well and it is not until she becomes lost on a beach that Katie and her parents realise she is short sighted. With the help of new glasses Katie can see much more clearly and this book shows what an advantage the glasses are.
Beginning to Read
Ryan, Margaret - Robbie and the Alien
Robbie doesn't want to go to school because he is scared that everyone will laugh at his new glasses. However, when he meets KT the Alien her realises what an advantage wearing glasses can be.
Stories for Children
Creech, Sharon - Granny Torelli Makes Soup
Rosie and Bailey are best friends and love spending as much time together as they can, but Bailey goes to a different school because he has a visual impairment. Occasionally Rosie and Bailey fall out over things but Granny Torrelli is usually there to give advice and put things in perspective. She does this by relating the issue to things that have happened to her in the past and does it while cooking Italian food. This is a delightful book that clearly explains the positives and negatives of Bailey's visual impairment, the ups and downs of a close relationship and gives some great tips for Italian recipes. Don't read this while you feel hungry!
Doherty, Berlie - Spellhorn
A fantasy story featuring Laura who sees with her minds eye. She senses a world where the Wild Ones are searching for their lost unicorn. They find the creature with Laura and she becomes drawn into their world.
Forretal, Elaine - Someone Like Me
This is an adventure story set in Australia. Tas is always an outsider at school and when Enya and her family more in next door he thinks that at last he will have a friend. However Enyas family have a secret and this will lead to Tas questioning Enyas loyalty and friendship.
Horgan, Dorothy - Charlies Eye
Charlie, who is at primary school, wears a glass eye which she often uses to her advantage, hiding it in her dads coffee or organising eye diving competitions when she goes swimming. However, when a new boy starts school, he taunts her about her glass eye and she feels bullied. As the story progresses Charlie discovers that bullies sometimes have problems of their own.
Wilde, Nicholas - Into the Dark
When Matthew goes on holiday with this mother he befriends Rory. Little does he know that Rory is a ghost reliving the last days of his life.
Wilson, Jacqueline - Take a Good Look
A story about Mary who is nearly bind. When she visits the sweet shop she becomes involved in a robbery and shows how resourceful she can be.
Archer, Eleanor - Judo Champion
This book follows the story of Ian as he goes to a judo competition in Germany.
Church, Diane - Going on a School Trip
A simple information book about Georgia and her fiend Kamilla. Georgia cannot see very well. Whilst the book focuses on the children school trip, strawberry picking, the reader finds out about Georgia everyday life and routines.
Condon, Judith - When it Hard to See
This book covers what everyday life is like as well as biographical information about famous people.
Wescott, Patsy - Living with Blindness
This is quite a detailed book about the causes of blindness and what it is like to have a visual impairment. The book focuses on the lives of three children and one adult, describing their daily routines, attitudes and ambitions.
White, Peter - Think About Being Blind
This book gives lots of information about what it is like to be blind. It also contains historical details and information.
How can I read these books?
You can reserve any of these books through the online library catologue at: www.birmingham.gov.uk/libcat
All you need is your library ticket number and PIN number. If you don't know your PIN, you can find out by telephoning your local library. You can arrange to pick the book up from the library of your choice.
Children in the Picture:http://childreninthepicture.org.uk
Part of Scope's Time to Get Equal campaign, this website aims to encourage publishers, illustrators and writers to include disabled children alongside others in picture books for young readers.
A charity which provides a postal audio book service to anyone who has an illness or disability that makes it impossible or difficult to hold a book, turn its pages or read in the usual way.
National Federation of Families with Visually Impaired Children: www.look-uk.org
A 'one stop shop' for families looking for information and support.
CBeebies BBC parents' site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about/specialneeds/
Information on Cbeebies web pages suitable for young children with a visual impairment.
Please note: We are not responsible for the content of other organisations' websites.
When a book might help
Library services for children and young people with special needs
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Hau fibers are created by a labor intensive process. The fibers are made from the wild hibiscus plant that thrives in the tropical climate of the Polynesian islands. The tree branches are cut into 4-5 foot lengths and the outer bark removed.
Once this is complete, the inner fibers are stripped. Different preparation methods are used to for different uses. However, one of the most common preparation steps is to tie the fibers to a support branch and soak in the ocean. This acts as a natural bleach and a way to remove any unwanted bugs. After soaking for a time, the fibers are removed and dried.
Handicrafters, dancers, and artisans use the fibers for costumes, accessories, and creative cultural applications. The fibers are somewhat darker and less refined than the hau fibers that we offer from Samoa. However, they are heavier and thicker.
Hau fibers are made from plants. Each piece is unique. Fibers may contain small imperfections due to knots or other features that create unusual patterns or texture.
Three bunches of fibers pictured. Sold by the bunch.
Fibers measure approx. 3 in. wide by 4 ft. in length.
Back to Fijian Handicrafts
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On Location: Florida
Lake Wales Ridge is in central Florida, about an hour's drive south of Disney World. But it's a world apart from almost every other image you might associate with Florida. The ridge is an ancient sand dune that extends about 100 miles north and south down the middle of the Florida peninsula. About 2 million years ago, this Ridge was the only piece of dry land around here. This isolation contributed to the evolution of numerous plants and animals that can only be found in this particular region today. This isolation also increases the chance that some of these species will have trouble surviving. And in fact, 26 species of plants and animals that live on the Ridge are listed as endangered or threatened by the federal government.
In order to protect this special habitat, more than 30 conservation sites have been established along the Ridge. These sites are managed by a variety of agencies and organizations, such as state and federal natural resources agencies, and private organizations such as The Nature Conservancy.
|Young sand pines at the Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County, Florida. Photo by Christine Hawkes, ABS.|
The Nature Conservancy is a nonprofit conservation organization committed to protecting plants and animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth. One way the Conservancy is doing this in Florida is by using a technique called prescribed burning.
A prescribed burn is the controlled application of fire under specific weather and ecological conditions. The broadcast will take you to Florida to watch a prescribed burn and to learn how this technique not only helps improve habitat for wildlife but also helps protect nearby homes from the threat of fuels buildup.
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A college student in 1960s attire carrying a Civil Rights protest sign starts singing in the great hall, leading visitors to a training session to prepare for a student sit-in. The legendary John Brown thunders in an exhibition pocket theater about his anti-slavery activities and why violence is justified. Mary Pickersgill lays out a swath of cloth on the museum floor, asking visitors to help design the stars for her latest project, the 1813 American flag that would become the Star-Spangled Banner.
What is going on at the National Museum of American History (NMAH)? The History Alive! Theater Program gets visitors talking about history through an interactive, personal presentation of the stories of America’s past that resonate in the nation’s present. NMAH shows use emotion, tension, and conflict to lead visitors comfortably through a exploration of challenging issues and topics.
Now NMAH’s award-winning historic theater programs are eyeing the road. Designed to travel, the programs and their actors can re-create the Smithsonian experience at Affiliate sites. The performances can be customized to take place in a variety of locations, with different kinds of audiences, or for special celebrations such as Black History Month. The costs include a daily fee and travel from Washington; contact your National Outreach Manager for more information.
Affiliates have the unique opportunity to offer two of the most popular theater programs from the nation’s history museum to their visitors.
Join the Student Sit-Ins
Join the Student Sit-Ins is an interactive presentation of the story of the 1960 sit-in for desegregation that took place at the F.W. Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. Visitors take part in a training session based on an actual 1960s manual and prepare for their first sit-in. The program won the Smithsonian’s Education Excellence Award in 2009 for the Institution’s best educational program. According to one participant, “The Greensboro Lunch Counter performance was the most powerful exhibit that I’ve seen in DC. The woman who did it was wonderful and passionate and brought me to tears.” C. Vanarthos 8/13/11. For more, read about the program in the Smithsonian’s Around the Mall blog.
The Time Trial of John Brown
History and memory are not always one and the same. When History is on trial, only Time can be the judge. Created in 2010, the Time Trials series allows visitors to debate and discuss the historical legacy of controversial figures. In The Time Trial of John Brown, visitors meet the passionate and committed abolitionist who violently opposed the expansion of slavery and led a raid against the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in hopes of inciting a slave rebellion. Visitors discuss and debate Brown’s legacy: should we remember him as a heroic martyr, a vigilante murderer, something in between, or something else entirely?
So, if you’re looking for a creative new way to engage your audiences, consider History Alive! Theater Programs and step right in to history!
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Comanche Helicopter Makes First Flight
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., Jan. 4, 1996 -- A major achievement in aviation history was recorded here today when the prototype RAH-66 Comanche helicopter lifted off for the first time.
The Comanche, developed by a team of companies led by Boeing Defense & Space Group, Helicopters Division in Philadelphia, and Sikorsky Aircraft, Stratford, Conn., took off at 1:05 p.m. from Sikorsky's Development Flight Test Center located in West Palm Beach, Fla.
Army Comanche Program Manager Brig. Gen. James Snider said the Comanche's first flight "is a major step forward for the program and for the Army's 21st Century modernization plans."
Sikorsky test pilot Rus Stiles and Boeing test pilot Bob Gradle were at the controls for the maiden flight, which lasted for more than an hour. During the first flight, the pilots carried out a number of maneuvers, including hover, left and right hover turns and forward flight.
Team director Jim Morris said today's flight "is a tribute to the teamwork among all of the Comanche Team companies and our most important team member, the U.S. Army. Thousands of men and women have dedicated their lives to making this moment a reality."
The Comanche prototype will be put through a series of flight tests in 1996 designed to develop the helicopter's full flight capabilities. In a process known as "opening up the envelope," the aircraft will be flown faster and maneuvered more aggressively in the weeks and months ahead.
When fielded early in the next century, the RAH-66 will fly faster and outmaneuver every other combat helicopter now flying or under development. But speed and agility are only a small part of the improved performance that the Comanche will bring to the 21st Century battlefield.
The Comanche's design incorporates features that will make it difficult to detect with either radar-guided or heat-seeking weapons. The helicopter's advanced electronics will allow it to automatically scan the battlefield in seconds, locating and prioritizing enemy targets, as well as identifying friendly units to avoid fratricide. The Comanche crew will use state-of-the-art communications to digitally share information with all elements of the combined arms team, including the Air Force and Navy units.
Designed to replace the Army's current Vietnam-vintage scout and light attack helicopter fleet, the Comanche will provide U.S. forces with a major advantage in any future conflicts by supplying them with accurate, timely tactical battlefield intelligence.
The Army awarded the RAH-66 development contract in April 1991 to the Boeing Sikorsky First Team. Major team member companies include: Hamilton Standard, Harris Corp., Hughes Link Training Division, Kaiser Electronics, Lear Astronics, Litton, Lockheed Martin, Moog, Sunstrand, TRW Military Electronics & Avionics, Westinghouse Electronics Systems Group and Williams International. Allison Engine Company and AlliedSignal Engine Company are co-developing the engines for the Comanche.
Boeing Defense & Space Group, Helicopters Division, is a unit of The Boeing Company of Seattle. Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, Hartford, Conn.
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| 0.918157 | 667 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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...but also as neuromodulators. As neuromodulators, they do not act directly as neurotransmitters but rather increase or decrease the action of neurotransmitters. Well-known examples are the opioids (e.g., enkephalins), so named because they are endogenous (produced in the human body) peptides (short chains of amino acids) with a strong affinity for the receptors that bind opiate drugs,...
...of neuropeptides is not yet complete. Among those peptides known to affect synaptic transmission are substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and the opioid peptides. The best-studied are the opioid peptides, so called because opiate drugs, such as morphine, are known to bind to their receptors and mimic their painkilling and mood-altering...
What made you want to look up "opioid peptide"? Please share what surprised you most...
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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| 0.911558 | 240 | 2.875 | 3 |
softballArticle Free Pass
softball, a variant of baseball and a popular participant sport, particularly in the United States. It is generally agreed that softball developed from a game called indoor baseball, first played in Chicago in 1887. It became known in the United States by various names, such as kitten ball, mush ball, diamond ball, indoor–outdoor, and playground ball. There were wide variances in playing rules, size and type of playing equipment, and dimensions of the playing field.
In 1923 a rules committee was appointed to publish and circulate a standard set of rules. The committee was later enlarged to form the International Joint Rules Committee on Softball, which came to include representatives of a number of organizations that promote and sponsor softball. The Amateur Softball Association of America, organized in 1933, came to be the recognized governing agency for promotion and control of organized national competition.
The Fédération Internationale de Softball (International Softball Federation), which was formed in 1952, acts as liaison between more than 40 softball organizations of several countries. Headquarters are in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The federation coordinates international competition and regular regional and world championship tournaments for men and women. In 1996, a women’s softball competition was added to the Olympic Games.
The fundamentals of softball are the same as those of baseball. Batting and fielding strategy are similar, but softball is played on a much smaller area, and a game is only seven innings long.
The regulation playing field for softball includes a diamond-shaped area with 60-foot (18.3-metre) baselines. The pitching distance for men is 46 feet (14 metres) and for women 43 feet (13.11 metres). Bats must be round, not more than 34 inches (86.4 cm) long, and not more than 2.25 inches (5.7 cm) in diameter at the largest part. The official softball is a smooth-seam ball 12 inches (30.5 cm) in circumference, weighing between 6.25 and 7 ounces (177 and 198 grams).
In softball the ball is delivered by an underhand motion, whereas in baseball the pitch is overhand or sidearm. Base stealing is permitted in both games, but in softball the runner must keep contact with the base until the pitcher releases the ball on delivery to the batter.
A popular variation of softball called slow-pitch may be played with regulation equipment. The major differences from softball (fast-pitch) are that there are 10 members on a team, the pitching distance for men and for women is 46 feet, and a pitched ball must be delivered at moderate speed with an arc of at least 3 feet in its flight toward the batter. Speed and height of the pitch are left to the judgment of an umpire, who may eject a pitcher for repeatedly throwing the ball too fast. Base stealing is not allowed in slow-pitch.
Another variation, popular especially in Chicago and other midwestern American cities, is played with a ball that is 16 inches (40.64 cm) in circumference on a diamond whose base paths are 55 feet (16.8 metres) for men and 50 feet long (15.25 metres) for women. The ball is delivered as in slow-pitch, and fielders typically play without gloves.
What made you want to look up "softball"? Please share what surprised you most...
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<urn:uuid:dd179ed2-ab92-4dbb-910c-d8115b082c90>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552485/softball
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en
| 0.9701 | 709 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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