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Logic gates have one or more inputs and a single output. For each logic gate in Column A in the table below enter the output, either 0 or 1, in Column B.
| | Column A Logic gate with input(s) | Column B Output (0 or 1) |
|---|---|
|  | 1 |
|  | 0 |
|  | 0 |
|  | 1 |
|  | 0 |
|  | 0 |
Each correct response - 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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What is the output displayed by the following Python code?
```python
number = 27
while number < 39:
print(number, end=" ")
number = number + 3
``` | 27 30 33 36
Each correct value in order (x 4) 1 mark
Space between each value 2 marks | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Express the decimal number 121 as an 8-bit binary number. | 0111 1001
Correct including leading zero 6 marks
Correct without leading zero 5 marks
For each calculation error deduct 2 marks
Response with some merit 2 marks | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Figure 1 shows a row of black and white discs with their position numbers shown under each square. There are only two ways to move a disc:
1. Move into an empty square one position to the left or right, for example 1 → 2 means move the disc from square 1 to square 2.
2. Jump in either direction over a single adjacent disc into an empty space immediately beyond, for example 3 → 1 means move the disc from square 3 to square 1, jumping over a disc in square 2.
Write a sequence of steps, or an algorithm, that swaps all the white discs with the black discs so that the row looks like that shown in Figure 2. You can only move a single disc in each step.
| Full correct solution 6 marks
Four or more correct steps in the correct order 4 marks
Response with some merit 2 marks | Not supported with pagination yet |
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The history of computer hardware is marked by significant milestones that have driven advancements in computing capabilities. Six key milestones between the 1930s and the 1980s are shown in Figure below.
Choose one of the milestones from Figure and explain its significance. | Turing Machines
First abstract model for computability
If something was computable it could be computer by a Turing Machine
They were used to prove that not everything was computable i.e. limits of computation
Transistors
Replaced bulky and less reliable vacuum tubes, enabling the development of smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient electronic devices. This laid the foundation for modern semiconductor technology.
Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large transistor count.
ARPANET
Considered the forerunner or the internet – many of the protocols used by modern computer networks were developed for ARPANET
Microprocessors
The microprocessor enabled the integration of computing power on a small chip. This development led to the rapid advancement of personal computers and other electronic devices.
Personal Computers
Personal computers have revolutionised the way individuals work, learn, and connect
with others. Their affordability made them much more accessible for people to use in
their daily lives to access information, communication and productivity tools easily
accessible to everyone.
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 6 marks
Good explanation - clear information, lacking demonstration of full understanding 4 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Consider a social networking mobile application designed for teenagers. Provide one example of a unit test case and one example of a system test case that might be carried out during the development process. | Examples of Unit Test Cases
Update user's profile picture.
Posting content
o messaging - sending /receiving messages,
o image sharing
Connecting with friends
Displaying online status,
Privacy settings, work correctly (on their own)
Evaluate all execution paths (or as many as possible)
Any other valid unit test case
Examples of System Test Cases
End-to-end testing of entire application
Handles a realistic number of simultaneous users
Handles multiple chat sessions simultaneously
Ensures that system provides a user-friendly experience
Complies with privacy and security regulations.
Any other valid system test case
For unit test and system test example:
Very good example - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair example – limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Computing technologies continue to evolve at a rapid pace.
Some of the current emerging trends include:
Quantum Computing
Edge Computing
Internet of Things (IoT)
Biometric Authentication and
Blockchain Technology
Pick any one of the above and briefly describe one potential advantage and one potential disadvantage it might have on society in the future. | Potential Advantages of Quantum Computing
Speed - quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. This can lead to breakthroughs in fields such as cryptography, medicine, climate modelling etc.
Potential Disadvantages of Quantum Computing
Cost – quantum computers are expensive to develop and build and are very expensive to run and maintain.
Potential Advantages of Edge Computing
Faster response times - By processing data closer to where it is generated (at the edge of the network), edge computing reduces latency, which is critical for real-time applications such as autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and remote healthcare.
Improved Privacy and Security: Edge computing allows sensitive data to be processed locally, reducing the need to transmit large amounts of raw data. This can enhance privacy and security, as critical data stays closer to its source and is subject to fewer points of potential vulnerability.
Potential Disadvantages of Edge Computing
Limited Processing Power and Storage - edge devices typically have less processing power and storage capacity compared to large, centralised servers. This limitation can constrain the types of computations that can be performed at the edge and may require careful resource management.
Management Complexity and Scalability Challenges - edge computing introduces a more distributed architecture, leading to increased complexity in managing and maintaining a network of edge devices.
Potential Advantages of the Internet of Things (IoT)
Improved Convenience and Efficiency: IoT enables smart homes, smart cities, and smart industries by connecting various devices and systems. This connectivity can lead to improved convenience in daily life. The fact that data is gathered and processed in real-time leads to improved efficiency in industrial processes.
Potential Disadvantages of the Internet of Things (IoT)
Privacy Issues: IoT devices often collect sensitive personal data, and if not handled properly, there is a risk of unauthorised access or misuse. Striking a balance between the benefits of data collection and user privacy is a critical challenge.
Security Concerns: IoT devices are often vulnerable to security breaches. The interconnected nature of these devices creates potential entry points for cyberattacks.
Potential Advantages of Biometric Authentication
Enhanced Security - biometric authentication provides a high level of security by relying on unique biological characteristics such as fingerprints, facial features, or iris patterns. It is difficult for unauthorised individuals to replicate or forge these characteristics, making it a robust method of user authentication.
Convenience and User-Friendly - biometric authentication is often more convenient for users compared to traditional methods like passwords or PINs. Users do not need to remember complex passwords, and the authentication process is typically quick and seamless, contributing to a positive user experience.
Potential Disadvantages of Biometric Authentication
Privacy Concerns - users may be hesitant to share such sensitive information as their own biometric data, fearing that it could be misused or compromised.
Biometric Spoofing and False Positives - biometric systems are not immune to spoofing attacks where unauthorised users attempt to replicate biometric features to gain access. Additionally, false positives (incorrectly authenticating an unauthorised user) and false
negatives (rejecting an authorised user) can occur, impacting the reliability of the system.
Potential advantages of Blockchain Technology:
Transparency and Security: Blockchain technology offers a decentralised and transparent way to record transactions, which can enhance security and trust in various systems, such as financial transactions, supply chain management, and voting systems as there is no single point of control or failure. Security is enhanced because once information is recorded on the blockchain, it is extremely difficult to alter due to the cryptographic principles used in the technology.
Potential disadvantages of Blockchain Technology:
Privacy Concerns - while the transparency of blockchain is an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. Because all transactions are recorded on a public ledger, it can be possible to trace transactions back to individuals.
Energy Consumption - many blockchain networks require substantial computational power and energy consumption for mining and validating transactions. This has raised
environmental and sustainability concerns.
For each potential advantage
Very good description - clear understanding of emerging trend demonstrated 3 marks
Fair description – limited understanding of emerging trend 2 mark
For each potential disadvantage
Very good description - clear understanding of emerging trend demonstrated 3 marks
Fair description – limited understanding of emerging trend 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
RAM and ROM are two types of primary memory used to store data. Provide one example of data that might be stored in RAM and one example of data that might be stored in ROM. | Data in RAM
System Software e.g. operating system
Application Software e.g. office productivity software
Programs e.g. python programs and data e.g. documents
Any temporary data
Data in ROM
Firmware – the software embedded into hardware devices
Basic Input Output System (BIOS) - essential for the computer's startup.
Bootstrap programs
System level configuration data
Any permanent data necessary for the device to operate
For each of RAM and ROM:
Very good example - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair example – limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
A leap year is a year that contains an additional day making it 366 days long instead of the usual 365 days. The Python function `is_leap_year`, shown below can be used to determine whether a year (denoted by the parameter `y`) is a leap year or not.
```python
def is_leap_year(y):
if (y % 400 == 0) or ((y % 4 == 0) and (y % 100 != 0)):
return True
else:
return False
```
Use the code to describe the **two** rules for determining whether a year is a leap year. | Rule 1: If the year is evenly divisible by 400 it is a leap year e.g. 2000 was a leap year
Rule 2: If the year is evenly divisible by 4 and not 100 it is a leap year e.g. 2024 is but 2025 and 2100 are not | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Many fast-food restaurants have begun using interactive kiosks that allow customers to order food without having to go to a cashier. These kiosks have menu-driven interfaces.
Name **two** principles of universal design and explain how these principles could be met in the design of such systems. | Any two from the following:
* Equitable Use - by incorporating accessibility features such as adjustable font sizes, colour contrasts, and audio feedback the design can ensure that the interface is usable by people with varying abilities.
* Flexibility in Use - this principle could be met by providing features that allows the users to interact with the system in different ways e.g. via touch screen or voice commands.
* Simple and Intuitive Use - this can be achieved in the design by a straightforward and intuitive menu structure with easily understandable icons and labels. Avoid unnecessary complexity to make the interface user-friendly for individuals with different levels of experience.
* Perceptible Information - the system should communicate necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. For example, the menu and instructions on how to pay could be provided through multiple modalities, such as visual cues, text labels, and audio instructions, to cater to users with different sensory capabilities.
* Tolerance for Error - this can be achieved by including features like confirmation dialogs, clear feedback messages, and the ability to review orders before finalising.
* Low Physical Effort - the system should ensure that the touch interface is responsive to different levels of pressure, accommodating users with varying physical abilities. Consider alternative input methods for users who may have difficulty with touchscreens.
* Size and Space for Approach and Use - the kiosks should be designed with varying heights to accommodate users of different statures or those using mobility aids. Ensure there's enough space for wheelchair users to approach and interact comfortably. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
(a) Apply the algorithm shown in pseudo code below to the row of shapes shown in **Figure 4** and illustrate your answer in the boxes provided.
```
problem_solved ← FALSE
LOOP UNTIL problem_solved IS TRUE
square ← find the leftmost square
triangle ← find the rightmost triangle
IF position of square IS GREATER THAN position of triangle
problem_solved ← TRUE
ELSE
swap(square, triangle)
```
(b) The algorithm described in **part (a)** provides a general solution to the problem it solves.
Explain what is meant by the phrase 'a general solution'. | (a)
Step 1: ▲▲▲☐☐☐▲▲☐☐☐
Step 2: ▲▲▲▲☐☐☐▲☐☐☐
(b)
In Step 1 the algorithm has swapped the square from position 4 with the triangle in position 7.
In Step 2 the algorithm has swapped the square from position 4 with the triangle in position 6.
This leaves a final state with all the triangles to the left of all the squares.
(b) * A general solution provides a broad approach that can be applied to different situations
* A general solution will always produce the correct output regardless of the input
* The algorithm does not depend on the size of the input e.g. the number of squares and triangles. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Explain the meaning of the quote, shown in **Figure 5** above, in relation to online applications. | The meaning of the quote is that when a service such as social media is free, the users become a commodity for these platforms, and their attention and data are the actual products that are monetised. As users interact with social media platforms, they generate valuable data (through their preferences, behaviours etc.). This data is then collected, analysed, and used to create targeted advertising or sold to third parties for various purposes, such as market research or influencing user behaviour.
The quote serves as a reminder that even though users may not be directly paying for the service with money, they are indirectly paying with their personal information and attention. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Provide **one** implication that the quote, shown in **Figure 5** above, could have for your use of online applications. | * Privacy - users often share personal information that becomes valuable for targeted advertising.
* Manipulation of attention - excessive use of online platforms can lead to addictive usage patterns, foster a comparison culture which in turn can have a negative impact on mental health.
* Responsible use - on a positive note, the quote can serve as an educational tool, promoting digital literacy and empowering users to make informed decisions about their online activities such as reading terms and conditions. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged.
What is meant by the term 'artificial intelligence'? | Any response that captures the essence of any of the following:
• Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science and engineering of making intelligent computer programs capable of performing tasks that require subtleties of judgement, interpretation and generalisation that we associate with human intelligence.
• The design and study of systems that appear to mimic intelligent behaviour
• The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making and translation between languages. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged.
Distinguish between narrow AI and artificial general intelligence (AGI). | • Narrow AI: Refers to AI systems built to perform a single task but without any skills that can be transferred to other tasks.
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to AI systems that can autonomously solve a variety of complex problems in a variety of different domains and learn and adapt autonomously. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged.
ChatGPT and Gemini are examples of generative AI applications. Explain the term 'generative AI'. | • Generative AI is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that automatically generates new/original content in response to prompts typed in by the user.
• Generative AI should be used with caution as it is not always correct – a phenomena known as hallucination. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first used in 1955 by among others, American computer scientist John McCarthy who had an Irish father from Co. Kerry. Since then, other related terms such as narrow AI, artificial general intelligence (AGI) and generative AI have emerged.
Name two types of output that can be produced by generative AI. | Any two from the following:
• text (written in any natural language)
• images (e.g. photographs, digital paintings and cartoons)
• videos
• music
• software code
• any reasonable format that could be produced by GenAI | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image.
Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow.
In relation to computer vision, what do the percentages shown in Figure represent? | • The percentages represent a level of confidence returned by the model that the image has been correctly classified as the associated label. For example, *cat*: 94% means that the algorithm is 94% confident that it has identified a cat on this part of the image. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image.
Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow.
Suggest two applications for this type of technology and describe how each application could benefit society. | Any two from the following:
• Computer vision can be used for early detection of diseases through medical imaging.
• Computer vision technology can be used in self-driving cars (autonomous vehicles) to improve road safety by enabling vehicles to detect and respond dangers such as pedestrians, cyclists, other vehicles, animals etc, in real-time, reducing the risk of accidents.
• Computer vision can be applied to eliminate the need for checkouts in supermarkets and other retail outlets thereby improving the shopping experience for customers and reducing the incidence of theft.
• Computer vision can analyze aerial imagery to monitor crop health, detect diseases, and optimise irrigation. This helps farmers make informed decisions, increase crop yield, and reduce the use of pesticides and water.
• Facial Recognition technology has the potential to enhances security by identifying and tracking individuals in public spaces, airports, and other high-security areas.
• Computer vision can be used in robots to visually recognise and assemble complex products, enhancing efficiency and precision in manufacturing.
• Computer vision can be used to monitor and track endangered species, helping conservationists protect wildlife and their habitats.
• Augmented reality applications using computer vision can enhance interactive learning experiences, making education more engaging and accessible.
• Any reasonable application of computer vision and associated benefit. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image.
Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow.
Read the two example scenarios below and for each one, state whether it could use machine learning AI. Justify each answer.
Scenario 1: An online streaming service that recommends films based on users' viewing habits.
Scenario 2: An automated lawnmower that uses sensors to navigate an outdoor space and avoid obstacles while cutting the grass. | Scenario 1. An online streaming service that recommends films based on users' viewing habits.
• AI: The system could use machine learning algorithms to analyse user behaviour and make personalised suggestions, which would qualify it as AI. The service will use the viewing habits of the user, compare it to other users, and make a prediction of what the user would be like to watch next. There are too many users of an online streaming service to be able to create rules for each user.
• Not AI: Possible reasons include privacy concerns, limited data, resource constraints or preference for simplicity.
Scenario 2: An automated lawnmower that uses sensors to navigate an outdoor space and avoid obstacles while cutting the grass.
• AI (robotics): The automated lawnmower uses sensors to navigate, which involves some level of AI for obstacle avoidance and path planning.
• Not AI: While it does employ sensors and automation, it typically relies on predefined rules rather than machine-learning techniques) to move around and avoid collisions. Automated lawnmowers typically don't learn or adapt to their environment. Therefore, they are often categorised as robotics or automation rather than AI. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Computer vision is a field of AI that uses machine learning techniques to develop models capable of identifying objects in an image.
Study the image shown in Figure and answer the questions that follow.
In recent years many instances of bias have been identified in computer vision applications. Explain one method that could be used to reduce bias in these applications. | Any one of the following:
• Diversity of images used in training datasets – ensure that the training dataset is diverse enough to represent the target population
• Equality of representation of target population in training dataset – ensure that the images used are representative of the target population
• Size of training datasets – It is likely that larger datasets will result in more accurate models with less bias than models trained using smaller datasets.
• Human in the loop e.g. ensure proper diversity of race, gender etc. in development team
• Monitoring and Bias Auditing – continually monitor the training dataset to reflect changes in society and conduct bias audits to identify and address any biases that might have inadvertently crept in.
• Any other reasonable method to reduce bias. | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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In 2023 an open letter published by the Future of Life Institute requested all AI labs to immediately pause for at least six months the training of very powerful AI systems. Interestingly, while the letter was signed by many well-known academics and industry leaders, there were many notable individuals and companies who did not publicly declare their support.
Discuss the reasons for some people supporting the initiative to pause training and others not supporting the initiative. | Points for supporting the initiative:
• Ethical concerns: time is needed to make sure that AI aligns with human values and doesn't compromise principles such as privacy, accountability, and fairness.
• Jobs/Employment/Economy: the pace of current development of AI systems has the potential to put many jobs at risk and people out of work. Pausing development provides an opportunity to address the potential societal impact on employment and consider strategies such as reskilling and implementing policies to mitigate economic disparities.
• Security Risks: Advanced AI systems, if developed without sufficient safeguards, pose potential security risks. Pausing development allows time to assess and address security concerns related to the misuse of AI, such as cyber threats, hacking, and the development of AI-driven weaponry.
• Unintended Consequences: The complexity of advanced AI systems increases the risk of unintended consequences. Pausing development permits a more thorough evaluation of the potential risks and unintended outcomes, ensuring that AI is deployed responsibly and doesn't lead to unforeseen negative impacts on society.
• Existential Threat: There are some who believe that the development of highly advanced AI systems (superintelligent AI) could potentially threaten the continued existence of humanity. A pause in AI would give more time to increase public awareness through open discussions about the risks and benefits of advanced AI systems.
• Elaboration of any other reasonable point for pausing development of advanced AI systems
Points against the initiative:
• Innovation and Progress: Continued development of advanced AI fosters innovation, leading to breakthroughs in various fields, including healthcare, education, and scientific research. Pausing development could impede progress and delay the benefits that AI can bring to society.
• Societal Advancements: AI has the potential to address complex societal challenges, such as climate change, healthcare disparities, and resource management. Halting development may hinder the application of AI in finding solutions to pressing global issues.
• Competitive Disadvantage: Countries and organisations are in a race to develop and adopt AI technologies. Pausing development may result in a competitive disadvantage, with nations that continue AI advancements gaining a lead in economic, military, and technological spheres.
• Job Creation and Economic Growth: While AI may lead to job displacement in certain sectors, it also has the potential to create new jobs and stimulate economic growth. Pausing development could limit the positive economic impact of AI, affecting industries that could benefit from increased efficiency and innovation.
• Elaboration of any other reasonable point against pausing development of advanced AI systems | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The flowchart, shown in Figure below, describes an algorithm that reads two values, swaps them, and then displays their new values.
State the names of the two input variables. | Input variable 1: a
Input variable 2: b
Each correct response - 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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The flowchart, shown in Figure below, describes an algorithm that reads two values, swaps them, and then displays their new values.
Explain the purpose of the variable t. | t is a temporary variable used to store the value of a
Without t, the contents of a would be lost when b is assigned to a
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
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Flowcharts are commonly used in the design process to describe algorithms. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using flowcharts. | Advantages:
They are easier to understand than code (especially for non-programmers).
The visual representation of flowcharts clearly depicts the flow and logic of an algorithm.
They are independent of any programming language.
They are flexible tools used to represent algorithms during the design stage of the design process.
Disadvantages:
They take a significant amount of time to develop.
They can become unwieldy for detailed and complex algorithms.
Lack of standards can lead to ambiguity and cause confusion.
For each advantage/disadvantage
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 2 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm.
```python
1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20]
2 for i in range(len(values)):
3 for j in range(len(values)-1):
4 if values[j] > values[j+1]:
5 t = values[j+1]
6 values[j+1] = values[j]
7 values[j] = t
8
9 print("OUTPUT:", values)
```
State the data type of the variable, values. | the data type of the variable, values, is a list (array)
Correct response 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm.
```python
1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20]
2 for i in range(len(values)):
3 for j in range(len(values)-1):
4 if values[j] > values[j+1]:
5 t = values[j+1]
6 values[j+1] = values[j]
7 values[j] = t
8
9 print("OUTPUT:", values)
```
What is the index of the element 70? | the index of the element 70 is 1
Correct response 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm.
```python
1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20]
2 for i in range(len(values)):
3 for j in range(len(values)-1):
4 if values[j] > values[j+1]:
5 t = values[j+1]
6 values[j+1] = values[j]
7 values[j] = t
8
9 print("OUTPUT:", values)
```
What does the Python expression `len(values)` return? | the Python expression `len(values)` returns 5
Correct response 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm.
```python
1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20]
2 for i in range(len(values)):
3 for j in range(len(values)-1):
4 if values[j] > values[j+1]:
5 t = values[j+1]
6 values[j+1] = values[j]
7 values[j] = t
8
9 print("OUTPUT:", values)
```
What does the slice expression `values[2:4]` return? | the slice expression `values[2:4]` returns the list, [30, 60]
Full correct response 2 marks
Response with some merit 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The Python code below shows an implementation of the bubble sort algorithm.
```python
1 values = [50, 70, 30, 60, 20]
2 for i in range(len(values)):
3 for j in range(len(values)-1):
4 if values[j] > values[j+1]:
5 t = values[j+1]
6 values[j+1] = values[j]
7 values[j] = t
8
9 print("OUTPUT:", values)
```
Explain why the expression `values[5]` would generate a runtime error. | the expression `values[5]` would generate a runtime error because the index 5 is out of bounds
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
State one advantage and one disadvantage of sorting a data set. | Advantages
Binary search requires a dataset to be sorted
Sorted data can be more user friendly e.g. social media timeline sorted by date/time, product catalogue sorted by cost etc.
Sorted data can also make it easier for data analysis e.g. finding the median or quartiles of a set of data or identifying patterns/trends and outliers
Disadvantages
sorting algorithms can take time
sorting algorithms can consume valuable computational resources such as CPU and memory.
If a dataset is already sorted (or almost sorted) the time and resources spent on sorting may not provide significant benefits.
The efficiency of sorting algorithms can vary dramatically depending on the size of the input dataset, and the size of the dataset may not always be known in advance. This places a burden on designers/programmers to have a detailed understanding of the sorting algorithm being used and an awareness of the implications under all circumstances.
Once a dataset is sorted there is a cost to maintaining the dataset in a sorted state
For each advantage/disadvantage
Valid statement 3 marks | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values.
Apply the bubble sort algorithm to sort values. Show the contents of values after each of the five passes.
Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20 | Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20
After pass 1: 50, 30, 60, 20, 70
After pass 2: 30, 50, 20, 60, 70
After pass 3: 30, 20, 50, 60, 70
After pass 4: 20, 30, 50, 60, 70
After pass 5: 20, 30, 50, 60, 70
For each pass correctly completed 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values.
The bubble sort algorithm has $O(n^2)$ best and worst case time complexity. Explain what this means in terms of the number of compare operations performed. | In a list of size N the bubble sort algorithm performs N passes. On each pass it will perform N-1 compare operations. This gives a total of $N^2 - N$ operations. For large N this is approximately the same as $N^2$. Hence we write $O(N^2)$.
The best-case scenario is when the input list is already sorted. The worst-case scenario is when the input list is in reverse order. In both scenarios bubble sort will also carry out the same number of comparisons.
As the number of elements increases the number of compare operations increases quadratically (by a power of 2). For example, the number of compare operations carried out by a bubble sort algorithm on a list of size 5 would be of the order of 25. If you double the size of the input list, the number of compare operations could increase by a factor of four.
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 5 marks
Good explanation - clear information, lacking demonstration of full understanding 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The algorithm takes five passes to complete the bubble sort of the integers in values.
Suggest one possible improvement that could be made to the algorithm that would reduce either the number of comparisons or the number of swaps required to complete the sort.
Initial state of values: 50, 70, 30, 60, 20 | Enhancement 1 (reducing size of list by 1 on each pass)
On the 1st pass the largest item in the list is moved to the rightmost position
The 2nd pass moves the next largest item to the second last position
Each pass moves the largest item remaining to its correct position towards the end of the list
The standard algorithm continues to compare adjacent elements that are already sorted at the end (right) of the list even though they are already sorted.
The algorithm can be enhanced by preventing these unnecessary comparisons.
This can be achieved by reducing the number of adjacent compares by 1 on each pass as shown in the implementation below.
L = [50, 20, 70, 40, 60]
for i in range(len(L)):
for j in range(len(L)-i-1):
if L[j] > L[j+1]:
temp = L[j+1]
L[j+1] = L[j]
L[j] = temp
OR
Enhancement 2 (halting if no swaps made during any pass)
An alternative enhancement can be achieved by introducing a 'flag' to indicate whether a swap was needed on a particular pass. If no swap was performed the list is deemed to be sorted and the algorithm can end regardless of the number of passes complete e.g. if the initial list is sorted there won't be any swaps on the 1st pass. Therefore, the algorithm can be terminated.
L = [50, 20, 70, 40, 60]
for i in range(len(L)):
swap = False
for j in range(len(L)-i-1):
if L[j] > L[j+1]:
temp = L[j+1]
L[j+1] = L[j]
L[j] = temp
swap = True
if swap == False:
break
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 5 marks
Good explanation - clear information, lacking demonstration of full understanding 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below.
Explain the two terms, 'database' and 'record'. | Database:
A database is a collection of structured data organized in a way such that the data can be easily and efficiently retrieved and maintained (added to, changed/updated and deleted).
The data is organised into entities also known as tables which are structured sets of rows and columns. Each table typically correspond to a specific entity (person, place or thing) such as customer, country, order, product or book
Record:
Is a single row of data (also known as a tuple)
Each record contains a set of related elements or fields
For each term:
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 2 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below.
Suggest which field would be a good choice for the primary key for the BOOKS table. Justify your answer. | Primary Key: book_id
Justify: The value of book_id is guaranteed to be unique for each separate record
Primary Key correctly identified 1 mark
Justification:
Very good justification - clear understanding demonstrated 2 marks | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below.
Identify any two data inconsistencies in the data shown in the BOOKS table. | Any two from the following:
The use of the euro symbol in the cost field in record number 3 is inconsistent with the way cost is specified in the other records i.e. €10 versus 6.95, 8.95 and 9.95
The name of the author in record number 3 is inconsistent with the names in the other records i.e. Doc Seus is inconsistent with Dr. Seuss
The format used in the author_dob field in record numbers 1 and 3. A different format is used in records 2 (mm/dd, yyyy) and 4 (American, mm/dd/yyyy).
The values used in the on_loan field are inconsistent. Yes and Y are used to indicate that a books 1 and 2 are out on loan whereas N and No are used to indicate books with id values of 3 and 4 are not on loan.
Each correctly identified inconsistency 1 marks | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Alex wants to keep track of her collection of Dr. Seuss books in a database. So far, she has managed to design a single table called BOOKS and enter the records shown below.
Assuming all data inconsistencies are fixed, enter the names of three fields from the BOOKS table in Column B that correspond to the data types shown in Column A. | Boolean: on_loan
String: title, author, author_dob
Real: cost
Note: The above table shows the only acceptable answers
Each correct response 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
||
Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan.
Alex is working out her design on paper and has inserted some data into both tables as shown in Figure 7 below. For example, the first row of data in the LOANS table records the fact that Chloe borrowed Green Eggs and Ham on 20th May 2024.
Use the information provided below to fill in the six empty cells with the correct values.
Amy borrowed How the Grinch Stole Christmas! on 1st May 2024.
Bill borrowed The Cat in the Hat on 18th May 2024.
Chloe borrowed Horton Hears a Who! 7 days ago. | MEMBERS
member_id member_name
1 Amy
2 Bill
3 Chloe
LOANS
member_id book_id date_borrowed
3 2 20/05/2024
1 4 01/05/24
2 1 18/05/2024
3 3 13/05/2024
Each correct response 1 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan.
Alex is working out her design on paper and has inserted some data into both tables as shown in Figure 7 below. For example, the first row of data in the LOANS table records the fact that Chloe borrowed Green Eggs and Ham on 20th May 2024.
Identify and explain the use of one foreign key from the design shown in Figure 7. | Possible answers are:
Foreign Key: member_id
Explanation: This links the LOANS table with the MEMBERS table
OR
Foreign Key: book_id
Explanation: This links the LOANS table with the BOOKS table
Foreign Key correctly identified 1 mark
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan.
Alex is working out her design on paper and has inserted some data into both tables as shown in Figure 7 below. For example, the first row of data in the LOANS table records the fact that Chloe borrowed Green Eggs and Ham on 20th May 2024.
Explain how the design shown in Figure 7 removes the need for the on_loan field from the BOOKS table. | The presence of a record in the LOANS table can be used to infer that a book is on loan. (Not only that, but the date the book was borrowed can also be looked up.) Therefore, there is no need to store this information in BOOKS.
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
||
Alex has decided to build a relational database that could be used by a library and has created two new tables called MEMBERS and LOANS. The MEMBERS table is used to store the library members and LOANS will be used to keep track of the books that are taken out on loan.
Alex is working out her design on paper and has inserted some data into both tables as shown in Figure 7 below. For example, the first row of data in the LOANS table records the fact that Chloe borrowed Green Eggs and Ham on 20th May 2024.
Relational databases reduce the amount of data redundancy. Explain the term 'data redundancy'. | Data redundancy refers to a situation where a single piece of data (or value) is stored in more than one place in a database. It usually occurs as a result of poor design and is considered bad practice as it can lead to data inconsistencies as well as inefficiency use of storage.
Very good explanation - clear understanding demonstrated 3 marks
Fair explanation - limited understanding 2 mark | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
|
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Write a line of code to display the value of the variable random_fruit_1 in a message.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: cherry | print("Random Fruit 1:",random_fruit_1) # (i) | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Add statements to initialise two new variables with fruits chosen randomly from the
list. You should also display the values of the variables which should be called
random_fruit_2 and random_fruit_3.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: orange
Random Fruit 2: orange
Random Fruit 3: cherry | random_fruit_2 = choice(fruits) # (ii)
print("Random Fruit 2:",random_fruit_2) # (ii)
random_fruit_3 = choice(fruits) # (ii)
print("Random Fruit 3:",random_fruit_3) # (ii)
print()
| Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Add code to display the message “First fruit is cherry” if the first random fruit is a
cherry.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: cherry
Random Fruit 2: apple
Random Fruit 3: cherry
First fruit is cherry | if (random_fruit_1 == 'cherry'):
print("FIRST FRUIT IS CHERRY") | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Add code to display the message “First pair match” if the first two fruits are the same.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: cherry
Random Fruit 2: cherry
Random Fruit 3: apple
First fruit is cherry
First pair match | if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2):
print("FIRST PAIR MATCH") | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Add code to display the message “First pair are cherries” if the first two fruits are both
cherries.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: cherry
Random Fruit 2: cherry
Random Fruit 3: apple
First fruit is cherry
First pair match
First pair are cherries | if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2) and (random_fruit_1 == 'cherry'):
print("FIRST PAIR ARE CHERRIES ") | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Add code to display the message “Matching pair” if any two fruits are the same.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: apple
Random Fruit 2: cherry
Random Fruit 3: apple
Matching pair | if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2) or (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_3) or
(random_fruit_2 == random_fruit_3):
print("MATCHING PAIR") | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
The program initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange. Line 7 of the program is an assignment statement in which a random fruit is selected from the list and assigned to the variable called random_fruit_1.
The program does not display any output.
```python
from random import choice
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
```
Extend the program with a loop that iterates 100 times. The loop should generate a
random fruit on each iteration. After the loop is executed, the program should display
a count of the number of times each fruit was generated. There is no need to display
the names of the 100 fruits.
When the program is run the output may now look as follows:
Random Fruit 1: orange
Random Fruit 2: cherry
Random Fruit 3: cherry
Matching pair
apple 33
cherry 36
orange 31 | random_fruits = []
for i in range(100):
random_fruit = choice(fruits)
random_fruits.append(random_fruit)
for i in range(len(fruits)):
print(fruits[i], random_fruits.count(fruits[i])) | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
Implement a simulation of a fruit machine in Python.
You should use comments throughout your program to explain your code. You may
wish to reuse some of the code you used in part (a) as part of your solution.
The program should proceed according to the following sequence:
Initialise a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange.
Display the initial list of fruits as shown.
The initial list of fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
Prompt the user to enter an additional fruit, for example kiwi, pear or lemon and
append the value entered to fruits.
Enter an additional fruit: kiwi
Display the list of four fruits, for example:
The list of four fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi']
Prompt the user to nominate their winning fruit which must be in the above list.
If the user enters a fruit that is not in fruits, the program should display an
error message and prompt the user to nominate their winning fruit again. This
should continue as long as the winning fruit entered is not in fruits.
Nominate your winning fruit: cherry
Display the winning fruit, as show below.
Nominate your winning fruit: cherry
The winning fruit you selected is cherry
Write code to select three random fruits from fruits. Compare the selected
fruits to the winning fruit entered earlier and keep going until all three fruits
match the winning fruit.
The program should keep a count of the number of tries taken and display this
with a “Winner” message at the end, as shown below.
Winner after 38 tries
Two example outputs are shown below.
Sample output 1:
The initial list of fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
Enter an additional fruit: kiwi
The list of 4 fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi']
Nominate your winning fruit: cherry
The winning fruit you selected is cherry
Winner after 38 tries
Sample output 2:
The initial list of fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
Enter an additional fruit: kiwi
The list of 4 random fruits is:
['apple', 'cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi']
Nominate your winning fruit: pear
Error: winning fruit must be in the list
Nominate your winning fruit: orange
The winning fruit you selected is orange
Winner after 27 tries | Possible solution:
```python
from random import choice
# Initialises a list called fruits with three elements – apple, cherry and orange.
fruits = ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']
print("The initial list of fruits is:")
print(fruits)
print()
# Prompt the user to enter an additional fruit (e.g. kiwi, lemon etc.) and append the value entered to fruits.
fruit = input("Enter an additional fruit: ")
fruits.append(fruit)
print("The list of 4 fruits is:")
print(fruits)
print()
# Prompt the user to nominate their winning fruit which must be in the above list
# If the user does not enter a fruit that’s in the list the program displays an eror
winning_fruit = input("Nominate your winning fruit: ")
while winning_fruit not in fruits:
print("ERROR: winning fruit must be one of", fruits)
winning_fruit = input("Nominate your winning fruit: ")
# Display the winning fruit.
print("The winning fruit you selected is", winning_fruit)
print()
# Write the code to select three random fruits from fruits.
# Compare the selected fruits to the winning fruit entered earlier and ...
# ... keep going until all three fruits match the winning fruit.
# The program should keep a count of the number of tries taken and
# display this with a JACKPOT! message at the end
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
random_fruit_2 = choice(fruits)
random_fruit_3 = choice(fruits)
count = 1
while True:
if (random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_2) and \
(random_fruit_1 == random_fruit_3) and \
(random_fruit_1 == winning_fruit):
break
random_fruit_1 = choice(fruits)
random_fruit_2 = choice(fruits)
random_fruit_3 = choice(fruits)
count = count + 1
print("JACKPOT! after", count, "tries")
``` | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet | Not supported with pagination yet |
IRLBench: A Multi-modal, Culturally Grounded, Parallel Irish-English Benchmark for Open-Ended LLM Reasoning Evaluation
Overview
Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising knowledge and reasoning abilities, yet their performance in multilingual and low-resource settings remains underexplored. Existing benchmarks often exhibit cultural bias, restrict evaluation to text-only, rely on multiple-choice formats, and, more importantly, are limited for extremely low-resource languages. To address these gaps, we introduce IRLBench, presented in parallel English and Irish, which is considered definitely endangered by UNESCO. Our benchmark consists of 12 representative subjects developed from the 2024 Irish Leaving Certificate exams, enabling fine-grained analysis of model capabilities across domains. By framing the task as long-form generation and leveraging the official marking scheme, it does not only support a comprehensive evaluation of correctness but also language fidelity. Our extensive experiments of leading closed-source and open-source LLMs reveal a persistent performance gap between English and Irish and critical insights, in which models produce valid Irish responses less than 80% of the time, and answer correctly 55.8% of the time compared to 76.2% in English for the best-performing model. We release IRLBench and an accompanying evaluation codebase to enable future research on robust, culturally aware multilingual AI development.
Usage
Load the dataset directly with the datasets library:
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("ReliableAI/IRLBench")
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